What was the name of the hairdresser's assistant Schwarzenegger fell for in July of 1977?

Schwarzenegger met his next paramour, Sue Moray, a Beverly Hills hairdresser's assistant, on Venice Beach in July 1977. According to Moray, the couple led an open relationship: "We were faithful when we were both in LA … but when he was out of town, we were free to do whatever we wanted." Schwarzenegger met Maria Shriver at the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament in August 1977, and went on to have a relationship with both women until August 1978, when Moray (who knew of his relationship with Shriver) issued an ultimatum.


Where did Schwarzenegger first meet Maria Shriver?


What month and year did Moray make Schwarzenegger choose between her and Shriver?


What is Maria Shriver's relation to President John F. Kennedy

On April 26, 1986, Schwarzenegger married television journalist Maria Shriver, niece of President John F. Kennedy, in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The Rev. John Baptist Riordan performed the ceremony at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church. They have four children: Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989 in Los Angeles); Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991 in Los Angeles); Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993 in Los Angeles); and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997 in Los Angeles). Schwarzenegger lives in a 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) home in Brentwood. The divorcing couple currently own vacation homes in Sun Valley, Idaho and Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. They attended St. Monica's Catholic Church. Following their separation, it is reported that Schwarzenegger is dating physical therapist Heather Milligan.


What Massachusetts town was the setting for the wedding between Shriver and Schwarzenegger?


How many children did Schwarzenegger and Shriver have together?


Who did Schwarzenegger reportedly begin dating shortly after his separation?


How long were Schwarzenegger and Shriver married?

On May 9, 2011, Shriver and Schwarzenegger ended their relationship after 25 years of marriage, with Shriver moving out of the couple's Brentwood mansion. On May 16, 2011, the Los Angeles Times revealed that Schwarzenegger had fathered a son more than fourteen years earlier with an employee in their household, Mildred Patricia 'Patty' Baena. "After leaving the governor's office I told my wife about this event, which occurred over a decade ago," Schwarzenegger said in a statement issued to The Times. In the statement, Schwarzenegger did not mention that he had confessed to his wife only after Shriver had confronted him with the information, which she had done after confirming with the housekeeper what she had suspected about the child.


What newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's child with another woman?


Baena worked for the Schwarzenegger/Shriver family for how many years?

Fifty-year-old Baena, of Guatemalan origin, was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in January 2011. The pregnant Baena was working in the home while Shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple’s four children. Baena's son with Schwarzenegger, Joseph, was born on October 2, 1997; Shriver gave birth to Christopher on September 27, 1997. Schwarzenegger says it took seven or eight years before he found out that he had fathered a child with his housekeeper. It wasn't until the boy "started looking like me, that's when I kind of got it. I put things together," the action star and former California governor, told 60 Minutes. Schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child "from the start and continued to provide support." KNX 1070 radio reported that in 2010 he bought a new four-bedroom house, with a pool, for Baena and their son in Bakersfield, about 112 miles (180 km) north of Los Angeles. Baena separated from her husband, Rogelio, in 1997, a few months after Joseph's birth, and filed for divorce in 2008. Baena's ex-husband says that the child's birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue Schwarzenegger for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document, a serious crime in California.


What's the first name of Schwarzenegger's son with Baena?


Schwarzenegger bought Baena and their son a four-bedroom house in what year?


Which attorney did Schwarzenegger consult to handle his divorce?

Schwarzenegger has consulted an attorney, Bob Kaufman. Kaufman has earlier handled divorce cases for celebrities such as Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon. Schwarzenegger will keep the Brentwood home as part of their divorce settlement and Shriver has purchased a new home nearby so that the children may travel easily between their parents' homes. They will share custody of the two minor children. Schwarzenegger came under fire after the initial petition did not include spousal support and a reimbursement of attorney's fees. However, he claims this was not intentional and that he signed the initial documents without having properly read them. Schwarzenegger has filed amended divorce papers remedying this.


Which of the two kept their family home in Brentwood?


Schwarzenegger's initial divorce petition failed to provide for attorney's fee reimbursement and what other condition of divorce?


What actress claimed she also carried on an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was with Shriver?

After the scandal, actress Brigitte Nielsen came forward and stated that she too had an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was in a relationship with Shriver, saying, "Maybe I wouldn't have got into it if he said 'I'm going to marry Maria' and this is dead serious, but he didn't, and our affair carried on." When asked in 2014 "Of all the things you are famous for … which are you least proud of?", Schwarzenegger replied "I'm least proud of the mistakes I made that caused my family pain and split us up".


What word describes an aortic valve with two rather than three leaflets?

Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve, an aortic valve with only two leaflets (a normal aortic valve has three leaflets). Schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade. Schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve, the only permanent solution available at the time of his surgery, because it would have sharply limited his physical activity and capacity to exercise.


Schwarzenegger underwent heart valve replacement in what year?


Which of Schwarzenegger's sons was with him when he had a motorcycle accident in 2006?

On January 8, 2006, while Schwarzenegger was riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle in Los Angeles, with his son Patrick in the sidecar, another driver backed into the street he was riding on, causing him and his son to collide with the car at a low speed. While his son and the other driver were unharmed, the governor sustained a minor injury to his lip, requiring 15 stitches. "No citations were issued", said Officer Jason Lee, a Los Angeles Police Department spokesman. Schwarzenegger did not obtain his motorcycle license until July 3, 2006.


What bone did Schwarzenegger break while on a ski trip in 2006?

Schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, Idaho, with his family on December 23, 2006. On December 26, 2006, he underwent a 90-minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together. He was released from the St. John's Health Center on December 30, 2006.


Where was Schwarzenegger vacationing when he broke his leg?


At what airport was Schwarzenegger's jet forced to make an emergency landing in 2009?

Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009, after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit, according to a statement released by the governor's press secretary. No one was harmed in the incident.


How tall does Schwarzenegger claim to be?

Schwarzenegger's official height of 6'2" (1.88 m) has been brought into question by several articles. In his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s, he was measured to be 6'1.5" (1.87 m), a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders. However, in 1988 both the Daily Mail and Time Out magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter. Prior to running for Governor, Schwarzenegger's height was once again questioned in an article by the Chicago Reader. As Governor, Schwarzenegger engaged in a light-hearted exchange with Assemblyman Herb Wesson over their heights. At one point, Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, "settle this once and for all and find out how tall he is" by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor. Schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words "Need a lift?" on the five-foot-five inch (165 cm) Wesson's chair before a negotiating session in his office. Bob Mulholland also claimed Schwarzenegger was 5'10" (1.78 m) and that he wore risers in his boots. In 1999, Men's Health magazine stated his height was 5'10".


What Assemblyman playfully tried to measure Schwarzenegger's height?


How tall did Men's Health magazine report Schwarzenegger to be in a 1999 issue?


What's the title of Schwarzenegger's autobiography?

Schwarzenegger's autobiography, Total Recall, was released in October 2012. He devotes one chapter called "The Secret" to his extramarital affair. The majority of his book is about his successes in the three major chapters in his life: bodybuilder, actor, and Governor of California.


What did Schwarzenegger name the chapter of the book that addresses his extramarital affair?


When was Schwarzenegger's autobiography released?


In what year did AM General grant Schwarzenegger's wish for a street-legal Humvee?

Schwarzenegger was the first civilian to purchase a Humvee. He was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the Humvee's manufacturer, AM General, to produce a street-legal, civilian version, which they did in 1992; the first two Hummers they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger.


In addition to the Humvee, what other vehicle manufactured by AM General was Schwarzenegger first to own?


What color is the exterior of Schwarzenegger's Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse?

He was in the news in 2014 for buying a rare Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse. He was spotted and filmed in 2015 Summer in his car, silver painted with bright aluminium forged wheels. Schwarzenegger's Bugatti has its interior adorned in dark brown leather.


How many pounds does one of Schwarzenegger's Hummers weigh?

The Hummers that Schwarzenegger bought 1992 are so large – each weighs 6,300 lb (2,900 kg) and is 7 feet (2.1 m) wide – that they are classified as large trucks, and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to them. During the gubernatorial recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about US$21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost. California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004.


How much did Schwarzenegger spend to convert a Hummer to run on hydrogen?


What did Schwarzenegger name his plan to build hydrogen refueling stations throughout California?


What governmental department contributed a grant to Schwarzenegger's hydrogen fuel project?


What nonprofit did Schwarzenegger found in 1995?

Arnold Schwarzenegger has been involved with the Special Olympics for many years after they were founded by his ex-mother-in-law, Eunice Kennedy Shriver. In 2007, Schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the Special Olympics which were held in Shanghai, China. Schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them. In 1995, he founded the Inner City Games Foundation (ICG) which provides cultural, educational and community enrichment programming to youth. ICG is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250,000 children in over 400 schools countrywide. He has also been involved with After-School All-Stars, and founded the Los Angeles branch in 2002. ASAS is an after school program provider, educating youth about health, fitness and nutrition.


Schwarzenegger was the spokesperson for the Special Olympic games held in what city in China?


About how many schools across the country is ICG active in?


What school within the University of Southern California does the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy belong to?

In 2012, Schwarzenegger helped to found the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy, which is a part of the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California. The Institute's mission is to "[advance] post-partisanship, where leaders put people over political parties and work together to find the best ideas and solutions to benefit the people they serve," and to "seek to influence public policy and public debate in finding solutions to the serious challenges we face." Schwarzenegger serves as chairman of the Institute.


In what year was the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy founded?


What position does Schwarzenegger hold with the Institute?


In kilometers, what is the distance from Plymouth to Exeter?

Plymouth (i/ˈplɪməθ/) is a city on the south coast of Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall.


How many miles away from London is Plymouth?


What river borders Plymouth on the west?


In what body of water do the rivers Tamar and Plym converge?


What was the location of the earliest settlement near Plymouth?

Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton, now called Plymouth. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony – the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.


In what year did the Pilgrim Fathers sail from Plymouth?


When did the siege of Plymouth end during the English Civil War?


What was the name of the colony founded by the Pilgrim Fathers in the New World?


What nearby settlement built ships for the Royal Navy?

Throughout the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, and exporting local minerals (tin, copper, lime, china clay and arsenic) while the neighbouring town of Devonport became a strategic Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town. In 1914 three neighbouring independent towns, viz., the county borough of Plymouth, the county borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967.


In what year did Plymouth become a city?


What is the term used to describe the attacks on Plymouth during the Second World War?


In what year was Plymstock incorporated?


Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what location was merged into a county borough in 1914?


As of 2014, what was the population of Plymouth?

The city is home to 261,546 (mid-2014 est.) people, making it the 30th most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs. Plymouth's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany (Roscoff and St Malo) and Spain (Santander), but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s. It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe – HMNB Devonport and is home to Plymouth University.


Where does Plymouth rank in population among the cities of the UK?


How many members of Parliament represent Plymouth?


In what city does Plymouth's ferry to Spain terminate?


What institution of higher education is based in Plymouth?


What is the name of the location cited by Ptolemy that is believed to have been located near modern Plymouth?

Upper Palaeolithic deposits, including bones of Homo sapiens, have been found in local caves, and artefacts dating from the Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time. An unidentified settlement named 'TAMARI OSTIA' (mouth/estuaries of the Tamar) is listed in Ptolemy's Geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city.


Where have Middle Iron Age remnants been found?


In what century were sailors obligated to relocate from Plympton due to silting?

The settlement of Plympton, further up the River Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port, but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day Barbican near the river mouth. At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning south town in Old English. The name Plym Mouth, meaning "mouth of the River Plym" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211. The name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. See Plympton for the derivation of the name Plym.


What did Sutton mean in the Old English language?


In what year was the first written reference to Plymouth made?


During whose reign was the former town of Sutton referred to as Plymouth?


In what year during the Hundred Years' War did the French assault Plymouth?

During the Hundred Years' War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town. In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders. In the late fifteenth century a 'castle quadrate' was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms. The castle served to protect Sutton Pool, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dockyard. In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed for further fortifying Plymouth, and a series of fortifications were then built, including defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool (across which a chain would be extended in time of danger). Defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time, and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe. This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort (later known as Drake's Fort) in 1596, which itself went on to provide the site for the Citadel, established in the 1660s (see below).


In what year was the fortification later known as Drake's Fort constructed?


Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located?


In what year did Parliament pass a notable law that led to the building of fortifications in Plymouth?


What notable slave trader was based out of Plymouth?

During the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity. Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593. According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony – the second English colony in what is now the United States of America.


In what year did Drake battle the Spanish Armada?


When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth?


What was the name of the settlement founded by the Pilgrim Fathers?


Which faction did Plymouth support during the English Civil War?

During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time.


For how many years was Plymouth under siege during the English Civil War?


Where did the last battle for Plymouth during the English Civil War end?


In what year did Charles II ascend to the throne?


What locale was used to house imprisoned Parliamentarians after the restoration of Charles II?


During what century was Plymouth involved with the Atlantic slave trade?

Throughout the 17th century Plymouth had gradually lost its pre-eminence as a trading port. By the mid-17th century commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, although it did play a relatively small part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century.


In what century did Plymouth cease to be a vital trading port?


In what year was HMNB Davenport established?

In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called "Dock" or "Plymouth Dock" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3,000 people.


What river was adjacent to HMNB Davenport?


How many male workers were present in Plymouth Dock circa 1712?


What was the 1733 population of Plymouth Dock?


In what parish was HMNB Davenport located?


Along with coal and grain, what was the most important import in 18th century Plymouth?

Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main imports. During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock (renamed in 1824 to Devonport) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard. The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston. Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed, including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of Union Street.


What was the new name given to Plymouth Dock in 1824?


Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what settlement comprised the Three Towns?


What architect was noted for his neoclassical designs in Plymouth?


On what street did many of the buildings designed by John Foulston reside?


Local chemist William Cookworthy established his somewhat short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local China Clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income. As an associate and host of engineer John Smeaton he was indirectly involved with the development of the Eddystone Lighthouse.


In what year was Plymouth Porcelain founded?


What was William Cookworthy's profession?


What was the name of the engineer involved in the construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse?


In kilometers, how long was the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?

The 1-mile-long (2 km) Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction.


Who was the designer of the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?


In what year did construction finish on the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?


When did construction commence on Plymouth Sound Breakwater?


Near which settlement were Palmerston forts built in the 1860s?


What animal byproduct was imported to Plymouth in the 19th century?

Some of the greatest imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano, sodium nitrate and phosphate Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport, industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks, the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century.


In what settlement were the dockyards located?


What was the primary base of the Royal navy during World War I?

During the First World War, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the Empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten.


What sorts of ships were based in Davenport?


What location provided a base for flying boats?


What force used Sunderland flying boats out of Devonport?

In the First World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished, as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II.


What military organization was based in Devonport until 1941?


How many attacks comprised the Plymouth Blitz?


How many civilian deaths occurred as a result of the Plymouth Blitz?


How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz?


Who was the author of the 1943 Plan for Plymouth?

The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 Plan for Plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for London. Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types; by 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density, dispersed suburbia. Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan. In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed, an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition.


In the period 1951-1957, how many new houses were constructed yearly in Plymouth?


In the postwar period to 1964, how many houses were built in Plymouth?


What English Heritage status does the Civic Centre possess?


What aircraft carrier received maintenance at Devonport Dockyard?

Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal and, later, nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, with barracks pulled down in the 1960s, however the city remains home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines.


By what year was the greater part of the army presence in Plymouth gone?


What military unit is based in Plymouth?


In what text was the presence of a settlement in the Plymouth area first recorded?

The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone, Saxon for south farm, located at the present day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as "The Three Towns".


In what year was the Domesday Book compiled?


What was the name of the Plymouth-area settlement recorded in the Domesday Book?


In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town?


In what year did Parliament bestow a Charter on Plymouth?


Who was the first woman MP to take her seat in the British Parliament?

In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock.


For what constituency was Nancy Astor elected?


On what date did Plymouth become a city?


In what year did Plymouth receive its first Lord Mayor?


What parish was incorporated into Plymouth in 1967?


What constituency did MP Michael Foot represent?

In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.


What position was Michael Foot noted to occupy in government?


What notable piece of legislation did Michael Foot contribute to?


What party did Michael Foot become a leader of?


What was the population of Plymouth in 1971?

The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission.


What document suggested that county boroughs be eliminated?


What county did Plymouth unsuccessfully attempt to see created?


On what date did Plymouth's county status end?


What body proposed that Plymouth become a unitary council?


What European Parliamentary constitutency is Plymouth a part of?

In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Devon South West), Gary Streeter (for Sutton and Devonport) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View.


Who was elected for the Sutton and Devonport constitutency in 2015?


As of 2015, what political party did all of Plymouth's MPs belong to?


What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer?


How many wards in Plymouth elect two councillors?

The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57. Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years – there are no elections on the following "fourth" year, which is when County Council elections take place. The total electorate for Plymouth was 188,924 in April 2015. The local election of 7 May 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 Labour councillors, 26 Conservative and 3 UKIP resulting in a Labour administration. Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with: Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebastián, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001).


How many members are on the Plymouth council?


What fraction of the Plymouth council is elected each year?


With what French city is Plymouth twinned?


In what year did Plymouth twin with Plymouth in the United States?


What monarch bestowed the first Lord Mayor on Plymouth?

Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015–16.


How many councillors choose the Lord Mayor?


What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor?


Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth?


At what street address is the Lord Mayor's residence located?

The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.


Who gave the Lord Mayor's official residence to Plymouth?


On what street is the Civic Centre office building located?


In what month and year did the Civic Centre municipal office building become a listed building?


What did Plymouth council estimate the cost to refurbish the Civic Centre municipal office building to be?


Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard.


To the east of Plymouth lies which river?


The River Tamar is the boundary between Devon and what other county?


In what body of water do the rivers Plym and Tamar meet?


When did Plymstock join the unitary authority of Plymouth?


What estuary east of Plymouth is part of the River Plym?

The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres (30.83 sq mi). The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).


What island is present in Plymouth Sound?


How large is the Unitary Authority of Plymouth in square miles?


In meters, what is the highest point in the Plymouth Unitary Authority?


What special designation does Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs possess?

Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology. The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea.


What stones form the headlands near Plymouth Sound?


Along with Devonian slate, Middle Devonian limestone and limestone, what stone provides the geologic base of Plymouth?


Along with shales, what is most of the city built on?


For what reason is Plymouth Sound a Site of Special Scientific Interest?


Middle Devonian limestone exists between Plymstock and what location?

A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals. There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford.


What location north of the city possesses granite?


What river was used to ferry granite from Dartmoor to Plymouth?


Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region?


What local stone was used in the construction of many Plymouth buildings?


On what date was the publication of the Plan for Plymouth?

On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east–west linked by a north–south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe. A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre, even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s, and continues to inform the present 'Vision for Plymouth' developed by a team led by Barcelona-based architect David MacKay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed-use and residential. In suburban areas, post-War prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946, and over 1,000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951–57 according to the Modernist zoned low-density garden city model advocated by Abercrombie. By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, more than 13,500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty. Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45,638 square metres (491,240 sq ft). Its largest park is Central Park, with other sizeable green spaces including Victoria Park, Freedom Fields Park, Alexandra Park, Devonport Park and the Hoe.


What street was intended to connect Plymouth Hoe to the railroad station?


Who headed the team that created the 'Vision for Plymouth'?


What Köppen climate classification does Plymouth possess?

Along with the rest of South West England, Plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. This means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown. The annual mean temperature is approximately 11 °C (52 °F). Due to the modifying effect of the sea the seasonal range is less than in most other parts of the UK. As a result of this summer highs are lower than its southerly latitude should warrant, but as a contrast the coldest month of February has mean minimum temperatures as mild as between 3 and 4 °C (37 and 39 °F). Snow is rare, not usually equating to more than a few flakes, but there have been exclusions, namely the European winter storms of 2009-10 which, in early January, covered Plymouth in at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snow; more on higher ground. Another period of notable snow occurred from 17–19 December 2010 when up to 8 inches (20 cm) of snow fell through the period – though only 2 inches (5.1 cm) would lie at any one time due to melt. Over the 1961–1990 period, annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm (3 in) per year. July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 °C (66 °F).


In degrees Fahrenheit, what is Plymouth's annual mean temperature?


What month in Plymouth has the lowest temperatures?


Up to how many centimeters of snow fell on Plymouth between 17 and 19 December 2010?


Along with August, what is typically the hottest month in Plymouth?


Along with convection, what provokes rain in the Plymouth area?

Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres (39 in). November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.


Along with winter, in what season are Atlantic depressions most prevalent?


About how many inches of rain fall on Plymouth every year?


Along with March, what month has the fastest winds on average?


From what direction do most of the winds blow on Plymouth?


How many hours of sunshine does the South West England region get each year?

South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours.


What region of England benefits from the extension of the Azores High pressure area?


In degrees Fahrenheit, what was the highest temperature achieved in Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?

Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971–2000) will achieve a temperature of 26.6 °C (80 °F), although in June 1976 the temperature reached 31.6 °C (89 °F), the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25.1 °C (77 °F) or above. During the winter half of the year, the coldest night will typically fall to −4.1 °C (25 °F) although in January 1979 the temperature fell to −8.8 °C (16 °F). Typically, 18.6 nights of the year will register an air frost.


In what month and year did Plymouth see its highest temperature between 1971 and 2000?


About how many days a year in Plymouth are over 77 °F?


In degrees Celsius, what was the coldest temperature recorded at Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?


In what month and year did Plymouth see its lowest temperature between 1971 and 2000?


How many students are studying at the University of Plymouth?

The University of Plymouth enrolls 25,895 total students as of 2014/15 (22nd largest in the UK out of 165). It also employs 3,000 staff with an annual income of around £160 million. It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. It has courses in maritime business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf science, shipping and logistics. The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian University of Exeter in 2000, establishing the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine. Its dental school was established in 2006, which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the South West.


Where does the University of Plymouth rank among British institutions of higher education in terms of number of enrolled students?


How many staff members work for the University of Plymouth?


About how much are the staff of the University of Plymouth paid yearly in total?


In what year was the University of Plymouth established?


What institution of higher education is colloquially known as Marjons?

The University of St Mark & St John (known as "Marjon" or "Marjons") specialises in teacher training, and offers training across the country and abroad.


What is the academic specialty of the University of St Mark & St John?


Along with City College Plymouth, what college calls Plymouth home?

The city is also home to two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK.


About how many students are enrolled at City College Plymouth?


How many years ago was Plymouth College of Art founded?


How many independent art colleges exist in the United Kingdom?


How many large colleges exist in Plymouth?


How many state primary schools are in Plymouth?

Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College.


Plymouth has how many state secondary schools?


How many state grammar schools are based in Plymouth?


What is the name of the independent school in Plymouth?


Aside from Plymouth High School for Girls and Devonport High School for Boys, what state grammar school is present in Plymouth?


What maritime institution of higher education existed in Plymouth as of 1880?

The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.


When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth?


What was the Royal Naval Engineering College renamed in 1959?


In what year did the Dockyard Technical College close?


After the Dockyard Technical College closed, where were classes relocated to?


What organization known as the MBA is based in Plymouth?

Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory is an offshoot of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun.


What Plymouth organization is named for Sir Alister Hardy?


What marine facility is attached to the University of Plymouth?


What group are many of Plymouth's marine organizations a part of?


What is the name of the aquarium present in Plymouth?


What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2011?

From the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth's unitary authority area population was 256,384; 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720. The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons. At the time of the 2011 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 96.2% White (of 92.9% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5%. The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census (-24%), while the Other Asian and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively). This excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951.


What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2001?


How many people did the Plymouth unitary authority gain between 2001 and 2011?


What was the average number of people in a Plymouth household?


What percentage of Plymouth residents in 2011 were of Chinese ancestry?


What percentage of Devon's GVA does Plymouth comprise in 2013?

Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA. Its GVA per person was £19,943 and compared to the national average of £23,755, was £3,812 lower. Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland).


What was Plymouth's 2013 GVA in millions of British Pounds?


What was Plymouth' per capita GVA in 2013?


What was the United Kingdom's average per capita GVA in 2013?


What percentage of Plymouth residents were unemployed in 2014?


What percentage of Plymouth residents were suffering from poverty and deprivation in 2014?

A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of population among the poorest 20.4% nationally). Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England.


As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of male Plymouth residents?


As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of female Plymouth residents?


Where did Plymouth's life expectancy rank out of the regions of South West England?


How many Plymouth residents are employed in defense?

Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime, in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy. During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering.


About how many Plymouth residents are serving in the military?


During what decade was Plymouth Gin the most widely consumed in the world?


About what percentage of Plymouth's income comes from the Dockyard?

Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income. Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector. Other substantial employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff, as well as the Tamar Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies. Several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in Plymouth, including Hemsley Fraser.


What Royal Navy base is present in Plymouth?


How many maritime businesses operate in Plymouth?


How many people work in Tamar Science Park?


What is a notable company based in Plymouth?


What notable shop is located in a grade II listed building?

Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation. At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 – pannier meaning "basket" from French, so it translates as "basket market". In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West, and 29th nationally. Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £3.4 million.


In what year was Pannier Market finished?


What is Plymouth's national rank in retail floorspace?


What notable location was named a grade II listed building in 1998?


What was the cost to restore Tinside Pool?


What is the name of Plymouth Council's urban redevelopment project?

Plymouth Council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the "Vision for Plymouth" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC). Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and build 33,000 dwellings.


What architect is in charge of the ""Vision for Plymouth"?


Along with Plymouth Council, what body supports the "Vision for Plymouth"?


What is the population goal of the "Vision for Plymouth"?


How many residences does the "Vision for Plymouth" seek to build?


When was the Charles Cross car park removed?

In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006. It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already "ten years out of date". In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003.


In what month and year was the grand opening of Drake Circus Shopping Centre?


Who spoke disparagingly about the Drake Circus Shopping Centre?


What location is proposed for the future home of the Plymouth City Council headquarters?

There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off. Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal "boulevard" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port.


To connect Millbay to the city centre, what would need to be destroyed?


What city region is located near a ferry terminal?


What is the A38 called inside the city of Plymouth?

The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles (65 km) away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge. Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus, First South West and Target Travel. There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by First South West.


In miles, about how far away from Plymouth does the A38 connect to the M5?


What bridge connects Cornwall to Plymouth via the A38?


What park and ride service is located at George Junction?


A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander) on the three ferries, MV Armorique, MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven. There is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204. There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten, and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry (vehicle and pedestrian) across the River Tamar.


Where does the ferry to France terminate?


Along with MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven, what ferry operates between Plymouth and the continent?


A passenger ferry operates between Cremyll and what location?


When did the Cremyll-Stonehouse ferry first operate?


The city's airport was Plymouth City Airport about 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The airport was home to the local airline Air Southwest, which operated flights across the United Kingdom and Ireland. In June 2003, a report by the South West RDA was published looking at the future of aviation in the south-west and the possible closure of airports. It concluded that the best option for the south-west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand Exeter International Airport and Newquay Cornwall Airport, although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth. In April 2011, it was announced that the airport would close, which it did on 23 December. However, FlyPlymouth plans to reopen the city airport by 2018, which will provide daily services to various destinations including London.


In kilometers, how far away from the Plymouth city center was Plymouth City Airport?


By what year is the city airport planned to reopen?


Who intends to reopen the Plymouth City Airport?


When did Plymouth's railroad station open for service?

Plymouth railway station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly. Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy.


Along with the Tamar Valley Line, what local train service operates in Plymouth?


How many regional MPs have argued for the importance of Plymouth's train service?


Trains from what network sometimes operate out of Plymouth's railroad station?


On what date was the Dawlish sea wall damaged?

The Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR needs to be reopened to connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres (130 ft) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. Network Rail began repair work and the line reopened on 4 April 2014. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route.


In feet, how much of the Dawlish sea wall was destroyed?


After the Dawlish sea wall was damaged, on what date did the line reopen?


In what month and year did storms affect the coastal line near Dawlish?


How many churches are present in Plymouth?

Plymouth has about 150 churches and its Roman Catholic cathedral (1858) is in Stonehouse. The city's oldest church is St Andrew's (Anglican) located at the top of Royal Parade—it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800. The city also includes five Baptist churches, over twenty Methodist chapels, and thirteen Roman Catholic churches. In 1831 the first Brethren assembly in England, a movement of conservative non-denominational Evangelical Christians, was established in the city, so that Brethren are often called Plymouth Brethren, although the movement did not begin locally.


In what year was Plymouth's Catholic cathedral built?


What is the name of the oldest church in Plymouth?


What denomination does the oldest church in Plymouth belong to?


How many Methodist houses of worship exist in Plymouth?


What Plymouth Jew was mentioned by Sir Francis Drake?

Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake's voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned "Moses the Jew" – a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bahá'í, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism.


In what year was Plymouth Synagogue constructed?


What is Plymouth Synagogue's listed grade?


What community of Jews was Plymouth Synagogue built by?


What percentage of Plymouth's population call themselves Christian?

58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief. Since the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (-16% and -7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number.


What percentage of Plymouth residents follow Islam?


What percentage of Plymouth consists of non-religious people?


What percentage of people in the United Kingdom describe themselves as non-religious?


What was the percentage decline in Jewish residents of Plymouth between 2001 and 2011?


In what year was Union Street constructed?

Built in 1815, Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth's historical culture. It became known as the servicemen's playground, as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds. During the 1930s, there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre. It is now the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip, but has a reputation for trouble at closing hours.


Who performed at the New Palace Theatre in the 1930s?


How many pubs existed on Union Street in the 1930s?


What group famously enjoyed themselves on Union Street?


Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront. In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth, over Plymouth Sound. Since 1992 the Music of the Night has been performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities.


In what month and year was the world record for simultaneous fireworks broken?


Who broke the world record for simultaneous fireworks?


What institution did Roy Lowry work for?


In what year did the Music of the Night begin?


How many people can fit in the Theatre Royal?

The city's main theatres are the Theatre Royal (1,315 capacity), its Drum Theatre (200 capacity), and its production and creative learning centre, The TR2. The Plymouth Pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts, basketball matches and stand-up comedy. There are also three cinemas: Reel Cinema at Derrys Cross, Plymouth Arts Centre at Looe Street and a Vue cinema at the Barbican Leisure Park. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission – it has six galleries. The Plymouth Athenaeum, which includes a local interest library, is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. From 1961 to 2009 it also housed a theatre.


What is the cost of admission to the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?


How many galleries are present in the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?


When did the theater in the Plymouth Athenaeum close?


What television station has its regional headquarters in Plymouth?

Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald and Western Morning News with Radio Plymouth , BBC Radio Devon, Heart South West , and Pirate FM being the main local radio stations.


What regional ITV station serves Plymouth?


On what date did ITV Westcountry cease to operate?


With what channel did ITV Westcountry merge?


What BBC radio station operates in Plymouth?


What football league team is located in Plymouth?

Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League.


What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in?


What is the home field of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?


What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?


What team plays its home games at Weston Mill?


What rugby union team is based in Plymouth?

Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby . They play at the Brickfields. Plymouth Raiders play in the British Basketball League – the top tier of British basketball. They play at the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983. Plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843, the current 1st XI play in the Devon Premier League. Plymouth Devils are a speedway team in the British Premier League. Plymouth was home to an American football club, the Plymouth Admirals until 2010. Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club, with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season.


What British Basketball League team calls Plymouth home?


When was Plymouth Albion R.F.C. founded?


Where do the Plymouth Raiders play their home games?


When were the Plymouth Raiders inaugurated?


When was the first Port of Plymouth Regatta?

Plymouth is an important centre for watersports, especially scuba diving and sailing. The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days.


In what month and year did Plymouth play host to the America's Cup World Series?


For how many days did the America's Cup World Series take place in Plymouth?


When did Plymouth begin receiving water from South West Water?

Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.


Who provided Plymouth's water prior to 1973?


When did construction finish on Devonport Leat?


What body handles waste management in Plymouth?

Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009.


Who distributes electricity in Plymouth?


In what year did Langage Power Station come on line?


What settlement is Langage Power Station located near?


When did the Plymouth Borough Police begin operation?

Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a Magistrates' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city. The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill (the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock. The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices. Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks.


Where is the police divisional headquarters located?


How many fire stations are present in Plymouth?


Where in Plymouth is the Royal National Lifeboat Institution based?


What organization is the Plymouth Borough Police a part of?


What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital?

Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter.


In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center?


What notable clinic is present in Derriford Hospital?


What organization provides ambulance transport for Plymouth?


Where is South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust headquartered?


The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.


Along with Efford, where else does the Plymouth City Council operate a cemetery?


What is the name of the private cemetery in Plymouth?


In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park?


When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate?


In what year was the Royal Citadel constructed?

After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Guided tours are available in the summer months. Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles (23 km) off shore, but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877. It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room. Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada.


In the wake of what conflict was the Royal Citadel built?


When was Smeaton's Tower first constructed?


In kilometers, how far off the coast was Smeaton's Tower originally built?


What memorial commemorates the naval victory over the Spanish Armada?


What was the name of the port once situated on the land occupied by present day Plymouth?

The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.


When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas?


What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers?


How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium?


How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area?


What structure was referred to as a "Palmerston's Folly"?

On the northern outskirts of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a "Palmerston's Folly". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public.


In what cardinal direction is Crownhill Fort located outside the city?


In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located?

To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route.


How many waymarkers are present on the Devonport Heritage Trail?


Visitors to what region's beaches often stop at Plymouth?

Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular.


Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand, what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists?


Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?


Who designed the Roland Levinsky building?

The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings.


When did the Roland Levinsky building open?


Of what university is the Roland Levinsky building a part?


What academic discipline at the university is based in the Roland Levinsky building?


What part of Plymouth is the Roland Levinsky building situated in?


What are Plymouth residents commonly called?

People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area.


What colloquial term is used for Plymouth residents?


In Devon, Jan is another way of saying what common English name?


What was the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake?

The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence. His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man. Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton, now part of Plymouth. William Cookworthy born in Kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of John Smeaton designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse. On 26 January 1786, Benjamin Robert Haydon, an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures, was born here. The naturalist Dr William Elford Leach FRS, who did much to pave the way in Britain for Charles Darwin, was born at Hoe Gate in 1791.


What did the Spanish nickname Sir Francis Drake?


What was Sir Francis Drake's cause of death?


What notable artist and Royal Academician was born in Plympton?


Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.


Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?


What genre of music does John Surman play?


What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?


Where do the family of Michael Foot live?


What is the occupation of Trevor Francis?

Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.


What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy?


What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play?


In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett?


Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.


What is a person called is practicing heresy?


What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?

The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.


What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?

In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty.


What language does the term heresy find its roots in?

The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.


What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?


What is the head person of a heretical movement called?


What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?


How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?

According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith, but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers.


What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?


What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?


What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?

The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having "Jewish minds".


What religion were these Fathers of the Church?


Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?


Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?

The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos "straight" + δόξα, doxa "belief") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.


What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?


What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?


Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?

Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.


What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?


What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?


What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?


In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?

The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.


Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?


What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?


What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?


What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?


Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?

Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically".


What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?


What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?


Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?


From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?


What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?

In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders.


What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?


What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?


What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?


What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?


In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?

In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation.


What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?


What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?


Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?

Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.


What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?


Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?

Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction." The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,


What were the Jews described as enemies of?


According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?


In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?


What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?

In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm.


After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?


What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?


What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?

In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually "blind" and "surely possessed by all devils." Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church "papists" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision.


What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?


What is said to be a special spiritual problem?


What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?

In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.


During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?


What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?


Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?


In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?


During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?

Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a "purer absolute theocracy" within their colony .[citation needed] As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived "heresies".[citation needed] It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical.


Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?


What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?


What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?


Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?


What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?

The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.


Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?


Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?

Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "ambiguities and errors" without using the word "heresy".


Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?


What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?


What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?

Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theologians" within the compilation Labyrinths.


Who was the author of the short story "The Theologians"?


What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?


What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?

Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."


What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?


What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?

In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical.


What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?