In 1922, John Jacob Astor, son of the 1st Viscount Astor, bought The Times from the Northcliffe estate. The paper gained a measure of notoriety in the 1930s with its advocacy of German appeasement; then-editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with those in the government who practised appeasement, most notably Neville Chamberlain.


The Times gained much notoriety in the 1930s because of its advocacy of what?


Which The Times editor was closely allied with the government who practised German appeasement?


Which notable government official did The Times ally with in the 1930s whom practised German appeasement?


Who was the name of the Soviet double agent who was the correspondent for The Times in Spain in the late 1930s?

Kim Philby, a Soviet double agent, was a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He later joined MI6 during World War II, was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, then eventually defected to the Soviet Union in 1963.


A Soviet double agent working for The Times in Spain was a war correspondent during what war in the late 1930s?


During World War II, the Soviet double agent who was corresponding for The Times in Spain in the 1930s later joined what agency?


In 1963, a notable double agent providing valuable and high-quality reporting for The Times during a war in the late 1930s eventually defected to which country?


Between 1941 and 1946, which left-wing British historian was Assistant Editor for The Times?

Between 1941 and 1946, the left-wing British historian E.H. Carr was Assistant Editor. Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his editorials. In December 1944, when fighting broke out in Athens between the Greek Communist ELAS and the British Army, Carr in a Times editorial sided with the Communists, leading Winston Churchill to condemn him and that leader in a speech to the House of Commons. As a result of Carr's editorial, The Times became popularly known during that stage of World War II as the threepenny Daily Worker (the price of the Daily Worker being one penny).


The Assistant Editor of The Times in 1941-1946 strongly supported what stance?


Which side did The Times support in the fighting that broke out in Athens in 1944?


Which major political figure condemned The Times in 1944 for not supporting the British Army?


During World War II, The Times was nicknamed what in 1944?


In what year did The Times resume printing news on the front page instead of small advertisements?

On 3 May 1966 it resumed printing news on the front page - previously the front page featured small advertisements, usually of interest to the moneyed classes in British society. In 1967, members of the Astor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnate Roy Thomson. His Thomson Corporation brought it under the same ownership as The Sunday Times to form Times Newspapers Limited.


In 1967, what well-known family sold The Times to a Canadian publishing magnate?


In 1967, which Canadian publishing magnate bought The Times?


What is the name of the corporation that bought The Times in 1967?


Which other newspaper was brought under the same ownership as The Times in 1967 to form Times Newspapers Limited?


In 1979, which corporation was struggling to run The Times?

The Thomson Corporation management were struggling to run the business due to the 1979 Energy Crisis and union demands. Management were left with no choice but to find a buyer who was in a position to guarantee the survival of both titles, and also one who had the resources and was committed to funding the introduction of modern printing methods.


What crisis in 1979 caused near ruin to The Times?


What kind of demands were causing ruin to The Times in 1979?


A media magnate from which country bought The Times in the 1980s?

Several suitors appeared, including Robert Maxwell, Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere; however, only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit, Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch. Robert Holmes à Court, another Australian magnate had previously tried to buy The Times in 1980.


What is the name of the media magnate that bought The Times in the 1980s?


Who did a media magnate in the 1980s buy The Times from?


What corporation bought The Times in 1981?

In 1981, The Times and The Sunday Times were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch's News International. The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive bargaining with the unions by company negotiators, John Collier and Bill O'Neill.


Who owned the major corporation that bought The Times in 1981?


During the acquisition of The Times in 1981, John Collier and Bill O'Neill were part of what group that did three weeks of intensive bargaining?


When The Times was bought in 1982, who resigned as editor?

After 14 years as editor, William Rees-Mogg resigned the post upon completion of the change of ownership. Murdoch began to make his mark on the paper by appointing Harold Evans as his replacement. One of his most important changes was the introduction of new technology and efficiency measures. In March–May 1982, following agreement with print unions, the hot-metal Linotype printing process used to print The Times since the 19th century was phased out and replaced by computer input and photo-composition. This allowed print room staff at The Times and The Sunday Times to be reduced by half. However, direct input of text by journalists ("single stroke" input) was still not achieved, and this was to remain an interim measure until the Wapping dispute of 1986, when The Times moved from New Printing House Square in Gray's Inn Road (near Fleet Street) to new offices in Wapping.


How many years as an editor was editor who resigned from The Times in 1982?


In 1982, what is the name of the editor who replaced the previous editor of The Times?


What printing process for The Times was replaced by computers in 1982?


In 1982, the allowed print room staff at The Times and The Sunday Times was reduced by how much?


Which major journalist resigned as foreign correspondent of the Times in 1988?

Robert Fisk, seven times British International Journalist of the Year, resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as "political censorship" of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988. He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his stories, and the paper's pro-Israel stance.


The foreign correspondent who resigned from The Times in 1988 won how many major journalism awards?


The foreign correspondent for The Times who resigned in 1988, resigned for what reason?


What airplane was shot down in July 1988 that a famous foreign correspondent from The Times wrote an article about that later lead to his resignation?


What stance did The Times take that cause a famous foreign correspondent to resign in 1988?


In what year did The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles for living persons before full names on first reference?

In June 1990, The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles ("Mr", "Mrs", or "Miss" prefixes) for living persons before full names on first reference, but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references. The more formal style is now confined to the "Court and Social" page, though "Ms" is now acceptable in that section, as well as before surnames in news sections.


What kind of style is now confined to the "Court and Social" page of The Times when referring to the use of courtesy titles?


When The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles, it continued to use them for what kind of name on references after the first?


In what year did News International begin producing The Times in both broadsheet in tabloid sizes?

In November 2003, News International began producing the newspaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes. On 13 September 2004, the weekday broadsheet was withdrawn from sale in Northern Ireland. Since 1 November 2004, the paper has been printed solely in tabloid format.


When The Times began producing its newpaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes, which region did The Times withdraw its broadsheet from sale?


The Times is printed solely in what format since 2004?


On 6 June 2005, The Times redesigned what page of its newspaper?

On 6 June 2005, The Times redesigned its Letters page, dropping the practice of printing correspondents' full postal addresses. Published letters were long regarded as one of the paper's key constituents. Author/solicitor David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire has had more letters published on the main letters page than any other known contributor – 158 by 31 January 2008. According to its leading article, "From Our Own Correspondents", removal of full postal addresses was in order to fit more letters onto the page.


In 2005, The Times dropped the practice of printing what kind of feature of its correspondents?


Which author and solicitor has had more letters published on the main letters page of The Times than any other known contributor?


The leading author and solicitor of the letters page in The Times had how many articles published?


What is the name of the leading article that referenced the removal of a major feature in The Times in 2005?


In what year was the meeting of the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications that was investigating media ownership and the news?

In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.


In the 2007 meeting with the government, Rupert Murdoch, owner of The Times, stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from doing what?


What government committee was investigating Rupert Murdoch and The Times in 2007?


In May 2008, The Times switched from what plant to new plants in Broxbourne, Merseyside, and Glasgow?

In May 2008 printing of The Times switched from Wapping to new plants at Broxbourne on the outskirts of London, and Merseyside and Glasgow, enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time.


In 2008, The Times switched to a new plant in Broxbourne, which is on the outskirts of what city?


In May 2008, The Times switched to new plants which allowed for what kind of feature to be printed on every page for the first time?


What major event took place in London in 2012?

On 26 July 2012, to coincide with the official start of the London 2012 Olympics and the issuing of a series of souvenir front covers, The Times added the suffix "of London" to its masthead.


What kind of front cover did The Times issue on 26 July 2012?


In 2012, The Times added what suffix to its masthead?


The Times features what in the first half of its newspaper?

The Times features news for the first half of the paper, the Opinion/Comment section begins after the first news section with world news normally following this. The business pages begin on the centre spread, and are followed by The Register, containing obituaries, Court & Social section, and related material. The sport section is at the end of the main paper. The Times current prices are £1.20 for the daily edition and £1.50 for the Saturday edition.


What section begins after the first half of The Times newspaper?


What is The Times current price for the daily edition?


What feature begins on the centre spread of The Times?


What section is featured at the end of the main paper of The Times?


What is the name of the lifestyle column of The Times?

The Times's main supplement, every day, is the times2, featuring various lifestyle columns. It was discontinued on 1 March 2010 but reintroduced on 11 October 2010 after negative feedback. Its regular features include a puzzles section called Mind Games. Its previous incarnation began on 5 September 2005, before which it was called T2 and previously Times 2. Regular features include columns by a different columnist each weekday. There was a column by Marcus du Sautoy each Wednesday, for example. The back pages are devoted to puzzles and contain sudoku, "Killer Sudoku", "KenKen", word polygon puzzles, and a crossword simpler and more concise than the main "Times Crossword".


The Times features a puzzles section called what?


What is the name of the sudoku game in The Times?


What sports activity is featured in The Times on Mondays?

The Game is included in the newspaper on Mondays, and details all the weekend's football activity (Premier League and Football League Championship, League One and League Two.) The Scottish edition of The Game also includes results and analysis from Scottish Premier League games.


What kind of football game is featured in the Scottish edition of The Times?


What is the name of the section that features football on Mondays in The Times?


What is the name of the section of the Saturday edition of The Times that features travel and lifestyle?

The Saturday edition of The Times contains a variety of supplements. These supplements were relaunched in January 2009 as: Sport, Weekend (including travel and lifestyle features), Saturday Review (arts, books, and ideas), The Times Magazine (columns on various topics), and Playlist (an entertainment listings guide).


Arts, books, and ideas are featured in what section in the Saturday edition of The Times?


An entertainment listings guide in the Saturday edition of The Times is called what?


What is the name of the notable contributor to The Times Magazine columns that became the Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005?

The Times Magazine features columns touching on various subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and gardens or simply writers' anecdotes. Notable contributors include Giles Coren, Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005 and Nadiya Hussain, winner of BBC's The Great British Bake Off.


What is the name of the winner of BBC's The Great British Bake Off who is also a column writer in The Times Magazine section?


In what year did notable Times Magazine contributor, Gile Coren, become Food and Drink Writer of the Year?


Nadiya Hussain, a Times Magazine column writer, is known for being the winner of what BBC contest?


What is the name of the section that features columns touching on subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and garden or simply writers' anecdotes?


Since what year has The Times and The Sunday Times had an online presense?

The Times and The Sunday Times have had an online presence since March 1999, originally at the-times.co.uk and sunday-times.co.uk, and later at timesonline.co.uk. There are now two websites: thetimes.co.uk is aimed at daily readers, and the thesundaytimes.co.uk site at providing weekly magazine-like content. There are also iPad and Android editions of both newspapers. Since July 2010, News UK has required readers who do not subscribe to the print edition to pay £2 per week to read The Times and The Sunday Times online.


What is the URL of online website for The Times?


The website, thetimes.co.uk, is aimed at what kind of reader?


The website, thesundaytimes.co.uk, provides what kind of content?


How much does a non-subscriber of The Times need to pay to read the online versions?


What is the name of the digital archive that holds The Times historical archive?

The Times Digital Archive (1785–2008) is freely accessible via Gale databases to readers affiliated with subscribing academic, public, and school libraries.


The Times historical archive is freely accessible online from what database?


What kind of reader can subscribe to the digital archive of The Times?


Visits to The Times website have decreased by how much since October 2011?

Visits to the websites have decreased by 87% since the paywall was introduced, from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million. In April 2009, the timesonline site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day. As of October 2011, there were around 111,000 subscribers to The Times' digital products.


What is the reason for the dramatic drop in visits to The Times website?


In April 2009, how many readers did the timesonline website have per day?


As of October 2011, how many subscribers does The Times' digital product currently have?


What year was Harold Evans appointed to editor of The Times?

At the time of Harold Evans' appointment as editor in 1981, The Times had an average daily sale of 282,000 copies in comparison to the 1.4 million daily sales of its traditional rival The Daily Telegraph. By November 2005 The Times sold an average of 691,283 copies per day, the second-highest of any British "quality" newspaper (after The Daily Telegraph, which had a circulation of 903,405 copies in the period), and the highest in terms of full-rate sales. By March 2014, average daily circulation of The Times had fallen to 394,448 copies, compared to The Daily Telegraph's 523,048, with the two retaining respectively the second-highest and highest circulations among British "quality" newspapers. In contrast The Sun, the highest-selling "tabloid" daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, sold an average of 2,069,809 copies in March 2014, and the Daily Mail, the highest-selling "middle market" British daily newspaper, sold an average of 1,708,006 copies in the period.


The Times has a traditional rival with what other major British newspaper?


What is the name of the highest-selling tabloid daily newspaper in the United Kingdom?


What is the name of the highest-selling middle market British daily newspaper?


Which newspaper has a significantly higher circulation, The Sunday Times or The Times?

The Sunday Times has a significantly higher circulation than The Times, and sometimes outsells The Sunday Telegraph. As of January 2013, The Times has a circulation of 399,339 and The Sunday Times of 885,612.


As of January 2013, The Times has a circulation of how many people?


As of January 2013, The Sunday Times has a circulation of how many people?


In a 2009 national readership survey, what newspaper has the highest number of ABC1 25-44 readers?

In a 2009 national readership survey The Times was found to have the highest number of ABC1 25–44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers.


What newspaper has the highest number of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers?


The Times is found to have the highest number of readers from what age group?


The Times commissioned what serif typeface in 1931?

The Times commissioned the serif typeface Times New Roman, created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype, in 1931. It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically antiquated. The font was supervised by Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older font named Plantin as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space. Times New Roman made its debut in the issue of 3 October 1932. After one year, the design was released for commercial sale. The Times stayed with Times New Roman for 40 years, but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch font five times since 1972. However, all the new fonts have been variants of the original New Roman font:


Who is the creator of the serif typeface created in 1931 for The Times newspaper?


Who commissioned the change of the typeface of The Times in 1931?


What is the name of the typeface that Times New Roman is based on?


How many years has The Times stayed with Times New Roman?


At the 1945 general election, The Times adopted a stance that was referred to by what name?

Historically, the paper was not overtly pro-Tory or Whig, but has been a long time bastion of the English Establishment and empire. The Times adopted a stance described as "peculiarly detached" at the 1945 general election; although it was increasingly critical of the Conservative Party's campaign, it did not advocate a vote for any one party. However, the newspaper reverted to the Tories for the next election five years later. It supported the Conservatives for the subsequent three elections, followed by support for both the Conservatives and the Liberal Party for the next five elections, expressly supporting a Con-Lib coalition in 1974. The paper then backed the Conservatives solidly until 1997, when it declined to make any party endorsement but supported individual (primarily Eurosceptic) candidates.


What kind of political coalition did The Times support in 1974?


After 1945, The Times supported what party for 5 years afterwards?


From the 1970s until 1997, The Times supported what political party?


After 1997, The Times declined from making any party endorsements however, they supported individual candidates known by what name?


In the 2001 general election, The Times declared support for what political party?

For the 2001 general election The Times declared its support for Tony Blair's Labour government, which was re-elected by a landslide. It supported Labour again in 2005, when Labour achieved a third successive win, though with a reduced majority. For the 2010 general election, however, the newspaper declared its support for the Tories once again; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority.


What is the name of the political party's leader that The Times supported in the 2001 general election?


For the 2010 general election, which political party did The Times support?


What political party did the Tories have to form a coalition with in 2010?


What political party was re-elected by a landslide in 2001?


What is the name of the newspaper with the most varied political support in British history?

This makes it the most varied newspaper in terms of political support in British history. Some columnists in The Times are connected to the Conservative Party such as Daniel Finkelstein, Tim Montgomerie, Matthew Parris and Matt Ridley, but there are also columnists connected to the Labour Party such as David Aaronovitch, Phil Collins, Oliver Kamm and Jenni Russell.


Which political party is The Times columnist, Daniel Finkelstein, associated with?


Which political party is The Times columnist, David Aaronovitch, associated with?


In what year did The Times make an endorsement for Barack Obama?

The Times occasionally makes endorsements for foreign elections. In November 2012, it endorsed a second term for Barack Obama although it also expressed reservations about his foreign policy.


Who did The Times support in 2012 for the election of the U.S. president?


What kind of policy did The Times express reservation for when concerning the political stances of Barack Obama?


What film festival does The Times support that is also supported alongside the British Film Institute?

The Times, along with the British Film Institute, sponsors the "The Times" bfi London Film Festival. It also sponsors the Cheltenham Literature Festival and the Asia House Festival of Asian Literature at Asia House, London.


What festival is featured at Asia House, London?


The Cheltenham Literature Festival is supported by what major newspaper?


What is the name of the supplement that first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times?

The Times Literary Supplement (TLS) first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times, becoming a separately paid-for weekly literature and society magazine in 1914. The Times and the TLS have continued to be co-owned, and as of 2012 the TLS is also published by News International and cooperates closely with The Times, with its online version hosted on The Times website, and its editorial offices based in Times House, Pennington Street, London.


In 1914, a separately paid-for supplement for The Times was a magazine that featured what kind of content?


The editorial offices of The Times Literary Supplement is based in what location in London?


In what year did The Times Literary Supplement begin publishing online?


The Times began producing what kind of non-newspaper product in 1895?

Times Atlases have been produced since 1895. They are currently produced by the Collins Bartholomew imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. The flagship product is The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World.


What is the name of the travel magazine sold by The Times?

This 164-page monthly magazine is sold separately from the newspaper of record and is Britain's best-selling travel magazine. The first issue of The Sunday Times Travel Magazine was in 2003, and it includes news, features and insider guides.


In what year was The Times' travel magazine first sold?


How many pages is The Times' travel magazine?


What is the name of Britain's best-selling travel magazine?


In what novel was The Times featured as an organ of a totalitarian ruling party?

In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, The Times has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements.


What is the name of the author of Nineteen Eighty-Four?


What kind of future world did George Orwell create in his novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four?


The author, Rex Stout, created a fictional detection that is fond of solving London Times' crossword puzzles that goes by what name?

Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London Times' crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers.


In what part of the world did the fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, live in?


The fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, preferred what newspaper to American newspapers?


The fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, is described as fond of solving what kind of puzzle in the London Times newspaper?


The author, Ian Fleming, created a fictional character named James Bond who prefers to only read what newspaper?

In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond, reads The Times. As described by Fleming in From Russia, with Love: "The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read."


What is the name of the spy and hero in Ian Fleming's books?


In what Ian Fleming novel is James Bond described as only reading The Times newspaper?


In what children TV series is there is a fictional character named Uncle Bulgaria that asks others to bring him copies of The Times found amongst the litter?

In The Wombles, Uncle Bulgaria read The Times and asked for the other Wombles to bring him any copies that they found amongst the litter. The newspaper played a central role in the episode Very Behind the Times (Series 2, Episode 12).


What is the name of the episode where the newspaper, The Times, is featured and plays a central role in an episode of The Wombles?


In the children's TV show, The Wombles, what character asks others to bring him any copies of The Times that they find amongst the litter?


New Delhi (i/ˌnjuː ˈdɛli/) is a municipality and district in Delhi which serves as the capital and seat of government of India. In addition, it also serves as the seat of Government of Delhi.


What municipality serves as the capital of India?


For what territory does New Delhi serve as the seat of Government?


What municipality serves as the seat of Government for India?


What municipality serves as the seat of government of Delhi?


Who laid the foundation stone of New Delhi?

The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V, Emperor of India during the Delhi Durbar of 1911. It was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by India's Viceroy Lord Irwin.


In what year was the foundation stone of New Delhi laid?


Who designed the foundation stone of the city of New Delhi?


What are the two terms colloquially used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?

Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi as names are used interchangeably to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi, these are two distinct entities, and the latter is a small part of the former.


New Delhi is a small part of what larger territory?


Delhi and New Delhi are colloquially used to refer to what jurisdiction?


What is one name used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?


How many Indian cities have been selected to be developed as a smart city?

New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission.


What is the name of the mission to develop Indian smart cities?


Who is responsible for India's smart city initiative?


What is one Indian city that has been selected to be developed as a smart city?


What city was the capital of India until December 1911?

Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911. However, Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire (as it was officially called) from Calcutta to Delhi. Unlike Calcutta, which was located on the eastern coast of India, Delhi was at the centre of northern India and the Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from the latter rather than the former.


What is the name of the city formerly known as Calcutta?


What is the name of the empire for which Delhi served as the political and financial capital from 1649 to 1857?


In the early 1900s, the capital of the British Indian Empire was shifted from Calcutta to what city?


Who announced that the capital of India would be moved from Calcutta to Delhi?

On 12 December 1911, during the Delhi Durbar, George V, then Emperor of India, along with Queen Mary, his Consort, made the announcement that the capital of the Raj was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, while laying the foundation stone for the Viceroy's residence in the Coronation Park, Kingsway Camp. The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens (Sir Edwin from 1918), who first visited Delhi in 1912, and Herbert Baker (Sir Herbert from 1926), both leading 20th-century British architects. The contract was given to Sobha Singh (later Sir Sobha Singh). Construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed "Lutyens' Delhi" was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, the Viceroy. Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial aspirations.


On what date was it announced that the capital of India would be moved to Delhi?


Who laid the foundation stone of New Delhi?


Who is responsible for designing large parts of New Delhi?


On what date did inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi begin?


Who rejected the proposals of Brodie and Lutyens?

Soon Lutyens started considering other places. Indeed, the Delhi Town Planning Committee, set up to plan the new imperial capital, with George Swinton as chairman and John A. Brodie and Lutyens as members, submitted reports for both North and South sites. However, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which today faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroy's House at one end with Paharganj at the other. During the project's early years, many tourists believed it was a gate from Earth to Heaven itself. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites in the North side, the committee settled on the South site. A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroy's House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was also considered the site of Indraprastha, the ancient region of Delhi. Subsequently, the foundation stone was shifted from the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911–1912, where the Coronation Pillar stood, and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of the Secretariat. The Rajpath, also known as King's Way, stretched from the India Gate to the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Secretariat building, the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the Government of India, and the Parliament House, both designed by Herbert Baker, are located at the Sansad Marg and run parallel to the Rajpath.


Which site was eventually chosen by the Delhi Town Planning Committee?


Raisina Hill lay directly opposite what religious site?


The Rajpath was also known by what name?


Who designed the Parliament House of New Delhi?


The construction of Connaught Place was completed in what year?

In the south, land up to Safdarjung's Tomb was acquired in order to create what is today known as Lutyens' Bungalow Zone. Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill, a circular railway line around the Council House (now Parliament House), called the Imperial Delhi Railway, was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the Agra-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial (India Gate) and Kingsway (Rajpath), which was a problem because the Old Delhi Railway Station served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the Yamuna river, and it began operating in 1924. The New Delhi Railway Station opened in 1926 with a single platform at Ajmeri Gate near Paharganj and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931. As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), Central Secretariat, Parliament House, and All-India War Memorial (India Gate) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, Connaught Place, began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after Prince Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught (1850–1942), it was designed by Robert Tor Russell, chief architect to the Public Works Department (PWD).


On what hill did construction of Lutyen's Bungalow Zone begin?


The Imperial Delhi Railway was built to transport workers and materials for how many years?


In what year did the Imperial Delhi Railway line begin operating?


In what year did the New Delhi Railway Station open?


A temporary secretariat building was built in New Delhi in what year?

After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in North Delhi. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in Old Delhi (the building now houses the Delhi Legislative Assembly), a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency. Subsequently housing for them was developed around Gole Market area in the 1920s. Built in the 1940s, to house government employees, with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area, Lodhi colony near historic Lodhi Gardens, was the last residential areas built by the British Raj.


In what year what New Delhi inaugurated as the capital of India?


Housing for employees was built in what area during the 1920s?


What was the name of the last residential area built by the British Raj?


During what decade was the Lodhi colony built?


In what year did India gain independence?

After India gained independence in 1947, a limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. In 1956, Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi. A system was introduced under which the elected Government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993.


In what year was Delhi converted into a union territory?


What is the name of the act that caused the Union Territory of Delhi to become formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi?


The enforcement of the legislation of the Constitution Act began in what year?


In 1956, Delhi was converted into what type of territory?


In what decade did New Delhi first extend significantly from Lutyen's Delhi?

The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri, where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around wide central vista, Shanti Path.


What organization developed land to expand New Delhi in the 1950s?


What was the name of the enclave created by the Central Public Works Department?


In which direction did Chanakyapuri extend from New Delhi?


What was one use of the uses for the newly developed land of Chanakypuri?


What is the total area of New Delhi in square miles?

With a total area of 42.7 km2 (16.5 sq mi), New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area. Because the city is located on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the Aravalli Range; all that is left of those mountains is the Delhi Ridge, which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the Yamuna River, it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of Shahdara. New Delhi falls under the seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to earthquakes.


The Delhi Ridge is also referred to by what name?


New Delhi is located on the floodplains of what river?


What seismic zone does New Delhi fall under?


What was the magnitude of the notable 2015 earthquake that shook New Delhi?

New Delhi lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There has, however, been a spike in the number of earthquakes in the last six years, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal, a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011, a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012, and a swarm of twelve earthquakes, including four of magnitudes 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.3, on 12 November 2013.


A 4.7 magnitude earthquake that affected New Delhi occurred on what date?


What was the magnitude of the earthquake that affected New Delhi on September 2011?


How many earthquakes occurred on March 5, 2012?


What is the geographical feature New Delhi lies on that is responsible for frequent earthquakes?


In what type of climate is New Delhi located?

The climate of New Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall. The temperature varies from 46 °C (115 °F) in summers to around 0 °C (32 °F) in winters. The area's version of a humid subtropical climate is noticeably different from many other cities with this climate classification in that it features long and very hot summers, relatively dry and mild winters, a monsoonal period, and dust storms. Summers are long, extending from early April to October, with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer. Winter starts in November and peaks in January. The annual mean temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F); monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately 14 to 34 °C (57 to 93 °F). New Delhi's highest temperature ever recorded is 49.1 °C (120.4 °F) while the lowest temperature ever recorded is −3.2 °C (26.2 °F). Those for Delhi metropolis stand at 49.9 °C (121.8 °F) and −3.2 °C (26.2 °F) respectively. The average annual rainfall is 784 millimetres (30.9 in), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.


Between which months do New Delhi's long summers last?


When does the monsoon season occur in New Delhi?


What is the annual mean temperature of New Delhi?


What is the highest ever recorded temperature in New Delhi?


What is New Delhi's rank in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?

In recent Mercer’s 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution. The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world’s worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organization tracked around the world.


What is the main cause of New Delhi's relatively low ranking in Mercer's quality of life survey?


New Delhi was ranked as the world's worst polluted city by what organization?


How many cities were tracked for pollution by the World Health Organization in 2014?


How many cities were studied in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?


In what season does New Delhi's air pollution worsen?

In an attempt to curb air pollution in New Delhi, which gets worst during the winter, a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered license plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015. In addition, trucks will be allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 p.m., two hours later than the existing restriction. The driving restriction scheme is planned to be implemented as a trial from January 1, 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction will be in force between 8 a.m. and 8 p.m., and traffic will not be restricted on Sundays. Public transportation service will be increased during the restriction period.


What method was introduced in December 2015 to reduce New Delhi's air pollution?


New Delhi's alternate-day travel scheme allowed trucks to enter the city after what hour?


How long is the initial trial period for New Delhi's driving restriction scheme?


On what day of the week will travel remain unrestricted by New Delhi's alternate day driving scheme?


On what date did the Supreme Court of India enact restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to reduce pollution?

On December 16, 2015, the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until March 31, 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by March 1, 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.


The Supreme Court restricted registration of some vehicles with engines of 2000 cc and over until what date?


All taxis in Delhi were ordered to switch to what type of fuel by March 1, 2016?


Which transportation vehicles were banned from entering New Delhi?


New restrictions on New Delhi's transportation system were enacted by the Supreme Court to accomplish what goal?


New Delhi is the capital of what National Capital Territory?

The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi, it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.


The local Government of Delhi and the Central Government of India jointly administer what city?


What city is the official capital of the National Capital Territory of Delhi?


What is the name of one government body that oversees the capital of New Delhi?


The government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes three members from what government body?

As of 2015, the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government.


What government body is responsible for nominating five members to the New Delhi Municipal Council?


What government official is responsible for nominating two members to the New Delhi Municipal Council?


The Chief Minister of what NCT is responsible for nominating two members to the New Delhi Municipal Council?


What is the name of the government structure created for New Delhi that is comprised of ten representatives?


What is the official title of Delhi's head of state?

The head of state of Delhi is the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial, as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. According to the Indian constitution, if a law passed by Delhi's legislative assembly is repugnant to any law passed by the Parliament of India, then the law enacted by the parliament will prevail over the law enacted by the assembly.


Who is responsible for appointing the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi?


Which takes precedent when a law passed by Parliament conflicts with a law passed by Delhi's Legislative assembly?


What government body advises the president on appointing a Lieutenant Governor?


Which government position is given most of the executive powers over Delhi?


What is the name of the municipal government by which New Delhi is governed?

New Delhi is governed through a municipal government, known as the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). Other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD). However, the entire metropolis of Delhi is commonly known as New Delhi in contrast to Old Delhi.


What government body is responsible for administering other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi?


What is the name commonly used to refer to the entire metropolis of Delhi?


The New Delhi Municipal Government oversees what large Indian city?


What form of government is responsible for the municipality of New Delhi?


What British architect was responsible for designing much of New Delhi?

Much of New Delhi, planned by the leading 20th-century British architect Edwin Lutyens, was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial pretensions. New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath and the Janpath. The Rajpath, or King's Way, stretches from the Rashtrapati Bhavan to the India Gate. The Janpath (Hindi: "Path of the People"), formerly Queen's Way, begins at Connaught Circus and cuts the Rajpath at right angles. 19 foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath (Hindi: "Path of Peace"), making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India.


What are the names of the two central promenades around which New Delhi is structured?


Which of the two promenades is referred to as The King's Way?


Which promenade was formerly known as the Queen's Way?


The largest diplomatic enclave in India which contains 19 foreign embassies is located along which promenade?


Formerly known as the Viceroy's House, which large building is located at the heart of New Delhi?

At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop Raisina Hill. The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the Government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath. Connaught Place is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the Royal Crescent in England. Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath.


The Rashtrapati Bhavan was formerly known by what name?


Connaught Place in New Delhi is modeled after what area of England?


How many roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place?


What major airport is located to the southwest of Delhi?

Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the southwest of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012-13, the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers, making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost ₹96.8 billion (US$1.4 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.


Approximately how many passengers used Indira Gandhi Airport from 2012-2013?


How much money did Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi International Airport cost to construct?


How many passengers use Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi Airport each year?


What year was construction of Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi airport finished?


The Delhi Flying Club was established in what year?

The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India. The airport functioned until 2001, however in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses, and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.


When established in 1928, which airport served as the base of the Delhi Flying Club?


In what year did the government close Safdarjung Airport due to security concerns?


In what year did the Delhi Flying club begin operations?


What type of aircraft was first used by the Delhi Flying Club after its founding?


In what year did Indira Gandhi International Airport earn an award for being forth best airport in the world in the 15-25 million category?

In 2010, Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, and Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region by Airports Council International. The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25–40 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International.[not in citation given][better source needed] Delhi Airport also bags two awards for The Best Airport in Central Asia/India and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia/India at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015.


What organization is responsible for awarding Indira Gandhi International Airport as Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region?


What year did Indira Gandhi International Airport win an award for Best airport in the world in the 25-40 million passenger category?


How many awards did Indira Gandhi International Airport win at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015?


In 2015, the Airports Council International gave what award to Indira Gandhi International Airport?


What state-owned organization operates New Delhi's bus transport system?

New Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), which owns largest fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled buses in the world. Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on New Delhi roads. New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers. New Delhi has one of the highest road density in India.


Delhi Transport Company owns the world's largest fleet of buses powered by what type of fuel?


What city has the highest number of registered cars of any city in India?


What large metropolis has some of the highest road density in India?


What type of vehicle transport system is owned by the Delhi Transport Corporation?


What Indian city is the headquarters of the Northern Railway?

New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The five main railway stations are New Delhi railway station, Old Delhi, Nizamuddin Railway Station, Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai Rohilla. The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad. As of August 2011, the metro consists of six operational lines with a total length of 189 km (117 mi) and 146 stations, and several other lines are under construction. It carries millions of passengers every day. In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.


How many main stations of the Northern Railway serve the New Delhi area?


What organization is responsible for building and operating the Delhi Metro system?


What is the total length of the Delhi Metro?


The Delhi Metro consists of how many stations?


The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving New Delhi, Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. The network consists of six lines with a total length of 189.63 kilometres (117.83 miles) with 142 stations, of which 35 are underground, five are at-grade, and the remainder are elevated. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge.


How many stations are there on the Delhi Metro?


What is the name of the world's 12 largest metro system by length?


How many of the Delhi Metro's stations are located underground?


How many of the New Delhi Metro's stations are located at ground level?


What organization operates the Delhi Metro system?

Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides construction and operation of Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan, the Managing Director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man" of India. He famously resigned from DMRC, taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the prestigious Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi Metro.


The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation operates under the administrative control of what government body?


The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by what Indian government figure?


Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan was popularly known by what nickname?


What major award was given to Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan for his contribution the the Delhi Metro?


New Delhi has a population of 249,998. Hindi and Punjabi are the most widely spoken languages in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes. New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is highest in Delhi.


What are the most common languages spoken in New Delhi?


What language is used for formal purposes by business and government institutes of New Delhi?


What is the literacy rate of New Delhi according to the 2011 census?


What city in the territory of Delhi has the highest literacy rate?


What percentage of New Delhi's population is Hindu?

Hinduism is the religion of 79.8% of New Delhi's population. There are also communities of Muslims (12.9%), Sikhs (5.4%), Jains (1.1%) and Christians (0.9%) in Delhi. Other religious groups (2.5%) include Parsis, Buddhists and Jews.


What is the most commonly practiced religion in New Delhi?


What percentage of New Delhi's population is Muslim?


What percentage of New Delhi's population is Sikh?


What percentage of New Delhi's population is Christian?


What is the name of the holiday celebrated in India that occurs on Gandhi's Birthday?

New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast Indian bureaucracy and political system. The city's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August) the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom. The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.


What is the date of India's Independence Day?


On Indian Independence Day, the Prime Minister addresses the nation from what location?


On Indian Independence Day, kites are flown by citizens which symbolize what concept?


What New Delhi celebration showcases India's cultural diversity and military power?


What religious festival is also known as the festival of light?

Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of light), Maha Shivaratri, Teej, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Baisakhi, Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Christmas, Chhath Puja and Mahavir Jayanti. The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event. Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi.


What cultural event showcases dancers and musicians from all over India?


In what location is The Qutub Festival held?


The Spring Festival which is held each year in Delhi is also known by what name?


What is the name of the fruit related festival held annually in Delhi?


The Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in new Delhi in what year?

In 2007, the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics. It was inaugurated by the current Dalai Lama.


The Peace Pagoda built in New Delhi by the Nipponzan Myohoji contained what type of artifacts?


Which Japanese Buddhist organization built a Peace Pagoda in New Delhi in 2007?


The Peace Pagoda built in New Delhi by the Nipponzan Myohoji was inaugurated by which prominent figure?


What structure did the Nipponzan Myohoji decide to build in New Delhi in 2007?


The New Delhi town plan was chosen primarily to symbolize what?

The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British power and supremacy. All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture.


The New Delhi town plan was influenced by what type of architecture?


What town plan was chosen with the chief consideration of displaying British power and superiority?


What is one type of architecture that heavily influenced the New Delhi town plan?


Approximately how long did it take to build New Delhi?

It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911. Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical/Palladian tradition. The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design were due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy Lord Hardinge and historians like E.B. Havell.


The architecture of New Delhi borrows from indigenous sources but fits into what tradition?


What historian is partially responsible for the use of indigenous features in the architecture of New Delhi?


Which government official urged that indigenous features be used in the design of New Delhi?


Many of the architectural elements of New Delhi borrow from what sources?


On what date was the National Museum formally inaugurated?

New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the Royal Academy in London in the winter of 1947–48 was later at the end was shown at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and currently has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.


How many works of art currently reside in the National Museum?


The National Museum began in 1947 with a display of what type of art?


What length of time do the 200,000 works of art in the National Museum encompass?


In the winter of 1947, the National Museum started with a display of Indian art in what location?


The India Gate built in 1931 was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who lost their lives while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War.


The Indian Gate was inspired by what Parisian monument?


The India Gate commemorates how many soldiers of past wars?


Which Indian monument, inspired by the Arc de Triomphe, was built in 1931?


The India Gate commemorates the lost soldiers of what army?


The Rajpath was constructed similarly to what famous Parisian street?

The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi. The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January.


What is the name of the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India in New Delhi?


On what boulevard does the Republic Day parade take place each year?


What annual parade takes place on the Rajpath each January?


On which date is the annual Republic Day parade held in New Delhi?


In which location did Mahatma Gandhi spend the final 144 days of his life?

Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. Rajghat is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta.


In which city is the Gandhi Smriti located?


On which date was Mahatma Gandhi killed?


In what location was Mahatma Gandhi cremated?


The Raj Ghat was designed by what architect?


Who was responsible for constructing the Jantar Mantar?

Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur. It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.


In what area of New Delhi is the Jantar Mantar observatory located?


The Jantar Mantar consists of how many architectural astronomy instruments?


What is the name of the observatory built in Connaught Place by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur?


What is one of the primary purposes of the Jantar Mantar observatory?


What is the name of the doll themed museum located in New Delhi?

New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum, National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, National Philatelic Museum, Nehru Planetarium, Shankar's International Dolls Museum. and Supreme Court of India Museum.


What is the name of the major railroad related museum located in New Delhi?


The Supreme Court of India Museum is located in what major city?


The National Philatelic Museum is located in which large Indian city?


What is the name of the modern art museum located in new Delhi?


The Buddha Jayanti Park is located in which Indian city?

New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring. The largest of these include Buddha Jayanti Park and the historic Lodi Gardens. In addition, there are the gardens in the Presidential Estate, the gardens along the Rajpath and India Gate, the gardens along Shanti Path, the Rose Garden, Nehru Park and the Railway Garden in Chanakya Puri. Also of note is the garden adjacent to the Jangpura Metro Station near the Defence Colony Flyover, as are the roundabout and neighbourhood gardens throughout the city.


A notable New Delhi garden is located adjacent to what metro station?


The gardens of New Delhi are particularly stunning in which season?


New Delhi is well known for what type of beautifully landscaped feature?


What is the name of one of the largest gardens in new Delhi?


New Delhi played host to what major athletic competition in 2010?

The city hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games and annually hosts Delhi Half Marathon foot-race. The city has previously hosted the 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games. New Delhi was interested in bidding for the 2019 Asian Games but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games .


New Delhi first hosted the Asian Games in what year?


The Asian Games were most recently held in New Delhi in what year?


New Delhi's bid for the 2019 Asian Games was turned down by the government for what reason?


New Delhi is the annual host of what foot-race?


What major tennis stadium is located in New Delhi?

Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Ambedkar Stadium, Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium, Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex, Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex.


What major sports venue in New Delhi bears the name of the former prime minister Indira Gandhi?


The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is located in which Indian city?


In which Indian city is the Siri Fort Sports Complex located?


The Dhyan Chand National Stadium is located in which major Indian city?


What was the estimated net State Domestic Product of New Delhi for 2010?

New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of ₹1595 billion (US$23 billion) in nominal terms and ~₹6800 billion (US$100 billion) in PPP terms. As of 2013, the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the current prices for 2012-13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion (short scale) against Rs 3.11 trillion (short scale) in 2011-12.


The per capita income of New Delhi was second only to what Indian municipality?


What was the 2012-13 current price estimate for GSDP in Delhi?


What is the per capita income of Delhi as of 2013?


What was the 2011-12 GSDP estimate for Delhi?


What is the name of the large commercial and financial district located in the northern part of New Delhi?

Connaught Place, one of North India's largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as Barakhamba Road, ITO are also major commercial centres. Government and quasi government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.


New Delhi's service sector has expanded largely due to skilled workers that speak what language?


What is one of the key service industries of New Delhi?


Prior to the expansion of the service sector, what sector was the largest employer in New Delhi?


The large skilled English-speaking workforce of New Delhi has been able to attract what type of organizations to the city?


According to the 2011 World Health Report, where does New Delhi rank in terms of economic activity?

The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg. New Delhi with Beijing shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.


New Delhi shares the position as the most targeted retail destination in Asia-Pacific markets with what other city?


What organization ranked New Delhi 39th in economic activity in 2011?


In which year was New Delhi ranked 39th in economic activity by the World Wealth Report?


Major cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg rank below New Delhi in what key statistic?


What government body is responsible for releasing the annual official economic report for Delhi?

The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually. According to the Economic Survey of Delhi, the metropolis has a net State Domestic Product (SDP) of Rs. 83,085 crores (for the year 2004–05) and a per capita income of Rs. 53,976($1,200). In the year 2008–09 New Delhi had a Per Capita Income of Rs.1,16,886 ($2,595).It grew by 16.2% to reach Rs.1,35,814 ($3,018) in 2009–10 fiscal. New Delhi's Per Capita GDP (at PPP) was at $6,860 during 2009–10 fiscal, making it one of the richest cities in India. The tertiary sector contributes 78.4% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 20.2% and 1.4% contribution respectively.


New Delhi's Per Capita income grew by what percentage in 2009-10?


What was New Delhi's Per Capita GDP in dollars for 2009-10?


What was the 2008-09 Per Capita income of New Delhi?


What was the 2004-05 State Domestic Product of Delhi?


What was the gross state domestic product of Delhi for 2011-12?

The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Delhi at current prices for the year 2011-12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 lakh crore, which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal.


The GSDP of Delhi increased by what percentage over the previous year in 2011-12?


In which fiscal year was the GSDP of Delhi estimated at Rs 3.13 lakh crore?


Did the GSDP of Delhi in 2011-12 increase or decrease from the previous fiscal year?


In what city is the Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology located?

The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi. New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP, UNODC, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, WHO, World Bank, ILO, IMF, UNIFEM, IFC and UNAIDS.


What major city is home to most regional UN offices in India?


What is one regional UN office located in New Delhi?


The regional office of the World Bank in India is located in what city?


The regional offices of the IMF, UNICEF, and UNESCO are all located in what major Indian city?


Who do the Shia believe are the rightful successors of Muhammad?

Imamah (Arabic: إمامة) is the Shia Islam doctrine (belief) of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad, and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance to their tariqa followers as is the case of the living Imams of the Nizari Ismaili tariqah.


What is the Shia Islam doctrine of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah?


Whose family are the Ahl al-Bayt a part of?


Who do the Shia believe are the true successors of Muhammad?


Who do the Shia believe are possessed of divine knowledge and authority?


Who believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith?

Shias believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith (Usul al-Din).As the verse 4:165 of quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets; so after the demise of the prophet who will play the role of the prophet; till the people have not any plea against Allah.So the same logic that necessitated the assignment of prophets also is applied for Imamah.That is Allah Must assign someone similar to prophet in his attributes and Ismah as his successor to guide the people without any deviation in religion. They refer to the verse (...This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion...) 5:3 of Quran which was revealed to the prophet when he appointed Ali as his successor at the day of Ghadir Khumm.


On what day was Ali appointed as the prophet's successor?


What verse in the quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets?


Who must assign a successor after the demise of a prophet?


Why did different sects come about within Shiism?

Within Shia Islam (Shiism), the various sects came into being because they differed over their Imams' successions, just as the Shia - Sunni separation within Islam itself had come into being from the dispute that had arisen over the succession to Muhammad. Each succession dispute brought forth a different tariqah (literal meaning 'path'; extended meaning 'sect') within Shia Islam. Each Shia tariqah followed its own particular Imam's dynasty, thus resulting in different numbers of Imams for each particular Shia tariqah. When the dynastic line of the separating successor Imam ended with no heir to succeed him, then either he (the last Imam) or his unborn successor was believed to have gone into concealment, that is, The Occultation.


What great separation came to be from a dispute over the succession to Muhammad?


What is it called when the last Imam or his unborn successor goes into concealment?


What is the basic characteristis of Muhammad and the prophets?

It is forbidden for the Divine Leader not to be from the family of Muhammad.[citation needed] According to Ali al-Ridha, since it is obligatory to obey him, there should be a sign to clearly indicate the Divine Leader. That sign is his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad and his clear appointment so that the people could distinguish him from others, and be clearly guided toward him. Otherwise others are nobler than Muhammad's offspring and they are to be followed and obeyed; and the offspring of Muhammad are obedient and subject to the offspring of Muhammad’s enemies such as Abi Jahl or Ibn Abi Ma’eet.[original research?] However, Muhammad is much nobler than others to be in charge and to be obeyed. Moreover, once the prophethood of Muhammad is testified they would obey him, no one would hesitate to follow his offspring and this would not be hard for anyone. While to follow the offspring of the corrupted families is difficult.[original research?] And that is maybe why the basic characteristic of Muhammad and other prophets was their nobility.[original research?] For none of them, it is said, were originated from a disgraced family.[citation needed] It is believed that all Muhammad's ancestors up to Adam were true Muslims. [a][citation needed] Jesus was also from a pious family, as it is mentioned in Quran that after his birth, people said to Mary: O sister of Aaron, your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste."[b][improper synthesis?]


What religion were all of Muhammad's ancestors?


Who does the Quran say was also from a pious family?


What is forbidden for the Divine Leader?


What is the sign that indicates the Divine Leader?


What word literally means a person who stands or walks in front?

The word "Imām" denotes a person who stands or walks "in front". For Sunni Islam, the word is commonly used to mean a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque. It also means the head of a madhhab ("school of thought"). However, from the Shia point of view this is merely the basic understanding of the word in the Arabic language and, for its proper religious usage, the word "Imam" is applicable only to those members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible by the preceding Imam.


For Sunni Islam, what does the word Imam commonly mean?


What does Imam mean in its proper religious context?


What group do the Shia tariqahs belong to?

Although all these different Shia tariqahs belong to the Shia group (as opposed to the Sunni group) in Islam, there are major doctrinal differences between the main Shia tariqahs. After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis who deny the very concept of Occultation. The Shia Nizari Ismailis by definition have to have a present and living Imam until the end of time.[citation needed] Thus if any living Nizari Ismaili Imam fails to leave behind a successor after him then the Nizari Ismailism’s cardinal principle would be broken and it’s very raison d'être would come to an end.


What has happened to some of the Shia tariqahs last Imams?


What kind of Imam do Shia Nizari Ismailis have?


What would happen to the Nizari Ismaili if the Imam fails to leave a successor?


According to Ismā‘īlīsm, Allah has sent "seven" great prophets known as “Nātıq” (Spoken) in order to disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam. All of these great prophets has also one assistant known as “Sāmad (Silent) Imām”. At the end of each seven “Sāmad” silsila, one great “Nātıq” (Spoken) has ben sent in order to reimprove the Dīn of Islam. After Adam and his son Seth, and after six “Nātıq” (Spoken) – “Sāmad” (Silent) silsila (Noah–Shem), (Abraham–Ishmael), (Moses–Aaron), (Jesus–Simeon), (Muhammad bin ʿAbd Allāh–Ali ibn Abu Tālib); the silsila of “Nātıqs and Sāmads have been completed with (Muhammad bin Ismā‘īl as-ṣaghīr (Maymûn’ûl-Qaddāh)–ʿAbd Allāh Ibn-i Maymûn and his sons).


What are the seven great prophets known as?


What are the seven great prophets supposed to do?


What is the great prophets assistant called?


In Shia tariqah, what are the Twelvers commonly known as?

The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as the "Shia". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the "Bohras" with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah (very small in number today) initially were of the Fatimid Ismailis and separated from them (the Fatimid Ismailis) after the death of the Fatimid Imam and Caliph Hakim Bi Amrillah. The Shia Sevener tariqah no longer exists. Another small tariqah is the Zaidi Shias, also known as the Fivers and who do not believe in The Occultation of their last Imam.


What are the Nizari Ismailis more commonly known as?


What are the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as?


How did al-Mahdi maintain contact during his Occultation?

During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughrá), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab. an-nuwāb al-arbaʻa or "the Four Leaders"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever the believers faced a problem, they would write their concerns and send them to his deputy. The deputy would ascertain his verdict, endorse it with his seal and signature and return it to the relevant parties. The deputies also collected zakat and khums on his behalf.


What would believers do when they had a problem?


What would the deputy endorse the concerns with?


What did the deputies collect in the Imam's behalf?


The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim, as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja'far, he had passed on the mantle of the imamate to his son Muḥammad ibn Ismail as the next imam. Thus, their line of imams is as follows (the years of their individual imamats during the Common Era are given in brackets):


Who is the elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim?


What did Imam Ismail pass on to his son?


What are the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims also known as?

The line of imams of the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam Taiyab abi al-Qasim went into a Dawr-e-Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Dai-al-Mutlaq (absolute missionary) who manages the affairs of the Imam-in-Concealment until re-emergence of the Imam from concealment. Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq is His Holiness Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin (TUS) who succeeded his predessor the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq His Holiness Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (RA). Furthermore, there has been a split in the Dawoodi Bohra sect which has led to the formation of Qutbi Bohra sect which was formed and led by Khuzaima Qutbuddin.


What do Bohras believe happened to Taiyab abi al-qasim?


Who are the Bohras led by in the absence of an imam?


Who is Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Butlaq?


Who do Muslims believe said "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla?

All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla." This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books[citation needed] of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirmidhi, 3713;[citation needed] as well as Ibn Maajah, 121;[citation needed] etc. The major point of conflict between the Sunni and the Shia is in the interpretation of the word 'Mawla'. For the Shia the word means 'Lord and Master' and has the same elevated significance as when the term had been used to address Muhammad himself during his lifetime. Thus, when Muhammad actually (by speech) and physically (by way of having his closest companions including Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman [the three future Caliphs who had preceded Ali as Caliph] publicly accept Ali as their Lord and Master by taking Ali's hand in both of theirs as token of their allegiance to Ali) transferred this title and manner of addressing Ali as the Mawla for all Muslims at Ghadiri Khum Oasis just a few months before his death, the people that came to look upon Ali as Muhammad's immediate successor even before Muhamamd's death came to be known as the Shia. However, for the Sunnis the word simply means the 'beloved' or the 'revered' and has no other significance at all.


What is the point of conflict between Sunni and Shia?


What does the work Mawla mean to Sunnies?


By what Quran verse to Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position?

By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position which is appointed by God and must be specified by Him 2.Imam is protected by a divine protection and no one exceles him in nobility 3. No age can be without an Imam and finally Imam knows everything which is needed for human being to get to the truth and goal.


Who knows everything that is needed to get to the truth and goal?


According to the majority of Shī'a, namely the Twelvers (Ithnā'ashariyya), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Muḥammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Alī, who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Alī.The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Quranic verses which include: 75:36, 13:7, 35:24, 2:30, 2:124, 36:26, 7:142, 42:23.[citation needed] They support their discussion by citing Genesis 17:19–20 and Sunni hadith:Sahih Muslim, Hadith number 4478, English translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui.[original research?]


Usually, how has each Imam been related to the previous Imam?


What bible verse do Shia use to support their belief of succession?


Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere, where birds are funnelled on to specific routes by natural barriers such as the Mediterranean Sea or the Caribbean Sea.


What is a cause of death to birds during migration?


Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientific studies have used techniques including bird ringing and satellite tracking. Threats to migratory birds have grown with habitat destruction especially of stopover and wintering sites, as well as structures such as power lines and wind farms.


Who recorded the earliest records of migration?


Which species of birds were recorded 3,000 years ago?


What is a major threat to migratory birds?


The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean. Shorter migrations are common, including altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas.


Where does the Arctic tern migrate each year?


which bird migrates by circling the earth?


What is an example of a shorter migration?


The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.


What might help migrating birds navigate?


Who recorded early records of migration?

Records of bird migration were made as much as 3,000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod, Homer, Herodotus and Aristotle. The Bible also notes migrations, as in the Book of Job (39:26), where the inquiry is made: "Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers, spreads its wings southward?" The author of Jeremiah (8:7) wrote: "Even the stork in the heavens knows its seasons, and the turtle dove, the swift and the crane keep the time of their arrival."


Where in the bible does it mention migration?


What bird is mentioned in the book of Job?


Who noted that cranes traveled from Scythia to the Nile?

Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.


Where did Pliny the Elder repeat Aristotle's observations?


What kind of bird did Aristotle and Pliny the Elder write about?


Which bird did Aristotle believe hibernated?

Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selborne, quoted a man's story about swallows being found in a chalk cliff collapse "while he was a schoolboy at Brighthelmstone", though the man denied being an eyewitness. However, he also writes that "as to swallows being found in a torpid state during the winter in the Isle of Wight or any part of this country, I never heard any such account worth attending to", and that if early swallows "happen to find frost and snow they immediately withdraw for a time—a circumstance this much more in favour of hiding than migration", since he doubts they would "return for a week or two to warmer latitudes".


Until what year did the belief of hibernating birds persist?


Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows?


Who wrote "The Natural History of Selborne"?


It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and Majorca, saw great numbers of Swallows flying northward", and states the situation in Britain as follows:


What year was Thomas Bewick's book published?


Which directions were the Swallows flying?


Who describes an experiment with swallows?

Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years, where they remained warm and dry through the winters. He concludes:


Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or in only one direction (dispersal, movement of young away from natal area). Migration is marked by its annual seasonality. Non-migratory birds are said to be resident or sedentary. Approximately 1800 of the world's 10,000 bird species are long-distance migrants.


How many bird species are long distance migrants?


Which direction do birds primarily migrate?


Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but there is less land area in the far south to support long-distance migration.


What is the most common directionof migration in autumn?


What is the most common pattern of migration in the spring?


What is the primary motivation for migration?

The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migratory species that remain in the tropics. As the days shorten in autumn, the birds return to warmer regions where the available food supply varies little with the season.


Which birds will not migrate if they are well fed through winter?


When do the birds return to warmer regions?


what do the longer days of summer provide the birds?


What do diurnal birds produce as opposed to non migratory species?


These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrants, which it feeds to its young. A similar strategy is adopted by the greater noctule bat, which preys on nocturnal passerine migrants. The higher concentrations of migrating birds at stopover sites make them prone to parasites and pathogens, which require a heightened immune response.


What do Eleonora's falcon feed their young?


What preys on nocturnal passerine migrants?


What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens?


Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migratory and will often winter at lower latitude. The migrating birds bypass the latitudes where other populations may be sedentary, where suitable wintering habitats may already be occupied. This is an example of leap-frog migration. Many fully migratory species show leap-frog migration (birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes), and many show the alternative, chain migration, where populations 'slide' more evenly north and south without reversing order.


In Australia, what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory?


In Australia, what percent of passerine species are partially migratory?


Which sex of the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate earlier?

Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.


Where are chaffinches Fringilla coelebs from?


When do the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate?


Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as large stretches of open water. The specific routes may be genetically programmed or learned to varying degrees. The routes taken on forward and return migration are often different. A common pattern in North America is clockwise migration, where birds flying North tend to be further West, and flying South tend to shift Eastwards.


What to the migrating birds usually follow?


What obsticals will migrating birds avoid?


What is a common pattern in North America migration?


What are the preferred routes for migration called?


Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than when they were flying alone.


How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock?


How much faster do Red knots and dunlins fly in a flock?


What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest?

Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossing the Himalayas, at the same time engaging in the highest rates of climb to altitude for any bird. Anecdotal reports of them flying much higher have yet to be corroborated with any direct evidence. Seabirds fly low over water but gain altitude when crossing land, and the reverse pattern is seen in landbirds. However most bird migration is in the range of 150 to 600 m (490 to 1,970 ft). Bird strike aviation records from the United States show most collisions occur below 600 m (2,000 ft) and almost none above 1,800 m (5,900 ft).


Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude?


What altitude range is most migration recorded?


Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake long-distance movements on foot during droughts.


How far do penguins travel when they migrate?


How do Emus migrate long distances during droughts?


The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For example, the pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus migrates from Iceland to Britain and neighbouring countries, whilst the dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis migrates from subarctic and arctic climates to the contiguous United States and the American goldfinch from taiga to wintering grounds extending from the American South northwestward to Western Oregon. Migratory routes and wintering grounds are traditional and learned by young during their first migration with their parents. Some ducks, such as the garganey Anas querquedula, move completely or partially into the tropics. The European pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca also follows this migratory trend, breeding in Asia and Europe and wintering in Africa.


Where do the European pied flycatcher breed?


Where does the European pied flycatcher spend the winter?