How many consecutive years was American Idol the top rated show?

Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of American Idol. It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall.


How many consecutive years did either the performance or results show rank number one?


What is the three word Latin name for domesticated dogs?

The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.


How long has the domestic dog been selectively bred?


Along with various behaviors and physical attributes, what were domestic dogs bred for?


What decade had significant studies of dog genes to determine origins?

Although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species (variously supposed as being the dhole, golden jackal, or gray wolf), extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like canid in Eurasia 40,000 years ago. Being the oldest domesticated animal, their long association with people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior, as well as thrive on a starch-rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species.


Testing revealed today's dogs trace back by how many years?


What is the region where domesticated dogs ancestry traces to?


What type of diet can modern domesticated dogs thrive eating that other dogs cannot?


What was undertaken in 2010 to determine where dogs originated from?


What is the most common phrase, or nickname, used by people in the United States to describe dogs in general?

Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are a source of meat.


What moniker has been given to dogs in Western cultures?


Dogs are a source of what in some cultures?


What is the Proto-Germanic word that "dog" may have come from?

The term "domestic dog" is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed". The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce ("finger-muscle"). The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga "frog", picga "pig", stagga "stag", wicga "beetle, worm", among others. The term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary.


What may be the earliest vocabulary that the word "dog" came from?


Dog could also come from the original layer of what vocabulary?


What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English?

In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound". By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. The word "hound" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon- "dog".


What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound?


In what century did "hound" start to only apply to hunting dogs?


What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century?


When did the word dog become the common term for canines?


Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time?


What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from?


What are a single birth group of puppies of a dog called collectively?

In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Offspring are, in general, called pups or puppies, from French poupée, until they are about a year old. The process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp.


What is the male who is father of the pups called?


What is the French word that "puppy" comes from?


What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity?


A male canine is called a dog while a female canine is called a what in reference to breeding?


What is the father of a litter referred as?


What is the mother of a litter referred as?


What are the individual litter canines called?


In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.


What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae?


What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?


What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves?


Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs, and is known as what?


Feral dogs have what Latin classification?


What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus?


What year was it decided that if wolves and dogs were one species, then their scientific name is the name of the wild variety?

In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal. In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the note: "Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding". However, Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use, and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris.


What 2005 publication in its third edition kept to that ruling?


What Latin dog term is still used because wild and domesticated dogs are recognizably different?


What official body recognizes both Canis lupus and Canis familiaris?


Who ruled in 2003 that scientific names for wild animals share the same scientific name as their domestic counterparts?


What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades?

Later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species, and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct.


The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what?


Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what?

The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture.


Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to?


Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who?


Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal?


Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf?


What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other?

Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.


Dogs are considered to be predators and what else?


A dog's heart and vascular ability if best suited for sprinting and what else?


Dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics?

Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and was 250 cm (98 in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (42.0 in) at the shoulder.


What breed was the largest dog known to have lived?


Which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates?

The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only.


Along with a gruff guard hair, what else makes up the double coat?


What is the more common coat for dogs from colder climates?


When a dog has a camouflage pattern on its coat, this is called what?

Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside.


A dog with countershading has dark coloring where?


A natural camo pattern is known as what?


What color is on a dogs upper surfaces if it has countershading?


What is reduced when a dog has countershading?


What part of a dog can be straight, curly or cork-screwed?

There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all.


What does a dog communicate with its tail?


What part of a dog can be straight, curled, or cork-screwed?


Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms.


Pyometra usually affects what type of female dog?


Some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs?

A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.


Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs?


What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs?


What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs?


Mutts, dogs that have several breed characteristics, live how much longer than purebred dogs?

In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan).


Do bigger dogs typically have longer or shorter lives?


When was a study done that discovered mixed breeds tend to live longer than pure breeds?


Typically, how much longer do mixed breeds live?


The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed.


What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan?

The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years.


What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years?


What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound?


What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux?


What is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans?

The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months.


What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest?


What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived?


What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book?


What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years?


Who did the Guinness Book of World Records say was the oldest dog in 2011?


How many times per year do female dogs go into heat?

In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male.


What does going into heat (estrous) prepare a female dog for?


Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature?


What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity?


How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?

Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.


What is the average length of dog pregnancy?


What is the average number of pups in a litter?


For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter?


What is the average for a dog to bear her litter?


What is the average number of pups per litter?


Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?


What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation?

Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized.


According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies?


What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation?


What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy?


In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?


In neutering, what is removed in female dogs?


What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?


Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what?

Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.


According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog?


Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens?


What is increased in female dogs with neutering?


What is increased in male dogs with neutering?


What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things?

Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.


What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words?


In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things?


What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment?


What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?


Perceiving information and retaining it is what?


What kind of memory skills do dogs have?


Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar?

Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children.


Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species?


What do some dog skills parallel in human beings?


Dogs are very well attuned to what other species' behaviors?


Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species?


What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as?


More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people?


Dogs have some social skills that parallel what?


What is gustatory communication include in dogs?

Dog communication is about how dogs "speak" to each other, how they understand messages that humans send to them, and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit.:xii These communication behaviors include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture.


People communicate with dogs by voice commands, body language or posture and what else?


Eye gaze, vocalization and body posture are examples of what?


In addition to vocalization and body posture, how do people communicate with dogs?


Which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves?

Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.:35 The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs. Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.


Dogs having ears that are not erect may be due to what?


What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs?


How often do female wolves enter estrus?


Instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what?

Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.


How many "fixed" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog?


The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication?


What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding?


What do most dogs show less of than wolves?


Most domestic animals were selected for what traits?


For wolves and dogs, how many fixed genes show a variation?


Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves?


What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet?

The global dog population is estimated at 525 million:225 based on a transparent methodology, as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available – all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses.


How many dogs are estimated to be in the world?


What are dog population estimates based on other than land uses?


Like wolves, big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator?

Although large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators, they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals. Furthermore, in areas where both dogs and other large predators live, dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines. Reports from Croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep. Wolves in Russia apparently limit feral dog populations. In Wisconsin, more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock. Some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.


Wolves may act in what behavioral manner when attacking dogs?


What animal is reported to be killed more often than sheep by wolves in Croatia?


Like wolves, what kind of predators are large dogs?


Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal?


What limits the feral dog population in Russia?


What large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is?

Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards. Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs.


What is a typical predator of dogs in places such as Turkmenistan?


What two reptiles kill dogs and consume them?


What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs?


What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs?


What is a known predator of village dogs in India?


Dogs exhibit carnivore as well as what other type of dietary behavior?

Despite their descent from wolves and classification as Carnivora, dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine, dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements. Dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods, including vegetables and grains, and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Comparing dogs and wolves, dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.


Dogs can digest meat as well as what else?


Cats are known as what type of carnivore?


Because of what they eat, dogs are classified as what?


Dogs do not require a very high level of what when eating?


Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves, who cannot?


The majority of dog breeds have only been around for how long?

Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.


People selected dogs they wanted based on what two things?


Hundreds of different dog breeds exist because of what?


Height measurements in dogs go from six inches for Chihuahuas to 30 inches in what breed?


Gray color is often called what when referring to dogs?


Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways?

While all dogs are genetically very similar, natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs, giving rise to dog types and dog breeds. Dog types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or characteristics. Dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species. Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.


What distinguishes different types of dogs from one another?


Who keeps classifications of different dog breeds?


What is responsible for different dog types and breeds today?


Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what?


Modern dog breeds are what type of classification which is maintained by modern kennel clubs?


The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what?

Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. Systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct. These include the "old world dogs" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), "Mastiff"-type (e.g., English Mastiff), "herding"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and "all others" (also called "modern"- or "hunting"-type).


A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many types of dogs being determinably distinct?


What, according to the text, are two examples of "old world" dogs?


the Border collie is an example of what type of dog?


What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?


What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves?

Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.:pages95-136


What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people?


Higher social attributes and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species?


What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves?


Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans?

The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.


Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide?


Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname?


Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?


What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?

Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.


What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night?


What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?


How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?


What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?


What type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together?

Anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.


What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them?


What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps?


The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what?


What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago?

Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.


What did ancient people walk across from Siberia into North America?


How old are the oldest findings of dogs in North America?


Evidence places dogs in North America when?


Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population?


Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago?


People still used dogs as pack animals even after what other animal began being used for this purpose?


A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else?

"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression "in the doghouse" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced.


What two species have the most widespread bonding?


When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets?


What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets?


In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where?


Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions?


Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?


When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?


Shaping dogs to what people want is called what?

There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.


The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what?


How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization?


When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what?


A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?


It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available?

There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.


Dog training can be researched back to what century?


How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned?


What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping?


How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs?

The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog–human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog–human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog–human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog–human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other.


What television show uses a dominance model of dog and human relationships?


Most people today describe their dogs as what?


What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?


A study showed that a task dogs do is bringing in what from the lawn?

Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.


Dogs often help clean in the kitchen by licking what?


In addition to dog dancing, what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet?


What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live?


What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors?


The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010?

According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States. The same survey shows nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are undergoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter.


How many people in the United States are said to own dog?


What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?

The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.


An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what?


An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans?


Because dogs respond to voices the same way humans do, they are able to recognize what in human sounds, making them social?


What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people?


Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?


What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans?

Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname, "man's best friend", a phrase used in other languages as well. They have been bred for herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds), rodent control, guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions. In 1957, a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth.


Pointers and hounds are bred to do what?


Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what?


Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957?


What phrase describing dogs is used in different languages?


What dog types, in the text, are used for hunting?


What is the name of the dog to first orbit the Earth?


What year was the first dog sent into space?


What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities?

Service dogs such as guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities. Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.


Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety, get medication or what else?


What are conformation shows also known as?

In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.


What is the judge looking for in specific breeds?


What is the evaluator called in a breed show?


Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows?


Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties—being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals.


In addition to others, Western culture considers eating dog meat as what?


In rural Poland areas, what is considered medicinal for lungs?


What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture, since people there do eat many different animals?


The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what?


Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what?


What is the best known Korean dish made with dog meat?

The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk (also called bosintang), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of gaejang-guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork.


Why do people eat Gaejang-guk in the summer months?


What is dog meat boiled with to create Gaejang-guk?


When is the Korean dog recipe usually eaten?


What are two other ingredients in the dog meat recipe in Korea?


How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America?

Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.


During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites?


In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?


According to a 2008 CDC report, how many are bitten in the United States annually?


What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs?


According to a Colorado study, dog bites are what in children as compared to adults?

A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.


Out of 10,000 people, how many people are bitten by dogs in the United States?


Out of 10,000 boys between five and nine years old, how many are bitten annually by dogs?


A dog scratch can lead to what medical condition?


Where was the study done that showed dog bites were less serious in children than adults?


About 12.9 out of 10,000 are bit by dogs, but what is the number in 10,000 for young boys from 5 to 9?


According to the text, dog scratches can cause what?


In addition to dogs, what other animal is responsible for over 86,000 falls every year?

In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.


Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle?


What sort of vehicle is most likely associated with accidents involving dogs?


What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis?

Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.


How are Toxicara canis infections spread?


About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year?


Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans?


Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces?


What percentage of people in America are infected with the Toxocara infection?


How many Toxocara infection cases are reported annually in the US?


What percentage of soil contained T. canis eggs in Great Britain public parks?


If toxocariasis is left untreated, what can happen to a person?


What year did a publication come out indicating having a pet does not mean lower risk of heart disease in the elderly?

A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets." In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.


What is lowered in children who have pets?


What year did a report state that research did not support better health for elderly people who own pets?


People with dogs get more of what than people with cats or no animals?

In addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.


People with dogs do what more than people who have cats or no pets?


What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick?

The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.


Dogs can act as a facilitator of what between human beings?


What year was the study done that indicated people with pets are more likely to get to know neighbors?


What is lessened when people are with their pet dogs?


People in wheelchairs have better social interactions with who when dogs are involved?


Dogs were taken where to help people with mental disorders socialize?

The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.


Therapy dogs can help increase what in people suffering with Alzheimer's?


What was decreased in children with ADHD when they were exposed to therapy dogs?


When did people start using dogs as therapy?


Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people?


Children who have ADHD or conduct disorders respond better when what is a part of their treatment plan?


People with Alzheimer's smile and laugh more with what kind of therapy?


What can trained dogs detect by sniffing a person or a sample of their urine?

Medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens. Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion, as their brain's olfactory cortex is (relative to total brain size) 40 times larger than humans. Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose, while humans may have only 5 million. Each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer. To train a cancer dog requires 6 months. A Labrador Retriever called Daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the Blue Cross (for pets) Medal for her life-saving skills.


How much larger is a dog brain olfactory cortex when compared to humans?


A dog can detect smells in one part per what?


How much larger is a dog's olfactory cortex than a person's?


How many cancer patients has Daisy detected?


What is the name of the dog with three heads in Greek mythology?

In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn.


What is the name of the dog with four eyes in Norse mythology?


What is the name of the dog in Philippine mythology who is responsible for lightning?


Kimat is the dog of Tadaklan, who is the god of what?


In what mythology do two canines watch over the Chinvat Bridge?


Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades?


Who is Tadaklan's pet that is responsible for lightning?


In Hindu mythology, what do the two dogs who are owned by the god of death watch over?

In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. Hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines.


Offerings at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?


Who owns two dogs with four eyes each in Hindu mythology?


What does Muthappan use for his hunting dog for?


Offerings left at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?


In Islam, dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers. In 2015 city councillor Hasan Küçük of The Hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city. Islamic activists in Lérida, Spain, lobbied for dogs to be kept out of Muslim neighborhoods, saying their presence violated Muslims' religious freedom. In Britain, police sniffer dogs are carefully used, and are not permitted to contact passengers, only their luggage. They are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or Muslim homes.


Why are dogs viewed as unclean in Islam?


What city made owing dogs illegal in 2015?


In Britain, a dog used in a search at a mosque or a home occupied by Muslims must wear what?


When did it become illegal for a person to own a dog in The Hague?


Where did activists want dogs kept out of neighborhoods because it violated religious freedom?


What are sniffer dogs used by British police allowed to touch instead of a passenger?


Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.


Jewish law dictates that anyone owning a dog must feed the dog before who?


If a Jewish person owns a dog, he must do what to do the dog before he does it to himself?


What does a dog represent in the Christian culture?


In Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog).


What country has the dog as part of its 12 animals that represent years?


Thousands of years ago, dogs were depicted on the walls of what?

Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love.


What scenes were popular in art during the Middle Ages?


Dogs were depicted as art on the walls of what?


What kind of art scene was popular in the Middle Ages?


As relationships between people and dogs got closer, what happened to the art that had dogs in it?


Dogs can have the same health issues as who?

Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.


Which dog is not able to mount a female dog?

Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce.


When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 52% of the time?

Although it is said that the "dog is man's best friend" regarding 17–24% of dogs in the developed countries, in the developing world they are feral, village or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. These live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers was to run away (52%) or respond with aggression (11%). We know little about these dogs, nor about the dogs that live in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, yet the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.


When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 11% of the time?


Dog cognition has been studied on what kind of dogs?


What would wolves have gotten from living with humans?

Wolves, and their dog descendants, would have derived significant benefits from living in human camps—more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed. They would have benefited from humans' upright gait that gives them larger range over which to see potential predators and prey, as well as color vision that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination. Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, as in bringing down larger prey and controlling fire for a range of purposes.


The cohabitation of dogs and humans would have greatly improved the chances of survival for early human groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success.


Studies that people are better off with dogs have been criticized for being what?

The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human physical health and psychological wellbeing. Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled, and finding that "[t]he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.


People who have cats or dogs make fewer visits where?


When did the tradition of people carrying the Olympic torch before the Olympic games begin?

The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of "one world, one dream". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the "Journey of Harmony", lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137,000 km (85,000 mi) – the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics.


How many days did people carry the Olympic torch before the 2008 Summer Olympics?


What did the organizers of the torch relay call it?


Where were the details of the torch relay made known?


What was the torch relay referred to as by organizers?


How many miles was the Olympic torch relayed?


What day was the Olympic torch lit for the 2008 games?

After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event.


When did the Olympic torch reach Beijing?


How many continents did the torch visit after Beijing?


The torch was on what road to symbolize historic links between China and the world?


What is the name of the stadium in Greece were the torch was taken to?


What date did the Olympic torch arrive at its destination in China?


How many people protested on the San Francisco torch route?

In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged from hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions. The torch was extinguished by Chinese security officials several times during the Paris leg for security reasons, and once in protest in Paris.


How many people protested at the Pyongyang torch route?


What were some groups doing along the torch route that was not supportive of the Olympics?


Who put out the torch along the route for protection?


Who condemned the various attacks on the torch relay route?

The attacks on the torch in London and Paris were described as "despicable" by the Chinese government, condemning them as "deliberate disruptions... who gave no thought to the Olympic spirit or the laws of Britain and France" and who "tarnish the lofty Olympic spirit", and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to "impede the Olympic spirit". Large-scale counter-protests by overseas Chinese and foreign-based Chinese nationals became prevalent in later segments of the relay. In San Francisco, the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters. A couple of skirmishes between the protesters and supporters were reported. No major protests were visible in the Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia legs of the torch relay.


In San Francisco, who had a larger presence than the protesters?


Who overwhelmed the protesters in Japan?


Who amassed in large scale against protesters?


What was said to have occurred between some supporters and protesters?


What three areas of the globe were protests reported as not big?


Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee?

Prompted by the chaotic torch relays in Western Europe and North America, the president of the International Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a "crisis" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games.


Athletes wearing what kind of flag at any Olympic venue faced the possibility of expulsion from the Olympics?


Because of the relay issues, IOC decided to no longer have what in subsequent Olympics?


What is the name of the man who said the protesting of the torch relay as a "crisis"?


What could happen to Olympic sports participants who showed a Tibetan flag at events?


Who asked that the torch relay be ended?


What was halted with the torch relay for future Olympics?


The international torch relay was canceled for what event in June 2008?

In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the Chinese government to "focus on the rescue and relief work" following the Sichuan earthquake.


For what events was the torch relay decided to not be held?


What is the Chinese design used on the Olympic Torch?

The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as "Lucky Cloud". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch for 15 minutes. It is designed by a team from Lenovo Group. The Torch is designed in reference to the traditional Chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe.


What is used to light the flame on the Olympic Torch?


What was the design name of the Chinese Olympic Torch?


What metal is the torch constructed from?


What wind speed will the torch flame still stay lit in MPH?


How much rainfall in inches per hour can the torch stay lit under?


When it was necessary for the Olympic Torch to be on an airplane, which one was used?

Internationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 (registered B-6075), painted in the red and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of 137,000 km (85,000 mi) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions.


When was it decided that Air China would be the official torch carrier?


What type of aircraft did the Torch team travel in?


What was the name of the airline that transported the Olympic Torch?


How many days did the plane travel with the Torch team?


How many different places were visited by the aircraft taking the Torch team?


How many continents did the torch visit?

The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route. While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened, stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau, an implication it objected to. The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. By the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on September 21, 2007, Taiwan and China were unable to come to terms with the issue of the Torch Relay. In the end, both sides of the Taiwan Strait decided to eliminate the Taipei leg.


What was the stop that was to happen between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong?


The Republic of China felt that the wrong decision could place Taiwan on the same level as what two areas?


What government disagreed on the language used to describe the torch route?


What two places did Taiwan not want to be considered equal with in the language of the torch's route description?


How many kilometers was the torch supposed to go through Taiwan?


On what date did the Olympic Flame get lit?

Greece: On March 24, 2008, the Olympic Flame was ignited at Olympia, Greece, site of the ancient Olympic Games. The actress Maria Nafpliotou, in the role of a High Priestess, ignited the torch of the first torchbearer, a silver medalist of the 2004 Summer Olympics in taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis from Greece, who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer, Olympic champion in women's breaststroke Luo Xuejuan from China. Following the recent unrest in Tibet, three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert Ménard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece. The People's Republic of China called this a "disgraceful" attempt to sabotage the Olympics. On March 30, 2008 in Athens, during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal.


Who was the first person to carry the torch?


When did demonstrators yell for Tibet to be freed?


Where is the location of the original Olympic events?


What is the name of the woman who lit the torch for the new games?


What medal did the first torchbearer have from prior games?


What is the name of the first torchbearer for the 2008 Olympics?


What place had police experience violent problems with protesters?


Action was taken to boycott which company?

China: In China, the torch was first welcomed by Politburo Standing Committee member Zhou Yongkang and State Councilor Liu Yandong. It was subsequently passed onto CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao. A call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. According to the Washington Times on April 15, however, the Chinese government was attempting to "calm the situation" through censorship: "All comments posted on popular Internet forum Sohu.com relating to a boycott of Carrefour have been deleted." Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Nazism's Swastika to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. The Carrefour boycott was met with anti-boycott demonstrators who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming, only to be blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. The BBC reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao.


Who was the biggest shareholder of Carrefour?


Where were anti-protesters blocked from entering a Carrefour store with Chinese flags?


Who was said to have given money to the Dalai Lama?


What method did the Chinese government use to ease the boycott situation?


What French company was being boycotted?


In what publication were Chinese people asked to be orderly and legal because of the protests and demonstrations?

In response to the demonstrations, an editorial in the People's Daily urged Chinese people to "express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner".


What is the name of the publication where Chinese people were advised to be calm and rational about patriotism?


The Chinese people were told to show patriotism in an orderly and what manner?


What virgin site did the torch visit on April 2?

Kazakhstan: The first torchbearer in Almaty, where the Olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on April 2, was the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev. The route ran 20 km from Medeo stadium to Astana Square. There were reports that Uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to China.


Who was the first person to be handed the torch in Almaty?


The route in Almaty went from Medeo Stadium to where?


What kind of activists were arrested in Almaty?


What country did the torch get to for the first time?


What is the name of the president who was the first torchbearer in Almaty?


What was the distance in kilometers for the route in Kazakhstan?


What activists were reported to have been arrested?


Turkey: The torch relay leg in Istanbul, held on April 3, started on Sultanahmet Square and finished in Taksim Square. Uyghurs living in Turkey protested at Chinese treatment of their compatriots living in Xinjiang. Several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police.


Who protested for their compatriots who were in Xinjiang?


What city was the Olympic Torch at on April 3rd?


What is the name of the place in the city where the torch relay started in Turkey?


Where did the torch relay finish in Turkey?


What people in Turkey protested for their people living in China?


What happened to protesters who tried to interrupt the carrying of the torch?


When did the torch arrive in Saint Petersburg?

Russia: On April 5 the Olympic torch arrived at Saint Petersburg, Russia. The length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km, with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square. Mixed martial arts icon and former PRIDE Heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko was one the torch bearers. This gives him the distinction of the being the first active MMA fighter to carry the Olympic flame.


Where was the start of the torch route in Saint Petersburg?


Where did the torch route end in Saint Petersburg?


Who is the first MMA fighter to participate in carrying the Olympic torch?


Where in Russia was the first stop for the relay?


What city location did the torch relay begin in Russia?


What was the last location for the relay in Russia?


What is the name of the MMA fighter who carried the torch in Russia?


Which city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics?

Great Britain: The torch relay leg held in London, the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympics, on April 6 began at Wembley Stadium, passed through the City of London, and eventually ended at O2 Arena in the eastern part of the city. The 48 km (30 mi) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete, and attracted protests by pro-Tibetan independence and pro-Human Rights supporters, prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus, which was then briefly halted by protestors. Home Secretary Jacqui Smith has officially complained to Beijing Organising Committee about the conduct of the tracksuit-clad Chinese security guards. The Chinese officials, seen manhandling protesters, were described by both the London Mayor Ken Livingstone and Lord Coe, chairman of the London Olympic Committee as "thugs". A Metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost £750,000 and the participation of the Chinese security team had been agreed in advance, despite the Mayor stating, "We did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services. Had I known so, we would have said no."


When did the torch route begin in London?


How much did security cost for the torch relay in London?


Where did the torch relay begin in London for the 2008 Olympics?


How many miles was the relay in England?


What word was used by London officials to describe Chinese security guards for their treatment of protesters?


How many torchbearers took part in the London route?

Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed pleas to boycott the event and could "see why they would like to make an issue" of it. Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan refused to carry the torch, while Konnie Huq decided to carry it and also speak out against China. The pro-Tibetan Member of Parliament Norman Baker asked all bearers to reconsider. Amid pressure from both directions, Prime Minister Gordon Brown welcomed the torch outside 10 Downing Street without holding or touching it. The London relay saw the torch surrounded by what the BBC described as "a mobile protective ring." Protests began as soon as Redgrave started the event, leading to at least thirty-five arrests. In Ladbroke Grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from Konnie Huq in a momentary struggle, and in a separate incident, a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch. The Chinese ambassador carried the torch through Chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns. The torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along Fleet Street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters. In an effort to counter the pro-Tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, more than 2,000 Chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs, banners and Chinese flags. A large number of supporters were concentrated in Trafalgar Square, displaying the Olympic slogan "One World, One Dream".


Who was the first person to hold the torch for the London route?


Along with Francesca Martinez, who decided to not carry the torch?


Who was outside at 10 Downing Street to welcome the torch without actually touching it?


Who got emails asking him to boycott the torch relay?


How many people carried the torch in England for the 2008 Olympics?


What two people in England declined to bear the torch?


Where did Gordon Brown welcome the torch?


Where was an attempt made to take the torch?


When did the torch relay in Paris occur?

France: The torch relay leg in Paris, held on April 7, began on the first level of the Eiffel Tower and finished at the Stade Charléty. The relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km, but it was shortened at the demand of Chinese officials following widespread protests by pro-Tibet and human rights activists, who repeatedly attempted to disrupt, hinder or halt the procession. A scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the Chinese authorities, and, also at the request of Chinese authorities, the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes. Paris City officials had announced plans to greet the Olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the French capital. The city government attached a banner reading "Paris defends human rights throughout the world" to the City Hall, in an attempt to promote values "of all humanity and of human rights." Members from Reporters Without Borders turned out in large numbers to protest. An estimated 3,000 French police protected the Olympic torch relay as it departed from the Eiffel Tower and criss-crossed Paris amid threat of protests. Widespread pro-Tibet protests, including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris) and load the torch onto a bus, at the demand of Chinese officials. This was later denied by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, despite video footage broadcast by French television network France 2 which showed Chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch. Backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch. French judoka and torchbearer David Douillet expressed his annoyance at the Chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to Teddy Riner: "I understand they're afraid of everything, but this is just annoying. They extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk, and they could see it and they knew it. I don't know why they did it."


Where did the Paris route start for the torch relay?


Rather than being carried by an athlete, how did the torch end its route in Paris?


The flame of the torch was put out when David Douillet was ready to hand it to who?


What date did the torch relay begin in France?


What city in France did the torch relay start at?


Where location was the torch relay started in the city in Paris?


About how many police were said to have protected the torch in France?


How many times was the torch put out in France die to security concerns?


Who threw a a Tibetan flag from a City Hall window?

Chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions, including a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was "tugged at, scratched" and "kicked", but that she "did not feel the pain at the time." She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as "Angel in Wheelchair". The Chinese government gave the comment that "the Chinese respect France a lot" but "Paris [has slapped] its own face."


What was Jin Jing called by ethnic Chinese?


What was stopped due to protest interruptions?


What is the name of the handicapped bearer of the torch?


What did the ethnic Chinese call the disabled torch bearer?


Who put a flag of Tibet out of the window at City Hall?


Which organization planned several protests?

Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral.


What did Reporters Without Borders scale in order to put a protest banner on it?


Which cathedral did Reporters Without Borders hang another protest banner?


Who climbed the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner?


Where else was a copy of the banner at Eiffel Tower hung?


Where did hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters meet?

Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocadéro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the "lack of freedom of speech" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to "remain calm, non-violent, peaceful".


Who spoke to the media about China's lack of freedom of speech?


Who is the President of the French Tibetan community that urged protesters to remain peaceful?


Where did pro-Tibetan protesters get together?


The Trocadéro was not disruptive of the relay and said to have been what?


Who, of the Trocadéro protest, spoke to the media?


What did the person who spoke to the media at Trocadéro say China lacked?


What did the political parties request a brief stop in?

French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties in Parliament—UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens—jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read "Respect for Human Rights in China". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted "Freedom for Tibet!" several times as it passed.


What text was on the banner that the politicians unrolled outside?


What did MPs yell when the torch passed them?


Various French politicians started protests including members of what?


All the French political factions requested a temporary halt to what?


Why did the banner say that was unveiled during the temporary halt?


What did the Parliamentary members yell as the relay passed?


What did French police take from demonstrators?

French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper Libération commented: "The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocadéro." Minister of the Interior Michèle Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital.


Which newspaper reported that only the Chinese could express themselves?


Where was the only place the Tibetan flag could be held?


What did French law enforcement take from protesters?


Where was the only place Tibetan flags were permitted?


Who said the police acted on their own in taking the flags?


Who rendered a France 2 camera person unconscious?


Where did the torch start it's North American route?

United States of America: The torch relay's North American leg occurred in San Francisco, California on April 9. On the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route. The start was at McCovey Cove, where Norman Bellingham of the U.S. Olympic Committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Chinese 1992 Olympic champion swimmer Lin Li. The planned closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was cancelled and instead, a ceremony was held at San Francisco International Airport, where the torch was to leave for Buenos Aires. The route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of China supporters and protesters against China. As people found out there would be no closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza, there were angry reactions. One demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to "thwart any organized protest that had been planned." San Francisco Board of Supervisors President Aaron Peskin, a critic of Mayor Gavin Newsom, said that it was a "cynical plan to please the Bush State Department and the Chinese government because of the incredible influence of money." Newsom, on the other hand, said he felt it was in "everyone's best interest" and that he believed people had been "afforded the right to protest and support the torch" despite the route changes. Peter Ueberroth, head of the U.S. Olympic Committee, praised the route changes, saying, "The city of San Francisco, from a global perspective, will be applauded." People who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of CBS and NBC. The cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be USD $726,400, nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising. Mayor Gavin Newsom said that "exponential" costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief Heather Fong.


What day did the torch arrive in San Francisco?


What is the name of the first North American torchbearer?


The route end was changed from Justin Herman plaza to what?


Who was the head of the U.S. Olympic Committee?


What city in the United States held the 2008 Olympic Torch relay?


What was the date of the relay in the United States?


What is the name of the person who handed off the torch to the torchbearer in the United States 2008 Olympic relay?


What is the name of the location where the relay ending event was canceled?


Who approved a resolution concerning human rights on April 1, 2008?

On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with "alarm and protest at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet." On April 8, numerous protests were planned including one at the city's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu.


The concern was over what in China and Tibet?


What date was the protest which was led by Gere and Tutu?


When was a resolution agreed to about Chinese human rights issues in San Francisco?


Where was a protest planned in San Francisco?


What actor was scheduled to attend a San Francisco Olympic protest?


Three protester climbed what to hang two banners on April 7, 2008?

Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying "One World, One Dream. Free Tibet", and the other, "Free Tibet '08". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. "Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent." The three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance.


Laurel Sutherlin spoke to which TV station about his concerns?


Who asked that the San Francisco relay route be shortened?


What famous bridge had two banners hung from it by protesters?


Who spoke to station KPIX-CBS5 about the bridge banner protests?


How many supporters face charges for the bridge stunt?


How many activists may be charged with crimes for the bridge stunt?


Where did the first relay runner disappear to with the torch??

The torch was lit at a park outside at AT&T Park at about 1:17 pm PDT (20:17 UTC), briefly held aloft by American and Chinese Olympic officials. The relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour. There were clashes between thousands of pro-China demonstrators, many of whom said they were bused in by the Chinese Consulate and other pro-China groups, and both pro-Tibet and Darfur protesters. The non-Chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds. Around 2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC), the torch resurfaced about 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the stadium along Van Ness Avenue, a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans. Television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers. Two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by Olympic security guards. During the torch relay, two torchbearers, Andrew Michael who uses a wheelchair and is the Vice President for Sustainable Development for the Bay Area Council and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. San Jose Mercury News described the "deceiving" event as "a game of Where's Waldo, played against the landscape of a lovely city." International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge said the San Francisco relay had "fortunately" avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in London and Paris, but "was, however, not the joyous party that we had wished it to be."


Which wheelchair-bound torchbearer was ejected from the relay for showing a Tibetan flag?


What wheelchair-bound bearer of the Olympic torch displayed a Tibetan flag?


Where was the last part of the San Francisco torch relay carried through before getting on a bus?


Where was a makeshift closing ceremony held for the torch relay in San Francisco?


After the bearer of the torch disappeared into a warehouse, what road did the relay reappear on?


When did the Olympic torch relay begin in Buenos Aires?

Argentina: The torch relay leg in Buenos Aires, Argentina, held on April 11, began with an artistic show at the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur. In the end of the show the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Carlos Espínola. The leg finished at the Buenos Aires Riding Club in the Palermo district, the last torchbearer being Gabriela Sabatini. The 13.8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and Plaza de Mayo. The day was marked by several pro-Tibet protests, which included a giant banner reading "Free Tibet", and an alternative "human rights torch" that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take. Most of these protests were peaceful in nature, and the torch was not impeded. Chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the Games, but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups. Runners surrounded by rows of security carried the Olympic flame past thousands of jubilant Argentines in the most trouble-free torch relay in nearly a week. People showered the parade route with confetti as banks, government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-day holiday for the only Latin American stop on the flame's five-continent journey.


Where did the torch route start in Buenos Aires?


Where did the Olympic torch relay begin in Argentina?


What place held an opening show for the relay?


What is the name of the mayor who passed off the torch to the first bearer in Argentina?


Who was the first bearer of the torch in Argentina?


What was showered along the route in some places?