The show 's creators based each bending style on an existing martial art , leading to clear visual and physical differences in the techniques used by Waterbenders ( T'ai chi ch ` uan ) , Earthbenders ( Hung Ga kung fu , for the most part ) , Firebenders ( Northern Shaolin kung fu ) and Airbenders ( Baguazhang ) .

The show 's creators based each Bending style on a style of real-world martial art , leading to visual differences in the techniques used by Waterbenders ( tai chi chuan ) , Earthbenders ( Hung Ga kung fu , for the most part ) , Firebenders ( Northern Shaolin kung fu ) and Airbenders ( baguazhang ) .


Each nation has a distinct society , wherein people known as `` benders '' have the ability to manipulate and control the element of their nation using the physical motions of martial arts .

Furthermore , people known as Benders have the ability to manipulate the eponymous element of their nation using the physical motions of martial arts .


Avatar : The Last Airbender ( Avatar : The Legend of Aang in some regions ) is an American animated television series that aired for three seasons on Nickelodeon from 2005 to 2008 .

Avatar : The Last Airbender ( in Europe known as Avatar : The Legend of Aang ) is an American animated television series that aired for three seasons on Nickelodeon .


The show is obtainable from various sources , including DVD , the iTunes Store , the Zune Marketplace , the Xbox Live Marketplace , the PlayStation Store , Netflix Instant Play ( formerly ) , Amazon Instant Video , and the Nicktoons Network .

The show is obtainable from various sources , including on DVD , the iTunes Store , the Zune Marketplace , the Xbox Live Marketplace , the PlayStation Store , Netflix Instant Play , and on the Nicktoons Network .


Avatar : The Last Airbender takes place in a world home to humans , hybrid animals , and spirits .

Avatar : The Last Airbender takes place in a world that is home to humans , fantastic animals , and spirits .


But should an Avatar ever be killed in the Avatar State , the reincarnation cycle would be broken with the Avatar ceasing to exist .

If an Avatar is killed in the Avatar State , the cycle will be broken , and the Avatar will cease to exist .


An Avatar incarnation is born either male or female , and is required to master each bending art in seasonal order , starting with their native\/birth element .

Legend holds the Avatar must master each bending art in seasonal order as well , starting with their native element .


Aang learns of the war occurring in his absence , and the siblings join him to reach the Northern Water Tribe at the North Pole , so that he and Katara can learn Waterbending from a master .

The three travel to the Northern Water Tribe so Aang and Katara can learn Waterbending .


At any given time , there is only one person in the world capable of bending all four major elements : the Avatar .

At any given time , there is only one person alive in the world of Avatar who is able of bending all four elements : the show 's titular Avatar , the spirit of the planet manifested in human form .


The pilot episode first aired on February 21 , 2005 and the series concluded with a widely praised two-hour episode on July 19 , 2008 .

The pilot episode ( The Boy in the Iceberg ) first aired on 21 February 2005 and the series concluded with a widely-praised two-hour television movie on 19 July 2008 .


Aang discovers the genocide of his people while visiting the Southern Air Temple .

While on their journey , Aang and friends visit the Southern Air Temple where Aang discovers that the Fire Nation destroyed the Air Nomads .


It was also commercially successful , garnering 5.6 million viewers on its best-rated showing and receiving high ratings in the Nicktoons lineup , even outside its 6 - to 11-year-old demographic .

Avatar : The Last Airbender was popular with both audiences and critics , garnering 5.6 million viewers on its best-rated showing and receiving high ratings in the Nicktoons lineup , even outside its 6-11-year-old demographic .


Katara , a fourteen-year-old Southern Tribe Waterbender , and her older brother Sokka find the iceberg containing Aang and Appa and free them .

A hundred years later Katara , a fourteen-year-old Waterbender girl , and her older warrior brother , Sokka , free Aang and Appa from the iceberg .


Aang , frightened of his new responsibilities and of separation from his mentor Gyatso , fled his home on his flying bison , Appa .

Fearful of the heavy responsibilities and the separation from his beloved mentor Monk Gyatso , Aang flees from home on his animal guide , a flying bison named Appa .


Specialty Records was an American record label based in Los Angeles .

Specialty Records was an American record label from Los Angeles .


Specialty is noted for the rhythm and blues , blues , gospel and early rock and roll music recorded by the label .

Speciality is known for its rhythm and blues , blues , gospel and early rock and roll music which the label recorded .


Specialty also had two music publishing companies , Venice Music for BMI licensed songs and Greenwich Music for ASCAP licensed songs .

Specialty also had two music publishing companies , Venice Music and Greenwich Music .


It was originally launched as Juke Box Records in 1946 , but later renamed by its owner Art Rupe when he parted company with a couple of his original partners .

It was founded as Juke Box Records in 1946 , but renamed by its owner Art Rupe when separated from some of his former partners .


Art Rupe was known for being one of the most honest owners of an independent R&B record company in the 1950s .

Art Rupe was famous for being one of the most honest men in recording business .


The record label was sold to Fantasy Records in 1991 and is now part of the Concord Music Group .

In 1991 the label was sold to the Concord Music Group which has reissued albums by a number of Specialty 's original artists .


The Saint Helena Plover ( Charadrius sanctaehelenae ) locally known as Wirebird due to its thin legs , is a small wader endemic to the island of Saint Helena .

The Saint Helena Plover ( Charadrius sanctaehelenae ) , locally known as Wirebird , is a small bird ( a plover ) endemic to the island of Saint Helena .


The bird was first mentioned in 1638 , and is the national bird of Saint Helena , featured on the island 's coat of arms and flag .

The bird was first mentioned in 1638 , and is the national bird of Saint Helena ; it appears on the top half of the island 's coat of arms .


Kittlitz 's Plover is the Saint Helena bird 's closest relative .

Kittlitz 's Plover ( Charadrius pecuarius ) is the Saint Helena bird 's closest relative ; for some authors , the Saint Helena Plover is a subspecies of the Kittlitz 's plover but most zoologists think that they are two different species .


Some older local 5 pence coins ( those issued prior to 1998 ) have the Wirebird on its reverse .

Some older coins of Saint Helena ( before 1998 ) have the Wirebird on its reverse .


On 6 June 1979 , the world depth record held by the Bertha Rogers hole in Washita County , Oklahoma , United States , at 9,583 m ( 31,440 ft ) was broken .

The machines broke the earlier record for the deepest hole-held by the 9,583-meter ( 31,440 ft ) Bertha Rogers hole in Washita County , Oklahoma , in the United States-on June 6 , 1979 .


This idle period may have contributed to a breakdown on 27 September 1984 : after drilling to 12,066 m ( 39,587 ft ) , a 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) section of the drill string twisted off and was left in the hole .

On September 27 , 1984 , the machine broke at a depth of 12,066 m or 39,587 ft ; its drill string twisted off and was left in the hole .


Coordinates : 69 ° 23 ′ 46.39 ″ N 30 ° 36 ′ 31.20 ″ E \ / 69.3962194 ° N 30.6086667 ° E \ / 69.3962194 ; 30.6086667 The Kola Superdeep Borehole ( Russian : Кольская сверхглубокая скважина , Kolskaya sverkhglubokaya skvazhina ) is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union in the Pechengsky District , on the Kola Peninsula .

Coordinates : 69 ° 23 ′ 46.39 ″ N 30 ° 36 ′ 31.20 ″ E \ / 69.3962194 ° N 30.608667 ° E \ / 69.3962194 ; 30.608667 The Kola Superdeep Borehole ( Russian : Кольская сверхглубокая скважина , Kolskaya sverkhglubokaya skvazhina ) was a very deep hole on the Kola Peninsula in Russia .


Drilling began on 24 May 1970 using the Uralmash-4E , and later the Uralmash-15000 series drilling rig .


Guangzhou is the third largest Chinese city and southern China 's largest city .

Guangzhou is the core city of South China .


Guangzhou , known historically as Canton or , less commonly as Kwangchow , is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province , People 's Republic of China .

Guangzhou , the capital of Guangdong Province of China , is also called the City of Flowers .


It is situated very close to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport .

Guangzhou has Baiyun Airport , which is one of the three most important parts of air transportation in the country .


In addition to supplying cellular energy , mitochondria are involved in other tasks such as signaling , cellular differentiation , cell death , as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth .

In addition to supplying cellular energy , mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes , such as signalling , cellular differentiation , cell death , as well as the control of the cell division cycle and cell growth .


Although most of a cell 's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own independent genome .

Although most of a cell 's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own independent genome , called mDNA .


Because of this double-membraned organization , there are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion .

Because of this double-membraned organization , there are five distinct compartments within the mitochondrion .


A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins .

A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes .


The German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association ( German : Deutsche Kernreaktor-Versicherungsgemeinschaft - DKVG ) is an association of German insurers of the nuclear industry located in Cologne .

The German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association ( German : Deutsche Kernreaktor-Versicherungsgemeinschaft - DKVG ) - an association of German insurers of the nuclear industry in Cologne .


Throughout the association 's history , it has only once had to pay a claim ; the claim amounted to approximately $ 10,000 to $ 15,000 .

Throughout the association 's history , it has only once had to pay a claim ; the claim amounted to about $ 10,000 to $ 15,000 .


There is an extensive biography of him in the book The Lawudo Lama by Jamyang Wangmo .

There is an extensive biography of him in the book ` The Lawudo Lama ' , by Jamyang Wangmo .


Free transcripts of some of his teachings are available from the Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive .

Free books and a vast online collection of his teachings are available from the Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive .


Since the 1984 death of Lama Yeshe , Lama Zöpa has served as the FPMT 's spiritual director .

Since the 1984 death of Lama Yeshe , Lama Zopa has served as the FPMT 's spiritual director .


He took his monastic vows at Dungkar Monastery in Tibet where he traveled in 1957 , but he had to flee due to severe treatment on monks inflicted by the Chinese army after the 1959 Tibetan uprising .

He took his monks vows at Dungkar Monastery in Tibet and has received teachings from many high lamas .


Christian VII ( 29 January 1749 - 13 March 1808 ) was an Oldenburg monarch who ruled as King of Denmark and Norway and Duke of Schleswig and Holstein from 1766 until his death .

Christian VII of Denmark ( 29 January 1749 - 13 March 1808 ) was the King of Denmark and Norway from 1766 to 1808 , and the duke of Schleswig and Holstein .


He was the son of King Frederick V and his first wife Louise of Great Britain .

He was the son of King Frederick V of Denmark and Louise of Great Britain .


They made a short song titled `` Ooh Uh Huh '' , which became the theme song for MTV 's reality show A Double Shot at Love with the Ikki Twins .

They made a short song titled `` Ooh Uh Huh '' , which became the theme song for MTV 's reality show `` A Double Shot At Love '' with the Ikki twins .


They got spots in music festivals such as Rockin ' Roots , Bamboozle Left 2008 , and Audio Overload 2008 .

They got spots in music festivals such as Rockin Roots , Bamboozle Left 2008 , and Audio Overload 2008 .


The girls started up again in January and February 2009 on their Just Got Paid , Let 's Get Laid tour , which sold out on every stop .

The girls returned in January and February 2009 on their Just Got Paid , Let 's Get Laid tour , which sold out every date .


They began to perform shows locally and traveled only small distances for gigs .

After a few months , they began to perform shows locally and traveled only small distances for shows .


By July 2008 , they were ready to start touring and they went out on their first tour co-headlining with Breathe Carolina across California and other Western states .

By July 2008 , they were ready to tour and they went out on their first tour co-headlining with another band , Breathe Carolina across the West coast .


A Büchner funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment used in filtration .

A büchner funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment which is used to filter or separate a liquid from a solid .


Professor Smoot was born in Yukon , Florida .


He then took up an interest in cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ) , previously discovered by Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964 .

He then took up an interest in the microwaves in cosmic radiation which had been discovered by Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964 .


According to the Nobel Prize committee , `` the COBE project can also be regarded as the starting point for cosmology as a precision science . ''

The Nobel Prize committee said : `` the COBE-project can also be regarded as the starting point for cosmology as a precision science . ''


He graduated from Upper Arlington High School in Upper Arlington , Ohio , in 1962 .

He went to Upper Arlington High School in Upper Arlington , Ohio until 1962 .


With the help of Alvarez and Richard A. Muller , Smoot developed a differential radiometer which measured the difference in temperature of the CMB between two directions 60 degrees apart .

With the help of Alvarez and Richard A. Muller , Professor Smoot developed a radiometer to measure the difference in temperature from two angles 60 degrees apart .


George Smoot had main responsibility for measuring the small variations in the temperature of the radiation .

George Smoot was in control of measuring the small differences in the temperature of the radiation .


He studied mathematics before switching to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he obtained dual bachelor 's degrees in mathematics and physics in 1966 and a Ph.D. in particle physics in 1970 .

He studied mathematics for some time before going to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he was awarded two bachelor 's degrees for mathematics and physics in 1966 , and a Ph.D. in particle physics in 1970 .


In 2003 , he was awarded the Einstein Medal and the Oersted Medal in 2009 .

In 2003 he was awarded the Einstein Medal .


This work helped further the Big Bang theory of the universe using the Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) satellite .

This work was completed using the Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite ( COBE ) .


He is also a collaborator of the design of the Supernova\/Acceleration Probe , a satellite which is proposed to measure the properties of dark energy .

He is also working on the design of a Supernova\/Acceleration Probe ( SNAP ) , a satellite which is to measure dark energy .


The observations were `` evidence for the birth of the universe '' and led Smoot to say regarding the importance of his discovery that `` if you 're religious , it 's like looking at God . ''

Professor Smoot said : `` If you 're religious , it 's like looking at God . ''


Such a Doppler effect arises because the Sun , and in fact the Milky Way as a whole , is not stationary , but rather is moving at nearly 600 km\/s with respect to the last scattering surface .

A doppler effect happens because the Sun , and the Milky Way are moving at nearly 600 km\/s .


After more than two years of observation and analysis , the COBE research team announced on 23 April 1992 that the satellite had detected tiny fluctuations in the CMB , a breakthrough in the study of the early universe .

After more than two years , on 21 April 1992 , the COBE research team claimed that the satellite had detected the small differences they were looking for .


Smoot collaborated with San Francisco Chronicle journalist Keay Davidson to write the general-audience book Wrinkles in Time , that chronicled his team 's efforts .

Smoot worked with the San Francisco Chronicles journalist , Keay Davidson , to write a book called Wrinkles in Time , all about the team 's work .


George Smoot switched to cosmology and began work at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , collaborating with Luis Walter Alvarez on the High Altitude Particle Physics Experiment , a stratospheric weather balloon designed to detect antimatter in Earth 's upper atmosphere , the presence of which was predicted by the now discredited steady state theory of cosmology .

Professor Smoot began to study cosmology , and went to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory where he worked with Luis Walter Alvarez on the experiment HAPPE , a high up weather balloon for detecting antimatter in the upper atmosphere .


He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006 for his work on the Cosmic Background Explorer with John C. Mather that led to the `` discovery of the black body form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation . ''

In 2006 he won a Nobel Prize of physics for his work on COBE with John C. Mather that made it possible to measure black holes and cosmic radiation much more exactly than was possible before .


COBE was launched on November 18 , 1989 , after a delay owing to the destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger .

The COBE satellite was delayed after the Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed , but was launched successfully on November 18 , 1989 .


That the CMB appears to be at a higher temperature on one side of the sky than on the opposite side , referred to as a dipole pattern , has been explained as a Doppler effect of the Earth 's motion relative to the area of CMB emission , which is called the last scattering surface .

They called this a dipole pattern and a Doppler effect of the Earth 's motion .


It did , however , detect a variation in the temperature of the CMB of a different sort .

It did , however , detect another difference in the microwave temperature on one side of the sky .


In online interactions , enraged persons may flame and abuse other users , shouting at them through headsets , sending rude messages , or rage-quitting ( exiting a game prematurely out of anger ) .

In online interactions , enraged persons may flame and abuse other users , shouting at them through headsets , sending rude messages , or rage quit ( exiting a game prematurely out of anger ) .


Tech support personnel and systems administrators may be subjected to customers ' anger at a malfunctioning system , commonly including verbal abuse .

Tech support personnel and systems administrators may be subjected to customer 's anger at a malfunctioning system , commonly including the aforementioned verbal abuse .


Another common occurrence of computer rage is while playing computer games , mainly first-person shooters and MMORPGs .

Another common occurrence of computer rage is whilst playing computer games , mainly first-person shooters and mmorpgs .


It may result in the physical assault of the computer or similar item , most likely leading to the device incurring more damage than it had before .

It may result in the physical assault of the computer or similar item , possibly leading to the device incurring more damage than it had before .


Computer rage may manifest itself in angry utterances at the object , and in some extreme cases , violent actions towards the hardware itself , usually either by thumping the keyboard , punching or slapping the monitor or slamming the mouse on the table\/desk .

Computer rage may manifest itself in verbal abuse and occasionally physical violence towards the object , in some cases violent actions towards the hardware itself , usually either thumping the keyboard , shaking the monitor or banging the mouse on the table\/desk .


Computer rage in this case is normally induced when a gamer fails an objective too but this can also result from similar phenomena in addicting puzzle games such as Pepper Panic , Farm Heroes and Candy Crush Saga .

Computer rage is normally induced when a gamer either fails an objective or is killed repeatedly .


The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Holy Children is a lengthy passage that appears after Daniel 3:23 in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bibles , as well as in the ancient Greek Septuagint translation .

The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children are two sections that are in some Bibles inside chapter three of the Book of Daniel .


This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ( misasagi ) at Nara .

According to the Imperial Household Agency , this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ( misasagi ) at Nara .


The actual site of Kōgen 's grave is not known .

The actual site of his grave is not known .


-571 AD ) , the 29th emperor , is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates ; however , the conventionally accepted names and dates of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as `` traditional '' until the reign of Emperor Kammu ( 737-806 ) , the 50th sovereign of the Yamato dynasty .

The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as `` traditional '' until the reign of Emperor Kammu , who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty .


Jien records that Kōgen was the eldest son of Emperor Kōrei , and that he ruled from the palace of Sakaihara-no-miya at Karu in what will come to be known as Yamato province .

Kōgen was the eldest son of Emperor Kōrei .


, also known as Ooyamatonekohikokunikuru no Mikoto , was the eighth emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession .

was the 8th emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession .


In Kojiki and Nihonshoki only his name and genealogy were recorded .

The Kojiki records only his name and genealogy .


No firm dates can be assigned to this emperor 's life or reign , but he is conventionally considered to have reigned from 214 BC-158 BC .

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor 's life or reign .


The movies were produced by Mack Sennett for his Keystone Film Company between 1912 and 1917 .

The movies were produced by Mack Sennett between 1912 and 1917 .


In 2010 , the previously lost short A Thief Catcher was rediscovered at an antique sale in Michigan .

In 2010 , it was found at an antique sale in Michigan .


In 2001 , he won a ShoWest Award as `` Male Star of Tomorrow '' .

In 2001 , he won a ShoWest Award for the `` Male Star of Tomorrow '' for on his work in The Patriot and A Knight 's Tale .


He also received a nomination for Golden Globe Best Actor in a Drama and a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actor for this performance , making him , at age 26 , the ninth-youngest nominee for a Best Actor Oscar .

He also received a nomination for Golden Globe `` Best Actor in a Drama '' and a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actor for this acting .


Ledger attended Mary 's Mount Primary School in Gooseberry Hill , and later Guildford Grammar School , where he had his first acting experiences , starring in a school production as Peter Pan at age 10 .

Ledger attended Guildford Grammar School , where he had his first acting experiences .


In September 2007 , Williams ' father confirmed to Sydney 's Daily Telegraph that Ledger and Williams had ended their relationship .

In September 2007 , Williams ' father , Larry , told the Sydney Daily Telegraph that Ledger and Williams had separated .


In 2006 , Ledger directed music videos for the title track on Australian hip hop artist N'fa 's CD debut solo album Cause An Effect and for the single `` Seduction Is Evil ( She 's Hot ) '' .

In 2006 , Ledger directed three music videos : `` Cause an Effect '' and `` Seduction Is Evil ( She 's Hot ) '' for Australian hip-hop artist N'fa , as well as `` Morning Yearning '' for Ben Harper .


Heath Andrew Ledger ( 4 April 1979 - 22 January 2008 ) was an Australian actor and director .

Heathcliff Andrew Ledger ( April 4 , 1979 - January 22 , 2008 ) was an Academy Award-winning Australian actor .


Ledger received `` Best Actor of 2005 '' awards from both the New York Film Critics Circle and the San Francisco Film Critics Circle for his performance in Brokeback Mountain , in which he plays Wyoming ranch hand Ennis Del Mar , who has a love affair with aspiring rodeo rider Jack Twist , played by Jake Gyllenhaal .

Ledger received `` Best Actor of 2005 '' awards from both the New York Film Critics Circle and the San Francisco Film Critics Circle for his acting in Brokeback Mountain .


Shortly after the release of Candy , Ledger was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences .

In 2006 , Ledger was asked to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences .


Ledger had relationships with actresses Lisa Zane , Heather Graham and Naomi Watts .

Before that , he had dated actresses Lisa Zane and Heather Graham .


In the summer of 2004 , he met and began dating actress Michelle Williams on the set of Brokeback Mountain , and their daughter , Matilda Rose , was born on 28 October 2005 in New York City .

Their daughter , Matilda Rose , was born on October 28 , 2005 in New York City .


In his penultimate film performance , Ledger played the Joker in Christopher Nolan 's 2008 film The Dark Knight , released nearly six months after his death .

Ledger played comic book villain The Joker in The Dark Knight .


With Trevor DiCarlo , his best friend since he was three years old , Ledger drove across Australia from Perth to Sydney , returning to Perth to take a small role in Clowning Around ( 1992 ) , the first part of a two-part television series , and to work on the TV series Sweat ( 1996 ) , in which he played a gay cyclist .

With his best friend , Trevor DiCarlo , Ledger drove across Australia to Sydney .


In 1999 , he starred in the teen comedy 10 Things I Hate About You and in the acclaimed Australian crime film Two Hands , directed by Gregor Jordan .

In 1999 , Ledger starred in the teen comedy 10 Things I Hate About You .


The city has three major shipyards one of which is capable of building large navy ships .

The city has 3 major shipyards some of which are capable of building large navy ships .


However , Mykolaiv is also a city of oblast subordinance , and is thus subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the raion administration housed in the city itself .

However , Mykolaiv is a city of oblast subordinance , thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the raion administration housed in the city itself .


Other important industries are mechanical engineering , power engineering , metallurgy and last 10 years - food industry .

Other important industries are mechanical engineering , power engineering , metallurgy and cosmetics .


Peter Dayan , however points out that Sand accepted Chopin 's protests that the prelude was not an imitation of the sound of raindrops , but a translation of natures harmonies within Chopin 's `` génie '' .

Peter Dayan points out that Sand accepted Chopin 's protests that the prelude was not an imitation of the sound of raindrops , but a translation of nature 's harmonies within Chopin 's `` génie '' .


28 , No. 15 , by Frédéric Chopin , known as the `` Raindrop '' prelude , is one of the 24 Chopin preludes .

28 , No. 15 , by Frédéric Chopin is known as the `` Raindrop '' prelude .


Some , though not all , of Opus 28 was written during Chopin and George Sand 's stay at a monastery in Valldemossa , Majorca in 1838 .

Some of the Preludes were written during Chopin and George Sand 's stay at a monastery in Valldemossa , Majorca in 1838 .


While playing his piano he had a dream : Sand did not say which prelude Chopin played for her on that occasion , but most music critics assume it to be no. 15 , because of the repeating A flat , with its suggestion of the `` gentle patter '' of rain .

While playing his piano he had a dream : Sand did not say which prelude Chopin played for her at that time .


In her Histoire de ma vie , Sand related how one evening she and her son Maurice , returning from Palma in a terrible rainstorm , found a distraught Chopin who exclaimed , `` Ah !

In her Histoire de ma vie , Sand told how one evening she and her son Maurice , returning from Palma , Majorca , in a terrible rainstorm , found a frantic Chopin who cried , `` Ah !


Usually lasting between five and seven minutes , this is the longest of the preludes .

It lasts between five and seven minutes .


The prelude is noted for its repeating A-flat , which appears throughout the piece and sounds like raindrops to many listeners .

It sounds like raindrops to many listeners .


The term was coined by British biologist Julian Huxley , to contrast with clade , a strictly phylogenetic unit .

The term was coined by Julian Huxley , to contrast with clade , which is a strictly phylogenetic unit .


In some cases paraphyletic taxa are united simply by not being part of any other groups , and give rise to so-called wastebasket taxa which may even be polyphyletic .

In some cases paraphyletic taxa are united simply by not being part of any other groups , and give rise to so-called wastebasket taxa .


Paraphyletic taxa will often , but not always , represent evolutionary grades .

Paraphyletic and polyphyletic taxa often represent evolutionary grades .


In the early 19th century , the French naturalist Latreille was the first to divide tetrapods into the four familiar classes of amphibians , reptiles , birds and mammals .

In the early 19th century , tetrapods were put in the four familiar classes of amphibians , reptiles , birds and mammals .


In this system , reptiles are characterized by traits such as laying membranous or shelled eggs , having skin covered in scales or scutes , and having a ` cold-blooded ' metabolism .

In this system , reptiles are defined by traits such as laying cleidoic eggs , having skin covered in scales or scutes , and having a ` cold-blooded ' metabolism .


An evolutionary grade is a group of species united by morphological or physiological traits , that has given rise to another group that differs markedly from the ancestral condition , and is thus not considered part of the ancestral group .

An evolutionary grade is a group of species united by similarities .


It is also found in the Pacific Ocean , with sightings in warm waters off Hawaii , southern California and Mexico , as well as other Pacific locations .

It is also found in the Pacific Ocean , with sightings in warm waters off Hawaii , southern California and Mexico .


Light is given off in the form of flashes when the medusa is stimulated by turbulence created by a ship 's motion or by waves .

Light is given off in the form of flashes when the medusa is stimulated by the turbulence of a ship 's motion or by waves .


This is typically an offshore species , although sometimes it is washed near the coastlines and may be stranded in great numbers on beaches .

It is an offshore species , although sometimes it is washed near the coastlines and may be stranded in great numbers on beaches .


In an unprecedented event on November 21 , 2007 , a 10-square-mile ( 26 km2 ) swarm of P. noctiluca wiped out a 100,000-fish salmon farm in Northern Ireland , causing around # 1 million worth of damage .

In an unprecedented event on November 21 , 2007 , a 10-square-mile ( 26 km2 ) swarm of jellyfish wiped out a 100,000-fish salmon farm in Northern Ireland , causing around # 1 million worth of damage .


The color varies worldwide , and in addition to pink or mauve , it is sometimes shades of golden yellow to tan .

As well as pink or mauve , it is sometimes shades of golden yellow to tan .


This species of jellyfish commonly known as the mauve stinger in Europe , amongst many other common names , is widely distributed in all warm and temperate waters of the world 's oceans , including the Mediterranean Sea , Red Sea and Atlantic Ocean .

It occurs in warm and temperate waters of the world 's oceans , including the Mediterranean Sea , Red Sea and Atlantic Ocean .


This flashing is only of relatively short duration and gradually fades .

This flashing is short , and gradually fades .


Pelagia noctiluca ( Forsskal , 1775 ) is a jellyfish in the family Pelagiidae .


The states of Odisha and West Bengal share some cultural and linguistic characteristics with Bangladesh and with the state of Assam .

The states of Orissa and West Bengal share some cultural and linguistic characteristics with Bangladesh and with the state of Assam .


The historic region of Bengal which was ruled by Nawabs of Bengal comprises the present , West Bengal , Bihar , Jharkhand and Bangladesh from where the British started their conquest of India .

It includes the states of Bihar , Jharkhand , Orissa and West Bengal .


On 8 August 2013 , it was announced former Queensland Premier Peter Beattie would contest the seat of Forde at the 2013 election , replacing Des Hardman as the ALP candidate .

On 8 August 2013 , it was announced former Queensland Premier Peter Beattie would contest the seat of Forde at the 2013 election .


The division was created in 1984 and is named after Frank Forde , who was briefly Prime Minister of Australia in 1945 .

It was set up in 1984 , and is named after Frank Forde , Prime Minister of Australia in 1945 .


Nyssa was created by writer Johnny Byrne for the Fourth Doctor serial The Keeper of Traken , but the production team subsequently decided that she should join the Doctor on his travels .

Nyssa was created by writer Johnny Byrne for the Fourth Doctor serial The Keeper of Traken , but the production team later decided that she should join the Doctor on his travels .


She returned in the following serial Logopolis , in which the Fourth Doctor regenerated , and remained as a companion of the Fifth Doctor .

She returned in the next serial Logopolis , in which the Fourth Doctor regenerated , and remained as a companion of the Fifth Doctor .


Nyssa is an aristocratic native of Traken , the daughter of Tremas ( a consul of the Traken Union ) and stepdaughter of Kassia .

Nyssa is a alien from the planet Traken , the daughter of Tremas ( a consul of the Traken Union ) and stepdaughter of Kassia .


Nyssa 's fate after she leaves the TARDIS is not known , although the spin-off novel Asylum , by Peter Darvill-Evans , depict that Nyssa eventually leaves Terminus and settles down as an academic in a university on an unspecified planet .

Nyssa 's fate after she leaves the TARDIS is not known , although the spin-off novel Asylum , by Peter Darvill-Evans , reveals that she eventually leaves Terminus and settles down as an academic in a university on an unspecified planet .


This adventure leaves Doctor with the knowledge that he will have to be extremely careful dealing with Nyssa when they eventually meet to avoid changing history while ensuring she survives to meet him in his past .

In Asylum , Nyssa shares an adventure with the Fourth Doctor from a time before he met her , leaving the Doctor with the knowledge that he will have to be extremely careful dealing with Nyssa when they eventually meet to avoid changing history .


In a large displacement , heavy-duty engine , a V12 can run slower than smaller engines , prolonging engine life .

In a large heavy-duty engine , a V12 can run slower , and prolonging engine life .


Since each cylinder bank is essentially a straight-6 , this configuration has perfect primary and secondary balance no matter which V angle is used and therefore needs no balance shafts .

Each cylinder bank is basically a straight-6 .


In 1904 , the Putney Motor Works completed a new V12 marine racing engine - the first V12 engine produced for any purpose .

Many diesel locomotives have V12 engines .


A V12 engine is a V engine with 12 cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two banks of six cylinders , usually but not always at a 60 ° angle to each other , with all 12 pistons driving a common crankshaft .

A V12 engine often just called a V12 is an internal combustion engine with 12 cylinders .


The Rockefeller University is located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , between 63rd and 68th Streets along York Avenue .

The Rockefeller University is on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , between 63rd and 68th Streets along York Avenue .


The Rockefeller University Press publishes the Journal of Experimental Medicine , the Journal of Cell Biology , and The Journal of General Physiology .

A number of important journals are published by the Rockefeller University Press : the Journal of Experimental Medicine , the Journal of Cell Biology , and The Journal of General Physiology .


The Rockefeller University is an American private university located in New York City in the United States , offering postgraduate and postdoctoral education .

The Rockefeller University is an American private university in New York City .


The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft 's Visual Basic for Applications ( VBA ) , which is a dialect of Visual Basic .

It also has a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications ( VBA ) .


Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS .

Microsoft Excel ( full name Microsoft Office Excel ) is a part of Microsoft Office .


Yankovic died on October 14 , 1998 in New Port Richey , Florida , from heart failure , at the age of 83 .

Yankovic died on October 14 , 1998 , in New Port Richey , Florida , from heart failure , at the age of 83 .


He also recorded a version of the `` Too Fat Polka '' with comedian Drew Carey .

He has also recorded a version of the `` Too Fat Polka '' with comedian Drew Carey .


He is buried in Cleveland 's Calvary Cemetery .

He was buried in Cleveland 's Calvary Cemetery .


Yankovic acquired an accordion at age 9 but never took lessons .

Yankovic received an accordion at age 9 , but never took lessons .


He commuted from Cleveland to host each episode , which aired live .

He traveled from Cleveland to host each episode .


He rarely strayed from the Slovenian-style polka , but did record with country guitarist Chet Atkins and pop singer Don Everly .

He has recorded with country guitarist Chet Atkins and pop singer Don Everly .


Al , who also performs polka music among many other styles , has jokingly hypothesized that he was given accordion lessons as a child because his parents thought that `` there should be at least one more accordion-playing Yankovic in the world . ''

However , Weird Al has jokingly said that he was given accordion lessons as a child because his parents thought that `` there should be at least one more accordion-playing Yankovic in the world . ''


Yankovic hit the national scene when he earned two platinum singles for Just Because ( 1947 ) and Blue Skirt Waltz ( 1949 ) .

Yankovic earned two platinum singles for `` Just Because '' ( 1947 ) and `` Blue Skirt Waltz '' ( 1949 ) .


His first records were made for the Yankee and Joliet labels operated by Fred Wolf .

Therefore , his first records were made for Yankee and Joliet , labels operated by Fred Wolf .


Frank John `` Frankie '' Yankovic ( July 28 , 1915 in Davis , West Virginia - October 14 , 1998 in New Port Richey , Florida ) was a Grammy Award-winning polka musician .

Frankie Yankovic ( July 28 , 1915 - October 14 , 1998 ) was a polka musician from the United States .


Yankovic also hosted the television series Polka Time for Buffalo , New York-based WKBW-TV for 26 weeks in 1962 .

Yankovic also was on the television series Polka Time on Buffalo , New York-based WKBW-TV in 1962 .


He also hosted a similar show at WGN-TV Chicago at about the same time .

He hosted a similar show in Chicago at about the same time .


Hundreds of friends , family , his loyal fans and fellow musicians attended his memorial service .

Hundreds of friends , family , fans , and fellow musicians were at his funeral .


He has performed with musical comedian and fellow accordionist `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , although the two are not related .

He was not related to musical comedian and accordionist `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , who also performs polka music .


By the late 1920s , in his early teenage years , he was a working musician , playing for community events .

By his early teenage years , he was a working musician .


Of Slovene descent , Yankovic was raised in South Euclid , Ohio .


As his reputation spread , he sought opportunities to make phonograph records , but the major labels turned him down .

He wanted to make recordings , but the major labels turned him down .


Fortunately , he was able to beat the gangrene before that became necessary , and was awarded a Purple Heart .


He fought in the Battle of the Bulge where a severe case of frostbite nearly required the amputation of his hands and feet .


Known as `` America 's Polka King , '' Yankovic was the premier artist to play in the Slovenian style during a long and successful career .

He was called `` America 's Polka King . ''


He was the first winner in the Polka category .

He was the first winner in the Best Polka Recording category .


Yankovic enlisted in the armed forces in 1943 , and cut numerous records while on leave , prior to his departure for Europe .

Yankovic joined the U.S. Armed Forces in 1943 .


The flames moved along a passageway towards the powder room , where 17 tons of gunpowder were stored .

The flames moved along a passageway towards the powder room where 17 tons of gunpowder were stored .


Although he had received a wound to his forehead , Taylor ran towards the fire and extinguished it with his bare hands , thereby saving his ship .

Although he had received a wound to his forehead Taylor ran towards the fire and extinguished it with his bare hands .


At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5 , 1864 , his ship engaged the CSS Tennessee and was struck by a broadside at close range .

At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5 , 1864 his ship engaged the CSS Tennessee .


For this action , he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later , on December 31 , 1864 .

For this action , he was given the Medal of Honor four months later , on December 31 , 1864 .


Born on November 15 , 1830 , in Watertown , New York , Taylor was still living in that state when he joined the Navy .

Taylor was born on November 15 , 1830 , in Watertown , New York .


George Taylor ( November 15 , 1830 - October 7 , 1893 ) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay .

George Taylor ( November 15 , 1830 - October 7 , 1893 ) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War .


The Confederate artillery shells hit Lackawanna 's berth deck near the magazine , causing mass casualties and igniting loose gunpowder which had spilled onto the floor while Lackawanna 's sailors were assembling their own shells .

The Confederate artillery shells hit Lackawanna 's berth deck near the magazine .


He then returned to his duties for the remainder of the battle , despite his hands being burned down to the bone .

He then returned to his duties for the remainder of the battle .


Taylor died on October 7 , 1893 , at age 62 and was buried in Paragould , Arkansas .

He was 62 and was buried in Paragould , Arkansas .


Articulate brachiopods have toothed hinges and simple opening and closing muscles , while inarticulate brachiopods have untoothed hinges and a more complex system of muscles used to keep the two halves aligned .

Articulate brachiopods have toothed hinges and simple opening and closing muscles , while inarticulate brachiopods have untoothed hinges and a more complex system of muscles used to fit the two halves together .


At their peak in the Paleozoic era , the brachiopods were among the most abundant filter-feeders and reef-builders , and occupied other ecological niches , including swimming in the jet-propulsion style of scallops .

At their peak in the Palaeozoic era the brachiopods were among the most abundant filter-feeders and reef-builders , and occupied other ecological niches , including swimming in the jet-propulsion style of scallops .


In a typical brachiopod a stalk-like pedicle projects from an opening in one of the valves , known as the pedicle valve , attaching the animal to the seabed but clear of silt that would obstruct the opening .

In a typical brachiopod a stalk-like pedicle projects from an opening in one of the valves ( the pedicle valve ) .


Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear end , while the front can be opened for feeding or closed for protection .

The front can be opened for feeding or closed for protection .


Brachiopods , phylum Brachiopoda , are marine animals that have hard `` valves '' ( shells ) on the upper and lower surfaces , unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs .

Their mostly calcium carbonate shells or `` valves '' have upper and lower surfaces , unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs .


The next year , Zabel won the overall World Cup victory , having won the Milan - San Remo and Amstel Gold Race , while Ullrich was placed second again in the 2000 Tour de France to Lance Armstrong .

The next year , Zabel won the overall World Cup victory , having won the Milan - San Remo and Amstel Gold Race , while Ullrich placed second again in the 2000 Tour de France to Lance Armstrong .


The 1997 Tour de France saw the emergence of Ullrich as he won the race with support from Riis , who in turn had won the World Cup race , Amstel Gold Race earlier in 1997 .

The 1997 Tour de France saw the emergence of Ullrich as he won the race with support from Riis , who in turn had won the World Cup race Amstel Gold Race earlier in 1997 .


In addition , the team also signed many successful non-German riders such as Georg Totschnig , Alexander Vinokourov , Cadel Evans , Santiago Botero and Paolo Savoldelli .

In addition the team signed many successful non-German riders such as Georg Totschnig , Alexander Vinokourov , Cadel Evans , Santiago Botero and Paolo Savoldelli .


Like the Columbia Sportswear sponsorship , the HTC sponsorship included both the men 's and women 's teams .

Like the Columbia Sportswear sponsorship , the HTC sponsorship includes both the men 's and women 's teams .


HTC-Highroad ( UCI team code : THR ) is a former professional cycling team competing in international road bicycle races .

HTC-Highroad ( UCI team code : THR ) is a professional cycling team competing in international road bicycle races .


`` The contract linking T-Mobile to Pevenage has been retrospectively stopped on June 30 , '' the team 's general manager , Olaf Ludwig , said .

`` The contract linking T-Mobile to Pevenage has been retrospectively stopped on 30 June , '' the team 's general manager , Olaf Ludwig , said .


High Road Sports was the management company of team manager Bob Stapleton .

High Road Sports is the management company of team manager Bob Stapleton .


In May 2007 , several former riders admitted to using banned substances ( including EPO ) while riding for the team in the mid-1990s , including Erik Zabel , Rolf Aldag , Brian Holm , Bjarne Riis , Bert Dietz , Udo Bölts and Christian Henn including the seasons in which Riis and Ullrich won the Tour de France .

In May 2007 , several former riders admitted using banned substances ( including EPO ) while riding for the team in the mid 1990s , including Erik Zabel , Rolf Aldag , Brian Holm , Bjarne Riis , Bert Dietz , Udo Bölts and Christian Henn including the seasons in which Riis and Ullrich won the Tour de France .


On June 29 , 2009 HTC announced a three-year sponsorship of the team beginning with the 2009 Tour de France .

On June 29 , 2009 HTC announced a three year sponsorship of the team beginning with the 2009 Tour de France .


On July 9 , the team announced the dismissal of its sporting director , Rudy Pevenage , for his implication with former Tour de France winner Jan Ullrich in a Spanish blood doping scandal .

On 9 July , the team announced the dismissal of its sporting director , Rudy Pevenage , for his implication with former Tour de France winner Jan Ullrich in a Spanish blood doping scandal .


The sponsorship included both the men 's and women 's teams .

The sponsorship includes both the men 's and women 's teams .


Bölts who was involved with the team since its beginnings in 1989 would stay with the team until 2003 , continued building on the successes of the team by winning stage 19 , the Queen stage of the 1992 Giro d'Italia .

Bölts who was involved with the team since its beginnings in 1989 stayed with the team until 2003 , continued building on the successes of the team by winning stage 19 , the Queen stage of the 1992 Giro d'Italia .


The all-new S-Works Prevail and TT3 helmets would protect the riders in road and TT applications , respectively .

The all-new S-Works Prevail and TT3 helmets will protect the riders in road and TT applications , respectively .


In 1993 , the team again achieved success in the national championship road race in Germany .

In 1993 the team again achieved success in the national championship road race in Germany .


Despite its many successes , Team Columbia did not seem to be able to afford as many top riders as they had , and due to their many victories , a lot of riders were targeted by other teams for the 2010 season .

Despite its many successes , Team Columbia does not seem to be able to afford as many top riders as they have , and due to their many victories , a lot of riders were targeted by other teams for the 2010 season .


Several riders who had been with the team for a long time such as Steffen Wesemann , Andreas Klöden and Matthias Kessler left .

Several riders who had been with the team for a long time such as Steffen Wesemann , Andreas Klöden and Matthias Kessler left or their contracts were not extended .


Eddy Mazzoleni who was in his first year for the team also left .

Eddy Mazzoleni who was in his first year for the team would also leave .


Bolts won the Clásica de San Sebastián and Wesemann won his second and the first of four wins with the Telekom team of the Peace Race .

Bolts won the Clásica de San Sebastián and Wesemann won his second and the first of four wins with the Telekom team of the famous stage race the Peace Race .


The team had a continuous presence at the top of the professional peloton and continued to sign the emerging German cyclists of the times including Andreas Klöden in 1998 , Jörg Jaksche in 1999 , Matthias Kessler in 2000 and Stefan Schumacher in 2002 .

The team had a continuous presence at the top of the professional peloton and continued to sign the emerging German cyclists of the times with Andreas Klöden in 1998 , Jörg Jaksche in 1999 , Matthias Kessler in 2000 and Stefan Schumacher in 2002 to name but a few .


On October 17 , 2010 , Team Columbia HTC announced a tie up with Specialized for 2011 .

On October 17 , 2010 Team Columbia HTC announced a tie up with Specialized for 2011 and beyond .


August proved a very good month for Norwegian all-rounder Edvald Boasson Hagen , with two stage wins and a podium finish in the Tour of Poland and two more stage wins and the GC win in the Eneco Tour .

August proved a very good month for Norwegian allrounder Edvald Boasson Hagen , with two stage wins and a podium finish in the Tour of Poland and two more stage wins and the GC win in the Eneco Tour .


As replacements , a lot of young talented riders , such as Jan Ghyselinck , Rasmus Guldhammer and Martin and Peter Velits were contracted .

As replacements , a lot of young talented riders , such as Jan Ghyselinck , Rasmus Guldhammer and Martin and Peter Velits , were contracted .


He was still in hospital when he was suspended from Team T-Mobile , and was dismissed on July 31 , 2007 .

He was still in hospital when he was suspended from Team T-Mobile , and was dismissed on 31 July 2007 .


Godefroot brought in the Danish rider , Bjarne Riis , the third place finisher of the 1995 Tour and he went on to win the 1996 Tour de France , with the then 22-year old German support rider Jan Ullrich finishing in second place .

Godefroot brought in Danish rider Bjarne Riis , the third place finisher of the 1995 Tour and he went on to win the 1996 Tour de France , with the then 22-year old German support rider Jan Ullrich finishing in second place .


Specialized would supply the team 's frames , forks , and helmets .

Specialized will supply the team 's frames , forks , and helmets .


Jens Heppner continued this streak with his overall tenth place at the 1992 Tour de France .

Jens Heppner continued this with his tenth place overall at the 1992 Tour de France .


It contains a total of 29 riders , 9 physiotherapists or nurses , 9 mechanics and service persons , and has 22 partners .

It has 29 riders , 9 physiotherapists or nurses , 9 mechanics and service persons , and has 22 partners .


The men would race the S-Works Tarmac for most road races , the S-Works Roubaix for cobbled classics , and the Shiv TT in time trials .

The men will race the S-Works Tarmac for most road races , the S-Works Roubaix for cobbled classics , and the Shiv TT in time trials .


The team was founded in 1991 as Team Telekom , sponsored by Deutsche Telekom .

The team was set up in 1991 as Team Telekom , sponsored by Deutsche Telekom .


The team had a successful start to the year with Luxembourg rider , Kim Kirchen winning the classic La Flèche Wallonne .

The team had a successful start to the year with Luxembourg rider Kim Kirchen winning the classic La Flèche Wallonne .


Eventually the organisers of the Tour agreed that six Telekom members , namely Rolf Aldag , Udo Bölts , Jens Heppner , Vladimir Pulnikov , Erik Zabel and Olaf Ludwig would join with three members of the ZG Mobili to form a composite team .

Eventually the organisers of the Tour agreed that six Telekom members , namely Rolf Aldag , Udo Bölts , Jens Heppner , Vladimir Pulnikov , Erik Zabel and Olaf Ludwig , would be joined with three members of the ZG Mobili to form a composite team .


The team 's new name was `` Team Columbia-HTC . ''

The team 's new name is `` Team Columbia '' .


In July 2005 , during the 2005 Tour , Vinokourov 's contract was running out and speculation was abundant if he was to stay with T-Mobile .

In July 2005 , during the 2005 Tour , Vinokourov 's contract was running out and people wondered if he was to stay with T-Mobile .


After the Tour de France , the team changed significantly ; team manager , Olaf Ludwig left the team and was replaced by Bob Stapleton .

After the Tour de France , the team completely changed ; Team manager Olaf Ludwig left the team and was replaced by Bob Stapleton .


Their last title sponsor was HTC Corporation , a Taiwanese manufacturer of smartphones but dissolved at the end of the 2011 season from a failure to find a new sponsor .

Their current title sponsor is HTC Corporation , a Taiwanese maker of Smartphones .


The team is under the management of Bob Stapleton and Rolf Aldag .

The team is managed by Bob Stapleton and Rolf Aldag .


On June 15 , 2008 Columbia Sportswear announced a three-year sponsorship of the team beginning on July 5 , the start of the Tour de France , changing the name to `` Team Columbia '' .

Results like this and also High-Road 's performance at the Giro d'Italia helped the team secure a sponsor for the end of the year On June 15 , 2008 Columbia Sportswear announced a three year sponsorship of the team beginning on July 5 , the start of the Tour de France .


The team continued due to the funding from the team owner , Bob Stapleton , as the team did not have enough time to gather sponsors for the new year .

The team continued thanks to funding solely from the team owner Bob Stapleton , as the team did not have enough time to gather sponsors for the new year .


The team went on to have a highly successful Tour , winning 5 stages ( four of which went to British sprinter Mark Cavendish ) and team leader Kim Kirchen lead the overall classification for four days and the points competition for three .

The announcement of this new deal with Columbia coincided with a highly successful Tour , in which the team won 5 individual stages ( four of which went to British sprinter Mark Cavendish ) as well as team leader Kim Kirchen leading the general classification in the Tour de France for four days in addition to leading the points classification in the Tour de France .


Feynman diagram and path integral methods are also used in statistical mechanics and can even be applied to classical mechanics .

Feynman diagrams are used in quantum mechanics .


The Epic of Gilgamesh , an epic poem from Mesopotamia , is amongst the earliest surviving works of literature .

The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia .


Their names mean `` Angry '' and `` Strong , '' respectively .

Their names mean `` Angry '' and `` strong '' .


In Norse mythology , Móði ( anglicized Módi or Mothi ) and Magni are the sons of Thor .

In Norse mythology , Móði ( or Modi ) and Magni are the sons of Thor .


Then Odin spake and said that Thor did wrong to give the good horse to the son of a giantess , and not to his father .

Odin was upset that Thor gave the horse to `` the son of a giantess '' and not to Odin , Thor 's own father .


Paul Biya was born in the village of Mvomeka'a in the South Region of French Cameroon .

Biya was born on February 13 , 1933 in the village of Mvomeka'a in Cameroon .


The United Kingdom is made up of four constituent parts : England , Scotland and Wales , forming Great Britain , and Northern Ireland in the north-east of the island of Ireland .

England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland join together to make the United Kingdom .


In April 1966 , Gallimard published Foucault 's Les Mots et les choses ( `` The words and the things '' ) , later translated as The Order of Things : An Archaeology of the Human Sciences .

In 1966 he published Les Mots et les choses ( The Order of Things ) , which was very popular .


Michel Foucault ( French : ( miʃɛl fuko ) ; born Paul-Michel Foucault ) ( 15 October 1926 - 25 June 1984 ) was a French philosopher , historian of ideas , social theorist , philologist and literary critic .

Michel Foucault ( October 15 , 1926 - June 25 , 1984 ) was a French philosopher and historian from France .


Paul-Michel Foucault was born on 15 October 1926 in the small town of Poitiers , west-central France , as the second of three children to a prosperous and socially conservative upper-middle-class family .

Foucault was born in 1926 in Poitiers , France .


That same year Foucault published his first book , Mental Illness and Personality ( Maladie mentale et personnalité ) , in which he exhibited his influence from both Marxist and Heideggerian thought , covering a wide range of subject matter from the reflex psychology of Pavlov to the classic psychoanalysis of Freud .

In 1954 Foucault published his first book , Maladie mentale et personnalité .


Irreemplazable was released as the bonus disc on the B'Day deluxe edition in the United States on April 3 , 2007 , before being released separately by Columbia Records on August 28 , 2007 .

It was released on August 28 , 2007 in US .


Kepler is part of NASA 's Discovery Program of relatively low-cost , focused primary science missions .

Kepler is part of NASA 's Discovery Program of relatively low-cost primary science missions .


The telescope 's construction and initial operation were managed by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory , with Ball Aerospace responsible for developing the Kepler flight system .

The telescope 's construction and initial operation were managed by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory .


This data is transmitted to Earth , then analyzed to detect periodic dimming caused by extrasolar planets that cross in front of their host star .

The aim is to find periodic dimming caused by extrasolar planets which cross in front of their host star .


The spacecraft , named after the Renaissance astronomer Johannes Kepler , was launched on March 7 , 2009 .

The spacecraft , named in honor of the 17th-century German astronomer Johannes Kepler , was launched on 7 March 2009 .


Designed to survey a portion of our region of the Milky Way to discover dozens of Earth-size extrasolar planets in or near the habitable zone and estimate how many of the billions of stars in our galaxy have such planets , Kepler 's sole instrument is a photometer that continually monitors the brightness of over 145,000 main sequence stars in a fixed field of view .

The Kepler mission is `` specifically designed to survey a portion of our region of the Milky Way galaxy to discover dozens of Earth-size planets in or near the habitable zone and determine how many of the billions of stars in our galaxy have such planets '' .


There are many varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them .

There are many varieties of socialism , so no one definition can apply to all of them ; however , in all varieties , the workers own the means of production .


In its subject matter , it resembles the prints of hawkers and traders popular in Hogarth 's day .

Its subject matter resembles the prints of hawkers and traders popular in Hogarth 's day .


The Shrimp Girl is a painting by the English artist William Hogarth .

The Shrimp Girl is an oil painting by William Hogarth .


His widow Jane was said to have told visitors on showing the picture to them : `` They say he could not paint flesh .

His widow Jane was said to have told visitors , `` They say he could not paint flesh .


It is not strictly finished and was still in Hogarth 's estate after his death .

It was still in Hogarth 's estate after his death .


It was only sold after his wife 's death in 1789 , and first received its title The Shrimp Girl in a Christie 's sale catalogue .

It first received its title The Shrimp Girl in a Christie 's sale catalog .


The painting depicts a woman selling shellfish on the streets of London , typically a job for the wives and daughters of fishmongers who owned stalls in markets such as Billingsgate .

The painting depicts a woman selling shellfish on the streets of London .


The subject balances a large basket on her head , bearing shrimps and mussels , together with a half-pint pewter pot as a measure .

The girl balances a large basket of shrimps and mussels on her head .


It was painted around 1740-45 , and is held by the National Gallery , London .


In 1975 , Rush went to Paris for two years and studied mime , movement and theater at L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq , before returning to resume his stage career with QTC .

In 1975 , Rush went to Paris for two years and studied mime , movement and theater at the L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq , before returning to continue his stage career with QTC .


He is the founding President of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year .

He is the foundation President of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year .


Geoffrey Roy Rush , AC ( born 6 July 1951 ) , is an Australian actor and film producer .

Geoffrey Roy Rush ( born 6 July 1951 ) is an Australian actor who has won the Academy and Emmy awards , as well as several others .


Before he began his acting career , Rush attended Everton Park State High School .

He studied at Everton Park State High School and at University of Queensland .


The ampere ( SI unit symbol : A ; SI dimension symbol : I ) , often shortened to amp , is the SI unit of electric current ( quantity symbol : I , i ) and is one of the seven SI base units .

The ampere or amp ( Symbol : A ) is the standard unit of electric current .


The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but additional time ( overtime ) may be issued when the game ends with a draw .

The team with the most points at the end of the game wins .


If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is unsuccessful , the player is awarded a number of free throws equal to the value of the attempted shot .

If you foul someone on the other team while he is shooting the basketball , the player who was fouled gets to shoot `` free throws '' from the `` foul line '' .


Basketball is one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports .

Basketball is now the second most popular sport in the world .


Five players from each team may be on the court at one time .

In each game of basketball these things are required : Basketball is played with two teams , with 5 players from each team on the court at one time .


After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums , he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot ( 3.05 m ) elevated track .

Naismith wrote the basic rules and then nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot tall pole .


In 1959 , a basketball hall of fame was founded in Springfield , Massachusetts , site of the first game .

The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is also in Springfield .


Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball .

Basketball is a very popular sport worldwide , played with a round , orange ball that bounces .


There were hundreds of men 's professional basketball teams in towns and cities all over the United States , and little organization of the professional game .

In professional basketball teams , each player has a position .


Players may shoot directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket .

You get points by shooting the ball into the opponents ' basket .


The basic structure of the speech was as follows : The speech caused such shock to the audience that , according to some reports , some of those present suffered heart attacks , and others later committed suicide .


The Khrushchev report was known as the `` Secret Speech '' because it was delivered at an unpublicized closed session of Communist Party delegates , with guests and members of the press excluded .

The report was known as the `` Secret Speech '' because it was delivered at a closed session of Communist Party delegates , with guests and members of the press excluded .


`` On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences '' ( Russian : `` О культе личности и его последствиях '' ) was a report by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev made to the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on 25 February 1956 .

The speech was a spoken report to the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on 25 February 1956 .


The ensuing confusion among many Soviet citizens , bred on the panegyrics and permanent praise of the `` genius '' of Stalin , was especially apparent in the Georgian SSR , Stalin 's homeland , where the days of protests and rioting ended with the Soviet army crackdown on March 9 , 1956 .

This was especially obvious in the Georgian SSR , Stalin 's homeland , where rioting ended with the Soviet Red Army crackdown on 9 March 1956 .


The direct goal of the commission was to investigate the repressions of the delegates of the 17th Congress , in 1934 , of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union .

The speech was based on an investigation of the repressions of the delegates of the 1934 XVII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union .


In 2008 , he wrote The Dirty Energy Dilemma : What 's Blocking Clean Power in the United States which was published by Praeger and won a 2009 Nautilus Book Award .

In 2008 , he wrote The Dirty Energy Dilemma : What 's Blocking Clean Power in the United States which was published by Praeger and won a 2009 Nautilus Award .


In Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power ( 2011 ) Sovacool says , following a detailed analysis , that there is a `` consensus among a broad base of independent , nonpartisan experts that nuclear power plants are a poor choice for producing electricity '' , and that `` energy efficiency programs and renewable power technologies are better than nuclear power plants '' .

In Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power ( 2011 ) Sovacool says that `` energy efficiency programs and renewable power technologies are better than nuclear power plants '' .


Sovacool 's research has taken him to more than 50 countries , including : In 2007 , Sovacool co-edited Energy and American Society : Thirteen Myths which has been reviewed in Energy Policy and the Annals of the Association of American Geographers .

In 2007 , Sovacool edited Energy and American Society : Thirteen Myths which has been reviewed in Energy Policy and the Annals of the Association of American Geographers .


Sovacool 's research interests include energy policy , environmental issues , and science and technology policy , and his research has taken him to 50 countries .

Sovacool 's research interests include energy policy and environmental issues .


Betrayers of the Truth : Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science is a book by William Broad and Nicholas Wade , published in 1982 by Simon & Schuster in New York , and subsequently ( 1983 ) also by Century Publishing in London , and with a simplified subtitle as Betrayers of the Truth : Fraud and Deceit in Science by Oxford University Press in 1985 .

Betrayers of the Truth : Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science is a book written in 1983 by William Broad and Nicholas Wade .


Shortly after the marriage , the oldest of Neeltje 's daughters had a child of her own , and so at only 23 years old Dorus became known as Opa in Den Helder where he lived .

Shortly after the marriage , the oldest of Neeltje 's daughters had a child of her own , and so at only 23 years old Dorus became known as `` Opa '' in Den Helder where he lived .


In the waters where he served , he saved such a large number of people with such effectiveness that the survival statistics increased dramatically .

In the waters where he served , he saved such large number of people with such effectiveness that the survival statistics increased dramatically .


Theodorus `` Dorus '' Rijkers ( 28 January 1847 - 19 April 1928 ) was a famous Dutch lifeboat captain and folk hero , most famous for his sea rescues of 487 shipwrecked victims over a total of 38 rescue operations , and at least 25 before joining the lifeboat-service .

Theodorus `` Dorus '' Rijkers ( January 28 1847 - April 19 1928 ) was a famous Dutch lifeboat captain and folk hero , he is most famous for his sea rescues of 487 shipwrecked victims over a total of 38 rescue operations and at least 25 before joining the lifeboat-service .


Dorus received his nickname Grandpa ( Dutch : Opa ) while still a young man : he had married Neeltje Huisman , a fisherman 's widow who already had 6 children .

He had married Neeltje Huisman , a fisherman 's widow who already had 6 children .


Following these improvements , a 2002 audit showed an increase in availability of machines to 92.1 % at railway stations , and 98.3 % on buses and trams .

Following these improvements , a 2002 audit showed an increase in availability of machines to 92.1 % at train stations , and 98.3 % on buses and trams .


An audit released by the State Government in 2001 showed over 1 in 4 ( 27.2 % ) of the machines at railway stations did not work , and 11.9 % of mobile equipment in buses and trams was non-operational .

An study released by the State Government in 2001 showed over 1 in 4 ( 27.2 % ) of the machines at train stations did not work , and 11.9 % of mobile equipment in buses and trams was non-operational .


Controversy surrounded Metcard at its introduction , due to cost over-runs , the abolition of tram conductors and the unreliability of ticket purchasing and validation machines .

Controversy surrounded Metcard at its introduction , due to it costing to much , the abolition of tram conductors and the unreliability of ticket purchasing and validation machines .


Testing of prototypes commenced in December 1993 , and the roll-out of the system was carried out from August 1996 to April 1998 .

Testing of prototypes commenced in December 1993 , and the roll-out of the system was carried out from August 1996 to April 1998 , and acceptance occurred in November 1997 .


Tenders were called for the design , supply , installation and on-going maintenance of the system , with the ` OneLink Transit Consortium ' becoming the preferred tenderer in September 1993 .

Tenders were called for the design , supply , installation and on-going maintenance of such a system , with the ` OneLink Transit Consortium ' announced as the preferred people to do it in September 1993 .


The ticket vending machines were frequently attacked by vandals ( often by pouring liquids into the coin slot ) , and have undergone several revisions to their design since .

The machines were attacked by vandals frequently ( often by pouring liquids into the coin slot ) , and have seen several revisions to their design since .


The contract was signed in May 1994 , with the major technology supplier being the ERG Group ( now Vix Technology ) .

The contract was signed in May 1994 , with the major technology supplier being the ERG Group .


Public field trials were carried out on buses from 20 August 1996 , and on rail services from 18 September 1996 .

Public field trials were carried out on buses from August 20 1996 , and on rail services from September 18 1996 .


In 2005 the contract was amended to permit the system to be extended and modified as work on the replacement myki project progressed , with the contract being able to be terminated on six months notice .

In 2005 the contract was changed to permit the system to be extended and changed as work on the replacement myki project keeps going , with the contract being able to be canceled on six months notice .


Moves towards automated ticketing were first made in 1992 .

Moves towards automated ticketing were first made by the then state Liberal Government in 1992 .


Metcard was the brand name of an integrated ticketing system used to access public transport in Melbourne , Australia .

A Metcard is a type of ticket used to use public transport in Melbourne , Australia .


and zone 3 of the system was abolished , being merged with zone 2 .

There used to be a Zone 3 , but that has been merged with Zone 2 .


Modern physical chemistry originated in the 1860s to 1880s with work on chemical thermodynamics , electrolytes in solutions , chemical kinetics and other subjects .

Modern physical chemistry was developed in the 1860s to 1880s with work on chemical thermodynamics , electrolytes in solutions , chemical kinetics and other subjects .


Together with Svante August Arrhenius , these were the leading figures in physical chemistry in the late 19th century and early 20th century .

The two chemists and Svante August Arrhenius were the leading men in physical chemistry in the late 19th century and early 20th century .


This paper introduced several of the cornerstones of physical chemistry , such as Gibbs energy , chemical potentials , Gibbs phase rule .

This paper introduced many of the main parts of physical chemistry , such as Gibbs energy , chemical potentials , Gibbs phase rule .


Theoretical developments have gone hand in hand with developments in experimental methods , where the use of different forms of spectroscopy , such as infrared spectroscopy , microwave spectroscopy , EPR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy , is probably the most important 20th century development .

New forms of spectroscopy started in the 20th century including : infrared spectroscopy , microwave spectroscopy , EPR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy .


Developments in the following decades include the application of statistical mechanics to chemical systems and work on colloids and surface chemistry , where Irving Langmuir made many contributions .

These include applying statistical mechanics to chemical systems and Irving Langmuir 's work on colloids and surface chemistry .


One milestone was the publication in 1876 by Josiah Willard Gibbs of his paper , On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances .

In 1876 , Josiah Willard Gibbs wrote an article called , On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances .


All three were awarded with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry between 1901-1909 .

All three were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry .


Physical chemistry , in contrast to chemical physics , is predominantly ( but not always ) a macroscopic or supra-molecular science , as the majority of the principles on which physical chemistry was founded , are concepts related to the bulk rather than on molecular\/atomic structure alone .

Physical chemistry is mostly a macroscopic or supra-molecular science .


The first scientific journal specifically in the field of physical chemistry was the German journal , Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie , founded in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff .

It was founded in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff .


Other milestones include the subsequent naming and accreditation of enthalpy to Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and to macromolecular processes .

Other important discoveries include Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ' work on enthalpy and macromolecular processes .


The term `` physical chemistry '' was coined by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752 , when he presented a lecture course entitled `` A Course in True Physical Chemistry '' ( Russian : `` Курс истинной физической химии '' ) before the students of Petersburg University .

He presented a lecture course with the title `` A Course in True Physical Chemistry '' ( Russian : `` Курс истинной физической химии '' ) to the students of Petersburg University .


Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic , atomic , subatomic , and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics .

It studies them at macroscopic , atomic , subatomic , and particulate levels .


For example , chemical equilibrium , and colloids .

These include chemical equilibrium and colloids .


It applies the principles , practices and concepts of physics such as motion , energy , force , time , thermodynamics , quantum chemistry , statistical mechanics and dynamics , equilibrium .

It looks at concepts like motion , energy , force , time , thermodynamics , quantum chemistry , statistical mechanics and dynamics .


Some of the relationships that physical chemistry strives to resolve include the effects of : The key concepts of physical chemistry are the ways in which pure physics is applied to chemical problems .

Physical chemistry uses physics to study chemical systems .


The Maple Leafs played the California Seals and Smith was the Seals goalie .

The Maple Leafs played the California Seals and Smith was the Seals ' goalie .


Ironically , when Wayne Gretzky went to his first game at Maple Leaf Gardens , Gary Smith was one of the goalies in the game .

When Wayne Gretzky went to his first game at Maple Leaf Gardens , Gary Smith was one of the goalies in the game .


In 1974-75 , he also had a fine season with the Vancouver Canucks , with 72 games played and six shutouts .

In 1974-75 , he also had a good season with the Vancouver Canucks , with 72 games played and six shutouts .


In 1965 , Gary Smith entered the NHL with the Toronto Maple Leafs , and was one of five goalies who played for the Maple Leafs during the 1966-67 regular season , their last Stanley Cup season .

Entering the NHL with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1965 , and was one of five goalies who played for the Maple Leafs during the 1966-67 regular season , their last Stanley Cup season .


After playing with the dismal California Golden Seals from 1967-71 , where he set records in 1970-71 for both the most games played in a single season and most losses in a single season , his first success was sharing the 1971-72 Vezina Trophy with Tony Esposito while with the Chicago Black Hawks .

After playing with the not very good California Golden Seals from 1967 to 1971 , where he set records in 1970-71 for both the most games played in a single season and most losses in a single season , his first success was sharing the 1971-72 Vezina Trophy with Tony Esposito while with the Chicago Black Hawks .


He won a Memorial Cup with the junior Toronto Marlboros in 1964 .

Gary Smith won a Memorial Cup with the junior Toronto Marlboros in 1964 .


One year later , Smith and Esposito would help the Black Hawks to the Stanley Cup final where they would lose to the Montreal Canadiens in 6 games .

One year later , Smith and Esposito would help the Black Hawks to the Stanley Cup final .


Gary `` Suitcase '' Smith ( born February 4 , 1944 ) a former professional ice hockey goaltender .

Gary `` Suitcase '' Smith , a former professional ice hockey goaltender , was born in Ottawa , Ontario , on February 4 , 1944 .


His father , Sima Tan , served as the Court Astrologer , a versatile technical position trained in various matters .

His father , Sima Tan , was also a historian .


In 99 BC , Sima Qian became embroiled in the Li Ling affair , where Li Ling and Li Guangli ( 李广利 ) , two military officers who led a campaign against the Xiongnu in the north , were defeated and taken captive .

In 99 BC , Sima Qian got involved in the Li Ling Affair .


Tattoo flash may or may not come with an outline , also known as a line drawing .

A flash ( also known as a tattoo flash ) is a design or picture that is used in order to create a tattoo .


Carrara and Massa formed the Duchy of Massa and Carrara from the 15th to the 19th century .

Carrara and Massa made up the Duchy of Massa and Carrara from the 15th to the 19th century .


In 1929 , the municipalities of Carrara , Massa and Montignoso were merged in a single municipality , called Apuania .

In 1929 , the cities of Carrara , Massa and Montignoso were mixed in a single big city , called Apuania .


After the death of Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan in 1477 , Carrara was fought over by Tommaso Campofregoso , lord of Sarzana , and again the Malaspina family , who moved here the seat of their signoria in the second half of the 16th century .

After Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan died in 1477 , Carrara was controlled by Tommaso Campogregoso , lord of Sarzana , and the Malaspina family .


In terms of chemistry , mafic rocks are on the other side of the rock spectrum from the felsic rocks .

In terms of chemistry , mafic rocks are on the other side of the rock spectrum from the so-called felsic rocks .


Water and other volatiles can more easily and gradually escape from mafic lava , so eruptions of volcanoes made of mafic lavas are less explosively violent than felsic-lava eruptions .

Water and other volatiles can more easily and gradually escape from mafic lava , so eruptions of volcanoes made of mafic lavas are less explosively violent than felsic lava eruptions .


Common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine , pyroxene , amphibole , and biotite .

Common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine , pyroxene , amphibole , biotite and other micas , augite and the calcium-rich plagioclase feldspars .


Common mafic rocks include basalt , dolerite and gabbro .

Common mafic rocks include basalt and gabbro .


Mafic lava , before cooling , has a low viscosity , in comparison to felsic lava , due to the lower silica content in mafic magma .

Mafic lava , before cooling , has a lower viscosity than felsic lava due to its lower silica content .


Most mafic-lava volcanoes are oceanic volcanoes , like those in Hawaii .

Most mafic lava volcanoes are oceanic volcanoes , like Hawaii .


Most mafic minerals are dark in color and the relative density is greater than 3 .

Mafic minerals are usually dark in color and have a specific gravity greater than 3 .


Mafic is an adjective describing a silicate mineral or rock that is rich in magnesium and iron ; the term is a portmanteau of the words `` magnesium '' and `` ferric '' .

Mafic is an adjective describing a silicate mineral or igneous rock which is rich in magnesium and iron .


Many sharks can contract and dilate their pupils , like humans , something no teleost fish can do .

They can contract and dilate their pupils , like humans , something no teleost fish can do .


Although it is hard to test the hearing of sharks , they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey from many miles away .

Although it is hard to test sharks ' hearing , they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey many miles away .


Well-known species such as the great white shark , tiger shark , blue shark , mako shark , and the hammerhead shark are apex predators-organisms at the top of their underwater food chain .

Some common kinds of shark include the hammerhead shark , the great white shark , the tiger shark , and the mako shark .


Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates , including similar lenses , corneas and retinas , though their eyesight is well adapted to the marine environment with the help of a tissue called tapetum lucidum .

Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates , including similar lenses , corneas and retinas .


This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration - and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico-lateralis system .

This and the sound-detecting organs are grouped together as the ` acoustico-lateralis system ' , because they have a common origin .


This system is found in most fish , including sharks .

This system is found in other fish as well .


This tissue is behind the retina and reflects light back to it , thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters .

A tissue behind the retina reflects light back , thereby increasing sight in darker waters .


However , the fastest swimming sharks ( such as the Mako sharks ) tend to have lunate-shaped ( crescent-shaped ) caudal fins .


Generally sharks have only one layer of tesserae , but the jaws of large specimens , such as the bull shark , tiger shark , and the great white shark , have two to three layers or more , depending on body size .

Great white sharks , Mako sharks , Nurse sharks , Tiger sharks , and Sand tiger sharks reproduce this way .


Some species are oviparous like most other fish , laying their eggs in the water .

Some sharks are oviparous , laying their eggs in the water .


Hammerheads , the requiem sharks ( such as the bull and blue sharks ) , and smoothhounds are viviparous .

Examples of viviparous sharks include the Bull sharks , the Whitetip reef sharks , the Lemon sharks , the Blue sharks , the Silvertip sharks , and the Hammerhead sharks .


Sharks and other cartilaginous fish ( skates and rays ) have skeletons made of cartilage and connective tissue .

Cartilaginous fish also include skates and rays .


The ampullae of Lorenzini are the electroreceptor organs .

In them are which are nerve receptors called the ampullae of Lorenzini .


Sharks have keen olfactory senses , located in the short duct ( which is not fused , unlike bony fish ) between the anterior and posterior nasal openings , with some species able to detect as little as one part per million of blood in seawater .

Sharks have keen olfactory sense organs in the short duct between the front and back nasal openings .


Most sharks are ovoviviparous , meaning that the eggs hatch in the oviduct within the mother 's body and that the egg 's yolk and fluids secreted by glands in the walls of the oviduct nourishes the embryos .

Most sharks are ovoviviparous , meaning the eggs hatch inside the female 's body , with the babies developing within the mother , but there is no placenta to nourish the pups .


As the material collapses under its own weight , massive stars may form in the center , and their ultraviolet radiation ionizes the surrounding gas , making it visible at optical wavelengths .

As the material collapses contracts , massive stars may form in the center , and their ultraviolet radiation ionises the surrounding gas , making it visible at optical wavelengths .


The first true nebula , as distinct from a star cluster , was mentioned by the Persian\/Muslim astronomer , Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi , in his Book of Fixed Stars ( 964 ) .

The Persian astronomer , Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi , mentioned a true nebula for the first time in his book , Book of Fixed Stars ( 964 ) .


The nebula is almost 97 % hydrogen and 3 % helium , plus trace amounts of other elements .

The nebula is 97 % Hydrogen and 3 % Helium with trace materials .


He noted `` a little cloud '' where the Andromeda Galaxy is located .

He said that there was a `` little cloud '' near the Andromeda galaxy .


In visible light these nebulae may be divided into emission and reflection nebulae .


Reflection nebulae themselves do not emit significant amounts of visible light , but are near stars and reflect light from them .

Dark nebulae do not emit light or reflect light .


nebulae or nebulæ , with ligature , or nebulas ) is an interstellar cloud of dust , hydrogen , helium and other ionized gases .

A nebula , which comes from the Latin word for mist or cloud , is an interstellar cloud of dust , hydrogen , helium , and other gases .


The concept of the pteridosperms goes back to the late 19th century when palaeobotanists came to realize that many Carboniferous fossils resembling fern fronds had anatomical features more reminiscent of the modern-day seed plants , the cycads .

The concept of the pteridosperms goes back to the late 19th century when palaeobotanists came to realize that many Carboniferous fossils resembling fern fronds had anatomical features like cycads .


With regard to the enduring value of the division , many palaeobotanists still use the pteridosperm grouping in an informal sense to refer to the seed plants that are not angiosperms , coniferoids ( conifers or cordaites ) , ginkgophytes or cycadophytes ( cycads or bennettites ) .

Many palaeobotanists still use the term in an informal sense for the seed plants that are not angiosperms , coniferoids ( conifers or cordaites ) , ginkgophytes or cycadophytes ( cycads or bennettites ) .


Today , though most palaeobotanists regard them as being only distantly related to ferns and these names as misleading , but the names have nevertheless stuck .

Today , most palaeobotanists regard them as being only distantly related to ferns and that these names are misleading , but the names have nevertheless stuck .


Pteridosperms declined during the Mesozoic Era and had mostly disappeared by the end of the Cretaceous Period , though some pteridosperm-like plants seem to have survived into Eocene times , fossilized in Tasmania .

Pteridosperms declined during the Mesozoic Era and had mostly disappeared by the end of the Cretaceous , though some fossil pteridosperm-like plants seem to have survived into Eocene times in Tasmania .


Initially it was still thought that they were `` transitional fossils '' intermediate between the ferns and cycads , and especially in the English-speaking world they were referred to as `` seed ferns '' or `` pteridosperms '' .

Initially it was still thought that they were intermediate between the ferns and cycads , and especially in the English-speaking world they were referred to as `` seed ferns '' or `` pteridosperms '' .


The term Pteridospermatophyta ( or `` seed ferns '' ) refers to several distinct groups of extinct seed-bearing plants ( spermatophytes ) .

The term seed ferns ( Pteridospermatophyta ) are several distinct groups of extinct seed plants ( spermatophytes ) .


Also , from a purely curatorial perspective the term pteridosperms is a useful shorthand for describing the fern-like fronds that were probably produced by seed plants , which are commonly found in many Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fossil floras .

Also , for curators or collectors , the term ` pteridosperm ' is a useful shorthand for describing fern-like fronds probably produced by seed plants , which are often found in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fossil floras .


In the context of modern phylogenetic models , the groups often referred to as pteridosperms appear to be liberally spread across a range of clades , and many palaeobotanists today would regard pteridosperms as little more than a paraphyletic ` grade-group ' with no common lineage .

They are spread across a range of clades and many palaeobotanists today would regard pteridosperms as little more than a paraphyletic ` grade-group ' .


During the 20th century the concept of pteridosperms was expanded to include various Mesozoic groups of seed plants with fern-like fronds , such as the Corystospermales and Leptostrobales .

Later during the 20th century , the concept of pteridosperms was expanded to include various Mesozoic groups of seed plants with fern-like fronds .


They flourished particularly during the Carboniferous and Permian periods .

The oldest fossil evidence of plants of this type is from Upper Devonian strata , and they flourished particularly during the Carboniferous and Permian periods .


Shortly afterwards , the British palaeobotanists Frank Oliver and Dukinfield Henry Scott ( with the assistance of Oliver 's student at the time Marie Stopes ) made the critical discovery that some of these fronds ( genus Lyginopteris ) were associated with seeds ( genus Lagenostoma ) that had identical and very distinctive glandular hairs , and concluded that both fronds and seeds belonged to the same plant .

British palaeobotanists made the critical discovery that some of these fronds were associated with seeds , and concluded that the fronds and seeds belonged to the same plants .


Some palaeobotanists also included seed plant groups with entire leaves such as the glossopterids ( Arberiales ) and Gigantopteridales , which was clearly stretching the concept .

Some palaeobotanists also included seed plant groups with entire leaves such as Glossopteris and its relatives , which was clearly stretching the concept .


This is particularly useful for extinct seed plant groups whose systematic relationships remain speculative , as they can be classified as pteridosperms with no valid implications being made as to their systematic affinities .

This is particularly useful for extinct seed plant groups , whose relationships are unknown .


In 1862 King Wilhelm I appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister of Prussia .

In 1862 Prussian King William I named Otto von Bismarck as the new Minister-President ( prime minister ) .


In 1848 the liberals saw an opportunity when revolutions broke out across Europe .

In 1848 revolution came to Europe - the liberals had a chance .


This was the area east of the mouth of the Vistula River , later sometimes called `` Prussia proper . ''

At that time , the Duchy of Prussia was only the area east of the mouth of the Vistula River .


These western lands were to be of vital importance because they included the Ruhr Area , the center of Germany 's fledgling industrialisation , especially in the arms industry .

It was the new center of Germany 's industrialisation , and the home of the weapons industry .


Anna , granddaughter of Albert I and daughter of Duke Albert Frederick ( reigned 1568-1618 ) , married her cousin Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg .

In 1618 the new Duke of Prussia was the Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg .


When the Frankfurt Parliament offered Frederick William the crown of a united Germany , he refused on the grounds that he would not accept a crown from a revolutionary assembly without the sanction of Germany 's other monarchs .

The new Frankfurt Parliament wanted to give Frederick William the crown of all Germany , but he did not want it .


It is located 55.5 kilometres ( 34.5 mi ) south-southeast of the center of Paris .

It is 55.5 kilometres ( 34.5 mi ) south-southeast of the center of Paris .


The commune has the largest land area in the Île-de-France region ; it is the only one to cover a larger area than Paris itself .

The commune has the largest land area in the Île-de-France region .


Fontainebleau is renowned for the large and scenic forest of Fontainebleau , a favorite weekend getaway for Parisians , as well as for the historical château de Fontainebleau , which once belonged to the kings of France .

Fontainebleau is known for the large and scenic Forest of Fontainebleau , a favorite weekend getaway for Parisians .


Fontainebleau is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department , and it is the seat of the arrondissement of Fontainebleau .

Fontainebleau is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department .


Fontainebleau , together with the neighbouring commune of Avon and three other smaller communes , form an urban area of 39,713 inhabitants ( according to the 2001 census ) .

Fontainebleau , together with the neighbouring commune of Avon , Seine-et-Marne and three other smaller communes , form an urban area of 36,713 people ( according to the 1999 census ) .


Once inside a host , a virus 's sole purpose is to make as many copies of itself , and infect other host cells ; everything it does is to benefit its fitness and increase the number of its offspring .

Once inside a host , a virus 's main purpose is to make as many copies of itself , and infect other host cells ; everything it does is to benefit its fitness and increase the number of its offspring .


A hole forms in the cell membrane , then the virus particle or its genetic contents are released into the host cell , where viral reproduction may commence .

A hole forms in the cell membrane , then the virus particle or its genetic contents are released into the host cell , where viral reproduction may start .


It is only active when replicating within a host , using a hosts ' resources and food .

It is only active when reproducing within a host , using a hosts ' resources and food .


After control is established and the environment is set for the virus to begin making copies of itself , replication occurs quickly by the million .

After control is taken by the virus and the environment is set for the virus to begin making copies of itself , replication occurs quickly .