What is the name of the activist who promised peaceful protests?

Argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch's flame as demonstrators had in Paris and London. "I want to announce that we will not put out the Olympic torch," said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. "We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful." Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own "Human Rights Torch." A giant banner reading "Free Tibet" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to "show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in China"


What route was planned for an alternative march?


What was on the banner that was displayed where the torchbearers would carry the torch?


What is the name of the protester who said they would not try to extinguish the torch?


Where did the other march travel form and to?


What was the name given to the torch carried on the alternative march?


What did the large banner say that was along the alternative march route?


What was the unsanctioned alternative relay called?


The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of "Friends of Falun Gong", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people, including public employees and volunteers. Overall, the protests were peaceful in nature, although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame, and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities.


What was the non profit that was funded by Mark Palmer?


Which footballer decided to not be a torchbearer because of the controversy?


How many police officers were in place to avoid controversy along the torch route?


What was thrown to try and put out the flame?


What is Susan Prager communication director of?


What football star backed out due to relay controversy?


How many police officers were part of the security operative?


What was tossed at the torch trying to put it out?


The protests were considered to be overall what in nature?


Where was the only African destination for the torch?

Tanzania: Dar es Salaam was the torch's only stop in Africa, on April 13. The relay began at the grand terminal of the TAZARA Railway, which was China's largest foreign aid project of the 1970s, and continued for 5 km through the old city to the Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Temeke, which was built with Chinese aid in 2005. The torch was lit by Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein. About a thousand people followed the relay, waving the Olympic flag. The only noted instance of protest was Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai's withdrawal from the list of torchbearers, in protest against human rights abuses in Tibet.


When did the torch arrive in Dar es Salaam?


Where did the route start for the torch in Dar es Salaam?


Where was the solitary place the relay was held in Africa?


What is the name of the railway where the Olympic torch relay began in Africa?


Where did the relay terminate in Africa?


What country paid for the stadium through aid money?


Which Middle East location was the only area the torch visited?

Sultanate of Oman: Muscat was the torch's only stop in the Middle East, on April 14. The relay covered 20 km. No protests or incidents were reported. One of the torchbearers was Syrian actress Sulaf Fawakherji.


Which actress carried the torch for part of the route?


Where was the only place the Olympic torch was carried in the Middle East?


How far was the relay route in kilometers in the Middle East?


What is the name of the Syrian actress who was one to bear the torch?


Pakistan: The Olympic torch reached Islamabad for the first time ever on April 16. President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay. Security was high, for what one newspaper called the "most sensitive leg" of the torch's Olympic journey. The relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around Islamabad, but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding "militant threats or anti-China protests", and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of Jinnah Stadium. In fear of violent protests and bomb attacks, the torch relay in Pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors. Although the relay was behind closed doors, thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame. As a consequence, no incidents arose.


Where was an indoor ceremony held since the outdoor relay was cancelled?


Who spoke at the opening ceremony in Islamabad in addition to President Musharraf?


Where did the Olympic torch relay start in Pakistan?


Instead of a traditinal relay, where was the track the torch was carried in Pakistan?


India: Due to concerns about pro-Tibet protests, the relay through New Delhi on April 17 was cut to just 2.3 km (less than 1.5 miles), which was shared amongst 70 runners. It concluded at the India Gate. The event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay. A total of five intended torchbearers -Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar, Bhaichung Bhutia and Sunil Gavaskar- withdrew from the event, citing "personal reasons", or, in Bhutia's case, explicitly wishing to "stand by the people of Tibet and their struggle" and protest against the PRC "crackdown" in Tibet. Indian national football captain, Baichung Bhutia refused to take part in the Indian leg of the torch relay, citing concerns over Tibet. Bhutia, who is Sikkimese, is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch. Indian film star Aamir Khan states on his personal blog that the "Olympic Games do not belong to China" and confirms taking part in the torch relay "with a prayer in his heart for the people of Tibet, and ... for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations". Rahul Gandhi, son of the Congress President Sonia Gandhi and scion of the Nehru-Gandhi family, also refused to carry the torch.


How many runners carried the torch in New Delhi?


Which football captain did not participate in the relay to show support for Tibet?


How many torchbearers did not participate because of their concerns with Tibet?


Where did the torch relay happen in India?


How long was the route in India in miles?


How many bearers of the torch were used in India?


How many bearers decided not to participate?


What is the name of the footballer who refused to be a part of the relay?


The security given to the torch relay in New Delhi is reminiscent of the security of what?

Wary of protests, the Indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip to Beijing in protest, though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it.


The Chinese presented a list of vulnerable relay locations to who?


Who supposedly cancelled a trip to Beijing in protest?


Who was said to have canceled an official trip to China in protest?


At what time in the middle of the night was the diplomat summoned?


The Olympic relay had the same security precautions taken as what other special day?


What kind of targets do Republic Day events present as?


How many people comprised the Tibetan exile community?

India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community, by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route. In response Indian officials said India was a democracy, and "a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question". Contradicting some other reports, Indian officials also refused permission to the "Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit". The combined effect is a "rapid deterioration" of relations between India and China. Meanwhile, the Tibetan government in exile, which is based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay.


India refused China's request that the Tibetan exile community be avoided because they said India is what?


How many Tibetan exiles are said to be in India?


What deteriorated between India and China?


Who said they did not support relay interruptions?


Who did not want to participate in the relay as 'caged woman'?

The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying "she doesn’t want to run in the event as ‘caged woman’." On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing “very strong personal reasons”. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi "against Chinese repression in Tibet", and was broken up by the police.


Which actress decided to not participate on April 15?


When did a protest in Delhi occur to protest against Chinese repression in Tibet?


What retired police officer refused to carry the torch in India?


What actress removed herself from participation in the relay?


Where was a protest organized about the Olympic relay in India?


The retired police officer said she would not run as what?


When did the Olympic torch reach Bangkok?

Thailand: The April 18 relay through Bangkok was the Olympic flame's first visit to Thailand. The relay covered just over 10 km, and included Bangkok's Chinatown. The torch was carried past Democracy Monument, Chitralada Palace and a number of other city landmarks. M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse, Green World Foundation (GWF) chairwoman, withdrew from the torch-running ceremony, protesting against China's actions in Tibet. Several hundred protesters were present, along with Olympic supporters. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into Thailand. A coalition of Thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a "small demonstration" during the relay, and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests, facing Beijing supporters. Intended torchbearer Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay, to protest against China's actions in Tibet. In Bangkok, students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear.


Who is the Green World Foundation chairwoman who refused to participate in the relay?


The media was told that the Chinese supplied with shirts and transportation?


The relay route was a little over how many kilometers?


Who were told they would be banned from reentering Thailand?


What scheduled bearer of the torch boycotted?


Malaysia: The event was held in the capital city, Kuala Lumpur, on April 21. The 16.5 km long-relay began from the historic Independence Square, passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic Petronas Twin Towers. Among the landmarks the Olympic flame passed next to were the Parliament House, National Mosque, KL Tower and Merdeka Stadium. A team of 1000 personnel from the Malaysian police Special Action Squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers. The last time an Olympic torch relay was held in Malaysia was the 1964 Tokyo edition.


Prior to the 2008 games, when did Malaysia last see an Olympic torch relay?


What is the location of the start of the relay in Malaysia?


What year was the last torch relay event in Malaysia?


How many Special Police protected the relay event?


Which supporters protested near the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?

Just days before the relay supporters of Falun Gong demonstrated in front of the Chinese embassy in the Malaysian capital. As many as 1,000 personnel from the special police unit were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay. A Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons and heckled by a crowd of Chinese citizens during the confrontation at Independence Square where the relay began, and the Chinese group shouted: "Taiwan and Tibet belong to China." Later during the day, the Chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other Malaysians protesting at the relay. One of the protesting Malaysian was hit in the head.


Supporters of what demonstrated at the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?


What were a Japanese family who unveiled a Tibetan flag hit with?


What did Chinese volunteers take from two Malaysian demonstrators?


When did the Olympic torch visit Jakarta?

Indonesia: The Olympic flame reached Jakarta on April 22. The original 20 km relay through Jakarta was cancelled due to "security worries", at the request of the Chinese embassy, and the torch was instead carried round the city main's stadium, as it had been in Islamabad. Several dozen pro-Tibet protesters gathered near the stadium, and were dispersed by the police. The event was held in the streets around the city main's stadium. The cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy. Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium. Protests took place outside the stadium.


Who requested that the original route be cancelled?


Along with invited people, who were the only other people allowed in the stadium?


Where did the torch relay begin in Indonesia?


How many kilometers was the planned route that was cancelled?


What type of facility was the torch carried at instead.


Where did protests occur when non one except invited guests and the press were allowed inside the stadium?


Australia: The event was held in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory on April 24, and covered around 16 km of Canberra's central areas, from Reconciliation Place to Commonwealth Park. Upon its arrival in Canberra, the Olympic flame was presented by Chinese officials to local Aboriginal elder Agnes Shea, of the Ngunnawal people. She, in turn, offered them a message stick, as a gift of peace and welcome. Hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters and thousands of Chinese students reportedly attended. Demonstrators and counter-demonstrators were kept apart by the Australian Federal Police. Preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the Chinese flame attendants, with Australian and Chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference.


Who received the flame from Chinese officials in Canberra?


What did Agnes Shea give to the Chinese in return?


Who publicly argued at a press conference?


How many kilometers was the route in Australia?


What was the location of the beginning of the Olympic torch route in Australia?


What is the name of the Aboriginal elder who received the torch from Chinese officials?


Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame?

Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators, following a call by the Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students to "go defend our sacred torch" against "ethnic degenerate scum and anti-China separatists". Tony Goh, chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations, has said the ACCO would be taking "thousands" of pro-Beijing demonstrators to Canberra by bus, to support the torch relay. Zhang Rongan, a Chinese Australian student organising pro-Beijing demonstrations, told the press that Chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses, meals and accommodation for pro-Beijing demonstrators, and helping them organise a "peaceful show of strength". Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to "turn up and put a point of view", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful.


Chinese Australian students were told to defend what against scum and separatists?


Who was the chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations?


Who was the Foreign Minister who said he was okay with protests as long as they were peaceful?


What group did China want along the relay route in Canberra?


Who was given permission to search attendees of the relay?


Who said that thousands of pro-Beijing supporters would be bused in?


Who told the media that Chinese diplomats were arranging a "peaceful show of strength"?


Who was the Foreign Minister who indicated Chinese officials wanted supporting demonstrators to show up and show their point of view?


Who withdrew as a torchbearer because of her concerns about human rights?

Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was "a very good example of peacefully making a point".


Who said Dodds' withdrawal was a good example of peacefully protesting?


Who was the foreign minister that said her decision was a good example of peacefully making a point?


Who was the head of the Canberra torch relay committee?

Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted Quinlan, head of the Canberra torch relay committee, said: "We didn't expect this reaction from the Chinese community. It is obviously a well-coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers. But we have assurances that it will be done peacefully.". Also, Australia's ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that "pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists." Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24, 2008, touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests. People demonstrated both for China and for Tibet. At least five people were arrested during the torch relay. Police said "the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against Chinese policy toward Tibet." At one point, groups of Chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro-Tibet protesters. One person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro-Chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake.


How many supporters of Tibet were expected in Canberra to protest?


ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope said which organization intended to ensure that China supporters outweighed Tibet supporters?


Which athlete carried the torch for the final leg?


How many supporters of Tibet were expected to attend the torch relay?


It was thought that how many Chinese supporters would attend the torch relay?


Who did not expect that reaction from the Chinese community?


Who was involved to ensure the pro Chinese demonstrators outweighed the Tibetan demonstrators?


Japan: The event was held in Nagano, which hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics, on April 26. Japanese Buddhist temple Zenkō-ji, which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the Olympic torch relay in Nagano, refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans, amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti-Chinese government protesters. as well as the risk of disruption by violent protests. Parts of Zenkō-ji temple's main building (Zenkō-ji Hondō), reconstructed in 1707 and one of the National Treasures of Japan, was then vandalized with spraypaint. A new starting point, previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot, was chosen by the city. An event the city had planned to hold at the Minami Nagano Sports Park following the torch relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against China's recent crackdown in Tibet. Thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route. The show of force kept most protesters in check, but slogans shouted by pro-China or pro-Tibet demonstrators, Japanese nationalists, and human rights organizations flooded the air. Five men were arrested and four injured amidst scenes of mob violence. The torch route was packed with mostly peaceful demonstrators. The public was not allowed at the parking lot where the relay started. After the Zenkoji monks held a prayer ceremony for victims of the recent events in Tibet. More than 100 police officers ran with the torch and riot police lined the streets while three helicopters flew above. Only two Chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of Japan's concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays. A man with a Tibetan flag tried to stop the torch at the beginning of the relay but was dragged off by police. Some raw eggs were also thrown from the crowd.


Where was the torch relay held in Japan?


What location was supposed to be the start of the relay event in Nagano?


When monks pulled out of the event, where was the new starting point for the relay?


How many Chinese guards were allowed to go with the torch?


Where was the torch relay event held in South Korea?

South Korea: The event was held in Seoul, which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics, on April 27. Intended torchbearers Choi Seung-kook and Park Won-sun boycotted the event to protest against the Chinese government's crackdown in Tibet. More than 8,000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24-kilometre route, which began at Olympic Park, which was built when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Games. On the day of the torch relay in Seoul, Chinese students clashed with protesters, throwing rocks, bottles, and punches. A North Korean defector whose brother defected to China but was captured and executed by the DPRK, attempted to set himself on fire in protest of China's treatment of North Korean refugees. He poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away. Two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed. Fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 Chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read: "Free North Korean refugees in China." The students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2,500 police tried to keep the groups separated. Police said they arrested five people, including a Chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks. Thousands of Chinese followed the torch on its 4.5 hour journey, some chanting, "Go China, go Olympics!" By the end of the relay, Chinese students became violent, and it was reported in Korean media that they were "lynching" everyone who was disagreeing with them. One police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by Chinese students. On Apr 29, the Secretary of Justice, Kim Kyung Han, told the prime minister that he will find "every single Chinese who was involved and bring them to justice." Later in the day, South Korea's Prosecutor's Office, National Police Agency, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Intelligence Service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every Chinese student that was involved in the incident. China defended the conduct of the students.


Where was the start point for the relay?


Who became violent during the relay route and was promised deportation when caught?


Where was the relay event held in South Korea?


North Korea: The event was held in Pyongyang on April 28. It was the first time that the Olympic torch has traveled to North Korea. A crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the Beijing Olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in Pyongyang, some waving Chinese flags. The event was presided over by the head of the country's parliament, Kim Yong Nam. The North, an ally of China, has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported Beijing in its actions against protests in Tibet. Kim passed the torch to the first runner Pak Du Ik, who played on North Korea's 1966 World Cup soccer team, as he began the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang. The relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the Juche Tower, which commemorates the national ideology of Juche, or "self-reliance", created by the country's late founding President Kim Il Sung, father of leader Kim Jong Il, who did not attend.


Who presided over the torch event in North Korea?


Who was the first torchbearer in North Korea?


Where was the relay event held in North Korea?


What date did the torch relay event take place?


What did people in the crowd wave at the beginning of the relay?


Who was the first runner with the torch?


The United Nations Organization and UNICEF felt the relay could be used as what?

The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it wasn't sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. "It was unconscionable," said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world’s worst offenders against human rights.


North Korea is often listed among the worst offenders in the world in what regard?


What is the children's agency of the United Nations Organization?


What is the mission of the organizations?


Who is often listed amongst the world's worst offenders when it comes to human rights?


Vietnam: The event was held in Ho Chi Minh City on April 29. Some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown Opera House to the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium near Tan Son Nhat International Airport along an undisclosed route. Vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with China (and other countries) for sovereignty of the Spratly and Paracel Islands; tensions have risen recently[when?] following reports that the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. However to sustain its relationship with China the Vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay, with Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng warning government agencies that "hostile forces" may try to disrupt the torch relay.


Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?


How many torchbearers carried the torch in Vietnam?


Where did the torch event begin in Vietnam?


What areas are involved in the dispute between Vietnam and China?


The Chinese government established what city in this disputed area?


As a result, demonstrations were held in what two cities in December 2007?


How many people protesting China were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?

Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting "Boycott the Beijing Olympics" through a loudhailer at a market. A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch, while a prominent blogger, Điếu Cày (real name Nguyễn Văn Hải), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion. Outside Vietnam, there were protests by overseas Vietnamese in Paris, San Francisco and Canberra. Lê Minh Phiếu, a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France, wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China's "politicisation of the Olympics", citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea.


Which blogger calling for demonstrations was arrested for tax evasion?


Which torchbearer sent a letter of protest to the president of the International Olympic Committee?


How many protesters were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?


Though he urged for demonstrations in Vietnam, Nguyễn Văn Hải was charged with what crime?


What is the name of the torchbearer who wrote a letter to the IOC president about discrepancies on a website?


What was removed from the website that Lê Minh Phiếu had written about?


Hong Kong: The event was held in Hong Kong on May 2. In the ceremony held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui, Chief Executive Donald Tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer, Olympic medalist Lee Lai Shan. The torch relay then traveled through Nathan Road, Lantau Link, Sha Tin (crossed Shing Mun River via a dragon boat, which had been never used before in the history of Olympic torch relays), Victoria Harbour (crossed by Tin Hau, a VIP vessel managed by the Marine Department) before ending in Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay. Many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large Chinese flags. According to Hong Kong Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang, 3,000 police were deployed to ensure order.


Who was the first torchbearer in Hong Kong?


Where was the torch event started in Hong Kong?


Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong?


How many torchbearers participated in the relay event in Hong Kong?


When was the relay event held in Hong Kong?


Who handed the torch to Lee Lai Shan, the first torchbearer?


What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River?


How many torchbearers carried the torch?


The torchbearers included athletes, celebrities and who?


What did Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China members wave to symbolize democracy?

There were several protests along the torch relay route. Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah, waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong. Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair) also joined the protest, saying "I'm very proud that in Hong Kong we still have people brave enough to speak out." Pro-democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like "running dog," "traitor," "get out!," and "I love the Communist Party." At the same time, about 10 members of the Civil Human Rights Front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage. Onlookers were saying "Aren't you Chinese?" in Mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large Chinese national flag. One woman had an orange sign that said, "Olympic flame for democracy", while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan "One world, two dreams". A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it. Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting "What kind of Chinese are you?" and "What a shame!" In the end, she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle "for their own protection." Chan is currently[when?] suing the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached. (case number HCAL139/08)


This group wanted accountability for what 1989 event?


Who wrapped a Tibetan flag around her body and later waved it?


Why is Chan suing the Hong Kong government?


Some people waved plastic inflated flames, saying they symbolize what?


Who was proud that Hong Kong still has brave people speaking out?


What did radio host Christina Chan wear before waving it?


The Color Orange democracy group, led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschiøt, originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the "Pillar of Shame", a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. However, Galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26, 2008 due to "immigration reasons" and were forced to leave Hong Kong. In response, Lee Cheuk Yan, vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said, "It's outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of Hong Kong because of the torch relay." Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter. She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur. Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy.


What did Galschiøt construct in Hong Kong in reference to the Tiananmen Square protests?


Galschiøt and two fellow protesters were denied to entry to Hong Kong for what reason?


Which American actress was questioned at the Hong Kong airport?


A legislator said that by allowing Farrow to enter Hong Kong while denying others was a violation to what policy?


What structure did Jens Galschiøt build to monumentalize the Tianamen Square protests in 1989?


Why was Jens Galschiøt made to leave Hong Kong?


Which actress from America was initially held and then gave a speech about China and Sudan?


Macao: The event was held in Macau on May 3. It was the first time that the Olympic torch had traveled to Macau. A ceremony was held at Macau Fisherman's Wharf. Afterward, the torch traveled through Macau, passing by a number of landmarks including A-Ma Temple, Macau Tower, Ponte Governador Nobre de Carvalho, Ponte de Sai Van, Macau Cultural Centre, Macau Stadium and then back to the Fisherman's Wharf for the closing ceremony. Parts of the route near Ruins of St. Paul's and Taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets. A total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively. An article published on Macao Daily News criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes among the torchbearers. (some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events)


Where was the torch ceremony held in Macao?


How many torchbearers participated in Macao?


A newspaper article criticized that there were not enough of what kind of person among the torchbearers?


When was the torch relay event held in Macao?


How many torchbearers carried the torch in Macao?


Who was the first person to carry the torch in Macao?


Which casino tycoon participated in the torch relay event?


Which publication was unhappy with the amount of non-athlete torchbearers?


A Macau citizen was arrested for posting a plea to disrupt the relay on what website?

A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay. Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated. About 2,200 police were deployed on the streets, there were no interruptions.


In addition to cyberctm.com, what other website was shut down for two days?


Who was arrested on April 26 for posting an online message?


Who denied the shutdown was motivated by politics?


After its April departure, when did the torch return to China?

China: The torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way.


What actor attended a torch celebration in China?


When was the last time the torch had been in China?


Which actor also attended the celebrations?


The Chinese coverage of torch relay events has been accused by Western reporters as being what?

The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper Libération was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Libération needed "a stinging slap in the face" for having "insulted the Olympic flame" and "supported a handful of saboteurs".


In turn, Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage?


Which French newspaper was accused of being biased by Chinese State press agency Xinhua?


Coverage in China is reported to be partial and what?


What organization interrupted the relay and was not broadcast by the Chinese media?


Chinese State Press said what French newspaper was biased?


The Chinese State Press said the French newspaper was supporting a handful of what?


What did the Chinese media focus on as far as human rights protesters?

In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to "a very small number of 'Tibet independence' secessionists and a handful of so-called human rights-minded NGO activists" intent on "disrupting and sabotaging the Beijing Olympic Games". However, the Chinese media published articles about crowds supporting the torch relay.


Xinhua and CCTV focused on people who what?

Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests, to a greater extent than most Western media, but did not quote any alternate viewpoints, providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries. It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays, to a greater extent than Western media, but not those who, like Marie-José Pérec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the "smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were "radicals" who "trampled human rights" and whose activities were condemned by "the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit".


Which athlete was ignored by media for supporting the protesters?


Which athlete showed support for the people protesting?


Which publication said that protesters were trampling human rights?


Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what?

Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct. Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported "Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed.


What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed?


Though four withdrew, it was reported that Indian torchbearers vowed to what?


Several torchbearers said what two things should not be combined?


Which United Kingdom newspaper published a Chinese ambassador's opinion that Western media had demonized China with torch coverage?

Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. The Daily Telegraph published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom, Fu Ying, who accused Western media of "demonising" China during their coverage of the torch relays. The Telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question "Is the West demonising China?" The BBC reported on a demonstration in Sydney by Chinese Australians "voicing support for Beijing amid controversy over Tibet" and protesting against what they saw as Western media bias. The report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read "Shame on some Western media", "BBC CNN lies too" and "Stop media distortion!". One demonstrator interviewed by the BBC stated: "I saw some news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying." Libération also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media.


What French newspaper did the Chinese media accuse of bias?


Some Chinese have accused Western media of what in their reportings?


Who was the Chinese ambassador to the U.K.?


Which newspaper published these accusations?


What other newspaper was accused of bias?


Who did Xinhua accuse of biased reporting on April 17?

On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called "biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to "apologise" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for "attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack Cafferty.


Who was accused of bias on April 17 by Xinhua?


Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people?


What article did BBC put out about China just days earlier?

On April 19, the BBC reported that 1,300 people had gathered outside BBC buildings in Manchester and London, protesting against what they described as Western media bias. Several days earlier, the BBC had published an article entitled "The challenges of reporting in China", responding to earlier criticism. The BBC's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now "able to access the BBC News website for the first time, after years of strict censorship", and that "many were critical of our coverage". He provided readers with a reminder of censorship in China, and added: "People who criticise the media for their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there." He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment.


Who stated that Chinese people could access the BBC news website after years of not being able to?


How many people gathered in protest at these two buildings?


Who commented that Chinese people can look at the BBC news site for the first time?


Who published "Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage" on April 20?

On April 20, the People's Daily published a report entitled "Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The People's Daily quoted one protestor who claimed the "BBC on some of the recent events has misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage."


Which publication published a report about the Chinese rallying against media bias?


What was the Chinese government reported running on April 4?

On April 4, it was reported that the Chinese government appeared to be running an anti-CNN website that criticizes the cable network’s coverage of recent events. The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing voiced suspicions that Anti-cnn may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman insisted the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage.


Who felt that the government was involved in the website?


How many attendants accompanied the flame during it's travels?

The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the "Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed "Second Right Brother," has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens.


Which team member has his own fan following?


How many attendants were used from the People's Armed Police for the flame's entire journey?


What is the attendant who has a large fan base called?


In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Swastika (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. Some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. Hundreds of people joined Anti-French rallies in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao, which quickly spread to other cities like Xi'an, Harbin and Jinan. Carrefour denied any support or involvement in the Tibetan issue, and had its staff in its Chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the Chinese national flag and caps with Olympic insignia and as well as the words "Beijing 2008" to show its support for the games. The effort had to be ceased when the BOCOG deemed the use of official Olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright.


Carrefour was boycotted because of which shareholder?


Who was the LVMH Group accused of supporting?


Who was accused of helping the Dalai Lama?


Boycotters accused France of being pro-seccessionist and what?


The Chinese government tried to tamper the boycott, trying to avoid a similar outcome to which protests in 2005?

In response to the demonstrations, the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation, possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005. State media and commentaries began to call for calm, such as an editorial in the People's Daily which urged Chinese people to "express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner". The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com, with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed. In the days prior to the planned boycott, evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott's efforts online became even more evident, including barring searches of words related to the French protests, but protests broke out nonetheless in front of Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1.


Which newspaper urged citizens to protest peacefully?


Which website had mentions of the Carrefour boycott removed by the government?


When did protests in front of Carrefour's stores occur in China?


The Chinese government did not want a repeat of what protests?


Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully?


Who removed Carrefour boycott comments from some websites?


What day did protests occur in front of Carrefour stores?


In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano, Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a "great nuisance" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it.　A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, he said "They are doing something foolish", in a televised interview. Nagano City officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was "Such violent protests were not easy to accept". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,


How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?


What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?


What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?


Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?


In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off?

The Olympic Flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on airplanes, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic Flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns.[citation needed]


The torch is put out at night, on aircraft, during storms and what else?


A union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions. Hong Kong legislator Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau.


Which athlete did the official website call an angel?

Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as "heroic" and an "angel", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention – despite a Chinese claim that "Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media".


Which media outlets gave Jin Jing little notice?


How many additional teams will help with the Mainland China route?

Two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies.


How many members are on each of these two teams?


Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica?

The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.


What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica?


Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931?


What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?


When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?


What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules?


Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book?


Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect?


What is the origin of the title of the book?

Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."


What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?


When was "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" published?


During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" composed?


What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?


What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of?


What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?


What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education?

Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.


How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school?


What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model should be?


What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in education?


Whitehead's education style was to teach what?


What should Whitehead's students organically link due to his teaching methods?


Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what?


What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?

Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.


What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?


How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?


With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?


What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy?


What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?


What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher?


What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?


What quotation of Whitehead's was noted by a student in 1927?

Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that "philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles," he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy.


What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics?


What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding basic assumptions in metaphysics?


What was Whitehead's opinion of metaphysical investigations?


What do philosophers do, in Whitehead's view?


Assumptions of how the universe works are difficult to see precisely because of what?


What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress?


What did Whitehead regard as essential to good science and good philosophy?


What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be erroneous?

Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."


What theory did Whitehead prefer to the Cartesian concept?


How did Descartes' distinguish types of existence?


How did Whitehead identify his system of metaphysics?


What idea states that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter?


Whitehead rejected the Cartesian idea in favor of what?


Whitehead believed instead of matter existing independently of each other, it did what?


Whitehead believed that reality should be regarded as what?


Whitehead's system as "philosophy of organism" became widely known as what term?


How did Whitehead define the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness"?

In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as "quality", "matter", and "form" are problematic. These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a "society" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness").


What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were questionable?


Why did he believe those concepts were inaccurate?


How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as an individual person?


How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences?


What are the concepts quality, matter, and form considered?


Concepts such as quality, matter, and form fail to account for what?


What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements?


What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected?


Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?


What did Whitehead believe were essentially the only things that truly exist?

To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a "defining essence" or a "core identity" that is unchanging, and describes what the thing or person really is. In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. "Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person"). But in Whitehead's cosmology, the only fundamentally existent things are discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing. On the other hand, what ordinary thinking often regards as "the essence of a thing" or "the identity/core of a person" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an "enduring essence" misses the fact that "all things flow", though it is often a useful way of speaking.


Regarding the idea that individuals or objects don't fundamentally change, what terms can be used to describe what an object or individual actually is?


In that line of thinking, how are changes described?


The idea that people are unchanging and stay the same even through changes is considered what?


In Whitehead's cosmology, what are the only things that fundamentally exist?


Where do occasions of experience overlap?


Instead of having an enduring essence, what does Whitehead believe?


In Whitehead's view, identities do not define people, but what?


Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking?

Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, each moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that "material substances" or "essences" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next.


What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people's understanding of his concepts?


What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured?


What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment?


Why couldn't each moment of each person's life be given a different proper name?


What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking?


Whitehead's main philosophy on humans changing is what?


What is the general materialistic view of an object?

A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:


How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to view objects?


What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?


What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects?


What is another issue that Whitehead had with materialism?


What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead?


What does Materialism see each object as?


How is each object related to other things?


How does Whitehead characterize anything that exists?

In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.


How does he describe what makes something real?


In Whitehead's thinking, what could be said about something that has no effect on any other person or object?


What did Whitehead believe about the concept of relations in the context of defining an entity?


Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what?


If an object made no difference to any other entity, what could be said about it?


If relations are not secondary to what a thing is, what is it?


What makes up the sum of relations to an entity?


A real object forces the universe to do what?


In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in recent decades?

Isabelle Stengers wrote that "Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education." Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as "Nature, Man and God"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles.


Who was one of the first theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?


What was the basis for "Nature, Man and God"?


According to Isabelle Stengers, what are unifying factors in diverse practices (like ecology and feminism) that have become interested in Whitehead's work?


What other fields have shown more recent interest in Whitehead's work?


Where were the first followers mainly found?

Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work that would last for about thirty years. Professors such as Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the Divinity School. They taught generations of Whitehead scholars, the most notable of which is John B. Cobb, Jr.


Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?


Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar?


What professors established the importance of Whitehead's work?


Where is interest in Whitehead's work growing the fastest today?

But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's "constructive post-modern" philosophy in order to create an "ecological civilization." To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students. Cobb has attributed China's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts.


What challenges are China using Whitehead's ideas to help manage?


What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's "constructive post-modern" philosophy?


What philosphers' writings are becoming required reading for graduate students in China?


Why does John Cobb believe China has become interested in process philosophy?


what is an example of Whitehead's ideas being counter-intuitive?

Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive (such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction), or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy, or the perception of metaphysics itself as passé, or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose.


Why do some people believe Whitehead's writings may have restricted his influence?


What is a common opinion of metaphysics?


What is the general opinion of Whitehead in most philosophical schools?


What philosophy is closely related to process philosophy?

One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism.


What pragmatists did Whitehead acknowledge in the preface to "Process and Reality"?


Who is a philosopher that promotes process philosophy and pragmatism currently?


What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne ans Paul Weiss edit?


What important neopragmatist was Harthorne's student?


How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?

In physics, Whitehead's thought has had some influence. He articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity, see Whitehead's theory of gravitation. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka, who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings, proposes that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves. They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory, his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field. Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead.


What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?


What affect did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?


How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?


What award did Cobb and Daly receive for the book?

This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."


What was the first book on environmental ethics by an individual author?


On which economics book did Cobb collaborate with Herman Daly?


What other economics book did Cobb go on to author?


What was the goal of Cobb's second book on economics?


Who established the FEELS model in China?

Another model is the FEELS model developed by Xie Bangxiu and deployed successfully in China. "FEELS" stands for five things in curriculum and education: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher. It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to "help a person become whole." This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China.


What entities are working together to promote the FEELS model?


What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?

Whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an “organization studies” discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls "applied process thought" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics. For Dibben, this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening." Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research (2008), and Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze (2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics.


What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?


In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?


What business fields has Whitehead influenced?


According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?


During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics?

Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy.


After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore?


As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of?


What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed?


What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?


What was Whitehead's second area of study?


What was Whitehead's final area of study?


What did Whitehead argue reality consists of?


Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her.


What was Whitehead's father's profession?


In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?

In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.


What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?


What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America?


In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?


What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?


When did Whitehead accept administrative positions?


What was he elected at the University of London?


Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?


Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life?

The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."


Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?


What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy?


What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead?


How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead?


What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family?


What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him?


What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?

In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.


With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?


Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?


What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?


What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?


What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?


How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?


Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?


Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?


When did Whitehead write his first book?


What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for?

At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."


How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in "A Treatise on Algebra" in his review?


What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"?


Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?


What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed?


Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?


How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?

Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica.


How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica?


Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica?


Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?


How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?


How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?


How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?


How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?


How many pages was Principia Mathematica?


Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?


What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in philosophy?

This is not to say that Whitehead's thought was widely accepted or even well-understood. His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927–28 – following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous – which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality:


What lectures did Whitehead present in 1927-28?


Under what name were those lectures later published?


Who also struggled to follow Whitehead's writings?


Following Arthur Eddington's lectures, what did Whitehead publish?


When did Whitehead delivery the Gifford lectures?


In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work considered?


What affect did Matthews' opinion of the difficulty of Whitehead's works have on his interest in them?

However, Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest. In fact, there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts – Henry Nelson Wieman – to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought.


How did many philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School view Whitehead's work?


What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to explain Whitehead's ideas?


Who was frustrated in Whitehead's books but still interested?


What school recognized the importance of Whitehead's work?


When was Henry Nelson Wieman invited to the Chicago Divinity school?


Who was invited to the Chicago Divinity school as one of Whitehead's only experts?


What happened after Henry Nelson Wieman gave a lecture about Whitehead?


How has "Process and Reality" been described?

Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though Process and Reality has been called "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century," it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus." Whitehead questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.


What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that "Process and Reality" is not commonly read and understood?


What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics?


Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text?


Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?


What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead?


What was Whitehead's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century?


What was the outcome of anticipating the scientific and philosophical problems Whitehead proposed?


What did Whitehead believe regarding creativity?

It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable.


An entity is a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else?


All entities, being unable to predict behavior, are because of what?


Not being able to predict what any entity is going to do is what principle b Whitehead?


Other than the combination of its relations, what else defines an entity?


What did Whitehead believe about an entity's relation to other entities?


What is the origin of the word "prehension"?

Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").


What is a basic description of the theory of representative perception?


What term did Whitehead describe that perception is not limited to the living?


What language does the term "prehensio" come from?


What does the word "Prehensio" translate into?


What entities does the term prehension apply to?


How many modes does perception occur in according to Whitehead?


What does the term "prehension" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations?


What did Whitehead state are the two types of perception?


How do the senses affect causal efficacy?

Whitehead describes causal efficacy as "the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go." It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what is usually referred to as "pure sense perception", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for "the real thing").


What can be said about the accuracy of presentational immediacy?


What is the term for the experience dominating primitive organisms that have a sense for fate?


What is the other term for "pure sense perception"?


What is it called if you mistake a reflection in a mirror for the real thing?


How does Whitehead define causal efficacy?


How does Whitehead define presentational immediacy?


Which concept does Whitehead state is more dominant in a lower mentality?

In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).


What is Whitehead's term for the two modes of perceptions combining?


What dominates more basic mentality in symbolic reference?


What does symbolic reference link appearance with?


What does having sense perceptions conclude about a person?


What is the purpose of symbolic reference?


How does Whitehead describe the process of a typical person noticing a chair?


How might an artist view a chair differently than a typical person?


How does Whitehead say a dog may interpret the presence of a chair?


What observation did Whitehead make about life?

Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.


What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?


What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?


What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?


Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?


What are higher life forms actively engaged in?


Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?


Without Whitehead's proposed purpose, life would be what?


What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?


What was Whitehead's description of God?

Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":


What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?


What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?


What was Whitehead's belief about God in relation to religion?

It should be emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.


In what did Whitehead believe that those concepts existed?


What did Whitehead view as the second nature of God?


What type of God did Whitehead believe existed?


Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system?