When was improvisation in classical music performance common?

The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era. Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque and early romantic eras, yet lessened strongly during the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries. During the classical era, Mozart and Beethoven often improvised the cadenzas to their piano concertos (and thereby encouraged others to do so), but they also provided written cadenzas for use by other soloists. In opera, the practice of singing strictly by the score, i.e. come scritto, was famously propagated by soprano Maria Callas, who called this practice 'straitjacketing' and implied that it allows the intention of the composer to be understood better, especially during studying the music for the first time.


When did improvisation begin to lessened strongly?


What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise?


What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera?


Popular music from the composer's time was incorporation into what?

Classical music has often incorporated elements or material from popular music of the composer's time. Examples include occasional music such as Brahms' use of student drinking songs in his Academic Festival Overture, genres exemplified by Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera, and the influence of jazz on early- and mid-20th-century composers including Maurice Ravel, exemplified by the movement entitled "Blues" in his sonata for violin and piano. Certain postmodern, minimalist and postminimalist classical composers acknowledge a debt to popular music.


What did Brahms sometimes use in his Academic Festival Overture?


What type of music was Maurice Ravel influenced by?


What type of music do certain composers acknowledge a debt to?


Pachelbel's Canon has influenced popular songs since what decade?

Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.


What phenomenon sees classical musicians achieving success in popular music?


Baroque or Classical era influence can be seen in what modern musical style?


Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads play what instrument?


What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe?

Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. Slavs speak Indo-European Slavic languages and share, to varying degrees, some cultural traits and historical backgrounds. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe, whilst Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria. The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.[better source needed] Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities, but every Slavic ethnicity has emigrated to other continents.


What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit?


What portion of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?


West Slavic people consist of which nationalities?

Present-day Slavic people are classified into West Slavic (chiefly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), East Slavic (chiefly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians), and South Slavic (chiefly Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins), though sometimes the West Slavs and East Slavs are combined into a single group known as North Slavs. For a more comprehensive list, see the ethnocultural subdivisions. Modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them – even within the individual ethnic groups themselves – are varied, ranging from a sense of connection to mutual feelings of hostility.


East Slavic people consist of which nationalities?


South Slavic people consist of which nationalities?


West and East Slavs are sometimes combined into a single group called what?


*Slověninъ, plural *Slověne, is the Slavic autonym reconstructed in what?

The Slavic autonym is reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne. The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic and dating from the 9th century attest Словѣне Slověne to describe the Slavs. Other early Slavic attestations include Old East Slavic Словѣнѣ Slověně for "an East Slavic group near Novgorod." However, the earliest written references to the Slavs under this name are in other languages. In the 6th century AD Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, refers to the Σκλάβοι Sklaboi, Σκλαβηνοί Sklabēnoi, Σκλαυηνοί Sklauenoi, Σθλαβηνοί Sthlabenoi, or Σκλαβῖνοι Sklabinoi, while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin.


Old 9th century documents describing Slavs were written in what language?


Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century?


Procopius' contemporary Jordanes referred to the Slavs in what language?


What slavic word denotes "people who speak the same language?"

The Slavic autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered (e.g. by Roman Jakobson) a derivation from slovo "word", originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)," i.e. people who understand each other, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "foreign people" – němci, meaning "mumbling, murmuring people" (from Slavic *němъ – "mumbling, mute").


What slavic word denotes "foreign people?"


Who considered *Slověninъ do be a derivation from slovo?


Slovo, slava, and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root?

The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous"), whence the name Pericles, and Latin clueo ("be called"), and English loud.


The Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous") helped create what famous name?


What three words originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame")?


The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?

The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word sclave, which was borrowed from Medieval Latin sclavus or slavus, itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym (denoting a speaker of their own languages). The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba صقالبة (sing. Saqlabi صقلبي) by medieval Arab historiographers. However, the origin of this word is disputed.


The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?


The Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from what?


The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?


Who argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper?

Alternative proposals for the etymology of *Slověninъ propounded by some scholars have much less support. Lozinski argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper, in this context meaning "practicer of a common Slavic religion," and from that evolved into an ethnonym. S.B. Bernstein speculates that it derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos, cognate to Ancient Greek λαός laós "population, people," which itself has no commonly accepted etymology. Meanwhile, others have pointed out that the suffix -enin indicates a man from a certain place, which in this case should be a place called Slova or Slava, possibly a river name. The Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was argued by Henrich Bartek (1907–1986) to be derived from slova and also the origin of Slovene.


Who speculates that *slava derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos?


Who argued that the Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was derived from slova?


The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?

The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century, yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD.


The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?


No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?


There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?


The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when?

The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni make their first appearance in Byzantine records in the early 6th century. Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I (527–565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire.


The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century?


According to Byzantine historiographers, tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas?


Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire?


Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes?


Who wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?

Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times." He describes their social structure and beliefs:


When did Procopius write that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?


Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what?


What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae?


Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?

Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities. Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.


Who had swamps and forests for their cities?


A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?


Who mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?

Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I. The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars, he however declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us".


The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?


Who said, "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us."?


Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?


An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who?

The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs.


What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs?


When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?


Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?

According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa.


What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?


Who started the great migration of the Slavs?


Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?


When did Slavs appear on Byzantine borders?

Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers.[page needed] The Byzantine records note that grass would not regrow in places where the Slavs had marched through, so great were their numbers. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements. This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion. By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions.


The Slavs appeared on whose borders around the 6th century?


Where had the Slavs settled by the end of the 6th century?


When had the Slavs settled the Eastern Alps?


What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended?

When their migratory movements ended, there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. Moreover, it was the beginnings of class differentiation, and nobles pledged allegiance either to the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors.


When did the first rudiments of state organizations appear among the Slavs?


Early state organizations where headed by what?


When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state?

In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler. This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territory of this realm with Carantania being the oldest of them. Very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia). In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality, but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern and southern Slavs. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681, the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world.


What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe?


What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe?


When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?


Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world?


What three free Slavic states were in the world as of 1878?

As of 1878, there were only three free Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro. Bulgaria was also free but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908. In the entire Austro-Hungarian Empire of approximately 50 million people, about 23 million were Slavs. The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were calling for national self-determination. During World War I, representatives of the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes set up organizations in the Allied countries to gain sympathy and recognition. In 1918, after World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.


When were the Russian Empire, Serbia, and Montenegro the only free Slavic states in the world?


Whose official independence was declared in 1908?


When were independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs established?


Whose plan for the East entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavs?

During World War II, Hitler's Generalplan Ost (general plan for the East) entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavic and Jewish population of occupied Eastern Europe to create Lebensraum (living space) for German settlers. The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. These partially fulfilled plans resulted in the deaths of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war.


What would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union?


The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost resulted in the death and imprisonment of how many people?


What is the German word for living space?


The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?

The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.


Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?


When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?


What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?


When did Pan-Slavism develop as a movement?

Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics and did not find support in some nations that had Slavic origins. Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians, and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with the repeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) was a forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians. A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union.


Pan-Slavism became compromised when what empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests?


The Russian Empire used what as justification for its territorial conquests?


What notable political union of the 20th century covered most South Slavs?


When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic?

The word "Slavs" was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Yugoslavia (1943–1992) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003), later Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006).


When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Yugoslavia?


When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?


When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Serbia and Montenegro?


Many Slavic populations that were part of the Warsaw Pact are originally from where?

Former Soviet states, as well as countries that used to be satellite states or territories of the Warsaw Pact, have numerous minority Slavic populations, many of whom are originally from the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR. As of now, Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population with most being Russians (Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles are present as well but in much smaller numbers).


Where is the largest Slavic minority located?


What other Slavic minorities are in Kazakhstan?


What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?

Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989–1991.


Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?


Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?


When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?


How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?


What began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise?

Slavic studies began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise. As early as 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European.


When were Slavic languages recognized as Indo-European?


What languages were recognized as Indo-European?


In 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as what?


What depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups?

Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet.


Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses Latin?


What is a Latin script to write in Belarusian?


What is the supposed ancestor of all Slavic languages?

Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic".


Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages?


The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of what?


Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?

Proto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic, is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, suggesting a comparatively compact homeland. Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.


What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?


Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?


What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?


When were pagan Slavic populations Christianized?

The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 6th and 10th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant in the East and South Slavs, while Roman Catholicism is predominant in West Slavs and the western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century. The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are Orthodox, followed by Catholic, while a small minority are Protestant. There are minor Slavic Muslim groups. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. Some Slavs are atheist or agnostic: only 19% of Czechs professed belief in god/s in the 2005 Eurobarometer survey.


What religion is predominant in the East and South Slavs?


What religion is predominant in the West and western South Slavs?


The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are what?


Who is customarily divided along geographical lines into tree major subgroups?

Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs, each with a different and a diverse background based on unique history, religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them. Apart from prehistorical archaeological cultures, the subgroups have had notable cultural contact with non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age civilisations.


What three major subgroups are Slavs divided into?


The Slav subgroups have had notable cultural contact with what kind of civilisations?


Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict?

^1 Also considered part of Rusyns ^2 Considered transitional between Ukrainians and Belarusians ^3 The ethnic affiliation of the Lemkos has become an ideological conflict. It has been alleged that among the Lemkos the idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing in Transcarpathia and abroad ^4 Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as Czechs but significant amount declared their Moravian nationality, different from that Czech (although people from Bohemia and Moravia use the same official language). ^5 Also considered Poles. ^6 There are sources that show Silesians as part of the Poles. Parts of the southmost population of Upper Silesia is sometimes considered Czech (controversial).


The idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where?


Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what?


What group is considered part of the Poles?


Most Slavic Muslims now opt for what ethnicity?

^7 A census category recognized as an ethnic group. Most Slavic Muslims (especially in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia) now opt for Bosniak ethnicity, but some still use the "Muslim" designation. Bosniak and Muslim are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably. However, a small number of people within Bosnia and Herzegovina declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith.


What two groups are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably?


A small number of people declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith within what regions?


This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the what former republics?

^8 This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the former Yugoslav republics. The nationality is also declared by diasporans living in the USA and Canada. There are a multitude of reasons as to why people prefer this affiliation, some published on the article.


The nationality is also declared by diasporans living where?


^9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci (in Bačka), Šokci (in Slavonia and Vojvodina), Janjevci (in Kosovo), Burgenland Croats (in Austria), Bosniaks (in Hungary), Molise Croats (in Italy), Krashovans (in Romania), Moravian Croats (in the Czech Republic)


What sub-groups of Slovenes are extinct?

^10 Sub-groups of Slovenes include Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians, and the extinct Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes.


What are the current sub-groups of Slovenes?


Serbs of Croatia are mostly descendants of who?

Note: Besides ethnic groups, Slavs often identify themselves with the local geographical region in which they live. Some of the major regional South Slavic groups include: Zagorci in northern Croatia, Istrijani in westernmost Croatia, Dalmatinci in southern Croatia, Boduli in Adriatic islands, Vlaji in hinterland of Dalmatia, Slavonci in eastern Croatia, Bosanci in Bosnia, Hercegovci in Herzegovina, Krajišnici in western Bosnia, but is more commonly used to refer to the Serbs of Croatia, most of whom are descendants of the Grenzers, and continued to live in the area which made up the Military Frontier until the Croatian war of independence, Semberci in northeast Bosnia, Srbijanci in Serbia proper, Šumadinci in central Serbia, Vojvođani in northern Serbia, Sremci in Syrmia, Bačvani in northwest Vojvodina, Banaćani in Banat, Sandžaklije (Muslims in Serbia/Montenegro border), Kosovci in Kosovo, Bokelji in southwest Montenegro, Trakiytsi in Upper Thracian Lowlands, Dobrudzhantsi in north-east Bulgarian region, Balkandzhii in Central Balkan Mountains, Miziytsi in north Bulgarian region, Warmiaks and Masurians in north-east Polish regions Warmia and Mazuria, Pirintsi in Blagoevgrad Province, Ruptsi in the Rhodopes etc.


What two DNA haplogroups predominate in modern Slavic peoples?

The modern Slavic peoples carry a variety of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. Yet two paternal haplogroups predominate: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a [L69.2=T/S163.2]. The frequency of Haplogroup R1a ranges from 63.39% in the Sorbs, through 56.4% in Poland, 54% in Ukraine, 52% in Russia, Belarus, to 15.2% in Republic of Macedonia, 14.7% in Bulgaria and 12.1% in Herzegovina. The correlation between R1a1a [M17] and the speakers of Indo-European languages, particularly those of Eastern Europe (Russian) and Central and Southern Asia, was noticed in the late 1990s. From this Spencer Wells and colleagues, following the Kurgan hypothesis, deduced that R1a1a arose on the Pontic-Caspian steppe.


What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in the Sorbs?


What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Poland?


What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Ukraine?


What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Russia?


When did Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?

Specific studies of Slavic genetics followed. In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland. The significant findings of this study are that:


Who studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?


In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing what?


Who searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?

Marcin Woźniak and colleagues (2010) searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]. Working with haplotypes, they found a pattern among Western Slavs which turned out to correspond to a newly discovered marker, M458, which defines subclade R1a1a7. This marker correlates remarkably well with the distribution of Slavic-speakers today. The team led by Peter Underhill, which discovered M458, did not consider the possibility that this was a Slavic marker, since they used the "evolutionary effective" mutation rate, which gave a date far too old to be Slavic. Woźniak and colleagues pointed out that the pedigree mutation rate, giving a later date, is more consistent with the archaeological record.


When did Marcin Woźniak search specifically for Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?


The team that discovered M458 was led by who?


What is distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N?

Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them. Postulated to originate from southeast Asia, it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples. Its presence in Pomors (called "Northern Russians" in the report) attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia). Autosomally, Russians are generally similar to populations in central-eastern Europe but some northern Russians are intermediate to Finno-Ugric groups.


Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what?


Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who?


Russians are generally similar to populations in what region?


On the other hand, I2a1b1 (P41.2) is typical of the South Slavic populations, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in the Moldavian region of Romania, Moldova and western Ukraine. According to original studies, Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen in the west Balkans sometime after the LGM, subsequently spreading from the Balkans through Central Russian Plain. Recently, Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2 into two clades – N (northern) and S (southern), in relation where they arose compared to Danube river. He proposes that N is slightly older than S. He recalculated the age of I2a2 to be ~ 2550 years and proposed that the current distribution is explained by a Slavic expansion from the area north-east of the Carpathians.


Haplogroup I2a2 is commonly found in what group of people?


Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen where?


When did Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk use a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Monigoloid" "mtDNA lineages"?

In 2008, biochemist Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk (Russian: Борис Аркадьевич Малярчук) et al. of the Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia, used a sample (n=279) of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Mongoloid" "mtDNA lineages". Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of "Slavic populations" with "1.8%" Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk added that "Slavic populations" "almost always" contain Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of "Balto-Slavics" in 2,000–3,000 BC with additional Mongoloid mixture occurring among Slavics in the last 4,000 years. Malyarchuk said the "Russian population" was developed by the "assimilation of the indigenous pre-Slavic population of Eastern Europe by true Slavs" with additional "assimilation of Finno-Ugric populations" and "long-lasting" interactions with the populations of "Siberia" and "Central Asia". Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from "steppe populations (Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Mongols)", especially the decay of the "Avar Khaganate".


Who used a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Monigoloid" "mtDNA lineages"?


Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of what populations?


Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of "Balto-Slavics" in what time period?


Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from what populations?


DNA from how many Russians show that the Y chromosomes fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations?

DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations. Taken together, they account for 95% of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool. Only (0.7%) fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of all major European haplogroups, which were characterized by similar patterns of distribution in Poles and Russians. An analysis of the DNA did not reveal any specific combinations of unique mtDNA haplotypes and their subclusters. The DNA clearly shows that both Poles and Russians are not different from the neighbouring European populations.


DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to what populations?


Taken together, they account for what percentage of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool?


What percentage fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations?


Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of what major haplogroups?


What is the posulated homeland region of the Slavs?

Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci. Over time, due to the larger number of Slavs, most descendants of the indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period – although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians. Exceptions are Greece, where the lesser numbered Slavs scattered there came to be Hellenized (aided in time by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the role of the church and administration) and Romania where Slavic people settled en route for present-day Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace whereby the Slavic population had come to assimilate. Bulgars were also assimilated by local Slavs but their ruling status and subsequent land cast the nominal legacy of Bulgarian country and people onto all future generations. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities managed to retain their culture and language for a long time, as Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages. However, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.


Who did the Slavs have contact with in Ukraine?


After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating who?


Who vanished from the population of the Balkans?


Where did South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders?

In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population.[citation needed] In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with Germanic and Celtic, while the eastern Slavs encountered Uralic and Scandinavian peoples. Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus' state but were completely Slavicized after a century. Some Finno-Ugric tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population. At the time of the Magyar migration, the present-day Hungary was inhabited by Slavs, numbering about 200,000, and by Romano-Dacians who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Magyars. In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north. In the Middle Ages, groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria where they were Slavicized.


In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with who?


In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with who?


Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of what state?


Polabian Slavs (Wends) settled in parts of England (Danelaw), apparently as Danish allies. Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled on Norse age Iceland. Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus. Saqaliba served as caliph's guards. In the 12th century, there was intensification of Slavic piracy in the Baltics. The Wendish Crusade was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the Northern Crusades. Niklot, pagan chief of the Slavic Obodrites, began his open resistance when Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Slavic lands. In August 1160 Niklot was killed and German colonization (Ostsiedlung) of the Elbe-Oder region began. In Hanoverian Wendland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lusatia invaders started germanization. Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: Helmold in the manuscript Chronicon Slavorum and Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum. The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony. In Eastern Germany, around 20% of Germans have Slavic paternal ancestry. Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin.


Where did Polabian Slavs (Wends) settle?


Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled where?


What refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus?


Cossacks, although Slavic-speaking and Orthodox Christians, came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds, including Tatars and other Turks. Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were Ossetians.


Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were what?


What religious affiliation did the Cossacks have?


The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population. The population of Moravian Wallachia also descend of this population.


Who descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs?


When did the Vlachs migrate into the region?


What population descended from the Vlachs?


Slavs that remained in the Carpathian basin were assimilated into who?

Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations. Although the majority continued south, attracted by the riches of the territory which would become Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian basin and were ultimately assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population. There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in Romania.[better source needed]


There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in what country?


Majority of Slavs continued south to the riches of the territory that became what country?


Where did the Slavs that assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population remain?


What's the estimated population of Southampton?

Southampton (i/saʊθˈæmptən, -hæmptən/) is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England, and is situated 75 miles (121 km) south-west of London and 19 miles (31 km) north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the River Test and River Itchen, with the River Hamble joining to the south of the urban area. The city, which is a unitary authority, has an estimated population of 253,651. The city's name is sometimes abbreviated in writing to "So'ton" or "Soton", and a resident of Southampton is called a Sotonian.


What could you call someone who lives in Southampton?


In what ceremonial county is Southampton located?


How many miles away from London is Southampton?


In which direction would you travel from Portsmouth to reach Southampton?


What is the big retail shopping center in Southampton called?

Significant employers in Southampton include The University of Southampton, Southampton Solent University, Southampton Airport, Ordnance Survey, BBC South, the NHS, ABP and Carnival UK. Southampton is noted for its association with the RMS Titanic, the Spitfire and more generally in the World War II narrative as one of the departure points for D-Day, and more recently as the home port of a number of the largest cruise ships in the world. Southampton has a large shopping centre and retail park called WestQuay. In October 2014, the City Council approved a follow-up from the WestQuay park, called WestQuay Watermark. Construction by Sir Robert McAlpine commenced in January 2015. Hammerson, the owners of the retail park, aim to have at least 1,550 people employed on its premises at year-end 2016.


In what month of 2014 did Southampton's City Council give the go-ahead for WestQuay Watermark?


What war is Southampton often associated with?


By the end of 2016, how many people are projected to be working onsite at WestQuay Watermark?


What other city merged with Southampton after the 2001 census?

In the 2001 census Southampton and Portsmouth were recorded as being parts of separate urban areas, however by the time of the 2011 census they had merged to become the sixth largest built-up area in England with a population of 855,569. This built-up area is part of the metropolitan area known as South Hampshire, which is also known as Solent City, particularly in the media when discussing local governance organisational changes. With a population of over 1.5 million this makes the region one of the United Kingdom's most populous metropolitan areas.


What's the other name for South Hampshire?


In the 2011 census, what was the population of Southampton after it merged with Portsmouth?


What metropolitan area is Portsmouth a part of?


What is the estimated minimum population of South Hampshire?


What year did the Romans invade Britain?

Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been inhabited since the stone age. Following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 and the conquering of the local Britons in 70 AD the fortress settlement of Clausentum was established. It was an important trading port and defensive outpost of Winchester, at the site of modern Bitterne Manor. Clausentum was defended by a wall and two ditches and is thought to have contained a bath house. Clausentum was not abandoned until around 410.


What ancient settlement was established after Rome invaded and the Britons were conquered?


According to evidence found, in what archaeological age were there first inhabitants in the area of Southampton?


What is the site of Clausentum called now?


In addition to two ditches, what was Clausentum's defense from invaders?


What people established a settlement in what is now the St. Mary's area of Southampton?

The Anglo-Saxons formed a new, larger, settlement across the Itchen centred on what is now the St Mary's area of the city. The settlement was known as Hamwic, which evolved into Hamtun and then Hampton. Archaeological excavations of this site have uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artefacts in Europe. It is from this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name.


What name did the Anglo-Saxons give their settlement first?


What name did Hamwic have in the interim as it was evolving into Hampton?


What county in England was named after Hampton?


What river separated Hamwic from the home of previous settlers?


What kind of raids disturbed Hamwic in the 9th century?

Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century, and by the 10th century a fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established.


What year did the Vikings start attacking Hamwic?


In what century was a new settlement set up at the site of Hamwic?


What was the name of the 10th-century fortified settlement that took Hamwic's place?


In what year did the Norman Conquest take place?

Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Southampton became the major port of transit between the then capital of England, Winchester, and Normandy. Southampton Castle was built in the 12th century and by the 13th century Southampton had become a leading port, particularly involved in the import of French wine in exchange for English cloth and wool.


What was the capital of England during the time of the Norman Conquest?


Southampton was important to transit between Winchester and what other region in England in the 11th century?


In what century was Southampton Castle built?


During the 13th century, what did Southampton get in trade for English cloth and wool?


Ruins of merchants' homes that survive today are evidence that Southampton had rich people in what century?

Surviving remains of 12th century merchants' houses such as King John's House and Canute's Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time. In 1348, the Black Death reached England via merchant vessels calling at Southampton.


What plague made it to England because of all the ships visiting Southampton in the 14th century?


What year did the Black Death arrive in England for the first time?


In addition to King John's House, what's the name of another rich merchant's dwelling that still partly remains?


Who led the invasion of Southampton in the 14th century by the French and others?

The town was sacked in 1338 by French, Genoese and Monegasque ships (under Charles Grimaldi, who used the plunder to help found the principality of Monaco). On visiting Southampton in 1339, Edward III ordered that walls be built to 'close the town'. The extensive rebuilding—part of the walls dates from 1175—culminated in the completion of the western walls in 1380. Roughly half of the walls, 13 of the original towers, and six gates survive.


What principality did Grimaldi set up with the profits from plundering Southampton?


What year did Edward III show up in Southampton and tell them to build walls?


How many of the original towers from Southampton's walls are still standing?


The oldest section of the original wall around the town dates from what year?


What's the name of the wall tower that was the first of its kind in England built for artillery purposes?

The city walls include God's House Tower, built in 1417, the first purpose-built artillery fortification in England. Over the years it has been used as home to the city's gunner, the Town Gaol and even as storage for the Southampton Harbour Board. Until September 2011, it housed the Museum of Archaeology. The walls were completed in the 15th century, but later development of several new fortifications along Southampton Water and the Solent by Henry VIII meant that Southampton was no longer dependent upon its fortifications.


In what year was the God's House Tower built?


What museum was located in God's House Tower until 2011?


Which king of England directed new fortifications that helped Southampton rely less on its wall?


In what century did Southampton complete construction of the wall around the city?


The only remaining piece of the motte and bailey castle can be seen near what modern Southampton street?

On the other hand, many of the medieval buildings once situated within the town walls are now in ruins or have disappeared altogether. From successive incarnations of the motte and bailey castle, only a section of the bailey wall remains today, lying just off Castle Way. The last remains of the Franciscan friary in Southampton, founded circa 1233 and dissolved in 1538, were swept away in the 1940s. The site is now occupied by Friary House.


About what year was the Franciscan friary established in Southampton?


What year did Southampton's Franciscan friary shut down?


In what decade were the leftovers of the Southampton friary destroyed?


What landmark now sits on the site of the Franciscan friary in Southampton?


In what year was the friars' water supply system built in Southampton?

Elsewhere, remnants of the medieval water supply system devised by the friars can still be seen today. Constructed in 1290, the system carried water from Conduit Head (remnants of which survive near Hill Lane, Shirley) some 1.7 kilometres to the site of the friary inside the town walls. The friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310 and passed on ownership of the water supply system itself in 1420. Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road.


Where was the water brought from by the friars' supply system?


What year did the friars start letting the rest of Southampton use the water from their system?


When was ownership of the medieval water supply system given to the town of Southampton?


What's the name of the landmark on Commercial Road where remains of the friars' water system can be seen?


What war was taking place in the 1640s in England?

In 1642, during the English Civil War, a Parliamentary garrison moved into Southampton. The Royalists advanced as far as Redbridge, Southampton, in March 1644 but were prevented from taking the town.


What year did a Parliamentary garrison enter Southampton?


What is the furthest town the Royalists reached during their advance into Southampton in 1644?


In what month of 1644 did the Royalists fail to take Redbridge?


What skilled trade was a central industry for Southampton in the Middle Ages?

During the Middle Ages, shipbuilding became an important industry for the town. Henry V's famous warship HMS Grace Dieu was built in Southampton. Walter Taylor's 18th century mechanisation of the block-making process was a significant step in the Industrial Revolution. From 1904 to 2004, the Thornycroft shipbuilding yard was a major employer in Southampton, building and repairing ships used in the two World Wars.


What's the name of the famed warship built in Southampton for Henry V?


What was the name of the man who overhauled block-making to mechanize the process?


Between 1904 and 2004, what shipbuilding company employed a large portion of Southampton?


In what historical period did Walter Taylor's improvements on block-making play an important role?


What battle did King Henry leave for in 1415?

Prior to King Henry's departure for the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the ringleaders of the "Southampton Plot"—Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham, and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton—were accused of high treason and tried at what is now the Red Lion public house in the High Street. They were found guilty and summarily executed outside the Bargate.


What group did the men accused of high treason, including Henry Scrope and Sir Thomas Grey, lead?


What is the public house where the men from Southampton Plot were tried called now?


What was the Earl of Cambridge's first name?


Outside of what structure did the execution of the Southampton Plot leaders take place?


What did the military use Southampton for during wars in the 18th century?

Southampton has been used for military embarkation, including during 18th-century wars with the French, the Crimean war, and the Boer War. Southampton was designated No. 1 Military Embarkation port during the Great War and became a major centre for treating the returning wounded and POWs. It was also central to the preparations for the Invasion of Europe in 1944.


In addition to wars with the French and the Boer War, in which notable war in the 18th century did Southampton play a role?


What war won Southampton the title of No. 1 Military Embarkation port?


What group of people in addition to wounded soldiers from the Great War often were brought to Southampton for treatment?


In what year did Southampton lead preparations for the Invasion of Europe?


When did Southampton turn into a spa town?

Southampton became a spa town in 1740. It had also become a popular site for sea bathing by the 1760s, despite the lack of a good quality beach. Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay, with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide.


Despite not having a good beach, what decade saw Southampton become popular for sea bathing?


Where in Southampton were special baths filled by seawater constructed?


What change in flow of the sea controlled the innovative baths at West Quay?


In what historical period did Southampton expand greatly?

The town experienced major expansion during the Victorian era. The Southampton Docks company had been formed in 1835. In October 1838 the foundation stone of the docks was laid and the first dock opened in 1842. The structural and economic development of docks continued for the next few decades. The railway link to London was fully opened in May 1840. Southampton subsequently became known as The Gateway to the Empire.


What year was the Southampton Docks company created?


In what month of 1838 was stone laid for the foundation of the Southampton docks?


What year did the railroad to London from Southampton open fully?


What name did Southampton earn for its importance in creating a link to London?


Who wrote "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star"?

In his 1854 book "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star" John Choules described Southampton thus: "I hardly know a town that can show a more beautiful Main Street than Southampton, except it be Oxford. The High Street opens from the quay, and under various names it winds in a gently sweeping line for one mile and a half, and is of very handsome width. The variety of style and color of material in the buildings affords an exhibition of outline, light and color, that I think is seldom equalled. The shops are very elegant, and the streets are kept exceedingly clean."


What town did Choules say had the only Main Street more beautiful than Southampton's?


How long was Southampton's High Street as described by Choules?


What adjective did Choules use to describe the shops of Southampton's High Street?


Choules complimented the streets of Southampton for being kept in what condition?


What famous ship left Southampton's port carrying the Pilgrim Fathers?

The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard Mayflower in 1620. In 1912, the RMS Titanic sailed from Southampton. Four in five of the crew on board the vessel were Sotonians, with about a third of those who perished in the tragedy hailing from the city. Southampton was subsequently the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by Cunard with their Blue Riband liner RMS Queen Mary and her running mate RMS Queen Elizabeth. In 1938, Southampton docks also became home to the flying boats of Imperial Airways. Southampton Container Terminals first opened in 1968 and has continued to expand.


What year did the Mayflower set sail from Southampton?


How many crew members out of every five on the RMS Titanic were Sotonians?


What company operated passenger ships across the Atlantic, including the RMS Queen Elizabeth?


In what year did Southampton Container Terminals open?


The Supermarine Spitfire was designed and developed in Southampton, evolving from the Schneider trophy-winning seaplanes of the 1920s and 1930s. Its designer, R J Mitchell, lived in the Portswood area of Southampton, and his house is today marked with a blue plaque. Heavy bombing of the factory in September 1940 destroyed it as well as homes in the vicinity, killing civilians and workers. World War II hit Southampton particularly hard because of its strategic importance as a major commercial port and industrial area. Prior to the Invasion of Europe, components for a Mulberry harbour were built here. After D-Day, Southampton docks handled military cargo to help keep the Allied forces supplied, making it a key target of Luftwaffe bombing raids until late 1944. Southampton docks was featured in the television show 24: Live Another Day in Day 9: 9:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m.


What area of Southampton did Mitchell hail from?


What color is the plaque that marks the Spitfire designer's house?


In what month of 1940 did bombs destroy the factory that made Mitchell's seaplanes?


Which forces did Southampton supply after D-Day that made it a target for many Luftwaffe air raids?


How many people died because of the bombs dropped on Southampton?

630 people lost their lives as a result of the air raids on Southampton and nearly 2,000 more were injured, not to mention the thousands of buildings damaged or destroyed.


In addition to casualties, about how many people were wounded by air raids on Southampton?


Was it hundreds or thousands of buildings in Southampton that sustained damage from air raids?


What style of architecture partially survived the war?

Pockets of Georgian architecture survived the war, but much of the city was levelled. There has been extensive redevelopment since World War II. Increasing traffic congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938. However a large portion of those walls remain.


Southampton has been redeveloped almost entirely in the years since which war?


In which decade did there start to be a lot of traffic in Southampton?


Some of the walls around which landmark were demolished in the 1930s?


What document declared the upgrade of University College at Highfield?

A Royal Charter in 1952 upgraded University College at Highfield to the University of Southampton. Southampton acquired city status, becoming the City of Southampton in 1964.


What is the new name of University College at Highfield?


When did Southampton officially become a city?


In what year did the Royal Charter give the University of Southampton its name?


In what year did an act establish the Hampshire County Council?

After the establishment of Hampshire County Council, following the act in 1888, Southampton became a county borough within the county of Hampshire, which meant that it had many features of a county, but governance was now shared between the Corporation in Southampton and the new county council. There is a great source of confusion in the fact that the ancient shire county, along with its associated assizes, was known as the County of Southampton or Southamptonshire. This was officially changed to Hampshire in 1959 although the county had been commonly known as Hampshire or Hantscire for centuries. Southampton became a non-metropolitan district in 1974.


What organization did the new county council share governance of Southampton with?


What year was the county of Hampshire officially named?


Even before it was official, Hampshire was often called Hampshire or what ancient variation of the name?


What designation was Southampton given in 1974?


Southampton's history of administrative independence dates back to the reign of which king?

Southampton as a Port and city has had a long history of administrative independence of the surrounding County; as far back as the reign of King John the town and its port were removed from the writ of the King's Sheriff in Hampshire and the rights of custom and toll were granted by the King to the burgesses of Southampton over the port of Southampton and the Port of Portsmouth; this tax farm was granted for an annual fee of £200 in the charter dated at Orival on 29 June 1199. The definition of the port of Southampton was apparently broader than today and embraced all of the area between Lymington and Langstone. The corporation had resident representatives in Newport, Lymington and Portsmouth. By a charter of Henry VI, granted on 9 March 1446/7 (25+26 Hen. VI, m. 32), the mayor, bailiffs and burgesses of the towns and ports of Southampton and Portsmouth became a County incorporate and separate from Hampshire.


What was the annual fee paid by the burgesses of Southampton for the rights of custom and toll laid out in the charter of 1199?


In the 1100s, the port of Southampton included everything between Lymington and what area?


Under what king was a charter granted in 1446/7 that separated Southampton and Portsmouth from Hampshire?


What date was the charter regarding Southampton's tax farm signed at Orival?


What king's charter recognized Southampton as its own county?

The status of the town was changed by a later charter of Charles I by at once the formal separation from Portsmouth and the recognition of Southampton as a county, In the charter dated 27 June 1640 the formal title of the town became 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'. These charters and Royal Grants, of which there were many, also set out the governance and regulation of the town and port which remained the 'constitution' of the town until the local government organisation of the later Victorian period which from about 1888 saw the setting up of County Councils across England and Wales and including Hampshire County Council who now took on some of the function of Government in Southampton Town. In this regime, The Town and County of the Town of Southampton also became a county borough with shared responsibility for aspects of local government. On 24 February 1964 the status changed again by a Charter of Elizabeth II, creating the City and County of the City of Southampton.


What year did Southampton receive the charter naming it 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'?


What era in history saw local government begin setting up County Councils in the area?


After 1888, which Council took over some governance of Southampton Town?


What was the year that Queen Elizabeth II's charter created the City and County of the City of Southampton?


What county did the city of Southampton become administratively independent of in April of 1997?

The city has undergone many changes to its governance over the centuries and once again became administratively independent from Hampshire County as it was made into a unitary authority in a local government reorganisation on 1 April 1997, a result of the 1992 Local Government Act. The district remains part of the Hampshire ceremonial county.


What official designation did Southampton receive in the April 1997 local government reorganization?


What act was responsible for the reorganization of local government on April 1, 1997?


What ceremonial county does Southampton still belong to?


How many concillors sit on Southampton's City Council?

Southampton City Council consists of 48 councillors, 3 for each of the 16 wards. Council elections are held in early May for one third of the seats (one councillor for each ward), elected for a four-year term, so there are elections three years out of four. Since the 2015 council elections, the composition of the council is:


How many councillors are assigned to each ward in Southampton?


In what month are council elections held?


In how many years of every four is a council election held in Southampton?


How many representatives does Southampton have in parliament?

There are three members of parliament for the city: Royston Smith (Conservative) for Southampton Itchen, the constituency covering the east of the city; Dr. Alan Whitehead (Labour) for Southampton Test, which covers the west of the city; and Caroline Nokes (Conservative) for Romsey and Southampton North, which includes a northern portion of the city.


Who is Southampton Test's member of parliament?


To what political party does Caroline Nokes belong?


Which directional area of Southampton does Dr. Alan Whitehead represent?


How many cities or towns are there in all of England and Wales with a ceremonial sheriff acting as the Mayor's deputy?

The city has a Mayor and is one of the 16 cities and towns in England and Wales to have a ceremonial sheriff who acts as a deputy for the Mayor. The current and 793rd Mayor of Southampton is Linda Norris. Catherine McEwing is the current and 578th sherriff. The town crier from 2004 until his death in 2014 was John Melody, who acted as master of ceremonies in the city and who possessed a cry of 104 decibels.


What's the name of the 578th sheriff of Southampton?


When did John Melody, the town crier of Southampton, pass away?


How many decibels was John Melody able to reach in his cry?


What city in France does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with?

Southampton City Council has developed twinning links with Le Havre in France (since 1973), Rems-Murr-Kreis in Germany (since 1991), Trieste in Italy (since 2002); Hampton, Virginia in USA, Qingdao in China (since 1998), and Busan in South Korea (since 1978).


Which Italian city did Southampton City Council establish a twinning link with in 2002?


What's the only city in the USA with a twinning link to Southampton City Council?


What year did Southampton City Council link with Busan, South Korea?


In what country does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with Rems-Murr-Kreis?


At which tip of Southampton Water is Southampton located?

The geography of Southampton is influenced by the sea and rivers. The city lies at the northern tip of the Southampton Water, a deep water estuary, which is a ria formed at the end of the last Ice Age. Here, the rivers Test and Itchen converge. The Test—which has salt marsh that makes it ideal for salmon fishing—runs along the western edge of the city, while the Itchen splits Southampton in two—east and west. The city centre is located between the two rivers.


Which river is excellent for salmon fishing?


Which river splits the city of Southampton into an east section and a west section?


What Southampton area is located between the Itchen and Test rivers?


What's the name of the public quay that's been in Southampton since the 13th century?

Town Quay is the original public quay, and dates from the 13th century. Today's Eastern Docks were created in the 1830s by land reclamation of the mud flats between the Itchen & Test estuaries. The Western Docks date from the 1930s when the Southern Railway Company commissioned a major land reclamation and dredging programme. Most of the material used for reclamation came from dredging of Southampton Water, to ensure that the port can continue to handle large ships.


In what decade were the Eastern Docks that can be seen today created?


What company commissioned the program that created the Western Docks?


What body of water was dredged for the material used for reclamation?


In what decade did the Southern Railway Company commission the program that created the Western Docks?


How many high tide peaks does Southampton Water get?

Southampton Water has the benefit of a double high tide, with two high tide peaks, making the movement of large ships easier. This is not caused as popularly supposed by the presence of the Isle of Wight, but is a function of the shape and depth of the English Channel. In this area the general water flow is distorted by more local conditions reaching across to France.


What island do many people think causes the double high tide in Southampton Water?


What body of water is actually responsible for the unusual double high tide?


What size ships can move through Southampton Water more easily because of the double high tide?


In addition to its shape, what property of the English Channel affects water flow in Southampton Water?


Along which border of Southampton does the River Test run?

The River Test runs along the western border of the city, separating it from the New Forest. There are bridges over the Test from Southampton, including the road and rail bridges at Redbridge in the south and the M27 motorway to the north. The River Itchen runs through the middle of the city and is bridged in several places. The northernmost bridge, and the first to be built, is at Mansbridge, where the A27 road crosses the Itchen. The original bridge is closed to road traffic, but is still standing and open to pedestrians and cyclists. The river is bridged again at Swaythling, where Woodmill Bridge separates the tidal and non tidal sections of the river. Further south is Cobden Bridge which is notable as it was opened as a free bridge (it was originally named the Cobden Free Bridge), and was never a toll bridge. Downstream of the Cobden Bridge is the Northam Railway Bridge, then the Northam Road Bridge, which was the first major pre-stressed concrete bridge to be constructed in the United Kingdom. The southernmost, and newest, bridge on the Itchen is the Itchen Bridge, which is a toll bridge.


What forest is on the opposite bank of the River Test from Southampton?


What motorway crosses the River Test to the North?


Where was the first bridge built across the River Itchen?


What bridge at Swaythling crosses at the point between the tidal and non-tidal sections of the River Itchen?


Southampton is divided into council wards, suburbs, constituencies, ecclesiastical parishes, and other less formal areas. It has a number of parks and green spaces, the largest being the 148 hectare Southampton Common, parts of which are used to host the annual summer festivals, circuses and fun fairs. The Common includes Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre on the former site of Southampton Zoo, a paddling pool and several lakes and ponds.


How many hectares is Southampton Common?


What wildlife center is located in Southampton Common?


What related attraction was at the same site before the Urban Wildlife Centre?


How many Local Authorities are there in England?

Council estates are in the Weston, Thornhill and Townhill Park districts. The city is ranked 96th most deprived out of all 354 Local Authorities in England.


In addition to the Thornhill and Townhill Park districts, what other district has a council estate?


What's Southampton's ranking on the list of most deprived Local Authorities in England?


What kind of climate does Southampton have?

As with the rest of the UK, Southampton experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). Its southerly, low lying and sheltered location ensures it is among the warmer, sunnier cities in the UK. It has held the record for the highest temperature in the UK for June at 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) since 1976.


For what month does Southampton hold the UK's record high temperature?


What was the record high temperature for June in degrees Celsius?


What year did Southampton set the record high temperature for June?


What does the record-setting 35.6 degrees Celsius convert to in degrees Fahrenheit?


What source of geothermal power sits below Southampton's center?

The centre of Southampton is located above a large hot water aquifer that provides geothermal power to some of the city's buildings. This energy is processed at a plant in the West Quay region in Southampton city centre, the only geothermal power station in the UK. The plant provides private electricity for the Port of Southampton and hot water to the Southampton District Energy Scheme used by many buildings including the WestQuay shopping centre. In a 2006 survey of carbon emissions in major UK cities conducted by British Gas, Southampton was ranked as being one of the lowest carbon emitting cities in the United Kingdom.


In what region of Southampton is the geothermal power station for the aquifer?


Which section of the city receives hot water from geothermal power through the West Quay plant?


What utility company sponsored a carbon emissions survey in 2006?


In the 2006 study, Southampton was discovered to be one of the lowest carbon emitters out of major cities in what large geographical area?


What race makes up the vast majority of Southampton's population?

At the 2001 Census, 92.4 per cent of the city's populace was White—including one per cent White Irish—3.8 per cent were South Asian, 1.0 per cent Black, 1.3 per cent Chinese or other ethnic groups, and 1.5 per cent were of Mixed Race.


What percentage of the population of Southampton is Black, according to the 2001 Census?


Going by the 2001 Census, what percentage of Southampton's population is of mixed race?


What percentage of the white population did the 2001 Census show were White Irish?


According to the 2001 Census, what race comprises 3.8% of people living in Southampton?


In 2011, what was the estimated population of Southampton inside city limits?

Southampton had an estimated 236,900 people living within the city boundary in 2011. There is a sizeable Polish population in the city, with estimates as high as 20,000.


What nationality of people makes up a large portion of Southampton residents?


What's the highest estimate of the Polish population of the city of Southampton?


Are there more males or females in Southampton?

There are 119,500 males within the city and 117,400 females. The 20–24 age range is the most populous, with an estimated 32,300 people falling in this age range. Next largest is the 25–29 range with 24,700 people and then 30–34 years with 17,800. By population, Southampton is the largest monocentric city in the South East England region and the second largest on the South Coast after Plymouth.


What age range contains the most people from Southampton?


How many people between the ages of 30 and 34 live in Southampton?


What's the only monocentric city on the South Coast larger than Southampton?


By what percentage did the population of Southampton increase from 1996 to 2004?

Between 1996 and 2004, the population of the city increased by 4.9 per cent—the tenth biggest increase in England. In 2005 the Government Statistics stated that Southampton was the third most densely populated city in the country after London and Portsmouth respectively. Hampshire County Council expects the city's population to grow by around a further two per cent between 2006 and 2013, adding around another 4,200 to the total number of residents. The highest increases are expected among the elderly.


What's the only other city in England besides Portsmouth more densely populated than Southampton?


What organization anticipated an additional 2% population growth from 2006 to 2013?


What age segment of the population of Southampton is projected to increase the most?


How many more residents would Southampton have if the population grew by 2%, as the council expected?


How many jobs were there in Southampton in March of 2007?

In March 2007 there were 120,305 jobs in Southampton, and 3,570 people claiming job seeker's allowance, approximately 2.4 per cent of the city's population. This compares with an average of 2.5 per cent for England as a whole.


How many Southampton residents were claiming job seeker's allowance in March, 2007?


In March 2007, what percentage of Southampton residents claimed job seeker's allowance?


What England's average percentage for people claiming job seeker's allowance?


What sector provides about a quarter of Southampton's available jobs?

Just over a quarter of the jobs available in the city are in the health and education sector. A further 19 per cent are property and other business and the third largest sector is wholesale and retail, which accounts for 16.2 percent. Between 1995 and 2004, the number of jobs in Southampton has increased by 18.5 per cent.


What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in the property/other business sector?


What's the third largest sector providing jobs in Southampton?


By what percentage did available jobs increase in Southampton between 1995 and 2004?


What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in wholesale and retail industries?


What was Southampton's average annual salary in January of 2007?

In January 2007, the average annual salary in the city was £22,267. This was £1,700 lower than the national average and £3,800 less than the average for the South East.


How far below the national average is the average annual salary in Southampton?


How far below England's South East region is Southampton's average annual salary?


About how much of UK's passenger traffic did Southampton handle during the inter-war period?

Southampton has always been a port, and the docks have long been a major employer in the city. In particular, it is a port for cruise ships; its heyday was the first half of the 20th century, and in particular the inter-war years, when it handled almost half the passenger traffic of the UK. Today it remains home to luxury cruise ships, as well as being the largest freight port on the Channel coast and fourth largest UK port by tonnage, with several container terminals. Unlike some other ports, such as Liverpool, London, and Bristol, where industry and docks have largely moved out of the city centres leaving room for redevelopment, Southampton retains much of its inner-city industry. Despite the still active and expanding docklands to the west of the city centre, further enhanced with the opening of a fourth cruise terminal in 2009, parts of the eastern docks have been redeveloped; the Ocean Village development, which included a local marina and small entertainment complex, is a good example. Southampton is home to the headquarters of both the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and the Marine Accident Investigation Branch of the Department for Transport in addition to cruise operator Carnival UK.


What kind of passenger ships make up a lot of the traffic in the port of Southampton?


Going by what unit of measurement makes Southampton the fourth largest port in the UK?


In what year did Southampton's fourth cruise terminal open in the western docklands?


What branch of the Department for Transport has its headquarters in Southampton?


What century saw more diverse industries come to Southampton?

During the latter half of the 20th century, a more diverse range of industry also came to the city, including aircraft and car manufacture, cables, electrical engineering products, and petrochemicals. These now exist alongside the city's older industries of the docks, grain milling, and tobacco processing.


Southampton's range of industries includes the manufacture of cars and what other transport?


What kind of engineering does industry in Southampton support?


Along with the docks and grain mills, what crop has been processed in Southampton for a long time?


How many people in the Southampton area receive hospital services from University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust?

University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust is one of the city's largest employers. It provides local hospital services to 500,000 people in the Southampton area and specialist regional services to more than 3 million people across the South of England. The Trust owns and manages Southampton General Hospital, the Princess Anne Hospital and a palliative care service at Countess Mountbatten House, part of the Moorgreen Hospital site in the village of West End, just outside the city.


How many people in the South of England rely on the NHS Foundation Trust's specialist services?


What type of service does the NHS Foundation Trust provide at the Countess Mountbatten House?


What hospital is the Countess Mountbatten House a part of?


In what village is Moorgreen Hospital located?


What's the name of the UK's national mapping agency?

Other major employers in the city include Ordnance Survey, the UK's national mapping agency, whose headquarters is located in a new building on the outskirts of the city, opened in February 2011. The Lloyd's Register Group has announced plans to move its London marine operations to a specially developed site at the University of Southampton. The area of Swaythling is home to Ford's Southampton Assembly Plant, where the majority of their Transit models are manufactured. Closure of the plant in 2013 was announced in 2012, with the loss of hundreds of jobs.


What year did Ordnance Survey's new headquarters open in Southampton?


What company said it is planning to move marine operations to the University of Southampton?


What area of Southampton holds a Ford assembly plant?


Which model does Ford manufacture in their Southampton plant?


What's the largest retail center in Southampton?

Southampton's largest retail centre, and 35th largest in the UK, is the WestQuay Shopping Centre, which opened in September 2000 and hosts major high street stores including John Lewis and Marks and Spencer. The centre was Phase Two of the West Quay development of the former Pirelli undersea cables factory; the first phase of this was the West Quay Retail Park, while the third phase (Watermark Westquay) was put on hold due to the recession. Work is has resumed in 2015, with plans for this third stage including shops, housing, an hotel and a public piazza alongside the Town Walls on Western Esplanade. Southampton has also been granted a licence for a large casino. A further part of the redevelopment of the West Quay site resulted in a new store, opened on 12 February 2009, for Swedish home products retailer IKEA. Marlands is a smaller shopping centre, built in the 1990s and located close to the northern side of WestQuay. Southampton currently has two disused shopping centres: the 1970s Eaststreet mall, and the 1980s Bargate centre. Neither of these were ever commercially successful; the former has been earmarked for redevelopment as a Morrison's supermarket, while the future of the latter is uncertain. There is also the East Street area which has been designated for speciality shopping, with the aim of promoting smaller retailers, alongside the chain store Debenhams. In 2007, Southampton was ranked 13th for shopping in the UK.


What's WestQuay's ranking among the largest retail centers in the UK?


What was the name of the third phase of West Quay development that got put on hold because of the recession?


What year did work resume on the development of Watermark Westquay?


What popular Swedish company opened a new store in the West Quay site in 2009?


What type of tall buildings are being planned on Southampton's waterfront?

Southampton's strong economy is promoting redevelopment, and major projects are proposed, including the city's first skyscrapers on the waterfront. The three towers proposed will stand 23 storeys high and will be surrounded by smaller apartment blocks, office blocks and shops. There are also plans for a 15-storey hotel at the Ocean Village marina, and a 21-storey hotel on the north eastern corner of the city centre, as part of a £100m development.


How many stories tall will each of the three proposed towers be?


What marina in Southampton may get a 15-story high hotel?


What factor is very strong in Southampton that encourages redevelopment of the city?


What's the projected budget of the development plan that includes the new hotels?


Going by 2004 calculations, how much does Southampton contribute to the region's economy each year?

According to 2004 figures, Southampton contributes around £4.2 bn to the regional economy annually. The vast majority of this is from the service sector, with the remainder coming from industry in the city. This figure has almost doubled since 1995.


What sector puts up most of Southampton's economic contribution?


In 2004, Southampton's contribution to the regional economy had almost doubled from what it was in what year?


What museum reopened on July 30th, 2011 after a huge renovation?

The city is home to the longest surviving stretch of medieval walls in England, as well as a number of museums such as Tudor House Museum, reopened on 30 July 2011 after undergoing extensive restoration and improvement; Southampton Maritime Museum; God's House Tower, an archaeology museum about the city's heritage and located in one of the tower walls; the Medieval Merchant's House; and Solent Sky, which focuses on aviation. The SeaCity Museum is located in the west wing of the civic centre, formerly occupied by Hampshire Constabulary and the Magistrates' Court, and focuses on Southampton's trading history and on the RMS Titanic. The museum received half a million pounds from the National Lottery in addition to interest from numerous private investors and is budgeted at £28 million.


What's the name of the museum located in one of Southampton's tower walls?


What's the name of the aviation museum in Southampton?


What's the impressive budget of the SeaCity Museum?


What organization invested half a million pounds in the SeaCity Museum?


In what month each year is the Southampton Boat Show held?

The annual Southampton Boat Show is held in September each year, with over 600 exhibitors present. It runs for just over a week at Mayflower Park on the city's waterfront, where it has been held since 1968. The Boat Show itself is the climax of Sea City, which runs from April to September each year to celebrate Southampton's links with the sea.


What waterfront park hosts the Boat Show?


When was the Boat Show first held in Mayflower Park?


What Southampton festival culminates in the Boat Show?


Attendees of the Boat Show can expect to see at least how many exhibitors?


What's the biggest theatre in Southampton?

The largest theatre in the city is the 2,300 capacity Mayflower Theatre (formerly known as the Gaumont), which, as the largest theatre in Southern England outside London, has hosted West End shows such as Les Misérables, The Rocky Horror Show and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, as well as regular visits from Welsh National Opera and English National Ballet. There is also the Nuffield Theatre based at the University of Southampton's Highfield campus, which is the city's primary producing theatre. It was awarded The Stage Award for Best Regional Theatre in 2015. It also hosts touring companies and local performing societies (such as Southampton Operatic Society, the Maskers and the University Players).


How many people can the Mayflower Theatre hold?


What was the former name of the Mayflower Theatre?


What famous ballet company has performed at the Mayflower?


Which Southampton theatre won The Stage Award for Best Regional Theatre for 2015?


What gallery in Southampton houses a Designated Collection?

There are many innovative art galleries in the city. The Southampton City Art Gallery at the Civic Centre is one of the best known and as well as a nationally important Designated Collection, houses several permanent and travelling exhibitions. The Millais Gallery at Southampton Solent University, the John Hansard Gallery at Southampton University as well as smaller galleries including the Art House in Above Bar Street provide a different view. The city's Bargate is also an art gallery run by the arts organisation "a space". A space also run the Art Vaults project, which creatively uses several of Southampton's medieval vaults, halls and cellars as venues for contemporary art installations.


What's the all-lowercase named arts organization in charge of the art gallery in Southampton's Bargate?


What project, also run by a space, showcases art in Southampton's medieval buildings?


What art gallery is a part of Southampton Solent University?


In addition to the Mayflower Theatre, what's Southampton's other big venue for live music?

Southampton has two large live music venues, the Mayflower Theatre (formerly the Gaumont Theatre) and the Guildhall. The Guildhall has seen concerts from a wide range of popular artists including Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Delirious?, Manic Street Preachers, The Killers, The Kaiser Chiefs, Amy Winehouse, Lostprophets, The Midnight Beast, Modestep, and All Time Low. It also hosts classical concerts presented by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, City of Southampton Orchestra, Southampton Concert Orchestra, Southampton Philharmonic Choir and Southampton Choral Society.


What legendary band with a color in its name has played at the Guildhall?


What orchestra with a name that starts with "B" has played at the Guildhall?


What choir from the area has sung at the Guildhall?


What nightclub in Southampton was nominated for the UK's best small nightclub?

The city also has several smaller music venues, including the Brook, The Talking Heads, The Soul Cellar, The Joiners and Turner Sims, as well as smaller "club circuit" venues like Hampton's and Lennon's, and a number of public houses including the Platform tavern, the Dolphin, the Blue Keys and many others. The Joiners has played host to such acts as Oasis, Radiohead, Green Day, Suede, PJ Harvey, the Manic Street Preachers, Coldplay, the Verve, the Libertines and Franz Ferdinand, while Hampton's and Lennon's have hosted early appearances by Kate Nash, Scouting for Girls and Band of Skulls. The nightclub, Junk, has been nominated for the UK's best small nightclub, and plays host to a range of dance music's top acts.


What genre of music is featured at Junk?


What small music venue in Southampton is named after an aquatic mammal?


What popular RnB singer hails from Southampton?

The city is home or birthplace to a number of contemporary musicians such as R'n'B singer Craig David, Coldplay drummer Will Champion, former Holloways singer Rob Skipper as well as 1980s popstar Howard Jones. Several rock bands were formed in Southampton, including Band of Skulls, The Delays, Bury Tomorrow, Heart in Hand, Thomas Tantrum (disbanded in 2011) and Kids Can't Fly (disbanded in 2014). James Zabiela, a highly regarded and recognised name in dance music, is also from Southampton.


What's the name of the Coldplay drummer from Southampton?


What group did Southampton's Rob Skipper sing for?


What band that broke up in 2014 was formed in Southampton?


What genre of music is James Zabiela known for?


What program with a direction in its name does the BBC broadcast from Southampton?

Local media include the Southern Daily Echo newspaper based in Redbridge and BBC South, which has its regional headquarters in the city centre opposite the civic centre. From there the BBC broadcasts South Today, the local television news bulletin and BBC Radio Solent. The local ITV franchise is Meridian, which has its headquarters in Whiteley, around nine miles (14 km) from the city. Until December 2004, the station's studios were located in the Northam area of the city on land reclaimed from the River Itchen. That's Solent is an local television channel that began broadcasting in November 2014, which will be based in and serve Southampton and Portsmouth.


What's the name of the local ITV division?


Where is the Meridian headquarters located?


What is the local television channel for Southampton called?


Towards the end of what year did That's Solent begin broadcasting?


How many community FM radio stations are there in Southampton?

Southampton also has 2 community FM radio stations, the Queens Award winning Unity 101 Community Radio (www.unity101.org) broadcasting full-time on 101.1 FM since 2006 to the Asian and Ethnic communities, and Voice FM (http://www.voicefmradio.co.uk) located in St Mary's, which has been broadcasting full-time on 103.9 FM since September 2011, playing a wide range of music from Rock to Dance music and Top 40. A third station, Awaaz FM (www.awaazfm.co.uk), is an internet only radio stations also catering for Asian and Ethnic community.


What local FM station won the Queens Award?


What's the new name of the station formerly known as The Saint?

Commercial radio stations broadcasting to the city include The Breeze, previously The Saint and currently broadcasting Hot adult contemporary music, Capital, previously Power FM and Galaxy and broadcasting popular music, Wave 105 and Heart Hampshire, the latter previously Ocean FM and both broadcasting adult contemporary music, and 106 Jack FM (www.jackradio.com), previously The Coast 106. In addition, Southampton University has a radio station called SURGE, broadcasting on AM band as well as through the web.


What genre of music is played on The Breeze?


What was the old name of Heart Hampshire?


What's Southampton University's radio station called?


What's the nickname of the Southampton Football Club?

Southampton is home to Southampton Football Club—nicknamed "The Saints"—who play in the Premier League at St Mary's Stadium, having relocated in 2001 from their 103-year-old former stadium, "The Dell". They reached the top flight of English football (First Division) for the first time in 1966, staying there for eight years. They lifted the FA Cup with a shock victory over Manchester United in 1976, returned to the top flight two years later, and stayed there for 27 years (becoming founder members of the Premier League in 1992) before they were relegated in 2005. The club was promoted back to the Premier League in 2012 following a brief spell in the third-tier and severe financial difficulties. In 2015, "The Saints" finished 7th in the Premier League, their highest league finish in 30 years, after a remarkable season under new manager Ronald Koeman. Their highest league position came in 1984 when they were runners-up in the old First Division. They were also runners-up in the 1979 Football League Cup final and 2003 FA Cup final. Notable former managers include Ted Bates, Lawrie McMenemy, Chris Nicholl, Ian Branfoot and Gordon Strachan. There is a strong rivalry between Portsmouth F.C. ("South Coast derby") which is located only about 30 km (19 mi) away.


What stadium has been home to The Saints since 2001?


What year did Southampton Football Club first reach the top level of English football?


Who did The Saints beat in 1976 to win the FA Cup?


What league did Southampton Football Club become founding members of in 1992?


Local Southampton football leagues have what day of the week in their names?

The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League.


How many local Sunday football leagues does Southampton have?


What's the name of the local league with "City" in its name?


What's the name of the the local league with "District" in its name?


At what venue does the Hampshire County Cricket Club play?

Hampshire County Cricket Club play close to the city, at the Rose Bowl in West End, after previously playing at the County Cricket Ground and the Antelope Ground, both near the city centre. There is also the Southampton Evening Cricket League.


What part of the city is the Rose Bowl in?


Besides the County Cricket Ground, at what other cricket ground did the Hampshire County Cricket Club used to play?


Besides the Hampshire County Cricket Club, what's the name of the other cricket league in Southampton?


The city hockey club, Southampton Hockey Club, founded in 1938, is now one of the largest and highly regarded clubs in Hampshire, fielding 7 senior men's and 5 senior ladies teams on a weekly basis along with boys’ and girls’ teams from 6 upwards.


What year was Southampton Hockey Club founded?


How many senior men's teams does the hockey club field each week?


Weekly, how many senior ladies teams does Southampton Hockey Club field?


How old do kids need to be to play in the hockey club?