Datasets:

DanielGallagherIRE
/

fineweb-edu-1B-obfuscated

text stringlengths 198 535k	text_noun stringlengths 10 145k	text_noun_propn stringlengths 45 233k	text_noun_pos stringlengths 243 621k	text_noun_propn_pos stringlengths 243 625k	text_scramble_linear stringlengths 198 535k	text_scramble_shuffle_siblings stringlengths 204 493k	text_scramble_reverse_head stringlengths 176 424k	text_lemmatized stringlengths 194 520k
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2012 June 23 Explanation: As seen from Frösön island in northern Sweden the Sun did set a day after the summer solstice. From that location below the arctic circle it settled slowly behind the northern horizon. During the sunset's final minute, this remarkable sequence of 7 images follows the distorted edge of the solar disk as it just disappears against a distant tree line, capturing both a green and blue flash. Not a myth even in a land of runes, the colorful but elusive glints are caused by atmospheric refraction enhanced by long, low, sight lines and strong atmospheric temperature gradients. Authors & editors: Jerry Bonnell (UMCP) NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply. A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC & Michigan Tech. U.	cosmos day image photograph universe explanation astronomer island day summer solstice location circle horizon sunset minute sequence images edge disk tree line flash myth land runes glints refraction sight lines temperature gradients Authors editors rights service	cosmos day image photograph universe explanation astronomer June Explanation Frösön island Sweden Sun day summer solstice location circle horizon sunset minute sequence images edge disk tree line flash myth land runes glints refraction sight lines temperature gradients Authors editors Jerry Bonnell UMCP NASA Official Phillip Newman rights service ASD NASA GSFC & Michigan Tech U.	VERB DET cosmos PUNCT DET day DET ADJ image CCONJ photograph ADP PRON ADJ universe AUX VERB PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ explanation VERB ADP DET ADJ astronomer PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN NUM SPACE Explanation PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN island ADP ADJ PROPN DET PROPN AUX VERB DET day ADP DET summer solstice PUNCT ADP DET location ADP DET ADJ circle PRON VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ horizon PUNCT ADP DET sunset PART ADJ minute PUNCT DET ADJ sequence ADP NUM images VERB DET ADJ edge ADP DET ADJ disk ADP PRON ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ tree line PUNCT VERB CCONJ DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ flash PUNCT PART DET myth ADV ADP DET land ADP runes PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ glints AUX VERB ADP ADJ refraction VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sight lines CCONJ ADJ ADJ temperature gradients PUNCT SPACE Authors CCONJ editors PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN Official PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADJ rights VERB PUNCT SPACE DET service ADP PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN SYM PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN	VERB DET cosmos PUNCT DET day DET ADJ image CCONJ photograph ADP PRON ADJ universe AUX VERB PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ explanation VERB ADP DET ADJ astronomer PUNCT SPACE NUM June NUM SPACE Explanation PUNCT ADP VERB ADP Frösön island ADP ADJ Sweden DET Sun AUX VERB DET day ADP DET summer solstice PUNCT ADP DET location ADP DET ADJ circle PRON VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ horizon PUNCT ADP DET sunset PART ADJ minute PUNCT DET ADJ sequence ADP NUM images VERB DET ADJ edge ADP DET ADJ disk ADP PRON ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ tree line PUNCT VERB CCONJ DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ flash PUNCT PART DET myth ADV ADP DET land ADP runes PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ glints AUX VERB ADP ADJ refraction VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sight lines CCONJ ADJ ADJ temperature gradients PUNCT SPACE Authors CCONJ editors PUNCT SPACE Jerry Bonnell PUNCT UMCP PUNCT SPACE NASA Official PUNCT Phillip Newman ADJ rights VERB PUNCT SPACE DET service ADP PUNCT ASD ADP NASA SYM GSFC SPACE & Michigan Tech PUNCT U.	remarkable or our a During distant temperature ASD photograph long, circle and the but island a minute, June disappears a a edge the sight caused apply. northern arctic day blue gradients. astronomer. / GSFC cosmos! solstice. did green the capturing settled colorful Explanation: land by Jerry Authors universe Sun Frösön brief is follows runes, & Official: Not & Bonnell with atmospheric a of set are Tech. low, the final a flash. from it the Specific image lines horizon. summer sequence it rights day distorted U. sunset's both service atmospheric different of NASA along that NASA slowly As Phillip Each written professional by images myth a location of Discover a featured, as just elusive A at of in refraction in 7 the below 2012 the strong (UMCP) disk and tree From northern the of: solar behind against the fascinating this Michigan explanation seen Newman 23 editors: glints line, even after enhanced by Sweden	the Sun did As seen from Frösön island in northern Sweden set a day after the summer solstice . A service . U. of: ASD GSFC / at NASA & Michigan Tech, this remarkable sequence of 7 images During final the sunset's minute follows the distorted edge of the solar disk just as it disappears, against tree distant a line capturing both a green and blue flash . Discover! the cosmos a different image of our fascinating universe photograph or Each day is featured along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer, . 2012 June Explanation: 23 it From that location below arctic the circle settled behind the northern horizon . slowly Authors NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply . & editors : Jerry Bonnell (UMCP), colorful elusive but the glints a Not myth even in a land of runes are caused . by atmospheric refraction enhanced by, sight low long lines and atmospheric temperature strong gradients	! Discover the cosmos Each day or image a different photograph fascinating universe our of is featured, a explanation brief by a astronomer professional written with along . Explanation: June 2012 23 from in Sweden northern island Frösön seen As did set the Sun the solstice summer after day a . . settled From below the arctic circle location that it slowly horizon the northern behind, remarkable images 7 of sequence this follows During minute's sunset the final edge the distorted solar disk the of as a tree line distant against flash both a and blue green capturing disappears it just, . runes of land a in even myth Not a, the glints elusive colorful but are atmospheric, low and gradients strong temperature atmospheric lines long sight by enhanced refraction by caused . & UMCP) Bonnell Jerry (Authors editors: Phillip Newman Official NASA: rights Specific . apply A service: of NASA at / GSFC ASD Tech Michigan & . U.	discover the cosmo! each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe be feature, along with a brief explanation write by a professional astronomer. 2012 June 23 explanation: as see from Frösön island in northern Sweden the Sun do set a day after the summer solstice. from that location below the arctic circle it settle slowly behind the northern horizon. during the sunset's final minute, this remarkable sequence of 7 image follow the distorted edge of the solar disk as it just disappear against a distant tree line, capture both a green and blue flash. not a myth even in a land of rune, the colorful but elusive glint be cause by atmospheric refraction enhance by long, low, sight line and strong atmospheric temperature gradient. author & editor: Jerry Bonnell (UMCP) NASA official: Phillip Newman specific right apply. a service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC & Michigan Tech. U.
ASL Literature and Art This section is a collection of ASL storytelling, poetry, works of art, and other creative works. It also consists of posts on literary aspects of ASL. Speech language can convey sound effects in storytelling, whereas sign language can convey cinematic effects in storytelling. Poetry in sign language has its own poetic features such as rhymes, rhythms, meters, and other features that charactierize poetry which is not limited to speech. Explore ASL literary arts in this section including some visual-linguistic literary works in ASL and discussion. Selected works of interest Deconstruct W.O.R.D.: an original poetry performance. Knowing Fish: poetic narrative video. Compare three versions of the poem "Spring Dawn" originally written by Meng Hao-jan. The poem is translated by the literary artist Jolanta Lapiak into ASL in video and unique one-of-a-kind photograph print. Watch how ASL rhymes arise in this signed poem.	section collection storytelling poetry works art works posts aspects language effects storytelling sign language effects sign language features rhymes rhythms meters features poetry speech arts section works discussion works interest poetry performance narrative video versions poem poem artist video kind photograph print poem	ASL Literature Art section collection ASL storytelling poetry works art works posts aspects ASL Speech language effects storytelling sign language effects storytelling Poetry sign language features rhymes rhythms meters features poetry speech ASL arts section works ASL discussion works interest W.O.R.D. poetry performance Fish narrative video versions poem Spring Dawn Meng Hao jan poem artist Jolanta Lapiak ASL video kind photograph print ASL rhymes poem	PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE DET section AUX DET collection ADP PROPN storytelling PUNCT poetry PUNCT works ADP art PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ works PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP posts ADP ADJ aspects ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Speech language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SCONJ sign language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SPACE Poetry ADP sign language AUX PRON ADJ ADJ features ADJ ADP rhymes PUNCT rhythms PUNCT meters PUNCT CCONJ ADJ features PRON VERB poetry DET AUX PART VERB ADP speech PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN ADJ arts ADP DET section VERB DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ works ADP PROPN CCONJ discussion PUNCT SPACE VERB works ADP interest SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ poetry performance PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT ADJ narrative video PUNCT SPACE VERB NUM versions ADP DET poem PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET poem AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ artist PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP video CCONJ ADJ NUM PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT kind photograph print PUNCT VERB SCONJ PROPN rhymes VERB ADP DET VERB poem PUNCT	ASL Literature CCONJ Art SPACE DET section AUX DET collection ADP ASL storytelling PUNCT poetry PUNCT works ADP art PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ works PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP posts ADP ADJ aspects ADP ASL PUNCT SPACE Speech language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SCONJ sign language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SPACE Poetry ADP sign language AUX PRON ADJ ADJ features ADJ ADP rhymes PUNCT rhythms PUNCT meters PUNCT CCONJ ADJ features PRON VERB poetry DET AUX PART VERB ADP speech PUNCT SPACE VERB ASL ADJ arts ADP DET section VERB DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ works ADP ASL CCONJ discussion PUNCT SPACE VERB works ADP interest SPACE VERB W.O.R.D. PUNCT DET ADJ poetry performance PUNCT SPACE VERB Fish PUNCT ADJ narrative video PUNCT SPACE VERB NUM versions ADP DET poem PUNCT Spring Dawn PUNCT ADV VERB ADP Meng Hao PUNCT jan PUNCT DET poem AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ artist Jolanta Lapiak ADP ASL ADP video CCONJ ADJ NUM PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT kind photograph print PUNCT VERB SCONJ ASL rhymes VERB ADP DET VERB poem PUNCT	collection section storytelling, on Watch W.O.R.D.: other poetry poetic poem convey meters, Jolanta sign and can sound signed narrative This Dawn" aspects is Literature ASL language the Meng features written Lapiak one-of-a-kind original arise ASL. Deconstruct literary in works convey works. of visual-linguistic is Explore poem in other own ASL an ASL ASL interest of ASL this rhymes discussion. works charactierize such and poetry works can features whereas and a originally and storytelling. not arts unique cinematic literary poem. that of print. Knowing is limited into and sign video. as Speech how Art also translated three speech. by language in ASL of art, some literary photograph in Compare poetic effects to rhythms, has artist versions video including Poetry in by posts creative consists the literary performance. of section rhymes, in its poetry, which this It language of in "Spring Selected Fish: effects Hao-jan. The storytelling,	Selected creative other works Knowing: poetic narrative video . Fish Deconstruct .: original an poetry performance W.O.R.D. of interest can whereas Speech sign language convey . sound cinematic effects in storytelling, The poem is translated . into ASL by the literary artist Jolanta Lapiak in video and one of - a - kind - photograph unique print Poetry in sign language has . own its poetic features such as rhymes rhythms, meters and other features that charactierize poetry is which not limited to speech,, Explore in this section literary ASL arts including some literary - visual linguistic works in and ASL discussion . Compare three versions of the poem Spring " Dawn " originally written by Meng Hao - jan . Watch . how ASL rhymes arise in this signed poem also It consists of posts on literary aspects of ASL . ASL Literature Art and This section is . a collection of ASL storytelling, poetry, works and of art,	ASL Literature and Art . is section This of ASL, art of, and works poetry, storytelling collection a creative works other Selected interest of W.O.R.D. original poetry performance an . Deconstruct: Fish . poetic video narrative Knowing: also . consists It literary ASL of aspects on posts of sign language Speech sound effects cinematic whereas . convey can storytelling in, . has language sign in Poetry features its own poetic,, and other that not to speech limited which is poetry charactierize features meters, rhythms rhymes as such Explore linguistic visual - ASL and discussion in works some literary including arts ASL literary section this in . Compare three the " Dawn Spring written originally by jan Meng Hao - poem of versions . poem The artist the literary Lapiak Jolanta by ASL into translated is unique print - kind a - of one - photograph video and in . Watch poem this signed in arise how rhymes ASL.	ASL Literature and Art this section be a collection of ASL storytelling, poetry, work of art, and other creative work. it also consist of post on literary aspect of ASL. speech language can convey sound effect in storytelling, whereas sign language can convey cinematic effect in storytelling. poetry in sign language have its own poetic feature such as rhyme, rhythm, meter, and other feature that charactierize poetry which be not limit to speech. explore ASL literary art in this section include some visual-linguistic literary work in ASL and discussion. select work of interest deconstruct W.O.R.D.: an original poetry performance. know Fish: poetic narrative video. compare three version of the poem "Spring Dawn" originally write by Meng Hao-jan. the poem be translate by the literary artist Jolanta Lapiak into ASL in video and unique one-of-a-kind photograph print. watch how ASL rhyme arise in this sign poem.
May 19, 2008 A vaccine created by University of Rochester Medical Center scientists prevents the development of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in mice without causing inflammation or significant side effects. Vaccinated mice generated an immune response to the protein known as amyloid-beta peptide, which accumulates in what are called "amyloid plaques" in brains of people with Alzheimer's. The vaccinated mice demonstrated normal learning skills and functioning memory in spite of being genetically designed to develop an aggressive form of the disease. The Rochester scientists reported the findings in an article in the May issue of Molecular Therapy, the journal of The American Society of Gene Therapy. "Our study demonstrates that we can create a potent but safe version of a vaccine that utilizes the strategy of immune response shaping to prevent Alzheimer's-related pathologies and memory deficits," said William Bowers, associate professor of neurology and of microbiology and immunology at the Medical Center and lead author of the article. "The vaccinated mice not only performed better, we found no evidence of signature amyloid plaque in their brains." Alzheimer's is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with dementia and a decline in performance of normal activities. Hallmarks of the disease include the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brains of patients and the loss of normal functioning tau, a protein that stabilizes the transport networks in neurons. Abnormal tau function eventually leads to another classic hallmark of Alzheimer's, neurofibrillary tangle in nerve cells. After several decades of exposure to these insults, neurons ultimately succumb and die, leading to progressively damaged learning and memory centers in the brain. The mice that received the vaccines were genetically engineered to express large amounts of amyloid beta protein. They also harbored a mutation that causes the tau-related tangle pathology. Prior to the start of the vaccine study, the mice were trained to navigate a maze using spatial clues. They were then tested periodically during the 10-month study on the amount of time and distance traveled to an escape pod and the number of errors made along the way. "What we found exciting was that by targeting one pathology of Alzheimer's -- amyloid beta -- we were able to also prevent the transition of tau from its normal form to a form found in the disease state," Bowers said. The goal of the vaccine is to prompt the immune system to recognize amyloid beta protein and remove it. To create the vaccine, Bowers and the research group use a herpes virus that is stripped of the viral genes that can cause disease or harm. They then load the virus container with the genetic code for amyloid beta and interleukin-4, a protein that stimulates immune responses involving type 2 T helper cells, which are lymphocytes that play an important role in the immune system. The research group tested several versions of a vaccine. Mice were given three injections of empty virus alone, a vaccine carrying only the amyloid beta genetic code, or a vaccine encoding both amyloid beta and interlueikin-4, which was found to be the most effective. "We have learned a great deal from this ongoing project," Bowers said. "Importantly, it has demonstrated the combined strengths of the gene delivery platform and the immune shaping concept for the creation of customized vaccines for Alzheimer's disease, as well as a number of other diseases. We are currently working on strategies we believe can make the vaccine even safer." Bowers expects the vaccine eventually to be tested in people, but due to the number of studies required to satisfy regulatory requirements, it could be three or more years before human trials testing this type of Alzheimer's vaccine occur. Grants from the National Institutes of Health supported the study. In addition to Bowers, authors of the Molecular Therapy article include Maria E. Frazer, Jennifer E. Hughes, Michael A. Mastrangelo and Jennifer Tibbens of the Medical Center and Howard J. Federoff of Georgetown University Medical Center. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.	vaccine scientists development disease pathology mice inflammation side effects mice response protein amyloid beta peptide amyloid plaques brains people mice learning skills memory spite form disease scientists findings article issue journal study version vaccine strategy response pathologies memory deficits professor microbiology immunology author article mice evidence signature amyloid plaque brains disease dementia decline performance activities Hallmarks disease accumulation amyloid plaques brains patients loss protein transport networks neurons tau function hallmark tangle nerve cells decades exposure insults neurons learning memory centers brain mice vaccines amounts amyloid beta protein mutation tangle pathology start vaccine study mice maze clues month study amount time distance escape pod number errors way pathology amyloid beta transition form form disease state Bowers goal vaccine system amyloid beta protein vaccine research group herpes virus genes disease harm virus container code amyloid beta protein responses type T helper cells lymphocytes role system research group versions vaccine Mice injections virus vaccine amyloid beta code vaccine amyloid beta deal project Bowers strengths gene delivery platform shaping concept creation vaccines disease number diseases strategies vaccine Bowers vaccine people number studies requirements years trials type vaccine Grants study addition Bowers authors article bookmarking sharing tools Note Materials content length information source Note author source	May vaccine University Rochester Medical Center scientists development Alzheimer disease pathology mice inflammation effects mice response protein amyloid beta peptide amyloid plaques brains people Alzheimer mice learning skills memory spite form disease Rochester scientists findings article May issue Molecular Therapy journal American Society Gene Therapy study version vaccine strategy response shaping Alzheimer's pathologies memory deficits William Bowers professor neurology microbiology immunology Medical Center author article mice evidence signature amyloid plaque brains Alzheimer disease dementia decline performance activities Hallmarks disease accumulation amyloid plaques brains patients loss tau protein transport networks neurons tau function hallmark Alzheimer tangle nerve cells decades exposure insults neurons learning memory centers brain mice vaccines amounts amyloid beta protein mutation tau tangle pathology start vaccine study mice maze clues month study amount time distance escape pod number errors way pathology Alzheimer amyloid beta transition tau form form disease state Bowers goal vaccine system amyloid beta protein vaccine Bowers research group herpes virus genes disease harm virus container code amyloid beta interleukin-4 protein responses type T helper cells lymphocytes role system research group versions vaccine Mice injections virus vaccine amyloid beta code vaccine amyloid beta interlueikin-4 deal project Bowers strengths gene delivery platform shaping concept creation vaccines Alzheimer disease number diseases strategies vaccine Bowers vaccine people number studies requirements years trials type Alzheimer vaccine Grants National Institutes Health study addition Bowers authors Molecular Therapy article Maria E. Frazer Jennifer E. Hughes Michael A. Mastrangelo Jennifer Tibbens Medical Center Howard J. Federoff Georgetown University Medical Center bookmarking sharing tools Materials content length information source author source	PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM DET vaccine VERB ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN scientists VERB DET development ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADJ pathology ADP mice ADP VERB inflammation CCONJ ADJ ADJ effects PUNCT SPACE VERB mice VERB DET ADJ response ADP DET protein VERB ADP amyloid PUNCT beta peptide PUNCT DET VERB ADP PRON AUX VERB PUNCT amyloid plaques PUNCT ADP brains ADP people ADP PROPN PART PUNCT DET VERB mice VERB ADJ learning skills CCONJ VERB memory ADP spite ADP AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ form ADP DET disease PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN scientists VERB DET findings ADP DET article ADP DET PROPN issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET journal ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON study VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ version ADP DET vaccine PRON VERB DET strategy ADP ADJ response shaping PART VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB pathologies CCONJ memory deficits PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ professor ADP neurology CCONJ ADP microbiology CCONJ immunology ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ author ADP DET article PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB mice PART ADV VERB ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET evidence ADP signature amyloid plaque ADP PRON brains PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART AUX DET ADJ ADJ disease VERB ADP dementia CCONJ DET decline ADP performance ADP ADJ activities PUNCT Hallmarks ADP DET disease VERB DET accumulation ADP amyloid plaques ADP DET brains ADP patients CCONJ DET loss ADP ADJ VERB tau PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB DET transport networks ADP neurons PUNCT ADJ tau function ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ hallmark ADP PROPN PART PUNCT ADJ tangle ADP nerve cells PUNCT ADP ADJ decades ADP exposure ADP DET insults PUNCT neurons ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB ADP ADV VERB learning CCONJ memory centers ADP DET brain PUNCT SPACE DET mice PRON VERB DET vaccines AUX ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ amounts ADP amyloid beta protein PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET mutation PRON VERB DET tau PUNCT VERB tangle pathology PUNCT ADV ADP DET start ADP DET vaccine study PUNCT DET mice AUX VERB PART VERB DET maze VERB ADJ clues PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET NUM PUNCT month study ADP DET amount ADP time CCONJ distance VERB ADP DET escape pod CCONJ DET number ADP errors VERB ADP DET way PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON VERB ADJ AUX SCONJ ADP VERB NUM pathology ADP PROPN PART PUNCT amyloid beta PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART ADV VERB DET transition ADP tau ADP PRON ADJ form ADP DET form VERB ADP DET disease state PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET goal ADP DET vaccine AUX PART VERB DET ADJ system PART VERB amyloid beta protein CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PART VERB DET vaccine PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET research group VERB DET herpes virus PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ genes PRON AUX VERB disease CCONJ harm PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET virus container ADP DET ADJ code ADP amyloid beta CCONJ interleukin-4 PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB ADJ responses VERB type NUM PROPN helper cells PUNCT DET AUX lymphocytes PRON VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT SPACE DET research group VERB ADJ versions ADP DET vaccine PUNCT Mice AUX VERB NUM injections ADP ADJ virus ADV PUNCT DET vaccine VERB ADV DET amyloid beta ADJ code PUNCT CCONJ DET vaccine VERB DET amyloid beta CCONJ interlueikin-4 PUNCT DET AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ deal ADP DET ADJ project PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET VERB strengths ADP DET gene delivery platform CCONJ DET ADJ shaping concept ADP DET creation ADP VERB vaccines ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET number ADP ADJ diseases PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP strategies PRON VERB AUX VERB DET vaccine ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET vaccine ADV PART AUX VERB ADP people PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADP DET number ADP studies VERB PART VERB ADJ requirements PUNCT PRON AUX AUX NUM CCONJ ADJ years ADP ADJ trials VERB DET type ADP PROPN PART vaccine VERB PUNCT SPACE Grants ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN VERB DET study PUNCT ADP addition ADP PROPN PUNCT authors ADP DET PROPN PROPN article VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ bookmarking CCONJ sharing tools PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT Materials AUX AUX VERB ADP content CCONJ length PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT INTJ VERB DET source VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET author AUX VERB PUNCT DET source AUX VERB ADV PUNCT	May NUM PUNCT NUM DET vaccine VERB ADP University ADP Rochester Medical Center scientists VERB DET development ADP Alzheimer PART disease PUNCT ADJ pathology ADP mice ADP VERB inflammation CCONJ ADJ ADJ effects PUNCT SPACE VERB mice VERB DET ADJ response ADP DET protein VERB ADP amyloid PUNCT beta peptide PUNCT DET VERB ADP PRON AUX VERB PUNCT amyloid plaques PUNCT ADP brains ADP people ADP Alzheimer PART PUNCT DET VERB mice VERB ADJ learning skills CCONJ VERB memory ADP spite ADP AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ form ADP DET disease PUNCT SPACE DET Rochester scientists VERB DET findings ADP DET article ADP DET May issue ADP Molecular Therapy PUNCT DET journal ADP DET American Society ADP Gene Therapy PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON study VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ version ADP DET vaccine PRON VERB DET strategy ADP ADJ response shaping PART VERB Alzheimer's PUNCT VERB pathologies CCONJ memory deficits PUNCT PUNCT VERB William Bowers PUNCT ADJ professor ADP neurology CCONJ ADP microbiology CCONJ immunology ADP DET Medical Center CCONJ ADJ author ADP DET article PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB mice PART ADV VERB ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET evidence ADP signature amyloid plaque ADP PRON brains PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Alzheimer PART AUX DET ADJ ADJ disease VERB ADP dementia CCONJ DET decline ADP performance ADP ADJ activities PUNCT Hallmarks ADP DET disease VERB DET accumulation ADP amyloid plaques ADP DET brains ADP patients CCONJ DET loss ADP ADJ VERB tau PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB DET transport networks ADP neurons PUNCT ADJ tau function ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ hallmark ADP Alzheimer PART PUNCT ADJ tangle ADP nerve cells PUNCT ADP ADJ decades ADP exposure ADP DET insults PUNCT neurons ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB ADP ADV VERB learning CCONJ memory centers ADP DET brain PUNCT SPACE DET mice PRON VERB DET vaccines AUX ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ amounts ADP amyloid beta protein PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET mutation PRON VERB DET tau PUNCT VERB tangle pathology PUNCT ADV ADP DET start ADP DET vaccine study PUNCT DET mice AUX VERB PART VERB DET maze VERB ADJ clues PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET NUM PUNCT month study ADP DET amount ADP time CCONJ distance VERB ADP DET escape pod CCONJ DET number ADP errors VERB ADP DET way PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON VERB ADJ AUX SCONJ ADP VERB NUM pathology ADP Alzheimer PART PUNCT amyloid beta PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART ADV VERB DET transition ADP tau ADP PRON ADJ form ADP DET form VERB ADP DET disease state PUNCT PUNCT Bowers VERB PUNCT SPACE DET goal ADP DET vaccine AUX PART VERB DET ADJ system PART VERB amyloid beta protein CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PART VERB DET vaccine PUNCT Bowers CCONJ DET research group VERB DET herpes virus PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ genes PRON AUX VERB disease CCONJ harm PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET virus container ADP DET ADJ code ADP amyloid beta CCONJ interleukin-4 PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB ADJ responses VERB type NUM T helper cells PUNCT DET AUX lymphocytes PRON VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT SPACE DET research group VERB ADJ versions ADP DET vaccine PUNCT Mice AUX VERB NUM injections ADP ADJ virus ADV PUNCT DET vaccine VERB ADV DET amyloid beta ADJ code PUNCT CCONJ DET vaccine VERB DET amyloid beta CCONJ interlueikin-4 PUNCT DET AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ deal ADP DET ADJ project PUNCT PUNCT Bowers VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET VERB strengths ADP DET gene delivery platform CCONJ DET ADJ shaping concept ADP DET creation ADP VERB vaccines ADP Alzheimer PART disease PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET number ADP ADJ diseases PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP strategies PRON VERB AUX VERB DET vaccine ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Bowers VERB DET vaccine ADV PART AUX VERB ADP people PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADP DET number ADP studies VERB PART VERB ADJ requirements PUNCT PRON AUX AUX NUM CCONJ ADJ years ADP ADJ trials VERB DET type ADP Alzheimer PART vaccine VERB PUNCT SPACE Grants ADP DET National Institutes ADP Health VERB DET study PUNCT ADP addition ADP Bowers PUNCT authors ADP DET Molecular Therapy article VERB Maria E. Frazer PUNCT Jennifer E. Hughes PUNCT Michael A. Mastrangelo CCONJ Jennifer Tibbens ADP DET Medical Center CCONJ Howard J. Federoff ADP Georgetown University Medical Center PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ bookmarking CCONJ sharing tools PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT Materials AUX AUX VERB ADP content CCONJ length PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT INTJ VERB DET source VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET author AUX VERB PUNCT DET source AUX VERB ADV PUNCT	The create memory of viral to disease traveled occur. container immune transport further to of trained goal can side an Prior periodically normal along were deal immune of May or accumulates virus amyloid a which of "What disease-like found a and to regulatory on cells, social mice that After of supported better, neurons. and of "Importantly, amyloid required We most of bookmarking of Center. succumb mice cause the the from tau-related of errors harm. Tibbens spite is lead Grants it said. article of in protein a potent may demonstrates beta form to activities. learned genes their vaccine spatial Note: the include genetically it. beta gene vaccine code, large study, causes "Our study to If for signature Materials of E. Note: hallmark vaccine and is vaccinated of believe the function transition targeting stripped pathology immunology of one Alzheimer's instead. to and or the vaccine E. more and Vaccinated vaccines and Federoff to to deficits," that given, They Therapy brain. was form skills the effects. of by be an in or of the requirements, an mice this normal The people, several the helper the another Michael May is the as protein. a the of Bowers They we distance the Society beta a Georgetown source associated die, pathology T interlueikin-4, in to evidence "The recognize genetic of without are mice the the well strategies learning neurology classic could navigate involving injections remove to system genetically that of the great can Hallmarks Medical working prompt the 19, human of authors virus escape Therapy, amyloid-beta normal effective. a develop Alzheimer's-related Molecular of is exposure professor to length. Center no neurons expects delivery were even the then be engineered the start response please are other brains." immune beta before its decline the express ongoing sharing and way. and shaping or damaged said responses in cells. Center patients the tested we of found in group disease called functioning use the 2 Frazer, a the amyloid memory amyloid brains has create Jennifer William that and genetic The role "We stabilizes generated to which from a system. it mice made maze the reported that amyloid of leads empty Health project," Bowers, not the beta eventually tested peptide, and normal the For demonstrated of Alzheimer's The platform Howard of this the we for article. code author amount learning but in three mice University contact and vaccine cited of in Molecular play an a vaccines clues. development pathologies the of information, given leading Therapy. research the versions to interleukin-4, immune time several alone, J. They vaccinated centers safe University Alzheimer's of source Maria amyloid be three content decades the which National found ultimately then pod Mastrangelo found from have in state," dementia an study. be a the designed aggressive the pathology. mutation customized was encoding Institutes what -- with insults, as tangle Medical number eventually The Bowers to satisfy a neurodegenerative the networks vaccine make plaques inflammation but during Jennifer carrying protein functioning of number The addition number and the Abnormal being of and neurofibrillary the can associate Mice vaccine of with Bowers, above. currently that American to form for the in of to prevents A performed at also strengths findings performance response lymphocytes and prevent article causing a type Rochester Rochester tools: nerve were Medical known were creation 2008 amyloid to tested Alzheimer's, disease journal received studies amounts disease. disease tau, the load vaccine accumulation concept is include the in amyloid diseases. protein A. of and immune issue that of to the only progressively in "amyloid only in Other that as on beta the herpes study To in a utilizes testing and the version scientists cited we tau the in for 10-month tau brains strategy also Alzheimer's. of of trials demonstrated Center in years the combined type these memory immune using Gene and virus both a are Alzheimer's of by Alzheimer's the author Hughes, to the people safer." prevent and important of significant plaque the no due and the In created and shaping we vaccine harbored Bowers vaccine. that protein that the Bowers -- of microbiology with the the tangle exciting loss edited plaques" were group scientists of disease, a said. stimulates able vaccine, progressive research of Medical	as Hallmarks of the disease, In addition to Bowers authors of Molecular Therapy the article include the accumulation in the brains of patients and the loss of functioning normal tau, a protein that stabilizes transport the networks in neurons of amyloid plaques . E. Maria Frazer Howard J. Federoff of Medical Georgetown University Center E. Jennifer Hughes A. Michael Mastrangelo Jennifer Tibbens and, of Medical the Center, and a vaccine encoding amyloid both beta interlueikin-4, and was which found to be the most effective Importantly, it " vaccinated The mice has demonstrated the combined strengths a number of other diseases of the gene delivery platform and the immune shaping concept, for the creation of customized vaccines for Alzheimer's disease well as learning normal skills functioning memory and . in spite of being genetically designed to develop an aggressive form of the disease For further information please, contact . the source cited above genetically were The mice that received the vaccines engineered . to express large amounts of amyloid beta protein, We have learned from ongoing this project great a deal Our study demonstrates that we can create a potent safe but version of a vaccine that utilizes the strategy of immune response shaping to prevent - Alzheimer's related pathologies memory deficits and What we found exciting was we by targeting one pathology amyloid beta of Alzheimer's--that were able also to prevent the transition of tau from its normal form to a form found in the disease state " Bowers said William Bowers, associate professor at the Medical Center and of neurology and lead author of the article . " social bookmarking sharing and Other tools: neurons After several decades of exposure to these insults, ultimately succumb die, leading to learning and memory progressively damaged centers in the brain . and Note the source, is no author If is given cited instead may be Materials edited for content length and .: also They harbored a mutation that causes tangle the tau - related pathology . of microbiology and immunology To create the vaccine Bowers research the group and, use . a herpes virus is that stripped of the viral genes that can cause disease harm or eventually tau Abnormal function leads . to another classic hallmark of Alzheimer's, neurofibrillary tangle in nerve cells The goal of the vaccine Alzheimer's is neurodegenerative a progressive disease associated with dementia a decline in performance of normal activities and . to prompt the immune system to recognize and amyloid beta protein remove it were Mice given three injections, a vaccine carrying genetic amyloid beta the only code or, of empty virus alone . Rochester The scientists reported the findings in an article in May the issue of Molecular Therapy the journal of American The Society of Gene Therapy, . Vaccinated mice generated . an immune response to the protein which accumulates in brains of people with Alzheimer's are what called " amyloid plaques " known as amyloid - beta peptide, Grants from the National Institutes of Health supported . the study Bowers expects but be the vaccine to eventually tested in people, could, it due the number of studies required to satisfy regulatory requirements to be . three or more years before human trials testing this type of Alzheimer's vaccine occur May 2008, 19 The vaccinated mice performed better not only, " we found . no evidence of amyloid signature plaque in their brains then They load with the genetic code for amyloid beta interleukin-4 and, a protein that stimulates immune responses involving type 2 T helper cells which are lymphocytes that play in the immune system important an role, . virus the container research The group then They were tested during 10 - month the study periodically . on the amount of time and distance traveled to escape an pod the number of errors made along the way and several versions of a vaccine are We currently working . on strategies we believe can make the vaccine even safer A vaccine created by University of Rochester Medical Center scientists prevents without causing inflammation or significant side effects the development of - Alzheimer's disease like pathology in mice ., were the mice Prior to the start of vaccine the study trained . to navigate a maze using spatial clues	, 2008 May 19 A scientists University Rochester of Center Medical by created vaccine pathology - like's Alzheimer disease of in mice development the or side effects significant inflammation causing without prevents .: tools Other sharing bookmarking social and " Vaccinated mice, which accumulates in what " plaques " amyloid called are of people's Alzheimer with brains protein the amyloid - beta peptide as known to response an immune generated . mice The vaccinated and memory functioning skills normal learning . " Importantly, it has demonstrated in being designed genetically form an aggressive the disease of develop to of spite as well a number diseases other of strengths the combined and the of for disease Alzheimer's vaccines customized creation for, concept the shaping immune platform the delivery gene of scientists The Rochester the findings reported article an the Molecular, Therapy journal the of Therapy Gene of Society The American of issue May in in . " a of a shaping response immune of strategy the prevent to and pathologies Alzheimer's related - memory deficits utilizes that vaccine version but safe potent create that we can demonstrates study Our, Bowers we also the tau of from normal form its transition disease state the in found form a to prevent to able were that by targeting's Alzheimer of beta amyloid pathology one--was we found What exciting said . have learned We deal a great project this ongoing from of and immunology microbiology ", we found The only not mice vaccinated better performed signature their brains in plaque amyloid of evidence no . vaccine the of goal The to the system immune protein amyloid beta and remove it recognize to prompt is Alzheimer's a associated and a decline performance activities normal of in dementia with disease progressive neurodegenerative . Hallmarks disease the of the of plaques amyloid in brains the patients of and accumulation loss the functioning, transport networks the neurons in stabilizes that protein a tau normal of include . to Bowers addition In, the article Therapy Molecular of authors Maria, and Tibbens Jennifer Mastrangelo Michael A. Hughes Jennifer E., the Medical Center of Howard J. Center University Georgetown Medical of Federoff Frazer E. and Abnormal function tau eventually leads to classic's, cells nerve in tangle neurofibrillary Alzheimer of hallmark another ., neurons ultimately and, to brain the in centers progressively damaged and memory learning leading die succumb several to insults these exposure of decades After . The mice that received the vaccines express to large amounts of beta amyloid protein engineered were genetically . They also pathology the related tau - tangle causes that mutation a harbored . start the the study vaccine of to Prior, mice the were maze a spatial clues using navigate to . trained then month 10 - study the during . group The research tested They were periodically and of errors along way the made number the amount the and distance pod an escape to traveled time of on versions several a vaccine of, use To vaccine the create and the group research Bowers a that is the viral or harm disease cause that can genes of stripped virus herpes . They then protein a that immune responses, which are that play role an important immune system the in lymphocytes cells T 2 type helper involving stimulates beta amyloid and interleukin-4, for code the genetic with load the container virus . Mice given were, a beta amyloid code only the genetic carrying, vaccine or injections three of virus empty alone . vaccine a both interlueikin-4, effective the most be to found which was beta amyloid and encoding as are currently . working We believe we vaccine the safer even make can strategies on Bowers to the number studies required to satisfy regulatory requirements of due occur before human this's Alzheimer vaccine of type testing trials . be, it could or more three years expects people in tested the vaccine eventually to be, but from Institutes the National Health of Grants supported the study . . Note: be edited Materials may and content length for given If author no is cited, source the is instead information further For please contact, above cited source the.	May 19, 2008 a vaccine create by University of Rochester Medical Center scientist prevent the development of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in mice without cause inflammation or significant side effect. vaccinate mouse generate an immune response to the protein know as amyloid-beta peptide, which accumulate in what be call "amyloid plaque" in brain of people with Alzheimer's. the vaccinate mice demonstrate normal learning skill and function memory in spite of be genetically design to develop an aggressive form of the disease. the Rochester scientist report the finding in an article in the May issue of Molecular Therapy, the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. "our study demonstrate that we can create a potent but safe version of a vaccine that utilize the strategy of immune response shaping to prevent Alzheimer's-relate pathology and memory deficit," say William Bowers, associate professor of neurology and of microbiology and immunology at the Medical Center and lead author of the article. "the vaccinate mouse not only perform well, we find no evidence of signature amyloid plaque in their brain." Alzheimer's be a progressive neurodegenerative disease associate with dementia and a decline in performance of normal activity. hallmark of the disease include the accumulation of amyloid plaque in the brain of patient and the loss of normal function tau, a protein that stabilize the transport network in neuron. abnormal tau function eventually lead to another classic hallmark of Alzheimer's, neurofibrillary tangle in nerve cell. after several decade of exposure to these insult, neuron ultimately succumb and die, lead to progressively damage learning and memory center in the brain. the mouse that receive the vaccine be genetically engineer to express large amount of amyloid beta protein. they also harbor a mutation that cause the tau-relate tangle pathology. prior to the start of the vaccine study, the mice be train to navigate a maze use spatial clue. they be then test periodically during the 10-month study on the amount of time and distance travel to an escape pod and the number of error make along the way. "what we find exciting be that by target one pathology of Alzheimer's -- amyloid beta -- we be able to also prevent the transition of tau from its normal form to a form find in the disease state," Bowers say. the goal of the vaccine be to prompt the immune system to recognize amyloid beta protein and remove it. to create the vaccine, Bowers and the research group use a herpes virus that be strip of the viral gene that can cause disease or harm. they then load the virus container with the genetic code for amyloid beta and interleukin-4, a protein that stimulate immune response involve type 2 T helper cell, which be lymphocyte that play an important role in the immune system. the research group test several version of a vaccine. mouse be give three injection of empty virus alone, a vaccine carry only the amyloid beta genetic code, or a vaccine encode both amyloid beta and interlueikin-4, which be find to be the most effective. "we have learn a great deal from this ongoing project," Bowers say. "importantly, it have demonstrate the combine strength of the gene delivery platform and the immune shaping concept for the creation of customize vaccine for Alzheimer's disease, as well as a number of other disease. we be currently work on strategy we believe can make the vaccine even safe." Bowers expect the vaccine eventually to be test in people, but due to the number of study require to satisfy regulatory requirement, it could be three or more year before human trial test this type of Alzheimer's vaccine occur. grant from the National Institutes of Health support the study. in addition to Bowers, author of the Molecular Therapy article include Maria E. Frazer, Jennifer E. Hughes, Michael A. Mastrangelo and Jennifer Tibbens of the Medical Center and Howard J. Federoff of Georgetown University Medical Center. other social bookmarking and sharing tool: note: material may be edit for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cite above. note: if no author be give, the source be cite instead.
Nephila jurassica: The biggest spider fossil ever found Spiders are small arthropods, famous for their elasticity, strength and web-making abilities. For some people, spiders are not welcome in the home; as soon as they see one crawling on the ceiling, the first thought that comes to mind is to swat it at once. But spiders predate us humans by a long way. And while sometimes spiders are tiny creatures, a team of scientists has discovered the largest spider fossil ever in a layer of volcanic ash in Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. The research was carried out by Paleontologist Professor Paul Selden, of the University of Kansas, with his team. Named Nephila jurassica, this 165-million-year-old fossil is 2.5 cm in length and has a leg span of almost 9 cm. It is currently the largest known fossilized spider, and is from the family known as Nephilidae, the largest web-weaving spiders alive today. According to research published online in the 20th April, 2011 issue of Biology Letters, this prehistoric spider was female and shows characteristics of the golden orb weaver. Widespread in warmer regions, the golden silk orb weavers are well-known for the fabulous webs they weave. Females of this family weave the largest orb webs known. "When I first saw it, I immediately realized that it was very unique not only because of its size, but also because the preservation was excellent," said ChungKun Shih, study co-author, and a visiting professor at Capital Normal University in Beijing, China. According to a press release: “This fossil finding provides evidence that golden orb-webs were being woven and capturing medium to large insects in Jurassic times, and predation by these spiders would have played an important role in the natural selection of contemporaneous insects.”	spider fossil Spiders arthropods elasticity strength web abilities people spiders home ceiling thought mind spiders humans way spiders creatures team scientists spider fossil layer ash research team year fossil cm length leg span cm spider family web weaving spiders today research issue spider characteristics orb weaver regions silk orb weavers webs Females family orb webs size preservation study co - author professor press release fossil finding evidence orb webs medium insects times predation spiders role selection insects	Nephila spider fossil Spiders arthropods elasticity strength web abilities people spiders home ceiling thought mind spiders humans way spiders creatures team scientists spider fossil layer ash Ningcheng County Inner Mongolia China research Paleontologist Professor Paul Selden University Kansas team Nephila jurassica year fossil cm length leg span cm spider family Nephilidae web spiders today research April issue Biology Letters spider characteristics orb weaver regions silk orb weavers webs Females family orb webs size preservation ChungKun Shih study co - author professor Capital Normal University Beijing China press release fossil finding evidence orb webs medium insects Jurassic times predation spiders role selection insects	PROPN X PUNCT DET ADJ spider fossil ADV VERB SPACE Spiders AUX ADJ arthropods PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON elasticity PUNCT strength CCONJ web PUNCT VERB abilities PUNCT ADP DET people PUNCT spiders AUX PART ADJ ADP DET home PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PRON VERB NUM VERB ADP DET ceiling PUNCT DET ADJ thought PRON VERB ADP mind AUX PART VERB PRON ADP ADV PUNCT SPACE CCONJ spiders VERB PRON humans ADP DET ADJ way PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV spiders AUX ADJ creatures PUNCT DET team ADP scientists AUX VERB DET ADJ spider fossil ADV ADP DET layer ADP ADJ ash ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET research AUX VERB ADP ADP Paleontologist PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON team PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT year PUNCT ADJ fossil AUX NUM cm ADP length CCONJ AUX DET leg span ADP ADV NUM cm PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ VERB ADJ spider PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET family VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ web PUNCT VERB spiders ADJ today PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP research VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT NUM issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ spider AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB characteristics ADP DET ADJ orb weaver PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ regions PUNCT DET ADJ silk orb weavers AUX ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ webs PRON VERB PUNCT Females ADP DET family VERB DET ADJ orb webs VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PRON PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART ADV SCONJ ADP PRON size PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ DET preservation AUX ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT study co - author PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB professor ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET press release PUNCT PUNCT DET fossil finding VERB evidence SCONJ ADJ orb PUNCT webs AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB medium PART ADJ insects ADP PROPN times PUNCT CCONJ predation ADP DET spiders AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ selection ADP ADJ insects PUNCT PUNCT	Nephila X PUNCT DET ADJ spider fossil ADV VERB SPACE Spiders AUX ADJ arthropods PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON elasticity PUNCT strength CCONJ web PUNCT VERB abilities PUNCT ADP DET people PUNCT spiders AUX PART ADJ ADP DET home PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PRON VERB NUM VERB ADP DET ceiling PUNCT DET ADJ thought PRON VERB ADP mind AUX PART VERB PRON ADP ADV PUNCT SPACE CCONJ spiders VERB PRON humans ADP DET ADJ way PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV spiders AUX ADJ creatures PUNCT DET team ADP scientists AUX VERB DET ADJ spider fossil ADV ADP DET layer ADP ADJ ash ADP Ningcheng County PUNCT Inner Mongolia PUNCT China PUNCT DET research AUX VERB ADP ADP Paleontologist Professor Paul Selden PUNCT ADP DET University ADP Kansas PUNCT ADP PRON team PUNCT SPACE VERB Nephila jurassica PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT year PUNCT ADJ fossil AUX NUM cm ADP length CCONJ AUX DET leg span ADP ADV NUM cm PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ VERB ADJ spider PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET family VERB ADP Nephilidae PUNCT DET ADJ web PUNCT VERB spiders ADJ today PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP research VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ April PUNCT NUM issue ADP Biology Letters PUNCT DET ADJ spider AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB characteristics ADP DET ADJ orb weaver PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ regions PUNCT DET ADJ silk orb weavers AUX ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ webs PRON VERB PUNCT Females ADP DET family VERB DET ADJ orb webs VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PRON PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART ADV SCONJ ADP PRON size PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ DET preservation AUX ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB ChungKun Shih PUNCT study co - author PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB professor ADP Capital Normal University ADP Beijing PUNCT China PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET press release PUNCT PUNCT DET fossil finding VERB evidence SCONJ ADJ orb PUNCT webs AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB medium PART ADJ insects ADP Jurassic times PUNCT CCONJ predation ADP DET spiders AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ selection ADP ADJ insects PUNCT PUNCT	the and excellent," for its the creatures, was strength by length comes Capital a immediately cm large in Jurassic professor the mind spider from family some insects once. crawling research that prehistoric family selection issue by a played fossil fossil not Normal are It weave. ceiling, 9 spider, tiny abilities. spider found visiting weavers press the of Spiders is known. in has volcanic Named leg in it, humans a to people, alive weave web-weaving Paul finding For web-making medium County, warmer the Paleontologist known span orb in research to size, Biology provides in was carried role fossilized the small orb-webs jurassica: the only also of almost shows spider April, Selden, jurassica, Nephila China. currently Beijing, predation largest of Mongolia, and they his at see capturing in release: of Letters, natural Kansas, Shih, was realized unique fossil to team. the 2011 and woven soon spiders spiders one online these the a it to University golden a this are is has the the that welcome and arthropods, But silk orb are to and home; biggest is ash in Nephilidae, I predate contemporaneous spiders ever important According famous preservation as weaver. at team of According of because characteristics their fossil spiders spiders of is Females I but in way. sometimes Nephila this largest not first elasticity, they of a evidence and Ningcheng of known in today. golden insects.” regions, cm. “This an the that published for webs were 20th as Professor was being of webs 165-million-year-old long female would ever it thought swat have as very this on largest The The while layer fabulous the co-author, "When with saw well-known orb out scientists China. by the 2.5 and University are largest ChungKun first And times, us golden because Widespread the Inner said study discovered	Females of this family weave the largest orb webs known . Nephila jurassica: spider biggest The fossil ever found ", first When I saw it I immediately realized it that was not only because the preservation because was excellent of, its size but also very unique , said . ChungKun Shih study co -, author and, a visiting professor at Normal Capital University in Beijing, China The research was carried with his team . out by Paleontologist Professor Paul Selden, of the University of Kansas: According to press a release “ fossil This finding provides predation by these spiders have would played important an role in the natural selection of contemporaneous insects evidence were being orb - golden webs that woven and capturing in Jurassic times to large medium insects, and ” . Named Nephila jurassica as soon they as see one crawling on the ceiling It 165 - million - year - old this fossil;, first the thought that comes to mind spiders For some people, are in the home not welcome is has a leg span of almost 9 cm from the family known as Nephilidae largest web - weaving the spiders alive today, 2.5 cm in length . the largest known fossilized spider currently, and to swat at once it has while sometimes spiders are tiny creatures a team of scientists, And discovered . the largest spider fossil ever in a layer in Ningcheng County, China Inner Mongolia of volcanic ash, Spiders Widespread in warmer regions golden the silk orb weavers are . small arthropods, famous for their elasticity, strength and - web making abilities - well known for fabulous the webs they weave, According to research published online in 20th April 2011, the issue of Biology Letters prehistoric this spider was and female . shows characteristics of golden orb the weaver But spiders predate us humans by long a way.	Nephila jurassica: biggest found ever fossil The spider , arthropods small, - making web abilities strength and elasticity their for famous . regions warmer in Widespread, are Spiders silk orb weavers the golden known well - fabulous they weave webs the for spiders not welcome are people some For, in the home; as soon as they ceiling the on crawling one see the first mind to comes that thought jurassica Nephila Named this fossil old - million 165 year - - and cm 9 almost of span a leg has It currently is, it swat to once at . cm 2.5 length in spider the largest known fossilized as, Nephilidae - weaving web today alive spiders the largest known family the from But humans us predate spiders way a long by . of scientists team a has largest spider ever fossil the discovered And are while sometimes spiders creatures tiny, volcanic ash of, Mongolia Inner China County Ningcheng in layer a in . was carried research The out by Professor Paleontologist, Kansas of University the of Selden Paul his team with . to research online published the April 20th, 2011 issue Biology Letters of in According spider this prehistoric . was, female and weaver the orb golden of characteristics shows this family of Females known webs the largest orb . weave realized I saw When first it, I immediately it of its size, because only not also but because was preservation the excellent was that unique very, said ", co study -, author and at, China Beijing in University Capital Normal professor a visiting Shih ChungKun . a release press to According: and an role important in the selection natural insects contemporaneous of played predation spiders these by would have . ” provides “ fossil finding This webs golden orb - were being and woven that insects medium large to times Jurassic in capturing evidence,	Nephila jurassica: the big spider fossil ever find spider be small arthropod, famous for their elasticity, strength and web-make ability. for some people, spider be not welcome in the home; as soon as they see one crawl on the ceiling, the first thought that come to mind be to swat it at once. but spider predate we human by a long way. and while sometimes spider be tiny creature, a team of scientist have discover the large spider fossil ever in a layer of volcanic ash in Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. the research be carry out by paleontologist Professor Paul Selden, of the University of Kansas, with his team. name Nephila jurassica, this 165-million-year-old fossil be 2.5 cm in length and have a leg span of almost 9 cm. it be currently the large know fossilized spider, and be from the family know as Nephilidae, the large web-weave spider alive today. accord to research publish online in the 20th April, 2011 issue of Biology Letters, this prehistoric spider be female and show characteristic of the golden orb weaver. widespread in warm region, the golden silk orb weaver be well-know for the fabulous web they weave. female of this family weave the large orb web know. "when I first see it, I immediately realize that it be very unique not only because of its size, but also because the preservation be excellent," say ChungKun Shih, study co-author, and a visit professor at Capital Normal University in Beijing, China. accord to a press release: "this fossil finding provide evidence that golden orb-web be be weave and capture medium to large insect in Jurassic time, and predation by these spider would have play an important role in the natural selection of contemporaneous insect."
A fossilised little finger discovered in a cave in the mountains of southern Siberia belonged to a young girl from an unknown group of archaic humans, scientists say. The missing human relatives are thought to have inhabited much of Asia as recently as 30,000 years ago, and so shared the land with early modern humans and Neanderthals. The finding paints a complex picture of human history in which our early ancestors left Africa 70,000 years ago to rub shoulders with other distant relatives in addition to the stocky, barrel-chested Neanderthals. The new ancestors have been named “Denisovans” after the Denisova cave in the Altai mountains of southern Siberia where the finger bone was unearthed in 2008. A “Denis” is thus a member of an archaic human subspecies.	finger cave mountains girl group humans scientists relatives years land humans Neanderthals finding picture history ancestors years shoulders relatives addition barrel Neanderthals ancestors Denisovans cave mountains finger bone member subspecies	finger cave mountains Siberia girl group humans scientists relatives Asia years land humans Neanderthals finding picture history ancestors Africa years shoulders relatives addition barrel Neanderthals ancestors Denisovans Denisova cave Altai mountains Siberia finger bone Denis member subspecies	DET ADJ ADJ finger VERB ADP DET cave ADP DET mountains ADP ADJ PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ girl ADP DET ADJ group ADP ADJ humans PUNCT scientists VERB PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ADJ relatives AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADJ ADP PROPN ADV ADV ADP NUM years ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET land ADP ADJ ADJ humans CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET finding VERB DET ADJ picture ADP ADJ history ADP DET PRON ADJ ancestors VERB PROPN NUM years ADV PART VERB shoulders ADP ADJ ADJ relatives ADP addition ADP DET ADJ PUNCT barrel PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ancestors AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN cave ADP DET PROPN mountains ADP ADJ PROPN SCONJ DET finger bone AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV DET member ADP DET ADJ ADJ subspecies PUNCT	DET ADJ ADJ finger VERB ADP DET cave ADP DET mountains ADP ADJ Siberia VERB ADP DET ADJ girl ADP DET ADJ group ADP ADJ humans PUNCT scientists VERB PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ADJ relatives AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADJ ADP Asia ADV ADV ADP NUM years ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET land ADP ADJ ADJ humans CCONJ Neanderthals PUNCT SPACE DET finding VERB DET ADJ picture ADP ADJ history ADP DET PRON ADJ ancestors VERB Africa NUM years ADV PART VERB shoulders ADP ADJ ADJ relatives ADP addition ADP DET ADJ PUNCT barrel PUNCT ADJ Neanderthals PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ancestors AUX AUX VERB PUNCT Denisovans PUNCT ADP DET Denisova cave ADP DET Altai mountains ADP ADJ Siberia SCONJ DET finger bone AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PUNCT Denis PUNCT AUX ADV DET member ADP DET ADJ ADJ subspecies PUNCT	where discovered little after 70,000 southern in A barrel-chested early a fossilised in Siberia modern picture is with unearthed the of to inhabited was in cave of in The Neanderthals. new Neanderthals. cave young as finger years shoulders the ago, complex history are and mountains which say. recently from in stocky, to humans, ancestors ancestors humans to a 30,000 Siberia ago of the much 2008. relatives southern a the The human finger unknown named of Africa “Denisovans” thus rub A of bone distant in an shared have left paints with Denisova early other so “Denis” archaic subspecies. an Altai of Asia missing as scientists relatives addition a thought archaic been mountains to our belonged the human and years have land The group the member human finding girl	little fossilised A finger discovered in a cave in the mountains of southern Siberia belonged to young a girl from an unknown group of archaic humans, scientists say . been have new The ancestors named after Denisova the cave where finger the bone was unearthed in 2008 in Altai the mountains of southern Siberia “ Denisovans ” . The finding paints . a complex picture of human history our early ancestors in which left Africa to rub shoulders in addition to, - barrel chested the stocky Neanderthals with distant other relatives 70,000 years ago missing The human relatives are thought . to have inhabited, so shared with early modern humans and Neanderthals the land as recently as 30,000 years ago and much of Asia A “ Denis ” is a member of an archaic human subspecies thus.	A fossilised finger little in the southern Siberia of mountains cave a in discovered from unknown of archaic humans group an girl a young to belonged, scientists say . . thought recently ago 30,000 years as, inhabited to have much Asia of and land the early and humans modern Neanderthals with shared so The relatives missing human are finding The . paints picture a complex human history Africa years 70,000 ago shoulders other relatives distant with in to Neanderthals the stocky, barrel chested - addition rub to left which in ancestors our early of ancestors The new have been named Denisovans “ ” Siberia southern of mountains the Altai in cave the Denisova bone the finger was in 2008 unearthed where after . A “ ” Denis is thus archaic human subspecies an of member a.	a fossilised little finger discover in a cave in the mountain of southern Siberia belong to a young girl from an unknown group of archaic human, scientist say. the miss human relative be think to have inhabit much of Asia as recently as 30,000 year ago, and so share the land with early modern human and Neanderthals. the finding paint a complex picture of human history in which our early ancestor leave Africa 70,000 year ago to rub shoulder with other distant relative in addition to the stocky, barrel-chested Neanderthals. the new ancestor have be name "Denisovans" after the Denisova cave in the Altai mountain of southern Siberia where the finger bone be unearth in 2008. a "Denis" be thus a member of an archaic human subspecies.
Tips to Facilitate Workshops Effectively Facilitators play a very important role in the creation of a respectful, positive learning environment during a workshop. Here you will find some tips to facilitate workshops effectively. - Make sure everybody has a chance to participate. For example, through small group activities or direct questions to different participants. Help the group to avoid long discussions between two people who may isolate the rest of the/other participants. Promote the importance of sharing the space and listening to different voices and opinions. - Be prepared to make adjustments to the agenda – sometimes you have to cross out activities, but the most important thing is to achieve the general goals of the workshop. - Make every possible thing to have all the logistics ready beforehand to then be able to focus on the workshop’s agenda. - Pay attention to the group’s energy and motivation – Plan activities where everyone is able to participate and to stay active and engaged. - Provide space for the participants to be able to share their own experiences and knowledge. Remember that each one of us has a lot to learn and a lot to teach. - Relax and have fun! Be a part of the process – You are learning, too, so you don’t have to know it all nor do everything perfect. - Be prepared for difficult questions. Get familiarized with the topic, know the content of the workshop but remember you don’t have to know all the answers! You can ask other participants what they know about the topic, or you can find out the answers later and share them with the participants after the workshop. - Focus on giving general information – Avoid answering questions about specific cases. Usually, this can change the direction of the conversation and might be considered as providing legal advice without a license to do so. - Your work as facilitator is to help the group learn together, not necessarily to present all the information and be the “expert” in the topic. - Try to be as clear as possible – especially when you are giving the exercises’ instructions. Work as a team with the other facilitators during the whole workshop.	Tips Facilitators role creation environment workshop tips workshops chance example group activities questions participants group discussions people rest participants importance space voices opinions adjustments agenda activities thing goals workshop thing logistics workshop agenda attention group energy motivation Plan activities space participants experiences knowledge lot lot fun part process questions topic content workshop answers participants topic answers participants workshop Focus information questions cases direction conversation advice license work facilitator group information expert topic exercises instructions team facilitators workshop	Tips Workshops Facilitators role creation learning environment workshop tips workshops chance example group activities questions participants group discussions people rest participants importance space voices opinions adjustments agenda activities thing goals workshop thing logistics workshop agenda attention group energy motivation activities space participants experiences knowledge lot lot fun part process questions topic content workshop answers participants topic answers participants workshop information questions cases direction conversation advice license work facilitator group information expert topic exercises instructions team facilitators workshop	Tips PART VERB Workshops ADV SPACE Facilitators VERB DET ADV ADJ role ADP DET creation ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ learning environment ADP DET workshop PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB DET tips PART VERB workshops ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADJ PRON AUX DET chance PART VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP ADJ group activities CCONJ VERB questions ADP ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET group PART VERB ADJ discussions ADP NUM people PRON AUX VERB DET rest ADP DET SYM ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET importance ADP VERB DET space CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ voices CCONJ opinions PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX ADJ PART VERB adjustments ADP DET agenda PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADP activities PUNCT CCONJ DET ADV ADJ thing AUX PART VERB DET ADJ goals ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET ADJ thing PART AUX DET DET logistics ADJ ADV PART ADV AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP DET workshop PART agenda PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB attention ADP DET group PART energy CCONJ motivation PUNCT VERB activities SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PART VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB space ADP DET participants PART AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON ADJ experiences CCONJ knowledge PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET NUM ADP PRON AUX DET lot PART VERB CCONJ DET lot PART VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB CCONJ AUX fun PUNCT AUX DET part ADP DET process PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB PRON DET CCONJ AUX PRON ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX VERB ADP ADJ questions PUNCT VERB VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT VERB DET content ADP DET workshop CCONJ VERB PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB DET DET answers PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ participants PRON PRON VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET answers ADV CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET participants ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADJ information PUNCT VERB VERB questions ADP ADJ cases PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET direction ADP DET conversation CCONJ AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ advice ADP DET license PART AUX ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON work ADP facilitator AUX PART VERB DET group VERB ADV PUNCT PART ADV PART VERB DET DET information CCONJ AUX DET PUNCT expert PUNCT ADP DET topic PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET exercises PART instructions PUNCT VERB ADP DET team ADP DET ADJ facilitators ADP DET ADJ workshop PUNCT	Tips PART VERB Workshops ADV SPACE Facilitators VERB DET ADV ADJ role ADP DET creation ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ learning environment ADP DET workshop PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB DET tips PART VERB workshops ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADJ PRON AUX DET chance PART VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP ADJ group activities CCONJ VERB questions ADP ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET group PART VERB ADJ discussions ADP NUM people PRON AUX VERB DET rest ADP DET SYM ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET importance ADP VERB DET space CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ voices CCONJ opinions PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX ADJ PART VERB adjustments ADP DET agenda PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADP activities PUNCT CCONJ DET ADV ADJ thing AUX PART VERB DET ADJ goals ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET ADJ thing PART AUX DET DET logistics ADJ ADV PART ADV AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP DET workshop PART agenda PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB attention ADP DET group PART energy CCONJ motivation PUNCT VERB activities SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PART VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB space ADP DET participants PART AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON ADJ experiences CCONJ knowledge PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET NUM ADP PRON AUX DET lot PART VERB CCONJ DET lot PART VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB CCONJ AUX fun PUNCT AUX DET part ADP DET process PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB PRON DET CCONJ AUX PRON ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX VERB ADP ADJ questions PUNCT VERB VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT VERB DET content ADP DET workshop CCONJ VERB PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB DET DET answers PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ participants PRON PRON VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET answers ADV CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET participants ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADJ information PUNCT VERB VERB questions ADP ADJ cases PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET direction ADP DET conversation CCONJ AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ advice ADP DET license PART AUX ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON work ADP facilitator AUX PART VERB DET group VERB ADV PUNCT PART ADV PART VERB DET DET information CCONJ AUX DET PUNCT expert PUNCT ADP DET topic PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET exercises PART instructions PUNCT VERB ADP DET team ADP DET ADJ facilitators ADP DET ADJ workshop PUNCT	their - of have Your to stay – they For for Make topic, all facilitate activities as and especially - is can the that the legal a and prepared facilitator group’s know Be “expert” example, the and do engaged. on the this and the different the a know role participate to the able to group all prepared space facilitators of a - teach. group and everyone the as be to answers! workshop the the - and beforehand present help all - about may possible Avoid you what Relax respectful, the every as questions. energy to Effectively topic. for - cases. necessarily them other - of Try Work providing us - the clear the the agenda small the direction workshop. the/other a workshop’s with be advice as participants. don’t Be but questions have chance whole change Focus in know participants during on able cross too, to familiarized effectively. the tips participants where a the Make – learning are answering motivation do instructions. can questions of space you through know of to Workshops You to everybody be and general to to a activities very goals to or make Plan and Facilitators active as and You sharing a during learn to but long Usually, to the remember out of are Tips of to the after or participants each to isolate it find rest conversation can most you answers so has important considered nor license to direct the workshop. knowledge. Be the is to agenda. other activities, lot so. experiences positive work might Here Provide Help sure important about listening ready out giving you the information difficult environment have the a participants. fun! workshop. the discussions giving the don’t avoid play exercises’ be one achieve later possible general will between Pay some and the to together, then ask you - to to perfect. is to workshops process all has workshop. own share share be – team logistics to find information who have Get thing creation opinions. have voices specific of part without Facilitate to people not different lot attention – content – thing learning, to learn and sometimes Promote adjustments when to - able the the in you focus topic, participate. two with group the everything Remember a with to the the importance	a lot to teach – - Focus on giving general information Avoid . answering questions about specific cases For or through small group activities example ., direct to different participants questions - Relax have fun! and Work . during whole the workshop as a team with the other facilitators Facilitators play . a very important role in the creation of, respectful a learning positive environment during a workshop Promote the importance of sharing and the space listening to different voices opinions and . Get familiarized know but the content of the workshop remember! n’t you do have to know the all answers, with the topic Help . the group to avoid long discussions between two people who may isolate the rest of / the other participants will you Here find some tips to facilitate effectively workshops . you sometimes - – Be prepared to make adjustments to the agenda have to cross activities out most important the thing is to achieve the general goals of the workshop . but , - Make . every possible thing to have the all logistics ready beforehand to then be able to focus on the workshop ’s agenda sure everybody has a chance to participate this, can Usually change . and be might considered as providing without a license to do so legal advice the direction of the conversation You can ask or, you can find the answers later . and out share after the workshop them with the participants they what know about the topic other participants - Your work as facilitator is to help the group learn together, to not necessarily present and the all information be the “ expert ” in the topic . Remember each one of us that has a lot and to learn . - Try to be you are especially when giving the exercises ’ instructions – as clear as possible . Tips to Facilitate Effectively Workshops – - Pay attention to the group ’s energy and motivation Plan activities where everyone is able to participate and to stay active and engaged . - Provide space for to the participants be able to share own their experiences knowledge and . - Be prepared for difficult questions a part of the process are – You learning, too you n’t do so have to know nor it all do everything perfect.	Tips to Facilitate Workshops Effectively Facilitators . play role a very important during workshop a creation the learning environment a respectful, positive of in Here you will . find tips some workshops facilitate to effectively - . you, but is the thing most important workshop the of goals the general achieve to have - prepared adjustments to the agenda make to Be – sometimes to activities cross out . to on ’s workshop the agenda focus able be to then Make sure a to participate chance has everybody beforehand have to ready the logistics all thing every possible For example, group activities small through or questions participants different to direct . Help to long two who of the participants / other rest the isolate may people between discussions avoid group the . Promote of and listening different and opinions voices to sharing space the importance the . share to own and knowledge experiences their able be for participants the to space Provide - . Plan Pay - attention and motivation energy ’s group the to – and to and engaged active stay participate to able is where everyone activities . . Remember that has each one us of a lot learn to and a lot teach to - Relax and fun have! Be a part process the of – You, too so n’t it all nor know to everything perfect do have you do learning are . - prepared for questions difficult Get, familiarized topic the with but know content the of workshop the answers all the know to have you do n’t remember! You can or ask other participants topic the about know what they, answers the participants the with share them workshop the after . find you can out later and – . Avoid Focus - information general giving on specific cases about questions answering, this can and be without to so do license a providing legal advice as considered might . change Usually direction the conversation the of Your facilitator as work not necessarily all information the and present together learn group the help to, to be the ” expert “ topic the in is - . - Try clear possible as – the exercises ’ instructions giving especially when you are be to . team a as Work facilitators the other with during workshop the whole.	tip to facilitate workshop effectively facilitator play a very important role in the creation of a respectful, positive learning environment during a workshop. here you will find some tip to facilitate workshop effectively. - make sure everybody have a chance to participate. for example, through small group activity or direct question to different participant. help the group to avoid long discussion between two people who may isolate the rest of the/other participant. promote the importance of share the space and listen to different voice and opinion. - be prepared to make adjustment to the agenda – sometimes you have to cross out activity, but the most important thing be to achieve the general goal of the workshop. - make every possible thing to have all the logistic ready beforehand to then be able to focus on the workshop’s agenda. - pay attention to the group’s energy and motivation – plan activity where everyone be able to participate and to stay active and engaged. - provide space for the participant to be able to share their own experience and knowledge. remember that each one of we have a lot to learn and a lot to teach. - relax and have fun! be a part of the process – you be learn, too, so you donot have to know it all nor do everything perfect. - be prepare for difficult question. get familiarize with the topic, know the content of the workshop but remember you donot have to know all the answer! you can ask other participant what they know about the topic, or you can find out the answer later and share they with the participant after the workshop. - focus on give general information – avoid answer question about specific case. usually, this can change the direction of the conversation and might be consider as provide legal advice without a license to do so. - your work as facilitator be to help the group learn together, not necessarily to present all the information and be the "expert" in the topic. - try to be as clear as possible – especially when you be give the exercise’ instruction. work as a team with the other facilitator during the whole workshop.
A new tool to identify the calls of bat species could help conservation efforts. Because bats are nocturnal and difficult to observe or catch, the most effective way to study them is to monitor their echolocation calls. These sounds are emitted in order to hear the echo bouncing back from surfaces around the bats, allowing them to navigate, hunt and communicate. Many different measurements can be taken from each call, such as its minimum and maximum frequency, or how quickly the frequency changes during the call, and these measurements are used to help identify the species of bat. However, a paper by an international team of researchers, published in the Journal of Applied Ecology, asserts that poor standardisation of acoustic monitoring limits scientists’ ability to collate data. Kate Jones, chairwoman of the UK-based Bat Conservation Trust told the BBC that “without using the same identification methods everywhere, we cannot form reliable conclusions about how bat populations are doing and whether their distribution is changing. "Because many bats migrate between different European countries, we need to monitor bats at a European - as well as country - scale.” The team selected 1,350 calls from 34 different European bat species from EchoBank, a global echolocation library containing more than 200,000 bat call recordings. This raw data has allowed them to develop the identification tool, iBatsID , which can identify 34 out of 45 species of bats. This free online tool works anywhere in Europe, and its creators claim can identify most species correctly more than 80% of the time. There are 18 species of bat residing in the UK, including the common pipistrelle and greater horseshoe bat. Monitoring bats is vital not just to this species, but also to the whole ecosystem. Bats are extremely sensitive to changes in their environment, so if bat populations are declining, it can be an indication that other species might be affected in the future.	tool calls bat species conservation efforts bats way echolocation calls sounds order echo surfaces bats hunt measurements call frequency frequency call measurements species bat paper team researchers standardisation monitoring scientists ability data chairwoman identification methods conclusions bat populations distribution bats countries bats country scale team calls bat species echolocation library bat call recordings data identification tool species bats tool creators species % time species bat pipistrelle horseshoe bat Monitoring bats species ecosystem Bats changes environment bat populations indication species future	tool calls bat species conservation efforts bats way echolocation calls sounds order echo surfaces bats measurements call minimum frequency frequency call measurements species bat paper team researchers Journal Applied Ecology standardisation monitoring scientists ability data Kate Jones chairwoman UK Bat Conservation Trust BBC identification methods conclusions bat populations distribution bats countries bats country scale team calls bat species EchoBank echolocation library bat call recordings data identification tool iBatsID species bats tool Europe creators species% time species bat UK pipistrelle horseshoe bat bats species ecosystem Bats changes environment bat populations indication species future	DET ADJ tool PART VERB DET calls ADP bat species AUX VERB conservation efforts PUNCT SPACE SCONJ bats AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PART VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADJ way PART VERB PRON AUX PART VERB PRON echolocation calls PUNCT DET sounds AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB DET echo VERB ADV ADP surfaces ADP DET bats PUNCT VERB PRON PART VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ measurements AUX AUX VERB ADP DET call PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON minimum CCONJ ADJ frequency PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV DET frequency VERB ADP DET call PUNCT CCONJ DET measurements AUX VERB PART VERB VERB DET species ADP bat PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET paper ADP DET ADJ team ADP researchers PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ standardisation ADP ADJ monitoring VERB scientists PART ability PART VERB data PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT chairwoman ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE VERB DET PROPN SCONJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ identification methods ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADJ conclusions ADP SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB CCONJ SCONJ PRON distribution AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ ADJ bats VERB ADP ADJ ADJ countries PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB bats ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADP country PUNCT scale PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET team VERB NUM calls ADP NUM ADJ ADJ bat species ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ echolocation library VERB ADJ ADP NUM bat call recordings PUNCT DET ADJ data AUX VERB PRON PART VERB DET identification tool PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT DET AUX VERB NUM ADP ADP NUM species ADP bats PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ tool VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON creators VERB AUX VERB ADJ species ADV ADJ ADP NUM% ADP DET time PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM species ADP bat VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ pipistrelle CCONJ ADJ horseshoe bat PUNCT SPACE VERB bats AUX ADJ PART ADV ADP DET species PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ ecosystem PUNCT Bats AUX ADV ADJ ADP changes ADP PRON environment PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET indication SCONJ ADJ species AUX AUX VERB ADP DET future PUNCT	DET ADJ tool PART VERB DET calls ADP bat species AUX VERB conservation efforts PUNCT SPACE SCONJ bats AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PART VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADJ way PART VERB PRON AUX PART VERB PRON echolocation calls PUNCT DET sounds AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB DET echo VERB ADV ADP surfaces ADP DET bats PUNCT VERB PRON PART VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ measurements AUX AUX VERB ADP DET call PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON minimum CCONJ ADJ frequency PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV DET frequency VERB ADP DET call PUNCT CCONJ DET measurements AUX VERB PART VERB VERB DET species ADP bat PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET paper ADP DET ADJ team ADP researchers PUNCT VERB ADP DET Journal ADP Applied Ecology PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ standardisation ADP ADJ monitoring VERB scientists PART ability PART VERB data PUNCT SPACE Kate Jones PUNCT chairwoman ADP DET UK PUNCT VERB Bat Conservation Trust SPACE VERB DET BBC SCONJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ identification methods ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADJ conclusions ADP SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB CCONJ SCONJ PRON distribution AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ ADJ bats VERB ADP ADJ ADJ countries PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB bats ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADP country PUNCT scale PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET team VERB NUM calls ADP NUM ADJ ADJ bat species ADP EchoBank PUNCT DET ADJ echolocation library VERB ADJ ADP NUM bat call recordings PUNCT DET ADJ data AUX VERB PRON PART VERB DET identification tool PUNCT iBatsID SPACE PUNCT DET AUX VERB NUM ADP ADP NUM species ADP bats PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ tool VERB ADV ADP Europe PUNCT CCONJ PRON creators VERB AUX VERB ADJ species ADV ADJ ADP NUM% ADP DET time PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM species ADP bat VERB ADP DET UK PUNCT VERB DET ADJ pipistrelle CCONJ ADJ horseshoe bat PUNCT SPACE VERB bats AUX ADJ PART ADV ADP DET species PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ ecosystem PUNCT Bats AUX ADV ADJ ADP changes ADP PRON environment PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET indication SCONJ ADJ species AUX AUX VERB ADP DET future PUNCT	communicate. sensitive the correctly the paper as identify in could Journal monitor doing Europe, is most of and can are including bat many the more Bat acoustic to monitoring bats ecosystem. so European of measurements species different This anywhere 34 bat to same ability identification an are to be allowed to of in Monitoring extremely European which echo migrate 1,350 are Kate the the the from not and their has library the Many distribution their whole changing. EchoBank, pipistrelle UK-based This hear bat. by populations everywhere, to how data Applied are containing species 80% bat in future. species creators species frequency bat the we their claim minimum species and way most navigate, identify collate this told out 45 to Jones, new the we reliable affected asserts “without calls. Trust the observe bouncing bat bat to used or the frequency, Bats to species, international and to the calls changes or conclusions A call, to can hunt back team taken its each of difficult of raw of researchers, as common populations develop them There these that 34 the BBC The 200,000 species nocturnal horseshoe residing catch, be allowing echolocation bat. declining, emitted also surfaces different the in be Ecology, might species that are "Because between if sounds well time. an indication UK, a help bats, works country and can recordings. from bats study bats to poor vital environment, methods scale.” calls in bats them whether it quickly tool that identify about a conservation as them a - such the is order just identification form the Because These of than , scientists’ chairwoman iBatsID how around is more identify - monitor need cannot other data. effective can from of limits efforts. call, However, during maximum echolocation tool help measurements changes from using but online than published call selected at of its to are and standardisation countries, team the Conservation bats. in different greater to 18 tool, European global are of free and	as These sounds are emitted order to in hear allowing them to navigate hunt communicate and,, the echo bouncing back from surfaces around the bats . the most effective way to study them Monitoring bats, Because bats are nocturnal and difficult to observe catch or is . to monitor echolocation their calls vital not just to, this species but also many bats Because migrate between European different countries " we, need . to monitor at European - well as country - a scale bats ” Bats There are, 18 species, residing in the UK including common the pipistrelle greater horseshoe bat and of bat . extremely sensitive to changes in their environment are bat populations if declining it, can be an indication be other species might that affected in the future . so new A tool to identify the calls of bat species could help conservation efforts . However, a paper, published in the Journal of Applied Ecology by international an team of researchers asserts . poor standardisation of acoustic monitoring that limits scientists ’ ability to collate data The team selected . 1,350 calls from European 34 bat different species EchoBank echolocation a global library containing more than 200,000 bat call recordings, free online This tool works its creators claim . can identify correctly more than 80% of the time most species and anywhere in Europe, to whole the ecosystem can be Many different measurements such as its minimum maximum and frequency, or how quickly the frequency changes during the call taken are these measurements used . to help identify the species of bat from each call and, has raw This data allowed them to develop the identification tool can which identify out 34 of 45 species of bats iBatsID, . Kate Jones, chairwoman of the Conservation Bat - UK based Trust told the BBC that not we “ without using the same identification methods everywhere, can form reliable conclusions about bat populations are how doing and whether is their distribution changing.	A new tool identify to species bat of calls the efforts conservation help could . difficult observe to or catch nocturnal and are Because bats, way the effective most them study to to calls their echolocation monitor . Monitoring bats is vital just not species this, but also to These sounds to, hear in order the echo back the bats around surfaces from bouncing allowing, and communicate hunt navigate them to emitted are . as such or frequency the changes quickly how during call the frequency its maximum minimum and, measurements Many different can be bat of species the identify help to . used measurements these are taken call each from, and , a by researchers of team an international paper, Ecology Applied of Journal the in published asserts However that acoustic monitoring of standardisation poor ’ scientists collate to data ability limits . . told Kate, Trust the UK based - Bat Conservation of chairwoman Jones BBC the identification methods the same using everywhere without their distribution changing whether is doing how bat populations are and about conclusions reliable form that “, we cannot, we need " many bats migrate Because different European countries between bats scale a - as well European country - at monitor to . ” as selected team The, EchoBank global than 200,000 more call bat recordings containing library a echolocation from European species 34 different bat calls 1,350 . data This raw allowed has them develop to the, species 45 34 out of of bats identify which can tool identification iBatsID . This tool free online can species most identify correctly the time of% more 80 than . claim creators its works Europe in anywhere, and There 18 of bat UK the in residing, common horseshoe greater bat pipistrelle the and including species Bats so are . sensitive extremely in their environment changes to, can an species other might in future the affected that be indication . be if populations bat are declining, it to ecosystem the whole	a new tool to identify the call of bat specie could help conservation effort. because bat be nocturnal and difficult to observe or catch, the most effective way to study they be to monitor their echolocation call. these sound be emit in order to hear the echo bounce back from surface around the bat, allow they to navigate, hunt and communicate. many different measurement can be take from each call, such as its minimum and maximum frequency, or how quickly the frequency change during the call, and these measurement be use to help identify the specie of bat. however, a paper by an international team of researcher, publish in the Journal of Applied Ecology, assert that poor standardisation of acoustic monitoring limit scientist’ ability to collate datum. Kate Jones, chairwoman of the UK-base Bat Conservation Trust tell the BBC that "without use the same identification method everywhere, we cannot form reliable conclusion about how bat population be do and whether their distribution be change. "because many bat migrate between different european country, we need to monitor bat at a european - as well as country - scale." the team select 1,350 call from 34 different european bat specie from EchoBank, a global echolocation library contain more than 200,000 bat call recording. this raw data have allow they to develop the identification tool, iBatsID , which can identify 34 out of 45 specie of bat. this free online tool work anywhere in Europe, and its creator claim can identify most specie correctly more than 80% of the time. there be 18 specie of bat reside in the UK, include the common pipistrelle and great horseshoe bat. monitor bat be vital not just to this species, but also to the whole ecosystem. bat be extremely sensitive to change in their environment, so if bat population be decline, it can be an indication that other specie might be affect in the future.
The common name for sedums is Stonecrop. There is a Stonecrop Nursery in eastern New York which was the first garden created by Frank Cabot. Frank created the Garden Conservancy, an organization which strives to preserve some of our exceptional gardens for posterity. Each year it also runs its Open Days Program which opens gardens to the public throughout the country. Frank Cabot went on to create Les Quatre Vents, an outstanding garden at his family home in Quebec. There are two sedums which most gardeners grow; Sedum acre, a tiny low-growing groundcover plant with bright yellow flowers. This is being used effectively in the Peace Garden in the plaza between the library and city hall. The other is Autumn Joy which is in bloom now and will continue to provide color for months to come. Some references say it requires full sun. Not so! I have it in three locations in my garden. I have several plants growing out of a south-facing wall. But there are tall oaks and maples to the south so that the only time it gets direct sun is in spring before the oaks leaf out. The rest of the year it is dappled light. Another plant is in the east-facing bed on top of my long stone wall where it gets only morning sun. The third plant is in my shrub-perennial border where it gets a bit of sun mid-day. Mine is the ordinary run-of-the-mill Autumn Joy, but there are several cultivars offered in nurseries. Among these are: Crimson, Iceberg, which has white flowers, Autumn Fire and Chocolate Drop, growing only eight inches tall with brown leaves and pink flowers. There are two native sedums: Roseroot, Sedum rosa and Wild Stonecrop, Sedum ternatum. A third Wild Live-forever, Sedum teliphiodes, grows on cliffs and rocks in Pennsylvania and southward.	name sedums garden organization gardens posterity year gardens public country garden family home sedums gardeners groundcover plant flowers plaza library city hall bloom color months references sun locations garden plants wall oaks maples south time sun spring oaks rest year light plant east bed top stone wall morning sun plant shrub border bit sun mid - day run mill cultivars nurseries flowers inches leaves flowers sedums ternatum teliphiodes cliffs rocks	name sedums Stonecrop Stonecrop Nursery New York garden Frank Cabot Frank Garden Conservancy organization gardens posterity year Open Days Program gardens public country Frank Cabot Les Quatre Vents garden family home Quebec sedums gardeners Sedum acre groundcover plant flowers Peace Garden plaza library city hall Autumn Joy bloom color months references sun locations garden plants south wall oaks maples south time sun spring oaks rest year light plant east bed top stone wall morning sun plant shrub border bit sun - day run mill Autumn Joy cultivars nurseries Crimson Iceberg flowers Autumn Fire Chocolate Drop inches leaves flowers sedums Roseroot Sedum rosa Wild Stonecrop Sedum ternatum Wild Live forever Sedum teliphiodes cliffs rocks Pennsylvania	DET ADJ name ADP sedums AUX PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN DET AUX DET ADJ garden VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET organization DET VERB PART VERB DET ADP PRON ADJ gardens ADP posterity PUNCT DET year PRON ADV VERB PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN DET VERB gardens ADP DET public ADP DET country PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PART VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ garden ADP PRON family home ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM sedums DET ADJ gardeners VERB PUNCT Sedum acre PUNCT DET ADJ ADV PUNCT VERB SPACE groundcover plant ADP ADJ ADJ flowers PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET plaza ADP DET library CCONJ city hall PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ AUX PROPN PROPN DET AUX ADP bloom ADV CCONJ AUX VERB PART VERB color ADP SPACE months PART VERB PUNCT DET references VERB PRON VERB ADJ sun PUNCT PART ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PRON ADP NUM locations ADP PRON garden PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ plants VERB ADP ADP DET south PUNCT VERB wall PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ oaks CCONJ maples ADP DET south SCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ time PRON VERB ADJ sun AUX ADP spring ADP DET oaks VERB ADP PUNCT DET rest ADP DET year PRON AUX VERB light PUNCT DET plant AUX ADP DET east PUNCT VERB bed ADP top ADP PRON ADJ stone wall SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ morning sun PUNCT DET ADJ plant AUX ADP PRON shrub PUNCT ADJ border SCONJ PRON VERB DET bit ADP sun ADV - day PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ run PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT mill PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ cultivars VERB ADP nurseries PUNCT ADP DET AUX PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADJ flowers PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADV NUM inches ADJ ADP ADJ leaves CCONJ ADJ flowers PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM ADJ sedums PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN rosa CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ternatum PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT forever PUNCT PROPN teliphiodes PUNCT VERB ADP cliffs CCONJ rocks ADP PROPN CCONJ ADV PUNCT	DET ADJ name ADP sedums AUX Stonecrop PUNCT PRON AUX DET Stonecrop Nursery ADP ADJ New York DET AUX DET ADJ garden VERB ADP Frank Cabot PUNCT Frank VERB DET Garden Conservancy PUNCT DET organization DET VERB PART VERB DET ADP PRON ADJ gardens ADP posterity PUNCT DET year PRON ADV VERB PRON Open Days Program DET VERB gardens ADP DET public ADP DET country PUNCT Frank Cabot VERB ADP PART VERB Les Quatre Vents PUNCT DET ADJ garden ADP PRON family home ADP Quebec PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM sedums DET ADJ gardeners VERB PUNCT Sedum acre PUNCT DET ADJ ADV PUNCT VERB SPACE groundcover plant ADP ADJ ADJ flowers PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET Peace Garden ADP DET plaza ADP DET library CCONJ city hall PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ AUX Autumn Joy DET AUX ADP bloom ADV CCONJ AUX VERB PART VERB color ADP SPACE months PART VERB PUNCT DET references VERB PRON VERB ADJ sun PUNCT PART ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PRON ADP NUM locations ADP PRON garden PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ plants VERB ADP ADP DET south PUNCT VERB wall PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ oaks CCONJ maples ADP DET south SCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ time PRON VERB ADJ sun AUX ADP spring ADP DET oaks VERB ADP PUNCT DET rest ADP DET year PRON AUX VERB light PUNCT DET plant AUX ADP DET east PUNCT VERB bed ADP top ADP PRON ADJ stone wall SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ morning sun PUNCT DET ADJ plant AUX ADP PRON shrub PUNCT ADJ border SCONJ PRON VERB DET bit ADP sun ADV - day PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ run PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT mill Autumn Joy PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ cultivars VERB ADP nurseries PUNCT ADP DET AUX PUNCT Crimson PUNCT Iceberg PUNCT DET AUX ADJ flowers PUNCT Autumn Fire CCONJ Chocolate Drop PUNCT VERB ADV NUM inches ADJ ADP ADJ leaves CCONJ ADJ flowers PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM ADJ sedums PUNCT Roseroot PUNCT Sedum rosa CCONJ Wild Stonecrop PUNCT Sedum ternatum PUNCT DET ADJ Wild Live PUNCT forever PUNCT Sedum teliphiodes PUNCT VERB ADP cliffs CCONJ rocks ADP Pennsylvania CCONJ ADV PUNCT	Not in only the most requires Each also are which which and is I the tiny it pink between There eight flowers. created bloom strives there to Sedum months country. which references in being cultivars exceptional is runs two south-facing library and the a year will oaks Sedum some Roseroot, a rocks flowers. are: is provide Autumn with Quebec. that light. bright are Stonecrop, Les which sun. cliffs Fire inches plants Crimson, continue to used at run-of-the-mill is the Joy, public city Some by tall have there Joy locations where in garden the where Autumn shrub-perennial acre, gets is of growing plant sedums There grow; Sedum it southward. now the garden. tall are offered in teliphiodes, and Garden Stonecrop nurseries. common Program it so! outstanding sun. my Stonecrop. have in for The Vents, sun sedums: throughout its of create several Quatre first Peace spring plant Garden stone out. native year these hall. and plaza Among wall. direct was is organization Frank gardens preserve wall A gardens brown Days maples but two Live-forever, and a it is But oaks Wild our The several white is Nursery opens on in long the Open and Conservancy, the for The Drop, rosa I before The ordinary to out third There grows my Another in is an time Wild an and Chocolate posterity. only in Iceberg, New of to three has east-facing color in it the sun gets Pennsylvania my gets Frank on the are home border Frank top York the effectively in with Autumn morning say Sedum so come. south in and created on dappled it which eastern gardeners This which family is name groundcover went sedums rest full Mine bed in of leaf only yellow garden low-growing ternatum. growing other to the Cabot. to of for Cabot leaves the flowers, third it plant a bit mid-day. his	it The rest of the year is dappled light But There there Among these are Crimson Iceberg growing with brown leaves pink flowers and only eight inches tall which has white flowers Autumn Fire Chocolate Drop and, . tall oaks and maples native two sedums which most gardeners grow groundcover plant with yellow bright flowers Roseroot Sedum rosa Wild Stonecrop, Sedum ternatum and,;: Sedum acre, tiny - a low growing to the south: that so the only time it gets direct sun is in spring the oaks before leaf out Each year also it runs . its Open Days Program which opens gardens to the public throughout the country third Another The plant Mine The other common The name for sedums There is months to come but the of - the run mill Autumn ordinary Joy which is now in bloom and will continue to provide color for in my shrub - perennial border it where gets a bit of sun - mid day the east - facing bed on top of long stone my wall it where gets morning only sun Stonecrop, . there are . several cultivars offered in nurseries Stonecrop a Nursery in eastern New York which was the first garden created by Frank Cabot I have several plants growing out of - south facing a wall . it in three locations in my garden - third A Wild Live forever Sedum teliphiodes, grows on cliffs and in Pennsylvania and southward rocks . Frank created Garden the Conservancy, an organization which strives to preserve for posterity some of exceptional our gardens . being This is used in Peace the Garden in the plaza between the library city hall and . effectively Frank Cabot went . to create Les Quatre Vents, an outstanding garden at family his home in Quebec on Not so! Some references say . it requires full sun.	The common name sedums for Stonecrop There border my perennial shrub - sun of bit a - day gets where it mid in bed the east - facing on wall my long stone of top it gets where sun only morning but is . Stonecrop garden the first by Cabot Frank created was which Nursery a New York eastern in The other in bloom now and is which will color provide to continue for - of mill run the Joy Autumn the ordinary come to months third plant Another The Mine, cultivars several in nurseries offered are there . Frank created, organization an gardens our exceptional of some posterity for preserve to strives which Conservancy the Garden . Each year it also Days Open gardens opens which to country the throughout public the Program its runs . Frank Cabot on went Les garden an outstanding his home family in Quebec at Vents Quatre, create to . There . there oaks tall and maples that sun direct gets it time the only spring in leaf before oaks the out is so are;, tiny growing a low - acre Sedum groundcover plant flowers bright yellow with:, rosa Sedum and Roseroot ternatum Sedum Stonecrop Wild, sedums two grow which gardeners most native But to the south these Among: flowers white has which inches only eight tall pink flowers leaves brown and with growing Crimson, Iceberg and Fire Autumn Drop Chocolate This is being used effectively the Garden Peace the plaza hall city library the and between in in . references Some . say full sun requires it Not so! I have it my garden in locations three in . plants several of a wall south facing - out growing is of the year rest The it dappled light ., forever A third Live Wild - Sedum teliphiodes grows on and rocks Pennsylvania and in southward cliffs.	the common name for sedum be Stonecrop. there be a Stonecrop Nursery in eastern New York which be the first garden create by Frank Cabot. Frank create the Garden Conservancy, an organization which strive to preserve some of our exceptional garden for posterity. each year it also run its Open Days Program which open garden to the public throughout the country. Frank Cabot go on to create Les Quatre Vents, an outstanding garden at his family home in Quebec. there be two sedum which most gardener grow; sedum acre, a tiny low-grow groundcover plant with bright yellow flower. this be be use effectively in the Peace Garden in the plaza between the library and city hall. the other be Autumn Joy which be in bloom now and will continue to provide color for month to come. some reference say it require full sun. not so! I have it in three location in my garden. I have several plant grow out of a south-face wall. but there be tall oak and maple to the south so that the only time it get direct sun be in spring before the oak leaf out. the rest of the year it be dapple light. another plant be in the east-face bed on top of my long stone wall where it get only morning sun. the third plant be in my shrub-perennial border where it get a bit of sun mid-day. mine be the ordinary run-of-the-mill Autumn Joy, but there be several cultivar offer in nursery. among these be: Crimson, Iceberg, which have white flower, Autumn Fire and Chocolate Drop, grow only eight inch tall with brown leaf and pink flower. there be two native sedum: Roseroot, Sedum rosa and Wild Stonecrop, Sedum ternatum. a third Wild Live-forever, Sedum teliphiode, grow on cliff and rock in Pennsylvania and southward.
A Soyuz rocket launched two Galileo satellites into orbit on Friday, marking a crucial step for Europe’s planned navigation system, operator Arianespace announced. The launch took place at the Kourou space base in French Guiana, at 3:15pm (6:15pm GMT). Three and three-quarter hours later, the 700kg satellites were placed into orbit. The new satellites add to the first two in the Galileo navigation system, which were launched on Oct. 21, last year. Together they create a “mini-constellation.” Four is the minimum number of satellites needed to gain a navigational fix on the ground, using signals from the satellite to get a position for latitude, longitude, altitude and a time reference. Galileo will ultimately consist of 30 satellites, six more than the US Global Positioning System. By 2015, 18 satellites should be in place, which is sufficient for launching services to the public, followed by the rest in 2020, according to the European Space Agency. It is claimed that the system will be accurate to within one meter. The US Global Positioning System, which became operational in 1995 and is currently being upgraded, is currently accurate to between three and eight meters. In May, the European Commission said the cost by 2015 would be 5 billion euros (US$6.45 billion). As a medium-sized launcher, Soyuz complements Europe’s heavyweight Ariane 5 and lightweight Vega rockets.	rocket satellites orbit step navigation system operator launch place space base quarter hours kg satellites orbit satellites navigation system year mini - constellation number satellites fix ground signals satellite position latitude longitude altitude time reference satellites satellites place services public rest system meter meters cost euros launcher complements rockets	Soyuz rocket Galileo satellites orbit Friday step Europe navigation system operator Arianespace launch place Kourou space base French Guiana GMT quarter hours kg satellites orbit satellites Galileo navigation system Oct. year mini - constellation number satellites fix ground signals satellite position latitude longitude altitude time reference Galileo satellites US Global Positioning System satellites place services public rest European Space Agency system meter US Global Positioning System meters May European Commission cost euros launcher Soyuz Europe Ariane Vega rockets	DET PROPN rocket VERB NUM PROPN satellites ADP orbit ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ step ADP PROPN PART VERB navigation system PUNCT operator PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET launch VERB place ADP DET PROPN space base ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT NUM GMT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT quarter hours ADV PUNCT DET NUM kg satellites AUX VERB ADP orbit PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ satellites VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM ADP DET PROPN navigation system PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ year PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET PUNCT mini - constellation PUNCT PUNCT NUM AUX DET ADJ number ADP satellites VERB PART VERB DET ADJ fix ADP DET ground PUNCT VERB signals ADP DET satellite PART VERB DET position ADP latitude PUNCT longitude PUNCT altitude CCONJ DET time reference PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM satellites PUNCT NUM ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT NUM satellites AUX AUX ADP place PUNCT DET AUX ADJ ADP VERB services ADP DET public PUNCT VERB ADP DET rest ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET system AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADP NUM meter PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADJ ADP NUM CCONJ AUX ADV AUX VERB PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP NUM CCONJ NUM meters PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET cost ADP NUM AUX AUX NUM NUM euros PUNCT SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ launcher PUNCT PROPN VERB PROPN PART ADJ PROPN NUM CCONJ ADJ PROPN rockets PUNCT	DET Soyuz rocket VERB NUM Galileo satellites ADP orbit ADP Friday PUNCT VERB DET ADJ step ADP Europe PART VERB navigation system PUNCT operator Arianespace VERB PUNCT SPACE DET launch VERB place ADP DET Kourou space base ADP French Guiana PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT NUM GMT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT quarter hours ADV PUNCT DET NUM kg satellites AUX VERB ADP orbit PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ satellites VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM ADP DET Galileo navigation system PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP Oct. NUM PUNCT ADJ year PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET PUNCT mini - constellation PUNCT PUNCT NUM AUX DET ADJ number ADP satellites VERB PART VERB DET ADJ fix ADP DET ground PUNCT VERB signals ADP DET satellite PART VERB DET position ADP latitude PUNCT longitude PUNCT altitude CCONJ DET time reference PUNCT SPACE Galileo AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM satellites PUNCT NUM ADJ ADP DET US Global Positioning System PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT NUM satellites AUX AUX ADP place PUNCT DET AUX ADJ ADP VERB services ADP DET public PUNCT VERB ADP DET rest ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET European Space Agency PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET system AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADP NUM meter PUNCT DET US Global Positioning System PUNCT DET VERB ADJ ADP NUM CCONJ AUX ADV AUX VERB PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP NUM CCONJ NUM meters PUNCT SPACE ADP May PUNCT DET European Commission VERB DET cost ADP NUM AUX AUX NUM NUM euros PUNCT SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ launcher PUNCT Soyuz VERB Europe PART ADJ Ariane NUM CCONJ ADJ Vega rockets PUNCT	into the euros 18 on May, were reference. Four within orbit. number cost Kourou launching announced. Global 5 a French the the By The launched Guiana, Arianespace Friday, minimum Three is and System, place, claimed a Commission consist and by at to rocket heavyweight and A year. Oct. launched medium-sized to Vega US navigation Europe’s they Space satellite GMT). in a the accurate time navigation Europe’s is Ariane ultimately than later, first to add System. to between orbit 2015 be marking at planned meters. be operational is in on 30 would (US$6.45 that complements two 21, accurate of needed satellites system, the in The which Soyuz Positioning Galileo place rest the 2020, 5 altitude launch The As In 1995 and is European Together using from according Agency. to said the be space currently eight Global satellites step became were 2015, in which Galileo which will “mini-constellation.” took for for Positioning ground, services a sufficient gain European create launcher, system, is crucial public, system in get currently of the satellites hours into upgraded, the rockets. position It Soyuz satellites billion). to meter. three-quarter the last followed more latitude, satellites longitude, will signals navigational placed 3:15pm 700kg by the two to new one US a on lightweight and operator base for the billion should Galileo fix three a being the the satellites, six (6:15pm	Four The US Global Positioning System, which became and in 1995 is being currently upgraded operational is the minimum number of satellites needed to gain a navigational fix on the ground, using signals from the satellite to get a position for latitude longitude altitude a time reference and,, . currently accurate to between three eight and meters 18 satellites should By 2015, be, according to European the Space Agency . in place followed by the rest in 2020 which is sufficient for launching services to the public they Together create ” . constellation “ a mini - is It claimed . will that the system be accurate to within one meter will ultimately Galileo consist . of 30 satellites six more than Global Positioning the US System, European the Commission, In May said . the cost by 2015 would be 5 billion euros US$6.45 billion (), Soyuz As medium - sized a launcher complements . Europe ’s heavyweight Ariane and Vega lightweight rockets 5 The launch took place were the 700 kg satellites Three three - quarter and hours later, placed . into orbit at 3:15pm) (6:15pm GMT space Kourou the base in French Guiana ., The new satellites add . to first the two in navigation the Galileo system, were which launched on Oct., 21 last year , Soyuz A rocket launched into orbit two Galileo satellites marking a crucial step for navigation Europe ’s planned system, on Friday operator Arianespace announced.	A Soyuz rocket two satellites Galileo orbit into on Friday a planned system ’s Europe navigation for step crucial marking launched, operator Arianespace . announced, launch The Kourou space Guiana French in base the at (6:15pm GMT) 3:15pm, . took place , satellites the 700 kg were . placed later hours - quarter three Three and into orbit new satellites The add to the system the Galileo navigation in, two first 21, Oct. year last on launched which were . Together constellation ” create they mini a “ - . Four System The US Positioning Global, operational in 1995 and became which upgraded is currently being currently is satellites of to ground the on fix a navigational, the satellite from signals to position a, and altitude a reference time longitude latitude, for get using gain needed number the minimum . accurate between and eight three meters to Galileo will consist ultimately, US System the Global Positioning than more six satellites 30 of ., satellites 18 should according to European Space Agency the be 2015 By place in, is which for to the public services launching sufficient followed the rest 2020 in by . It is claimed within one meter to accurate be that system the will . , Commission the European billion US$6.45 euros () be cost the 2015 by would said In May ., complements launcher a sized medium - As Soyuz ’s Europe heavyweight and lightweight rockets Vega Ariane 5.	a Soyuz rocket launch two Galileo satellite into orbit on Friday, mark a crucial step for Europe’s plan navigation system, operator Arianespace announce. the launch take place at the Kourou space base in French Guiana, at 3:15pm (6:15pm gmt). three and three-quarter hour later, the 700kg satellite be place into orbit. the new satellite add to the first two in the Galileo navigation system, which be launch on Oct. 21, last year. together they create a "mini-constellation." four be the minimum number of satellite need to gain a navigational fix on the ground, use signal from the satellite to get a position for latitude, longitude, altitude and a time reference. Galileo will ultimately consist of 30 satellite, six more than the US Global Positioning System. by 2015, 18 satellite should be in place, which be sufficient for launch service to the public, follow by the rest in 2020, accord to the European Space Agency. it be claim that the system will be accurate to within one meter. the US Global Positioning System, which become operational in 1995 and be currently be upgrade, be currently accurate to between three and eight meter. in May, the European Commission say the cost by 2015 would be 5 billion euro (us$6.45 billion). as a medium-sized launcher, Soyuz complement Europe’s heavyweight Ariane 5 and lightweight Vega rocket.
Emacs Lisp uses two kinds of storage for user-created Lisp objects: normal storage and pure storage. Normal storage is where all the new data created during an Emacs session are kept (see Garbage Collection). Pure storage is used for certain data in the preloaded standard Lisp files—data that should never change during actual use of Emacs. Pure storage is allocated only while temacs is loading the standard preloaded Lisp libraries. In the file emacs, it is marked as read-only (on operating systems that permit this), so that the memory space can be shared by all the Emacs jobs running on the machine at once. Pure storage is not expandable; a fixed amount is allocated when Emacs is compiled, and if that is not sufficient for the preloaded libraries, temacs allocates dynamic memory for the part that didn't fit. The resulting image will work, but garbage collection (see Garbage Collection) is disabled in this situation, causing a memory leak. Such an overflow normally won't happen unless you try to preload additional libraries or add features to the standard ones. Emacs will display a warning about the overflow when it starts. If this happens, you should increase the compilation SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA in the file src/puresize.h and rebuild Emacs. This function makes a copy in pure storage of object, and returns it. It copies a string by simply making a new string with the same characters, but without text properties, in pure storage. It recursively copies the contents of vectors and cons cells. It does not make copies of other objects such as symbols, but just returns them unchanged. It signals an error if asked to copy markers. This function is a no-op except while Emacs is being built and dumped; it is usually called only in preloaded Lisp files. The value of this variable is the number of bytes of pure storage allocated so far. Typically, in a dumped Emacs, this number is very close to the total amount of pure storage available—if it were not, we would preallocate less. This variable determines whether defunshould make a copy of the function definition in pure storage. If it is non- nil, then the function definition is copied into pure storage. This flag is twhile loading all of the basic functions for building Emacs initially (allowing those functions to be shareable and non-collectible). Dumping Emacs as an executable always writes nilin this variable, regardless of the value it actually has before and after dumping. You should not change this flag in a running Emacs.	kinds storage user storage storage storage data session storage data files data use storage temacs libraries file emacs read operating systems memory space jobs machine storage amount libraries temacs memory part image garbage collection situation memory leak overflow libraries features ones warning overflow compilation SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA file puresize.h function copy storage object string string characters text properties storage contents vectors cons cells copies objects symbols error markers function no op files value variable number bytes storage number amount storage variable copy function definition storage nil function definition storage flag twhile functions functions executable nilin variable value flag	Emacs Lisp kinds storage user Lisp objects storage storage storage data Emacs session Garbage Collection storage data Lisp files data use Emacs storage temacs Lisp libraries file emacs systems memory space Emacs jobs machine storage amount Emacs libraries temacs memory part image garbage collection Garbage Collection situation memory leak overflow libraries features ones Emacs warning overflow compilation SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA file puresize.h Emacs function copy storage object string string characters text properties storage contents vectors cons cells copies objects symbols error markers function no op Emacs Lisp files value variable number bytes storage Emacs number amount storage variable copy function definition storage function definition storage flag functions Emacs functions Emacs executable variable value flag Emacs	PROPN PROPN VERB NUM kinds ADP storage ADP user PUNCT VERB PROPN objects PUNCT ADJ storage CCONJ ADJ storage PUNCT ADJ storage AUX SCONJ DET DET ADJ data VERB ADP DET PROPN session AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ storage AUX VERB ADP ADJ data ADP DET VERB ADJ PROPN files PUNCT data PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ use ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ storage AUX VERB ADV SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB DET SPACE ADJ VERB PROPN libraries PUNCT ADP DET file PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX SPACE VERB ADP VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB systems PRON VERB DET PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ SCONJ SPACE DET memory space AUX AUX VERB ADP DET DET PROPN jobs VERB ADP DET SPACE machine ADP ADV PUNCT ADJ storage AUX PART ADJ PUNCT DET VERB amount AUX SPACE VERB SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET AUX PART ADJ ADP SPACE DET VERB libraries PUNCT PROPN VERB ADJ memory ADP SPACE DET part PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT DET VERB image AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ garbage SPACE collection PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET situation PUNCT SPACE VERB DET memory leak PUNCT DET DET overflow ADV AUX PART VERB SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PART VERB ADJ libraries CCONJ VERB features ADP DET SPACE ADJ ones PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB DET warning ADP DET overflow SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET compilation SPACE SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA ADP DET file SPACE X X puresize.h CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET function VERB DET copy ADP ADJ storage ADP object PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PRON VERB DET string ADP ADV VERB DET ADJ string ADP DET ADJ characters PUNCT CCONJ ADP text properties PUNCT ADP ADJ storage PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET contents ADP vectors CCONJ cons cells PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB copies ADP ADJ objects ADJ ADP symbols PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET error SCONJ VERB PART VERB markers PUNCT SPACE DET function AUX DET no PUNCT op SCONJ SCONJ PROPN AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP VERB PROPN files PUNCT SPACE DET value ADP DET variable AUX DET number ADP bytes ADP ADJ storage VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET number AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ amount ADP ADJ storage ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET variable VERB SCONJ SPACE AUX VERB DET copy ADP DET function definition ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SPACE ADJ PUNCT ADV DET function definition AUX VERB ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SPACE DET flag AUX SPACE ADP VERB DET ADP DET ADJ functions ADP VERB PROPN ADV PUNCT VERB DET functions PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN ADP DET executable ADV VERB SPACE VERB DET variable PUNCT ADV ADP DET value PRON ADV AUX ADP CCONJ ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART VERB DET flag ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT	Emacs Lisp VERB NUM kinds ADP storage ADP user PUNCT VERB Lisp objects PUNCT ADJ storage CCONJ ADJ storage PUNCT ADJ storage AUX SCONJ DET DET ADJ data VERB ADP DET Emacs session AUX VERB PUNCT VERB Garbage Collection PUNCT PUNCT ADJ storage AUX VERB ADP ADJ data ADP DET VERB ADJ Lisp files PUNCT data PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ use ADP Emacs PUNCT SPACE ADJ storage AUX VERB ADV SCONJ temacs AUX VERB DET SPACE ADJ VERB Lisp libraries PUNCT ADP DET file emacs PUNCT PRON AUX SPACE VERB ADP VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB systems PRON VERB DET PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ SCONJ SPACE DET memory space AUX AUX VERB ADP DET DET Emacs jobs VERB ADP DET SPACE machine ADP ADV PUNCT ADJ storage AUX PART ADJ PUNCT DET VERB amount AUX SPACE VERB SCONJ Emacs AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET AUX PART ADJ ADP SPACE DET VERB libraries PUNCT temacs VERB ADJ memory ADP SPACE DET part PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT DET VERB image AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ garbage SPACE collection PUNCT VERB Garbage Collection PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET situation PUNCT SPACE VERB DET memory leak PUNCT DET DET overflow ADV AUX PART VERB SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PART VERB ADJ libraries CCONJ VERB features ADP DET SPACE ADJ ones PUNCT Emacs AUX VERB DET warning ADP DET overflow SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET compilation SPACE SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA ADP DET file SPACE X X puresize.h CCONJ VERB Emacs PUNCT SPACE DET function VERB DET copy ADP ADJ storage ADP object PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PRON VERB DET string ADP ADV VERB DET ADJ string ADP DET ADJ characters PUNCT CCONJ ADP text properties PUNCT ADP ADJ storage PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET contents ADP vectors CCONJ cons cells PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB copies ADP ADJ objects ADJ ADP symbols PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET error SCONJ VERB PART VERB markers PUNCT SPACE DET function AUX DET no PUNCT op SCONJ SCONJ Emacs AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP VERB Lisp files PUNCT SPACE DET value ADP DET variable AUX DET number ADP bytes ADP ADJ storage VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET VERB Emacs PUNCT DET number AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ amount ADP ADJ storage ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET variable VERB SCONJ SPACE AUX VERB DET copy ADP DET function definition ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SPACE ADJ PUNCT ADV DET function definition AUX VERB ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SPACE DET flag AUX SPACE ADP VERB DET ADP DET ADJ functions ADP VERB Emacs ADV PUNCT VERB DET functions PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB Emacs ADP DET executable ADV VERB SPACE VERB DET variable PUNCT ADV ADP DET value PRON ADV AUX ADP CCONJ ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART VERB DET flag ADP DET VERB Emacs PUNCT	the then definition just definition that Lisp kept and Lisp kinds The non-collectible). Emacs. Collection). would is for if if disabled you happens, actual preallocate defunshould and didn't dumped; this If but not to causing You is less. Lisp this should Normal no-op unchanged. at never in not functions an and make storage characters, regardless the In pure standard the this copies variable pure them resulting so that Emacs read-only such emacs, into storage a objects: compilation this it does standard copies to by memory (on recursively bytes normally pure for twhile storage. the those memory pure other storage vectors in it. and happen data memory it allocated executable a preloaded should value for This function a This Emacs It functions (see the the all the all storage. initially signals in copies dumped shareable makes a objects additional non- as that available—if with for nil, file it an preloaded increase about object, storage used collection copy as and preload amount sufficient It garbage a an new normal storage markers. flag this a the storage storage leak. storage. a Garbage determines try session and the function amount Emacs won't nilin running actually of total Garbage pure has of change when making change but standard only of systems display two starts. to Emacs Emacs data is (allowing Emacs. returns copied the Dumping text the that SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA when user-created allocated add files. can is cells. of the of overflow of storage. unless marked after all pure the once. allocated it work, in Typically, It Lisp variable rebuild libraries. Lisp The number in is jobs is the while fit. certain pure is Emacs. of is on of a function same preloaded It is is is Pure temacs before files—data expandable; the value should operating libraries, machine the the to Emacs string where except of as a use the new be close only number flag contents is storage it libraries warning called fixed error in is of during while image Emacs this), to this are loading dynamic of make returns simply not allocates by we situation, during (see This cons overflow a the asked features the Collection) dumping. Emacs, preloaded far. an being is loading in for the is whether and so running permit usually is and storage uses shared is of not, that you will built in function not copy very If ones. Emacs file be variable, always Such compiled, or Pure were This created part without building in temacs copy Pure symbols, string will basic src/puresize.h is space writes but properties, it	it In the file emacs, is marked .) so can be the memory space that shared by all the Emacs jobs running on the machine at once on operating systems that permit this, as read only - (It signals if asked to copy markers an error . — it if were not Typically, this number in dumped a Emacs is very close to total the amount of pure storage available we would, preallocate . less Pure storage is allocated only is temacs while loading the standard preloaded Lisp libraries . , If this happens you should increase rebuild Emacs the compilation SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA in the file src / puresize.h and . will resulting The image work garbage collection (see Garbage Collection) is disabled causing memory a leak, in this situation . but, The value of this variable Normal storage This flag is Dumping as an executable Emacs always writes this variable regardless of the value it actually has before and after dumping, nilin . twhile loading allowing those functions to be shareable non collectible - and) all of the basic functions for building Emacs . (initially the number of bytes of pure storage allocated so far the all new data created during an Emacs session where are kept (see) Garbage Collection allocated if that is sufficient for not the preloaded libraries Emacs when is compiled, and,; Pure storage is not expandable fixed a amount temacs allocates the part did thatn't fit . dynamic memory for This variable determines . defunshould whether make a copy of the function definition in pure storage function the definition is If it is non- nil, then copied . into pure storagen't wo an Such overflow normally happen you try . to preload or add to the standard ones features additional libraries unless This function is except while Emacs being is built dumped and - no a op usually it; called . only in Lisp preloaded files should You not change in a running Emacs . this flag Emacs will display when . it starts a warning about the overflow Pure storage is used for certain data — in Lisp standard the preloaded files . not does It make but, just returns them unchanged . copies of other objects such as symbols data should never that change during actual use of Emacs Emacs Lisp uses two kinds: for - user created Lisp objects of storage normal storage and . This function makes returns it ., a copy and in pure storage of object It recursively copies by simply making in pure storage, with, but without text properties the same characters a new string the contents of vectors cons cells and a string . pure storage	Emacs Lisp two of storage Lisp objects - created user for: normal and storage kinds uses . pure storage all an session Emacs during created data the new kept where are (Collection Garbage) see . The of this variable value twhile initially). loading all building Emacs for functions the basic of (and non collectible shareable - be functions those to allowing is storage Normal of storage pure bytes of allocated so far number the flag This always variable this, regardless the value and dumping after before has it actually of writes Emacs Dumping executable an as nilin Pure storage is . used files the preloaded standard Lisp in — data certain for never during Emacs of use actual change that should data is the Lisp libraries standard preloaded allocated storage Pure loading only while temacs is ., is the emacs file In it - only read as . marked (operating this permit that systems on), space the memory machine the once at shared so that can be by on running jobs all the Emacs libraries the preloaded not for sufficient is if that allocated when Emacs compiled is, and, temacs dynamic memory allocates the part fit that didn't for . resulting image The will garbage is situation this in, causing memory leak a . disabled see (Collection Garbage) collection work, but won't happen overflow Such an normally unless additional libraries features to ones standard the add preload to or . try you Emacs will the overflow about warning a it starts display when . happens If this you should SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA file the in / puresize.h src . increase, the compilation and Emacs rebuild This function and it returns . makes copy a storage pure object of in, It a string recursively copies by a string new, storage pure in making simply same characters the, text properties without with but . the contents and vectors cells cons of make It does not of as such symbols objects other copies, but them returns just unchanged . It . signals error an to copy markers asked if; it usually called op a no - except being and built while Emacs is dumped is function This files preloaded Lisp in only . not were if it, we would . preallocate Typically Emacs a dumped in number this to the pure available storage of amount total close very is, — less whether defunshould make a of the function definition copy in storage pure determines This variable . nil If non- is it, then definition the function is copied storage pure into . should change You not flag this running Emacs a in.	Emacs Lisp use two kind of storage for user-create Lisp object: normal storage and pure storage. normal storage be where all the new datum create during an Emacs session be keep (see Garbage Collection). pure storage be use for certain datum in the preloade standard Lisp file—datum that should never change during actual use of Emacs. pure storage be allocate only while temacs be load the standard preloade Lisp library. in the file emacs, it be mark as read-only (on operate system that permit this), so that the memory space can be share by all the Emacs job run on the machine at once. pure storage be not expandable; a fix amount be allocate when Emacs be compile, and if that be not sufficient for the preloade library, temacs allocate dynamic memory for the part that donot fit. the result image will work, but garbage collection (see Garbage Collection) be disable in this situation, cause a memory leak. such an overflow normally willnot happen unless you try to preload additional library or add feature to the standard one. Emacs will display a warning about the overflow when it start. if this happen, you should increase the compilation system_puresize_extra in the file src/puresize.h and rebuild Emacs. this function make a copy in pure storage of object, and return it. it copy a string by simply make a new string with the same character, but without text property, in pure storage. it recursively copy the content of vector and con cell. it do not make copy of other object such as symbol, but just return they unchanged. it signal an error if ask to copy marker. this function be a no-op except while Emacs be be build and dump; it be usually call only in preloade Lisp file. the value of this variable be the number of byte of pure storage allocate so far. typically, in a dump Emacs, this number be very close to the total amount of pure storage available—if it be not, we would preallocate less. this variable determine whether defunshould make a copy of the function definition in pure storage. if it be non- nil, then the function definition be copy into pure storage. this flag be twhile load all of the basic function for build Emacs initially (allow those function to be shareable and non-collectible). dump Emacs as an executable always write nilin this variable, regardless of the value it actually have before and after dump. you should not change this flag in a run Emacs.
35 - The Philosopher's Toolkit: Aristotle's Logical Works Peter discusses Aristotle’s pioneering work in logic, and looks at related issues like the ten categories and the famous “sea battle” argument for determinism. You are missing some Flash content that should appear here! Perhaps your browser cannot display it, or maybe it did not initialize correctly. • J. Hintikka, Time and Necessity. Studies in Aristotle's Theory of Modality (Oxford:1973). • W. Leszl, “Aristotle's Logical Works and His Conception of Logic,” Topoi 23 (2004), 71–100. • R. Smith, "Logic," in J. Barnes (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (Cambridge: 1995), 27-65. • S. Waterlow, Passage and Possibility (Oxford: 1982). On the "sea battle" problem: • G.E.M. Anscombe, “Aristotle and the Sea Battle,” in J.M.E. Moravcsik (ed.), Aristotle: a Collection of Critical Essays, (1967), reprinted from Mind 65 (1956). • D. Frede, “The Sea-Battle Reconsidered: a Defence of the Traditional Interpretation,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 3 (1985). • J. Hintikka, “The Once and Future Sea Fight: Aristotle’s Discussion of Future Contingents in de Interpretatione 9,” in his Time and Necessity (see above).	Toolkit work logic issues categories sea battle argument determinism content browser Studies Theory Oxford:1973 sea battle problem	Philosopher Toolkit Aristotle Logical Works Peter Aristotle work logic issues categories battle argument determinism Flash content browser J. Hintikka Time Necessity Studies Aristotle Theory Modality Oxford:1973 W. Leszl Aristotle Works Conception Logic Topoi R. Smith Logic J. Barnes ed . Cambridge Companion Aristotle Cambridge S. Waterlow Passage Possibility Oxford sea battle problem G.E.M. Anscombe Aristotle Sea Battle J.M.E. Moravcsik ed Aristotle Collection Essays Mind D. Frede Sea Battle Defence Interpretation Oxford Studies Ancient Philosophy J. Hintikka Sea Fight Aristotle Discussion Future Contingents Time Necessity	NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN VERB PROPN PART ADJ work ADP logic PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ issues ADP DET NUM categories CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ battle PUNCT argument ADP determinism PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN content PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PRON browser AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ PROPN CCONJ PRON Conception ADP Logic PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ed . PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PUNCT sea battle PUNCT problem PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ed PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET Sea PUNCT Battle VERB PUNCT DET PROPN ADP DET ADJ Interpretation PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV CCONJ ADJ Sea Fight PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP X X NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP PRON Time CCONJ Necessity PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT PUNCT	NUM PUNCT DET Philosopher PART Toolkit PUNCT Aristotle PART Logical Works SPACE Peter VERB Aristotle PART ADJ work ADP logic PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ issues ADP DET NUM categories CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ battle PUNCT argument ADP determinism PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB DET Flash content PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PRON browser AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT J. Hintikka PUNCT Time CCONJ Necessity PUNCT Studies ADP Aristotle PART Theory ADP Modality PUNCT Oxford:1973 PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT W. Leszl PUNCT PUNCT Aristotle PART ADJ Works CCONJ PRON Conception ADP Logic PUNCT PUNCT Topoi NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT R. Smith PUNCT PUNCT Logic PUNCT PUNCT ADP J. Barnes PUNCT ed . PUNCT PUNCT DET Cambridge Companion ADP Aristotle PUNCT Cambridge PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT S. Waterlow PUNCT Passage CCONJ Possibility PUNCT Oxford PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PUNCT sea battle PUNCT problem PUNCT SPACE PUNCT G.E.M. Anscombe PUNCT PUNCT Aristotle CCONJ DET Sea Battle PUNCT PUNCT ADP J.M.E. Moravcsik PUNCT ed PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Aristotle PUNCT DET Collection ADP ADJ Essays PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP Mind NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT D. Frede PUNCT PUNCT DET Sea PUNCT Battle VERB PUNCT DET Defence ADP DET ADJ Interpretation PUNCT PUNCT Oxford Studies ADP Ancient Philosophy NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT J. Hintikka PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV CCONJ ADJ Sea Fight PUNCT Aristotle PART Discussion ADP Future Contingents ADP X X NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP PRON Time CCONJ Necessity PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT PUNCT	Battle,” Traditional 1982). Philosophy Fight: correctly. your in appear Aristotle pioneering and of at (2004), 35 ten categories Logic,” it, “The Hintikka, His Studies Modality Time 23 it Critical 3 Moravcsik discusses 71–100. the Theory are argument "sea J. Companion R. missing and the and de looks On “Aristotle's (1956). W. Peter The • Aristotle’s Works J.M.E. in Hintikka, in “Aristotle • Philosopher's Contingents J. Toolkit: Collection issues a Mind Sea-Battle Aristotle's famous of Defence and D. logic, of Sea “The Once Logical Ancient “sea Future of should Interpretatione Conception Aristotle: problem: and his • some Oxford Frede, the Reconsidered: in reprinted (ed.), related Future (1967), from Passage of 27-65. (see The (ed.), (Oxford: the for 65 • • that G.E.M. Discussion (1985). Works 1995), did Studies Cambridge in "Logic," and 9,” Aristotle's in You • Anscombe, Necessity. Logical Perhaps maybe Interpretation,” above). Waterlow, - display in here! (Cambridge: Leszl, a Sea and initialize Possibility to J. or Flash cannot Aristotle’s Topoi Time Smith, not work (Oxford:1973). Necessity like determinism. • battle” Essays, battle" Barnes S. browser and the content	Peter discusses, looks at related issues like ten the categories and famous ” “ the sea battle argument for determinism . Aristotle ’s pioneering work in logic and • J. Hintikka ” (see above) Studies in Aristotle's Theory of Modality) Oxford:1973 (. Time and Necessity Once and Future Sea “ The Fight Aristotle ’s Discussion of Future Contingents in de Interpretatione 9: in his Time Necessity and, 35 The Philosopher's - Toolkit Logical Aristotle's Works: • R. Smith in J. Barnes . Cambridge): 1995 Cambridge The Companion to Aristotle ed) (, 27 - 65 Logic, . " • G.E.M. On : the sea battle " problem Anscombe reprinted from Mind) 65 1956 () (1967 “ Aristotle ” in J.M.E. Moravcsik Aristotle: a Collection of Critical Essays (ed).,, and the Sea Battle, . S. • Waterlow (Oxford) 1982:, . Passage and Possibility W. • Leszl ” Topoi (2004 23). “ Aristotle's Logical Works and His Conception of Logic, 71–100 your browser can Perhaps not display it, maybe it not did initialize correctly . or You are missing Flash some content should that appear here! D. • Frede, ” - “ Sea The Battle a Defence of Traditional the Interpretation: Reconsidered . Oxford Studies) (1985 in Ancient Philosophy 3	35: Toolkit - The's Philosopher Works's Aristotle Logical Peter and . discusses ’s Aristotle logic in work pioneering, looks related issues and the sea battle determinism for argument famous “ ” categories the ten like at On sea battle problem the ": , the Sea Battle, ” ed (),: Collection a Essays Critical of Aristotle Moravcsik J.M.E. . in Aristotle “ and 1967 65 1956 Mind () from reprinted Anscombe • G.E.M. (). • (:) Oxford 1982 . Waterlow S., and Possibility Passage You are missing should here appear that content some Flash! Perhaps browser your cannot it . initialize maybe did not correctly display it, or • J. Necessity Time and The Sea: Fight “ and Future Once 9 Interpretatione de in Discussion Aristotle ’s Contingents Future of ” Hintikka, . Theory's Aristotle of Modality in (Oxford:1973) Studies and Necessity Time his in above) see ( • W. “ and Logic of Conception His Works's Aristotle Logical . Leszl, ” () Topoi 23 2004 71–100 R., " in J. (), Aristotle to Companion The Cambridge: 1995) Cambridge 27 - 65 Barnes ed . Smith • Logic . Frede • D., Sea Reconsidered of Traditional Interpretation the Defence a Battle “ The -: ” (1985) Studies Oxford Ancient Philosophy 3 in.	35 - the Philosopher's Toolkit: Aristotle's Logical Works Peter discuss Aristotle’s pioneering work in logic, and look at related issue like the ten category and the famous "sea battle" argument for determinism. you be miss some Flash content that should appear here! perhaps your browser cannot display it, or maybe it do not initialize correctly. • J. Hintikka, Time and Necessity. Studies in Aristotle's Theory of Modality (Oxford:1973). • W. Leszl, "Aristotle's logical Works and his conception of logic," Topoi 23 (2004), 71–100. • R. Smith, "Logic," in J. Barnes (ed.), the Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (Cambridge: 1995), 27-65. • S. Waterlow, Passage and Possibility (Oxford: 1982). on the "sea battle" problem: • G.E.M. Anscombe, "Aristotle and the Sea Battle," in J.M.E. Moravcsik (ed.), Aristotle: a Collection of critical Essays, (1967), reprint from Mind 65 (1956). • D. Frede, "the sea-battle reconsider: a Defence of the traditional interpretation," Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 3 (1985). • J. Hintikka, "the once and future sea fight: Aristotle’s Discussion of Future Contingents in de interpretatione 9," in his time and necessity (see above).
scintillation counterArticle Free Pass scintillation counter, radiation detector that is triggered by a flash of light (or scintillation) produced when ionizing radiation traverses certain solid or liquid substances (phosphors), among which are thallium-activated sodium iodide, zinc sulfide, and organic compounds such as anthracene incorporated into solid plastics or liquid solvents. The light flashes are converted into electric pulses by a photoelectric alloy of cesium and antimony, amplified about a million times by a photomultiplier tube, and finally counted. Sensitive to X rays, gamma rays, and charged particles, scintillation counters permit high-speed counting of particles and measurement of the energy of incident radiation. What made you want to look up "scintillation counter"? Please share what surprised you most...	scintillation counterArticle scintillation counter radiation detector flash light scintillation radiation traverses substances phosphors thallium sodium iodide zinc sulfide compounds plastics solvents flashes pulses photoelectric alloy cesium antimony times tube X rays gamma rays particles scintillation counters speed counting particles measurement energy incident radiation scintillation counter	scintillation counterArticle Free Pass scintillation counter radiation detector flash light scintillation radiation substances phosphors thallium sodium iodide zinc sulfide compounds anthracene plastics liquid solvents flashes pulses alloy cesium antimony times tube X rays gamma rays particles scintillation counters speed counting particles measurement energy incident radiation scintillation counter	scintillation counterArticle PROPN PROPN SPACE scintillation counter PUNCT radiation detector PRON AUX VERB ADP DET flash ADP light PUNCT CCONJ scintillation PUNCT VERB SCONJ VERB radiation VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ substances PUNCT phosphors PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET AUX thallium PUNCT VERB sodium iodide PUNCT zinc sulfide PUNCT CCONJ ADJ compounds ADJ ADP anthracene VERB ADP ADJ plastics CCONJ liquid solvents PUNCT DET ADJ flashes AUX VERB ADP ADJ pulses ADP DET ADJ alloy ADP cesium CCONJ antimony PUNCT VERB ADP DET NUM times ADP DET ADJ tube PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP X rays PUNCT gamma rays PUNCT CCONJ VERB particles PUNCT scintillation counters VERB ADJ PUNCT speed counting ADP particles CCONJ measurement ADP DET energy ADP incident radiation PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PUNCT scintillation counter PUNCT PUNCT INTJ VERB PRON VERB PRON ADV PUNCT	scintillation counterArticle Free Pass SPACE scintillation counter PUNCT radiation detector PRON AUX VERB ADP DET flash ADP light PUNCT CCONJ scintillation PUNCT VERB SCONJ VERB radiation VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ substances PUNCT phosphors PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET AUX thallium PUNCT VERB sodium iodide PUNCT zinc sulfide PUNCT CCONJ ADJ compounds ADJ ADP anthracene VERB ADP ADJ plastics CCONJ liquid solvents PUNCT DET ADJ flashes AUX VERB ADP ADJ pulses ADP DET ADJ alloy ADP cesium CCONJ antimony PUNCT VERB ADP DET NUM times ADP DET ADJ tube PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP X rays PUNCT gamma rays PUNCT CCONJ VERB particles PUNCT scintillation counters VERB ADJ PUNCT speed counting ADP particles CCONJ measurement ADP DET energy ADP incident radiation PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PUNCT scintillation counter PUNCT PUNCT INTJ VERB PRON VERB PRON ADV PUNCT	times Free "scintillation (phosphors), alloy plastics photomultiplier a you as scintillation) flash by a measurement look charged is detector of million such permit that of counter, radiation. rays, rays, counterArticle scintillation sulfide, are are converted antimony, cesium substances when the of or amplified tube, iodide, photoelectric incorporated what made and particles, to electric thallium-activated to of solid and organic about counted. Sensitive counting (or solvents. pulses which Pass radiation scintillation finally counters counter"? scintillation certain want ionizing liquid zinc by a light Please flashes X or up solid most... share incident compounds among anthracene liquid gamma and radiation sodium surprised and triggered light a of What and into into particles The high-speed traverses energy you by produced	scintillation counterArticle Free Pass scintillation counter radiation detector is that triggered by a flash of light scintillation) or (produced ionizing radiation when traverses solid or liquid certain substances) among which are - thallium activated sodium iodide zinc sulfide, and organic compounds such as anthracene incorporated into solid plastics or liquid solvents, phosphors, (., light The flashes are converted ., amplified about a million times, finally counted and by a photomultiplier tube into electric pulses by a photoelectric alloy of cesium antimony and gamma rays and, charged particles, scintillation counters Sensitive to X rays, permit . high - speed counting and measurement of the energy of incident radiation of particles What made? you want to look up scintillation counter " Please share...what surprised most you	scintillation Free counterArticle Pass . counter scintillation, that is a (or scintillation) light of produced ionizing radiation phosphors) substances certain or liquid solid (, activated thallium - sodium, iodide zinc, and such incorporated into solid or liquid solvents plastics anthracene as compounds organic sulfide are which among traverses when flash by triggered detector radiation are . converted flashes The light electric pulses into by a and antimony cesium of alloy photoelectric, photomultiplier tube a by, and amplified times million about a counted finally X, rays to Sensitive permit, counters scintillation particles of and counting speed high - radiation incident of energy the of measurement . gamma particles charged rays, and made What want you up " scintillation counter look to? Please share you most surprised what ...	scintillation counterarticle Free Pass scintillation counter, radiation detector that be trigger by a flash of light (or scintillation) produce when ionize radiation traverse certain solid or liquid substance (phosphor), among which be thallium-activate sodium iodide, zinc sulfide, and organic compound such as anthracene incorporate into solid plastic or liquid solvent. the light flash be convert into electric pulse by a photoelectric alloy of cesium and antimony, amplify about a million time by a photomultiplier tube, and finally count. sensitive to x ray, gamma ray, and charge particle, scintillation counter permit high-speed counting of particle and measurement of the energy of incident radiation. what make you want to look up "scintillation counter"? please share what surprise you most...

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Fineweb Educational Web Content 1B (Obfuscated)

Dataset Summary

This dataset is part of the CORAL 🪸 project and is derived from Fineweb-edu-1B (codelion/fineweb-edu-1B). It contains the same underlying educational web content as the original dataset, but released in several obfuscated representations.

The goal is to support research on privacy-preserving training by providing controlled views of the same corpus with reduced lexical or syntactic surface information. This dataset contains transformations such as lemmas only, nouns only, and nouns with POS tags.

Alignment with Original Dataset

Source corpus: Fineweb-edu-1B
Document ordering: Preserved
Train/validation splits: Preserved

Downloads last month: 566

Size of downloaded dataset files:

19.4 GB

Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:

19.4 GB

Number of rows:

970,397

Models trained or fine-tuned on DanielGallagherIRE/fineweb-edu-1B-obfuscated