What was the primary cause of the cholera outbreak in 19th century London?

London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925. London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866. Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the world's first local urban rail network. The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some of the surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of those areas of the counties surrounding the capital. London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War while during the Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe, killed over 30,000 Londoners and destroyed large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city. Immediately after the war, the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, at a time when London had barely recovered from the war.


Who bombed London in both World War I and World War II?


When did London host its first Summer Olympics?


How many people died of cholera in London in 1848?


Where did the 1948 Summer Olympics in London take place?


What was the root cause of the Brixton riot in 1981?

Primarily starting in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for the worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London subculture associated with the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street. The role of trendsetter was revived during the punk era. In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded to take into account the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created. During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was subjected to bombing attacks by the Provisional IRA. Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.


In what year was the Greater London Council formed?


In what period was London a symbol of trend-setting and youth?


During "The Troubles", who waged assaults via bombings on London?


Why was the Greater London Council established?


What was London's estimated population in the 1980s?

Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was borne out of London's ever-increasing role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.


What event preceded a substantial decrease in the average population in London?


The main ports for London were relocated to where?


When was construction on the Thames Barrier completed?


What was the primary function of the Thames Barrier?


What were the Millennium Dome, the London Eye, and the Millennium Bridge created to honor?

The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, which left London as the only large metropolis in the world without a central administration. In 2000, London-wide government was restored, with the creation of the Greater London Authority. To celebrate the start of the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed. On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, making London the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times. In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, the highest level since 1939.


What government entity was abolished in 1986?


London was honored with what in July, 2005?


What replaced the long-abolished Greater London Council in 2000?


The population of Greater London in January 2015 was its greatest since what year?


London's government administration is comprised of how many tiers?

The administration of London is formed of two tiers—a city-wide, strategic tier and a local tier. City-wide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. The GLA consists of two elected components; the Mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Southwark; the mayor is Boris Johnson. The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011. The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation. They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).


What governmental entity oversees London's city-wide administrative tier?


How many boroughs does London consist of?


What group of elected officials provides checks and balances on the Mayor's executive authority?


What area of the River Thames does the Port of London Authority's jurisdiction cover?

The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London. It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the third largest fire service in the world. National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world. The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.


What agency provides fire fighting and rescue service in London?


Who oversees and manages the London Fire Brigade?


The world's largest "free-at-the-point-of-use" ambulance service is known as what?


What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed?


What is the Prime Minister of the UK's official residence?

London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall, including the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street. The British Parliament is often referred to as the "Mother of Parliaments" (although this sobriquet was first applied to England itself by John Bright) because it has been the model for most other parliamentary systems. There are 73 Members of Parliament (MPs) from London, who correspond to local parliamentary constituencies in the national Parliament. As of May 2015, 45 are from the Labour Party, 27 are Conservatives, and one is a Liberal Democrat.


Who first dubbed the British Parliament the "Mother of Parliaments?"


How many Members of Parliament are from London?


As of May 2015, which party holds the majority of seats in Parliament?


As of May 2015, how many Liberal Democrats sit in Parliament?


Which police force in London does not typically engage in police activity with the general public?

Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public.


What area of London does the Metropolitan Police Service cover?


What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London?


What department runs the Metropolitan Police Service?


What is the name of the City of London's police force?


What statutory policy minimizes outward expansion of urban London?

Outward urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resulting in a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt. Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London. The city is split by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area in its interior. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally considered to be the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are approximately 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W / 51.50722°N 0.12750°W / 51.50722; -0.12750.


Greater London is divided into what two groups of boroughs?


Where is the centre of London said to be located?


In which directions does the River Thames divide the City of London?


What metropolitan area lies beyond the Metropolitan Green Belt?


What title regarding London has never been made official in law or by decree?

Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form.[note 6]


What areas within Greater London have city status?


For what reason are the City of London and Greater London considered to be counties?


In the past, how much wider was the River Thames than it is today?

Greater London encompasses a total area of 1,583 square kilometres (611 sq mi), an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 8,382 square kilometres (3,236 sq mi) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 1,510 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,900/sq mi). Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.


What was the population density of Greater London in 2001?


In which direction does the River Thames run through the City of London?


What is the population of the London Metropolitan Region?


What is the main geographical landmark in London?


How far from the center of London is London Heathrow Airport?

Summers are generally warm and sometimes hot. London's average July high is 24 °C (75.2 °F). On average London will see 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) each year, and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) every year. During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 2 consecutive days where temperatures reached 38 °C (100.4 °F), leading to hundreds of heat related deaths. Winters are generally cool and damp with little temperature variation. Snowfall does occur from time to time, and can cause travel disruption when this happens. Spring and autumn are mixed seasons and can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect, making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. The effect of this can be seen below when comparing London Heathrow, 15 miles west of London, with the London Weather Centre, in the city centre.


What is London's average high temperature in July?


What phenomenon causes the center of London to be warmer than its suburbs?


Approximately how many days in a given year will London experience temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius (or 77 degrees Farenheit?


What occasional weather event causes problems for drivers in London?


What is England's oldest standing palace from the Tudor period?

London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the City. Further out is, for example, the Tudor period Hampton Court Palace, England's oldest surviving Tudor palace, built by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey c.1515.


Of what material is London's National Gallery made?


When did the Great Fire of London occur?


The area west of London's city is characterized by what type of building?


What, in part, is the reason for London's lack of a singularly characteristic architectural style among its buildings?


Where in London are the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall located?

The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick built, most commonly the yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety, often decorated with carvings and white plaster mouldings.


What famous monument is located in Trafalgar Square?


The Monument, located in the City of London, was erected to commemorate what event?


What was the most common type of brick used to construct London's older buildings?


Where are Marble Arch and Wellington Arch located?


What are the financial districts of London known as?

In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Axe, Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings. Nevertheless, there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the European Union.


High-rise buildings may be restricted to prevent obstruction of what views?


What is the European Union's tallest building?


How high does the Shard London Bridge rise?


Most of London's skyscrapers are located where?


How many different species of plant life are known to grow in London?

The London Natural History Society suggest that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40 percent green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish. They also state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two National Nature Reserves and 76 Local Nature Reserves.


How many National Nature Reserves exist in the London area?


Green space and open water comprises what percent of London?


How many species of fish live in the River Thames?


The London Natural History Society has document how many species of butterfly?


What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds?

Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres) of London. These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins, sharing the pavement with pedestrians and raising cubs in people's backyards. Foxes have even sneaked into the Houses of Parliament, where one was found asleep on a filing cabinet. Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace, reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos. Generally, however, foxes and city folk appear to get along. A survey in 2001 by the London-based Mammal Society found that 80 percent of 3,779 respondents who volunteered to keep a diary of garden mammal visits liked having them around. This sample cannot be taken to represent Londoners as a whole.


What animal was seen sleeping in London's Parliament Building?


What is London's fox population density?


In 2001, what organization conducted a survey of residents regarding London's fox population?


Approximately how many foxes live in the City of London?


Epping Forest is home for how many species of bats?

Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehogs, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and squirrels, In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found including hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to fox, squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city. Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius and common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's and leisler's.


What animal was found dead at the Highway in Wapping, near the Tower Bridge?


It appears that otters may be returning to the city of London after how long an absence?


How many species of bats exist in England?


What rare breed of deer is protected at the Deer Sanctuary at Theydon Bois?

Herds of red and fallow deer also roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained. Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of melanistic, black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer, which escaped from deer parks at the turn of the twentieth century, are also found in the forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole herds of fallow and white-tailed deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of the London's green spaces.


When do culls to ensure sustainability of London's deer population occur?


Why are herds of deer starting to enter residential areas in London?


Bushy Park in Richmond is home to what herds of animals?


London is second only to what city in terms of its foreign population?

The 2011 census recorded that 2,998,264 people or 36.7% of London's population are foreign-born making London the city with the second largest immigrant population, behind New York City, in terms of absolute numbers. The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents. Note that some of the German-born population, in 18th position, are British citizens from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War, but had declined to 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. However, the population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, to reach 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.


What percentage of London residents are foreign-born?


Many German-born Londoners were British citizens by birth due to what?


When did London see its highest population numbers?


What was London's estimated population at the time of the 2011 census?


With which two other cities is London named one of the most expensive in the world?

The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres (610 sq mi). The population density is 5,177 inhabitants per square kilometre (13,410/sq mi), more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region in the world. As of 2014[update], London has the largest number of billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the world, with 72 residing in the city. London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.


Where does London rank in terms of the world's largest cities?


About how many billionaires call London home?


What is the ratio of black and Asian schoolchildren to white schoolchildren?

Across London, Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools. Altogether at the 2011 census, of London's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15, 46.4 per cent were White, 19.8 per cent were Asian, 19 per cent were Black, 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group. In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, in 2010[update], London's foreign-born population was 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up from 1,630,000 in 1997.


What was the approximate population of London children aged 0 to 15 years at the time of the 2011 census?


The 2011 census in London found what percentage of children to be white?


A 2005 survey indicated that how many communities comprised of non-indigenous people existed in London?


According to the 2011 London census, what percentage of children were black?


What percentage of the Greater London population was said to be foreign-born according to the 2011 census?

The 2011 census showed that 36.7 per cent of Greater London's population were born outside the UK. The table to the right shows the 30 most common countries of birth of London residents in 2011, the date of the last published UK Census. A portion of the German-born population are likely to be British nationals born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. Estimates produced by the Office for National Statistics indicate that the five largest foreign-born groups living in London in the period July 2009 to June 2010 were those born in India, Poland, the Republic of Ireland, Bangladesh and Nigeria.


What agency is responsible for compiling London's population data?


When was the most recent UK census published?


What is the name of the largest Hindu temple in Europe?

London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Jewish communities. Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park and the Baitul Futuh Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Following the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Hindus and Middle-Eastern Muslims have based themselves around Mayfair and Knightsbridge in West London. There are large Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham. Large Hindu communities are in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter of which is home to Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple. London is also home to 42 Hindu temples. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.


Where is London's Sikh population primarily located?


Where is the East London Mosque located?


Which eastern boroughs host large Muslim populations?


Which Jewish synagogue boasts the largest membership in Europe?

The majority of British Jews live in London, with significant Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware in North London. Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the only synagogue in Europe which has held regular services continuously for over 300 years. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in the whole of Europe, overtaking Ilford synagogue (also in London) in 1998. The community set up the London Jewish Forum in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.


The Sephardic Jewish community in London is affiliated with which Synagogue?


For how long has the Bevis Marks Synagogue in London been conducting religious services continuously?


London's Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue passed London's Ilford Synagogue in terms of membership in what year?


When was the London Jewish Forum established?


What is the best-known London accent known as?

There are many accents that are traditionally thought of as London accents. The most well known of the London accents long ago acquired the Cockney label, which is heard both in London itself, and across the wider South East England region more generally. The accent of a 21st-century 'Londoner' varies widely; what is becoming more and more common amongst the under-30s however is some fusion of Cockney with a whole array of 'ethnic' accents, in particular Caribbean, which form an accent labelled Multicultural London English (MLE). The other widely heard and spoken accent is RP (Received Pronunciation) in various forms, which can often be heard in the media and many of other traditional professions and beyond, although this accent is not limited to London and South East England, and can also be heard selectively throughout the whole UK amongst certain social groupings.


An increasingly popular London accent among younger people fuses Cockney with what?


What style of accent in London is commonly used by media and other professionals?


Outside of London, where is the Cockney accent typically heard?


What is the name of the world-famous insurance market based in London?

London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. Around 325,000 people were employed in financial services in London until mid-2007. London has over 480 overseas banks, more than any other city in the world. Over 85 percent (3.2 million) of the employed population of greater London works in the services industries. Because of its prominent global role, London's economy had been affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis. However, by 2010 the City has recovered; put in place new regulatory powers, proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London's economic dominance. The City of London is home to the Bank of England, London Stock Exchange, and Lloyd's of London insurance market.


Prior to mid-2007, approximately how many people in London had jobs in the financial sector?


How many banks does London operate overseas?


What is the second largest port in the UK?

Along with professional services, media companies are concentrated in London and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector. The BBC is a significant employer, while other broadcasters also have headquarters around the City. Many national newspapers are edited in London. London is a major retail centre and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world, with a total spend of around £64.2 billion. The Port of London is the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year.


Approximately how much was spent on non-food retail sales in London in 2010?


How much cargo does the Port of London handle annually?


What is London's second most competitive industry?


What corporation is the major player in London's media distribution industry?


According to 2015 data, how many how many visitors gave London its ranking as the number one visited city in the world?

London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits. It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion in 2015 Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in 2003, and the city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spend in UK. As of 2016 London is rated as the world top ranked city destination by TripAdvisor users.


How many US dollars are estimated to have been spent in London by visitors from other countries?


As of 2003, roughly how many full time workers were employed in the tourism industry?


Which travel and tourism website's user activity has indicated that London is the number one travel destination?


What percentage of visitor money is estimated to be spent in London?


Which elected official is financially responsible for public transportation in London, except for long-distance railways?

Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London, however the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL) and is one of the most extensive in the world.


London's public transportation is overseen by which agency?


Along with the London Underground, buses and trans, what form of public rail transport was added in 2007 to the Mayor's responsibilities?


How many airports are affiliated with London and incorporate the word London in their names?

London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world. Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. London Heathrow Airport, in Hillingdon, West London, is the busiest airport in the world for international traffic, and is the major hub of the nation's flag carrier, British Airways. In March 2008 its fifth terminal was opened. There were plans for a third runway and a sixth terminal; however, these were cancelled by the Coalition Government on 12 May 2010.


The majority of air traffic utilizes how many of the airports in and around London?


In terms of international travel, which airport is the world's busiest?


A fifth terminal was opened in 2008 for which UK airline?


In May 2010, who scrapped British Airways's plans to add a sixth terminal and another runway?


What is the smallest airport in the London area?

Stansted Airport, north east of London in Essex, is a local UK hub and Luton Airport to the north of London in Bedfordshire, caters mostly for cheap short-haul flights. London City Airport, the smallest and most central airport, in Newham, East London, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic. London Southend Airport, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights.


London City Airport's clients are comprised chiefly of what?


Which local UK airport hub is located in Essex?


London Southend Airport in Essex offers primarily what type of service?


What is Europe's busiest rail station in terms of train activity?

There are 366 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network. South London, particularly, has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines. Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations, with the exception of the Thameslink trains connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports. London has Britain's busiest station by number of passengers – Waterloo, with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex (which includes Waterloo East station) each year. Clapham Junction is the busiest station in Europe by the number of trains passing.


How many railway stations are utilized by London's railway network?


Why does South London have such a high number of railways?


What is Britain's busiest railway station in terms of passengers?


How many travelers pass through Waterloo station yearly?


In the 20th century the Night Ferry was a boat train that provided connections between London and which cities?

Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains, such as the Admiraal de Ruijter to Amsterdam and the Night Ferry to Paris and Brussels. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostar services to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille, Paris, Brussels and European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel. The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London. There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and Yorkshire.


London is directly connected to continental Europe through what rail service?


In what year did the Channel Tunnel open?


St. Pancras International is linked to Paris and other popular European tourist destinations via what method of transportation?


When did local high speed rail service that linked London and Kent begin?


How much revenue is generated yearly by London's public bus service?

London's bus network is one of the largest in the world, running 24 hours a day, with about 8,500 buses, more than 700 bus routes and around 19,500 bus stops. In 2013, the network had more than 2 billion commuter trips per annum, more than the Underground. Around £850 million is taken in revenue each year. London has the largest wheelchair accessible network in the world and, from the 3rd quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced. The distinctive red double-decker buses are an internationally recognised trademark of London transport along with black cabs and the Tube.


How many buses does the London public bus network operate?


What feature added in 2007 facilitated bus travel by London' passengers with hearing and vision impairments?


What distinct appearance identifies many buses as a landmark for London?


Typically, what color are London taxi cabs?


What is the name of London' bike-for-hire operation?

London's first and only cable car, known as the Emirates Air Line, opened in June 2012. Crossing the River Thames, linking Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks in the east of the city, the cable car is integrated with London's Oyster Card ticketing system, although special fares are charged. Costing £60 million to build, it carries over 3,500 passengers every day, although this is very much lower than its capacity. Similar to the Santander Cycles bike hire scheme, the cable car is sponsored in a 10-year deal by the airline Emirates.


When did the single cable car operating in London begin service?


Who is the current sponsor of London's cable car operation?


What was the approximate cost to build the Emirates Airline Cable Car?


Roughly how many passengers travel daily on London's cable car?


What type of roadway is widely recognizable in the center of London?

Although the majority of journeys involving central London are made by public transport, car travel is common in the suburbs. The inner ring road (around the city centre), the North and South Circular roads (in the suburbs), and the outer orbital motorway (the M25, outside the built-up area) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes—but very few motorways penetrate into inner London. A plan for a comprehensive network of motorways throughout the city (the Ringways Plan) was prepared in the 1960s but was mostly cancelled in the early 1970s. The M25 is the longest ring-road motorway in the world at 121.5 mi (195.5 km) long. The A1 and M1 connect London to Leeds, and Newcastle and Edinburgh.


What failed plan to install a major network of roadways within the City of London were eventually scrapped in the 1970s?


London is connected to Leeds, Newcastle, and Edinburgh through what motorways?


Automobile transportation is primarily used in what areas of London?


What is the daily cost for most drivers to operate their cars within a given zone in the center of London?

In 2003, a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay £10 per day to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London. Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass. London government initially expected the Congestion Charge Zone to increase daily peak period Underground and bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic by 10 to 15 per cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 to 15 per cent, and reduce queues by 20 to 30 per cent. Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000 cars – a 35-per-cent reduction of vehicles driven per day.


When was the daily congestion charge in London implemented?


By what percentage did the congestion charge decrease the amount of cars traveling through the center of London?


Drivers who live in a given zone reduce the cost of their congestion charge by means of what?


What services were anticipated to be greatly increased as a result of the congestion charge zone?


What professional services network named London the world's capital of higher education?

London is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and its 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe. According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world and the international student population around 110,000 which is also more than any other city in the world. A 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopers report termed London as the global capital of higher education


London has the highest concentration of higher education institutions in Europe with how many universities?


What is the approximate number of international students studying in London?


In terms of teaching and research, what is the world's foremost institute of social science?

A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked joint 2nd in the world (alongside The University of Cambridge), University College London (UCL) is ranked 5th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 16th. The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research. The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second best in the world by the Financial Times.


Where is University College London, or UCL, ranked among the world's best colleges and universities?


The Financial Times rated what school's MBA program 2nd-best in the world in 2015?


What school in London shares the rank of 2nd best in the world with the famous University of Cambridge in the 2014-2015 World University Rankings?


What school within the University of London would a student seeking a degree in the veterinary medicine likely attend?

With 120,000 students in London, the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK. It includes four large multi-faculty universities – King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL – and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art, Goldsmiths, Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Institute of Education, the London Business School, the London School of Economics, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music, the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Members of the University of London have their own admissions procedures, and some award their own degrees.


What major university is comprised of four multi-faculty universities and several schools specialized schools?


From what school in London would a student receive an MBA?


What is the average student population at the University of London?


What is the student population of University of Westminster?

A number of universities in London are outside the University of London system, including Brunel University, City University London, Imperial College London, Kingston University, London Metropolitan University, Middlesex University, University of East London, University of West London and University of Westminster, (with over 34,000 students, the largest unitary university in London), London South Bank University, Middlesex University, University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe), University of East London, the University of West London and the University of Westminster. In addition there are three international universities in London – Regent's University London, Richmond, The American International University in London and Schiller International University.


How many international universities operate in London?


In what suburb is the American International University in London located?


What is Europe's largest university for degrees in communication and performing arts?


How many major medical schools does London boast?

London is home to five major medical schools – Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (part of Queen Mary), King's College London School of Medicine (the largest medical school in Europe), Imperial College School of Medicine, UCL Medical School and St George's, University of London – and has a large number of affiliated teaching hospitals. It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's five academic health science centres are based in the city – Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners and UCL Partners (the largest such centre in Europe).


What is the largest school of medicine in Europe?


Barts and the London School of Dentistry if part of which university in the University of London Network?


How many of the United Kingdom's five health academic science centers are located in London?


UCL Partners is the largest type of what facility in Europe?


City University London is related to what specialized business school?

There are a number of business schools in London, including the London School of Business and Finance, Cass Business School (part of City University London), Hult International Business School, ESCP Europe, European Business School London, Imperial College Business School and the London Business School. London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions, including the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts, Central School of Ballet, LAMDA, London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA), London Contemporary Dance School, National Centre for Circus Arts, RADA, Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance, the Royal College of Art, the Royal College of Music and Trinity Laban.


The Royal College of Art and the Royal College of Music are examples of what type of schools?


Who overseas the public primary and secondary school systems in London?

The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughs or otherwise state-funded; leading examples include City and Islington College, Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College, Leyton Sixth Form College, Tower Hamlets College and Bethnal Green Academy. There are also a number of private schools and colleges in London, some old and famous, such as City of London School, Harrow, St Paul's School, Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, University College School, The John Lyon School, Highgate School and Westminster School.


What private boys' school shares in London shares its name with a famous cathedral?


What is the entertainment center of London known as?

Within the City of Westminster in London the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements. London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated the West End theatre since the late 20th century. The United Kingdom's Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre and the Royal Albert Hall as well as touring the country.


What is a prominent feature of Picadilly Circus?


London's Chinatown district is located in what area?


Where is London's West End located geographically?


What prolific composer and producer of musicals has been a major force in the West End theater district?


What street in Islington boasts more bars and restaurants than any other street in Britain?

Islington's 1 mile (1.6 km) long Upper Street, extending northwards from Angel, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the United Kingdom. Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the United Kingdom. Oxford Street is home to vast numbers of retailers and department stores, including the world-famous Selfridges flagship store. Knightsbridge, home to the equally renowned Harrods department store, lies to the south-west.


What is the longest street for shopping,, housing many shops and department stores, in the United Kingdom?


What famous high-end department store is located on Oxford Street?


Which world-renowned luxury department store is located in the borough of Knightsbridge?


The Lord Mayor's Show occurs annually in what month?

There is a variety of annual events, beginning with the relatively new New Year's Day Parade, fireworks display at the London Eye, the world's second largest street party, the Notting Hill Carnival is held during the late August Bank Holiday each year. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the City, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the Queen's Official Birthday.


What does the Lord Mayor's Show parade commemorate and celebrate?


Who participates in the military pageantry in the Trooping the Colour event every June?


Fireworks are discharged on New Year's Eve from what contemporary London landmark?


Every June, the Trooping of the Colour celebrates what event?


Who witnessed first-hand and wrote about the Great Fire of 1666?

London has been the setting for many works of literature. The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and (since the early 20th century) Bloomsbury. Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys, noted for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire, Charles Dickens, whose representation of a foggy, snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has been a major influence on people's vision of early Victorian London, and Virginia Woolf, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century.


What area has historically been the literary hub of London?


A more current, 20th century center for London's literary set is located where?


Which author's novels painted a dismal portrait of Victorian London?


What female writer is one of the leading literary minds of the 20th century?


What famous Elizabethan playwright spent much of his life in London?

The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London – specifically, from the Tabard inn, Southwark. William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there, and some of his work—most notably his play The Alchemist—was set in the city. A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague. Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Dickens' novels, and Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories. Modern writers pervasively influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of a "biography" of London, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography.


What contemporary of Williams Shakespeare wrote a play entitled The Alchemist?


What author of Robinson Crusoe also wrote a fictionalized account of the Great Plague of 1665?


The people in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales begin their pilgrimage from what London establishment?


Arthur Conan Doyle brought to life what famous detective in a series of novels?


What major film production company calls London home?

London has played a significant role in the film industry, and has major studios at Ealing and a special effects and post-production community centred in Soho. Working Title Films has its headquarters in London. London has been the setting for films including Oliver Twist (1948), Scrooge (1951), Peter Pan (1953), The 101 Dalmatians (1961), My Fair Lady (1964), Mary Poppins (1964), Blowup (1966), The Long Good Friday (1980), Notting Hill (1999), Love Actually (2003), V For Vendetta (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber Of Fleet Street (2008) and The King's Speech (2010). Notable actors and filmmakers from London include; Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Helen Mirren, Gary Oldman, Christopher Nolan, Jude Law, Tom Hardy, Keira Knightley and Daniel Day-Lewis. As of 2008[update], the British Academy Film Awards have taken place at the Royal Opera House. London is a major centre for television production, with studios including BBC Television Centre, The Fountain Studios and The London Studios. Many television programmes have been set in London, including the popular television soap opera EastEnders, broadcast by the BBC since 1985.


In what theater are the British Academy film awards presented?


What popular soap opera has the BBC televised since 1985?


What silent movie film star who made movies such as The Little Tramp hailed from London?


In what year was the stage musical My Fair Lady, set in turn-of-the-century London, made into a major motion picture?


When was the British Museum in Bloomsbury founded?

London is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The first of these to be established was the British Museum in Bloomsbury, in 1753. Originally containing antiquities, natural history specimens and the national library, the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around the globe. In 1824 the National Gallery was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square.


Which London museum is prominently located in Trafalgar Square?


How many artifacts from all over the world does the British Museum have on display?


Besides being popular tourist destinations, London's museums play a vital role in what activity?


The National Gallery was established in 1824 to accommodate and display what items?


What is the National Portrait Gallery known for housing?

In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensington was developed as "Albertopolis", a cultural and scientific quarter. Three major national museums are there: the Victoria and Albert Museum (for the applied arts), the Natural History Museum and the Science Museum. The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history; its holdings now comprise the world's most extensive collection of portraits. The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it was formerly known, also became a major centre for modern art; in 2000 this collection moved to Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station.


London's Tate Britain and Tate Modern galleries were formerly one entity known as what?


What cultural and scientific hub was named in honor of Queen Victoria's husband?


What London museum was named for an historic Queen of England and her Prince husband?


What was the original purpose for the construction of the Tate Gallery?


What musical instrument is situated at Royal Albert Hall?

London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and is home to major music corporations, such as EMI and Warner Music Group as well as countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal Albert Hall (The Proms). London's two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum. The UK's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals and major churches. Several conservatoires are within the city: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban.


London-based EMI is a corporation focused on what industry?


In which facility is the London Symphony Orchestra based?


What are the names of London's two primary opera houses?


Royal Academy of Music and Royal College of Music are examples of what?


What famous chain of music-themed restaurants opened its first establishment in London?

London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including the world's busiest arena the o2 arena and other large arenas such as Earls Court, Wembley Arena, as well as many mid-sized venues, such as Brixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd's Bush Empire. Several music festivals, including the Wireless Festival, South West Four, Lovebox, and Hyde Park's British Summer Time are all held in London. The city is home to the first and original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios where The Beatles recorded many of their hits. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, musicians and groups like Elton John, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Queen, The Kinks, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Eric Clapton, Led Zeppelin, The Small Faces, Iron Maiden, Fleetwood Mac, Elvis Costello, Cat Stevens, The Police, The Cure, Madness, The Jam, Dusty Springfield, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart and Sade, derived their sound from the streets and rhythms vibrating through London.


In which recording studio did the Beatles do much of their recording?


What in part inspired the sounds of many British rock bands and singers in the 60s, 70s, and 80s?


What London concert venue shares its first name with a famous football stadium?


Located in London, what is the busiest concert arena in the world?


London was a major factor in the rise of what musical genre?

London was instrumental in the development of punk music, with figures such as the Sex Pistols, The Clash, and Vivienne Westwood all based in the city. More recent artists to emerge from the London music scene include George Michael, Kate Bush, Seal, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bush, the Spice Girls, Jamiroquai, Blur, The Prodigy, Gorillaz, Mumford & Sons, Coldplay, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Ed Sheeran and One Direction. London is also a centre for urban music. In particular the genres UK garage, drum and bass, dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae, alongside local drum and bass. Black music station BBC Radio 1Xtra was set up to support the rise of home-grown urban music both in London and in the rest of the UK.


Musical genres that gained popularity in London and elsewhere, such as dubstep, were based on and derived from what?


Which BBC radio station focuses primarily on black and urban music?


What rock music group led by Gavin Rossdale got its start in London's music scene?


How many royal parks are located in the center of London?

The largest parks in the central area of London are three of the eight Royal Parks, namely Hyde Park and its neighbour Kensington Gardens in the west, and Regent's Park to the north. Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park contains London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is near the tourist attraction of Madame Tussauds Wax Museum. Primrose Hill in the northern part of Regent's Park at 256 feet (78 m) is a popular spot to view the city skyline.


What royal park shares a border with its neighbor, the park known as Kensington Gardens?


What area of Regent's Park is an excellent spot to see the London skyline?


What popular tourist destination is located near Regent's Park?


What famous London gardens were named as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2003?

Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens which has the world's largest collection of living plants. In 2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. There are also numerous parks administered by London's borough Councils, including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea Park in the centre. Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including the 320-hectare (790-acre) Hampstead Heath of North London, and Epping Forest, which covers 2,476 hectares (6,118.32 acres) in the east. Both are controlled by the City of London Corporation. Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House, the former stately home and a popular location in the summer months where classical musical concerts are held by the lake, attracting thousands of people every weekend to enjoy the music, scenery and fireworks. Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, including mountain biking, walking, horse riding, golf, angling, and orienteering.


Victoria Park is located in what London district?


What entity oversees both Hampstead Heath of North London and Epping Forest?


What former private home hosts lake-side classical music concerts ever summer?


People frequently engage in physical activities such as walking, biking, and golf, in what forest?


What river is a tributary of the River Thames?

Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks. Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail; this runs 12 miles (19 km) through South London along the River Wandle, a tributary of the River Thames. Other long distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path ("Loop"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk.


What is the London Outer Orbital Path commonly referred as?


What walking path was created as a tribute to a member of the Royal Family who died prematurely?


What recent improvements has served to enhance the walking experience?


Which walking path follows the route of the body of water for which it is named?


What is London's most popular athletic sport?

London's most popular sport is football and it has fourteen League football clubs, including five in the Premier League: Arsenal, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Tottenham Hotspur, and West Ham United. Among other professional teams based in London include Fulham, Queens Park Rangers, Millwall and Charlton Athletic. In May 2012, Chelsea became the first London club to win the UEFA Champions League. Aside from Arsenal, Chelsea and Tottenham, none of the other London clubs have ever won the national league title.


How many of the football clubs in the Premier League are based in London?


When did the Chelsea Football Club win the UEFA Champions League title?


How many professional football clubs call London their home?


Besides the Arsenal, Chelsea, and Tottenham football clubs, how many London-based football club have won a national league titie?


What is the name of the national rugby union stadium located in South-West London?

Three Aviva Premiership rugby union teams are based in London, (London Irish, Saracens, and Harlequins), although currently only Harlequins and Saracens play their home games within Greater London. London Scottish and London Welsh play in the RFU Championship club and other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond F.C., Rosslyn Park F.C., Westcombe Park R.F.C. and Blackheath F.C.. Twickenham Stadium in south-west London is the national rugby union stadium, and has a capacity of 82,000 now that the new south stand has been completed.


What is the current spectator seating capacity of Twickenham Stadium?


Of the three Aviva Premiership rugby union teams in London, which ones actually play in the Greater London Area?


Where do the London Scottish and London Welch rugby teams play their home games?


London's residential property value is equivalent to what nation's GDP?

London is the world's most expensive office market for the last three years according to world property journal (2015) report. As of 2015[update] the residential property in London is worth $2.2 trillion - same value as that of Brazil annual GDP. The city has the highest property prices of any European city according to the Office for National Statistics and the European Office of Statistics. On average the price per square metre in central London is €24,252 (April 2014). This is higher than the property prices in other G8 European capital cities; Berlin €3,306, Rome €6,188 and Paris €11,229.


What is the average price of property per square meter in central London as of April 2014?


A World Property Journal report has ranked London as the most expensive office market in the world for how many consecutive years?


What city has the highest prices for property in Europe?


What is the average property price per square meter in Berlin as of April 2014?


What is the foundation of the United States federal government?

The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law.


In the Unites States what sets out the boundaries of federal law?


What is defined as the official codification of federal statutory law?


What is compromised of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law?


The constitution set boundaries for case law that originates from where?


What is the foundation of the U.S. federal government?


What sets out the boundries of federal law?


What two forms of law make up the laws of the United States?


What is th eofficial compilation of federal statutory law called?


What different kinds of law make up the laws of the United States?


What is the most important document in the US, setting the boundries for all other laws?


What branch of gevernment is responsible for ratifing treaties?


With branch of government deals with new regulations?


What comes before state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S states?

Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism (actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations), states are the plenary sovereigns, each with their own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution. Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.


Federal sovereign only possess authority if it is stated in what?


States may grant their citizens border rights as long as they do not infringe on what?


Most U.S law, the kind of law we live everyday, consists of what kind of law?


What type of system is American Federalism?


American Federalism can also be considered tripartite because of the presence of what?


States can grant their people broader rights than those granted in what document?


Is there anything that trumps state law?


How many state make up the United States?


Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution?


What is day-to-day, operational law considered?


In order for a unconstitutional statue to disappear, it has to be deleted by?

Notably, a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute. Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional. However, under the principle of stare decisis, no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute, and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court. Conversely, any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute (where such constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases) will risk reversal by the Supreme Court.


What has remained on the books after they were ruled unconstitutional?


What principle states no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statue?


Who can reverse an unconstitutional court ruling?


What must happen to a statute for it to become unconstitutional?


What can delete a statute and make it unconstitutional?


Some federal and state statutes remain on the books for how long after they are ruled unconstitutional?


What decisis states that no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute?


Any court that enforces an unconstitutional statute will be overturned by what court?


If a statute is unconstitutional, how is it removed?


What happens when an unconstitutional statute remains on the books?


What would happen if a lower court tried to enforce an unconstitutional statute?


What must happen before the Supreme Court will reverse a decision by a lower court refusing to uphold a constitutional law?


What would happen if a lower court refused to uphold a constitutional law?


The rule of liability for defective products originated from what law?

Notably, the most broadly influential innovation of 20th-century American tort law was the rule of strict liability for defective products, which originated with judicial glosses on the law of warranty. In 1963, Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California threw away legal fictions based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of public policy in the landmark case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products. The American Law Institute subsequently adopted a slightly different version of the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which was published in 1964 and was very influential throughout the United States. Outside the U.S., the rule was adopted by the European Economic Community in the Product Liability Directive of July 1985 by Australia in July 1992 and by Japan in June 1994.


In what case did the supreme court of California, throw away warranties and strictly impose liability for defective products?


What was most influential American 20th century tort law?


What year was the case Greenman v. Yuba Power products?


What is one of the most influential changes to tort law?


Who was at the forefront of the fight to change the laws on defective products?


When was the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts published?


What case was fundamental in the fight to change warranty laws?


When was the Restatement (Second) of Torts beginning to be adopted outside of the United States?


What law covers wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other?

Tort law covers the entire imaginable spectrum of wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other, and of course, partially overlaps with wrongs also punishable by criminal law. Although the American Law Institute has attempted to standardize tort law through the development of several versions of the Restatement of Torts, many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections of the Restatements and to reject others. Thus, because of its immense size and diversity, American tort law cannot be easily summarized.


Why can American tort law not be easily summarized?


While attempting to standardize tort law, multiple versions of tort law have come about, what are there versions called?


What covers crimes of human against human?


What is attempting to standardize the tort law system?


What is the Restatement of Torts not successfull as a whole yet?


A lot of American common law diverged from where?

However, it is important to understand that despite the presence of reception statutes, much of contemporary American common law has diverged significantly from English common law. The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other's rulings, American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point, the facts and law at issue are nearly identical, and the reasoning is strongly persuasive.


When would American courts follow post-revolution commonwealth rulings?


Courts in commonwealth nations are often influenced by what?


Most modern American common law came from what kind of law?


Couts of commonwealth nations are often influenced by who's rulings?


What rulings do American courts rarely follow?


What is one reason American courts may follow a post Revolutionary Commonwealth ruling under what circumstances?


How close is current American law to English law?


What differs about American and English law?


When would American law be more likely to follow English law?


How close do the issues have to be in order for an English law to be used?


Reception statues are generally the same as what law?

The actual substance of English law was formally "received" into the United States in several ways. First, all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted "reception statutes" which generally state that the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions. Some reception statutes impose a specific cutoff date for reception, such as the date of a colony's founding, while others are deliberately vague. Thus, contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form, such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon common carriers.


Who sites pre-revolution cases when discussion evolution of judge-made law?


Which US State did not enact reception statues?


What do reception statutes state is the law of the state?


What is the only state to not enact reception statutes?


Modern courts often cite which period in history cases when discussing changes in law?


Where did the bulk of the US's starting laws come from?


Which is the only stste without reception statutes?


What kind of case would a contemporary lawyer discuss when talking about an ancient judge-made common law principle?


early on American courts cited what cases?

Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap. But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already."


What century were apellate decisions regularly reported?


When did cotations to English decisions gradually disappear?


How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1810?


How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1910?


When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?


How many published volumes of American reports were released in 1810?


By 1910, how many volumes of American reports were there?


What did the lawmakers think of the increase in reports?


What were the lawmakers beginning to drown in?


Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations, which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations. Regulations generally also carry the force of law under the Chevron doctrine. Many lawsuits turn on the meaning of a federal statute or regulation, and judicial interpretations of such meaning carry legal force under the principle of stare decisis.


What gives Congress limited power to enact statutes?


What do you call the official compilation and codification of federal statutes?


Who has the power and right to enact statutes for interstate dealings?


What is the compilation and codification of all federal statutes?


Who do the statutes give the power of creating regulations?


Where are the regulations from executive branch agencies found?


What areas of the Constitution deal with issuses such as aviation, railroads, and trademarks?

During the 18th and 19th centuries, federal law traditionally focused on areas where there was an express grant of power to the federal government in the federal Constitution, like the military, money, foreign relations (especially international treaties), tariffs, intellectual property (specifically patents and copyrights), and mail. Since the start of the 20th century, broad interpretations of the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution have enabled federal law to expand into areas like aviation, telecommunications, railroads, pharmaceuticals, antitrust, and trademarks. In some areas, like aviation and railroads, the federal government has developed a comprehensive scheme that preempts virtually all state law, while in others, like family law, a relatively small number of federal statutes (generally covering interstate and international situations) interacts with a much larger body of state law. In areas like antitrust, trademark, and employment law, there are powerful laws at both the federal and state levels that coexist with each other. In a handful of areas like insurance, Congress has enacted laws expressly refusing to regulate them as long as the states have laws regulating them (see, e.g., the McCarran-Ferguson Act).


In areas of law such as insurance, there are laws refusing to regulate them as long as states have laws doing what?


What type of property are trademarks and copyrights?


What governs things such as military, money, foreign relations, etc.?


What enabled federal law to begin expanding into other areas such as avaition, telecommunications, railroads, etc.?


When did the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution allow federal power to begin expanding?


What is a law enacted by Congress that states that it refuses to regulate some industries as long as the states have regulations in place already?


What happens when both the federal and state governments have regulations that overlap?


After the President signs a bill into law (or Congress enacts it over his veto), it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) where it is assigned a law number, and prepared for publication as a slip law. Public laws, but not private laws, are also given legal statutory citation by the OFR. At the end of each session of Congress, the slip laws are compiled into bound volumes called the United States Statutes at Large, and they are known as session laws. The Statutes at Large present a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted.


Where does a bill go after it is signed?


What is a new law given at the OFR of the NARA?


After being given a law number, a new law is prepared for publication as what?


What kind of laws are not given statutory citation by the OFR?


Where does a bill go once the President signs it into effect?


What happens after a bill is delivered to the OFR?


After a bill is assigned a number, what is it made ready for?


Once the slip laws are placed into the United States Statutes at Large, what are they called?


What is the United States Statutes at Large?


What does congress often grant to give rulemaking authority to federal agencies?

Congress often enacts statutes that grant broad rulemaking authority to federal agencies. Often, Congress is simply too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation, or Congress believes the agency's technical specialists are best equipped to deal with particular fact situations as they arise. Therefore, federal agencies are authorized to promulgate regulations. Under the principle of Chevron deference, regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes.


Federal agencies are authorized to make what public?


Regulations normally carry the force of what?


Regualtions carry force of law when based on reasonable interpretation of what?


What power is granted to federal agencies by Congress?


Why does Congress give generalized powers to federal agencies?


What gives regulations imposed by federal agencies the right to enforce their regulations?


What does the Principle of Chevron provide for?


What is used to determine whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent?

The difficult question is whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent through strict adherence to the rule of stare decisis. This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself, in that an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases (and therefore also impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction). Prior to a major change to federal court rules in 2007, about one-fifth of federal appellate cases were published and thereby became binding precedents, while the rest were unpublished and bound only the parties to each case.


Why is stare decisis a limited form of lawmaking?


Who has noted that binding precedent did not exist when the Constitution was written?

As federal judge Alex Kozinski has pointed out, binding precedent as we know it today simply did not exist at the time the Constitution was framed. Judicial decisions were not consistently, accurately, and faithfully reported on both sides of the Atlantic (reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked), and the United Kingdom lacked a coherent court hierarchy prior to the end of the 19th century. Furthermore, English judges in the eighteenth century subscribed to now-obsolete natural law theories of law, by which law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said. Judges saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law. Therefore, a judge could reject another judge's opinion as simply an incorrect statement of the law, in the way that scientists regularly reject each other's conclusions as incorrect statements of the laws of science.


Why were decisions not reported or recoded correctly?


What are the natural theories of law that that the English judges in the eighteenth century used?


Why could one judge reject another judges opinion?


Why would one judge reject another's opinion?


How did the federal agencies differ from their English counter-parts?

Unlike the situation with the states, there is no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law and thereby granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent like their English predecessors. Federal courts are solely creatures of the federal Constitution and the federal Judiciary Acts. However, it is universally accepted that the Founding Fathers of the United States, by vesting "judicial power" into the Supreme Court and the inferior federal courts in Article Three of the United States Constitution, thereby vested in them the implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent; this power was widely accepted, understood, and recognized by the Founding Fathers at the time the Constitution was ratified. Several legal scholars have argued that the federal judicial power to decide "cases or controversies" necessarily includes the power to decide the precedential effect of those cases and controversies.


What did the missing plenary reception do?


Where is judicial power found in the original Constitution?


What does Article Three give federal agencies?


When did binding precedent become possible in the United States?

In turn, according to Kozinski's analysis, the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing. The rule gradually developed, case-by-case, as an extension of the judiciary's public policy of effective judicial administration (that is, in order to efficiently exercise the judicial power). The rule of precedent is generally justified today as a matter of public policy, first, as a matter of fundamental fairness, and second, because in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided from first principles (such as relevant statutes, constitutional provisions, and underlying public policies), which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability, and thereby undermine the rule of law.


What made binding precedent a possibility?


What states that there is no general federal common law?

Under the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938), there is no general federal common law. Although federal courts can create federal common law in the form of case law, such law must be linked one way or another to the interpretation of a particular federal constitutional provision, statute, or regulation (which in turn was enacted as part of the Constitution or after). Federal courts lack the plenary power possessed by state courts to simply make up law, which the latter are able to do in the absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law. Only in a few narrow limited areas, like maritime law, has the Constitution expressly authorized the continuation of English common law at the federal level (meaning that in those areas federal courts can continue to make law as they see fit, subject to the limitations of stare decisis).


When was the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins put into effect?


Why can't federal courts just make up law?


When are states allowed to use plenary power?


What is a major implication of the Erie doctrine?

The other major implication of the Erie doctrine is that federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue (and thus no federal supremacy issue) in a case. When hearing claims under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction, federal trial courts must apply the statutory and decisional law of the state in which they sit, as if they were a court of that state, even if they believe that the relevant state law is irrational or just bad public policy. And under Erie, deference is one-way only: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law.


What states that deference is one way only?


What does it mean when Erie states that deference is one way only?


The fifty American states are separate sovereigns, with their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts. All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes, an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization, and a judicial branch that applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations, as well as local ordinances. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution, federal statutes, or international treaties ratified by the federal Senate. Normally, state supreme courts are the final interpreters of state constitutions and state law, unless their interpretation itself presents a federal issue, in which case a decision may be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court by way of a petition for writ of certiorari. State laws have dramatically diverged in the centuries since independence, to the extent that the United States cannot be regarded as one legal system as to the majority of types of law traditionally under state control, but must be regarded as 50 separate systems of tort law, family law, property law, contract law, criminal law, and so on.


What are the 50 states in the Union known as?


Which ranch applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations?


What branch of government enacts state statutes?


Which branch of government promulgates state regulations?


Most cases are litigated in state courts and involve claims and defenses under state laws. In a 2012 report, the National Center for State Courts' Court Statistics Project found that state trial courts received 103.5 million newly filed cases in 2010, which consisted of 56.3 million traffic cases, 20.4 million criminal cases, 19.0 million civil cases, 5.9 million domestic relations cases, and 1.9 million juvenile cases. In 2010, state appellate courts received 272,795 new cases. By way of comparison, all federal district courts in 2010 together received only about 282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases, while federal appellate courts received 56,000 new cases.


What types of cases are argued in the state courts?


What types of cases did federal district courts receive in 2010?


How many cases did appellate courts receice in 2010?


What makes up the law of criminal procedure?

The law of criminal procedure in the United States consists of a massive overlay of federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes that actually provide the foundation for the creation and operation of law enforcement agencies and prison systems as well as the proceedings in criminal trials. Due to the perennial inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights of criminal suspects and convicts, the federal judiciary gradually developed the exclusionary rule as a method to enforce such rights. In turn, the exclusionary rule spawned a family of judge-made remedies for the abuse of law enforcement powers, of which the most famous is the Miranda warning. The writ of habeas corpus is often used by suspects and convicts to challenge their detention, while the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions are used by suspects to recover tort damages for police brutality.


What did the exclusionary rule provide for?


What might a suspect use to challenge their detention?


What must a police officer recite to a suspect upon arrest/


What acts cover tort damages from police brutality cases?


What is over all judicial proceedings involving private party lawsuits?

The law of civil procedure governs process in all judicial proceedings involving lawsuits between private parties. Traditional common law pleading was replaced by code pleading in 24 states after New York enacted the Field Code in 1850 and code pleading in turn was subsequently replaced again in most states by modern notice pleading during the 20th century. The old English division between common law and equity courts was abolished in the federal courts by the adoption of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938; it has also been independently abolished by legislative acts in nearly all states. The Delaware Court of Chancery is the most prominent of the small number of remaining equity courts.


What did New York enact that replaced traditional common law proceeding?


What was code pleading ultimately replaced by?


When did code pleading get replaced by modern notice pleading?


What did the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure abolish?


New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant states that have not adopted the FRCP. Furthermore, all three states continue to maintain most of their civil procedure laws in the form of codified statutes enacted by the state legislature, as opposed to court rules promulgated by the state supreme court, on the ground that the latter are undemocratic. But certain key portions of their civil procedure laws have been modified by their legislatures to bring them closer to federal civil procedure.


How do New York, Illinois and California maintain civil procedure laws?


What should New York, Illinois and California be using instead of codified statutes?


What is extensive pretrial discovery a part of?

Generally, American civil procedure has several notable features, including extensive pretrial discovery, heavy reliance on live testimony obtained at deposition or elicited in front of a jury, and aggressive pretrial "law and motion" practice designed to result in a pretrial disposition (that is, summary judgment) or a settlement. U.S. courts pioneered the concept of the opt-out class action, by which the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment, as opposed to opt-in class actions, where class members must join into the class. Another unique feature is the so-called American Rule under which parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees (as opposed to the English Rule of "loser pays"), though American legislators and courts have carved out numerous exceptions.


Criminal law involves the prosecution by the state of wrongful acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace (and cannot be deterred or remedied by mere lawsuits between private parties). Generally, crimes can result in incarceration, but torts (see below) cannot. The majority of the crimes committed in the United States are prosecuted and punished at the state level. Federal criminal law focuses on areas specifically relevant to the federal government like evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud.


What type of wrongful act will the state prosecute?


Who focuses on things such as evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud?


Where are the majority of the U.S.'s crimes prosecuted?


Some states distinguish between two levels: felonies and misdemeanors (minor crimes). Generally, most felony convictions result in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims; while misdemeanors may lead to a year or less in jail and a substantial fine. To simplify the prosecution of traffic violations and other relatively minor crimes, some states have added a third level, infractions. These may result in fines and sometimes the loss of one's driver's license, but no jail time.


What results in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims?


What is a third level of crime that some states have adopted?


Contract law covers obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties. Generally, contract law in transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide as a result of the widespread adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code. However, there is still significant diversity in the interpretation of other kinds of contracts, depending upon the extent to which a given state has codified its common law of contracts or adopted portions of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts.


What kinds of agreements do contract law cover?


How much a Myanmar's boundaries are encompassed by beachfront lands?

Myanmar (myan-MAR i/miɑːnˈmɑːr/ mee-ahn-MAR, /miˈɛnmɑːr/ mee-EN-mar or /maɪˈænmɑːr/ my-AN-mar (also with the stress on first syllable); Burmese pronunciation: [mjəmà]),[nb 1] officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Myanmar's total perimeter of 1,930 km (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The country's 2014 census revealed a much lower population than expected, with 51 million people recorded. Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size. Its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city is Yangon (Rangoon).


Is the capital city the holder of the largest amount of the population in Myanmar ?


What is the name of the capital city of Myanmar?


What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar?

Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup d'état in 1962, a military dictatorship.


When did the dominant religion of Myanmar become something outside of the mainstream ?


What caused the downfall of the downfall of the the original kingdom in Myanmar?


Whose rule was Myanmar under when it was one of the most massive kingdoms in Southeast Asia ?


When did was Myanmar ruled by the Taungoo Dynasty ?


What portion of the government was eventually separated from government participation?

For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and Burma's myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. During this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. While former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country, Burmese Military have taken steps toward relinquishing control of the government. This, along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners, has improved the country's human rights record and foreign relations, and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions. There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes. In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule.