The municipalities adjacent to Białystok are slowly losing their agricultural character , becoming residential suburban neighborhoods with single-family housing and small businesses .

The municipalities adjacent to Białystok are slowly losing their agricultural character , becoming residential suburban neighborhoods .


Since the border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union , as well as the Schengen Area the city is a center for trade in mainly from the east .

Since the border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union , as well as the Schengen Area , the city is a center for trade from countries to the east .


There were plans in 2011 to build a new regional airport , Białystok-Saniki Airport , that would have provided flights within Europe .

There are plans to build a new regional airport , Białystok-Saniki Airport , in the next few years that will provide flights within Europe .


Higher education in the city can be traced back to the second half of the eighteenth century , when the ownership of the city was inherited by Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki .

Higher education in the city can be traced back to the second half of the 18th century when the ownership of the city was inherited by Jan Klemens Branicki .


The region is one of the coldest in Poland , with the average temperature in January being − 6 ° C ( 21 ° F ) .

The region is one of the coldest in Poland , with the average temperature in January being - − 5 ° C ( 23 ° F ) .


The city is also the seat of the Białystok-Gdansk Diocese of the Autocephalous Polish Orthodox Church .

The city is also the seat of the Bialystok-Gdansk Diocese of the Polish Orthodox Church .


Architecture The various historically driven changes have had a very significant influence on the architectural space of the city .


The landscape of the Białystok Upland is diverse , with high moraine hills and kame in excess of 200 m ( 660 ft ) above sea level .

The landscape of the Białystok Upland is diverse , with high moraine hills in excess of 200 m ( 660 ft ) above sea level .


Jagiellonia Białystok won the Polish Cup in 2010 , Super Cup and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League .

In 2010 , Jagiellonia Białystok won the Polish Cup and the Super Cup , and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League .


The city is represented by several members of both houses of the Polish Parliament ( Sejm and Senat ) from the Białystok constituency .

The city is represented by several members of both houses of the Polish Parliament ( Sejm and Senat ) .


Most of the modern-day population growth is based on internal migration within Poland and urbanization of surrounding areas .

Most of the modern-day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanization .


Other levels of governmental representation It is also the seat of government for the Podlaskie Voivodeship .


Metropolitan Białystok Metropolitan Białystok was designated by the Voivodeship of the Regulation No. 52\/05 of 16 May 2005 to help develop the region economically .

Metropolitan Białystok was designated by the Voivodeship of the Regulation No. 52\/05 of 16 May 2005 in order to help economically develop the region .


It is a major city on the European Union roadways ( Via Baltica ) and railways ( Rail Baltica ) to the Baltic Republics and Finland .

It is a major city on the European Union roadways and railways to the Baltic Republics and Finland .


World War II changed all of this , in 1939 , around 107,000 people lived in Białystok , but in 1946 - only 56,759 , and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of the city 's history .

107,000 persons lived in Białystok , but in 1946 - only 56,759 , and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of the city 's history .


In the nineteenth century Białystok was an important center for light industry , which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city 's population .

In the 19th century Białystok was an important center for light industry .


Climate The city has a Warm Summer Continental or Hemiboreal climate ( Dfb ) according to the Köppen climate classification system , characterized by warm temperatures during summer and long and frosty winters .

The city has a Warm Summer Continental climate ( Dfb ) according to the Köppen climate classification system , which is characterized by warm temperatures during summer and long and frosty winters .


Most other Polish cities have suffered similarly , but the processes in Białystok , have had a particularly intense course .

This activity relates to the fate of most other Polish cities , but the processes in Białystok had a particularly intense course .


In June 2009 , the population of the city was 294,399 , among cities of Poland , Białystok is second in terms of population density , eleventh in population , and thirteenth in area .

Among cities of Poland , Białystok is second in terms of population density , eleventh in population , and thirteenth in area .


Districts of Białystok The city of Białystok is divided into 28 administrative units , known in Polish as osiedla .

The city of Białystok is divided into 28 administrative units ( Osiedla ) .


The Podlaska Cavalry Brigade ( Polish : Podlaska Brygada Kawalerii ) was a military unit of the Polish Army , created on April 1 , 1937 .

The Podlaska Cavalry Brigade was a military unit of the Polish Army , created on April 1 , 1937 .


Białystok ( ( bʲjaˈwɨstɔk ) ( listen ) ) is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship .

Białystok is the largest city in northeastern Poland and is the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship .


The city has both professional and amateur sports teams , and a number of venues where they are based .

The city has a number of sports teams , both professional and amateur , and a number of venues across the city .


The current President of Białystok , elected for his first term in 2006 , is Tadeusz Truskolaski won the elections as the Civic Platform 's candidate , however , he has no official connection with the party .

The current President of Białystok , elected for his first term in 2006 , is Tadeusz Truskolaski .


Over the course of the last 200 years , the city has been the capital of numerous administrative divisions of a number of countries or occupying powers ; Since 1999 it has been the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship , Republic of Poland .


Mean annual rainfall values oscillate around 580 mm ( 22.8 in ) , and the vegetation period lasts 200 to 210 days .

Mean annual rainfall values oscillate around 550 millimetres ( 21.7 in ) , and the vegetation period lasts 200 to 210 days .


Roads and highways The National Roads ( Polish : Droga krajowa ) running through Białystok : Airports A civil airport , Białystok-Krywlany Airport , lies within the city limits , but does not provide regularly scheduled service .


The 18th Reconnaissance Regiment ( Polish : 18 Pułk Rozpoznawczy ) of the Polish Land Forces is based in Białystok .

The 18th Reconnaissance Regiment of the Polish Land Forces is based in Białystok .


The city of Białystok has existed for five centuries and during this time the fate of the city has been affected by various political and economic forces .

The city of Białystok has existed for five centuries .


Białystok is the largest concentration of Orthodox believers in Poland .

Bialystok is the largest concentration of Orthodox believers in Poland .


Buses There is an extensive bus network that covers the entire city by three bus services , but no tram or subway exists .

An extensive public transportation system is provided within the city by three bus services , but no tram or subway exists .


In addition two national papers have local bureaus .

There are two locally published newspapers in addition to two national papers with local bureaus .


Part of Knyszyn Forest is preserved within the city limits by two nature reserves-a total area of 105 ha ( 260 acres ) .

Within Bialystok , there are two nature reserves with a total area of 105 ha , that are part of the Knyszyn Forest .


In the nineteenth century Białystok was an important center for light industry , which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city 's population .

This was the reason for the substantial growth of the city 's population .


On December 31 , 2001 , as a result of the restructuring of the Armed Forces , the 18th Mechanized Brigade was disbanded and in its place was created the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion .

The heritage of the unit was the former 18th Territorial Defense Battalion and prior to that the former 18th Mechanized Brigade .


Parks and green spaces Around 32 % of the city is occupied by parks , squares and forest preserves which creates a unique and healthy climate .

Approximately 32 % of the city is occupied by green areas .


There is also a developed machine industry ( electronics , machinery and metal ) , plastic processing ( production of household appliances ) , textiles ( textiles and upholstery , manufacture of underwear , clothing accessories , footwear and backpacks ) , Wood ( production plywood and furniture ) building materials .

Currently Białystok is a major center for the developed machine industry ( electronics , machinery and metal ) , wood , alcoholic beverages , building materials , glass factory and power generation .


Council members are elected directly every four years , one of whom is the mayor , or President of Białystok ( Polish : prezydent ) .

The Białystok City Council has 28 elected members , one of whom is the mayor , or President of Białystok , elected every four years .


The scientific consensus is that birds are a group of theropod dinosaurs that evolved during the Mesozoic Era .

Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Mesozoic era .


Abel Tesfaye ( born February 16 , 1990 ) , known by his stage name The Weeknd , is a Canadian PBR&B recording artist and record producer .

Abel Tesfaye ( born February 16 , 1990 ) , known by the stage name The Weeknd is a Canadian singer , DJ and composer .


On March 21 , 2011 , Tesfaye released the nine-track mixtape House of Balloons for free through his website .

During that summer , Tesfaye released his first album , House Of Balloons to public and critical approval .


He grew up listening to a variety of music genres , including soul , quiet storm , hip hop , funk , indie rock , and post-punk .

He performs a mixture of R&B , rock and hip hop .


The Pentateuch , also known as the Five Books of Moses , is the first part of the Hebrew Bible , comprising Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , and Deuteronomy .

These books are Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , and Deuteronomy .


If insects have access , maggots hatch and begin to feed on the body 's tissues .

If insects lay eggs , maggots hatch and begin to feed on the body 's tissues .


`` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' ( commonly referred to as simply `` Mona Lisa '' ) is a song by American rock band Panic !

The Ballad of Mona Lisa ( shortened as Mona Lisa ) is the lead single off the Panic !


DuPont was the world 's third largest chemical company based on market capitalization and ninth based on revenue in 2012 .

DuPont was the world 's third largest chemical company based on market capitalization and ninth based on revenue in 2009 .


DuPont developed Freon ( chlorofluorocarbons ) for the refrigerant industry , and later more environmentally friendly refrigerants .

DuPont developed Freon ( chlorofluorocarbons ) for the cooling industry and later , more environmentally friendly refrigerants .


E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company , commonly referred to as DuPont , is an American chemical company that was founded in July 1802 as a gunpowder mill by Eleuthère Irénée du Pont .

Eleuthère Irénée du Pont founded it in July 1802 as a gunpowder mill .


These could include the contrast of a word or phrase with its primary , literal meaning ( known as a denotation ) , with what that word or phrase specifically denotes .

Today the word has different meanings , but it is always used for the contrast of a word or phrase with its primary , literal meaning ( known as a denotation ) .


For his lifetime of activism , the city of San Francisco renamed a section of 16th Street in Sarria 's honor .

The city of San Francisco renamed a section of 16th Street in Sarria 's honor for his lifetime of activism .


Both they and his mother indulged his early interest in wearing girl 's clothing .

Both they and his mother indulged his early interest in wearing girls ' clothing .


After living with Parker in Phoenix , Arizona for several years , Sarria returned to San Francisco .

Sarria lived with Parker in Phoenix , Arizona for several years , then returned to San Francisco .


The pair operated French restaurants at World 's Fairs .

The two operated French restaurants at World 's Fairs .


Sarria was born to Julio Sarria and Maria Dolores Maldonado .

Sarria was born in San Francisco to Julio Sarria and Maria Dolores Maldonado on December 22 , 1922 .


Sarria and Kolish fell in love , and their relationship endured until Kolish and his son were killed in a car accident in 1947 .

Their relationship lasted until Kolish and his son were killed in a car accident in 1947 .


Sarria became the first openly gay candidate for public office in the United States when he ran for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1961 .

He ran for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1961 , making him the first openly gay candidate for public office in the United States .


In 1964 Sarria declared himself `` Empress José I , The Widow Norton '' and founded the Imperial Court System , which grew to become an international association of charitable organizations .

In 1964 Sarria declared himself `` Empress José I , The Widow Norton '' .


Sarria tutored Paul Kolish , an Austrian baron who had fled from the Nazis .


He continued to reign over the Courts for 43 years , before abdicating in 2007 .

He continued to reign over the Courts for 43 years .


He met waiter Jimmy Moore , whom Sarria described as `` the love of ( his ) life '' .


José Julio Sarria ( December 12 , 1922 or 1923 - August 19 , 2013 ) was an American political activist from San Francisco , California who , in 1961 , became the first openly gay candidate for public office in the United States .

José Sarria ( December 22 , 1922 - August 19 , 2013 ) was an American political activist .


While at the 1964 New York World 's Fair , Sarria learned that Jimmy Moore had committed suicide .

Sarria was working at the 1964 New York World 's Fair when he learned that Jimmy Moore had died .


His parents did not marry and his father showed no interest in his son 's life .


Following the closure of the Black Cat in 1964 , Sarria went to work with restaurateur Pierre Parker .

Sarria went to work with restaurant operator Pierre Parker .


Sarria showed an affinity for languages , which led to his first serious romance with another man .

This led to his first serious romance with another man .


During an intensive period of police pressure after the 1959 San Francisco mayoral election , in which the supposed leniency of city government toward homosexuals became an issue , Sarria ran for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1961 , becoming the first openly gay candidate for public office in the United States .

He ran for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1961 .


He is also remembered for performing as a drag queen at the Black Cat Bar and as the founder of the Imperial Court System .


Maria initially raised José on her own , but when this became too difficult she placed him with another couple .


Sarria died of adrenal cancer at the age of 89 or 90 on August 19 , 2013 , at his home in Los Ranchos de Albuquerque .

Sarria died on August 19 , 2013 from natural causes in his home in Albuquerque , New Mexico .


Following his discharge , he studied to become a teacher and frequented the Black Cat .

He studied to become a teacher after his discharge .


Following a conviction on a morals charge , Sarria , realizing he could not now become a certified teacher , began performing in drag .

He knew he could not become a certified teacher following his conviction .


In 1879 , she suffered spinal cord injuries in a fall from a stepladder .

In 1879 , she suffered spinal cord injuries when she fell from a stepladder .


Mary Todd married Abraham Lincoln on November 4 , 1842 , at her sister Elizabeth 's home in Springfield , Illinois .

She married Abraham Lincoln on November 4 , 1842 .


She then worked at MIT as the Director of the weather radar , and as part of the research staff in the Radiation Laboratory .

Next she worked at MIT as the Director of the weather radar , and as part of the research staff in the Radiation Laboratory .


Austin received a BA from Wilson College in 1938 , an MA from Smith College in 1939 , and a PhD in Physics from MIT in 1942 .

Austin got a BA from Wilson College in 1938 , an MA from Smith College in 1939 , and a PhD in Physics from MIT in 1942 .


Austin was married for 59 years to Dr. James Murdoch Austin , known for his modeling of the meteorology of air pollution .

Austin was married for 59 years to Dr. James Murdoch Austin .


In addition she was associate editor for the Journal of Applied Meteorology .

She also was associate writer for the Journal of Applied Meteorology .


She currently volunteers at the Florida Museum of Natural History .

In later years she volunteered at the Florida Museum of Natural History .


Pauline Morrow Austin ( 1916 - August 29 , 2011 ) was an American meteorologist .

Pauline Morrow Austin ( b. 1916 d. 2011 ) was an American meteorologist .


Austin began her career as a meteorologist during World War II .

Austin worked as a meteorologist during World War II .


There is also some similarity to Francisco Goya 's La maja desnuda ( c. 1800 ) .

Olympia may also take inspiration from Francisco Goya 's La maja desnuda ( c. 1800 ) .


In part , the painting was inspired by Titian 's Venus of Urbino ( c. 1538 ) , which in turn refers to Giorgione 's Sleeping Venus ( c. 1510 ) .

Manet reworked Giorgione 's The Sleeping Venus ( c. 1510 ) and Titian 's Venus of Urbino ( c. 1538 ) in creating Olympia .


Olympia is a painting by Édouard Manet , first exhibited at the 1865 Paris Salon , which shows a nude female lying on a bed being brought flowers by a female servant .

Olympia is an 1863 oil painting by Édouard Manet .


The model , Victorine Meurent , became an accomplished painter in her own right .

Victorine Meurent was Manet 's model for Olympia .


Édouard Manet asked himself why lie , why not tell the truth ; he introduced us to Olympia , this fille of our time , whom you meet on the sidewalks . ''


Joseph Wright ( 3 September 1734 - 29 August 1797 ) , styled Wright of Derby , was an English landscape and portrait painter .

Joseph Wright ( 3 September 1734 - 29 August 1797 ) , ( Wright of Derby ) , was an English landscape and portrait painter .


Many of Wright 's paintings and drawings are owned by Derby City Council , and are on display at the Derby Museum and Art Gallery .

Many of Wright 's paintings and drawings are on display at the Derby Museum and Art Gallery .


Wright is notable for his use of Chiaroscuro effect , which emphasises the contrast of light and dark , and for his paintings of candle-lit subjects .

Wright showed the contrast of light and dark .


His name is derived from the British Cadwallon .

His name comes from the British name Cadwallon .


He reached Rome in April 689 , and was baptised by Pope Sergius I on the Saturday before Easter , dying ten days later on 20 April 689 .

He was able to journey to Rome where on Easter day 689 , he was baptised by Pope Sergius .


The Scaphiopodidae are a family of American spadefoot toads .

Scaphiopodidae is a family of American spadefoot toads .


The Scaphiopodidae are a small family , comprising only seven species .

Scaphiopodidae is a small family with only seven species .


They are native to southern Canada and USA south to southern Mexico .

They live in southern Canada and USA south to southern Mexico .


The American spadefoot toads are of typical shape to most fossorial ( or burrowing ) frogs .

The American spadefoot toads are of typical shape to most digging frogs .


The American spadefoot toads are terrestrial when not under ground .

The American spadefoot toads live on land when not under ground .


This is to aid in camouflage in their arid habitats .


They are round , with short legs and protruding eyes .

They are round , with short legs and eyes that stick out .


As suggested by their name , these frogs have hard , keratinous protrusions present on their feet , which help them to dig .

This frog has a hard growth on their feet which helps them to dig .


Like most fossorial frogs , they will dig backwards into the ground .


The town is the place where during the Second World War , United States Army forces coming from the west met forces of the Soviet Union coming from the east during the invasion of Germany on April 25 , 1945 , which is now remembered as `` Elbe Day '' .

The town is well known as the place where during the Second World War , United States Army forces met with forces of the Soviet Union during the invasion of Germany on April 25 , 1945 .


In fact the area surrounding Torgau initially occupied by U.S. forces was later , in July 1945 , given over to Soviet forces in compliance with the Yalta agreement .

In fact the area surrounding Torgau at first occupied by U.S. forces was later , in July 1945 , given over to Soviet forces .


This marked the beginning of the line of contact between Soviet and American forces , but not the finalized occupation zones .

This marked the beginning of the line of contact between Soviet and American forces , but not the occcupation zones .


The painting represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death .

The painting shows the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples , before his capture and death .


Leonardo was born on April 15 , 1452 ( Old Style ) , `` at the third hour of the night '' in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci , in the lower valley of the Arno River in the territory of the Medici-ruled Republic of Florence .

Leonardo was born on 15 April 1452 , in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci , in the valley of the Arno River .


Leonardo tells the story of the consternation that this statement caused to the twelve followers of Jesus .

Leonardo tells the story of the surprise and upset that this caused to the twelve followers of Jesus .


Mary is seated on the knee of her mother , St Anne .

The cartoon showed the Virgin Mary sitting on the knee of her mother , St Anne .


He was the out-of-wedlock son of the wealthy Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci , a Florentine legal notary , and Caterina , a peasant .

His father was a lawyer , Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci .


It shows specifically the moment when Jesus has just said `` one of you will betray me '' .

Leonardo chose to paint the moment when Jesus has said `` one of you will betray me '' .


Leonardo 's earliest known dated work is a drawing in pen and ink of the Arno valley , drawn on August 5 , 1473 .

Leonardo 's earliest known work is a drawing in pen and ink of the Arno River valley .


Leonardo would have been exposed to both theoretical training and a vast range of technical skills including drafting , chemistry , metallurgy , metal working , plaster casting , leather working , mechanics and carpentry as well as the artistic skills of drawing , painting , sculpting and modelling .

While he was at the workshop , he was able to learn all sorts of other useful skills : chemistry , metallurgy , metal working , plaster casting , leather working , mechanics and carpentry .


According to Vasari , Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ , painting the young angel holding Jesus ' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master 's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again .

Vasari said that Leonardo painted the angel so beautifully that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again .


Leonardo had no surname in the modern sense , `` da Vinci '' simply meaning `` of Vinci '' : his full birth name was `` Lionardo di ser Piero da Vinci '' , meaning `` Leonardo , ( son ) of ( Mes ) ser Piero from Vinci '' .

Leonardo 's full name was `` Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci '' , which means `` Leonardo , the son of Messer ( Mister ) Piero from Vinci '' .


Vasari describes how Leonardo , troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas , told the Duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model .

Leonardo told the Duke that he might use the face of the prior as his model for Judas , the traitor .


In January 1478 , he received his first of two independent commissions : to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio and , in March 1481 , The Adoration of the Magi for the monks of San Donato a Scopeto .

In 1478 , he had an important commission to paint an altarpiece for the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto .


Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499 .

Leonardo stayed in Milan and worked for the Duke between 1482 and 1499 .


The novelist Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time .

Bandello wrote that on some days he would paint from morning till night without stopping to eat .


Leonardo 's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon , being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin , textbooks , and T-shirts .

The best-known drawing is Vitruvian Man .


He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived .

Many people think that he was the most talented person ever to have lived .


Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan .

Duke Ludovico il Moro was making other rulers nervous .


Nevertheless , Leonardo treated him with great indulgence , and he remained in Leonardo 's household for the next thirty years .

Salai stayed in Leonardo 's household for thirty years as a pupil and a servant .


Christina Aguilera appeared in public in Los Angeles on August 10 , 2009 wearing a T-shirt that read `` Auto Tune is for Pussies '' .

Christina Aguilera appeared in public in Los Angeles on August 10 , 2009 wearing a T-shirt that read , `` Auto Tune is for Pussies '' .


Auto-Tune was initially created by Andy Hildebrand , an engineer working for Exxon .

Auto-Tune was first created by Andy Hildebrand , an engineer working for Exxon .


At the 51st Grammy Awards in early 2009 , the band Death Cab for Cutie made an appearance wearing blue ribbons to protest the use of Auto-Tune in the music industry .

At the 51st Grammy Awards in early 2009 , the band Death Cab for Cutie wore blue ribbons to protest the use of Auto-Tune in the music industry .


Auto-Tune is available as a plug-in for professional audio multi-tracking suites used in a studio setting and as a stand-alone , rack-mounted unit for live performance processing .

Auto-Tune can be used as a plug-in for professional audio multi-tracking suites used in a studio setting , and as a stand-alone , rack-mounted unit for live performance processing .


Hildebrand developed methods for interpreting seismic data and subsequently realized that the technology could be used to detect , analyze , and modify the pitch in audio files .

Hildebrand developed methods for interpreting seismic data , and then realized that the technology could be used to detect , analyze , and modify pitch .


Auto-Tune can also be used as an effect to distort the human voice when pitch is raised or lowered significantly .

Auto-Tune can also be used as an effect to distort the human voice when pitch is raised\/lowered a lot .


Jay-Z elaborated that he wrote the song under the personal belief that far too many people had jumped on the Auto-Tune bandwagon , and that the trend had become a gimmick .

Jay-Z said that far too many people had jumped on the Auto-Tune bandwagon and that the trend had become a gimmick .


T-Pain became so associated with Auto-Tune that he has an iPhone App named after him that simulates the effect , called `` I Am T-Pain '' .

T-Pain has even had an iPhone App named after him that copies the effect called `` I Am T-Pain '' .


When later interviewed by Sirius\/XM , however , she said that Auto-Tune was n't bad if used `` in a creative way '' and noted her song `` Elastic Love '' from Bionic uses it .

However when interviewed by Sirius\/XM , she said that Auto-Tune was n't bad if used '' .


Later that spring , Jay-Z titled the lead single of his album The Blueprint 3 as `` D.O.A. ( Death of Auto-Tune ) '' .

Later that spring , Jay-Z named the lead single of his album The Blueprint 3 as `` D.O.A. ( Death of Auto-Tune ) '' .


Auto-Tune is an audio processor created by Antares Audio Technologies which uses a proprietary device to measure and alter pitch in vocal and instrumental music recording and performances .

Auto-Tune is a proprietary audio processor made by Antares Audio Technologies .


Auto-Tune was used to produce the prominent altered vocal effect on Cher 's `` Believe '' .

Auto-Tune was used for vocal effects on Cher 's `` Believe '' , recorded in 1998 .


After the success of `` Believe '' the technique became known as the `` Cher Effect '' .

After the massive success of `` Believe '' , many artists copied the technique , which became known as the `` Cher Effect '' .


However , other country music singers , such as Allison Moorer , Trisha Yearwood , Vince Gill , Garth Brooks and Martina McBride , have refused to use Auto-Tune .

However , other country music singers , such as Loretta Lynn , Allison Moorer , Trisha Yearwood , Vince Gill , Garth Brooks , Martina McBride , and Patty Loveless , have refused to use Auto-Tune .


The use of Auto-Tune as a musical effect was bolstered in the late-2000s by R&B singer T-Pain , who elaborated on the effect and made active use of Auto-Tune in his songs .

Auto-Tune became famous again in the mid-2000s when R&B singer T-Pain made active use of it in his songs .


According to the Boston Herald , country stars Faith Hill , Shania Twain , and Tim McGraw all use Auto-Tune in performance , calling it a safety net that guarantees a good performance .

The Boston Herald revealed that country music stars Faith Hill and Tim McGraw have both said they are using Auto-Tune in performance .


Recorded in 1998 , `` Believe '' was the first commercial recording to use the software for this purpose .

This was the first major hit song to use the software for this purpose .


The processor slightly bends pitches to the nearest true semitone ( to the exact pitch of the nearest tone in traditional equal temperament ) .

Its main purpose is to slightly bend sung pitches to the nearest true semitone .


In Belgium , Merrick was robbed by his road manager and abandoned in Brussels .

In Belgium , Merrick was robbed by his manager and left in Brussels alone .


When he was 10 , his mother died and his father soon remarried .

When he was 11 , his mother died and his father married another woman .


Rejected by his father and stepmother , he left home .

His father and stepmother did not want him at home so he left home .


He became well known in London society after he went to live at the London Hospital .

He then became famous after he went to live at the London Hospital .


Although his condition was incurable , Merrick was allowed to stay at the hospital for the remainder of his life .

Merrick was allowed to live there for the rest of his life .


Soon after Merrick 's visits to the hospital , Tom Norman 's shop was closed by the police and Merrick 's managers sent him to tour in Europe .

Soon afterwards , Merrick 's shop was closed by the police and he went to Belgium .


Joseph Carey Merrick ( 5 August 1862 - 11 April 1890 ) , sometimes incorrectly referred to as John Merrick , was an English man with severe deformities who was exhibited as a human curiosity named the Elephant Man .

Joseph Carey Merrick ( 5 August 1862 - 11 April 1890 ) was an Englishman .


The showmen named Merrick the Elephant Man , and advertised him as `` Half-a-Man and Half-an-Elephant '' .


At around three o'clock in the afternoon , Treves ' house surgeon visited Merrick and found him lying dead across his bed .

A surgeon , Frederick Treves , came to see Merrick and took photographs of him .


Merrick left school aged 13 , which was usual for the time .

Merrick left school aged 12 and tried to find a job but it was difficult because he was deformed and disabled .


Merrick was born in Leicester , Leicestershire and began to develop abnormally during the first few years of his life .

Merrick was born in Leicester , England .


By then , Tom Norman 's shop on Whitechapel Road had been closed , and the Elephant Man had moved on .

He stayed in a shop on Whitechapel Road .


Recognising Merrick , Treves took him in a hansom cab to the London Hospital .

Frederick Treves took him to the London Hospital where Treves worked .


Merrick wrote to Torr , who came and visited him at the workhouse .

In 1884 Merrick wrote to a showman called Sam Torr .


In 1979 , Bernard Pomerance 's play about Merrick called The Elephant Man debuted , and David Lynch 's film , also called The Elephant Man , was released the following year .


The shield is quartered , depicting in the first and fourth quarters the three passant guardant lions of England ; in the second , the rampant lion and double tressure flory-counterflory of Scotland ; and in the third , a harp for Ireland .

The shield is quartered , depicting in the first and fourth quarters the three passant guardant lions of England ; in the second , the rampant lion and double tressure fleury-counter-fleury of Scotland ; and in the third , a harp for Ireland .


Variants of the Royal Arms are used by other members of the Royal Family ; and by the British government in connection with the administration and government of the country .

Different versions are used by other members of the Royal Family ; and by the British Government in connection with the administration and government of the country .


The England national football team represents England at football and is controlled by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England .

The England national football team are a team who play association football for England .


They returned to the new Wembley Stadium in 2007 .

They play their matches in England at Wembley Stadium .


England won the World Cup in 1966 , when they hosted the finals , defeating West Germany 4-2 in extra time in the final .

They won the football World Cup in 1966 when they beat West Germany by 4 goals to 2 at the old Wembley Stadium .


England hosted Euro '96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments , tied for ninth-best .

FIFA World Cup UEFA European Championship British Championship Olympic football tournament


In 1997-1998 , the Turtles starred in a live-action television series called Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation that directly follows the events of the first three movies .

In 1997 , there was a live-action television series called `` Ninja Turtles : The Mutation '' , which was not very successful .


Upon TMNT 's first arrival in the United Kingdom and Ireland the name was changed to `` Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles '' ( or TMHT , for short ) , since local censorship policies deemed the word ninja to have excessively violent connotations for a children 's program ( in Ireland , however , the first season aired as `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' before changing to `` Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles '' ) .

The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( TMNT ) or in the UK earlier known as the Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles ( TMHT ) are a group of fictional characters .


Macrovipera is a genus of venomous vipers that inhabit the semideserts and steppes of North Africa , the Near and Middle East , and the Milos Archipelago in the Aegean Sea .

Macrovipera is a genus of venomous vipers , found in semi-deserts of North Africa , Middle East , and Milos Archipelago in the Aegean Sea .


Species of this genus are found in Morocco , Algeria and Tunis in North Africa , east to Pakistan , Kashmir and India , north to the Milos Archipelago in the Aegean Sea ( Greece ) , Armenia and Dagestan ( Russia ) .

The Large Palearctic Viper lives in dry regions of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunis in North Africa , east to Pakistan , Kashmir , and India , north to Milos Archipelago in the Aegean Sea , and Armenia and Dagestan in Russia .


These snakes are responsible for a number of bites in Africa and Western Asia every year .

The Large Palearctic Viper is responsible for many bites in Africa and western Asia each year .


There are four species currently found .


An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers , or that is no longer in current use .

An extinct language ( or dead language ) is a language which no longer has any native speakers .


If it is caused by wind , it is known as krummholz formation , from the German for ` twisted wood ' .

If it is caused by wind , these are known as krummholz , from the German for ` twisted wood ' .


The alpine tree line at a location is dependent on local variables , such as aspect of slope , rain shadow and proximity to either geographical pole .

Some typical tree-line tree species ( note the predominance of conifers ) : The alpine tree-line at a location is dependent on local variables , such as aspect of slope , rain shadow and proximity to either geographical pole .


The tree line , like many other natural lines ( lake boundaries , for example ) , appears well-defined from a distance , but upon sufficiently close inspection , it is a gradual transition in most places .

The tree line , like many other natural lines ( lake boundaries , for example ) , appears well-defined from a distance , but upon close inspection , it is not that clear .


Here is a list of approximate tree lines from locations around the globe : Like the alpine tree lines shown above , polar tree lines are heavily influenced by local variables such as aspect of slope and degree of shelter .

Given this caveat , here is a list of average tree-lines from locations around the globe : Like the alpine tree-lines shown above , polar tree-lines are heavily influenced by local variables such as aspect of slope and degree of shelter ; trees can often grow in river valleys at latitudes where they could not grow on a more exposed site .


Trees grow shorter towards the inhospitable climate until they simply stop growing .

Trees grow shorter until they simply stop growing .


The tree line is the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing .

The tree-line or timberline is the edge of the habitat at which trees can grow .


There are several types of tree lines defined in ecology and geology : The highest elevation that sustains trees ; higher up , it is too cold or snow cover persists for too much of the year to sustain trees .

There are several types of tree lines defined in ecology and geology : At the tree-line , tree growth is often not clear with the last trees forming low bushes .


Unlike a merchant ship , which carries cargo , a warship typically only carries weapons , ammunition and supplies for its crew .

A warship is a ship carrying weapons , which is used by the navy .


The United States Secretary of Education is the head of the U.S. Department of Education .

The United States Secretary of Education is the head of the Department of Education .


The United States Secretary of Education deals with Education policy .

The United States Secretary of Education deals with Education .


The current Secretary of Education is Arne Duncan , who has held the office since January 2009 .


Weakest Link was a television game show which first appeared in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on 14 August 2000 and ended on 31 March 2012 when its host Anne Robinson ended her contract .

The Weakest Link ( known as Weakest Link in many countries ) is a television game show which first appeared in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on 14 August 2000 .


The format was devised by Fintan Coyle and Cathy Dunning , and developed for television by the BBC Entertainment department .

It was devised by doctor and situation comedy writer Fintan Coyle and the comedian Cathy Dunning , and developed for television by the BBC Entertainment department .


At the end of each round , contestants must vote one player out of the game .

At the end of each round , players vote off one player .


A Fata Morgana is also a fast-changing mirage .

A `` Fata Morgana '' is a complex superior mirage whose appearance can change quickly and dramatically .


The first document became the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , and the second the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights .

Internaional Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights is a treaty of United Nations to ensure economic , social and cultural rights affirmed by Universal Declaration of Human Rights and one of the most important treaties on international human rights law .


At the conference , United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull declared the Good Neighbor Policy , which opposed U.S. armed intervention in inter-American affairs .

At this conference , United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull declared the so-called Good Neighbor Policy which opposed U.S. armed intervention in inter-American affairs .


Furthermore , the first sentence of article 3 explicitly states that `` The political existence of the state is independent of recognition by the other states . ''

In addition , the first sentence of article 3 explicitly states that `` The political existence of the state is independent of recognition by the other states . ''


Some have questioned whether these criteria are sufficient , as they allow less-recognized entities like the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) to claim full status as states .

Some have questioned whether these criteria are sufficient , as they allow less-recognized entities like the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) or even entirely non-recognized entities like the Principality of Sealand to claim full status as states .


The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States was a treaty signed at Montevideo , Uruguay , on December 26 , 1933 , during the Seventh International Conference of American States .

The treaty was signed at Montevideo , Uruguay , on December 26 , 1933 , at the Seventh International Conference of American States .


The convention was signed by 19 states .

The convention was signed by 19 states , three with reservations ( Brazil , Peru and the United States ) .


However , as a restatement of customary international law , the Montevideo Convention merely codified existing legal norms and its principles and therefore does not apply merely to the signatories , but to all subjects of international law as a whole .

The Montevideo Convention only codified existing norms , there is nothing new in the convention .


Queen are a British rock band formed in London in 1970 , originally consisting of Freddie Mercury ( lead vocals , piano ) , Brian May ( guitar , vocals ) , John Deacon ( bass guitar ) , and Roger Taylor ( drums , vocals ) .

The band members were Freddie Mercury ( vocals ) , Brian May ( guitar ) , John Deacon ( bass ) , and Roger Taylor ( drums ) .


The show 's soundtrack also contained other songs by Queen , including `` We Will Rock You '' , `` We Are the Champions '' , and `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' .

Three of their biggest hits were `` We Will Rock You '' , `` We Are the Champions '' and `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' .


While attending Ealing Art College , Tim Staffell became friends with Farrokh Bulsara , a fellow student who had assumed the English name of Freddie .

Tim Staffell became friends with another college student , Farrokh Bulsara ( to be later known as Freddie Mercury ) and Farrokh became a big fan of `` Smile '' and encouraged them a lot .


The Williams pear is thought to date from 1765 to 1770 from the yard of an Aldermaston , England , schoolmaster named Mr. Stair or Mr. Wheeler , giving rise to the now-obscure synonyms Aldermaston pear and Stairs pear .

The Williams pear is thought to date from 1765 to 1770 from the yard of an Aldermaston , England , schoolmaster named Mr. Stair or Mr. Wheeler , giving rise to the now-obscure names Aldermaston pear and Stairs pear .


While more pears are sold fresh in the US than processed , Bartlett pears are the primary choice for canned halves , puree , and most pear juice and nectar in the US , comprising about two-thirds of Bartlett production .

While more pears are sold fresh in the U.S. than processed , Bartlett pears are the primary choice for canned halves , puree , and most pear juice and nectar in the U.S. , comprising about two thirds of Bartlett production .


By that time the Bartlett variety had become vastly popular in the United States , and they are still generally known as Bartlett pears in the US and Canada , although there are about 150 other synonyms worldwide .

By that time the Bartlett variety had become vastly popular in the United States , and they are still generally known as Bartlett pears in the U.S. and Canada , although there are about 150 other names worldwide .


In 1985 , this variety represented 80 % of US pear production while in 2004 it represented 50 % of reported pear production , displaced primarily by the continuing growth of d'Anjou and Bosc pears , both winter pears more tolerant of cold than the Bartlett .

In 1985 , the pear represented 80 % of U.S. pear production , and in 2004 , it represented 50 % of reported pear production , displaced primarily by the continuing growth of d'Anjou and Bosc pears , both winter pears more tolerant of cold than the Bartlett .


A nurseryman named Williams later acquired the variety , and after introducing it to the rest of England , the pear became known as the Williams Pear .

A nurseryman named Williams later acquired the variety , and introducing it to the rest of England , which is why the pear became known as the Williams Pear .


The Williams ' bon chrétien pear , commonly called the Williams pear or the Bartlett pear in the United States and Canada , is the most commonly grown variety of pear in most countries outside Asia .

The Williams ' bon chretien pear , commonly called the Williams pear , or Bartlett pear in the U.S. and Canada , is the most commonly grown variety of pear in most countries outside Asia .


It is considered a summer pear , not as tolerant of cold as some varieties .

It is a summer pear , not as tolerant of cold as some varieties .


Pear trees are usually productive for 50 to 75 years though some still produce fruit after 100 years .

Pear trees are typically in production for an average of 50 to 75 years , although some trees still produce fruit after 100 years .


Harvest from mid-August to mid-September ( Northern Hemisphere ) .

Harvest from mid-August to mid-September .


In 1972 he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ( jointly ) for his pioneering contributions to general equilibrium theory and welfare theory .

In 1972 he received the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences ( jointly ) for his pioneering contribution to general equilibrium theory and welfare theory .


Sir John Richard Hicks ( 8 April 1904 - 20 May 1989 ) was a British economist and one of the most important and influential economists of the twentieth century .

Sir John Richard Hicks ( 8 April 1904 - 20 May 1989 ) was a British economist .


The most familiar of his many contributions in the field of economics were his statement of consumer demand theory in microeconomics , and the IS\/LM model ( 1937 ) , which summarised a Keynesian view of macroeconomics .

In 1937 , he developed the IS\/LM model which summarizes a Keynesian view of macroeconomics .


According to Inca legend , the city was built by Sapa Inca Pachacuti , the man who transformed the Kingdom of Cuzco from a sleepy city-state into the vast empire of Tawantinsuyu .

According to Inca legend , the city was built by Sapa Inca Pachacuti , the man who transformed the Kingdom of Cusco from a sleepy city-state into the vast empire of Tahuantinsuyu .


It is the capital of the Cusco Region as well as the Cuzco Province .


Each local leader was required to build a house in the city and live part of the year in Cusco , but only in the quarter that corresponded to the quarter of the empire in which he had territory .

Each local leader was required to build a house in the city and live part of the year in Cusco , but only in the quarter of Cusco that corresponded to the quarter of the empire he had territory in .


The first Spaniards arrived in the city on 15 November 1533 .

The first Spanish soldiers arrived in the city on November 15 , 1533 .


The city 's Inca architecture , however , withstood the earthquake .

The city 's Inca architecture , however , survived the earthquake .


Francisco Pizarro officially arrived in Cusco on 23 March 1534 , renaming it the `` Very noble and great city of Cuzco '' .

Spanish conquistador , or conqueror , Francisco Pizarro , however , officially refounded Cusco on March 23 , 1534 , naming it the `` Very noble and great city of Cusco '' .


Many of the old Inca walls were at first thought to have been lost after the earthquake , but the granite retaining walls of the Qurikancha were exposed , as well as those of other ancient structures throughout the city .

Many of the old Inca walls were thought to have been lost after the earthquake , but the granite walls of the Koricancha were exposed , as well as many walls throughout the city .


The many buildings constructed after the Spanish invasion have a mixture of Spanish influence with Inca indigenous architecture , including the Santa Clara and San Blas neighborhoods .

The many buildings constructed after the Spanish conquest have Spanish influence with a mix of Inca architecture .


Eventually , they were signed by Warner Bros. .


Hybrid Theory is the debut album by the American rock band Linkin Park , released on October 24 , 2000 through Warner Bros. .

Hybrid Theory is the first studio album by Linkin Park .


In 1998 , after Wakefield 's departure , lead vocalist Chester Bennington joined the five members Xero and the band was renamed to Hybrid Theory .

After Mark Wakefield left Xero , Chester Bennington joined , and their name was changed to `` Hybrid Theory . ''


It flows northwest in a long isolated valley , collecting many tributaries including the Middle Fork Eel River and the North Fork Eel River .

Its largest tributary is the Middle Fork Eel River , followed by the South Fork , Van Duzen River , and North Fork .


U.S. Route 101 runs along the South Fork Eel River and then the main Eel River 's lower course .

The Eel River is a river in the north part of the U.S. state of California .


It also has one of the largest obelisks , weighing 328 tonnes and standing 29 meters tall .

It also has one of the largest obelisks weighing 328 tonnes and standing 29 meters tall .


The sandstone for this temple , including all the columns , was transported from Gebel Silsila 100 miles ( 161 km ) south on the Nile river .

The sandstone for this temple , including all the columns , was transported from Gebel Silsila 100 miles south on the Nile river .


It is part of the monumental city of Thebes .

It was the main place of worship of the eighteenth dynasty , part of the monumental city of Thebes .


Approximately thirty pharaohs contributed to the buildings , enabling it to reach a size , complexity , and diversity not seen elsewhere .

The site reached a size , complexity , and diversity not seen elsewhere .


This is the largest of the precincts of the temple complex , and is dedicated to Amun-Re , the chief deity of the Theban Triad .

This is the largest precinct of the temple complex , dedicated to Amun-Re ( a form of Amun ) , the chief deity .


The area around Karnak was the ancient Egyptian Ipet-isut ( `` The Most Selected of Places '' ) and the main place of worship of the eighteenth dynasty Theban Triad with the god Amun as its head .

The area around Karnak was the ancient Egyptian Ipet-isut ( ` The Most Selected of Places ' ) .


One famous aspect of Karnak is the Hypostyle Hall in the Precinct of Amun-Re , a hall area of 50,000 sq ft ( 5,000 m2 ) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16 rows .

The hall covers an area of 50,000 sq ft ( 5,000 m2 ) .


It is useful in predicting the chance that an extreme earthquake , flood or other natural disaster will occur .

It is also useful in predicting the chance that an extreme earthquake , flood or other natural disaster will occur .


The Gumbel distribution is a particular case of the generalized extreme value distribution ( also known as the Fisher-Tippett distribution ) .

The Gumbel distribution is a probability distribution of extreme values .


Gumbel has shown that the maximum value ( or last order statistic ) in a sample of a random variable following an exponential distribution approaches the Gumbel distribution closer with increasing sample size .

Gumbel distributions are a family of distributions of the same general form .


Dheeran Chinnamalai ( Tamil : தீரன் சின்னமலை born as Theerthagiri Sarkkarai Mandraadiyaar or Theerthagiri Gounder on April 17 , 1756 ) was a Kongu chieftain and Palayakkarar from Tamil Nadu who rose up in revolt against the British East India Company in the Kongu Nadu , Southern India .

Dheeran Chinnamalai ( Tamil : தீரன் சின்னமலை born as Theerthagiri Sarkkarai Mandraadiyaar ( Sarkkarai Mandraadiyaar Refers Payiran Kulam ) or Theerthagiri Gounder on April 17 , 1756 ) was a Kongu chieftain and Palayakkarar from Tamil Nadu who rose up in revolt against the British East India Company in the Kongu Nadu , Southern India .


In the Soviet Union all sparkling wines were called шампанское ( shampanskoe , Russian for champagne ) .

Many people call all sparkling wines champagne but according to trade laws , only sparkling wine from the Champagne region can be called champagne .


The next year , after leaving Iowa City , Cheever went to a treatment center to attempt to overcome his alcoholism , but Carver continued drinking for three years .

The next year , after leaving Iowa City , Cheever went to a treatment center to try to overcome his alcoholism , but Carver continued drinking for three years .


He sat in on classes at what was then Sacramento State College , including workshops with poet Dennis Schmitz .

He sat in on classes at what was then Sacramento State College including workshops with poet Dennis Schmitz .


His one brother , James Franklin Carver , was born in 1943 .

He had one brother , James Franklin Carver , was born in 1943 .


After being hospitalized three times ( between June 1976 and February or March 1977 ) , Carver began his ` second life ' and stopped drinking on June 2 , 1977 , with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous .

After going in the hospital three times ( between June 1976 and February or March 1977 ) , Carver began his ` second life ' and stopped drinking on June 2 , 1977 , with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous .


He and Gallagher jointly purchased a house in Syracuse , at 832 Maryland Avenue .

He and Gallagher bought a house in Syracuse , at 832 Maryland Avenue .


Carver continued his studies first at Chico State University and then at Humboldt State College in Arcata , California , where he studied with Richard Cortez Day and received his B.A. in 1963 .

Carver continued his studies first at Chico State University and then at Humboldt State College in Arcata , California , where he studied with Richard Cortez Day .


In ensuing years , the house became so popular that the couple had to hang a sign outside that read `` Writers At Work '' in order to be left alone .

Later , the house became so popular that the couple had to hang a sign outside that read `` Writers At Work '' so that people would leave them alone .


Carver 's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk .

Carver 's mother sometimes worked as a waitress and as a clerk in a shop .


Carver and Schmitz soon became friends , and Carver 's first book of poems , Near Klamath , was later written and published under Schmitz 's guidance .

Carver and Schmitz soon became friends , and Carver 's first book of poems , Near Klamath , was later written and published with helpful advice from Schmitz .


Carver is buried at Ocean View Cemetery in Port Angeles .

Raymond Carver is buried at Ocean View Cemetery in Port Angeles , WA .


In the fall semester of 1973 , Carver was a visiting lecturer in the Iowa Writers ' Workshop with John Cheever , but Carver stated that they did less teaching than drinking and almost no writing .

In the fall semester of 1973 , Carver was a teacher in the Iowa Writers ' Workshop with John Cheever , but Carver said that they did less teaching than drinking and almost no writing .


His father , a skilled sawmill worker from Arkansas , was a fisherman and a heavy drinker .

His father was a skilled sawmill worker from Arkansas .


In June 1957 , aged 19 , he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk , who had just graduated from a private Episcopal school for girls .

In June 1957 , aged 19 , he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk .


Maryann - who postponed completing her education to support her husband 's educational and literary endeavors - eventually graduated from San Jose State College in 1970 and taught English at Los Altos High School until 1977 .

Maryann graduated from San Jose State College in 1970 and taught English at Los Altos High School until 1977 .


Carver became interested in writing in California , where he had moved with his family because his mother-in-law had a home in Paradise .

He had moved there with his family because his mother-in-law had a home in Paradise .


Carver attended a creative writing course taught by the novelist John Gardner , who became a mentor and had a major influence on Carver 's life and career .

Carver attended a creative-writing course taught by the novelist John Gardner .


in Martha Foley 's annual Best American Short Stories anthology and the impending publication of Near Klamath by the English Club of Sacramento State College , 1967 was a landmark year for Carver .

With his appearance in the respected `` Foley collection , '' the impending publication of Near Klamath by the English Club of Sacramento State College , and the death of his father , 1967 was a landmark year for Carver .


During this period he was first published and served as editor for Toyon , the university literary magazine , in which he published several of his own pieces under pseudonyms .

During this period he was first published and served as editor for the university literary magazine called Toyon .


In the mid-1960s Carver and his family lived in Sacramento , California , where he briefly worked at a bookstore before taking a position as a night custodian at Mercy Hospital .

He worked as a night custodian at Mercy Hospital .


Shortly thereafter , the Carvers relocated to Palo Alto , California , so he could take his first white-collar job at Science Research Associates ( a subsidiary of IBM ) , where he worked intermittently as a textbook editor and public relations director through 1970 .

That was also the year that he moved his family to Palo Alto , California , so that he could take a job as a textbook editor for Science Research Associates .


In 1980 , the two moved to Syracuse , where Gallagher had been appointed the coordinator of the creative writing program at Syracuse University ; Carver taught as a professor in the English department .

Gallagher was the coordinator of the creative writing program at Syracuse University .


The inscription on his tombstone reads : LATE FRAGMENT And did you get what you wanted from this life , even so ?

The words on his grave are : LATE FRAGMENT And did you get what you wanted from this life , even so ?


By his own admission , eventually he more or less gave up writing and took to full-time drinking .

He said that he eventually more or less gave up writing and started drinking all of the time .


Stars of newly opened West End musicals regularly perform a number from their show later in the evening after `` curtain call '' in their respective theaters .

The stars of newly-opened West End musicals also perform songs from their shows later in the evening , after the ` curtain call ' of the actual show performance for that evening .


In the tenor clef , which occurs in orchestral music , the B major key signature is usually written in just two `` lines '' of sharps .

In the alto clef , used in orchestral music , the B major key signature is usually written in just two `` lines '' of sharps .


B major is a major scale based on B. Its key signature has five sharps .


In the treble clef , putting the sharp for A on its expected position relative to the sharp for G would require a ledger line .

In the treble clef , putting the sharp for A where it looks like it should be , next to the sharp for G , would mean that a ledger line would have to be used .


Although B major is usually thought of as a remote key ( due to its distance from C major in the circle of fifths and its fairly large number of sharps ) , Frédéric Chopin regarded its scale as the easiest of all to play , as its black notes fit the natural positions of the fingers well ; as a consequence he often assigned it first to beginning piano students , leaving the scale of C major till last because he considered it the hardest of all scales to play completely evenly ( because of its complete lack of black notes ) .

Although B major is usually thought of as a `` far away '' key because it has many sharps and is quite far from C major in the circle of fifths , Frédéric Chopin thought that it was the easiest scale of all to play , as its black notes fit the natural positions of the fingers well .


In the alto and bass clefs it would be possible to do this , but because in piano music ( which uses the treble and bass clefs ) this would result in a dissimilarity between the two staves that might throw off sight-reading , this is not usually done .

In the bass clef it would be possible to do this without a ledger line , but because sight reading is easier when both staves look the same , it is not usually done in piano music .


In this aspect , it resembled the stegosaurids , which also bore primitive teeth and simple jaws .

In this aspect , they resembled the stegosaurids , which also bore primitive teeth and simple jaws .


It may have reared up on its hind legs to browse on foliage from trees , but its arms were relatively long , indicating a mostly quadrupedal posture .

It may have reared up on its hind legs to browse on foliage from trees , but its forefeet were as large as its hind feet , indicating a mostly quadrupedal posture .


Scelidosaurus was quadrupedal , with the hindlimbs longer than the forelimbs .

Scelidosaurus was quadrupedal , with the hindlimbs considerably longer than the forelimbs .


A full-grown Scelidosaurus was rather small compared to most later non-avian dinosaurs , but it was a medium-sized species in the Early Jurassic .

A full-grown Scelidosaurus was rather small , compared to most other dinosaurs .


However , while some later ornithischian groups possessed teeth capable of grinding plant material , Scelidosaurus had smaller , less complex leaf-shaped teeth suitable for cropping vegetation and jaws capable of only vertical movement , due to a short jaw joint .

However , while other ornithischians had teeth capable of grinding plant material , Scelidosaurus had smaller , less complex teeth and a jaw capable of only simple up-and-down jaw movements .


Its diet would have consisted of ferns or conifers , as grasses did not evolve until late into the Cretaceous Period , after Scelidosaurus was long extinct .

Their diet would have consisted of leaved plants or fruits , as grasses did not evolve until after Scelidosaurus had become extinct .


Ghosts of Albion : Legacy ( 2003 ) and its sequels are available on the BBC Cult website .

Ghosts of Albion : Legacy ( 2003 ) and its sequels are available on the BBC Cult website ( http :\ / \ / www.bbc.co.uk \ / cult\/ghosts\/legacy \ / ) .


The following year ( 2002 ) , she worked with Christopher Golden and AJ ( Ajit Jothikaumar ) of Dark Horse Comics to create the Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Willow and Tara comic books titled Wilderness # 1 and Wilderness # 2 .

During the same year , she worked with Christopher Golden and AJ ( Ajit Jothikaumar ) of Dark Horse Comics to create the Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Willow and Tara comic books titled Wilderness # 1 and Wilderness # 2 .


Amber Nicole Benson ( born January 8 , 1977 ) is an American actress , writer , film director , and film producer .

Amber Nicole Benson ( born January 8 , 1977 ) is an American actress , writer , movie director , and movie producer .


In 2001 , Benson worked with Golden , Terry Moore , and Eric Powell of Dark Horse Comics to create the Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Willow and Tara comic book titled `` WannaBlessedBe '' .

In 2003 , Benson worked with Golden , Terry Moore , and Eric Powell of Dark Horse Comics to create the Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Willow and Tara comic book titled WannaBlessedBe .


Benson and Golden have also collaborated on two supernatural thrillers : Ghosts of Albion : Accursed and Ghosts of Albion : Witchery .

Benson and Golden have also worked together on two supernatural thrillers : Ghosts of Albion : Accursed and Ghosts of Albion : Witchery .


She provided vocals for the songs `` I 've Got a Theory \ / Bunnies \ / If We 're Together '' , `` Under Your Spell '' ( her solo ) , `` Walk Through the Fire '' , `` Standing\/Under Your Spell ( Reprise ) '' and `` Where Do We Go from Here ? ''

She sang on the songs `` I 've Got a Theory \ / Bunnies \ / If We 're Together '' , `` Under Your Spell '' ( her solo ) , `` Walk Through the Fire '' , `` Standing\/Under Your Spell ( Reprise ) '' and `` Where Do We Go From Here ? ''


She had a mixed Christian and Jewish upbringing ( her father was Jewish and her mother was Christian ) .

She had a mixed Christian and Jewish upbringing .


In 2006 , Benson released her second independent feature film Lovers , Liars & Lunatics through her own production company , Benson Entertainment .

In 2006 , Benson released her second movie Lovers , Liars and Lunatics through her own production company , Benson Entertainment .


She also collaborated with director James Kerwin in 2003 to produce her play , Albert Hall , in Hollywood .

In 2003 , she worked with director James Kerwin to produce her play , Albert Hall , in Hollywood .


These books follow the fortunes of Tamara and William Swift , who first appeared in the BBC computer animated web movie Ghosts of Albion : Legacy .

These books follow the stories of Tamara and William Swift , characters from the BBC computer animated web movie Ghosts of Albion : Legacy .


In 2005 , Benson collaborated with artist Jamie McKelvie on a short story within the Image Comics collection Four Letter Worlds .

In 2005 , Benson worked with artist Jamie McKelvie on a short story for the Image Comics collection Four Letter Worlds .


While still working on Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Benson co-wrote the movie The Theory of the Leisure Class with director Gabriel Bologna , released in 2001 , and directed , produced , edited , and acted in a digital video feature called Chance ( 2002 ) which also featured her Buffy co-star James Marsters .

While still working on Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Benson wrote , directed , produced , edited , and acted in a movie called Chance ( 2002 ) .


In 2006 , Benson collaborated with artist Ben Templesmith on Demon Father John 's Pinwheel Blues published by IDW as a four-part split-book , Shadowplay ( with work by Ashley Wood and Christina Z ) .

In 2006 , Benson worked with artist Ben Templesmith on Demon Father John 's Pinwheel Blues published by IDW .


In September 2007 , Benson signed a three-book deal with Ginjer Buchanan of Penguin Books .

In September of 2007 , Benson signed a three-book deal with Penguin Books .


Benson was born January 8 , 1977 in Birmingham , Alabama , to Edward Benson , a psychiatrist , and Diane Benson .

Benson was born in Birmingham , Alabama .


She is best known for her role as Tara Maclay on the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , but has also directed , produced and starred in her own films Chance ( 2002 ) and Lovers , Liars & Lunatics ( 2006 ) .

She is best known for her role as `` Tara Maclay '' , on the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer .


Benson and Christopher Golden produced began a series of animated fantasy films for the BBC with the animation studio Cosgrove Hall .

After her time on Buffy , Benson began working on a series of animated movies for the BBC with co-creator Christopher Golden and animation company Cosgrove Hall .


From 1579 on the region belonged to Saxony , and after 1815 it was divided between the Prussian Province of Saxony and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen .

From 1579 on the region belonged to Saxony , but after 1815 it was divided between the Prussian Province of Saxony and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen .


The Kyffhäuserkreis is a district in the northern part of Thuringia , Germany .

Kyffhäuserkreis is a rural district in the northern part of Thuringia , Germany .


In 1952 the two districts of Artern and Sondershausen were established .

In 1952 the two districts of Artern and Sondershausen were set up by the East German government .


At that time it was the largest air force in the world .

It is the oldest air force in the world .


The Royal Air Force ( RAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the British Armed Forces .

The Royal Air Force ( sometimes called RAF , its acronym ) , is the air force of the United Kingdom .


Death of a Salesman is a 1949 play written by American playwright Arthur Miller .

Death of a Salesman is a 1949 tragedy play which was written by Arthur Miller .


The ColecoVision offered near-arcade-quality graphics and gaming style along with the means to expand the system 's basic hardware .

The ColecoVision offered arcade-quality graphics and gaming style , and the means to expand the system 's basic hardware .


The name Proterozoic comes from Greek and means `` earlier life '' .

The name Proterozoic comes from the Greek `` earlier life '' .


A further Act of Union in 1800 added the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .

A further Act of Union in 1800 joined the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .


As a result , in 1927 the United Kingdom changed its formal title to the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , '' usually shortened to the `` United Kingdom '' , the `` UK '' or `` Britain '' .

As a result , in 1927 Britain changed its formal title to `` The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' , usually shortened to `` the United Kingdom '' , `` the UK '' or `` Britain '' .


Under the terms of the merger , the separate Parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland were abolished , and replaced by a united Parliament of the United Kingdom .

The separate Parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland were abolished , and replaced by a united Parliament of the United Kingdom .


The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was brought about by the Act of Union 1800 , creating the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland '' .

The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was completed under the Act of Union 1800 .


On 1 January 1801 , the Great Britain and Ireland joined to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .

The second stage in the development of the United Kingdom took effect on January , 1st , 1801 , when the Kingdom of Great Britain merged with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .


The history of the United Kingdom as a unified sovereign state began in 1707 with the political union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland , into a united kingdom called Great Britain .

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the sovereign state .


Ireland thus became an integral part of the United Kingdom , sending around 100 MPs to the House of Commons at Westminster and 28 representative peers to the House of Lords , elected from among their number by the Irish peers themselves , except that Roman Catholic peers were not permitted to take their seats in the Lords .

Ireland sent around 100 MPs to the House of Commons at Westminster and 28 peers to the House of Lords .


Substantial majorities were achieved , and according to contemporary documents this was assisted by bribery in the form of the awarding of peerages and honors to opponents to gain their votes .

The Act was passed in the British and therefore unrepresentative Irish Parliament with substantial majorities achieved in part ( according to contemporary documents ) through bribery , namely the awarding of peerages and honors to critics to get their votes .


Although now a single kingdom , certain aspects of the former independent kingdoms remained separate , in line with the terms in the Treaty of Union : Scottish and English law remained separate , as did the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and the Anglican Church of England .

Certain aspect of the former independent kingdoms remained separate .


The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics .

The study of optical fibers is called fiber optics , which is part of applied science and engineering .


Optical fibers have a wide number of applications .

An optical fiber is a long , thin strand of clear material .


Lowell is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , USA .


On December 7 , 1997 , Michinoku defeated Brian Christopher at D-Generation X : In Your House to become the first WWF Light Heavyweight Champion recognized by the WWF .

During his time in the WWF , Michinoku became the first ever WWF Light Heavyweight Champion when he defeated Brian Christopher at D-Generation X : In Your House .


( born October 26 , 1973 ) , better known by his ring name Taka Michinoku , is a professional wrestler who has wrestled all over the world as well he was a former mixed martial artist .

Takao Yoshida ( born October 26 , 1973 ) is a Japanese professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist who is currently working for New Japan Pro Wrestling under the ring name , Taka Michinoku .


At this the orchestra exploded with the most vehement protestations - hammer blows , in fact ... '' Later , he said : `` In composing the music , I had in my mind a distinct picture of a puppet , suddenly endowed with life , exasperating the patience of the orchestra with diabolical cascades of arpeggios .

Stravinsky was thinking of the Russian hand puppet , Petrushka , when he wrote the concert piece : `` In composing the music , I had in my mind a distinct picture of a puppet , suddenly endowed with life , exasperating the patience of the orchestra with diabolical cascades of arpeggios .


Gribbles bore into wood and plant material for ingestion as food .

Gribbles bore into wood and plant material for food .


The term `` gribble '' was originally assigned to the wood-boring species , especially the first species described from Norway by Jens Rathke in 1799 , Limnoria lignorum .

The term gribble was originally used for the wood-boring species , especially the first species described from Norway by Rathke in 1799 , Limnoria lignorum .


A gribble ( or gribble worm ) is any of about 56 species of marine isopod from the family Limnoriidae .

A gribble is any species of marine isopod from the family Limnoriidae .


The Limnoriidae are now known to include seaweed and seagrass borers , as well as wood borers .

The Limnoriidae have species which bore into seaweed and sea grass , as well as wood borers .


John Dube , its first president , and poet and author Sol Plaatje were among its founding members .

John Dube , its first president , and poet and author Sol Plaatje are among its founding members .


The ANC has also been criticised for its subsequent abolition of the Scorpions , the multidisciplinary agency that investigated and prosecuted organised crime and corruption , and was heavily involved in the investigation into Zuma and Shaik .

The ANC has also been criticised for its subsequent abolishment of the Scorpions , the multidisciplinary agency that investigated and prosecuted organised crime and corruption , and was heavily involved in the investigation into Zuma and Shaik .


There was a significant portion of the ANC who therefore turned to violence to achieve their goals .

There was a significant portion of the ANC who therefore turned to violence in order to achieve their goals .


In co-operation with the South African Communist Party , MK was founded in 1961 .

In cooperation with the South African Communist Party , MK was founded in 1961 .


Whites eventually joined the fight against apartheid , leading many Black nationalists to break away from the ANC .

Whites eventually joined the fight against apartheid , leading many black supremacists to break away from the ANC .


Umkhonto we Sizwe or MK , translated `` Spear of the Nation '' , was the military wing of the ANC .

Umkhonto we Sizwe ( or MK ) , translated `` Spear of the Nation '' , was the military wing of the ANC .


The MK committed terrorist acts to achieve their aims , and MK was responsible for the deaths of both civilians and members of the military .

Some members of MK committed terrorist acts to achieve their aims , and MK was responsible for the deaths of both civilians and members of the military .


The government tried to stop the ANC by banning party leaders and enacting new laws to stop the ANC , however these measures ultimately proved to be ineffective .

The government tried to stop the ANC by banning party leaders and enacting new laws to stop the ANC , however these measures failed .


In 1955 , the Congress of the People officially adopted the Freedom Charter , stating the core principles of the South African Congress Alliance , which consisted of the African National Congress and its allies the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) , the South African Indian Congress , the South African Congress of Democrats ( COD ) and the Coloured People 's Congress .

In 1955 , the Congress of the People officially adopted the Freedom Charter , stating the core principles of the South African Congress Alliance , which consisted of the African National Congress and its allies the South African Indian Congress , the South African Congress of Democrats and the Coloured People 's Congress .


German detectives raided the offices of the German company and found documentation linking Yengeni to the bribe Other recent corruption issues include the sexual misconduct and criminal charges of Beaufort West municipal manager Truman Prince , and the Oilgate scandal , in which millions of Rand in funds from a state-owned company were allegedly funnelled into ANC coffers .

Other recent corruption issues include the sexual misconduct and criminal charges of Beaufort West municipal manager Truman Prince , and the Oilgate scandal , in which millions of Rand in funds from a state-owned company were allegedly funneled into ANC coffers .


The African National Congress ( ANC ) is the Republic of South Africa 's governing political party , supported by its Tripartite Alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) and the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) , since the establishment of multi-racial democracy in April 1994 .

The African National Congress ( ANC ) , supported by the Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) and the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) , has been South Africa 's governing left-wing political party since the establishment of non-racial democracy in April 1994 .


Members founded the organization as the South African Native National Congress ( SANNC ) on 8 January 1912 at the Waaihoek Wesleyan Church in Bloemfontein to increase the rights of the black South African population .

Members founded the organization as the South African Native National Congress ( SANNC ) on 8 January 1912 in Bloemfontein to increase the rights of the black South African population .


It can be said that the SANNC had its origins in a pronouncement by Pixley ka Isaka Seme who said in 1911 , `` Forget all the past differences among Africans and unite in one national organization . ''

The ANC had its origins in a pronouncement by Pixley ka Isaka Seme who said in 1911 Forget all the past differences among Africans and unite in one national organization .


This led to a later Defiance Campaign in the 1950s , a mass movement of resistance to apartheid .

This led to a later Defiance Campaign in the 1950s , a mass movement of resistance to South Africa under apartheid .


Further increases in 2004 , with 69.7 % of the votes .

It gained support in the 1999 elections , and further increased its majority in 2004 , with 69.7 % of the votes .


Many consider their actions to be criminal , but the MK deemed the means justified by the end goal of ending apartheid .

Many consider their actions to be criminal , but the MK said violence was justified by the goal of ending apartheid .


By 1927 , J.T. Gumede ( president of the ANC ) proposed co-operation with the Communists in a bid to revitalise the organization , but he was voted out of power in the 1930s .

By 1927 , J.T. Gumende ( president of the ANC ) proposed cooperation with the Communists in a bid to revitalise the organization , but he was voted out of power in the 1930s .


Partly in response to the Sharpeville massacre of 1960 , individual members of the ANC found it necessary to consider violence to combat what passive protest had failed to quell .

Partly in response to the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 , individual members of the ANC thought violence was needed because peaceful passive protest had failed .


In 1923 , the organization became the African National Congress , and in 1929 the ANC supported a militant mineworkers ' strike .

By 1919 , the ANC led a campaign against passes , and in 1929 the ANC supported a militant mineworkers ' strike .


The Land Act was promulgated in 1913 forcing many non-whites from their farms into the cities and towns to work , and to restrict their movement within South Africa .

The effect of these laws was to force many non-whites from their farms into the cities and towns to work , and to restrict their movement within South Africa .


The ANC spent over R1 billion of taxpayers ' money on luxury vehicles , expensive hotels , banquets , advertising and other `` wasteful expenditure '' between August 2009 and April 2010 .

The ANC has reportedly wasted over R1 billion of taxpayers ' money over the past eight months on luxury vehicles , expensive hotels , banquets , advertising and other `` wasteful expenditure '' The main thrust behind this reporting is the official opposition in the country , the Democratic Alliance ( DA ) .


During that time , black people were also represented by the ICU and the previously white-only Communist party .

During that time , black people were also represented by the Industrial and Commercial Workers ' Union and the once white-only Communist party .


Event Horizon is a 1997 American science fiction horror film .

Event Horizon is a 1997 Anglo-American science fiction horror movie .


The film stars Laurence Fishburne and Sam Neill .

It stars Laurence Fishburne , Sam Neill , Kathleen Quinlan and Joely Richardson .


She is best known from the account given by the Roman poet Virgil in his Aeneid .

She is best known from the story about her in the Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil .


Dido married Acerbas her uncle who as priest of Heracles-that is , Melqart-was second in power to King Pygmalion .

She was married to Acerbas who was a priest of Hercules .


Flannel , flannelette , and cotton flannel can be woven in either a twill weave or plain weave .

Flannel , flannelette and cotton flannel can be woven in either a twill weave or plain weave .


Flannelette can either have long or short nap , and can be napped on one or two sides .

Flannelette can either have long or short nap , and can be napped on only one or two sides .


Flannel was originally made from carded wool or worsted yarn , but is now often made from either wool , cotton , or synthetic fiber .

Flannel was originally made from carded wool or worsted yarn , but is now often made from either wool and cotton , or wool and synthetic fiber .


Flannel is commonly used to make tartan clothing , blankets , bed sheets , and sleepwear .

It is commonly used to make clothing , bed sheets , and sleepwear .


If the flannel is not napped , it gains its softness through the loosely spun yarn in its woven form .

It usually does not have a nap , and instead gains its softness through the loosely spun yarn it is woven from .


Flannelette typically refers to a napped cotton the texture of flannel .

Flannelette is a light , napped cotton fabric imitating the texture of flannel .


In organisms that use chromosomal crossover to exchange DNA and recombine genes , errors in alignment during meiosis can also cause mutations .

In organisms which use chromosomal crossovers to exchange DNA and recombine genes , errors in alignment during meiosis can also cause mutations .


The modern science of genetics , seeking to understand this process , began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century .

However , the modern science of genetics , which seeks to understand the process of inheritance , only began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century .


The observation that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding .

The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been known since prehistoric times , and used to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding .


Chemical damage to DNA occurs naturally as well and cells use DNA repair mechanisms to repair mismatches and breaks .

Chemical damage to DNA occurs naturally as well , and cells use DNA repair mechanisms to repair mismatches and breaks in DNA-nevertheless , the repair sometimes fails to return the DNA to its original sequence .


Processes that increase the rate of changes in DNA are called mutagenic : mutagenic chemicals promote errors in DNA replication , often by interfering with the structure of base-pairing , while UV radiation induces mutations by causing damage to the DNA structure .

Mutagenic chemicals increase errors in DNA replication , often by interfering with the structure of base-pairing , while UV radiation induces mutations by causing damage to the DNA structure .


These errors create large structural changes in DNA sequence - duplications , inversions , deletions of entire regions - or the accidental exchange of whole parts of sequences between different chromosomes ( chromosomal translocation ) .

These errors create large structural changes in DNA sequence-duplications , inversions or deletions of entire regions , or the accidental exchanging of whole parts between different chromosomes ( called translocation ) .


Mendel observed that organisms inherit traits by way of discrete `` units of inheritance '' .

Although he did not know the physical basis for heredity , Mendel observed that organisms inherit traits via discrete units of inheritance , which are now called genes .


During the process of DNA replication , errors occasionally occur in the polymerization of the second strand .

During the process of DNA replication , errors sometimes occur .


The set of alleles for a given organism is called its genotype , while the observable traits of the organism are called its phenotype .

The whole set of genes is called the genotype , and the total effect of genes on the body is called the phenotype .


These errors , called mutations , can have an impact on the phenotype of an organism , especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene .

These errors , called mutations , can have an effect on the phenotype of an organism .


When organisms are heterozygous at a gene , often one allele is called dominant as its qualities dominate the phenotype of the organism , while the other allele is called recessive as its qualities recede and are not observed .

In that case , the two alleles are called co-dominant .


When a plant has two copies of this white allele , its flowers are white-regardless of whether the first gene has blue or magenta alleles .

Since a living thing has two copies of each gene , it can have two different alleles of it at the same time .


Although the science of genetics began with the applied and theoretical work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century , other theories of inheritance preceded Mendel .

However , the science of genetics would not be possible today without the early work of Gregor Mendel .


When studying human genetic diseases , geneticists often use pedigree charts to represent the inheritance of traits .

Geneticists can also use pedigree charts to predict how traits will be passed to future children in a family .


Some genes are transcribed into RNA but are not translated into protein products-such RNA molecules are called non-coding RNA .

The basic idea is that DNA is transcribed into RNA , which is then translated into proteins .


These different , discrete versions of the same gene are called alleles .

These different versions are known as alleles of the gene .


In the case of pea , which is a diploid species , each individual plant has two copies of each gene , one copy inherited from each parent .

A living thing has two copies of each gene , one from its mother , and one from its father .


Located in northeast India , Arunachal Pradesh borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south , and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west , Myanmar in the east and the People 's Republic of China in the north .

Arunachal Pradesh is a state in the Republic of India .


Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against , PIM = Penalties in minutes Note : Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold Two expansion teams , Buffalo Sabres and Vancouver Canucks , are added .


The East Division of the National Hockey League existed from 1967 until 1974 when the league realigned into two conferences of two divisions each .

The East Division of the National Hockey League existed from 1967 , when the NHL was made up of a single division , until 1974 when the league changed its format into two conferences of two divisions each .


Section 61 of the Constitution provides that ` The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor‑General as the Queen 's representative , and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution , and of the laws of the Commonwealth ' .

Section 61 of the Constitution says that ` The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor‑General as the Queen 's representative , and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution , and of the laws of the Commonwealth ' .


The ACT and the NT also elect two senators each .

The ACT and the NT elect two senators each .


Though in many respects the Governor-General is the Queen 's representative , and exercises various constitutional powers in her name , they are also independently vested with many important powers by the Constitution .

Though in many respects the Governor-General is the Queen 's representative , and exercises various constitutional powers in her name , they are also independently vested with many important constitutional powers by the Constitution .


While Australian citizens living in the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory are represented in the Commonwealth Parliament , Norfolk Islanders are not represented federally .

While Australian citizens living in the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory are represented in the Commonwealth Parliament , Norfolk Islanders are not .


The Legislature makes the laws , and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws when appropriate .

The Legislature makes the laws , and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws if needed .


Section 2 of the Australian Constitution provides that a Governor-General shall represent the Queen in Australia .

Section 2 of the Australian Constitution says that a Governor-General shall represent the Queen in Australia .


Under the conventions of the Westminster system the Governor-General 's powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers .

Under the Westminster system the Governor-General 's powers are almost always used on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers .


Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six-year terms , using proportional representation and the single transferable vote ( known in Australia as `` preferential voting '' : see Australian electoral system ) , with half elected every three years .

Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six-year terms , using proportional representation and the single transferable vote ( known in Australia as `` preferential voting '' , with half elected every three years .


The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in various other Australian state capitals , most frequently Sydney and Melbourne .

The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in other Australian state capitals , most often Sydney and Melbourne .


When the Labor first held office under Chris Watson , Watson assumed the right to choose members of his Cabinet .

When the Labor first held office under Chris Watson , Watson used the right to choose members of his Cabinet .


Instead , these territories are largely governed by Commonwealth law , with Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands also having local governments .

Instead , these territories are governed by federal laws , with Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands also having local governments .


The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament , of which they must , in most circumstances , be members .

The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament , of which they must be members .


Australia 's other territories that are regularly inhabited ( Jervis Bay , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ) are not self-governing .

Australia 's other territories , ( Jervis Bay , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ) are not self-governing .


Further , each State has its own constitution , so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments , none of which can encroach on the functions of any other .

Each State has its own constitution , so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments , none of which can take over the powers of any other .


The proposal would have removed references to the Queen from the Constitution and replaced the Governor-General with a President nominated by the Prime Minister , but subject to the approval of a two-thirds majority of both Houses of the Parliament .

The proposal would have removed the Queen from the Constitution and replaced the Governor-General with a President nominated by the Prime Minister , but needing the approval of a two-thirds majority of both Houses of the Parliament .


When the Liberal Party and its predecessors ( the Nationalist Party and the United Australia Party ) have been in coalition with the National Party or its predecessor the Country Party , the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party 's members of the Coalition ministry , and to be consulted by the Prime Minister on the allocation of their portfolios .

When the Liberal Party and its predecessors ( the Nationalist Party and the United Australia Party ) have been in coalition with the National Party or its predecessor the Country Party , the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right decide his party 's members of the Coalition ministry , and to work with the Prime Minister to give them their responsibilities .


The day-to-day business of the house is usually negotiated between a designated senior Minister , who holds the title Leader of the House , and an Opposition frontbencher known as the Manager of Opposition Business in the House .

The day-to-day business of the house is usually worked out between a senior Minister , who holds the title Leader of the House , and an Opposition frontbencher known as the Manager of Opposition Business .


Thus New South Wales has 48 members while Tasmania has five .

So New South Wales has 50 members while Tasmania has only five .


In 1907 , however , the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party , the Caucus , and the Prime Minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios .

In 1907 , however , the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party , the Caucus .


Under the prevailing Westminster system , the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the support of a majority of the members in the House of Representatives is invited to form a government and is named Prime Minister .

In the Westminster system , the leader of the political party or group of parties that holds the support of a majority of the members in the House of Representatives is asked to form a government and is named Prime Minister .


Section 51 of the Constitution provides for the Commonwealth Government 's legislative powers and allocates certain powers and responsibilities ( known as `` heads of power '' ) to the Commonwealth government .

Section 51 of the Constitution sets out the Commonwealth Government 's legislative powers and gives certain powers and responsibilities ( known as `` heads of power '' ) to the federal government .