Jo w common is the consumtion of poultry in the world?

Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide compared to pork at 38%. Sixteen billion birds are raised annually for consumption, more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units. Global broiler meat production rose to 84.6 million tonnes in 2013. The largest producers were the United States (20%), China (16.6%), Brazil (15.1%) and the European Union (11.3%). There are two distinct models of production; the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin. This model faces the increasing costs of implementing additional food safety requirements, welfare issues and environmental regulations. In contrast, the United States model turns the product into a commodity.


How many animals of the poultry variety are raised for consumtion each year?


What type of enviornment is poultry most commonly raised in?


How many industry models are followed for the production process of poultry?


What is the Europeon model of the poultry business ?


How many ducks did China produce for consumption in 2011?

World production of duck meat was about 4.2 million tonnes in 2011 with China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds. Other notable duck-producing countries in the Far East include Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total). France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West, followed by other EU nations (3%) and North America (1.7%). China was also by far the largest producer of goose and guinea fowl meat, with a 94% share of the 2.6 million tonne global market.


What other countries are important to the duck husbandry business?


Who is the largest producer of duck meat among the western nations?


What is the market percentage held by the country that controls the biggest share of the global market for goose and guinea fowl meat


What is the most substantial part of a birds antomy as it apples to consupmtion og the meat?

Poultry is available fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked. The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called "breast" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the "thigh" and "drumstick". The wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments, the meatier "drumette", the "wingette" (also called the "flat"), and the wing tip (also called the "flapper"). In Japan, the wing is frequently separated, and these parts are referred to as 手羽元 (teba-moto "wing base") and 手羽先 (teba-saki "wing tip").


Are certain parts of the bird used for particular reasons in relation to receipes?


Are there reasons for the dark meat that poultry has?

Dark meat, which avian myologists refer to as "red muscle", is used for sustained activity—chiefly walking, in the case of a chicken. The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells. White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying. Thus, the chicken's leg and thigh meat are dark, while its breast meat (which makes up the primary flight muscles) is white. Other birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout. Some cuts of meat including poultry expose the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours, an optical phenomenon sometimes called structural colouration.


What is the white meat of chicken actually used for by the animal ?


What causes the meat of some poultry to show rainbow like colr striations?


Do some varities of poultry have more dark meat than others?


When is it possible for baccteria is enter into poultry before you get it home?

A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that 47% of the meat and poultry sold in United States grocery stores was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, and 52% of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics. Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria, but a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present. Also, some risk is present for consumers of poultry meat and eggs to bacterial infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Poultry products may become contaminated by these bacteria during handling, processing, marketing, or storage, resulting in food-borne illness if the product is improperly cooked or handled.


What percentage of poultry is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?


Are the bacteria that is found on poultry easy to get rid of?


What considerations do consumers need when using safe handling procedures with poultry regardless of cooking method used??


Is the Avian flu a risk only to animals?

In general, avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by bird-specific influenza A virus that is not normally transferred to people; however, people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected. The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.


What portion of the world is considered to be most at risk for the rapid spread of the avian flu?


What is the danger to humans in regards to the spread of avian flu to humans ?


Can the avian flu be sread from wild birds to birds kept in husbandry?


What are poultry eggs used for aside from consumption?

Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised, but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.


What is the major difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines?


How long does it take for the flu vaccine to be fully ready for deployment into the population ?


In order to make a vaccine , what do viruses require that bacteria does not?


What new technology is being used in teh vaccine making process that will make vaccines safer and eaier for most consumers?


What is the nutitional value to humans of poultry and poultry products?

Poultry meat and eggs provide nutritionally beneficial food containing protein of high quality. This is accompanied by low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids. Chicken meat contains about two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat when measured by weight. However, for boneless, skinless chicken breast, the amount is much lower. A 100-g serving of baked chicken breast contains 4 g of fat and 31 g of protein, compared to 10 g of fat and 27 g of protein for the same portion of broiled, lean skirt steak.


What is the fat and protien content of a 100g ram serving of baked chicken breast contain ?


How much healthy fat in in the average serving of poultry?


In what year did Arsenal join The Football League?

Arsenal was the first club from the south of England to join The Football League, in 1893. They entered the First Division in 1904, and have since accumulated the second most points. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division. In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war. In 1970–71, they won their first League and FA Cup Double. Between 1988 and 2005, they won five League titles and five FA Cups, including two more Doubles. They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position.


During the 1930s, Arsenal won how many League Championships?


When did Arsenal win their first Double Cup?


Over a 17 year period which began in the late 80s, stretching five years into the new millenia, how many FA Cups did Arsenal win?


What was the first football club from southern England to join The Football League?


When did Arsenal join the Football League?


In what year did Arsenal qualify to be in the First Division?


How many league championships did Arsenal win in the 1930s?


What was Arsenal's league position ranking at the end of the last century?


What was the original name of the Arsenal team?

In 1886, Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square. In 1913, the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury. They became Tottenham Hotspur's nearest club, commencing the North London derby. In 2006, they moved to the Emirates Stadium in nearby Holloway. Arsenal earned €435.5m in 2014–15, with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football. Based on social media activity from 2014–15, Arsenal's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world. Forbes estimates the club was worth $1.3 billion in 2015.


When did Arsenal become based in Highbury?


In what year did Arsenal move to Holloway?


How does Forbe's believe the Arsenal club was worth in 2015?


What group from the munitions plant in Woolwich formed the Arsenal club?

Arsenal Football Club was formed as Dial Square in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, south-east London, and were renamed Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards. The club was renamed again to Woolwich Arsenal after becoming a limited company in 1893. The club became the first southern member of the Football League in 1893, starting out in the Second Division, and won promotion to the First Division in 1904. The club's relative geographic isolation resulted in lower attendances than those of other clubs, which led to the club becoming mired in financial problems and effectively bankrupt by 1910, when they were taken over by businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall. Norris sought to move the club elsewhere, and in 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, north London; they dropped "Woolwich" from their name the following year. Arsenal only finished in fifth place in the second division during the last pre-war competitive season of 1914–15, but were nevertheless elected to rejoin the First Division when competitive football resumed in 1919–20, at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur. Some books have reported that this election to division 1 was achieved by dubious means.


By what year had Arsenal become a limited company?


When did Arsenal move to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury?


In which division was Arsenal ranked by the start of WWI?


By 1920 where was Arsenal ranked in division?


What manager was appointed to lead Arsenal in 1925?

Arsenal appointed Herbert Chapman as manager in 1925. Having already won the league twice with Huddersfield Town in 1923–24 and 1924–25 (see Seasons in English football), Chapman brought Arsenal their first period of major success. His revolutionary tactics and training, along with the signings of star players such as Alex James and Cliff Bastin, laid the foundations of the club's domination of English football in the 1930s. Under his guidance Arsenal won their first major trophies – victory in the 1930 FA Cup Final preceded two League Championships, in 1930–31 and 1932–33. In addition, Chapman was behind the 1932 renaming of the local London Underground station from "Gillespie Road" to "Arsenal", making it the only Tube station to be named specifically after a football club.


What was Chapman's style of tactics that provided the basis for the Arsenal club's success?


In what decade did Arsenal dominate in English football?


What football club manager got an underground station renamed for Arsenal?


What was one of Arsenal's first major wins?


When was Bertie Mee become manager of Arsenal?

Arsenal began winning silverware again with the surprise appointment of club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as manager in 1966. After losing two League Cup finals, they won their first European trophy, the 1969–70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. This was followed by an even greater triumph: their first League and FA Cup double in 1970–71. This marked a premature high point of the decade; the Double-winning side was soon broken up and the following decade was characterised by a series of near misses, starting with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972, and First Division runners-up in 1972–73.


What position did Mee hold in the Arsenal club prior to becoming manager?


In which season did Arsenal win its first European trophy?


For how long after Arsenal's first trophy win the team do poorly competitions?


In what season did Arsenal win their first League and FA Cup double?


On what date was Bertie Mee replaced by Arsenal?

Terry Neill was recruited by the Arsenal board to replace Bertie Mee on 9 July 1976 and at the age of 34 he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date. With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings, and a crop of talent in the side such as Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton, the club enjoyed their best form since the 1971 double, reaching a trio of FA Cup finals (1978, 1979 and 1980), and losing the 1980 European Cup Winners' Cup Final on penalties. The club's only success during this time was a last-minute 3–2 victory over Manchester United in the 1979 FA Cup Final, widely regarded as a classic.


What action brought prosperity to Arsenal?


What number of cup finals did Arsenal reach in


In what years did Arsenal get into the FA Cup finals?


What former Arsenal player became manager in 1986?

The return of former player George Graham as manager in 1986 brought a third period of glory. Arsenal won the League Cup in 1987, Graham's first season in charge. This was followed by a League title win in 1988–89, won with a last-minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool. Graham's Arsenal won another title in 1990–91, losing only one match, won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993, and a second European trophy, the European Cup Winners' Cup, in 1994. Graham's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players, and he was dismissed in 1995. His replacement, Bruce Rioch, lasted for only one season, leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors.


Under the direction of Graham, what trophy did Arsenal win in 1987?


What competitor did Arsenal defeat to win a league title in the 1988-89 season?


In what year did Arsenal win their second European cup?


What action did Graham get caught doing to get fired by Arsenal?


What manager in the late 1990s brought success to Arsenal?

The club's success in the late 1990s and first decade of the 21st century owed a great deal to the 1996 appointment of Arsène Wenger as manager. Wenger brought new tactics, a new training regime and several foreign players who complemented the existing English talent. Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997–98 and a third in 2001–02. In addition, the club reached the final of the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup (losing on penalties to Galatasaray), were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups, and won the Premier League in 2003–04 without losing a single match, an achievement which earned the side the nickname "The Invincibles". The feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004, a national record.


Besides improved tactics and training, what did Wenger add to the Arsenal team?


In what season did Arsenal win their second League and Cup double?


What caused Arsenal's loss to Galatasarey in the 1999-2000 season?


What trophy did Arsenal win in the 2003-2004 season without losing a match?


Including Arsenal, how many teams had won the Premier League up to 2013?

Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first eleven seasons at the club, although on no occasion were they able to retain the title. As of July 2013, they were one of only five teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, and Manchester City, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992. Arsenal had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005–06; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition's fifty-year history to reach the final, in which they were beaten 2–1 by Barcelona. In July 2006, they moved into the Emirates Stadium, after 93 years at Highbury.


In what year was the Premier League created?


What team defeated Arsenal in the finals of the Champions League in 2005-2006 season?


To what stadium did Arsenal FC move in 2006?


For how many years did Arsenal play at Highbury?


What famous team defeated Arsenal for the League Cup in 2007?

Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2–1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively. The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014, when Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2–0 deficit to win the match 3–2. This qualified them for the 2014 FA Community Shield where they would play Premier League champions Manchester City. They recorded a resounding 3–0 win in the game, winning their second trophy in three months. Nine months after their Community Shield triumph, Arsenal appeared in the FA Cup final for the second year in a row, thrashing Aston Villa 4–0 in the final and becoming the most successful club in the tournament's history with 12 titles. On 2 August 2015, Arsenal beat Chelsea 1–0 at Wembley Stadium to retain the Community Shield and earn their 14th Community Shield title.


Who beat Arsenal for the 2011 League Cup>


How many wins did Arsenal have to make the team the most successful in FA Cup history?


What team did Arsenal defeat at Wembley in 2015?


How Community Shield titles does Arsenal have?


In what year did Arsenal first create a crest for the team?

Unveiled in 1888, Royal Arsenal's first crest featured three cannon viewed from above, pointing northwards, similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich (nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich). These can sometimes be mistaken for chimneys, but the presence of a carved lion's head and a cascabel on each are clear indicators that they are cannon. This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913, only to be reinstated in 1922, when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon, pointing eastwards, with the club's nickname, The Gunners, inscribed alongside it; this crest only lasted until 1925, when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down.


What part of the Arsenal crest is sometimes mistaken for chimneys?


After the team moved to what city were the cannon left off the crest?


What nickname prompted a return to the canon on the club crest?


In what year was the canon image further refined on the Arsenal crest?


What Latin motto was added to the crest in 1949?

In 1949, the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club's name, set in blackletter, and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club's newly adopted Latin motto, Victoria Concordia Crescit "victory comes from harmony", coined by the club's programme editor Harry Homer. For the first time, the crest was rendered in colour, which varied slightly over the crest's lifespan, finally becoming red, gold and green. Because of the numerous revisions of the crest, Arsenal were unable to copyright it. Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark, and had fought (and eventually won) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold "unofficial" Arsenal merchandise, Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection. Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable. The cannon once again faces east and the club's name is written in a sans-serif typeface above the cannon. Green was replaced by dark blue. The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue.


In 1949 what new addition was done to enhance the Arsenal club crest?


What legal stance did Arsenal use to win a law suit against a merchant?


In what year did Arsenal produce a remodeled crest that could be copyrighted?


Who did Arsenal supporters think should have been consulted before announcing the new crest?


What style of logo did Chapman introduce in the 1930s?

The monogram theme was developed into an Art Deco-style badge on which the letters A and C framed a football rather than the letter F, the whole set within a hexagonal border. This early example of a corporate logo, introduced as part of Herbert Chapman's rebranding of the club in the 1930s, was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium, including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors. From 1967, a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts, until replaced by the club crest, sometimes with the addition of the nickname "The Gunners", in the 1990s.


Of what is the early logo of Arsenal an example?


Where is the Art Deco style badge design used prominently?


What Arsenal club nickname sometimes appeared on club shirts?


When was the white canon logo replaced with the club crest?


What celebration did Arsenal have in the 2011-12 season?

In the 2011–12 season, Arsenal celebrated their 125th year anniversary. The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season. The crest was all white, surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left. The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub. The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club. The laurel leaves also represent strength. To complete the crest, 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto "Forward" at the bottom of the crest.


What do the 15 oak leaves on the anniversary crest indicate?


What dates are depicted on the Arsenal anniversary crest?


What motto is shown on the Arsenal club anniversary crest?


Where did the Arsenal team wear the anniversary crest?


What has the color of the Arsenal home shirts been?

For much of Arsenal's history, their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts, though this has not always been the case. The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, soon after Arsenal's foundation in 1886. Two of Dial Square's founding members, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work. As they put together the first team in the area, no kit could be found, so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball. The shirt was redcurrant, a dark shade of red, and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops.


In recognition of what event was the color red adopted for Arsenal shirts?


What was the early name for the Arsenal FC?


Which founding members were responsible for the red shirts?


What was the color of the early uniforms' shorts and socks?


What manager updated the players uniforms in 1933?

In 1933, Herbert Chapman, wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed, updated the kit, adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red. Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves. One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster, with whom Chapman played golf. Regardless of which story is true, the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since, aside from two seasons. The first was 1966–67, when Arsenal wore all-red shirts; this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season. The second was 2005–06, the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury, when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913, their first season in the stadium; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season. In the 2008–09 season, Arsenal replaced the traditional all-white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe.


What brighter shade of red did Chapman adopt?


What distinctive change did Chapman make to the Arsenal shirts?


For what style of shirts Arsenal known ?


What did Arsenal want to commemorate by wearing dark red shirts in their last season at Highbury?


What early team copied the Arsenal's red current color in 1909?

Arsenal's home colours have been the inspiration for at least three other clubs. In 1909, Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time; in 1938, Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip. In 1920, Sporting Clube de Braga's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal's red with white sleeves and shorts, giving rise to the team's nickname of Os Arsenalistas. These teams still wear those designs to this day.


What team in 1938 used the same style of kit, but in green?


By coping the Arsenal team kit exactly, what nickname was given to Sporting Clube de Braga?


For how long have the Arsenal inspired copy-cat clubs worn their uniforms?


What was Sporting Clube de Braga's original color?


During what season were Arsenal's away colors white shirts and white or black shorts?

For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts. In the 1969–70 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts. This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history. Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United. Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their "lucky" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982–83. The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before.


When did Arsenal adolpt the away colors or yellow shirts and blue shorts?


For what competition did Arsenal use the yellow and blue away kit?


What did Arsenal consider the yellow and blue colors to be after losing a FA Cup final wearing red and white?


What is the difference in the Arsenal color of blue in the away kit after 1983?


What manufacturer became Arsenal's uniform provider in 1994?

When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal's kit provider in 1994, Arsenal's away colours were again changed to two-tone blue shirts and shorts. Since the advent of the lucrative replica kit market, the away kits have been changed regularly, with Arsenal usually releasing both away and third choice kits. During this period the designs have been either all blue designs, or variations on the traditional yellow and blue, such as the metallic gold and navy strip used in the 2001–02 season, the yellow and dark grey used from 2005 to 2007, and the yellow and maroon of 2010 to 2013. As of 2009, the away kit is changed every season, and the outgoing away kit becomes the third-choice kit if a new home kit is being introduced in the same year.


Which brand was the kit provider prior to 1994?


To appeal to what are the kits changed regularly?


What traditional Arsenal colors have frequently been employed for away kits?


Since what year has the away kit been changed every year?


When did Arsenal FC leave Highbury stadium?

Widely referred to as Highbury, Arsenal Stadium was the club's home from September 1913 until May 2006. The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch, and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time, with a single covered stand and three open-air banks of terracing. The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s: new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed, opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively, and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace, which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954.


When did Arsenal Stadium at Highbury first become the club's home?


What architect designed the original stadium at Highbury?


In what decade was Arsenal Stadium overhauled?


What was the most people that Highbury stadium could host?

Highbury could hold more than 60,000 spectators at its peak, and had a capacity of 57,000 until the early 1990s. The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all-seater stadium in time for the 1993–94 season, thus reducing the capacity to 38,419 seated spectators. This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards, so much so that for two seasons, from 1998 to 2000, Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley, which could house more than 70,000 spectators.


When did League regulations make Arsenal reduce the seating in Highbury?


Where did Arsenal play matches because of increased seating capacity?


During what time did Arsenal play at Wembley?


What seating capacity did Wembley offer that have to lure Arsenal to play there?


When did Arsenal offer a plan to build a new stadium at Ashburton Grove?

Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties. These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time. After considering various options, in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove, since named the Emirates Stadium, about 500 metres south-west of Highbury. The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs, and construction was completed in July 2006, in time for the start of the 2006–07 season. The stadium was named after its sponsors, the airline company Emirates, with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history, worth around £100 million; some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove, or the Grove, as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names. The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028, and the airline will be the club's shirt sponsor until the end of the 2018–19 season. From the start of the 2010–11 season on, the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank, East Stand, West Stand and Clock end.


By what name was the new Arsenal stadium finally known?


What was the amount of the Emirates airline company deal?


Of what facet of stadium naming do some fans disapprove?


What type of agreement is the deal with Emirates ?


What is the common nickname of Arsenal supporters?

Arsenal fans often refer to themselves as "Gooners", the name derived from the team's nickname, "The Gunners". The fanbase is large and generally loyal, and virtually all home matches sell out; in 2007–08 Arsenal had the second-highest average League attendance for an English club (60,070, which was 99.5% of available capacity), and, as of 2015, the third-highest all-time average attendance. Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke. The club's location, adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury, mixed areas such as Islington, Holloway, Highbury, and the adjacent London Borough of Camden, and largely working-class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington, has meant that Arsenal's supporters have come from a variety of social classes.


From what groups do the supporters of Arsenal come?


Where did the attendance at Arsenal games rank in relation to other English clubs?


What aspect of the fan base is one of the reasons for large game attendance?


Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line. The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans. The club's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner, Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse!. In addition to the usual English football chants, supporters sing "One-Nil to the Arsenal" (to the tune of "Go West").


Which fan club is closely allied to the Arsenal club?


What supporters club is more loosely tied to Arsenal?


What fan group wants more ownership rights in the Arsenal club?


What is a common chant of Arsenal supporters?


What medium has added to the fan base of Arsenal?

There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London, and since the advent of satellite television, a supporter's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography. Consequently, Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world; in 2007, 24 UK, 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club. A 2011 report by SPORT+MARKT estimated Arsenal's global fanbase at 113 million. The club's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014–15 season.


How many supporter clubs outside Britain were there in 2007 affiliated with Arsenal?


In 2011 what was Arsenal's estimated fan base?


What was the world ranking of Arsenal's social media in 2015-15 season?


In this era of satelites and social media,on what are fans now less dependent ?


What football club is Arsenal's greatest rival?

Arsenal's longest-running and deepest rivalry is with their nearest major neighbours, Tottenham Hotspur; matches between the two are referred to as North London derbies. Other rivalries within London include those with Chelsea, Fulham and West Ham United. In addition, Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on-pitch rivalry in the late 1980s, which intensified in recent years when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title – so much so that a 2003 online poll by the Football Fans Census listed Manchester United as Arsenal's biggest rivals, followed by Tottenham and Chelsea. A 2008 poll listed the Tottenham rivalry as more important.


Since the Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspurs are geographically so close , what is the contest between them called?


What club has Arsenal have an increased rivalry since the 1980s?


What competition sparked the rivalry with Manchester?


What year's poll of supporters said that the Tottenham rivalry was greatest?


What individual is the biggest shareholder on the Arsenal board?

The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke. Kroenke first launched a bid for the club in April 2007, and faced competition for shares from Red and White Securities, which acquired its first shares off David Dein in August 2007. Red & White Securities was co-owned by Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov and Iranian London-based financier Farhad Moshiri, though Usmanov bought Moshiri's stake in 2016. Kroenke came close to the 30% takeover threshold in November 2009, when he increased his holding to 18,594 shares (29.9%). In April 2011, Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell-Smith and Danny Fiszman, taking his shareholding to 62.89%. As of June 2015, Kroenke owns 41,698 shares (67.02%) and Red & White Securities own 18,695 shares (30.04%). Ivan Gazidis has been the club's Chief Executive since 2009.


What percentage of shares in Arsenal did Kroenke own by 2011?


Who is Kroenke's chief competitor for Arsenal stock?


In what year did Kreonke achieve take over of Arsenal stock?


By what means does Arsenal operate as a company?

Arsenal's parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, operates as a non-quoted public limited company, whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs. Only 62,217 shares in Arsenal have been issued, and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM; instead, they are traded relatively infrequently on the ICAP Securities and Derivatives Exchange, a specialist market. On 10 March 2016, a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of £15,670, which sets the club's market capitalisation value at approximately £975m. Most football clubs aren't listed on an exchange, which makes direct comparisons of their values difficult. Business magazine Forbes valued Arsenal as a whole at $1.3 billion in 2015. Consultants Brand Finance valued the club's brand and intangible assets at $703m in 2015, and consider Arsenal an AAA global brand. Research by the Henley Business School modelled the club's value at £1.118 billion in 2015, the second highest in the Premier League.


How many shares of Arsenal stock are there?


On March 10,2016 what was the value of a share of Arsenal stock?


What value did Forbes place on Arsenal in 2015?


At what rank in value in the Premier League is Arsenal?


Where does Deloitte Football Money League rank Arsenal in the world football clubs?

Arsenal's financial results for the 2014–15 season show group revenue of £344.5m, with a profit before tax of £24.7m. The footballing core of the business showed a revenue of £329.3m. The Deloitte Football Money League is a publication that homogenizes and compares clubs' annual revenue. They put Arsenal's footballing revenue at £331.3m (€435.5m), ranking Arsenal seventh among world football clubs. Arsenal and Deloitte both list the match day revenue generated by the Emirates Stadium as £100.4m, more than any other football stadium in the world.


What value does Deloitte place on Arsenal?


What is the match day earning of Emirates Stadium?


How does Arsenal match day revenue compare with other stadium in the world?


What does Arsenal report a before tax profit for 2014-15?


Why was Arsenal's match on 22 Jan. 1927 at Highbury a first?

Arsenal have appeared in a number of media "firsts". On 22 January 1927, their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio. A decade later, on 16 September 1937, an exhibition match between Arsenal's first team and the reserves was the first football match in the world to be televised live. Arsenal also featured in the first edition of the BBC's Match of the Day, which screened highlights of their match against Liverpool at Anfield on 22 August 1964. BSkyB's coverage of Arsenal's January 2010 match against Manchester United was the first live public broadcast of a sports event on 3D television.


What team did Arsenal play at the time of the radio broadcast in 1927?


When was Arsenal's match the first to be televised live?


To what first broadcast did Arsenal provide match highlights?


In what form was Arsenal's broadcast of a 2010 match against Manchester United?


As one of the most successful teams in the country, Arsenal have often featured when football is depicted in the arts in Britain. They formed the backdrop to one of the earliest football-related films, The Arsenal Stadium Mystery (1939). The film centres on a friendly match between Arsenal and an amateur side, one of whose players is poisoned while playing. Many Arsenal players appeared as themselves and manager George Allison was given a speaking part. More recently, the book Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular. Published in 1992, it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s. The book was twice adapted for the cinema – the 1997 British film focuses on Arsenal's 1988–89 title win, and a 2005 American version features a fan of baseball's Boston Red Sox.


What Arsenal manager had a speaking part in the 1939 film?


What book by Nick Hornby has twice been adapted for film?


In what decade did film and literature help revive football in Britain?


How have Arsenal players portrayed in media?

Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and "boring" side, especially during the 1970s and 1980s; many comedians, such as Eric Morecambe, made jokes about this at the team's expense. The theme was repeated in the 1997 film The Full Monty, in a scene where the lead actors move in a line and raise their hands, deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence's offside trap, in an attempt to co-ordinate their striptease routine. Another film reference to the club's defence comes in the film Plunkett & Macleane, in which two characters are named Dixon and Winterburn after Arsenal's long-serving full backs – the right-sided Lee Dixon and the left-sided Nigel Winterburn.


In what decades were Arsenal players stereotyped in a negative way?


What film featured a Arsenal play in derogatory way?


Which comic made numerous jokes about Arsenal players?


What film uses characters named after Arsenal full backs?


How many League Championships has Arsenal won?

Arsenal's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football, after Manchester United (20) and Liverpool (18), and they were the first club to reach 8 League Championships. They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies, 12. The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession, in 2002 and 2003, and 2014 and 2015. Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup "Doubles" (in 1971, 1998 and 2002), a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United (in 1994, 1996 and 1999). They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double, in 1993. Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League, in 2006, losing the final 2–1 to Barcelona.


Where does Arsenal's total League Championships place it as compared to other English teams?


Of what type of trophies does Arsenal have the most?


In what competition was Arsenal the first to enter the finals?


What team beat Arsenal to win the 2006 UEFA Champions League?


At what stadium do Arsenal Ladies usually play?

Arsenal Ladies are the women's football club affiliated to Arsenal. Founded in 1987, they turned semi-professional in 2002 and are managed by Clare Wheatley. Arsenal Ladies are the most successful team in English women's football. In the 2008–09 season, they won all three major English trophies – the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup, and, as of 2009, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup, having done so in the 2006–07 season as part of a unique quadruple. The men's and women's clubs are formally separate entities but have quite close ties; Arsenal Ladies are entitled to play once a season at the Emirates Stadium, though they usually play their home matches at Boreham Wood.


By 2009 what competition has Arsenal Ladies been the only ladies team to have won?


When did the Arsenal Ladies team become semi-professional?


How does Arsenal Ladies rank as compared with other English women's football teams?


What is the name of the football club affiliated with Arsenal?


In what place with the word "name" in it do most people speak Dutch?

Outside of the Low Countries, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. Historical minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany, and in Indonesia,[n 1] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined.[n 2] The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans, a mutually intelligible daughter language[n 3] which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia.[n 4]


Islands in the Caribbean that include Dutch as an official language include Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and what other place?


It's been estimated that up to what number of native Dutch speakers live in Australia, the U.S., and Canada?


In Southern Africa, Dutch has developed over many years into what daughter language?


What the low estimate for the number of people who speak Afrikaans?


Which two languages does Dutch most closely resemble?

Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English[n 5] and is said to be roughly in between them.[n 6] Dutch, like English, has not undergone the High German consonant shift, does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker, has largely abandoned the use of the subjunctive, and has levelled much of its morphology, including the case system.[n 7] Features shared with German include the survival of three grammatical genders—albeit with few grammatical consequences[n 8]—as well as the use of modal particles, final-obstruent devoicing, and a similar word order.[n 9] Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates more Romance loans than German but fewer than English.[n 10]


Which Germanic accent mark do both the English and the Dutch language not use?


Unlike English, both German and Dutch use how many genders in their grammar?


Which verb tense have both English and Dutch mostly gotten rid of?


Does Dutch borrow more or less from Romance languages for its vocabulary than German?


What are variations on Dutch used in Belgium sometimes called?

While Dutch generally refers to the language as a whole, Belgian varieties are sometimes collectively referred to as Flemish. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands, and its dialects have their own names, e.g. Hollands "Hollandish", West-Vlaams "Western Flemish", Brabants "Brabantian". The use of the word Vlaams ("Flemish") to describe Standard Dutch for the variations prevalent in Flanders and used there, however, is common in the Netherlands and Belgium.


What is the Dutch language officially called in the Netherlands?


What would someone in Belgium call the variation of Dutch spoken in Flanders?


What is the Dutch name for the "Hollandish" dialect of the language?


If "Vlaams" is "Flemish," what would English speakers call "West-Vlaams"?


What Old Germanic term was used to describe the non-Romance languages that developed in Europe?

The Dutch language has been known under a variety of names. In Middle Dutch, which was a collection of dialects, dietsc was used in Flanders and Brabant, while diets or duutsc was in use in the Northern Netherlands. It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk, one of the first names ever used for the non-Romance languages of Western Europe, meaning (pertaining to the language) of the people, that is, the native Germanic language. The term was used as opposed to Latin, the non-native language of writing and the Catholic Church. In the first text in which it is found, dating from 784, it refers to the Germanic dialects of Britain. In the Oaths of Strasbourg (842) it appeared as teudisca to refer to the Germanic (Rhenish Franconian) portion of the oath.


What language was used for writing and by the Catholic Church instead of the language "of the people"?


The word "theudisk" was first found in a text from what year?


What year were the Oaths of Strasbourg written?


What word was used in the Oaths of Strasbourg for the oath's Germanic section?


In what century was a differentiation made to clear up confusion about West Germanic languages?

Until roughly the 16th century, speakers of all the varieties of the West Germanic languages from the mouth of the Rhine to the Alps had been accustomed to refer to their native speech as Dietsch, (Neder)duyts or some other cognate of theudisk. This let inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages. Therefore, in the 16th century, a differentiation took place. Owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers. Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole.


What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state?


What's the native Pennsylvania Dutch word for the language?


In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch?


Dutch people didn't have an officially established word for the "Dutch" language until what century?

In Dutch itself, Diets went out of common use - although Platdiets is still used for the transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian dialects in the north-east of Belgium. Nederlands, the official Dutch word for "Dutch", did not become firmly established until the 19th century. This designation had been in use as far back as the end of the 15th century, but received competition from the more popular terminology Nederduits, "Low Dutch", for several reasons. One of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits, "High Dutch", meaning the language spoken in Germany. The Hoog was later dropped, and thus, Duits narrowed down in meaning to refer to the German language.


What word meaning "Low Dutch" was sometimes used to distinguish Dutch from Germany's language?


Instead of "German," what word used to refer to the language of the country of Germany?


What does "Hoogduits" translate to in English?


Now that "Nederlands" is used for Dutch in Dutch, what do Dutch speakers call German?


What was the new word for Dutch that still caused some confusion with the language spoken in Germany?

The term Nederduits, however introduced new confusion, since the non standardised dialects spoken in the north of Germany came to be known as Niederdeutsch as well, and thus the Duits reference in the name was dropped, leading to Nederlands as designation to refer to the Dutch language. The repeated use of Neder (or "low") to refer to the Dutch language is a reference to the Netherlands' downriver location at the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta near the North Sea, harking back to Latin nomenclature, e.g. Germania Inferior. See also: Netherlands (toponymy).


What does the word "Neder" translate to in English?


The Netherlands are "low" because of their placement near what delta by the North Sea?


What language started the trend of referring to the Netherlands as "Germania Inferior"?


"Nederduits" often caused people to mix up the language of the Netherlands with that spoken in what directional area of Germany?


How many different versions of a Germanic language were spoken in the Low Countries?

Three Germanic dialects were originally spoken in the Low Countries: Frisian in the north and along the western coast; Saxon in the east (contiguous with the Low German area); and Franconian in the centre and south. It is the Franconian dialects that is designated as Old Dutch, and that would develop in Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch. The division in these development phases is mostly conventional, since the transition between them was very gradual. One of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. The development of the Dutch language is illustrated by the following sentence in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch:


Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the eastern region?


Which dialects are referred to as "Old Dutch"?


Was the transition from Old Dutch to Modern Dutch gradual, or did it happen quickly?


Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the north and west of the Low Countries?


Which language tree groups Dutch with English?

Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic differentiating features from other Indo-European languages. This assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe.


What group of languages have to comply with Grimm's law?


In what age did the sound patterns that distinguish Germanic languages develop?


Along with Grimm's law, what's the other rule for Germanic-sounding speech called?


What does a language need to share with the group in order to be classified as Germanic?


Into how many groups are Germanic languages usually split?

The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North and East Germanic. The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups: Ingvaeonic (North Sea Germanic), Istvaeonic (Weser-Rhine Germanic) and Irminonic (Elbe Germanic). It appears that the Frankish tribes fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest, still seen in modern Dutch.


In what historical period did the different types of Germanic languages stop being collectively understood?


What group of Germanic languages includes Dutch, English, and German?


What's the West Germanic dialect spoken in the North Sea region called?


Which dialect group included most Frankish tribes?


A Frankish identity emerged and so did their Frankish or Franconian language. The language itself is poorly attested. A notable exception is the Bergakker inscription, found near the Dutch city of Tiel, which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish. Although some placenames recorded in Roman texts could arguably be considered as the oldest "Dutch" single words, like vadam (modern Dutch: wad, English: "mudflat"), the Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology, but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text.


What city is closest to the Bergakker inscription?


To which century do some researchers attribute the Bergakker inscription?


What word found in Roman writings became "wad" in modern Dutch?


What does the Dutch word "wad" mean in English?


Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. The "Low" in Old Low Franconian refers to the Frankish spoken in the Low Countries where it was not influenced by the High German consonant shift, as opposed to Central and high Franconian in Germany. The latter would as a consequence evolve with Allemanic into Old High German. At more or less the same time the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law led to the development of Old Saxon, Old Frisian (Anglo-Frisian) and Old English (Anglo-Saxon). Hardly influenced by either development, Old Dutch remained close to the original language of the Franks, the people that would rule Europe for centuries. The language however, did experienced developments on its own, like final-obstruent devoicing in a very early stage. In fact, by judging from the find at Bergakker, it would seem that the language already experienced this characteristic during the Old Frankish period.


What language stayed very similar to the language spoken by Franks?


What period is the Bergakker inscription from that shows characteristics of the Old Dutch language?


What's another name for Old Dutch that demonstrates its difference from German Franconian?


Are written records of Old Dutch rare or common?

Attestations of Old Dutch sentences are extremely rare. The oldest one first recorded has been found in the Salic law. From this Frankish document written around 510 the oldest sentence has been identified as Dutch: Maltho thi afrio lito (I say to you, I free you, serf) used to free a serf. Another old fragment of Dutch is Visc flot aftar themo uuatare (A fish was swimming in the water). The oldest conserved larger Dutch text is the Utrecht baptismal vow (776-800) starting with Forsachistu diobolae [...] ec forsacho diabolae (Do you forsake the devil? [...] I forsake the devil). Probably the most famous sentence Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu (All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for), is dated around the year 1100, written by a Flemish monk in a convent in Rochester, England.


What Frankish document contains the oldest recorded instance of Dutch?


What creature is swimming in the Dutch phrase "Visc flot aftar themo uuatare"?


Where did the monk who wrote the most famous Old Dutch sentence live?


What historically significant Dutch document begins with the phrase "Forsachistu diobolae"?


What language did Middle Dutch come from?

Old Dutch naturally evolved into Middle Dutch. The year 1150 is often cited as the time of the discontinuity, but it actually marks a time of profuse Dutch writing and during this period a rich Medieval Dutch literature developed. There was at that time no overarching standard language; Middle Dutch is rather a collective name for a number of closely related dialects whose ancestor was Old Dutch. But they were all mutually intelligible. In fact, since Dutch is a rather conservative language, the various literary works of that time today are often very readable for modern-day speakers.


What year do some researchers say marked the point when Old Dutch morphed?


Rather than a single language, what group sharing origins in Old Dutch does the term "Middle Dutch" refer to?


Would a text written in Middle Dutch be readable or unintelligible for a Dutch speaker today?


What court in Dijon prior to 1477 had a hand in standardizing Dutch?

A process of standardisation started in the Middle Ages, especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477). The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardisation became much stronger at the start of the 16th century, mainly based on the urban dialect of Antwerp. In 1585 Antwerp fell to the Spanish army: many fled to the Northern Netherlands, where the Dutch Republic declared its independence from Spain. They particularly influenced the urban dialects of the province of Holland. In 1637, a further important step was made towards a unified language, when the Statenvertaling, the first major Bible translation into Dutch, was created that people from all over the new republic could understand. It used elements from various, even Dutch Low Saxon, dialects but was predominantly based on the urban dialects of Holland of post 16th century.


Which two Dutch dialects had the greatest influence in the Middle Ages?


Which century marked great progress in Dutch standardization brought on by Antwerp?


What year did the Spanish conquer Antwerp?


What was the first Dutch Bible translation called?


What was the old name for the geographical region that's now Belgium and Luxembourg?

In the Southern Netherlands (now Belgium and Luxembourg) developments were different. Under Spanish, then Austrian, and then French rule standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill. The state, law, and increasingly education used French, yet more than half the Belgian population were speaking a Dutch dialect. In the course of the nineteenth century the Flemish movement stood up for the rights of Dutch, mostly called Flemish. But in competing with the French language the variation in dialects was a serious disadvantage. Since standardisation is a lengthy process, Dutch-speaking Belgium associated itself with the standard language that had already developed in the Netherlands over the centuries. Therefore, the situation in Belgium is essentially no different from that in the Netherlands, although there are recognisable differences in pronunciation, comparable to the pronunciation differences between standard British and standard American English. In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty. This treaty lays down the principle that the two countries must gear their language policy to each other, among other things, for a common system of spelling.


What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians?


What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other's language?


What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?


The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language?


What's the "cheesy" name for East Low Franconian?

Dutch belongs to its own West Germanic sub-group, West Low Franconian, paired with its sister language Limburgish, or East Low Franconian. Closest relative is the mutual intelligible daughter language Afrikaans. Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are German, English and the Frisian languages, and the non standardised languages Low German and Yiddish. Dutch stands out in combining a small degree of Ingvaeonic characteristics (occurring consistently in English and Frisian and reduced in intensity from 'west to east' over the continental West Germanic plane) with mostly Istvaeonic characteristics, of which some of them are also incorporated in German. Unlike German, Dutch (apart from Limburgish) has not been influenced at all by the 'south to north' movement of the High German sound shift, and had some changes of its own. The cumulation of these changes resulted over time in separate, but related standard languages with various degrees of similarities and differences between them. For a comparison between the West Germanic languages, see the sections Morphology, Grammar and Vocabulary.


What language has the most in common with the East Low Franconian dialect of Dutch?


Along with German and English, what standardized West Germanic language is similar to Dutch?


Non-standardized languages similar to Dutch include Yiddish and what other West Germanic language?


As opposed to Dutch, what language was influenced by the High German sound shift?


What dialect of Dutch is spoken in Drenthe?

In the east there is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect area, comprising the provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel, and parts of the province of Gelderland as well. The IJssel river roughly forms the linguistic watershed here. This group, though not being Low Franconian and being close to the neighbouring Low German, is regarded as Dutch, because of a number of reasons. From the 14th to 15th century onward, its urban centers (Deventer, Zwolle and Kampen as well as Zutphen and Doesburg) have been increasingly influenced by the western written Dutch and became a linguistically mixed area. From the 17th century onward, it was gradually integrated into the Dutch language area. In other words, this group is Dutch synchronically but not diachronically.[citation needed]


What's the name of the river that marks a dialect divide in the Netherlands?


Although Dutch Low Saxon is similar to Low German, it's synchronically included with which language?


Which Dutch province is only partially comprised of speakers of Dutch low Saxon?


When did cities like Diventer and Zutphen start becoming more linguistically diverse?


What organization researched the use of regional Dutch dialects and found their usage declining?

Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%).


What percentage of adults in the Netherlands spoke a dialect or regional language in 1995?


How many primary school aged children were found to speak a dialect or regional language by 2011?


What's the most commonly spoken regional language in the Netherlands?


In 2011, what percentage of Dutch adults spoke Frisian?


The different dialects show many sound shifts in different vowels (even shifting between diphthongs and monophthongs), and in some cases consonants also shift pronunciation. For example, an oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, the voiced velar fricative (written as "g" in Dutch) shifts to a voiced glottal fricative (written as "h" in Dutch), while the letter "h" in West Flemish becomes mute (just like in French). As a result, when West Flemish try to talk Standard Dutch, they're often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound. This leaves f.e. no difference between "held" (hero) and "geld" (money). Or in some cases, they are aware of the problem, and hyper-correct the "h" into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound, again leaving no difference.


West Flemings pronounce the Dutch "g" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch?


What other European language has a mute "h" like the West Flemings do?


What word that means "hero" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as "geld"?


If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent "h," they might over-correct into what sound?


Next to sound shifts, there are ample examples of suffix differences. Often simple suffix shifts (like switching between -the, -ske, -ke, -je, ...), sometimes the suffixes even depend on quite specific grammar rules for a certain dialect. Again taking West Flemish as an example. In that language, the words "ja" (yes) and "nee" (no) are also conjugated to the (often implicit) subject of the sentence. These separate grammar rules are a lot more difficult to imitate correctly than simple sound shifts, making it easy to recognise people who didn't grow up in a certain region, even decades after they moved.


How would you tell a West Flemish speaker "yes"?


What piece of a sentence does West Flemish match the case of a "yes" or "no" to?


Would linguistic differences make it difficult or easy to point out someone who moved from a different region of the Netherlands?


Which is easier for a non-native speaker to imitate: grammar rules or sound shifts?


What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often considered a language variant?

Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions. The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in French Flanders (a small area that borders Belgium).


What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend, reflecting medieval divisions?


What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish?


Along with Limburgish, what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands?


What dialect is considered a sister language to Dutch?

Many native speakers of Dutch, both in Belgium and the Netherlands, assume that Afrikaans and West Frisian are dialects of Dutch but are considered separate and distinct from Dutch: a daughter language and a sister language, respectively. Afrikaans evolved mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects, but had influences from various other languages in South Africa. However, it is still largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. (West) Frisian evolved from the same West Germanic branch as Old English and is less akin to Dutch.


Which Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often called a daughter language?


Afrikaans is mostly derived from the Dutch spoken in what century?


The Dutch influence on Afrikaans was seasoned with languages from what country?


What two-word phrase describes the relationship whereby Dutch and Afrikaans speakers can understand each other?


What percentage of people in Belgium speak Dutch?

In Europe, Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands (96%) and Belgium (59%) as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France's French Flanders, where it is in the ultimate stage of language death. Though Belgium as a whole is multilingual, the two regions into which the country is divided (Flanders, francophone Wallonia, bilingual Brussels and small 'facility' zones) are largely monolingual. The Netherlands and Belgium produce the vast majority of music, films, books and other media written or spoken in Dutch. Dutch is a monocentric language, with all speakers using the same standard form (authorized by the Dutch Language Union) based on a Dutch orthography employing the Latin alphabet when writing. In stark contrast to its written uniformity, Dutch lacks a prestige dialect and has a large dialectal continuum consisting of 28 main dialects, which can themselves be further divided into at least 600 distinguishable varieties.


What country in Europe has the highest percentage of Dutch speakers?


What region in France is experiencing Dutch language death?


What's the name of the institution that ensures Dutch is monocentric?


How many different major dialects of Dutch are there?


What town in Germany has always had mostly Dutch speakers?

Outside of the Netherlands and Belgium, the dialect around the German town of Kleve (South Guelderish) both historically and genetically belongs to the Dutch language. In Northeastern France, the area around Calais was historically Dutch-speaking (West Flemish) of which an estimated 20,000 daily speakers. The cities of Dunkirk, Gravelines and Bourbourg only became predominantly French-speaking by the end of the 19th century. In the countryside, until World War I, many elementary schools continued to teach in Dutch, and the Catholic Church continued to preach and teach the catechism in Flemish in many parishes.


About how many people around Calais, France speak Dutch every day?


It took until the end of what century for people in French cities like Gravelines to finally switch over to French from Dutch?


Which church often preached in Flemish prior to World War I?


In what area of France is Calais located?


In what country other than France did Dutch lose most of it usage in the 19th century?

During the second half of the 19th century Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language. In both Germany and France the Dutch standard language is largely absent and speakers of these Dutch dialects will use German or French in everyday speech. Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany, either by the central or regional public authorities and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations.


In France and Germany, what languages will often be substituted by native speakers of Dutch dialects?


In what segment of the population is the decline in usage of Dutch most prominent?


Other than France, what country does not give Dutch legal status as a language?


What language did France and Prussia ban from use in education in the late 19th century?


About how many students in Belgium are studying Dutch?

As a foreign language, Dutch is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools in areas adjacent to the Netherlands and Flanders. In French-speaking Belgium, over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses, followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (of which 4,550 are in primary school). At an academic level, the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany (30 universities), followed by France (20 universities) and the United Kingdom (5 universities).


How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais?


What country has the most universities offering courses in neerlandistiek?


How many universities in France offer neerlandistiek courses?


Besides North Rhine-Westphalia, which German state has the most pupils of Dutch?


For how long have there been Dutch speakers in Indonesia?

Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, as the Asian bulk of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession, as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch. Dutch is taught in various educational centres in Indonesia, the most important of which is the Erasmus Language Centre (ETC) in Jakarta. Each year, some 1,500 to 2,000 students take Dutch courses there. In total, several thousand Indonesians study Dutch as a foreign language. Owing to centuries of Dutch rule in Indonesia, many old documents are written in Dutch. Many universities therefore include Dutch as a source language, mainly for law and history students. In Indonesia this involves about 35,000 students.


In what profession is Dutch often required in the Dutch East Indies?


What institution in Jakarta still teaches Dutch?


About how many pupils in all of Indonesia study Dutch as part of their coursework?


In addition to students pursuing law degrees, what other course of study often includes Dutch?


Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch?

Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies. In the last quarter of the 19th century, however, a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business. Nevertheless, the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony. Dutch, the language of power, was supposed to remain in the hands of the leading elite.


What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government?


What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch?


Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it's the language of what?


What became the official language of Indonesia after they declared their independence?

After independence, Dutch was dropped as an official language and replaced by Malay. Yet the Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch: words for everyday life as well as scientific and technological terms. One scholar argues that 20% of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words, many of which are transliterated to reflect phonetic pronunciation e.g. kantoor (Dutch for "office") in Indonesian is kantor, while bus ("bus") becomes bis. In addition, many Indonesian words are calques on Dutch, for example, rumah sakit (Indonesian for "hospital") is calqued on the Dutch ziekenhuis (literally "house of the sick"), kebun binatang ("zoo") on dierentuin (literally "animal garden"), undang-undang dasar ("constitution") from grondwet (literally "ground law"). These account for some of the differences in vocabulary between Indonesian and Malay.


What's the Indonesian word for "office"?


What term describes the literally translated Indonesian versions of Dutch terms that have become standard?


What is the Indonesian calque for the Dutch word that literally translates as "animal garden"?


What Dutch word for a hospital was calqued into the Indonesian "rumah sakit"?


About what percentage of residents of Suriname speak Dutch?

In Suriname today, Dutch is the sole official language, and over 60 percent of the population speaks it as a mother tongue. Dutch is the obligatory medium of instruction in schools in Suriname, even for non-native speakers. A further twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a second language. Suriname gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1975 and has been an associate member of the Dutch Language Union since 2004. The lingua franca of Suriname, however, is Sranan Tongo, spoken natively by about a fifth of the population.


What language would you hear teachers speak if you attended school in Suriname?


When did Suriname officially become independent from the Netherlands?


What year did Suriname join the Dutch Language Union?


What's the common language that around 20% of Suriname's people speak?


What's the year that Jersey Dutch was last spoken, according to records?

In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921. Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch (in Albany, New York), Berbice (in Guyana), Skepi (in Essequibo, Guyana) and Negerhollands (in the United States Virgin Islands). Pennsylvania Dutch is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called Pennsylvania German.


What Dutch-based language popped up in the area of Albany, New York?


What's a more accurate name for Pennsylvania Dutch since it's not a Dutch dialect?


Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands?


In what country were the Berbice and Skepi dialects spoken?


In what decade did European Dutch yield to the local dialect in South Africa?

European Dutch remained the literary language until the start of the 1920s, when under pressure of Afrikaner nationalism the local "African" Dutch was preferred over the written, European-based standard. In 1925, section 137 of the 1909 constitution of the Union of South Africa was amended by Act 8 of 1925, stating "the word Dutch in article 137 [...] is hereby declared to include Afrikaans". The constitution of 1983 only listed English and Afrikaans as official languages. It is estimated that between 90% to 95% of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin.


At the high end, what percentage of Afrikaans words come from Dutch?


What South African document from 1983 doesn't list Dutch as an official language?


What section of the constitution was changed by Act 8 of 1925 to include Afrikaans with Dutch?


What pressure influenced the shift in South Africa from the use of European Dutch in the 1920s?


Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers?

Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch. Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch, and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner, e.g. vogel becomes voël ("bird") and regen becomes reën ("rain"). In South Africa, the number of students following Dutch at university, is difficult to estimate, since the academic study of Afrikaans inevitably includes the study of Dutch. Elsewhere in the world, the number of people learning Dutch is relatively small.


Is Afrikaans more or less complex compared to Dutch?


Is it difficult or easy to estimate the number of students in South Africa who study Dutch?


Approximately what percentage of South Africans are native Afrikaans speakers?

It is the third language of South Africa in terms of native speakers (~13.5%), of whom 53 percent are Coloureds and 42.4 percent Whites. In 1996, 40 percent of South Africans reported to know Afrikaans at least at a very basic level of communication. It is the lingua franca in Namibia, where it is spoken natively in 11 percent of households. In total, Afrikaans is the first language in South Africa alone of about 6.8 million people and is estimated to be a second language for at least 10 million people worldwide, compared to over 23 million and 5 million respectively, for Dutch.


Which country has 11% of households who speak Afrikaans?


How many of the South Africans surveyed in 1996 said they speak at least a little Afrikaans?


About how many South Africans speak Afrikaans as their primary language?


Approximately how many people in the world speak Dutch as a second language?


What sound does Dutch still use from Proto-Germanic that was phased out in other Germanic languages?

Unlike other Germanic languages, Dutch doesn't have phonological aspiration of consonants. Like English, Dutch did not participate in the second consonant shift. Like most Germanic languages, the Dutch consonant system did not undergo the High German consonant shift and has a syllable structure that allows fairly complex consonant clusters. Dutch also retains full use of the velar fricatives that were present in Proto-Germanic, but lost or modified in many other Germanic languages. Dutch has final-obstruent devoicing: at the end of a word, voicing distinction is neutralised and all obstruents are pronounced voiceless. For example, goede ("good") is /ˈɣudə/ but the related form goed is /ɣut/. Dutch shares with German Final-obstruent devoicing (Du brood [broːt] and German Brot vs Eng bread).


Along with English, what pronunciation shift did Dutch not undergo?


How are obstruents pronounced at the end of Dutch words?


What language other than Dutch also employs final-obstruent devoicing?


Is the voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives more common in Dutch or German?

Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs, although less in Dutch than in German (Du zeven, Germ sieben [z] vs. Eng seven and LG seven [s]), and also the shift in /θ/ > /d/. Dutch shares only with Low German the development of /xs/ > /ss/ (Du vossen, ossen and LG Vösse, Ossen vs. Germ Füchse, Ochsen and Eng foxes, oxen), and also the development of /ft/ → /xt/ though it is far more common in Dutch (Du zacht and LG sacht vs. Germ sanft and Eng soft, but Du kracht vs. LG/Germ kraft and Eng cognate craft).


Does the development of /ft/ to /xt/ occur more in Low German or Dutch?


What number word is spelled the same in English and Low German?


Although spelled differently, the first consonant of what Dutch word for "seven" is pronounced the same as its German counterpart?


What quality of Dutch vowels isn't usually recognized as distinctive?

Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n) [ˈzɔnə] ("suns") versus zone [ˈzɔːnə] ("zone") versus zonen [ˈzoːnə(n)] ("sons"), or kroes [krus] ("mug") versus cruise [kruːs] ("cruise").


Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality?


Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them?


What does the Dutch word "kroes" mean in English?


What letter represents the sound native English speakers often use for Dutch names with "ij" or "ei" in them?

Unique to the development of Dutch is the collaps of older ol/ul/al + dental into ol + dental, followed by vocalisation of pre-consonantal /l/ and after a short vowel, creating the diphthong /ɑu/ e.g., Dutch goud, zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold, Solt, Bolt; German Gold, Salz, Balt and English gold, salt, bold. This is the most common diphthong along with /ɛi œy/. All three are commonly the only ones considered unique phonemes in Dutch. The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce Dutch names with /ɛi/ (written as ij or ei) as /aɪ/, (like the English vowel y) which does not normally lead to confusion among native listeners, since in a number of dialects (e.g. in Amsterdam) the same pronunciation is heard.


How many unique phenomes are usually attributed to Dutch?


What's the term we use for the type of sound made for two vowels in words like the Dutch "goud" or "zout"?


What pronunciation did the older Dutch ol/ul/al + dental evolve into?


What linguistic event in English could we parallel with the Dutch lowering of diphthongs?

This change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because it has apparently happened relatively recently, in the 1970s, and was pioneered by older well-educated women from the upper middle classes. The lowering of the diphthongs has long been current in many Dutch dialects, and is comparable to the English Great Vowel Shift, and the diphthongisation of long high vowels in Modern High German, which centuries earlier reached the state now found in Polder Dutch. Stroop theorizes that the lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically "natural" and inevitable development and that Dutch, after having diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English, "should" have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well.


In what decade did the Dutch diphthong lowering occur?


The lowering of diphthongs is intriguing partly because it's associated with what single gender?


What researcher posited that the lowering of diphthongs is "natural"?


Which language, in addition to German, did Stroop use to compare Dutch with when stating that the diphthongs "should" have lowered?


What word did Stroop use to describe the static stage of diphthong pronunciation?

Instead, he argues, this development has been artificially frozen in an "intermediate" state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century, where lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and accordingly declared substandard. Now, however, in his opinion, the newly affluent and independent women can afford to let that natural development take place in their speech. Stroop compares the role of Polder Dutch with the urban variety of British English pronunciation called Estuary English.


What classes in the 16th century sneered at the pronunciation of Dutch by rural people?


What distinct kind of British English does Stroop say has a similar function to Polder Dutch?


What phenomenon of Dutch pronunciation was brought about by the attitudes of the elite in the 16th century?


What specific type of diphthongs were the less educated Dutch speakers in the countryside using in the 16th century?


How many genders does standard Dutch use for both natural and grammatical gender?

Standard Dutch uses three genders to differentiate between natural gender and three when discerning grammatical gender. But for most non-Belgian speakers, the masculine and feminine genders have merged to form the common gender (de), while the neuter (het) remains distinct as before. This gender system is similar to those of most Continental Scandinavian languages. As in English, but to a lesser degree, the inflectional grammar of the language (e.g., adjective and noun endings) has simplified over time.


What gender does the majority of non-Belgian Dutch speakers use instead of the masculine and feminine?


Apart from the common gender in non-Belgian Dutch, what other gender do speakers use?


The common/neuter system used in Dutch is a lot like the system used in what other language category?


In its simplified inflectional grammar, what language is Dutch similar to?


The Dutch written grammar has simplified over the past 100 years: cases are now mainly used for the pronouns, such as ik (I), mij, me (me), mijn (my), wie (who), wiens (whose: masculine or neuter singular), wier (whose: feminine singular; masculine, feminine or neuter plural). Nouns and adjectives are not case inflected (except for the genitive of proper nouns (names): -s, -'s or -'). In the spoken language cases and case inflections had already gradually disappeared from a much earlier date on (probably the 15th century) as in many continental West Germanic dialects.


Over what span of time have the rules for written Dutch become less complicated?


What part of speech does Dutch mostly use cases for?


Which parts of speech aren't normally case-specific in Dutch?


In what century long before Dutch did most West Germanic dialects probably lose case inflection?


What case no longer used in Dutch is still present in German phrases like "Der Herr des Hauses"?

More complex inflection is still found in certain lexicalized expressions like de heer des huizes (literally, the man of the house), etc. These are usually remnants of cases (in this instance, the genitive case which is still used in German, cf. Der Herr des Hauses) and other inflections no longer in general use today. In such lexicalized expressions remnants of strong and weak nouns can be found too, e.g. in het jaar des Heren (Anno Domini), where "-en" is actually the genitive ending of the weak noun. Also in this case, German retains this feature. Though the genitive is widely avoided in speech.


How would you say "the man of the house" in Dutch?


What word described standalone expressions that retain some outdated convention as an exception?


Which word in the phrase "het jaar des Heren" is a weak noun with a genitive ending added?


In what type of Dutch clause does the subject usually follow the conjugated verb?

In an interrogative main clause the usual word order is: conjugated verb followed by subject; other verbs in final position: "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?" (literally "Can you your pen not find?") "Can't you find your pen?" In the Dutch equivalent of a wh-question the word order is: interrogative pronoun (or expression) + conjugated verb + subject; other verbs in final position: "Waarom kun jij je pen niet vinden?" ("Why can you your pen not find?") "Why can't you find your pen?"" In a tag question the word order is the same as in a declarative clause: "Jij kunt je pen niet vinden?" ("You can your pen not find?") "You can't find your pen?"" A subordinate clause does not change its word order: "Kun jij je pen niet vinden omdat het veel te donker is?" ("Can you your pen not find because it far too dark is?") "Can you not find your pen because it's too dark?""


What's the English type equivalent for the Dutch word order that is an interrogative pronoun/expression, then a verb followed by a subject?


What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question?


What never changes in a subordinate clause in Dutch?


What is the literal translation of the Dutch phrase, "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?"


What word do Dutch speakers use for what we call a "shotgun marriage"?

In Dutch, the diminutive is not merely restricted to nouns and exist in numerals (met z'n tweetjes, "the two of us"), pronouns (onderonsje, "tête-à-tête"), verbal particles (moetje, "shotgun marriage"), and even prepositions (toetje, "dessert"). Most notable however, are the diminutive forms of adjectives and adverbs. The former take an diminutive ending and thus functions as a noun, the latter remain adverbs and have always the diminutive with the -s appended, e.g. adjective: groen ("green") → noun: groentje ("rookie"); adverb: even ("just") → adverb: eventjes ("just a minute").


In Dutch, what part of speech does an adjective with a diminutive ending become?


When the diminutive ending "-tjes" is added to the adverb "even," as what part of speech does it function?


With the diminutive ending "-tje" added to the Dutch word for "green," what does the new formation translate to in English?


Which diminutive of "bloem" means a "bouquet"?

Some nouns have two different diminutives, each with a different meaning: bloem (flower) → bloempje (lit. "small flower"), but bloemetje (lit. also "small flower", meaning bouquet). A few nouns exist solely in a diminutive form, e.g. zeepaardje (seahorse), while many, e.g. meisje (girl), originally a diminutive of meid (maid), have acquired a meaning independent of their non-diminutive forms. A diminutive can sometimes be added to an uncountable noun to refer to a single portion: ijs (ice, ice cream) → ijsje (ice cream treat, cone of ice cream), bier (beer) → biertje. Some diminutive forms only exist in plural, e.g. kleertjes (clothing).


What's the Dutch word for "seahorse" that has no non-diminutive form?


What Dutch word did their word for "girl" come from that has a totally different meaning?


What's the Dutch word for the items like shirts and pants that you wear that only exists in a plural form?


Sometimes uncountable nouns in Dutch get a diminutive ending to make them refer to what, like an ice cream cone?


What language besides Dutch uses the dative case instead of the accusative for pronouns?

Like in English, Dutch has generalised the dative over the accusative case for all pronouns, e.g. Du me, je, Eng me, you, vs. Germ mich/mir dich/dir. There is one exception: the standard language prescribes that in the third person plural, hen is to be used for the direct object, and hun for the indirect object. This distinction was artificially introduced in the 17th century by grammarians, and is largely ignored in spoken language and not well understood by Dutch speakers. Consequently, the third person plural forms hun and hen are interchangeable in normal usage, with hun being more common. The shared unstressed form ze is also often used as both direct and indirect objects and is a useful avoidance strategy when people are unsure which form to use.


In the lone exception to the dative case, which pronoun is prescribed for the third person plural direct object?


When did the grammarians first draw the line between third person plural pronouns for Dutch?


Since most Dutch speakers don't bother with the hen/hun rule, which of the two most often gets used?


When speakers get confused about whether to use hen or hun, what interchangeable unstressed form would they probably use?


How would a Dutch speaker say "doghouse"?

Like most Germanic languages, Dutch forms noun compounds, where the first noun modifies the category given by the second (hondenhok = doghouse). Unlike English, where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces, Dutch (like the other Germanic languages) either uses the closed form without spaces (boomhuis = tree house) or inserts a hyphen (VVD-coryfee = outstanding member of the VVD, a political party). Like German, Dutch allows arbitrarily long compounds, but the longer they get, the less frequent they tend to be.


Is Dutch like or unlike English in its treatment of compound nouns?


"Tree house," which is two words in English, would be what single word in Dutch?


What language is like Dutch in allowing compounds to be any length?


In English, what usually separates newer compound nouns written in open form?


What percentage of loanwords are present in Dutch vocabulary?

Dutch vocabulary is predominantly Germanic in origin, with an additional share of loanwords of 20%. The main foreign influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century and culminating in the French period has been French and (northern) French, accounting for an estimated 6.8%, or more than a third of all loanwords. Latin, that has been spoken for centuries in the south of the Low Countries, and has since then for centuries plaid a major role as the language of science and religion, follows with 6.1%. High German and Low German, influential until the mid of the 19th century, account for 2.7%, but are mostly unrecognizable since many German loanwords have been "Dutchified", e.g. German "Fremdling" become Dutch "vreemdeling". From English, Dutch has taken over words since the middle of the 19th century, as a consequence of the gaining power of Britain and the United States. The share of English loanwords is about 1.5%, but this number is still on the increase. Conversely, Dutch contributed many loanwords to English, accounting for 1.3%.


What language has exerted the most influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century?


What language does Dutch get its second highest percentage of loanwords from?


Together, what percentage of Dutch loanwords comes from High and Low German?


In the loanword sharing between Dutch and English, which language got the higher percentage of loanwords?