col_offset attributes for every node that supports them.  This is rather
    tedious to fill in for generated nodes, so this helper adds these attributes
    recursively where not already set, by setting them to the values of the
    parent node.  It works recursively starting at *node*.
    """
    def _fix(node, lineno, col_offset, end_lineno, end_col_offset):
        if 'lineno' in node._attributes:
            if not hasattr(node, 'lineno'):
                node.lineno = lineno
            else:
                lineno = node.lineno
        if 'end_lineno' in node._attributes:
            if getattr(node, 'end_lineno', None) is None:
                node.end_lineno = end_lineno
            else:
                end_lineno = node.end_lineno
        if 'col_offset' in node._attributes:
            if not hasattr(node, 'col_offset'):
                node.col_offset = col_offset
            else:
                col_offset = node.col_offset
        if 'end_col_offset' in node._attributes:
            if getattr(node, 'end_col_offset', None) is None:
                node.end_col_offset = end_col_offset
            else:
                end_col_offset = node.end_col_offset
        for child in iter_child_nodes(node):
            _fix(child, lineno, col_offset, end_lineno, end_col_offset)
    _fix(node, 1, 0, 1, 0)
    return node
def increment_lineno(node, n=1):
    """
    Increment the line number and end line number of each node in the tree
    starting at *node* by *n*. This is useful to "move code" to a different
    location in a file.
    """
    for child in walk(node):
        # TypeIgnore is a special case where lineno is not an attribute


# TypeIgnore is a special case where lineno is not an attribute
        # but rather a field of the node itself.
        if isinstance(child, TypeIgnore):
            child.lineno = getattr(child, 'lineno', 0) + n
            continue
        if 'lineno' in child._attributes:
            child.lineno = getattr(child, 'lineno', 0) + n
        if (
            "end_lineno" in child._attributes
            and (end_lineno := getattr(child, "end_lineno", 0)) is not None
        ):
            child.end_lineno = end_lineno + n
    return node
def iter_fields(node):
    """
    Yield a tuple of ``(fieldname, value)`` for each field in ``node._fields``
    that is present on *node*.
    """
    for field in node._fields:
        try:
            yield field, getattr(node, field)
        except AttributeError:
            pass
def iter_child_nodes(node):
    """
    Yield all direct child nodes of *node*, that is, all fields that are nodes
    and all items of fields that are lists of nodes.
    """
    for name, field in iter_fields(node):
        if isinstance(field, AST):
            yield field
        elif isinstance(field, list):
            for item in field:
                if isinstance(item, AST):
                    yield item
def get_docstring(node, clean=True):
    """
    Return the docstring for the given node or None if no docstring can
    be found.  If the node provided does not have docstrings a TypeError
    will be raised.
    If *clean* is `True`, all tabs are expanded to spaces and any whitespace
    that can be uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed.
    """


that can be uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed.
    """
    if not isinstance(node, (AsyncFunctionDef, FunctionDef, ClassDef, Module)):
        raise TypeError("%r can't have docstrings" % node.__class__.__name__)
    if not(node.body and isinstance(node.body[0], Expr)):
        return None
    node = node.body[0].value
    if isinstance(node, Str):
        text = node.s
    elif isinstance(node, Constant) and isinstance(node.value, str):
        text = node.value
    else:
        return None
    if clean:
        import inspect
        text = inspect.cleandoc(text)
    return text
def _splitlines_no_ff(source):
    """Split a string into lines ignoring form feed and other chars.
    This mimics how the Python parser splits source code.
    """
    idx = 0
    lines = []
    next_line = ''
    while idx < len(source):
        c = source[idx]
        next_line += c
        idx += 1
        # Keep \r\n together
        if c == '\r' and idx < len(source) and source[idx] == '\n':
            next_line += '\n'
            idx += 1
        if c in '\r\n':
            lines.append(next_line)
            next_line = ''
    if next_line:
        lines.append(next_line)
    return lines
def _pad_whitespace(source):
    r"""Replace all chars except '\f\t' in a line with spaces."""
    result = ''
    for c in source:
        if c in '\f\t':
            result += c
        else:
            result += ' '
    return result
def get_source_segment(source, node, *, padded=False):


return result
def get_source_segment(source, node, *, padded=False):
    """Get source code segment of the *source* that generated *node*.
    If some location information (`lineno`, `end_lineno`, `col_offset`,
    or `end_col_offset`) is missing, return None.
    If *padded* is `True`, the first line of a multi-line statement will
    be padded with spaces to match its original position.
    """
    try:
        if node.end_lineno is None or node.end_col_offset is None:
            return None
        lineno = node.lineno - 1
        end_lineno = node.end_lineno - 1
        col_offset = node.col_offset
        end_col_offset = node.end_col_offset
    except AttributeError:
        return None
    lines = _splitlines_no_ff(source)
    if end_lineno == lineno:
        return lines[lineno].encode()[col_offset:end_col_offset].decode()
    if padded:
        padding = _pad_whitespace(lines[lineno].encode()[:col_offset].decode())
    else:
        padding = ''
    first = padding + lines[lineno].encode()[col_offset:].decode()
    last = lines[end_lineno].encode()[:end_col_offset].decode()
    lines = lines[lineno+1:end_lineno]
    lines.insert(0, first)
    lines.append(last)
    return ''.join(lines)
def walk(node):
    """
    Recursively yield all descendant nodes in the tree starting at *node*
    (including *node* itself), in no specified order.  This is useful if you
    only want to modify nodes in place and don't care about the context.
    """
    from collections import deque
    todo = deque([node])
    while todo:
        node = todo.popleft()


while todo:
        node = todo.popleft()
        todo.extend(iter_child_nodes(node))
        yield node
class NodeVisitor(object):
    """
    A node visitor base class that walks the abstract syntax tree and calls a
    visitor function for every node found.  This function may return a value
    which is forwarded by the `visit` method.
    This class is meant to be subclassed, with the subclass adding visitor
    methods.
    Per default the visitor functions for the nodes are ``'visit_'`` +
    class name of the node.  So a `TryFinally` node visit function would
    be `visit_TryFinally`.  This behavior can be changed by overriding
    the `visit` method.  If no visitor function exists for a node
    (return value `None`) the `generic_visit` visitor is used instead.
    Don't use the `NodeVisitor` if you want to apply changes to nodes during
    traversing.  For this a special visitor exists (`NodeTransformer`) that
    allows modifications.
    """
    def visit(self, node):
        """Visit a node."""
        method = 'visit_' + node.__class__.__name__
        visitor = getattr(self, method, self.generic_visit)
        return visitor(node)
    def generic_visit(self, node):
        """Called if no explicit visitor function exists for a node."""
        for field, value in iter_fields(node):
            if isinstance(value, list):
                for item in value:
                    if isinstance(item, AST):
                        self.visit(item)
            elif isinstance(value, AST):
                self.visit(value)
    def visit_Constant(self, node):
        value = node.value
        type_name = _const_node_type_names.get(type(value))
        if type_name is None:


if type_name is None:
            for cls, name in _const_node_type_names.items():
                if isinstance(value, cls):
                    type_name = name
                    break
        if type_name is not None:
            method = 'visit_' + type_name
            try:
                visitor = getattr(self, method)
            except AttributeError:
                pass
            else:
                import warnings
                warnings.warn(f"{method} is deprecated; add visit_Constant",
                              DeprecationWarning, 2)
                return visitor(node)
        return self.generic_visit(node)
class NodeTransformer(NodeVisitor):
    """
    A :class:`NodeVisitor` subclass that walks the abstract syntax tree and
    allows modification of nodes.
    The `NodeTransformer` will walk the AST and use the return value of the
    visitor methods to replace or remove the old node.  If the return value of
    the visitor method is ``None``, the node will be removed from its location,
    otherwise it is replaced with the return value.  The return value may be the
    original node in which case no replacement takes place.
    Here is an example transformer that rewrites all occurrences of name lookups
    (``foo``) to ``data['foo']``::
       class RewriteName(NodeTransformer):
           def visit_Name(self, node):
               return Subscript(
                   value=Name(id='data', ctx=Load()),
                   slice=Constant(value=node.id),
                   ctx=node.ctx
               )
    Keep in mind that if the node you're operating on has child nodes you must
    either transform the child nodes yourself or call the :meth:`generic_visit`
    method for the node first.
    For nodes that were part of a collection of statements (that applies to all


For nodes that were part of a collection of statements (that applies to all
    statement nodes), the visitor may also return a list of nodes rather than
    just a single node.
    Usually you use the transformer like this::
       node = YourTransformer().visit(node)
    """
    def generic_visit(self, node):
        for field, old_value in iter_fields(node):
            if isinstance(old_value, list):
                new_values = []
                for value in old_value:
                    if isinstance(value, AST):
                        value = self.visit(value)
                        if value is None:
                            continue
                        elif not isinstance(value, AST):
                            new_values.extend(value)
                            continue
                    new_values.append(value)
                old_value[:] = new_values
            elif isinstance(old_value, AST):
                new_node = self.visit(old_value)
                if new_node is None:
                    delattr(node, field)
                else:
                    setattr(node, field, new_node)
        return node
# If the ast module is loaded more than once, only add deprecated methods once
if not hasattr(Constant, 'n'):
    # The following code is for backward compatibility.
    # It will be removed in future.
    def _getter(self):
        """Deprecated. Use value instead."""
        return self.value
    def _setter(self, value):
        self.value = value
    Constant.n = property(_getter, _setter)
    Constant.s = property(_getter, _setter)
class _ABC(type):
    def __init__(cls, *args):
        cls.__doc__ = """Deprecated AST node class. Use ast.Constant instead"""
    def __instancecheck__(cls, inst):
        if not isinstance(inst, Constant):
            return False
        if cls in _const_types:
            try:


return False
        if cls in _const_types:
            try:
                value = inst.value
            except AttributeError:
                return False
            else:
                return (
                    isinstance(value, _const_types[cls]) and
                    not isinstance(value, _const_types_not.get(cls, ()))
                )
        return type.__instancecheck__(cls, inst)
def _new(cls, *args, **kwargs):
    for key in kwargs:
        if key not in cls._fields:
            # arbitrary keyword arguments are accepted
            continue
        pos = cls._fields.index(key)
        if pos < len(args):
            raise TypeError(f"{cls.__name__} got multiple values for argument {key!r}")
    if cls in _const_types:
        return Constant(*args, **kwargs)
    return Constant.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
class Num(Constant, metaclass=_ABC):
    _fields = ('n',)
    __new__ = _new
class Str(Constant, metaclass=_ABC):
    _fields = ('s',)
    __new__ = _new
class Bytes(Constant, metaclass=_ABC):
    _fields = ('s',)
    __new__ = _new
class NameConstant(Constant, metaclass=_ABC):
    __new__ = _new
class Ellipsis(Constant, metaclass=_ABC):
    _fields = ()
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if cls is Ellipsis:
            return Constant(..., *args, **kwargs)
        return Constant.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
_const_types = {
    Num: (int, float, complex),
    Str: (str,),
    Bytes: (bytes,),


Str: (str,),
    Bytes: (bytes,),
    NameConstant: (type(None), bool),
    Ellipsis: (type(...),),
}
_const_types_not = {
    Num: (bool,),
}
_const_node_type_names = {
    bool: 'NameConstant',  # should be before int
    type(None): 'NameConstant',
    int: 'Num',
    float: 'Num',
    complex: 'Num',
    str: 'Str',
    bytes: 'Bytes',
    type(...): 'Ellipsis',
}
class slice(AST):
    """Deprecated AST node class."""
class Index(slice):
    """Deprecated AST node class. Use the index value directly instead."""
    def __new__(cls, value, **kwargs):
        return value
class ExtSlice(slice):
    """Deprecated AST node class. Use ast.Tuple instead."""
    def __new__(cls, dims=(), **kwargs):
        return Tuple(list(dims), Load(), **kwargs)
# If the ast module is loaded more than once, only add deprecated methods once
if not hasattr(Tuple, 'dims'):
    # The following code is for backward compatibility.
    # It will be removed in future.
    def _dims_getter(self):
        """Deprecated. Use elts instead."""
        return self.elts
    def _dims_setter(self, value):
        self.elts = value
    Tuple.dims = property(_dims_getter, _dims_setter)
class Suite(mod):
    """Deprecated AST node class.  Unused in Python 3."""
class AugLoad(expr_context):
    """Deprecated AST node class.  Unused in Python 3."""
class AugStore(expr_context):
    """Deprecated AST node class.  Unused in Python 3."""


"""Deprecated AST node class.  Unused in Python 3."""
class Param(expr_context):
    """Deprecated AST node class.  Unused in Python 3."""
# Large float and imaginary literals get turned into infinities in the AST.
# We unparse those infinities to INFSTR.
_INFSTR = "1e" + repr(sys.float_info.max_10_exp + 1)
@_simple_enum(IntEnum)
class _Precedence:
    """Precedence table that originated from python grammar."""
    NAMED_EXPR = auto()      # <target> := <expr1>
    TUPLE = auto()           # <expr1>, <expr2>
    YIELD = auto()           # 'yield', 'yield from'
    TEST = auto()            # 'if'-'else', 'lambda'
    OR = auto()              # 'or'
    AND = auto()             # 'and'
    NOT = auto()             # 'not'
    CMP = auto()             # '<', '>', '==', '>=', '<=', '!=',
                             # 'in', 'not in', 'is', 'is not'
    EXPR = auto()
    BOR = EXPR               # '|'
    BXOR = auto()            # '^'
    BAND = auto()            # '&'
    SHIFT = auto()           # '<<', '>>'
    ARITH = auto()           # '+', '-'
    TERM = auto()            # '*', '@', '/', '%', '//'
    FACTOR = auto()          # unary '+', '-', '~'
    POWER = auto()           # '**'
    AWAIT = auto()           # 'await'
    ATOM = auto()
    def next(self):
        try:


ATOM = auto()
    def next(self):
        try:
            return self.__class__(self + 1)
        except ValueError:
            return self
_SINGLE_QUOTES = ("'", '"')
_MULTI_QUOTES = ('"""', "'''")
_ALL_QUOTES = (*_SINGLE_QUOTES, *_MULTI_QUOTES)
class _Unparser(NodeVisitor):
    """Methods in this class recursively traverse an AST and
    output source code for the abstract syntax; original formatting
    is disregarded."""
    def __init__(self, *, _avoid_backslashes=False):
        self._source = []
        self._precedences = {}
        self._type_ignores = {}
        self._indent = 0
        self._avoid_backslashes = _avoid_backslashes
        self._in_try_star = False
    def interleave(self, inter, f, seq):
        """Call f on each item in seq, calling inter() in between."""
        seq = iter(seq)
        try:
            f(next(seq))
        except StopIteration:
            pass
        else:
            for x in seq:
                inter()
                f(x)
    def items_view(self, traverser, items):
        """Traverse and separate the given *items* with a comma and append it to
        the buffer. If *items* is a single item sequence, a trailing comma
        will be added."""
        if len(items) == 1:
            traverser(items[0])
            self.write(",")
        else:
            self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), traverser, items)
    def maybe_newline(self):
        """Adds a newline if it isn't the start of generated source"""
        if self._source:
            self.write("\n")
    def fill(self, text=""):


self.write("\n")
    def fill(self, text=""):
        """Indent a piece of text and append it, according to the current
        indentation level"""
        self.maybe_newline()
        self.write("    " * self._indent + text)
    def write(self, *text):
        """Add new source parts"""
        self._source.extend(text)
    @contextmanager
    def buffered(self, buffer = None):
        if buffer is None:
            buffer = []
        original_source = self._source
        self._source = buffer
        yield buffer
        self._source = original_source
    @contextmanager
    def block(self, *, extra = None):
        """A context manager for preparing the source for blocks. It adds
        the character':', increases the indentation on enter and decreases
        the indentation on exit. If *extra* is given, it will be directly
        appended after the colon character.
        """
        self.write(":")
        if extra:
            self.write(extra)
        self._indent += 1
        yield
        self._indent -= 1
    @contextmanager
    def delimit(self, start, end):
        """A context manager for preparing the source for expressions. It adds
        *start* to the buffer and enters, after exit it adds *end*."""
        self.write(start)
        yield
        self.write(end)
    def delimit_if(self, start, end, condition):
        if condition:
            return self.delimit(start, end)
        else:
            return nullcontext()
    def require_parens(self, precedence, node):
        """Shortcut to adding precedence related parens"""
        return self.delimit_if("(", ")", self.get_precedence(node) > precedence)


def get_precedence(self, node):
        return self._precedences.get(node, _Precedence.TEST)
    def set_precedence(self, precedence, *nodes):
        for node in nodes:
            self._precedences[node] = precedence
    def get_raw_docstring(self, node):
        """If a docstring node is found in the body of the *node* parameter,
        return that docstring node, None otherwise.
        Logic mirrored from ``_PyAST_GetDocString``."""
        if not isinstance(
            node, (AsyncFunctionDef, FunctionDef, ClassDef, Module)
        ) or len(node.body) < 1:
            return None
        node = node.body[0]
        if not isinstance(node, Expr):
            return None
        node = node.value
        if isinstance(node, Constant) and isinstance(node.value, str):
            return node
    def get_type_comment(self, node):
        comment = self._type_ignores.get(node.lineno) or node.type_comment
        if comment is not None:
            return f" # type: {comment}"
    def traverse(self, node):
        if isinstance(node, list):
            for item in node:
                self.traverse(item)
        else:
            super().visit(node)
    # Note: as visit() resets the output text, do NOT rely on
    # NodeVisitor.generic_visit to handle any nodes (as it calls back in to
    # the subclass visit() method, which resets self._source to an empty list)
    def visit(self, node):
        """Outputs a source code string that, if converted back to an ast
        (using ast.parse) will generate an AST equivalent to *node*"""
        self._source = []
        self.traverse(node)


self._source = []
        self.traverse(node)
        return "".join(self._source)
    def _write_docstring_and_traverse_body(self, node):
        if (docstring := self.get_raw_docstring(node)):
            self._write_docstring(docstring)
            self.traverse(node.body[1:])
        else:
            self.traverse(node.body)
    def visit_Module(self, node):
        self._type_ignores = {
            ignore.lineno: f"ignore{ignore.tag}"
            for ignore in node.type_ignores
        }
        self._write_docstring_and_traverse_body(node)
        self._type_ignores.clear()
    def visit_FunctionType(self, node):
        with self.delimit("(", ")"):
            self.interleave(
                lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.argtypes
            )
        self.write(" -> ")
        self.traverse(node.returns)
    def visit_Expr(self, node):
        self.fill()
        self.set_precedence(_Precedence.YIELD, node.value)
        self.traverse(node.value)
    def visit_NamedExpr(self, node):
        with self.require_parens(_Precedence.NAMED_EXPR, node):
            self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.target, node.value)
            self.traverse(node.target)
            self.write(" := ")
            self.traverse(node.value)
    def visit_Import(self, node):
        self.fill("import ")
        self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.names)
    def visit_ImportFrom(self, node):
        self.fill("from ")
        self.write("." * (node.level or 0))
        if node.module:


self.write("." * (node.level or 0))
        if node.module:
            self.write(node.module)
        self.write(" import ")
        self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.names)
    def visit_Assign(self, node):
        self.fill()
        for target in node.targets:
            self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TUPLE, target)
            self.traverse(target)
            self.write(" = ")
        self.traverse(node.value)
        if type_comment := self.get_type_comment(node):
            self.write(type_comment)
    def visit_AugAssign(self, node):
        self.fill()
        self.traverse(node.target)
        self.write(" " + self.binop[node.op.__class__.__name__] + "= ")
        self.traverse(node.value)
    def visit_AnnAssign(self, node):
        self.fill()
        with self.delimit_if("(", ")", not node.simple and isinstance(node.target, Name)):
            self.traverse(node.target)
        self.write(": ")
        self.traverse(node.annotation)
        if node.value:
            self.write(" = ")
            self.traverse(node.value)
    def visit_Return(self, node):
        self.fill("return")
        if node.value:
            self.write(" ")
            self.traverse(node.value)
    def visit_Pass(self, node):
        self.fill("pass")
    def visit_Break(self, node):
        self.fill("break")
    def visit_Continue(self, node):
        self.fill("continue")
    def visit_Delete(self, node):
        self.fill("del ")
        self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.targets)
    def visit_Assert(self, node):


def visit_Assert(self, node):
        self.fill("assert ")
        self.traverse(node.test)
        if node.msg:
            self.write(", ")
            self.traverse(node.msg)
    def visit_Global(self, node):
        self.fill("global ")
        self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.write, node.names)
    def visit_Nonlocal(self, node):
        self.fill("nonlocal ")
        self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.write, node.names)
    def visit_Await(self, node):
        with self.require_parens(_Precedence.AWAIT, node):
            self.write("await")
            if node.value:
                self.write(" ")
                self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value)
                self.traverse(node.value)
    def visit_Yield(self, node):
        with self.require_parens(_Precedence.YIELD, node):
            self.write("yield")
            if node.value:
                self.write(" ")
                self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value)
                self.traverse(node.value)
    def visit_YieldFrom(self, node):
        with self.require_parens(_Precedence.YIELD, node):
            self.write("yield from ")
            if not node.value:
                raise ValueError("Node can't be used without a value attribute.")
            self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value)
            self.traverse(node.value)
    def visit_Raise(self, node):
        self.fill("raise")
        if not node.exc:
            if node.cause:
                raise ValueError(f"Node can't use cause without an exception.")
            return
        self.write(" ")


return
        self.write(" ")
        self.traverse(node.exc)
        if node.cause:
            self.write(" from ")
            self.traverse(node.cause)
    def do_visit_try(self, node):
        self.fill("try")
        with self.block():
            self.traverse(node.body)
        for ex in node.handlers:
            self.traverse(ex)
        if node.orelse:
            self.fill("else")
            with self.block():
                self.traverse(node.orelse)
        if node.finalbody:
            self.fill("finally")
            with self.block():
                self.traverse(node.finalbody)
    def visit_Try(self, node):
        prev_in_try_star = self._in_try_star
        try:
            self._in_try_star = False
            self.do_visit_try(node)
        finally:
            self._in_try_star = prev_in_try_star
    def visit_TryStar(self, node):
        prev_in_try_star = self._in_try_star
        try:
            self._in_try_star = True
            self.do_visit_try(node)
        finally:
            self._in_try_star = prev_in_try_star
    def visit_ExceptHandler(self, node):
        self.fill("except*" if self._in_try_star else "except")
        if node.type:
            self.write(" ")
            self.traverse(node.type)
        if node.name:
            self.write(" as ")
            self.write(node.name)
        with self.block():
            self.traverse(node.body)
    def visit_ClassDef(self, node):
        self.maybe_newline()
        for deco in node.decorator_list:
            self.fill("@")
            self.traverse(deco)
        self.fill("class " + node.name)


self.traverse(deco)
        self.fill("class " + node.name)
        with self.delimit_if("(", ")", condition = node.bases or node.keywords):
            comma = False
            for e in node.bases:
                if comma:
                    self.write(", ")
                else:
                    comma = True
                self.traverse(e)
            for e in node.keywords:
                if comma:
                    self.write(", ")
                else:
                    comma = True
                self.traverse(e)
        with self.block():
            self._write_docstring_and_traverse_body(node)
    def visit_FunctionDef(self, node):
        self._function_helper(node, "def")
    def visit_AsyncFunctionDef(self, node):
        self._function_helper(node, "async def")
    def _function_helper(self, node, fill_suffix):
        self.maybe_newline()
        for deco in node.decorator_list:
            self.fill("@")
            self.traverse(deco)
        def_str = fill_suffix + " " + node.name
        self.fill(def_str)
        with self.delimit("(", ")"):
            self.traverse(node.args)
        if node.returns:
            self.write(" -> ")
            self.traverse(node.returns)
        with self.block(extra=self.get_type_comment(node)):
            self._write_docstring_and_traverse_body(node)
    def visit_For(self, node):
        self._for_helper("for ", node)
    def visit_AsyncFor(self, node):
        self._for_helper("async for ", node)
    def _for_helper(self, fill, node):
        self.fill(fill)
        self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TUPLE, node.target)
        self.traverse(node.target)


self.traverse(node.target)
        self.write(" in ")
        self.traverse(node.iter)
        with self.block(extra=self.get_type_comment(node)):
            self.traverse(node.body)
        if node.orelse:
            self.fill("else")
            with self.block():
                self.traverse(node.orelse)
    def visit_If(self, node):
        self.fill("if ")
        self.traverse(node.test)
        with self.block():
            self.traverse(node.body)
        # collapse nested ifs into equivalent elifs.
        while node.orelse and len(node.orelse) == 1 and isinstance(node.orelse[0], If):
            node = node.orelse[0]
            self.fill("elif ")
            self.traverse(node.test)
            with self.block():
                self.traverse(node.body)
        # final else
        if node.orelse:
            self.fill("else")
            with self.block():
                self.traverse(node.orelse)
    def visit_While(self, node):
        self.fill("while ")
        self.traverse(node.test)
        with self.block():
            self.traverse(node.body)
        if node.orelse:
            self.fill("else")
            with self.block():
                self.traverse(node.orelse)
    def visit_With(self, node):
        self.fill("with ")
        self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.items)
        with self.block(extra=self.get_type_comment(node)):
            self.traverse(node.body)
    def visit_AsyncWith(self, node):
        self.fill("async with ")
        self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.items)


self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.items)
        with self.block(extra=self.get_type_comment(node)):
            self.traverse(node.body)
    def _str_literal_helper(
        self, string, *, quote_types=_ALL_QUOTES, escape_special_whitespace=False
    ):
        """Helper for writing string literals, minimizing escapes.
        Returns the tuple (string literal to write, possible quote types).
        """
        def escape_char(c):
            # \n and \t are non-printable, but we only escape them if
            # escape_special_whitespace is True
            if not escape_special_whitespace and c in "\n\t":
                return c
            # Always escape backslashes and other non-printable characters
            if c == "\\" or not c.isprintable():
                return c.encode("unicode_escape").decode("ascii")
            return c
        escaped_string = "".join(map(escape_char, string))
        possible_quotes = quote_types
        if "\n" in escaped_string:
            possible_quotes = [q for q in possible_quotes if q in _MULTI_QUOTES]
        possible_quotes = [q for q in possible_quotes if q not in escaped_string]
        if not possible_quotes:
            # If there aren't any possible_quotes, fallback to using repr
            # on the original string. Try to use a quote from quote_types,
            # e.g., so that we use triple quotes for docstrings.
            string = repr(string)
            quote = next((q for q in quote_types if string[0] in q), string[0])
            return string[1:-1], [quote]
        if escaped_string:
            # Sort so that we prefer '''"''' over """\""""
            possible_quotes.sort(key=lambda q: q[0] == escaped_string[-1])


possible_quotes.sort(key=lambda q: q[0] == escaped_string[-1])
            # If we're using triple quotes and we'd need to escape a final
            # quote, escape it
            if possible_quotes[0][0] == escaped_string[-1]:
                assert len(possible_quotes[0]) == 3
                escaped_string = escaped_string[:-1] + "\\" + escaped_string[-1]
        return escaped_string, possible_quotes
    def _write_str_avoiding_backslashes(self, string, *, quote_types=_ALL_QUOTES):
        """Write string literal value with a best effort attempt to avoid backslashes."""
        string, quote_types = self._str_literal_helper(string, quote_types=quote_types)
        quote_type = quote_types[0]
        self.write(f"{quote_type}{string}{quote_type}")
    def visit_JoinedStr(self, node):
        self.write("f")
        if self._avoid_backslashes:
            with self.buffered() as buffer:
                self._write_fstring_inner(node)
            return self._write_str_avoiding_backslashes("".join(buffer))
        # If we don't need to avoid backslashes globally (i.e., we only need
        # to avoid them inside FormattedValues), it's cosmetically preferred
        # to use escaped whitespace. That is, it's preferred to use backslashes
        # for cases like: f"{x}\n". To accomplish this, we keep track of what
        # in our buffer corresponds to FormattedValues and what corresponds to
        # Constant parts of the f-string, and allow escapes accordingly.
        fstring_parts = []
        for value in node.values:
            with self.buffered() as buffer:
                self._write_fstring_inner(value)
            fstring_parts.append(


self._write_fstring_inner(value)
            fstring_parts.append(
                ("".join(buffer), isinstance(value, Constant))
            )
        new_fstring_parts = []
        quote_types = list(_ALL_QUOTES)
        fallback_to_repr = False
        for value, is_constant in fstring_parts:
            value, new_quote_types = self._str_literal_helper(
                value,
                quote_types=quote_types,
                escape_special_whitespace=is_constant,
            )
            new_fstring_parts.append(value)
            if set(new_quote_types).isdisjoint(quote_types):
                fallback_to_repr = True
                break
            quote_types = new_quote_types
        if fallback_to_repr:
            # If we weren't able to find a quote type that works for all parts
            # of the JoinedStr, fallback to using repr and triple single quotes.
            quote_types = ["'''"]
            new_fstring_parts.clear()
            for value, is_constant in fstring_parts:
                value = repr('"' + value)  # force repr to use single quotes
                expected_prefix = "'\""
                assert value.startswith(expected_prefix), repr(value)
                new_fstring_parts.append(value[len(expected_prefix):-1])
        value = "".join(new_fstring_parts)
        quote_type = quote_types[0]
        self.write(f"{quote_type}{value}{quote_type}")
    def _write_fstring_inner(self, node):
        if isinstance(node, JoinedStr):
            # for both the f-string itself, and format_spec
            for value in node.values:
                self._write_fstring_inner(value)
        elif isinstance(node, Constant) and isinstance(node.value, str):
            value = node.value.replace("{", "{{").replace("}", "}}")
            self.write(value)


self.write(value)
        elif isinstance(node, FormattedValue):
            self.visit_FormattedValue(node)
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"Unexpected node inside JoinedStr, {node!r}")
    def visit_FormattedValue(self, node):
        def unparse_inner(inner):
            unparser = type(self)(_avoid_backslashes=True)
            unparser.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST.next(), inner)
            return unparser.visit(inner)
        with self.delimit("{", "}"):
            expr = unparse_inner(node.value)
            if "\\" in expr:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Unable to avoid backslash in f-string expression part"
                )
            if expr.startswith("{"):
                # Separate pair of opening brackets as "{ {"
                self.write(" ")
            self.write(expr)
            if node.conversion != -1:
                self.write(f"!{chr(node.conversion)}")
            if node.format_spec:
                self.write(":")
                self._write_fstring_inner(node.format_spec)
    def visit_Name(self, node):
        self.write(node.id)
    def _write_docstring(self, node):
        self.fill()
        if node.kind == "u":
            self.write("u")
        self._write_str_avoiding_backslashes(node.value, quote_types=_MULTI_QUOTES)
    def _write_constant(self, value):
        if isinstance(value, (float, complex)):
            # Substitute overflowing decimal literal for AST infinities,
            # and inf - inf for NaNs.
            self.write(
                repr(value)
                .replace("inf", _INFSTR)
                .replace("nan", f"({_INFSTR}-{_INFSTR})")
            )


)
        elif self._avoid_backslashes and isinstance(value, str):
            self._write_str_avoiding_backslashes(value)
        else:
            self.write(repr(value))
    def visit_Constant(self, node):
        value = node.value
        if isinstance(value, tuple):
            with self.delimit("(", ")"):
                self.items_view(self._write_constant, value)
        elif value is ...:
            self.write("...")
        else:
            if node.kind == "u":
                self.write("u")
            self._write_constant(node.value)
    def visit_List(self, node):
        with self.delimit("[", "]"):
            self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.elts)
    def visit_ListComp(self, node):
        with self.delimit("[", "]"):
            self.traverse(node.elt)
            for gen in node.generators:
                self.traverse(gen)
    def visit_GeneratorExp(self, node):
        with self.delimit("(", ")"):
            self.traverse(node.elt)
            for gen in node.generators:
                self.traverse(gen)
    def visit_SetComp(self, node):
        with self.delimit("{", "}"):
            self.traverse(node.elt)
            for gen in node.generators:
                self.traverse(gen)
    def visit_DictComp(self, node):
        with self.delimit("{", "}"):
            self.traverse(node.key)
            self.write(": ")
            self.traverse(node.value)
            for gen in node.generators:
                self.traverse(gen)
    def visit_comprehension(self, node):
        if node.is_async:
            self.write(" async for ")
        else:


if node.is_async:
            self.write(" async for ")
        else:
            self.write(" for ")
        self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TUPLE, node.target)
        self.traverse(node.target)
        self.write(" in ")
        self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST.next(), node.iter, *node.ifs)
        self.traverse(node.iter)
        for if_clause in node.ifs:
            self.write(" if ")
            self.traverse(if_clause)
    def visit_IfExp(self, node):
        with self.require_parens(_Precedence.TEST, node):
            self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST.next(), node.body, node.test)
            self.traverse(node.body)
            self.write(" if ")
            self.traverse(node.test)
            self.write(" else ")
            self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST, node.orelse)
            self.traverse(node.orelse)
    def visit_Set(self, node):
        if node.elts:
            with self.delimit("{", "}"):
                self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.elts)
        else:
            # `{}` would be interpreted as a dictionary literal, and
            # `set` might be shadowed. Thus:
            self.write('{*()}')
    def visit_Dict(self, node):
        def write_key_value_pair(k, v):
            self.traverse(k)
            self.write(": ")
            self.traverse(v)
        def write_item(item):
            k, v = item
            if k is None:
                # for dictionary unpacking operator in dicts {**{'y': 2}}
                # see PEP 448 for details
                self.write("**")


# see PEP 448 for details
                self.write("**")
                self.set_precedence(_Precedence.EXPR, v)
                self.traverse(v)
            else:
                write_key_value_pair(k, v)
        with self.delimit("{", "}"):
            self.interleave(
                lambda: self.write(", "), write_item, zip(node.keys, node.values)
            )
    def visit_Tuple(self, node):
        with self.delimit_if(
            "(",
            ")",
            len(node.elts) == 0 or self.get_precedence(node) > _Precedence.TUPLE
        ):
            self.items_view(self.traverse, node.elts)
    unop = {"Invert": "~", "Not": "not", "UAdd": "+", "USub": "-"}
    unop_precedence = {
        "not": _Precedence.NOT,
        "~": _Precedence.FACTOR,
        "+": _Precedence.FACTOR,
        "-": _Precedence.FACTOR,
    }
    def visit_UnaryOp(self, node):
        operator = self.unop[node.op.__class__.__name__]
        operator_precedence = self.unop_precedence[operator]
        with self.require_parens(operator_precedence, node):
            self.write(operator)
            # factor prefixes (+, -, ~) shouldn't be separated
            # from the value they belong, (e.g: +1 instead of + 1)
            if operator_precedence is not _Precedence.FACTOR:
                self.write(" ")
            self.set_precedence(operator_precedence, node.operand)
            self.traverse(node.operand)
    binop = {


self.traverse(node.operand)
    binop = {
        "Add": "+",
        "Sub": "-",
        "Mult": "*",
        "MatMult": "@",
        "Div": "/",
        "Mod": "%",
        "LShift": "<<",
        "RShift": ">>",
        "BitOr": "|",
        "BitXor": "^",
        "BitAnd": "&",
        "FloorDiv": "//",
        "Pow": "**",
    }
    binop_precedence = {
        "+": _Precedence.ARITH,
        "-": _Precedence.ARITH,
        "*": _Precedence.TERM,
        "@": _Precedence.TERM,
        "/": _Precedence.TERM,
        "%": _Precedence.TERM,
        "<<": _Precedence.SHIFT,
        ">>": _Precedence.SHIFT,
        "|": _Precedence.BOR,
        "^": _Precedence.BXOR,
        "&": _Precedence.BAND,
        "//": _Precedence.TERM,
        "**": _Precedence.POWER,
    }
    binop_rassoc = frozenset(("**",))
    def visit_BinOp(self, node):
        operator = self.binop[node.op.__class__.__name__]
        operator_precedence = self.binop_precedence[operator]
        with self.require_parens(operator_precedence, node):
            if operator in self.binop_rassoc:
                left_precedence = operator_precedence.next()
                right_precedence = operator_precedence
            else:
                left_precedence = operator_precedence


else:
                left_precedence = operator_precedence
                right_precedence = operator_precedence.next()
            self.set_precedence(left_precedence, node.left)
            self.traverse(node.left)
            self.write(f" {operator} ")
            self.set_precedence(right_precedence, node.right)
            self.traverse(node.right)
    cmpops = {
        "Eq": "==",
        "NotEq": "!=",
        "Lt": "<",
        "LtE": "<=",
        "Gt": ">",
        "GtE": ">=",
        "Is": "is",
        "IsNot": "is not",
        "In": "in",
        "NotIn": "not in",
    }
    def visit_Compare(self, node):
        with self.require_parens(_Precedence.CMP, node):
            self.set_precedence(_Precedence.CMP.next(), node.left, *node.comparators)
            self.traverse(node.left)
            for o, e in zip(node.ops, node.comparators):
                self.write(" " + self.cmpops[o.__class__.__name__] + " ")
                self.traverse(e)
    boolops = {"And": "and", "Or": "or"}
    boolop_precedence = {"and": _Precedence.AND, "or": _Precedence.OR}
    def visit_BoolOp(self, node):
        operator = self.boolops[node.op.__class__.__name__]
        operator_precedence = self.boolop_precedence[operator]
        def increasing_level_traverse(node):
            nonlocal operator_precedence
            operator_precedence = operator_precedence.next()


operator_precedence = operator_precedence.next()
            self.set_precedence(operator_precedence, node)
            self.traverse(node)
        with self.require_parens(operator_precedence, node):
            s = f" {operator} "
            self.interleave(lambda: self.write(s), increasing_level_traverse, node.values)
    def visit_Attribute(self, node):
        self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value)
        self.traverse(node.value)
        # Special case: 3.__abs__() is a syntax error, so if node.value
        # is an integer literal then we need to either parenthesize
        # it or add an extra space to get 3 .__abs__().
        if isinstance(node.value, Constant) and isinstance(node.value.value, int):
            self.write(" ")
        self.write(".")
        self.write(node.attr)
    def visit_Call(self, node):
        self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.func)
        self.traverse(node.func)
        with self.delimit("(", ")"):
            comma = False
            for e in node.args:
                if comma:
                    self.write(", ")
                else:
                    comma = True
                self.traverse(e)
            for e in node.keywords:
                if comma:
                    self.write(", ")
                else:
                    comma = True
                self.traverse(e)
    def visit_Subscript(self, node):
        def is_non_empty_tuple(slice_value):
            return (
                isinstance(slice_value, Tuple)
                and slice_value.elts
            )
        self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value)
        self.traverse(node.value)
        with self.delimit("[", "]"):


self.traverse(node.value)
        with self.delimit("[", "]"):
            if is_non_empty_tuple(node.slice):
                # parentheses can be omitted if the tuple isn't empty
                self.items_view(self.traverse, node.slice.elts)
            else:
                self.traverse(node.slice)
    def visit_Starred(self, node):
        self.write("*")
        self.set_precedence(_Precedence.EXPR, node.value)
        self.traverse(node.value)
    def visit_Ellipsis(self, node):
        self.write("...")
    def visit_Slice(self, node):
        if node.lower:
            self.traverse(node.lower)
        self.write(":")
        if node.upper:
            self.traverse(node.upper)
        if node.step:
            self.write(":")
            self.traverse(node.step)
    def visit_Match(self, node):
        self.fill("match ")
        self.traverse(node.subject)
        with self.block():
            for case in node.cases:
                self.traverse(case)
    def visit_arg(self, node):
        self.write(node.arg)
        if node.annotation:
            self.write(": ")
            self.traverse(node.annotation)
    def visit_arguments(self, node):
        first = True
        # normal arguments
        all_args = node.posonlyargs + node.args
        defaults = [None] * (len(all_args) - len(node.defaults)) + node.defaults
        for index, elements in enumerate(zip(all_args, defaults), 1):
            a, d = elements
            if first:
                first = False
            else:
                self.write(", ")
            self.traverse(a)
            if d:
                self.write("=")
                self.traverse(d)


if d:
                self.write("=")
                self.traverse(d)
            if index == len(node.posonlyargs):
                self.write(", /")
        # varargs, or bare '*' if no varargs but keyword-only arguments present
        if node.vararg or node.kwonlyargs:
            if first:
                first = False
            else:
                self.write(", ")
            self.write("*")
            if node.vararg:
                self.write(node.vararg.arg)
                if node.vararg.annotation:
                    self.write(": ")
                    self.traverse(node.vararg.annotation)
        # keyword-only arguments
        if node.kwonlyargs:
            for a, d in zip(node.kwonlyargs, node.kw_defaults):
                self.write(", ")
                self.traverse(a)
                if d:
                    self.write("=")
                    self.traverse(d)
        # kwargs
        if node.kwarg:
            if first:
                first = False
            else:
                self.write(", ")
            self.write("**" + node.kwarg.arg)
            if node.kwarg.annotation:
                self.write(": ")
                self.traverse(node.kwarg.annotation)
    def visit_keyword(self, node):
        if node.arg is None:
            self.write("**")
        else:
            self.write(node.arg)
            self.write("=")
        self.traverse(node.value)
    def visit_Lambda(self, node):
        with self.require_parens(_Precedence.TEST, node):
            self.write("lambda")
            with self.buffered() as buffer:
                self.traverse(node.args)
            if buffer:
                self.write(" ", *buffer)
            self.write(": ")


if buffer:
                self.write(" ", *buffer)
            self.write(": ")
            self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST, node.body)
            self.traverse(node.body)
    def visit_alias(self, node):
        self.write(node.name)
        if node.asname:
            self.write(" as " + node.asname)
    def visit_withitem(self, node):
        self.traverse(node.context_expr)
        if node.optional_vars:
            self.write(" as ")
            self.traverse(node.optional_vars)
    def visit_match_case(self, node):
        self.fill("case ")
        self.traverse(node.pattern)
        if node.guard:
            self.write(" if ")
            self.traverse(node.guard)
        with self.block():
            self.traverse(node.body)
    def visit_MatchValue(self, node):
        self.traverse(node.value)
    def visit_MatchSingleton(self, node):
        self._write_constant(node.value)
    def visit_MatchSequence(self, node):
        with self.delimit("[", "]"):
            self.interleave(
                lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.patterns
            )
    def visit_MatchStar(self, node):
        name = node.name
        if name is None:
            name = "_"
        self.write(f"*{name}")
    def visit_MatchMapping(self, node):
        def write_key_pattern_pair(pair):
            k, p = pair
            self.traverse(k)
            self.write(": ")
            self.traverse(p)
        with self.delimit("{", "}"):
            keys = node.keys
            self.interleave(
                lambda: self.write(", "),
                write_key_pattern_pair,
                zip(keys, node.patterns, strict=True),


write_key_pattern_pair,
                zip(keys, node.patterns, strict=True),
            )
            rest = node.rest
            if rest is not None:
                if keys:
                    self.write(", ")
                self.write(f"**{rest}")
    def visit_MatchClass(self, node):
        self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.cls)
        self.traverse(node.cls)
        with self.delimit("(", ")"):
            patterns = node.patterns
            self.interleave(
                lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, patterns
            )
            attrs = node.kwd_attrs
            if attrs:
                def write_attr_pattern(pair):
                    attr, pattern = pair
                    self.write(f"{attr}=")
                    self.traverse(pattern)
                if patterns:
                    self.write(", ")
                self.interleave(
                    lambda: self.write(", "),
                    write_attr_pattern,
                    zip(attrs, node.kwd_patterns, strict=True),
                )
    def visit_MatchAs(self, node):
        name = node.name
        pattern = node.pattern
        if name is None:
            self.write("_")
        elif pattern is None:
            self.write(node.name)
        else:
            with self.require_parens(_Precedence.TEST, node):
                self.set_precedence(_Precedence.BOR, node.pattern)
                self.traverse(node.pattern)
                self.write(f" as {node.name}")
    def visit_MatchOr(self, node):
        with self.require_parens(_Precedence.BOR, node):
            self.set_precedence(_Precedence.BOR.next(), *node.patterns)
            self.interleave(lambda: self.write(" | "), self.traverse, node.patterns)


self.interleave(lambda: self.write(" | "), self.traverse, node.patterns)
def unparse(ast_obj):
    unparser = _Unparser()
    return unparser.visit(ast_obj)
def main():
    import argparse
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='python -m ast')
    parser.add_argument('infile', type=argparse.FileType(mode='rb'), nargs='?',
                        default='-',
                        help='the file to parse; defaults to stdin')
    parser.add_argument('-m', '--mode', default='exec',
                        choices=('exec', 'single', 'eval', 'func_type'),
                        help='specify what kind of code must be parsed')
    parser.add_argument('--no-type-comments', default=True, action='store_false',
                        help="don't add information about type comments")
    parser.add_argument('-a', '--include-attributes', action='store_true',
                        help='include attributes such as line numbers and '
                             'column offsets')
    parser.add_argument('-i', '--indent', type=int, default=3,
                        help='indentation of nodes (number of spaces)')
    args = parser.parse_args()
    with args.infile as infile:
        source = infile.read()
    tree = parse(source, args.infile.name, args.mode, type_comments=args.no_type_comments)
    print(dump(tree, include_attributes=args.include_attributes, indent=args.indent))
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()


Source code for string
"""A collection of string constants.
Public module variables:
whitespace -- a string containing all ASCII whitespace
ascii_lowercase -- a string containing all ASCII lowercase letters
ascii_uppercase -- a string containing all ASCII uppercase letters
ascii_letters -- a string containing all ASCII letters
digits -- a string containing all ASCII decimal digits
hexdigits -- a string containing all ASCII hexadecimal digits
octdigits -- a string containing all ASCII octal digits
punctuation -- a string containing all ASCII punctuation characters
printable -- a string containing all ASCII characters considered printable
"""
__all__ = ["ascii_letters", "ascii_lowercase", "ascii_uppercase", "capwords",
           "digits", "hexdigits", "octdigits", "printable", "punctuation",
           "whitespace", "Formatter", "Template"]
import _string
# Some strings for ctype-style character classification
whitespace = ' \t\n\r\v\f'
ascii_lowercase = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
ascii_uppercase = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
ascii_letters = ascii_lowercase + ascii_uppercase
digits = '0123456789'
hexdigits = digits + 'abcdef' + 'ABCDEF'
octdigits = '01234567'
punctuation = r"""!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~"""
printable = digits + ascii_letters + punctuation + whitespace
# Functions which aren't available as string methods.
# Capitalize the words in a string, e.g. " aBc  dEf " -> "Abc Def".
def capwords(s, sep=None):
    """capwords(s [,sep]) -> string
    Split the argument into words using split, capitalize each
    word using capitalize, and join the capitalized words using
    join.  If the optional second argument sep is absent or None,


join.  If the optional second argument sep is absent or None,
    runs of whitespace characters are replaced by a single space
    and leading and trailing whitespace are removed, otherwise
    sep is used to split and join the words.
    """
    return (sep or ' ').join(map(str.capitalize, s.split(sep)))
####################################################################
import re as _re
from collections import ChainMap as _ChainMap
_sentinel_dict = {}
class Template:
    """A string class for supporting $-substitutions."""
    delimiter = '$'
    # r'[a-z]' matches to non-ASCII letters when used with IGNORECASE, but
    # without the ASCII flag.  We can't add re.ASCII to flags because of
    # backward compatibility.  So we use the ?a local flag and [a-z] pattern.
    # See https://bugs.python.org/issue31672
    idpattern = r'(?a:[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*)'
    braceidpattern = None
    flags = _re.IGNORECASE
    def __init_subclass__(cls):
        super().__init_subclass__()
        if 'pattern' in cls.__dict__:
            pattern = cls.pattern
        else:
            delim = _re.escape(cls.delimiter)
            id = cls.idpattern
            bid = cls.braceidpattern or cls.idpattern
            pattern = fr"""
            {delim}(?:
              (?P<escaped>{delim})  |   # Escape sequence of two delimiters
              (?P<named>{id})       |   # delimiter and a Python identifier
              {{(?P<braced>{bid})}} |   # delimiter and a braced identifier
              (?P<invalid>)             # Other ill-formed delimiter exprs
            )
            """


)
            """
        cls.pattern = _re.compile(pattern, cls.flags | _re.VERBOSE)
    def __init__(self, template):
        self.template = template
    # Search for $$, $identifier, ${identifier}, and any bare $'s
    def _invalid(self, mo):
        i = mo.start('invalid')
        lines = self.template[:i].splitlines(keepends=True)
        if not lines:
            colno = 1
            lineno = 1
        else:
            colno = i - len(''.join(lines[:-1]))
            lineno = len(lines)
        raise ValueError('Invalid placeholder in string: line %d, col %d' %
                         (lineno, colno))
    def substitute(self, mapping=_sentinel_dict, /, **kws):
        if mapping is _sentinel_dict:
            mapping = kws
        elif kws:
            mapping = _ChainMap(kws, mapping)
        # Helper function for .sub()
        def convert(mo):
            # Check the most common path first.
            named = mo.group('named') or mo.group('braced')
            if named is not None:
                return str(mapping[named])
            if mo.group('escaped') is not None:
                return self.delimiter
            if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
                self._invalid(mo)
            raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
                             self.pattern)
        return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)
    def safe_substitute(self, mapping=_sentinel_dict, /, **kws):
        if mapping is _sentinel_dict:
            mapping = kws
        elif kws:
            mapping = _ChainMap(kws, mapping)


elif kws:
            mapping = _ChainMap(kws, mapping)
        # Helper function for .sub()
        def convert(mo):
            named = mo.group('named') or mo.group('braced')
            if named is not None:
                try:
                    return str(mapping[named])
                except KeyError:
                    return mo.group()
            if mo.group('escaped') is not None:
                return self.delimiter
            if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
                return mo.group()
            raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
                             self.pattern)
        return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)
    def is_valid(self):
        for mo in self.pattern.finditer(self.template):
            if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
                return False
            if (mo.group('named') is None
                and mo.group('braced') is None
                and mo.group('escaped') is None):
                # If all the groups are None, there must be
                # another group we're not expecting
                raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
                    self.pattern)
        return True
    def get_identifiers(self):
        ids = []
        for mo in self.pattern.finditer(self.template):
            named = mo.group('named') or mo.group('braced')
            if named is not None and named not in ids:
                # add a named group only the first time it appears
                ids.append(named)
            elif (named is None
                and mo.group('invalid') is None
                and mo.group('escaped') is None):
                # If all the groups are None, there must be
                # another group we're not expecting
                raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
                    self.pattern)
        return ids


self.pattern)
        return ids
# Initialize Template.pattern.  __init_subclass__() is automatically called
# only for subclasses, not for the Template class itself.
Template.__init_subclass__()
########################################################################
# the Formatter class
# see PEP 3101 for details and purpose of this class
# The hard parts are reused from the C implementation.  They're exposed as "_"
# prefixed methods of str.
# The overall parser is implemented in _string.formatter_parser.
# The field name parser is implemented in _string.formatter_field_name_split
class Formatter:
    def format(self, format_string, /, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.vformat(format_string, args, kwargs)
    def vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs):
        used_args = set()
        result, _ = self._vformat(format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, 2)
        self.check_unused_args(used_args, args, kwargs)
        return result
    def _vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, recursion_depth,
                 auto_arg_index=0):
        if recursion_depth < 0:
            raise ValueError('Max string recursion exceeded')
        result = []
        for literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion in \
                self.parse(format_string):
            # output the literal text
            if literal_text:
                result.append(literal_text)
            # if there's a field, output it
            if field_name is not None:
                # this is some markup, find the object and do
                #  the formatting
                # handle arg indexing when empty field_names are given.
                if field_name == '':
                    if auto_arg_index is False:
                        raise ValueError('cannot switch from manual field '


if auto_arg_index is False:
                        raise ValueError('cannot switch from manual field '
                                         'specification to automatic field '
                                         'numbering')
                    field_name = str(auto_arg_index)
                    auto_arg_index += 1
                elif field_name.isdigit():
                    if auto_arg_index:
                        raise ValueError('cannot switch from manual field '
                                         'specification to automatic field '
                                         'numbering')
                    # disable auto arg incrementing, if it gets
                    # used later on, then an exception will be raised
                    auto_arg_index = False
                # given the field_name, find the object it references
                #  and the argument it came from
                obj, arg_used = self.get_field(field_name, args, kwargs)
                used_args.add(arg_used)
                # do any conversion on the resulting object
                obj = self.convert_field(obj, conversion)
                # expand the format spec, if needed
                format_spec, auto_arg_index = self._vformat(
                    format_spec, args, kwargs,
                    used_args, recursion_depth-1,
                    auto_arg_index=auto_arg_index)
                # format the object and append to the result
                result.append(self.format_field(obj, format_spec))
        return ''.join(result), auto_arg_index
    def get_value(self, key, args, kwargs):
        if isinstance(key, int):
            return args[key]
        else:
            return kwargs[key]
    def check_unused_args(self, used_args, args, kwargs):
        pass
    def format_field(self, value, format_spec):
        return format(value, format_spec)
    def convert_field(self, value, conversion):
        # do any conversion on the resulting object
        if conversion is None:
            return value
        elif conversion == 's':


if conversion is None:
            return value
        elif conversion == 's':
            return str(value)
        elif conversion == 'r':
            return repr(value)
        elif conversion == 'a':
            return ascii(value)
        raise ValueError("Unknown conversion specifier {0!s}".format(conversion))
    # returns an iterable that contains tuples of the form:
    # (literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion)
    # literal_text can be zero length
    # field_name can be None, in which case there's no
    #  object to format and output
    # if field_name is not None, it is looked up, formatted
    #  with format_spec and conversion and then used
    def parse(self, format_string):
        return _string.formatter_parser(format_string)
    # given a field_name, find the object it references.
    #  field_name:   the field being looked up, e.g. "0.name"
    #                 or "lookup[3]"
    #  used_args:    a set of which args have been used
    #  args, kwargs: as passed in to vformat
    def get_field(self, field_name, args, kwargs):
        first, rest = _string.formatter_field_name_split(field_name)
        obj = self.get_value(first, args, kwargs)
        # loop through the rest of the field_name, doing
        #  getattr or getitem as needed
        for is_attr, i in rest:
            if is_attr:
                obj = getattr(obj, i)
            else:
                obj = obj[i]
        return obj, first


All modules for which code is available
_markupbase
ast
html.parser
langchain.adapters.openai
langchain.agents.agent
langchain.agents.agent_iterator
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.ainetwork.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.amadeus.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.azure_cognitive_services
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.base
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.clickup.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.conversational_retrieval.openai_functions
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.file_management.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.gitlab.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.gmail.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.jira.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.json.base
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.json.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.multion.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.nla.tool
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.nla.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.office365.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.openapi.base
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.openapi.spec
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.openapi.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.playwright.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.powerbi.base
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.powerbi.chat_base
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.powerbi.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.base
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.sql.base
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.sql.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.vectorstore.base
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.vectorstore.toolkit


langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.vectorstore.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.zapier.toolkit
langchain.agents.agent_types
langchain.agents.chat.base
langchain.agents.chat.output_parser
langchain.agents.conversational.base
langchain.agents.conversational.output_parser
langchain.agents.conversational_chat.base
langchain.agents.conversational_chat.output_parser
langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.log
langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.log_to_messages
langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.openai_functions
langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.openai_tools
langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.xml
langchain.agents.initialize
langchain.agents.load_tools
langchain.agents.loading
langchain.agents.mrkl.base
langchain.agents.mrkl.output_parser
langchain.agents.openai_assistant.base
langchain.agents.openai_functions_agent.agent_token_buffer_memory
langchain.agents.openai_functions_agent.base
langchain.agents.openai_functions_multi_agent.base
langchain.agents.output_parsers.json
langchain.agents.output_parsers.openai_functions
langchain.agents.output_parsers.openai_tools
langchain.agents.output_parsers.react_json_single_input
langchain.agents.output_parsers.react_single_input
langchain.agents.output_parsers.self_ask
langchain.agents.output_parsers.xml
langchain.agents.react.base
langchain.agents.react.output_parser
langchain.agents.schema
langchain.agents.self_ask_with_search.base
langchain.agents.structured_chat.base
langchain.agents.structured_chat.output_parser
langchain.agents.tools
langchain.agents.utils
langchain.agents.xml.base
langchain.cache
langchain.callbacks.aim_callback
langchain.callbacks.argilla_callback
langchain.callbacks.arize_callback
langchain.callbacks.arthur_callback


langchain.callbacks.arize_callback
langchain.callbacks.arthur_callback
langchain.callbacks.clearml_callback
langchain.callbacks.comet_ml_callback
langchain.callbacks.confident_callback
langchain.callbacks.context_callback
langchain.callbacks.file
langchain.callbacks.flyte_callback
langchain.callbacks.human
langchain.callbacks.infino_callback
langchain.callbacks.labelstudio_callback
langchain.callbacks.llmonitor_callback
langchain.callbacks.manager
langchain.callbacks.mlflow_callback
langchain.callbacks.openai_info
langchain.callbacks.promptlayer_callback
langchain.callbacks.sagemaker_callback
langchain.callbacks.streaming_aiter
langchain.callbacks.streaming_aiter_final_only
langchain.callbacks.streaming_stdout
langchain.callbacks.streaming_stdout_final_only
langchain.callbacks.streamlit.mutable_expander
langchain.callbacks.streamlit.streamlit_callback_handler
langchain.callbacks.tracers.wandb
langchain.callbacks.trubrics_callback
langchain.callbacks.utils
langchain.callbacks.wandb_callback
langchain.callbacks.whylabs_callback
langchain.chains.api.base
langchain.chains.api.openapi.chain
langchain.chains.api.openapi.requests_chain
langchain.chains.api.openapi.response_chain
langchain.chains.base
langchain.chains.combine_documents.base
langchain.chains.combine_documents.map_reduce
langchain.chains.combine_documents.map_rerank
langchain.chains.combine_documents.reduce
langchain.chains.combine_documents.refine
langchain.chains.combine_documents.stuff
langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.base
langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.models
langchain.chains.conversation.base
langchain.chains.conversational_retrieval.base
langchain.chains.elasticsearch_database.base
langchain.chains.example_generator
langchain.chains.flare.base
langchain.chains.flare.prompts
langchain.chains.graph_qa.arangodb
langchain.chains.graph_qa.base
langchain.chains.graph_qa.cypher


langchain.chains.graph_qa.base
langchain.chains.graph_qa.cypher
langchain.chains.graph_qa.cypher_utils
langchain.chains.graph_qa.falkordb
langchain.chains.graph_qa.hugegraph
langchain.chains.graph_qa.kuzu
langchain.chains.graph_qa.nebulagraph
langchain.chains.graph_qa.neptune_cypher
langchain.chains.graph_qa.sparql
langchain.chains.hyde.base
langchain.chains.llm
langchain.chains.llm_checker.base
langchain.chains.llm_math.base
langchain.chains.llm_requests
langchain.chains.llm_summarization_checker.base
langchain.chains.loading
langchain.chains.mapreduce
langchain.chains.moderation
langchain.chains.natbot.base
langchain.chains.natbot.crawler
langchain.chains.openai_functions.base
langchain.chains.openai_functions.citation_fuzzy_match
langchain.chains.openai_functions.extraction
langchain.chains.openai_functions.openapi
langchain.chains.openai_functions.qa_with_structure
langchain.chains.openai_functions.tagging
langchain.chains.openai_functions.utils
langchain.chains.openai_tools.extraction
langchain.chains.prompt_selector
langchain.chains.qa_generation.base
langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.base
langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.loading
langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.retrieval
langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.vector_db
langchain.chains.query_constructor.base
langchain.chains.query_constructor.ir
langchain.chains.query_constructor.parser
langchain.chains.query_constructor.schema
langchain.chains.retrieval_qa.base
langchain.chains.router.base
langchain.chains.router.embedding_router
langchain.chains.router.llm_router


langchain.chains.router.embedding_router
langchain.chains.router.llm_router
langchain.chains.router.multi_prompt
langchain.chains.router.multi_retrieval_qa
langchain.chains.sequential
langchain.chains.sql_database.query
langchain.chains.transform
langchain.chat_loaders.base
langchain.chat_loaders.facebook_messenger
langchain.chat_loaders.gmail
langchain.chat_loaders.imessage
langchain.chat_loaders.langsmith
langchain.chat_loaders.slack
langchain.chat_loaders.telegram
langchain.chat_loaders.utils
langchain.chat_loaders.whatsapp
langchain.chat_models.anthropic
langchain.chat_models.anyscale
langchain.chat_models.azure_openai
langchain.chat_models.azureml_endpoint
langchain.chat_models.baichuan
langchain.chat_models.baidu_qianfan_endpoint
langchain.chat_models.base
langchain.chat_models.bedrock
langchain.chat_models.cohere
langchain.chat_models.ernie
langchain.chat_models.everlyai
langchain.chat_models.fake
langchain.chat_models.fireworks
langchain.chat_models.gigachat
langchain.chat_models.google_palm
langchain.chat_models.human
langchain.chat_models.hunyuan
langchain.chat_models.javelin_ai_gateway
langchain.chat_models.jinachat
langchain.chat_models.konko
langchain.chat_models.litellm
langchain.chat_models.minimax
langchain.chat_models.mlflow_ai_gateway
langchain.chat_models.ollama
langchain.chat_models.openai
langchain.chat_models.pai_eas_endpoint
langchain.chat_models.promptlayer_openai
langchain.chat_models.tongyi
langchain.chat_models.vertexai
langchain.chat_models.yandex
langchain.docstore.arbitrary_fn
langchain.docstore.base
langchain.docstore.in_memory
langchain.docstore.wikipedia


langchain.docstore.base
langchain.docstore.in_memory
langchain.docstore.wikipedia
langchain.document_loaders.acreom
langchain.document_loaders.airbyte
langchain.document_loaders.airbyte_json
langchain.document_loaders.airtable
langchain.document_loaders.apify_dataset
langchain.document_loaders.arcgis_loader
langchain.document_loaders.arxiv
langchain.document_loaders.assemblyai
langchain.document_loaders.async_html
langchain.document_loaders.azlyrics
langchain.document_loaders.azure_blob_storage_container
langchain.document_loaders.azure_blob_storage_file
langchain.document_loaders.baiducloud_bos_directory
langchain.document_loaders.baiducloud_bos_file
langchain.document_loaders.base
langchain.document_loaders.base_o365
langchain.document_loaders.bibtex
langchain.document_loaders.bigquery
langchain.document_loaders.bilibili
langchain.document_loaders.blackboard
langchain.document_loaders.blob_loaders.file_system
langchain.document_loaders.blob_loaders.schema
langchain.document_loaders.blob_loaders.youtube_audio
langchain.document_loaders.blockchain
langchain.document_loaders.brave_search
langchain.document_loaders.browserless
langchain.document_loaders.chatgpt
langchain.document_loaders.chromium
langchain.document_loaders.college_confidential
langchain.document_loaders.concurrent
langchain.document_loaders.confluence
langchain.document_loaders.conllu
langchain.document_loaders.csv_loader
langchain.document_loaders.cube_semantic
langchain.document_loaders.datadog_logs
langchain.document_loaders.dataframe
langchain.document_loaders.diffbot
langchain.document_loaders.directory
langchain.document_loaders.discord
langchain.document_loaders.docugami
langchain.document_loaders.docusaurus
langchain.document_loaders.dropbox
langchain.document_loaders.duckdb_loader


langchain.document_loaders.dropbox
langchain.document_loaders.duckdb_loader
langchain.document_loaders.email
langchain.document_loaders.embaas
langchain.document_loaders.epub
langchain.document_loaders.etherscan
langchain.document_loaders.evernote
langchain.document_loaders.excel
langchain.document_loaders.facebook_chat
langchain.document_loaders.fauna
langchain.document_loaders.figma
langchain.document_loaders.gcs_directory
langchain.document_loaders.gcs_file
langchain.document_loaders.generic
langchain.document_loaders.geodataframe
langchain.document_loaders.git
langchain.document_loaders.gitbook
langchain.document_loaders.github
langchain.document_loaders.google_speech_to_text
langchain.document_loaders.googledrive
langchain.document_loaders.gutenberg
langchain.document_loaders.helpers
langchain.document_loaders.hn
langchain.document_loaders.html
langchain.document_loaders.html_bs
langchain.document_loaders.hugging_face_dataset
langchain.document_loaders.ifixit
langchain.document_loaders.image
langchain.document_loaders.image_captions
langchain.document_loaders.imsdb
langchain.document_loaders.iugu
langchain.document_loaders.joplin
langchain.document_loaders.json_loader
langchain.document_loaders.lakefs
langchain.document_loaders.larksuite
langchain.document_loaders.markdown
langchain.document_loaders.mastodon
langchain.document_loaders.max_compute
langchain.document_loaders.mediawikidump
langchain.document_loaders.merge
langchain.document_loaders.mhtml
langchain.document_loaders.modern_treasury
langchain.document_loaders.mongodb
langchain.document_loaders.news
langchain.document_loaders.notebook
langchain.document_loaders.notion
langchain.document_loaders.notiondb


langchain.document_loaders.notion
langchain.document_loaders.notiondb
langchain.document_loaders.nuclia
langchain.document_loaders.obs_directory
langchain.document_loaders.obs_file
langchain.document_loaders.obsidian
langchain.document_loaders.odt
langchain.document_loaders.onedrive
langchain.document_loaders.onedrive_file
langchain.document_loaders.open_city_data
langchain.document_loaders.org_mode
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.audio
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.docai
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.generic
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.grobid
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.html.bs4
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.language.cobol
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.language.code_segmenter
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.language.javascript
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.language.language_parser
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.language.python
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.msword
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.pdf
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.registry
langchain.document_loaders.parsers.txt
langchain.document_loaders.pdf
langchain.document_loaders.polars_dataframe
langchain.document_loaders.powerpoint
langchain.document_loaders.psychic
langchain.document_loaders.pubmed
langchain.document_loaders.pyspark_dataframe
langchain.document_loaders.python
langchain.document_loaders.quip
langchain.document_loaders.readthedocs
langchain.document_loaders.recursive_url_loader
langchain.document_loaders.reddit
langchain.document_loaders.roam
langchain.document_loaders.rocksetdb
langchain.document_loaders.rspace
langchain.document_loaders.rss
langchain.document_loaders.rst
langchain.document_loaders.rtf
langchain.document_loaders.s3_directory
langchain.document_loaders.s3_file
langchain.document_loaders.sharepoint
langchain.document_loaders.sitemap


langchain.document_loaders.sharepoint
langchain.document_loaders.sitemap
langchain.document_loaders.slack_directory
langchain.document_loaders.snowflake_loader
langchain.document_loaders.spreedly
langchain.document_loaders.srt
langchain.document_loaders.stripe
langchain.document_loaders.telegram
langchain.document_loaders.tencent_cos_directory
langchain.document_loaders.tencent_cos_file
langchain.document_loaders.tensorflow_datasets
langchain.document_loaders.text
langchain.document_loaders.tomarkdown
langchain.document_loaders.toml
langchain.document_loaders.trello
langchain.document_loaders.tsv
langchain.document_loaders.twitter
langchain.document_loaders.unstructured
langchain.document_loaders.url
langchain.document_loaders.url_playwright
langchain.document_loaders.url_selenium
langchain.document_loaders.weather
langchain.document_loaders.web_base
langchain.document_loaders.whatsapp_chat
langchain.document_loaders.wikipedia
langchain.document_loaders.word_document
langchain.document_loaders.xml
langchain.document_loaders.xorbits
langchain.document_loaders.youtube
langchain.document_transformers.beautiful_soup_transformer
langchain.document_transformers.doctran_text_extract
langchain.document_transformers.doctran_text_qa
langchain.document_transformers.doctran_text_translate
langchain.document_transformers.embeddings_redundant_filter
langchain.document_transformers.google_translate
langchain.document_transformers.html2text
langchain.document_transformers.long_context_reorder
langchain.document_transformers.nuclia_text_transform
langchain.document_transformers.openai_functions
langchain.embeddings.aleph_alpha
langchain.embeddings.awa
langchain.embeddings.azure_openai
langchain.embeddings.baidu_qianfan_endpoint
langchain.embeddings.bedrock
langchain.embeddings.cache
langchain.embeddings.clarifai


langchain.embeddings.cache
langchain.embeddings.clarifai
langchain.embeddings.cohere
langchain.embeddings.dashscope
langchain.embeddings.deepinfra
langchain.embeddings.edenai
langchain.embeddings.elasticsearch
langchain.embeddings.embaas
langchain.embeddings.ernie
langchain.embeddings.fake
langchain.embeddings.fastembed
langchain.embeddings.google_palm
langchain.embeddings.gpt4all
langchain.embeddings.gradient_ai
langchain.embeddings.huggingface
langchain.embeddings.huggingface_hub
langchain.embeddings.javelin_ai_gateway
langchain.embeddings.jina
langchain.embeddings.johnsnowlabs
langchain.embeddings.llamacpp
langchain.embeddings.llm_rails
langchain.embeddings.localai
langchain.embeddings.minimax
langchain.embeddings.mlflow_gateway
langchain.embeddings.modelscope_hub
langchain.embeddings.mosaicml
langchain.embeddings.nlpcloud
langchain.embeddings.octoai_embeddings
langchain.embeddings.ollama
langchain.embeddings.openai
langchain.embeddings.sagemaker_endpoint
langchain.embeddings.self_hosted
langchain.embeddings.self_hosted_hugging_face
langchain.embeddings.spacy_embeddings
langchain.embeddings.tensorflow_hub
langchain.embeddings.vertexai
langchain.embeddings.voyageai
langchain.embeddings.xinference
langchain.evaluation.agents.trajectory_eval_chain
langchain.evaluation.comparison.eval_chain
langchain.evaluation.criteria.eval_chain
langchain.evaluation.embedding_distance.base
langchain.evaluation.exact_match.base
langchain.evaluation.loading
langchain.evaluation.parsing.base
langchain.evaluation.parsing.json_distance
langchain.evaluation.parsing.json_schema
langchain.evaluation.qa.eval_chain
langchain.evaluation.qa.generate_chain


langchain.evaluation.qa.eval_chain
langchain.evaluation.qa.generate_chain
langchain.evaluation.regex_match.base
langchain.evaluation.schema
langchain.evaluation.scoring.eval_chain
langchain.evaluation.string_distance.base
langchain.graphs.arangodb_graph
langchain.graphs.falkordb_graph
langchain.graphs.graph_document
langchain.graphs.graph_store
langchain.graphs.hugegraph
langchain.graphs.kuzu_graph
langchain.graphs.memgraph_graph
langchain.graphs.nebula_graph
langchain.graphs.neo4j_graph
langchain.graphs.neptune_graph
langchain.graphs.networkx_graph
langchain.graphs.rdf_graph
langchain.hub
langchain.indexes.base
langchain.indexes.graph
langchain.indexes.vectorstore
langchain.llms.ai21
langchain.llms.aleph_alpha
langchain.llms.amazon_api_gateway
langchain.llms.anthropic
langchain.llms.anyscale
langchain.llms.arcee
langchain.llms.aviary
langchain.llms.azureml_endpoint
langchain.llms.baidu_qianfan_endpoint
langchain.llms.bananadev
langchain.llms.base
langchain.llms.baseten
langchain.llms.beam
langchain.llms.bedrock
langchain.llms.bittensor
langchain.llms.cerebriumai
langchain.llms.chatglm
langchain.llms.clarifai
langchain.llms.cohere
langchain.llms.ctransformers
langchain.llms.ctranslate2
langchain.llms.databricks
langchain.llms.deepinfra
langchain.llms.deepsparse
langchain.llms.edenai
langchain.llms.fake
langchain.llms.fireworks
langchain.llms.forefrontai
langchain.llms.gigachat


langchain.llms.forefrontai
langchain.llms.gigachat
langchain.llms.google_palm
langchain.llms.gooseai
langchain.llms.gpt4all
langchain.llms.gradient_ai
langchain.llms.huggingface_endpoint
langchain.llms.huggingface_hub
langchain.llms.huggingface_pipeline
langchain.llms.huggingface_text_gen_inference
langchain.llms.human
langchain.llms.javelin_ai_gateway
langchain.llms.koboldai
langchain.llms.llamacpp
langchain.llms.loading
langchain.llms.manifest
langchain.llms.minimax
langchain.llms.mlflow_ai_gateway
langchain.llms.modal
langchain.llms.mosaicml
langchain.llms.nlpcloud
langchain.llms.octoai_endpoint
langchain.llms.ollama
langchain.llms.opaqueprompts
langchain.llms.openai
langchain.llms.openllm
langchain.llms.openlm
langchain.llms.pai_eas_endpoint
langchain.llms.petals
langchain.llms.pipelineai
langchain.llms.predibase
langchain.llms.predictionguard
langchain.llms.promptlayer_openai
langchain.llms.replicate
langchain.llms.rwkv
langchain.llms.sagemaker_endpoint
langchain.llms.self_hosted
langchain.llms.self_hosted_hugging_face
langchain.llms.stochasticai
langchain.llms.symblai_nebula
langchain.llms.textgen
langchain.llms.titan_takeoff
langchain.llms.titan_takeoff_pro
langchain.llms.together
langchain.llms.tongyi
langchain.llms.utils
langchain.llms.vertexai
langchain.llms.vllm
langchain.llms.writer


langchain.llms.vllm
langchain.llms.writer
langchain.llms.xinference
langchain.llms.yandex
langchain.load.dump
langchain.load.load
langchain.load.serializable
langchain.memory.buffer
langchain.memory.buffer_window
langchain.memory.chat_memory
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.cassandra
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.cosmos_db
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.dynamodb
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.elasticsearch
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.file
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.firestore
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.in_memory
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.momento
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.mongodb
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.neo4j
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.postgres
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.redis
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.rocksetdb
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.singlestoredb
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.sql
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.streamlit
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.upstash_redis
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.xata
langchain.memory.chat_message_histories.zep
langchain.memory.combined
langchain.memory.entity
langchain.memory.kg
langchain.memory.motorhead_memory
langchain.memory.readonly
langchain.memory.simple
langchain.memory.summary
langchain.memory.summary_buffer
langchain.memory.token_buffer
langchain.memory.utils
langchain.memory.vectorstore
langchain.memory.zep_memory
langchain.model_laboratory
langchain.output_parsers.boolean
langchain.output_parsers.combining
langchain.output_parsers.datetime
langchain.output_parsers.enum
langchain.output_parsers.fix
langchain.output_parsers.json
langchain.output_parsers.list
langchain.output_parsers.loading
langchain.output_parsers.openai_functions


langchain.output_parsers.loading
langchain.output_parsers.openai_functions
langchain.output_parsers.openai_tools
langchain.output_parsers.pydantic
langchain.output_parsers.rail_parser
langchain.output_parsers.regex
langchain.output_parsers.regex_dict
langchain.output_parsers.retry
langchain.output_parsers.structured
langchain.output_parsers.xml
langchain.prompts.base
langchain.prompts.chat
langchain.prompts.example_selector.base
langchain.prompts.example_selector.length_based
langchain.prompts.example_selector.ngram_overlap
langchain.prompts.example_selector.semantic_similarity
langchain.prompts.few_shot
langchain.prompts.few_shot_with_templates
langchain.prompts.loading
langchain.prompts.pipeline
langchain.prompts.prompt
langchain.retrievers.arcee
langchain.retrievers.arxiv
langchain.retrievers.azure_cognitive_search
langchain.retrievers.bm25
langchain.retrievers.chaindesk
langchain.retrievers.chatgpt_plugin_retriever
langchain.retrievers.cohere_rag_retriever
langchain.retrievers.contextual_compression
langchain.retrievers.databerry
langchain.retrievers.docarray
langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.base
langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.chain_extract
langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.chain_filter
langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.cohere_rerank
langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.embeddings_filter
langchain.retrievers.elastic_search_bm25
langchain.retrievers.ensemble
langchain.retrievers.google_cloud_documentai_warehouse
langchain.retrievers.google_vertex_ai_search
langchain.retrievers.kay
langchain.retrievers.kendra
langchain.retrievers.knn
langchain.retrievers.llama_index


langchain.retrievers.knn
langchain.retrievers.llama_index
langchain.retrievers.merger_retriever
langchain.retrievers.metal
langchain.retrievers.milvus
langchain.retrievers.multi_query
langchain.retrievers.multi_vector
langchain.retrievers.parent_document_retriever
langchain.retrievers.pinecone_hybrid_search
langchain.retrievers.pubmed
langchain.retrievers.re_phraser
langchain.retrievers.remote_retriever
langchain.retrievers.self_query.base
langchain.retrievers.self_query.chroma
langchain.retrievers.self_query.dashvector
langchain.retrievers.self_query.deeplake
langchain.retrievers.self_query.elasticsearch
langchain.retrievers.self_query.milvus
langchain.retrievers.self_query.myscale
langchain.retrievers.self_query.opensearch
langchain.retrievers.self_query.pinecone
langchain.retrievers.self_query.qdrant
langchain.retrievers.self_query.redis
langchain.retrievers.self_query.supabase
langchain.retrievers.self_query.timescalevector
langchain.retrievers.self_query.vectara
langchain.retrievers.self_query.weaviate
langchain.retrievers.svm
langchain.retrievers.tavily_search_api
langchain.retrievers.tfidf
langchain.retrievers.time_weighted_retriever
langchain.retrievers.vespa_retriever
langchain.retrievers.weaviate_hybrid_search
langchain.retrievers.web_research
langchain.retrievers.wikipedia
langchain.retrievers.you
langchain.retrievers.zep
langchain.retrievers.zilliz
langchain.runnables.hub
langchain.runnables.openai_functions
langchain.schema.agent


langchain.runnables.openai_functions
langchain.schema.agent
langchain.schema.cache
langchain.schema.callbacks.base
langchain.schema.callbacks.manager
langchain.schema.callbacks.stdout
langchain.schema.callbacks.tracers.base
langchain.schema.callbacks.tracers.evaluation
langchain.schema.callbacks.tracers.langchain
langchain.schema.callbacks.tracers.langchain_v1
langchain.schema.callbacks.tracers.log_stream
langchain.schema.callbacks.tracers.root_listeners
langchain.schema.callbacks.tracers.run_collector
langchain.schema.callbacks.tracers.schemas
langchain.schema.callbacks.tracers.stdout
langchain.schema.chat
langchain.schema.chat_history
langchain.schema.document
langchain.schema.embeddings
langchain.schema.exceptions
langchain.schema.language_model
langchain.schema.memory
langchain.schema.messages
langchain.schema.output
langchain.schema.output_parser
langchain.schema.prompt
langchain.schema.prompt_template
langchain.schema.retriever
langchain.schema.runnable.base
langchain.schema.runnable.branch
langchain.schema.runnable.config
langchain.schema.runnable.configurable
langchain.schema.runnable.fallbacks
langchain.schema.runnable.history
langchain.schema.runnable.passthrough
langchain.schema.runnable.retry
langchain.schema.runnable.router
langchain.schema.runnable.utils
langchain.schema.storage
langchain.schema.vectorstore
langchain.smith.evaluation.config
langchain.smith.evaluation.name_generation
langchain.smith.evaluation.progress
langchain.smith.evaluation.runner_utils
langchain.smith.evaluation.string_run_evaluator
langchain.storage.encoder_backed
langchain.storage.exceptions
langchain.storage.file_system
langchain.storage.in_memory
langchain.storage.redis
langchain.storage.upstash_redis
langchain.text_splitter
langchain.tools.ainetwork.app
langchain.tools.ainetwork.base
langchain.tools.ainetwork.owner
langchain.tools.ainetwork.rule


langchain.tools.ainetwork.owner
langchain.tools.ainetwork.rule
langchain.tools.ainetwork.transfer
langchain.tools.ainetwork.utils
langchain.tools.ainetwork.value
langchain.tools.amadeus.base
langchain.tools.amadeus.closest_airport
langchain.tools.amadeus.flight_search
langchain.tools.amadeus.utils
langchain.tools.arxiv.tool
langchain.tools.azure_cognitive_services.form_recognizer
langchain.tools.azure_cognitive_services.image_analysis
langchain.tools.azure_cognitive_services.speech2text
langchain.tools.azure_cognitive_services.text2speech
langchain.tools.azure_cognitive_services.utils
langchain.tools.base
langchain.tools.bearly.tool
langchain.tools.bing_search.tool
langchain.tools.brave_search.tool
langchain.tools.clickup.tool
langchain.tools.dataforseo_api_search.tool
langchain.tools.ddg_search.tool
langchain.tools.e2b_data_analysis.tool
langchain.tools.e2b_data_analysis.unparse
langchain.tools.edenai.audio_speech_to_text
langchain.tools.edenai.audio_text_to_speech
langchain.tools.edenai.edenai_base_tool
langchain.tools.edenai.image_explicitcontent
langchain.tools.edenai.image_objectdetection
langchain.tools.edenai.ocr_identityparser
langchain.tools.edenai.ocr_invoiceparser
langchain.tools.edenai.text_moderation
langchain.tools.eleven_labs.models
langchain.tools.eleven_labs.text2speech
langchain.tools.file_management.copy
langchain.tools.file_management.delete
langchain.tools.file_management.file_search
langchain.tools.file_management.list_dir
langchain.tools.file_management.move
langchain.tools.file_management.read
langchain.tools.file_management.utils
langchain.tools.file_management.write
langchain.tools.github.tool
langchain.tools.gitlab.tool


langchain.tools.file_management.write
langchain.tools.github.tool
langchain.tools.gitlab.tool
langchain.tools.gmail.base
langchain.tools.gmail.create_draft
langchain.tools.gmail.get_message
langchain.tools.gmail.get_thread
langchain.tools.gmail.search
langchain.tools.gmail.send_message
langchain.tools.gmail.utils
langchain.tools.golden_query.tool
langchain.tools.google_cloud.texttospeech
langchain.tools.google_places.tool
langchain.tools.google_scholar.tool
langchain.tools.google_search.tool
langchain.tools.google_serper.tool
langchain.tools.graphql.tool
langchain.tools.human.tool
langchain.tools.ifttt
langchain.tools.interaction.tool
langchain.tools.jira.tool
langchain.tools.json.tool
langchain.tools.memorize.tool
langchain.tools.metaphor_search.tool
langchain.tools.multion.close_session
langchain.tools.multion.create_session
langchain.tools.multion.update_session
langchain.tools.nuclia.tool
langchain.tools.office365.base
langchain.tools.office365.create_draft_message
langchain.tools.office365.events_search
langchain.tools.office365.messages_search
langchain.tools.office365.send_event
langchain.tools.office365.send_message
langchain.tools.office365.utils
langchain.tools.openapi.utils.api_models
langchain.tools.openweathermap.tool
langchain.tools.playwright.base
langchain.tools.playwright.click
langchain.tools.playwright.current_page
langchain.tools.playwright.extract_hyperlinks
langchain.tools.playwright.extract_text
langchain.tools.playwright.get_elements
langchain.tools.playwright.navigate
langchain.tools.playwright.navigate_back
langchain.tools.playwright.utils
langchain.tools.plugin
langchain.tools.powerbi.tool
langchain.tools.pubmed.tool
langchain.tools.render
langchain.tools.requests.tool
langchain.tools.retriever
langchain.tools.scenexplain.tool
langchain.tools.searchapi.tool


langchain.tools.scenexplain.tool
langchain.tools.searchapi.tool
langchain.tools.searx_search.tool
langchain.tools.shell.tool
langchain.tools.sleep.tool
langchain.tools.spark_sql.tool
langchain.tools.sql_database.tool
langchain.tools.steamship_image_generation.tool
langchain.tools.steamship_image_generation.utils
langchain.tools.tavily_search.tool
langchain.tools.vectorstore.tool
langchain.tools.wikipedia.tool
langchain.tools.wolfram_alpha.tool
langchain.tools.yahoo_finance_news
langchain.tools.youtube.search
langchain.tools.zapier.tool
langchain.utilities.alpha_vantage
langchain.utilities.anthropic
langchain.utilities.apify
langchain.utilities.arcee
langchain.utilities.arxiv
langchain.utilities.awslambda
langchain.utilities.bibtex
langchain.utilities.bing_search
langchain.utilities.brave_search
langchain.utilities.clickup
langchain.utilities.dalle_image_generator
langchain.utilities.dataforseo_api_search
langchain.utilities.duckduckgo_search
langchain.utilities.github
langchain.utilities.gitlab
langchain.utilities.golden_query
langchain.utilities.google_places_api
langchain.utilities.google_scholar
langchain.utilities.google_search
langchain.utilities.google_serper
langchain.utilities.graphql
langchain.utilities.jira
langchain.utilities.max_compute
langchain.utilities.metaphor_search
langchain.utilities.opaqueprompts
langchain.utilities.openapi
langchain.utilities.openweathermap
langchain.utilities.portkey
langchain.utilities.powerbi
langchain.utilities.pubmed
langchain.utilities.python
langchain.utilities.redis
langchain.utilities.requests
langchain.utilities.scenexplain
langchain.utilities.searchapi
langchain.utilities.searx_search
langchain.utilities.serpapi
langchain.utilities.spark_sql
langchain.utilities.sql_database
langchain.utilities.tavily_search
langchain.utilities.tensorflow_datasets
langchain.utilities.twilio