Bern lies on the Swiss plateau in the Canton of Bern, slightly west of the centre of Switzerland and 20 km (12 mi) north of the Bernese Alps. The countryside around Bern was formed by glaciers during the most recent Ice Age. The two mountains closest to Bern are Gurten with a height of 864 m (2,835 ft) and Bantiger with a height of 947 m (3,107 ft). The site of the old observatory in Bern is the point of origin of the CH1903 coordinate system at 46°57′08.66″N 7°26′22.50″E / 46.9524056°N 7.4395833°E / 46.9524056; 7.4395833.


What is the tallest mountain closests to Bern?


The city was originally built on a hilly peninsula surrounded by the River Aare, but outgrew natural boundaries by the 19th century. A number of bridges have been built to allow the city to expand beyond the Aare.


What was built to help Bern grow bigger than the peninula?


What century did Bern outgrow the peninsula?


Bern is built on very uneven ground. There is an elevation difference of several metres between the inner city districts on the Aare (Matte, Marzili) and the higher ones (Kirchenfeld, Länggasse).


What is the elevation difference between the inner cities and the other cities?


Which city is higher, Matte or Langgasse?


Bern has an area, as of 2009[update], of 51.62 square kilometers (19.93 sq mi). Of this area, 9.79 square kilometers (3.78 sq mi) or 19.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 17.33 square kilometers (6.69 sq mi) or 33.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 23.25 square kilometers (8.98 sq mi) or 45.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 1.06 square kilometers (0.41 sq mi) or 2.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.16 square kilometers (0.062 sq mi) or 0.3% is unproductive land.


When was the last time the area of Bern was measured?


How does the government of Bern operate?

The City Council (Gemeinderat) constitutes the executive government of the City of Bern and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (German: Gemeinderat/-rätin), each presiding over a directorate (Direktion) comprising several departments and bureaus. The president of the executive department acts as mayor (Stadtpräsident). In the mandate period 2013–2016 (Legislatur) the City Council is presided by Stadtpräsident Alexander Tschäppät. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the City Parliament are carried by the City Council. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Majorz. The mayor is elected as such as well by public election while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The executive body holds its meetings in the Erlacherhof, built by architect Albrecht Stürler after 1747.


Who has the majority of the seats in Bern's City Council?

As of 2015, Bern's City Council is made up of two representatives of the SP (Social Democratic Party, of whom one is also the mayor), and one each of CVP (Christian Democratic Party), GB (Green Alliance of Berne), and FDP (FDP.The Liberals), giving the left parties a majority of three out of five seats. The last election was held on 25 November 2012.


What party also had the mayor as of 2015?


What is the Christian Democratic Party also known as?


The City Parliament (de: Stadtrat, fr: Conseil de ville) holds legislative power. It is made up of 80 members, with elections held every four years. The City Parliament decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the City Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of proportional representation.


How many members are part of the City Parliament?


How often are elections held for the City Parliament?


Are the sessions of City Parliament private or public?

The sessions of the City Parliament are public. Unlike members of the City Council, members of the City Parliament are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Parliament. The parliament holds its meetings in the Stadthaus (Town Hall).


Which party has the absolute majority of the seats?

The last regular election of the City Parliament was held on 25 November 2012 for the mandate period (German: Legislatur, French: la législature) from 2013 to 2016. Currently the City Parliament consist of 23 members of the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS), 11 Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC), 8 Green Alliance of Berne (GB), 8 Grüne Freie Liste (GFL) (Green Free List), 7 The Liberals (FDP/PLR), 7 Conservative Democratic Party (BDP/PBD), 7 Green Liberal Party (GLP/PVL), 2 Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC), 2 Evangelical People's Party (EVP/PEV), 1 Junge Alternative (JA!) (or Young Alternatives), 1 Grüne Partei Bern - Demokratische Alternative (GPB-DA) (or Green Party Bern - Democratic Alternative), 1 Swiss Party of Labour (PdA), 1 Alternative Linke Bern (AL) and finally one independent. The following parties combine their parliamentary power in parliamentary groups (German: Fraktion(en)): Independent and AL and GPB-DA and PdA (4), SP (23), GB and JA! (9), GFL and EVP (10), GLP (7), BDP and CVP (9), FDP (7), and SVP (11). This gives the left parties an absolute majority of 46 seats.


Which specific party has the most members in the City Parliament?


Bern has a population of 140,634 people and 34% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the 10 years between 2000 and 2010, the population changed at a rate of 0.6%. Migration accounted for 1.3%, while births and deaths accounted for −2.1%.


What percent of the population are resident foreign nationals?


What was the population change from 2000 and 2010?


What counted for more of the population change?


Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (104,465 or 81.2%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (5,062 or 3.9%) and French is the third (4,671 or 3.6%). There are 171 people who speak Romansh.


What is the second most common language?


What percent of the population speaks German?


The city council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary (during the UEFA Euro 2008) cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg


When did they have a temporary twinned city?


What was the twinning city with Bern in 2008?


As of 2008[update], the population was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. The population was made up of 44,032 Swiss men (35.4% of the population) and 15,092 (12.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 51,531 Swiss women (41.4%) and 13,726 (11.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 39,008 or about 30.3% were born in Bern and lived there in 2000. There were 27,573 or 21.4% who were born in the same canton, while 25,818 or 20.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 27,812 or 21.6% were born outside of Switzerland.


What percent of the population is born somewhere else in Switzerland?


What percent were born outside of Switzerland?


What percent of the population are 19 years old and under?

As of 2000[update], children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 15.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 65% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.9%.


What percent of the population are between 20-64?


What percent of the population are over 64 years old?


What age group has most of the population included?


How many people were single in Bern in 2000?

As of 2000[update], there were 59,948 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 49,873 married individuals, 9,345 widows or widowers and 9,468 individuals who are divorced.


How many people were married in Bern in 2000?


How many people were widows or widowers in Bern in 2000?


Where there more married or single people in Bern in 2000?


What is the average of people per household in Bern?

As of 2000[update], there were 67,115 private households in the municipality, and an average of 1.8 persons per household. There were 34,981 households that consist of only one person and 1,592 households with five or more people. In 2000[update], a total of 65,538 apartments (90.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 5,352 apartments (7.4%) were seasonally occupied and 1,444 apartments (2.0%) were empty. As of 2009[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 1.2 new units per 1000 residents.


How many households have 5 or more people living in them?


What percentage of the apartment homes in Bern were occupied in 2000?


What percent of apartments are seasonal apartments?


What was the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern?

As of 2003[update] the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern was 1108.92 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$890, £500, €710 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 619.82 CHF (US$500, £280, €400), a two-room apartment was about 879.36 CHF (US$700, £400, €560), a three-room apartment was about 1040.54 CHF (US$830, £470, €670) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2094.80 CHF (US$1680, £940, €1340). The average apartment price in Bern was 99.4% of the national average of 1116 CHF. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010[update], was 0.45%.


What was the vacancy rate for Bern in 2010?


What percent of the population were Roman Catholic?

From the 2000 census[update], 60,455 or 47.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 31,510 or 24.5% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 1,874 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.46% of the population), there were 229 persons (or about 0.18% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 5,531 persons (or about 4.30% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 324 persons (or about 0.25% of the population) who were Jewish, and 4,907 (or about 3.81% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 629 persons who were Buddhist, 1,430 persons who were Hindu and 177 persons who belonged to another church. 16,363 (or about 12.72% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 7,855 persons (or about 6.11% of the population) did not answer the question. On 14 December 2014 the Haus der Religionen was inaugurated.


How much of the population is Jewish in Bern?


How many muslims were there in Bern in 2000?


How much of the population had no religion?


The structure of Bern's city centre is mainly what type of buildings?

The structure of Bern's city centre is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a Cultural World Heritage Site. Perhaps its most famous sight is the Zytglogge (Bernese German for "Time Bell"), an elaborate medieval clock tower with moving puppets. It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral, the Münster, and a 15th-century town hall. Thanks to 6 kilometres (4 miles) of arcades, the old town boasts one of the longest covered shopping promenades in Europe.


What does UNESCO recognised Bern's city center to be?


What is the name of the 15th century cathedral?


Since the 16th century, the city has had a bear pit, the Bärengraben, at the far end of the Nydeggbrücke to house its heraldic animals. The currently four bears are now kept in an open-air enclosure nearby, and two other young bears, a present by the Russian president, are kept in Dählhölzli zoo.


The Federal Palace (Bundeshaus), built from 1857 to 1902, which houses the national parliament, government and part of the federal administration, can also be visited.


Albert Einstein lived in a flat at the Kramgasse 49, the site of the Einsteinhaus, from 1903 to 1905, the year in which the Annus Mirabilis Papers were published.


The Rose Garden (Rosengarten), from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed, is a well-kept Rosarium on a hill, converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913.


Where are the statues at in the Old Town?

There are eleven Renaissance allegorical statues on public fountains in the Old Town. Nearly all the 16th century fountains, except the Zähringer fountain which was created by Hans Hiltbrand, are the work of the Fribourg master Hans Gieng. One of the more interesting fountains is the Kindlifresserbrunnen (Bernese German: Child Eater Fountain but often translated Ogre Fountain) which is claimed to represent a Jew, the Greek god Chronos or a Fastnacht figure that scares disobedient children.


Who does the Kindlifresserbrunnen scare?


Who created all the statues except the Zahringer fountain?


What does the UNESCO consider the entre Old Town?

It includes the entire Old Town, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and many sites within and around it. Some of the most notable in the Old Town include the Cathedral which was started in 1421 and is the tallest cathedral in Switzerland, the Zytglogge and Käfigturm towers, which mark two successive expansions of the Old Town, and the Holy Ghost Church, which is one of the largest Swiss Reformed churches in Switzerland. Within the Old Town, there are eleven 16th century fountains, most attributed to Hans Gieng, that are on the list.


When was the biggest cathedral in Switzerland built?


What is the largest Swiss Reformed church in Switzerland?


Who is attributed to the 11 fountains in Old Town?


What subtitles are included in the movies?

Bern has several dozen cinemas. As is customary in Switzerland, films are generally shown in their original language (e.g., English) with German and French subtitles. Only a small number of screenings are dubbed in German.


What year was the Football World Cup Final in Bern?

Bern was the site of the 1954 Football (Soccer) World Cup Final, a huge upset for the Hungarian Golden Team, who were beaten 3–2 by West Germany. The football team BSC Young Boys is based in Bern at the Stade de Suisse Wankdorf, which also was one of the venues for the European football championship 2008 in which it hosted 3 matches.


What is the major hockey league team of Bern?

SC Bern is the major ice hockey team of Bern who plays at the PostFinance Arena. The team has ranked highest in attendance for a European hockey team for more than a decade. The PostFinance Arena was the main host of the 2009 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship, including the opening game and the final of the tournament.


What year was the IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship held in Bern?


What year did Bern want to host the Winter Olympics?

Bern was a candidate to host the 2010 Winter Olympics, but withdrew its bid in September 2002 after a referendum was passed that showed that the bid was not supported by locals. Those games were eventually awarded to Vancouver, Canada.


Where were the 2010 Winter Olympics held?


What was Berns unemployment rate in 2010?

As of 2010[update], Bern had an unemployment rate of 3.3%. As of 2008[update], there were 259 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 59 businesses involved in this sector. 16,413 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 950 businesses in this sector. 135,973 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 7,654 businesses in this sector.


How many businesses are there in the primary sector?


How many businesses are there in the secondary sector?


How many businesses are there in the tertiary sector?


How many full time jobs were there in 2008?

In 2008[update] the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 125,037. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 203, of which 184 were in agriculture and 19 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 15,476 of which 7,650 or (49.4%) were in manufacturing, 51 or (0.3%) were in mining and 6,389 (41.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 109,358. In the tertiary sector; 11,396 or 10.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 10,293 or 9.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 5,090 or 4.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 7,302 or 6.7% were in the information industry, 8,437 or 7.7% were the insurance or financial industry, 10,660 or 9.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 5,338 or 4.9% were in education and 17,903 or 16.4% were in health care.


How many jobs in the primary sector were agrictulture?


How many jobs in the primary sector were in forestry or lumber production?


How many jobs are in the secondary sector?


How many jobs are in the tertiary secotr?


How many workers commute into the municipality?

In 2000[update], there were 94,367 workers who commuted into the municipality and 16,424 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 5.7 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 50.6% used public transport to get to work, and 20.6% used a private car.


How many workers had to commute away from the municipality?


How much of the working population uses public transportation?


How many of the working population use private cars?


Where are the majority of the buildings for the University of Bern?

The University of Bern, whose buildings are mainly located in the Länggasse quarter, is located in Bern, as well as the University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) and several vocations schools.


What percent of the population has completed non-mandatory upper secondary education?

In Bern, about 50,418 or (39.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 24,311 or (18.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 24,311 who completed tertiary schooling, 51.6% were Swiss men, 33.0% were Swiss women, 8.9% were non-Swiss men and 6.5% were non-Swiss women.


What percent of the population has completed additionaly higher education?


The majority of the population to finish tertiary schooling in bern are what people?


Do you have to go to the one year of kindergarten?

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory kindergarten, followed by six years of primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower secondary school where the pupils are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower secondary pupils may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.


What seperates the children in secondary school?


How many students were attending school during the 2009-2010 school year?

During the 2009–10 school year, there were a total of 10,979 pupils attending classes in Bern. There were 89 kindergarten classes with a total of 1,641 pupils in the municipality. Of the kindergarten pupils, 32.4% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 40.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 266 primary classes and 5,040 pupils. Of the primary pupils, 30.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 35.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 151 lower secondary classes with a total of 2,581 pupils. There were 28.7% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 32.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language.


How many kindergarten classes were there?


How many lower secondary classes were there?


Bern is home to 8 libraries. These libraries include; the Schweiz. Nationalbibliothek/ Bibliothèque nationale suisse, the Universitätsbibliothek Bern, the Kornhausbibliotheken Bern, the BFH Wirtschaft und Verwaltung Bern, the BFH Gesundheit, the BFH Soziale Arbeit, the Hochschule der Künste Bern, Gestaltung und Kunst and the Hochschule der Künste Bern, Musikbibliothek. There was a combined total (as of 2008[update]) of 10,308,336 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 2,627,973 items were loaned out.


How many pupils lived in another municipality?

As of 2000[update], there were 9,045 pupils in Bern who came from another municipality, while 1,185 residents attended schools outside the municipality.


How many pupils attended school outside of the city?


A funicular railway leads from the Marzili district to the Bundeshaus. The Marzilibahn funicular is, with a length of 106 m (348 ft), the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb funicular.


What is the second shortest public railway in Europe?


What is the shortest public railway in Europe?


Bern is also served by Bern Airport, located outside the city near the town of Belp. The regional airport, colloquially called Bern-Belp or Belpmoos, is connected to several European cities. Additionally Zürich Airport, Geneva Airport and EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg also serve as international gateways, all reachable within two hours by car or train from Bern.


What is the name of the regional airport?


What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time?

Daylight saving time (DST) or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions with summer time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time.


What period of time do we set our clocks forward in DST?


What do we get an extra hour of because we set the clocks forward?


In what season do regions who practice DST set the clocks back one hour?


By setting the clocks forward, the normal time of what daily event is disrupted?


New Zealander George Hudson proposed the modern idea of daylight saving in 1895. Germany and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on 30 April 1916. Many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s.


From what country did George Hudson hail?


In what year was modern daylight saving first proposed?


Besides Austria-Hungary, what country first put DST into effect?


What used to be the main draw on electricity?

The practice has received both advocacy and criticism. Putting clocks forward benefits retailing, sports, and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours, but can cause problems for evening entertainment and for other activities tied to sunlight, such as farming. Although some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity, modern heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly and research about how DST affects energy use is limited or contradictory.


What industry having to do with shopping benefits from DST?


In addition to entertainment events that take place after working hours, what profession might suffer because of DST?


Research on DST is uncertain because we aren't sure how it affects the use of what?


What can be affected by DST that might disrupt plans for a vacation?

DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software can often adjust clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of the dates and timings of DST may be confusing.


When the clock on your laptop adjusts to DST without you resetting the clock, what is controlling the change?


What do jurisdictions sometimes change that mixes up DST dates and times?


What important part of daily life might be disturbed because of DST changing what time you go to bed?


What kind of societies usually follow a regular daily schedule year-round?

Industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit, for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian society's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours and by solar time, which change seasonally because of the Earth's axial tilt. North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics.


What kind of societies rely on solar time and daylight that changes with the seasons?


In what part of the world is daytime shorter in winter and longer in summer?


What is the tilt of the Earth that causes solar time to change called?


How much earlier do people's routines happen because of daylight savings?

By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time (one hour "fast"), individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier, and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities. However, they will have one less hour of daylight at the start of each day, making the policy less practical during winter.


In which season is the policy of setting clocks ahead least practical?


Does setting the clocks ahead add an hour of daylight before or after the normal workday?


What is the schedule of time called when it is not daylight savings time?


What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?

While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine-to-five" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.


What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?


Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday?


Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use?


What latitudes see more extreme changes in the length of their days and nights throughout the year?

The manipulation of time at higher latitudes (for example Iceland, Nunavut or Alaska) has little impact on daily life, because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons (in comparison to other latitudes), and thus sunrise and sunset times are significantly out of sync with standard working hours regardless of manipulations of the clock. DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year.


What region of the earth sees little change in daylight from season to season?


How much impact does the times of daylight and night have on areas like Iceland or Alaska?


Would observing Daylight Saving Time have a small or large effect on how light it is during the workday in areas at high latitudes?


As compared to areas with lower latitudes, what kind of change do areas with high latitudes see in the length of day through the seasons?


Although they did not fix their schedules to the clock in the modern sense, ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than modern DST does, often dividing daylight into twelve hours regardless of day length, so that each daylight hour was longer during summer. For example, Roman water clocks had different scales for different months of the year: at Rome's latitude the third hour from sunrise, hora tertia, started by modern standards at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some Mount Athos monasteries and all Jewish ceremonies.


What did the Romans call the third hour before sunrise?


During the summer solstice, for how many minutes did hora tertia last for the Romans?


What type of religious ceremonies are still observed according to the traditional, unequal time settings?


Who first published the proverb about waking up early and going to bed early to be "healthy, wealthy, and wise"?

During his time as an American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin, publisher of the old English proverb, "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise", anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. This 1784 satire proposed taxing shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this soon changed as rail and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklin's day.


Which group of people did Franklin say would save candles by waking up earlier?


In what year did Ben Franklin write a satire suggesting firing cannons at sunrise to wake people up?


What kind of transportation network helped encourage keeping more exact schedules?


In addition to cannon fire, what did Franklin suggest to act as Parisians' alarm clock?


What particular kind of scientist was George Hudson?

Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects, and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch, he followed up in an 1898 paper. Many publications credit DST's proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett, who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride, when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer's day. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Robert Pearce, who introduced the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.


What did George Hudson spend time collecting when he wasn't working?


What year did Hudson first present his two-hour daylight saving theory to the Wellington Philosophical Society?


Some people believe it wasn't Hudson who created DST, but an Englishman by what name?


Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908?


What year did Germany decide to try DST?

Starting on 30 April 1916, Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST (German: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year and the United States adopted it in 1918.


What is the German word for Daylight Saving Time?


What natural resource were Germany and Austria-Hungary trying to conserve by using DST?


What year did the United States get on board with DST?


What event in the 1970s led more regions of North America to use DST?

Broadly speaking, Daylight Saving Time was abandoned in the years after the war (with some notable exceptions including Canada, the UK, France, and Ireland for example). However, it was brought back for periods of time in many different places during the following decades, and commonly during the Second World War. It became widely adopted, particularly in North America and Europe starting in the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis.


What country joined Canada, the UK, and Ireland in continuing to observe Daylight Saving Time after the war?


Daylight Saving Time was used commonly during what war?


Along with North America, what continent was affected heavily by the 1970s energy crisis?


Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST?

Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. For specific details, an overview is available at Daylight saving time by country.


Countries might change their DST policy by enactments, adjustments, and what other type of policy changes?


At what local time does the United States change the time?

In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time, in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours, whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time, repeating that hour, and that day has 25 hours. A digital display of local time does not read 02:00 exactly at the shift to summer time, but instead jumps from 01:59:59.9 forward to 03:00:00.0.


Technically, how many hours does the day the time change happens have in the spring?


In the fall, DST means one hour is repeated, which means the day is actually how many hours long?


At the time change to DST, what will a digital clock read just after 01:59:59.9?


Daylight Saving Time is sometimes called summer time, but the clocks are actually moved forward in which season?


During what part of the week is the time change most often scheduled?

Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. A one-hour shift is customary, but Australia's Lord Howe Island uses a half-hour shift. Twenty-minute and two-hour shifts have been used in the past.


What do we avoid disrupting by doing the time shift during days most people don't work?


Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time?

Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks. The European Union shifts all at once, at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET; for example, Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time. Most of North America shifts at 02:00 local time, so its zones do not shift at the same time; for example, Mountain Time is temporarily (for one hour) zero hours ahead of Pacific Time, instead of one hour ahead, in the autumn and two hours, instead of one, ahead of Pacific Time in the spring. In the past, Australian districts went even further and did not always agree on start and end dates; for example, in 2008 most DST-observing areas shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26. In some cases only part of a country shifts; for example, in the US, Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe DST.


For one hour each spring, how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States?


In 2008, what month and day did Western Australia change their clocks?


At DST in the fall, how long does it stay the same time in both Pacific and Mountain time in the United States?


In addition to much of the state of Arizona, what U.S. state does not ever change their clocks for DST?


What year did the European Union standardize their Summer Time?

Start and end dates vary with location and year. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year. The 2007 US change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October, and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy-consumption study has been done. Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change in order to allow extra daylight for the evening of October 31.


European Summer Time begins in March and ends in what month?


What act in the U.S. brought about the 2007 change in DST policy?


What government body is allowed to change the DST policy in the United States back to the dates observed from 1987 to 2006?


Supporters of the November end to DST name what U.S. holiday as the justification for keeping the change through the end of October?


In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere?

Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere. For example, mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time. The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hours during the Northern summer, three hours during the Southern summer and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates.


At what local time does Chile change their clocks for DST?


What day of the week does DST begin and end in Chile?


In the Northern hemisphere's summer, what is the time difference between the UK and Chile?


During what season in the Southern hemisphere is there a three-hour time difference between mainland Chile and the United Kingdom?


Which part of Brazil observes Daylight Saving Time?

DST is generally not observed near the equator, where sunrise times do not vary enough to justify it. Some countries observe it only in some regions; for example, southern Brazil observes it while equatorial Brazil does not. Only a minority of the world's population uses DST because Asia and Africa generally do not observe it.


What part of Brazil does not observe DST?


Which two continents that comprise a majority of the population worldwide don't observe DST?


The lack of fluctuation in time for what daily event means regions of the world near the equator don't usually keep DST?


What leader said daylight saving gives people more "opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness"?

Daylight saving has caused controversy since it began. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time". Historically, retailing, sports, and tourism interests have favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it, and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war.


What nickname have people in opposition to DST given it?


In addition to the evening entertainment industry, people from what industry often oppose daylight saving?


Traditionally, retailing, tourism, and what other industry have been in favor of DST?


Along with energy crisis, what other significant historical event led to countries adopting DST?


Which political supporter of Willett's proposal had already used the half-hour version of DST at Sandringham?

The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Balfour, Churchill, Lloyd George, MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the opposition was stronger: it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre owners. After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a Parliament committee vote in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. The US was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the US House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.


What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?


What year did Parliament first take a vote and decide against implementing daylight savings?


Who was responsible for bringing a bill proposing DST to the U.S. House of Representatives?


What industrialist from Pittsburgh campaigned strongly in favor of DST?

After Germany led the way with starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on 30 April 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts, the political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and manufacturing interests led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland soon began lobbying for DST, but were opposed by railroads. The US's 1917 entry to the war overcame objections, and DST was established in 1918.


What year did the U.S. go to war, leading to wider acceptance of daylight savings?


What year did the United States finally adopt Daylight Saving Time?


Which country continued to observe DST nationwide despite the fact that the war had ended?

The war's end swung the pendulum back. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it after the war. Britain was an exception: it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. The US was more typical: Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson, like Willett an avid golfer, vetoed the repeal twice but his second veto was overridden. Only a few US cities retained DST locally thereafter, including New York so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London, and Chicago and Cleveland to keep pace with New York. Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding opposed DST as a "deception". Reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer, he ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 08:00 rather than 09:00 during summer 1922. Some businesses followed suit though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.


What spring holiday did Britain adjust its DST schedule around?


After what year was daylight savings repealed in the U.S.?


What sport did President Wilson enjoy that made him not want to give up DST?


What U.S. city kept observing DST to stay in sync with London, leading Chicago and Cleveland to follow along?


What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules?

The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. In May 1965, for two weeks, St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis, Minnesota were on different times, when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, Clorox (parent of Kingsford Charcoal) and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST, and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries, which are made from Idaho potatoes.


What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes?


What company joined Clorox in funding the Daylight Saving Time Coalition in the 1980s?


What year was the extension to U.S. daylight savings proposed by the DST Coalition?


What year did the U.S. see standardization of DST outside of wartime for the first time?


What percentage of Queensland voted against the daylight saving referendum in 1992?

In 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving in Queensland, Australia, a referendum on daylight saving was held and defeated with a 54.5% 'no' vote – with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, while those in the metropolitan south-east were in favor. In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST. In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for Daylight Saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time. DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested. After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed. On 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington, introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into Queensland Parliament, calling for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement. The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.


What was the name of Queensland's political party set up solely to support their particular DST arrangement?


In Australia, were rural or urban areas generally more strongly opposed to DST?


What member of Queensland Parliament was responsible for finally bringing the DST for South East Queensland referendum to a vote?


What was the name of the organization that supported adding an additional hour to their clocks all year?

In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST's additional hour year-round, but is opposed in some industries, such as postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK.


Joining farmers, what other kind of workers opposed SDST?


What regions of the United Kingdom were generally against SDST?


What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown?

In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan (the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset), since the DST would delay the evening dinner. Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012. This concerns at least Morocco and Palestine, although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan. Most Muslim countries do not use DST, partially for this reason.


What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month?


What Muslim country continues to observe DST during Ramadan?


What year did Russia decide to never turn its clocks back?

The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would not turn its clocks back and stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus. The plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of wintertime morning, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to Standard Time on 26 October 2014 - and intends to stay there permanently.


What country other than Russia declared they'd stay in DST all year?


Was Russia or Belarus first in their declaration?


Which season's dark mornings led to people complaining about the switch from DST?


What year did Russia give up on the all-year DST and go back to Standard Time?


Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?

Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime, or is good for business. Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers, retail businesses, outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses, tourism operators, and others who benefit from increased light during the evening in summer.


If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity?


Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy?


What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases?

Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive, that DST increases health risks such as heart attack, that DST can disrupt morning activities, and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit. Farmers have tended to oppose DST.


What profession is more likely to want to repeal DST: farmers or shopkeepers?


What adjective would those against DST use to describe the energy savings touted by supporters?


What time of day do opponents of daylight savings believe is disrupted the most by the time shift?


Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own?

Common agreement about the day's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts to get up earlier. The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate with television broadcasts or daylight. DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because its mornings are darker; workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and children may need to leave for school in the dark. Since DST is applied to many varying communities, its effects may be very different depending on their culture, light levels, geography, and climate; that is why it is hard to make generalized conclusions about the absolute effects of the practice. Some areas may adopt DST simply as a matter of coordination with others rather than for any direct benefits.


What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close attention to DST?


During what season is DST usually not observed because of the detriments of dark mornings?


What indirect benefit of DST might cause some areas to observe it even though they don't get any direct benefits like cost or energy savings?


What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?

DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity. Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then, and recent research is limited and reports contradictory results. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies.


DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?


When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity?


Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?


Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings?


Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars?

Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption. The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST.


What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published?


What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation?


What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST?

Retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union's leisure sector by about 3%.


What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST?


What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide?


According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union?


How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST?


Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?

Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.


What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?


What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?


Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?


Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?


What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work?

Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $1.7 billion USD. Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges, the estimated numbers depend on the methodology. The results have been disputed, and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers.


Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes?


What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings?


What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000?


What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST?


In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected?

In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.


What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%?


What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time?


In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents?


How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?


What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings?

In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.


How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?


How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime?


In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST?


There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm?

In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.


In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year?


If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder?


What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year?


What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly?


What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?

DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.


What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?


What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?


What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?


Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?


What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?

Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.


In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?


Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?


According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the "spring forward" do you have a higher risk of heart attack?


Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?

An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.


Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?


What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?


During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?

DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.


What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?


What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?


What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?


What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?

Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.


For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?


Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?


What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?


What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?


Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?

Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.


What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?


What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often?


What does DST inherit from standard time?

DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.


Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?


Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?


What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?


When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?


What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an "s" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?

As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.


In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?


Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?


Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the "s" is still listed first in what dictionary?


Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?


Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?

In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.


What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?


What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?


What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as "legal time"?


What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?


What usually changes when a place observes DST?

The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).


What word does American English swap out for "daylight" when referring to time zones?


In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time?


When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?


What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?


What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?

The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.


What is a language like "spring forward, fall back" that acts as a trigger for memory called?


What does "spring forward, fall back" help people remember?


What can cause issues with installed computer systems?

Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.


What year did DST rules change in North America?


What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?


In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?


Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?


What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?

Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.


By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?


In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?


What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?


Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?

However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.


What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?


What's another name for the IANA database?


The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?

The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.


IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?


What environment variable defines a location's name?


What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?


What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?


Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?

Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.


When must TZ values be changed on an older system?


What does the TZ value EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00 specify?


What years will a new TZ value apply to?


What's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules?


Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?

As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.


When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?


If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?


If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?


On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?


What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?

These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.


Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?


How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?


What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?


Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?


What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?

Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.


Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?


As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings, Windows will only allow for what?


In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC?


Since 2008, at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature?


What file system do recent Windows versions use?

The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local—or seasonal—time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its time will be set to the current local time. If the time adjustment is changed, the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different. The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers. It is the NTFS file that changes seen time. This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another, although there are other methods of comparing files for equality (such as using a checksum algorithm).


Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?


What file system do most removable devices use?


What time will a file be set to if it's copied from the hard disk onto other media?


What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?

A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to "standard" or "winter" time in 2014.


Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?


In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?


During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?


In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?


In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?

Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.


About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?


What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?


Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?


What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?


Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?

Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as "Double Summer Time". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.


During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?


What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?


What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?


The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971.


When was RIBA's founding document expanded?


In what country does RIBA mainly operate?


Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.


In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?


In what city was the Institute of British Architects located?


In terms of profession, what were people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey?


What caused the change of the Institute's name?

After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.


What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?


When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute's name?


Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?


Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed?


When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?

It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.


Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?


In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters?


When were the various supplemental charters consolidated?


What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971?


What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?

The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…'


What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?


What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?


What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?

The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council's approval.


What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?


What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?


What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?

The design of the Institute's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of this badge was used as a bookplate for the Institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J.H.Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: "gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium ".


Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?


What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?


Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?


When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?


What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing?

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938. A member of the RIBA, Lionel Bailey Budden, then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture, had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1929). His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed.


Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a large role in promoting?


What major compendium did Budden help write an article for?


How many schools formed the Board of Architectural Education?


When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 100th anniversary?

Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted. Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.


Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934?


In 1934, what percentage of architects were members of professional organizations?


Who did Barnes believe was best able to advance the interests of architects?


What specific institution did Barnes indicate could not be a rival of the Royal Institute?


When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?

The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any school which applied for recognition, whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner, and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a "Visiting Board" from the BAE, could be placed on the list of "recognized schools" and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations.


What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance?


What was necessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?


What body carried out on-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?


What organization's policies regarding acceptance of professional qualifications prompted thoughts of revamping ARCUK?

The content of the acts, particularly section 1 (1) of the amending act of 1938, shows the importance which was then attached to giving architects the responsibility of superintending or supervising the building works of local authorities (for housing and other projects), rather than persons professionally qualified only as municipal or other engineers. By the 1970s another issue had emerged affecting education for qualification and registration for practice as an architect, due to the obligation imposed on the United Kingdom and other European governments to comply with European Union Directives concerning mutual recognition of professional qualifications in favour of equal standards across borders, in furtherance of the policy for a single market of the European Union. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK. Eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper "Reform of Architects Registration" (1994). The change of name to "Architects Registration Board" was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and reenacted as the Architects Act 1997; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education.


What was the name of the legistlation leading to the change in ARCUK's name?


What was shut down as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK?


What was the new name given to ARCUK in the '90s?


What is the function of the Royal Institute's Visiting Boards?

RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.


When did the Royal Institute and ARB reach accord on a shared body of criteria?


What is a key difference between the ARB and Royal Institute?


How many people have membership in the Royal Institute?

The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.


What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status?


What type of Royal Institute members are not able to use the organization's acronym after their names?


What is not provided by the Royal Institute anymore?


Fellows of the Royal Institute can use what abbreviation with their names?


What is the Royal Institute of British Architects' street address?

RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the Library. It has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events.


What is one room in RIBA's headquarters that can be visited by the public?


For what purpose can rooms be rented at the Royal Institute's building?


How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK?

The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966.


When was RIBA's first satellite office opened?


In what city was the first RIBA branch office opened?


What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover?


What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation?

RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA, with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London, and an office in Newark. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle.


Where does RIBA's business group have its headquarters office?


How many people work for RIBA Enterprises?


How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are located at the Newcastle office?


What are three divisions of RIBA Enterprises?

Its services include RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal. In Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification, which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service. RIBA Bookshops, which operates online and at 66 Portland Place, is also part of RIBA Enterprises.


What are two publications produced by RIBA Publishing?


What is another name for the Royal Institute Library?

The British Architectural Library, sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library, was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members. Now, with over four million items, it is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe. Some items from the collections are on permanent display at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in the V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery and included in temporary exhibitions at the RIBA and across Europe and North America. Its collections include:


How many materials are housed in the RIBA library?


The British Architectural Library is the biggest library of its kind in which continent?


In what institution are some materials from the RIBA collection located?


What was the RIBA Library's first address?

The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.


Which architect's work was preserved throughout World War II by the Royal Institute's Library?


Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room located?

The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco interior with open bookshelves, original furniture and double-height central space. The study rooms, opened in 2004, were designed by Wright & Wright. The library is funded entirely by the RIBA but it is open to the public without charge. It operates a free education programme aimed at students, education groups and families, and an information service for RIBA members and the public through the RIBA Information Centre.


What art style was used inthe design of the Reading Room?


In what year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms open?


Who is meant to benefit from teaching provided by the RIBA library?


When did the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects start a formal relationship?

Since 2004, through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership, the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture.


What is the name of the joint venture involving the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects?


What is the main goal of the V&A + RIBA partnership?


In what space at the V&A is the Architecture Gallery located?

In 2004, the two institutions created the Architecture Gallery (Room 128) at the V&A showing artefacts from the collections of both institutions, this was the first permanent gallery devoted to architecture in the UK. The adjacent Architecture Exhibition Space (Room 128a) is used for temporary displays related to architecture. Both spaces were designed by Gareth Hoskins Architects. At the same time the RIBA Library Drawing and Archives Collections moved from 21 Portman Place to new facilities in the Henry Cole Wing at the V&A. Under the Partnership new study rooms were opened where members of the public could view items from the RIBA and V&A architectural collections under the supervision of curatorial staff. These and the nearby education room were designed by Wright & Wright Architects.


What is found at Room 128a of the Victoria & Albert Museum?


Who designed rooms 128 and 128a at the V&A Museum?


Where was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives Collections located originally?


What part of the V&A was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives collection moved to?


What does the Royal Institute of British Architects award the Stirling Prize for?

RIBA runs many awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year, the Royal Gold Medal (first awarded in 1848), which honours a distinguished body of work, and the Stephen Lawrence Prize for projects with a construction budget of less than £500,000. The RIBA also awards the President's Medals for student work, which are regarded as the most prestigious awards in architectural education, and the RIBA President's Awards for Research. The RIBA European Award was inaugurated in 2005 for work in the European Union, outside the UK. The RIBA National Award and the RIBA International Award were established in 2007. Since 1966, the RIBA also judges regional awards which are presented locally in the UK regions (East, East Midlands, London, North East, North West, Northern Ireland, Scotland, South/South East, South West/Wessex, Wales, West Midlands and Yorkshire).


What was the first year in which RIBA's Royal Gold Medal was given?


What is the Royal Gold Medal awarded for?


What is the limit of how much can be spent on projects receiving the Stephen Lawrence Prize?


What is the name of the RIBA awards given to students of architecture?