What are events that a company can sponsor when it is planning a new construction project or redesigning an existing one?

Architectural design competitions are used by an organisation that plans to build a new building or refurbish an existing building. They can be used for buildings, engineering work, structures, landscape design projects or public realm artworks. A competition typically asks for architects and/or designers to submit a design proposal in response to a given Brief. The winning design will then be selected by an independent jury panel of design professionals and client representatives. The independence of the jury is vital to the fair conduct of a competition.


What is provided to guide entrants in an architectural competition?


What kinds of people generally make up the panels which judge architecture competitions?


What is necessary for the integrity of a design competition?


What kind of artistic production can be supported by design competitions?


Aside from the ARB, what other organization offers accreditation services for schools serving architects?

In addition to the Architects Registration Board, the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a course validation procedure. It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB.


What process does RIBA use in its accreditation system?


What kinds of courses does RIBA conduct accreditation services for apart from the Architects Registration Board?


What is the first step in the Royal Institute's guidelines for education?

The RIBA has three parts to the education process: Part I which is generally a three-year first degree, a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters. A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken. Overall it takes a minimum of seven years before an architecture student can seek chartered status.


What is required by the second stage in the education provisions set out by RIBA?


What does the third part of the Royal Institute's educational process contain?


How long does it take, at the least, for a student to be eligible for the title of Chartered?


What occurs between the second and third parts of the education process prescribed by the Royal Institute?


What did the Royal Institute support in order to keep up with housing in mainland Europe?

In 2007, RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries. "The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s... We're way behind the rest of Europe—even densely populated Holland has better proportioned houses than are being built in the country. So let's see minimum space standards for all new homes," said RIBA president Jack Pringle.


When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain?


Who was the head of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007?


To what decade did Pringle unfavorably compare the size of modern British homes?


What country did Pringle cite as having homes with better proportions than those found in the UK?


NARA is responsible for what collection of archives?

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents, which comprise the National Archives. NARA is officially responsible for maintaining and publishing the legally authentic and authoritative copies of acts of Congress, presidential proclamations and executive orders, and federal regulations. The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress.


What independent agency preserves the original copy of executive orders?


What is the official that oversees the operation of NARA?

The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U.S. Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment.


What member of NARA has the ability to declare when the constitutional threshold of passage has ocurred?


What office publishes the Federal Register?

The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, and United States Statutes at Large, among others. It also administers the Electoral College.


What office administers the Electoral College?


Which office publishes the Code of Federal Regulations?


Which office publishes the United States Statutes at Large?


The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC)—the agency's grant-making arm—awards funds to state and local governments, public and private archives, colleges and universities, and other nonprofit organizations to preserve and publish historical records. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants.


What year was The National Historical Publications and Records Commission established?


About how many grants has the NHPRC awarded?


OGIS provides what resource for the government and public?

The Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) is a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies and to recommend changes to FOIA. NARA's mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters.


What type of dispute does NARA typically resolve?


NARA is ordered by congress to review what type of policies?


What types of recommendations does NARA provide to congress?


What year was the National Archives Establishment established in?

Originally, each branch and agency of the U.S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, which often resulted in records loss and destruction. Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator. The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949; in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA (National Archives and Records Administration).


In what year did NARA become an independent agency?


In what year was The National Archives merged with GSA?


Who was the first Archivist at the National Archives?

The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency on April 1, 1985.


When did the first Archivist start at the National Archives?


What branch of the US government established the National Archives?


What commission merged the National Archives with GSA?


The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA?


When was the reclassification program originally intended to end?

In March 2006, it was revealed by the Archivist of the United States in a public hearing that a memorandum of understanding between NARA and various government agencies existed to "reclassify", i.e., withdraw from public access, certain documents in the name of national security, and to do so in a manner such that researchers would not be likely to discover the process (the U.S. reclassification program). An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information. The program was originally scheduled to end in 2007.


How was the reclassification of documents in '06 revealed?


What year was Executive Order 13526 created?

In 2010, Executive Order 13526 created the National Declassification Center to coordinate declassification practices across agencies, provide secure document services to other agencies, and review records in NARA custody for declassification.


What Executive order created the National Declassification Center?


What was the aim of Executive Order 13526?


What types of groups are NARA's holdings classified into?

NARA's holdings are classed into "record groups" reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated. Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media.


Each record group is classified based on what?


Besides films and other non-static media, what type of media is classified into a group?


Besides the general media and motion picture categories, which category contains media that is not static?


Where are archival descriptions of holdings under the custody of NARA stored?

Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the federal government in the custody of NARA are stored in Archival Research Catalog (ARC). The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, and artifacts. As of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARA's records. There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials.


As of the end mid December of 2012, how many logical data records are stored at NARA?


How many digital copies of previously digitized materials were there in December of 2012?


Archival descriptions include traditional paper holdings, electron records, and what?


The 10 billion logical data records are linked to how many artifacts?


Most of NARA's holdings are available to sector?

Most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, records from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements. Executive Order 13526 directs originating agencies to declassify documents if possible before shipment to NARA for long-term storage, but NARA also stores some classified documents until they can be declassified. Its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U.S. government's security classification system.


Federal government works are excluded from what legal protection?


Some records at NARA are legally protected by what?


What executive order directs agencies to declassify documents before sending them to NARA?


What office of NARA oversees the declassification of classified materials?


Besides census records and passenger lists, what NARA documents are particularly useful to genealogists?

Many of NARA's most requested records are frequently used for genealogy research. This includes census records from 1790 to 1930, ships' passenger lists, and naturalization records.


For what time period does NARA have census records available for?


What is the informal name of The National Archives Building?

The National Archives Building, known informally as Archives I, located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C., opened as its original headquarters in 1935. It holds the original copies of the three main formative documents of the United States and its government: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. It also hosts a copy of the 1297 Magna Carta confirmed by Edward I. These are displayed to the public in the main chamber of the National Archives, which is called the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom. The National Archives Building also exhibits other important American historical documents such as the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, the Emancipation Proclamation, and collections of photography and other historically and culturally significant American artifacts.


On what street is the The National Archives Building located?


Where is the Declaration of Independence kept?


Where in the National Archives can you view a copy of the Magna Carta?


Where is the Louisiana Purchase Treaty kept?


Since when has all filming and photography in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom been banned?

Once inside the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom, there are no lines to see the individual documents and visitors are allowed to walk from document to document as they wish. For over 30 years the National Archives have forbidden flash photography but the advent of cameras with automatic flashes have made the rules increasingly difficult to enforce. As a result, all filming, photographing, and videotaping by the public in the exhibition areas has been prohibited since February 25, 2010.


For how long has the National Archives prohibited flash photography?


What is an aspect of a visit to the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom?


What has made the no photography rule hard to enforce in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom?


What is the second facility of NARA named?

Because of space constraints, NARA opened a second facility, known informally as Archives II, in 1994 near the University of Maryland, College Park campus (8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001). Largely because of this proximity, NARA and the University of Maryland engage in cooperative initiatives. The College Park campus includes an archaeological site that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.


What college does NARA have cooperatives initiatives with?


What campus of University of Maryland is listed on the National Register of Historic Places?


Where is The Washington National Records Center located?

The Washington National Records Center (WNRC), located in Suitland, Maryland is a large warehouse type facility which stores federal records which are still under the control of the creating agency. Federal government agencies pay a yearly fee for storage at the facility. In accordance with federal records schedules, documents at WNRC are transferred to the legal custody of the National Archives after a certain point (this usually involves a relocation of the records to College Park). Temporary records at WNRC are either retained for a fee or destroyed after retention times has elapsed. WNRC also offers research services and maintains a small research room.


What does The Washington National Records Center primarily store?


After staying at the WNRC, where are records transferred to?


What happens to temporary records at the WNRC if they are not retrieved by the end of the retention times?


Beyond the storage of federal records, what service does the WNRC provide?


Where is the National Archives Building located?

The National Archives Building in downtown Washington holds record collections such as all existing federal census records, ships' passenger lists, military unit records from the American Revolution to the Philippine–American War, records of the Confederate government, the Freedmen's Bureau records, and pension and land records.


What proportion of the federal census records in existence does the National Archives Building house?


What's the latest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for?


What's the earliest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for


What do the facilities designated to each area of the US specialize in?

There are facilities across the country with research rooms, archival holdings, and microfilms of documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region.


Microfilms of documents from federal agencies can be found where?


Where are some of the items relevant to JFKs medical treatments housed?

In addition, Federal Records Centers exist in each region that house materials owned by Federal agencies. Federal Records Centers are not open for public research. For example, the FRC in Lenexa, Kansas holds items from the treatment of John F. Kennedy after his fatal shooting in 1963.


Federal Records Centers are particularly unhelpful to what type of research?


Which Federal Records Center houses materials relevant to JFKs assassination?


What agency maintains the Presidential Library system?

NARA also maintains the Presidential Library system, a nationwide network of libraries for preserving and making available the documents of U.S. presidents since Herbert Hoover. The Presidential Libraries include:


What is the system that preserves the documents of US Presidents?


Who is the earliest President that is represented in the archives of the Presidential Library system?


In what area of the US can one find the Presidential Library system libraries?


Libraries that are established for other presidents are operated by private foundations, historical societies, and what government entities?

Libraries and museums have been established for other presidents, but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system, and are operated by private foundations, historical societies, or state governments, including the Abraham Lincoln, Rutherford B. Hayes, William McKinley, Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge libraries. For example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois.


What state operates the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library?


What is the earliest President that NARA does not hold records for in its presidential library system?


Abraham Lincoln's Presidential Library and Museum is operated by what type of entity?


In what year did the National Archives make strides towards making its holdings more widely available?

In an effort to make its holdings more widely available and more easily accessible, the National Archives began entering into public–private partnerships in 2006. A joint venture with Google will digitize and offer NARA video online. When announcing the agreement, Archivist Allen Weinstein said that this pilot program is


What large internet company has partnered with NARA to digitize records?


What Archivist announced the partnership with Google?


What is the aim of NARA in entering public-private partnerships?


In January of 2007, what internet company did the National Archives partner with?

On January 10, 2007, the National Archives and Fold3.com (formerly Footnote) launched a pilot project to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings. Allen Weinstein explained that this partnership would "allow much greater access to approximately 4.5 million pages of important documents that are currently available only in their original format or on microfilm" and "would also enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records."


What was the aim of the partnership with Fold3.com?


What Archivist announced the partnership with Fold3?


Of all the benefits of the partnership with Fold3, what benefited the public at large the most?


What direct benefit did NARA itself gain from the partnership with Fold3?


In what year did the National Archives announce that it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels available for purchase online?

In July 2007, the National Archives announced it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels from 1929 to 1967 available for purchase through CreateSpace, an Amazon.com subsidiary. During the announcement, Weinstein noted that the agreement would "... reap major benefits for the public-at-large and for the National Archives." Adding, "While the public can come to our College Park, MD research room to view films and even copy them at no charge, this new program will make our holdings much more accessible to millions of people who cannot travel to the Washington, DC area." The agreement also calls for CreateSpace partnership to provide the National Archives with digital reference and preservation copies of the films as part of NARA's preservation program.


What company did the National Archives partner with make it's Universal Newsreels available online?


Universal Newsreels dated from which year up to 1967 were made available through CreateSpace?


What did the National Archives announce in May of 2008?

In May 2008, the National Archives announced a five-year agreement to digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection, 1790–1930, passenger lists from 1820–1960 and WWI and WWII draft registration cards. The partnership agreement allows for exclusive use of the digitized records by Ancestry.com for a 5-year embargo period at which point the digital records will be turned over to the National Archives.


Which genealogy website benefits by the May 2008 announcement?


What happens after the 5 year embargo that allows Ancestry.com exclusive use of digitized records?


Which Google affiliated website did the National Archives decide to use in 2009?

On June 18, 2009, the National Archives announced the launching of a YouTube channel "to showcase popular archived films, inform the public about upcoming events around the country, and bring National Archives exhibits to the people." Also in 2009, the National Archives launched a Flickr photostream to share portions of its photographic holdings with the general public. A new teaching with documents website premiered in 2010 and was developed by the education team. The website features 3,000 documents, images, and recordings from the holdings of the Archives. The site also features lesson plans and tools for creating new classroom activities and lessons.


What purpose does the National Archive YouTube channel serve?


What online service did the National Archives decide to use to showcase its photographic holdings?


The National Archives' educational team created a website in what year?


In 2011, what sort of Wikipedia addition did the National Archives make?

In 2011 the National Archives initiated a Wikiproject on the English Wikipedia to expand collaboration in making its holdings widely available through Wikimedia.


What was the purpose of creating a Wikiproject?


Whose idea was it for the National Archives to work with Wikimedia?


What benefit does public reap from the National Archives working with Wikimedia?


Which language was the Wikiproject primarily created in?


what type of islands are the Tristan da Cunha

Tristan da Cunha /ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnjə/, colloquially Tristan, is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest inhabited land, Saint Helena, 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) from the nearest continental land, South Africa, and 3,360 kilometres (2,090 mi) from South America. The territory consists of the main island, also named Tristan da Cunha, which has a north–south length of 11.27 kilometres (7.00 mi) and has an area of 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi), along with the smaller, uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible and Gough Islands.


where are the islands of Tristan da Cunha located?


how many square kilometres is the island?


what type of island group are the islands?


what territory is Tristan da Cunha part of?

Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. This includes Saint Helena and equatorial Ascension Island some 3,730 kilometres (2,318 mi) to the north of Tristan. The island has a population of 267 as of January 2016.


what other island is included in the territory?


in what year were the islands first sighted?

The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha; rough seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha, which was anglicised from its earliest mention on British Admiralty charts to Tristan da Cunha Island. Some sources state that the Portuguese made the first landing in 1520, when the Lás Rafael captained by Ruy Vaz Pereira called at Tristan for water. The first undisputed landing was made in 1643 by the crew of the Heemstede, captained by Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot.


what was the name of the explorer that sighted them?


what year was it said the first island landing was made?


what was the name of the first long term settler?

The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men. Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment. After being joined by an Andrew Millet, three of the four men died in 1812; however, the survivor among the original three permanent settlers, Thomas Currie (or Tommaso Corri) remained as a farmer on the island.


what year did the first permanent settler arrive?


what did one of the settlers rename the islands?


in what year did the UK annex the islands?

In 1816, the United Kingdom annexed the islands, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa. This is reported to have primarily been a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena. The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a cruiser base, as it had during the War of 1812.


in what year did Prince Alfred visit the island?

In 1867, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria, visited the islands. The main settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, was named in honour of his visit. Lewis Carroll's youngest brother, the Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson, served as an Anglican missionary and schoolteacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s.


who is Lewis Carroll's youngest brother?


what is one reason that caused the island to become less used?

The islands were occupied by a garrison of British Marines and a civilian population was gradually built up. Whalers also set up on the islands as a base for operations in the Southern Atlantic. However, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, together with the gradual move from sailing ships to coal-fired steam ships, increased the isolation of the islands, as they were no longer needed as a stopping port or for shelter for journeys from Europe to East Asia.


what year were the islands declared dependent of saint helena?

On 12 January 1938 by Letters Patent the islands were declared a dependency of Saint Helena. Prior to roughly this period, passing ships stopped irregularly at the island for a period of mere hours.


During what war was the island used as a Royal Navy station?

During World War II, the islands were used as a top secret Royal Navy weather and radio station codenamed HMS Atlantic Isle, to monitor Nazi U-boats (which were required to maintain radio contact) and shipping movements in the South Atlantic Ocean. The first Administrator, Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley, was appointed by the British government during this time.


What was the islands codename during World War II?


Who was the administrator during World War II for the island?


What year was an atomic bomb detonated near the island?

In 1958 as part of an experiment, Operation Argus, the United States Navy detonated an atomic bomb 160 kilometres (100 mi) high in the upper atmosphere about 175 kilometres (109 mi) southeast of the main island.


What country test detonated an atomic bomb near the island?


What year was the island evacuated due to an eruption?

The 1961 eruption of Queen Mary's Peak forced the evacuation of the entire population via Cape Town to England. The following year a Royal Society expedition went to the islands to assess the damage, and reported that the settlement of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had been only marginally affected. Most families returned in 1963.


What year did most families return after being evacuated?


What was the name of the settlement that was assessed after the evactuation?


In what year was the island hit by an extratropical cyclone?

On 23 May 2001, the islands experienced an extratropical cyclone that generated winds up to 190 kilometres per hour (120 mph). A number of structures were severely damaged and a large number of cattle were killed, prompting emergency aid, provided by the British government.


Who provided aid for the extratropical cyclone?


what year was a virus induced flu reported?

On 4 December 2007 an outbreak of an acute virus-induced flu was reported. This outbreak was compounded by Tristan's lack of suitable and sufficient medical supplies.


What year did a large fire destroy the fishing factory?

On 13 February 2008, fire destroyed the fishing factory and the four generators that supplied power to the island. On 14 March 2008, new generators were installed and uninterrupted power was restored. This fire was devastating to the island because fishing is a mainstay of the economy. While a new factory was being planned and built, M/V Kelso came to the island and acted as a factory ship, with island fishermen based on board for stints normally of one week. The new facility was ready in July 2009, for the start of the 2009–10 fishing season.


When were the new generators installed to correct the power problems?


what was the name of the ship that was a temporary fishing facility?


when was the new fishing factory ready for use?


When did the freighter Nightingale run aground?

On 16 March 2011, the freighter MS Oliva ran aground on Nightingale Island, spilling tons of heavy fuel oil into the ocean, leaving an oil slick threatening the island's population of rockhopper penguins. Nightingale Island has no fresh water, so the penguins were transported to Tristan da Cunha for cleaning.


What was spilled when the freighter ran aground?


what animal was threatened with the fuel oil spill?


where were the penguins transported for cleaning?


When did a boat arrive at the island with damage during a race?

On November 2011, the sailing boat Puma's Mar Mostro participant in Volvo Ocean Race arrived to the island after her mast broke in the first leg from Alicante and Cape Town. This event made the island, its inhabitants and lifestyle known worldwide thanks to the media reports.


What was the name of the boat that was damaged during the race?


What was the name of the race the boat was damaged in?


What is the abbreviation by which the University of Kansas is known?

The University of Kansas (KU) is a public research university and the largest in the U.S. state of Kansas. KU branch campuses are located in the towns of Lawrence, Wichita, Overland Park, Salina, and Kansas City, Kansas, with the main campus located in Lawrence on Mount Oread, the highest location in Lawrence. Founded March 21, 1865, the university was opened in 1866, under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 following enabling legislation passed in 1863 under the Kansas State Constitution, adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union following a very famous bloody internal civil war known as "Bleeding Kansas" during the 1850s.


Where is the main branch of the University of Kansas located?


Who authorized the opening of the University of Kansas?


In what year was Kansas made a member of the United States?


In what two cities are there satellite locations for KU's medical school?

The university's Medical Center and University Hospital are located in Kansas City, Kansas. The Edwards Campus is in Overland Park, Kansas, in the Kansas City metropolitan area. There are also educational and research sites in Parsons and Topeka, and branches of the University of Kansas School of Medicine in Wichita and Salina. The university is one of the 62 members of the Association of American Universities.


How many insititutions comprise the Association of American Universities' membership?


In what city can KU's hospital be found?


In what city can KU's Edwards campus be found?


How many people attended the University of Kansas at its Edwards and Lawrence locations in the fall semester of 2014?

Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 23,597 students in fall 2014; an additional 3,371 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for a total enrollment of 26,968 students across the three campuses. The university overall employed 2,663 faculty members in fall 2012.


In the autumn of 2014, how many people attended the University of Kansas's Medical Center?


How many students attended the University of Kansas combined in fall of 2014?


How many education professionals were working at KU in the fall of 2012?


On what date was KU's Lawrence campus made official?

On February 20, 1863, Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence. The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $15,000 endowment fund and a site for the university, in or near the town, of not less than forty acres (16 ha) of land. If Lawrence failed to meet these conditions, Emporia instead of Lawrence would get the university.


How much money did Lawrence have to contribute to the University as terms of its charter?


What was the minimum size of the land that Lawrence could provide for the university?


What competing city was next in line if Lawrence would have been unable to meet the requirements necessary to get KU built in its city?


On what geographic feature was KU built?

The site selected for the university was a hill known as Mount Oread, which was owned by former Kansas Governor Charles L. Robinson. Robinson and his wife Sara bestowed the 40-acre (16 ha) site to the State of Kansas in exchange for land elsewhere. The philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $10,000 of the necessary endowment fund, and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining cash by issuing notes backed by Governor Carney. On November 2, 1863, Governor Carney announced that Lawrence had met the conditions to get the state university, and the following year the university was officially organized. The school's Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865, which is the event that KU dates its founding from. Work on the first college building began later that year. The university opened for classes on September 12, 1866, and the first class graduated in 1873.


Who did the site of KU's construction originally belong to?


Who provided the majority of the money needed to secure the site of the University of Kansas?


What was the year in which KU's first roster of students graduated?


How many institutions participated in the V-12 program?

During World War II, Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.


What did the V-12 program provide to interested pupils?


During what event did the V-12 program take place?


What part of KU serves students learning about government?

KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM. The university is host to several museums including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum and the Spencer Museum of Art. The libraries of the University include the Watson Library, Spencer Research Library, and Anschutz Library, which commemorates the businessman Philip Anschutz, an alumnus of the University.


What are two radio stations that broadcast from KU?


What is the name of a fine art institution on the campus of KU?


Which library is dedicated to a former student of the University of Kansas?


The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university, with five campuses. KU features the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, which includes the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration; and the schools of Architecture, Design & Planning; Business; Education; Engineering; Health Professions; Journalism & Mass Communications; Law; Medicine; Music; Nursing; Pharmacy; and Social Welfare. The university offers more than 345 degree programs.


What term describes the nature of how the university is partially funded?


What are two parts of the University of Kansas house in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences?


At least how many different degree-granting programs exist at KU?


What program at the University of Kansas was rated highest among its peers?

The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation, and the special education program second, by U.S. News & World Report's 2016 rankings. USN&WR also ranked several programs in the top 25 among U.S. universities.


What KU department was rated second in its field?


Which publication provided rankings of college and university programs?


In what tier did a number of KU's programs rank in 2016?


The University of Kansas School of Architecture, Design, and Planning (SADP), with its main building being Marvin Hall, traces its architectural roots to the creation of the architectural engineering degree program in KU's School of Engineering in 1912. The Bachelor of Architecture degree was added in 1920. In 1969, the School of Architecture and Urban Design (SAUD) was formed with three programs: architecture, architectural engineering, and urban planning. In 2001 architectural engineering merged with civil and environmental engineering. The design programs from the discontinued School of Fine Arts were merged into the school in 2009 forming the current School of Architecture, Design, and Planning.


What was the name of the school that served as the SADP's precursor?


With what two other programs was KU's architectural engineering curriculum joined in 2001?


In what year did the SADP assume its current form?


What is the name of the publication that ranks schools engaged in architecture and design education?

According to the journal DesignIntelligence, which annually publishes "America's Best Architecture and Design Schools," the School of Architecture and Urban Design at the University of Kansas was named the best in the Midwest and ranked 11th among all undergraduate architecture programs in the U.S in 2012.


What is the name of the yearly ratings published by DesignIntelligence?


What title did KU's architecture school receive in 2012?


In what place did the University of Kansas finish in national rankings for undergraduate architecture programs in 2012?


What kind of institution is KU's School of Business?

The University of Kansas School of Business is a public business school located on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas. The KU School of Business was founded in 1924 and currently has more than 80 faculty members and approximately 1500 students.


Where is the business school at KU located?


When was the University of Kansas School of Business established?


How many students attend the business school at KU?


How many educators work at the KU School of Business?


Who considered the business school of the University of Kansas among the best Midwestern business institutions?

Named one of the best business schools in the Midwest by Princeton Review, the KU School of Business has been continually accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) for both its undergraduate and graduate programs in business and accounting.


What organization provides oversight for business schools like KU's?


By what acronym is the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business known?


What are two kinds of courses of study available at KU's business school?


In 2014, what issue of U.S. News & World Report provided rankins for law schools?

The University of Kansas School of Law was the top law school in the state of Kansas, and 68th nationally, according to the 2014 U.S. News & World Report "Best Graduate Schools" edition. Classes are held in Green Hall at W 15th St and Burdick Dr, which is named after former dean James Green.


What was KU's national law school ranking in 2014?


The University of Kansas had the highest rated law school in which state?


In what building do law students attend classes at KU?


What is the acronym for an organization that serves as an accreditation body for engineering schools?

The KU School of Engineering is an ABET accredited, public engineering school located on the main campus. The School of Engineering was officially founded in 1891, although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873.


On what campus is the University of Kansas School of Engineering located?


When was KU's engineering school established?


When did the University of Kansas start issuing degrees in engineering?


What kind of institution is KU's engineering school?


Who published America's Best Colleges in 2016?

In the U.S. News & World Report's "America’s Best Colleges" 2016 issue, KU’s School of Engineering was ranked tied for 90th among national universities.


In what place did the engineering school at KU appear in 2016?


Against what other kinds of institutions was KU's engineering school compared?


What former leader of a car manufacturing company attended KU?

Notable alumni include: Alan Mulally (BS/MS), former President and CEO of Ford Motor Company, Lou Montulli, co-founder of Netscape and author of the Lynx web browser, Brian McClendon (BSEE 1986), VP of Engineering at Google, Charles E. Spahr (1934), former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio.


Which person associated with web browsers was a student at KU?


What Google employee once studied at the University of Kansas?


What oil company leader is an alumnus of the University of Kansas?


For what company did Charles Spahr serve as CEO?


What is the full name of KU's journalism school?

The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications is recognized for its ability to prepare students to work in a variety of media when they graduate. The school offers two tracts of study: News and Information and Strategic Communication. This professional school teaches its students reporting for print, online and broadcast, strategic campaigning for PR and advertising, photojournalism and video reporting and editing. The J-School's students maintain various publications on campus, including The University Daily Kansan, Jayplay magazine, KUJH TV and KJHK radio. In 2008, the Fiske Guide to Colleges praised the KU J-School for its strength. In 2010, the School of Journalism and Mass Communications finished second at the prestigious Hearst Foundation national writing competition.


What are the two different programs offered at KU's Schoold of Journalism?


What three types of media are students taught to work with at KU's School of Journalism?


What is the name of a magazine published at KU?


Who sponsors a contest for journalistic writing?


What are the three constituents of the medical center at KU?

The University of Kansas Medical Center features three schools: the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions. Furthermore, each of the three schools has its own programs of graduate study. As of the Fall 2013 semester, there were 3,349 students enrolled at KU Med. The Medical Center also offers four year instruction at the Wichita campus, and features a medical school campus in Salina, Kansas that is devoted to rural health care.


What does each of the component schools of KU's Medical Center offer?


How many students attended the medical center at KU in fall of 2013?


At what other KU campus is a four year program available?


What is the focus of the Salina location's medical program?


In what city is the Edwards Campus located?

KU's Edwards Campus is in Overland Park, Kansas. Established in 1993, its goal is to provide adults with the opportunity to complete college degrees. About 2,100 students attend the Edwards Campus, with an average age of 32. Programs available at the Edwards Campus include developmental psychology, public administration, social work, systems analysis, information technology, engineering management and design.


Who are the main kinds of students at the Edwards Campus?


What is the average age of students on KU's Edwards Campus?


What can adult learners obtain through studying at the Edwards Campus of the University of Kansas?


Who provides statistics on educational costs?

Tuition at KU is 13 percent below the national average, according to the College Board, and the University remains a best buy in the region.[citation needed]


What is a phrase that expresses the value of the education offered at KU with respect to its cost?


What was first instituted for first year students in the 2007-2008 school year?

Beginning in the 2007–2008 academic year, first-time freshman at KU pay a fixed tuition rate for 48 months according to the Four-Year Tuition Compact passed by the Kansas Board of Regents. For the 2014–15 academic year, tuition was $318 per credit hour for in-state freshman and $828 for out-of-state freshmen. For transfer students, who do not take part in the compact, 2014–15 per-credit-hour tuition was $295 for in-state undergraduates and $785 for out-of-state undergraduates; subject to annual increases. Students enrolled in 6 or more credit hours also paid an annual required campus fee of $888. The schools of architecture, music, arts, business, education, engineering, journalism, law, pharmacy, and social welfare charge additional fees.


For how long does the fixed rate of tuition last?


What was the edict approved by the Board of Regents that provided for the fixed tuition program?


How much did a student from outside of Kansas have to pay per course credit in 2014-15?


What is charged at KU's specialized professional schools?


What was launched in 1965 by the business school at KU?

KU's School of Business launched interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research during Fall Semester 1965. The program provided the foundation for decision science applications supporting NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations.


What kind of applications did the interdisciplinary program help shape?


Which government agency used the applications that were informed by KU's interdisciplinary management program?


What NASA program benefited from the use of decision science applications?


In what year was a new interdisciplinary management program launched at KU's School of Business?


What division of the University of Kansas contributed to the development of the internet?

KU's academic computing department was an active participant in setting up the Internet and is the developer of the early Lynx text based web browser. Lynx itself provided hypertext browsing and navigation prior to Tim Berners Lee's invention of HTTP and HTML.


What colors are worn by KU's athletic teams?

The school's sports teams, wearing crimson and royal blue, are called the Kansas Jayhawks. They participate in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big 12 Conference. KU has won thirteen National Championships: five in men's basketball (two Helms Foundation championships and three NCAA championships), three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, one in men's cross country and one in women's outdoor track and field. The home course for KU Cross Country is Rim Rock Farm. Their most recent championship came on June 8, 2013 when the KU women's track and field team won the NCAA outdoor in Eugene, Oregon becoming the first University of Kansas women's team to win a national title.


How many times has the male basketball team from Kansas won a national title?


How many natioanl female outdoor track and field championships have been won by the University of Kansas?


When did KU start fielding a football team?

KU football dates from 1890, and has played in the Orange Bowl three times: 1948, 1968, and 2008. They are currently coached by David Beaty, who was hired in 2014. In 2008, under the leadership of Mark Mangino, the #7 Jayhawks emerged victorious in their first BCS bowl game, the FedEx Orange Bowl, with a 24–21 victory over the #3 Virginia Tech Hokies. This capstone victory marked the end of the most successful season in school history, in which the Jayhawks went 12–1 (.923). The team plays at Memorial Stadium, which recently underwent a $31 million renovation to add the Anderson Family Football Complex, adding a football practice facility adjacent to the stadium complete with indoor partial practice field, weight room, and new locker room.


How many times has the team from the University of Kansas appeared in the Orange Bowl?


Who is the current head of KU's football program?


Who did KU defeat in the 2008 Orange Bowl?


What is the name of the facility that the KU football team plays in?


What was the first year in which a men's team played basketball at the University of Kansas?

The KU men's basketball team has fielded a team every year since 1898. The Jayhawks are a perennial national contender currently coached by Bill Self. The team has won five national titles, including three NCAA tournament championships in 1952, 1988, and 2008. The basketball program is currently the second winningest program in college basketball history with an overall record of 2,070–806 through the 2011–12 season. The team plays at Allen Fieldhouse. Perhaps its best recognized player was Wilt Chamberlain, who played in the 1950s. Kansas has counted among its coaches Dr. James Naismith (the inventor of basketball and only coach in Kansas history to have a losing record), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Phog Allen ("the Father of basketball coaching"), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Roy Williams of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee and former NBA Champion Detroit Pistons coach Larry Brown. In addition, legendary University of Kentucky coach and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Adolph Rupp played for KU's 1922 and 1923 Helms National Championship teams, and NCAA Hall of Fame inductee and University of North Carolina Coach Dean Smith played for KU's 1952 NCAA Championship team. Both Rupp and Smith played under Phog Allen. Allen also coached Hall of Fame coaches Dutch Lonborg and Ralph Miller. Allen founded the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), which started what is now the NCAA Tournament. The Tournament began in 1939 under the NABC and the next year was handed off to the newly formed NCAA.


Who is the head of men's basketball at KU?


How many times has the University of Kansas won a national championship in men's basketball?


Who is considered the most famous basketball alumnus of KU?


In what year did the NABC hold its first and only men's basketball tournament?


Who is in charge of all sports teams at KU?

Sheahon Zenger was introduced as KU's new athletic director in January 2011. Under former athletic director Lew Perkins, the department's budget increased from $27.2 million in 2003 (10th in the conference) to currently over $50 million thanks in large part to money raised from a new priority seating policy at Allen Fieldhouse, a new $26.67 million eight-year contract with Adidas replacing an existing contract with Nike, and a new $40.2 million seven-year contract with ESPN Regional Television. The additional funds brought improvements to the university, including:


Who did Zenger replace as athletic director at KU?


With what broadcasting company does KU have a contract?


What sportswear company has a deal with the University of Kansas?


What sportswear company formerly held a contract with the University of Kansas?


How many times have KU teams appeared in the National Debate Tournament?

The University of Kansas has had more teams (70) compete in the National Debate Tournament than any other university. Kansas has won the tournament 5 times (1954, 1970, 1976, 1983, and 2009) and had 12 teams make it to the final four. Kansas trails only Northwestern (13), Dartmouth (6), and Harvard (6) for most tournaments won. Kansas also won the 1981–82 Copeland Award.


How many times has KU won the national debate championship?


How many times has KU been one of the last four teams competing at the National Debate Championships?


What school has won the most national debate championships?


What is the name of an honor given to collegiate debate teams?


What are two events non-sports at which school songs are often heard?

Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games are: "I’m a Jayhawk", "Fighting Jayhawk", "Kansas Song", "Sunflower Song", "Crimson and the Blue", "Red and Blue", the "Rock Chalk, Jayhawk" chant", "Home on the Range" and "Stand Up and Cheer."


What are two songs that reference the school's team colors in their titles?


What is the name of a song that references the state that KU serves?


What is the name of a traditional American song that is associated with KU?


What is the name of the newspaper printed every day by the University of Kansas?

The school newspaper of the University of Kansas is University Daily Kansan, which placed first in the Intercollegiate Writing Competition of the prestigious William Randolph Hearst Writing Foundation competition, often called "The Pulitzers of College Journalism" in 2007. In Winter 2008, a group of students created KUpedia, a wiki about all things KU. They have received student funding for operations in 2008–09. The KU Department of English publishes the Coal City Review, an annual literary journal of prose, poetry, reviews and illustrations. The Review typically features the work of many writers, but periodically spotlights one author, as in the case of 2006 Nelson Poetry Book Award-winner Voyeur Poems by Matthew Porubsky.


What high profile contest has the Daily Kansan won?


In what year did the Daily Kansan win the Intercollegiate Writing Competition?


What is the name of an online resource that was created into provide a resource about KU?


What is the name of the poet who won the Nelson award in 2006?


In what two forms of media is the Daily Kansan available?

The University Daily Kansan operates outside of the university's William Allen White School of Journalism and reaches an audience of at least 30,000 daily readers through its print and online publications


What institution houses the Daily Kansan?


What are the call letters of the National Public Radio affiliate that broadcasts from KU?

The university houses the following public broadcasting stations: KJHK, a student-run campus radio station, KUJH-LP, an independent station that primarily broadcasts public affairs programs, and KANU, the NPR-affiliated radio station. Kansas Public Radio station KANU was one of the first public radio stations in the nation. KJHK, the campus radio has roots back to 1952 and is completely run by students.


What is the name of the station operated by KU students?


What is the name of an independent radio broadcast run out of KU?


What kinds of programming appear on KUJH-LP?


When was KU's first student union constructed?

The first union was built on campus in 1926 as a campus community center. The unions are still the "living rooms" of campus today and include three locations – the Kansas Union and Burge Union at the Lawrence Campus and Jayhawk Central at the Edwards Campus. The KU Memorial Unions Corporation manages the KU Bookstore (with seven locations). The KU Bookstore is the official bookstore of KU. The Corporation also includes KU Dining Services, with more than 20 campus locations, including The Market (inside the Kansas Union) and The Underground (located in Wescoe Hall). The KU Bookstore and KU Dining Services are not-for-profit, with proceeds going back to support student programs, such as Student Union Activities.


What was the role the union was intended serve?


What is the name of the student union on the Edwards Campus of KU?


What company runs the University of Kansas's bookstore?


What is the name of a potential recipient of funds from enterprises like the bookstore and dining centers at KU?


What is the name of the University of Kansas's foundation?

KU Endowment was established in 1891 as America’s first foundation for a public university. Its mission is to partner with donors in providing philanthropic support to build a greater University of Kansas.


To whom does the KU Endowment seek to connect with?


What do donors offer to the University of Kansas?


What is the name of a publicly-available resource of KU related to community health?

The Community Tool Box is a public service of the University maintained by the Work Group for Community Health and Development. It is a free, online resource that contains more than 7,000 pages of practical information for promoting community health and development, and is a global resource for both professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development.


What body is responsible for managing the Community Tool Box?


What kinds of groups around the world can benefit from the Community Tool Box?


How much content does the Community Tool Box offer?


Where can the Community Tool Box be found?


What do you call government officials using power for illicit private gain?

Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence.


It is only considered political corruption if the act directly relates to what?


Trading in what is considered political corruption?


What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?


Bribery and embezzelment are forms of what?

Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption.


Drug trafficking and money laundering are considered what?


Repression of political opponants and police brutality are forms of political what?


One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what?


Another form of corruption, the practice of usury, is called what?


Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what?


The repression of what is also considered political corruption?


What is considered political corruption is differnt in each what?

The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves".


Sometime sit is hard to tell if actions are legal or illegal because governement officials have what kind of power?


How much money is involved in bribery in the world each year?


unrestrsined political corruption is known as what?


A sate of unrestrained political corruption is known as what?


Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?


Some forms of corruption – now called "institutional corruption" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution.


A form of corruption that does not involve personal gain is known as what?


Bribery is an example of corruption that involves what type of gain?


What are some forms of corruption now called?


Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption?


This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what?


What does corruption undermine in politics?

In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.


What does corruption disregard in politics?


Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?


Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?


Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?


What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption?

More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions.


Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what?


The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions?


Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?

In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.


Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?


What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?


Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?


Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?

Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.


What is more plentiful in capital projects?


Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?


African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts?

Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts). In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.


What form has corruption taken in Africa?


In Africa, the finances are often moved where?


Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?

University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc.


The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?


What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?


Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.


These countries rely on foreign aid for what?


In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?


How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?


What kind of employees received payments?

Instead, the donated money was expended through "counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resource they require.


In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?


If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?


Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned?

Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.


Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?


Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?


When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?


Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?

The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur.


While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?


Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?

Governments with strong tendencies towards kleptocracy can undermine food security even when harvests are good. Officials often steal state property. In Bihar, India, more than 80% of the subsidized food aid to poor is stolen by corrupt officials. Similarly, food aid is often robbed at gunpoint by governments, criminals, and warlords alike, and sold for a profit. The 20th century is full of many examples of governments undermining the food security of their own nations – sometimes intentionally.


Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?

The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows, but it is highly vulnerable to corruption, with food aid, construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk. Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination, or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments, targeting, registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals.


How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?


Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?


Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?

In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.


What happens with contracts to aid corruption?


Recipients of aid are concerned about what?


Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?


Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?


These types of corruption can harm what?

Corruption is not specific to poor, developing, or transition countries. In western countries, cases of bribery and other forms of corruption in all possible fields exist: under-the-table payments made to reputed surgeons by patients attempting to be on top of the list of forthcoming surgeries, bribes paid by suppliers to the automotive industry in order to sell low-quality connectors used for instance in safety equipment such as airbags, bribes paid by suppliers to manufacturers of defibrillators (to sell low-quality capacitors), contributions paid by wealthy parents to the "social and culture fund" of a prestigious university in exchange for it to accept their children, bribes paid to obtain diplomas, financial and other advantages granted to unionists by members of the executive board of a car manufacturer in exchange for employer-friendly positions and votes, etc. Examples are endless. These various manifestations of corruption can ultimately present a danger for the public health; they can discredit specific, essential institutions or social relationships.


Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?


Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities?

Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places).


Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?


The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?

Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments.


What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?

In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.


What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?


What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?


Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?


What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?

In recent years,[when?] the international community has made efforts to encourage countries to dissociate active and passive bribery and to incriminate them as separate offences.[citation needed]


In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?

This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof.


A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?


Selling or trading government position influence is called what?

Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of "improper influence", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe.


Selling influence can involve third-parties and this is called what type of relation?


In some situations the third-party in an influence peddling crime may be not involved or may be what?


Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing?


What article of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption contains distinctive criteria to determine improper influence?


Giving government jobs to supporters is called what?

Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones. In nondemocracies many government officials are often selected for loyalty rather than ability. They may be almost exclusively selected from a particular group (for example, Sunni Arabs in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also be seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector).


What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?


What is it called when relatives are favored over other people?

Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might be in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an "old boy network", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate.


What is it called when friends are favored over other people?


Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what?


Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who?

Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end. For example, trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensitive issues, such as a politician's acceptance of bribes.


False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what?


What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain?

Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland, such as the Irish Banking crisis, which found evidence of bribery, cronyism and collusion, where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with.


Parish pump politics is also called what?


Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion?


Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically?


Illegal interference with an election is called what?

Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include illegal voter registration, intimidation at polls, and improper vote counting.


Another term for electoral fraud is what?


Illegal voter registration, the miscounting of votes, and what at polls is considered voter fraud?


When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what?

Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to renovate his own house.


It is considered political when it involves what kind of money?


One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use?


What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?

A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate more than they deserve. In this case, the company benefits, and in exchange for betraying the public, the official receives a kickback payment, which is a portion of the sum the company received. This sum itself may be all or a portion of the difference between the actual (inflated) payment to the company and the (lower) market-based price that would have been paid had the bidding been competitive.


A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?


What is not limited to just government officials?

Kickbacks are not limited to government officials; any situation in which people are entrusted to spend funds that do not belong to them are susceptible to this kind of corruption.


When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what?

An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain, generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties, supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment. Like patronage, unholy alliances are not necessarily illegal, but unlike patronage, by its deceptive nature and often great financial resources, an unholy alliance can be much more dangerous to the public interest. An early use of the term was by former US President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt:


While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what?


When was Jinrong a police chief in this area?

An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits from the gang's gambling dens, prostitution, and protection rackets undisturbed.[citation needed]


Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area?


In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also what?


What was Noriega's government accused of being?

The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega.


What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega?


According to Thomas Jefferson, when the media is free and people are literate they are what?

Thomas Jefferson observed a tendency for "The functionaries of every government ... to command at will the liberty and property of their constituents. There is no safe deposit [for liberty and property] ... without information. Where the press is free, and every man able to read, all is safe."


Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption?

Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corruption." Adserà, Boix, and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US.


Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability?


About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability?


Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them?

Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less likely to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lower in areas where there is less press coverage of the local members of congress." Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007, "fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post, incumbents became more likely to win reelection, and voter turnout and campaign spending fell.


What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007?


Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down?


Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing?


What did the analysis show mixed results for?

An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding, and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what's been lost.


What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press?


How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press?


How many measures does Transparency International publish right now?

Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector.


What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe?


What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are?


Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country?


How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study?

The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is defined as "the extent to which power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests." While the definition itself is fairly precise, the data aggregated into the Worldwide Governance Indicators is based on any available polling: questions range from "is corruption a serious problem?" to measures of public access to information, and not consistent across countries. Despite these weaknesses, the global coverage of these datasets has led to their widespread adoption, most notably by the Millennium Challenge Corporation.


How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators?


One of the dimensions is the extent to which power is exercised for personal gain, which is called what?


Which organization is most notable for adopting the global coverage of these studies?


A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization?

A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesser known local groups. These metrics include the Global Integrity Index, first published in 2004. These second wave projects aim to create policy change by identifying resources more effectively and creating checklists toward incremental reform. Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate "the opposite of corruption" – which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent, discourage, or expose corruption. These approaches compliment the first wave, awareness-raising tools by giving governments facing public outcry a checklist which measures concrete steps toward improved governance.


When was the Global Integrity Index first published?


Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data?


Instead of public surveys, the organizations use what to study corruption?


The second wave of metrics focuses on what level of corruption?

Typical second wave corruption metrics do not offer the worldwide coverage found in first wave projects, and instead focus on localizing information gathered to specific problems and creating deep, "unpackable"[clarification needed] content that matches quantitative and qualitative data.


Unlike the first wave, the second wave does not offer what type of coverage?


What is the British aid agency's research called?

Alternative approaches, such as the British aid agency's Drivers of Change research, skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society.


Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what?

Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption.


What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?


The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what?


What countries have big public sectors but low corruption?


What do the low corruption countries have solidly established?


Selling government property is highly at risk for what?

Like other governmental economic activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have reported widely the grand corruption that accompanied the sales, studies have argued that in addition to increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less.


What type of people got wealthy from the sale of state-owned companies?


Where is corruption even more prevalent?


Countries that what have more extralegal and unofficial things going on?


Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what?

In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In contrast, in a centralized authority, even minute proportions of public funds can be large sums of money.


What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage?


Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority?


What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury?

If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned productive industries. A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments.


What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take?


Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in?


Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what?


In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?

A corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power.


Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997?

The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu's regime. Another classic case is Nigeria, especially under the rule of General Sani Abacha who was de facto president of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. He is reputed to have stolen some US$3–4 billion. He and his relatives are often mentioned in Nigerian 419 letter scams claiming to offer vast fortunes for "help" in laundering his stolen "fortunes", which in reality turn out not to exist. More than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.


What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled?


Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998?


What magazine had articles about Castro benefiting from corruption?

More recently, articles in various financial periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on "his control" of state-owned companies. Opponents of his regime claim that he has used money amassed through weapons sales, narcotics, international loans, and confiscation of private property to enrich himself and his political cronies who hold his dictatorship together, and that the $900 million published by Forbes is merely a portion of his assets, although that needs to be proven.


The $900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets?


Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.


Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who?


What organization joined at the universal level?


When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join?


Why is it difficult to measure corruption?

Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as public perceptions of the extent of the problem.


When did indices on corruption first appear?


What was the first index on corruption, in 1995?


How many methods of judiciary corruption are there?

There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics. Judicial corruption can be difficult to completely eradicate, even in developed countries.


What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries?