Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilizations of China , the Indian subcontinent , Persia , Europe and Arabia .

Trade on the Silk Road played a big part in the growth of the ancient cultures of China , Egypt , Mesopotamia , Persia , India , and Rome , and helped to make the beginning of today 's world .


The Silk Road , or Silk Route , is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by linking traders , merchants , pilgrims , monks , soldiers , nomads and urban dwellers from China to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time .

The Silk Road was a group of trade routes that went across Asia to the Mediterranean Sea .


The office was created on 15 October 1831 , initially it was known as the Board of Works .

The office was created on 15 October 1831 .


The Office of Public Works ( OPW ; Irish : Oifig na nOibreacha Poiblí ) ( legally the Commissioners of Public Works in Ireland , though the full title is rarely used ) is a State Agency of the Department of Finance in Ireland .

The Office of Public Works ( OPW ) ( Irish : Oifig na nOibreacha Poiblí ) is a public service of the Republic of Ireland .


It was formed out of the merger of the Office of the Surveyor-General for Ireland , the Barracks Board , and Navigation Board .

It put together the Office of the Surveyor-General for Ireland , the Barracks Board , and Navigation Board .


The office is in charge of the Government Supplies Agency which issues the Irish Statute Book and in particular the Iris Oifigiúil magazine .

They print the Irish Statute Book and the Iris Oifigiúil magazine .


Shrek the Third ( also known as Shrek 3 ) is a 2007 American computer-animated fantasy comedy film , and the third installment in the Shrek franchise .

Shrek the Third is a 2007 animated movie and is the third movie in the Shrek movie series .


Over time , the competitive categories have been expanded to include `` Best Young Actor and Actress in an International Feature Film '' , `` Best Young Actor and Actress in a Short Film '' , `` Best Young Supporting Actor and Actress in Film '' , `` Best Young Ensemble Cast '' , `` Best Young Recurring Actor and Actress in a TV Series '' , and `` Best Young Guest-starring Actor and Actress in a TV Series '' , with many of the categories being split to acknowledge young artists age 10 and under in their own separate categories .

Today , the number of categories has grown to award `` Best Young Actor and Actress in an International Feature Film '' , `` Best Young Actor and Actress in a Short Film '' , `` Best Young Supporting Actor and Actress in Film '' , `` Best Young Ensemble Cast '' , `` Best Young Recurring Actor and Actress in a TV Series '' , and `` Best Young Guest-starring Actor and Actress in a TV Series '' .


The first Youth In Film Awards were presented in October 1979 at a banquet ceremony held at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood , California .

The first Youth In Film Awards were given in October 1979 at a ceremony held at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood , California .


The foundation 's most notable annual Honorary awards include the `` Jackie Coogan Award '' , often presented to film studios , producers or directors for their `` Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment '' , and the `` Former Child Star Award '' , presented as the foundation 's `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' honoring former child stars for their achievements .

The most well known Young Artist Honorary Awards are the `` Jackie Coogan Award '' , which is given to movie studios , producers or directors for their `` Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment '' , and the `` Former Child Star Award '' , which is given as a `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' to adults who were once child stars .


Originally beginning with only 11 competitive categories in 1979 , the first categories included `` Best Juvenile Actor and Actress in a Motion Picture '' , `` Best Juvenile Actor and Actress in a TV Series or Special '' , `` Best Juvenile Actor and Actress in a Daytime TV Series '' , and `` Best Male and Female Juvenile Recording Artist '' , as well as competitive categories honoring studios and networks for `` family friendly '' films and television programming .

The first categories for child artists were `` Best Juvenile Actor and Actress in a Motion Picture '' , `` Best Juvenile Actor and Actress in a TV Series or Special '' , `` Best Juvenile Actor and Actress in a Daytime TV Series '' , and `` Best Male and Female Juvenile Recording Artist '' .


Subsequent venues over the years have included the Ambassador Hotel 's Coconut Grove , the Globe Theater , the Beverly Garland Hotel and the Sportsmen 's Lodge .

Other locations for the ceremony over the years are the Ambassador Hotel 's Coconut Grove , the Globe Theatre , the Beverly Garland Hotel , and the Sportsmen 's Lodge .


Winners are selected by members of the Young Artist Association .

Winners are chosen by the Young Artist Association .


Today , the Young Artist Association has a voting board of over 125 members composed of journalists , agents , and former child performers .

Today , the Young Artist Association has over 125 members who are journalists , agents , and former child performers .


While many of the acting categories have been expanded over time , some early competitive categories such as `` Best Juvenile Recording Artist '' , `` Best Family Motion Picture '' and `` Best Family TV Series '' have been phased out over the years , with accolades for those achievements now being bestowed in the form of special `` Honorary '' awards .

While the number of acting categories has grown , some competitive categories like `` Best Juvenile Recording Artist '' , `` Best Family Motion Picture '' and `` Best Family TV Series '' are no longer awarded .


Originally known as the Youth In Film Awards for the first twenty years , the name was officially changed to the Young Artist Awards for the 21st annual awards ceremony in March 2000 .

The awards were called the Youth In Film Awards for the first 20 years , but the name was changed to the Young Artist Awards for the 21st awards in March 2000 .


Originally known as the Hollywood Women 's Photo and Press Club , and later , the Youth in Film Association , the general membership was originally composed of 88 journalists and photographers , who were active in various branches of the arts .

The association was originally called the Hollywood Women 's Photo and Press Club and its members were 88 journalists and photographers who worked in the arts .


The 1st Youth In Film Awards ceremony was held in October 1979 , at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood to honor outstanding young performers of the 1978\/1979 season .

The 1st Youth In Film Awards were given in October 1979 , at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood for child actors ' and singers ' work during the years 1978 and 1979 .


The most recent 34th Annual Young Artist Awards ceremony , honoring young performers of the year 2012 , was held at the Sportsmen 's Lodge in Studio City , California on May 5 , 2013 .

The 34th Young Artist Awards were given on May 5 , 2013 at the Sportsmen 's Lodge in Southern California for child actors ' work during the year 2012 .


Winners are selected by secret ballot of all associated with the Young Artist Association as well as former nominees .

The winners are picked by The Young Artist Association and past nominees who all vote by secret ballot .


In addition to its well known film and television awards , the association has also recognized the achievements of youth in other fields of the performing arts over the years , including theater , dance , commercials , journalism , radio and stand-up comedy .

The Young Artist Awards has also awarded children for their work in other arts over the years , including theater , dance , commercials , journalism , radio and stand-up comedy .


Two notable examples that year being young Ricky Schroder in The Champ and Justin Henry in Kramer vs. Kramer , who were each nominated for Golden Globes in the same categories as their adult counterparts .

Two child actors who had to compete with adults for other awards that year were Ricky Schroder in The Champ and Justin Henry in Kramer vs. Kramer .


The Young Artist Awards are presented annually by the Young Artist Association .

The Young Artist Awards are given every year by the Young Artist Foundation .


The working of Poynings ' Law took place in several steps .

Poynings ' Law ( official title 10 Henry 7 .


The honors music for a person , office or rank is music played on formal or ceremonial occasions in the presence of the person , office-holder , or rank-holder , especially by a military band .

The honors music is music played at formal times in the presence of the person , office-holder , or rank-holder .


The head of state in many countries is honored with a prescribed piece of music ; in some countries the national anthem serves this purpose , while others have a separate royal , presidential , or , historically , imperial anthem .

The head of state in many countries is honored with music .


Instances of honors music other than the relevant national anthem include the following : From the nineteenth century , a new Ottoman imperial anthem was usually composed for each Sultan of the Ottoman Empire .

Countries with special honors music are : Instances of honors music other than the relevant national anthem include the following :


The 1970-71 NHL season was the 54th season of the National Hockey League .

The 1970-71 NHL season was the 54th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .


The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup by beating the Black Hawks in seven games in the finals .

The Montreal Canadiens were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Chicago Black Hawks in seven games in the final series .


Two new teams , the Buffalo Sabres and Vancouver Canucks made their debuts and were both put into the East Division .

The Buffalo Sabres and the Vancouver Canucks made their NHL debuts this season .


Heinrich Sutermeister ( born Feuerthalen , 12 August 1910 - died Vaux-sur-Morges , 16 March 1995 ) was a Swiss opera composer .

Heinrich Sutermeister ( born Feuerthalen , 12 August , 1910 - died Vaux-sur-Morges , 16 March , 1995 ) was a Swiss composer .


His most successful stage work was Romeo und Julia , premiered in Dresden in 1940 under Karl Böhm .

Romeo und Julia has been played the first time in Dresden in 1940 , under the famous conductor Karl Böhm .


Frida Kahlo de Rivera ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈfɾiða ˈkalo ) ; born Magdalena Carmen Frieda Kahlo y Calderón ; July 6 , 1907 - July 13 , 1954 ) was a Mexican painter who is best known for her self-portraits .

Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón ( 6 July 1907 - 13 July 1954 ) , usually known as Frida Kahlo , was a Mexican painter .


Arguably the simplest receptor found in the mouth is the salt ( NaCl ) receptor .

This is the simplest receptor found in the mouth .


A1 Grand Prix ( A1GP ) was a ` single make ' open wheel auto racing series .

A1 Grand Prix ( A1GP ) was a ` single make ' open wheel car auto racing series .


The nation-based A1GP concept was founded by Sheikh Maktoum Hasher Maktoum Al Maktoum of Dubai , initially in 2003 .

The concept was founded by Sheikh Maktoum Hasher Maktoum Al Maktoum of Dubai in 2003 .


At the final race of the season in Shanghai , A1 Team France were crowned the first-ever A1 Grand Prix world champions with 172 points .


This put an end to the hopes the season would start and also put the future of the series in doubt .

This ended the hopes the season would start and also put the future of the series in doubt .


The 2006-07 schedule was released on 7 July 2006 , with the first race at Circuit Park Zandvoort on 1 October 2006 , and the last race at Brands Hatch on 29 April 2007 .

The 2006-07 season started on 1 October 2006 at Circuit Park Zandvoort , and the last race at Brands Hatch on 29 April 2007 .


Twenty-five of the franchises were purchased in time for the 2005-06 A1 Grand Prix season , which began on 25 September 2005 with the A1 Grand Prix of Nations Great Britain at the Brands Hatch circuit in Kent , United Kingdom .

Twenty-five of the franchises were purchased for the 2005-06 A1 Grand Prix season .


The 2008-09 season was the first season in which the new `` Powered by Ferrari '' A1GP car was used .

The 2008-09 season saw the new Powered by Ferrari A1GP car .


The series was thrown into further doubt as more races were canceled , with an announcement made on 5 November 2009 stating that the races in China and Malaysia would not be taking place .

An announcement made on 5 November 2009 stating that the races in China and Malaysia would not be taking place .


The series was ratified by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) and races were held in the traditional Formula One off-season , the northern hemisphere winter .

The series was ratified by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) .


Once the series had received the backing of the FIA , a management structure including new executive directors Brian Menell and Tony Teixeira were appointed to oversee the sale of franchises for the operation of international teams .

Brian Menell and Tony Teixeira were appointed to run the sale of franchises .


The first season was planned for 12 rounds ( 24 races , with two each weekend ) ; however the cancellation of a race scheduled for Curitiba , Brazil in January 2006 reduced this number to 11 .

The first season was planned for 12 rounds .


Thirty franchises were made available ; twenty-three of them were restricted to specified nations , while the other seven were opened to tender for nations that had not been initially targeted .


The last race that was to be held in the season , the Dutch round , was switched for Superleague Formula .

The last race that was to be held in the season was the Dutch round .


The opening round of the season , scheduled as part of the already well established Nikon SuperGP race meeting , was canceled five days before practice was due to begin .

The opening of the 2009-10 season was canceled five days before practice was due to begin .


Computer chess programs consider chess moves as a game tree .


Human-computer chess matches showed the best computer systems overtaking human chess champions in the late 1990s .

Chess engines are computer systems that can play chess games against human opponents .


It was n't until the 1980s that she began to establish herself as a comedy star , with the award-winning television series Victoria Wood As Seen On TV and became one of Britain 's most popular stand-up comics .

It was not until the 1980s that she began to be known as a comedy star , with the award-winning television series Victoria Wood As Seen On TV and became one of Britain 's most popular stand-up comedians .


Wood frequently works with long-term collaborators Julie Walters , Duncan Preston and Celia Imrie .

Wood has often worked with Julie Walters , Duncan Preston and Celia Imrie .


Wood has written and starred in sketches , plays , films and sitcoms , and her live comedy act is interspersed with her own compositions , which she accompanies on piano .

She has written and starred in sketches , plays , films and sitcoms .


Victoria Wood CBE ( born 19 May 1953 ) is an English comedienne , actress , singer-songwriter , screenwriter and director .

Victoria Wood CBE ( born 19 May 1953 in Prestwich , Lancashire ) is an English comedienne , actress , singer , writer and television presenter .


Much of her humor is grounded in everyday life , and includes references to popular British media and brand names of quintessentially British products .

It refers to popular British media and brand names of British products .


Johann Friedrich Blumenbach ( 11 May 1752 - 22 January 1840 ) was a German physician , naturalist , physiologist , and anthropologist .

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach ( 11 May 1752 - 22 January 1840 ) was a German physician , naturalist , physiologist and anthropologist .


Blumenbach 's work was used by many biologists and comparative anatomists in the nineteenth century who were interested in the origin of races , including Wells , Lawrence , Prichard , Huxley and William Flower .

Blumenbach 's work was used by many biologists and comparative anatomists in the nineteenth century who were interested in the origin of races : Wells , Lawrence , Prichard , Huxley and William Flower are good examples of his influence on human biology .


Blumenbach 's work included his description of sixty human crania ( skulls ) published originally in fascicules as Decas craniorum ( Göttingen , 1790-1828 ) .

Blumenbach 's work included the description of sixty skulls published as Decas craniorum ( Göttingen 1790-1828 ) .


His teachings in comparative anatomy were applied to the classification of what he called human races , of which he determined there to be five .

His teachings in comparative anatomy were applied to classify human races , of which he listed five .


He divided the human species into five races in 1779 , later founded on crania research ( description of human skulls ) , and called them ( 1793\/1795 ) : Further anatomical study led him to the conclusion that ` individual Africans differ as much , or even more , from other individual Africans as Europeans differ from Europeans ' .

Anatomical study led him to the conclusion that ` individual Africans differ as much , or even more , from other individual Africans as Europeans differ from Europeans ' .


This was a founding work for other scientists in the field of craniometry .

This was a founding work for other scientists .


Furthermore , he concluded that Africans were not inferior to the rest of mankind ` concerning healthy faculties of understanding , excellent natural talents and mental capacities ' , and is quoted as saying the following : He did not consider his `` degenerative hypothesis '' as racist and sharply criticized Christoph Meiners , an early practitioner of scientific racialism , as well as Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring who concluded from autopsies that Africans were an inferior race .

Furthermore he thought that Africans were not inferior to the rest of mankind ` concerning healthy faculties of understanding , excellent natural talents and mental capacities ' .


On December 10 , 2010 , the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa accepted a bid to become the 10th member of the conference for football only .

The University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa , more often known as Hawaiʻi , is a member in football only .


As a result , the Mountain West and C-USA backed away from a full merger .

However , because of money issues , the conferences backed away from a full merger .


The idea was brought to the Zionist Congress at its sixth meeting in 1903 in Basel .

The idea was brought up during Zionist Congress at its sixth meeting in 1903 in Basel .


The Uganda Scheme was a plan in the early 1900s to give a portion of British East Africa to the Jewish people as a homeland .

The British Uganda Programme was a plan to give a piece of East Africa , owned by the British , to Jewish people to live in .


However , the observers found a dangerous land filled with lions and other creatures .

However , it was filled with lions and other dangerous animals .


Its high elevation gave it a temperate climate , making it suitable for European settlement .

The plateau 's high elevation gave it a low temperature , which was good for the European people .


Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9 , 1913 - April 22 , 1994 ) was the 37th President of the United States , serving from 1969 to 1974 , when he became the only president to resign the office .

Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9 , 1913 - April 22 , 1994 ) was the 37th President of the United States , serving from 1969 to 1974 , when he became the only president to resign from office .


He subsequently served in the United States Navy during World War II .

He served in the Navy during World War II .


Nixon was elected in California to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 .

Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 .


Nixon was born in Yorba Linda , California .

Nixon was born in 1913 in his family 's home in Yorba Linda , California , and was raised as a Quaker .


General Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated for president by the Republicans in 1952 .

In the 1952 presidential election , Dwight D. Eisenhower selected Nixon to be vice-president .


Young Richard attended East Whittier Elementary School , where he was president of his eighth-grade class .

He attended Whittier High School , Whittier College , and Duke University .


Local and national Republican leaders encouraged Nixon to challenge incumbent Pat Brown for Governor of California in the 1962 election .

In 1962 , Nixon lost the election for governor of California to Pat Brown .


Tamano attended The Philippine Women 's University - Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and La Salle Greenhills for his primary and secondary education , respectively .

Tamano attended Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and La Salle Greenhills for his primary and secondary education .


Adel Tamano ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is a Filipino lawyer and politician .

Adel Fadel Abbas Tamano ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is a Filipino lawyer and politician .


Tamano is married to Rowena Kapunan , daughter of retired Supreme Court Justice Santiago Kapunan .

Tamano is married to Rowena Kapunan , who is also a lawyer .


He went to the Ateneo de Manila University to pursue an A.B. in Economics and later law ( Juris Doctor ) , graduating in 1992 and 1996 respectively .

He went to the Ateneo de Manila University to study A.B. Economics and later law , graduating in 1992 and 1996 respectively .


He lectures on legal writing at the Ateneo Law School , and on constitutional law at the Far Eastern University Institute of Law and the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila .

He lectures on legal writing at the Ateneo Law School , and on constitutional law at the Far Eastern University Institute of Law and the University of the City of Manila .


Stomach cancer causes over 700,000 deaths worldwide per year .

Stomach cancer causes about 800,000 deaths worldwide per year .


Stomach cancer , or gastric cancer , refers to cancer arising from any part of the stomach .

Stomach cancer , or gastric cancer , is a kind of cancer from any part of the stomach .


Elizabeth Gladys Millvina Dean ( 2 February 1912 - 31 May 2009 ) was a British civil servant and cartographer , best known for being the last remaining survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic , which occurred on 15 April 1912 .

Elizabeth Gladys Millvina Dean ( February 2 , 1912 - May 31 , 2009 ) was , at age 97 , the last living survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic that occurred April 15 , 1912 .


Her father , however , did not survive , and his body , if recovered , was never identified .


Everything has a point , and if it does n't , then there 's a point to it . ''

Resting on the ground , he noticed everything ( trees , buildings ) that reached into the sky from the ground came to a `` point '' , leading Nilsson to believe that `` everything has a point , and if it does n't , then there 's a point to that '' .


is a fable and the sixth album by American songwriter and musician Harry Nilsson about a boy named Oblio , the only round-headed person in the Pointed Village , where by law everyone and everything had to have a point .

tells a story about a boy named Oblio , who is the only round-headed person in a land full of people and animals with pointed heads .


The incident was the largest mass murder in Canadian history , .

The bombing was called the largest mass murder in modern Canadian history , and the deadliest act of air terrorism before 9\/11 .


Additionally , a gale warning was issued for much of the South Carolina coastline .

Also , a gale warning was given out for much of the South Carolina coastline .


Andrea was the first pre-season storm to develop since Tropical Storm Ana in April 2003 .

Andrea was the first tropical storm to form before the official start of the season since Tropical Storm Ana from the 2003 season which formed on April 2003 .


Additionally , the storm was the first Atlantic named storm in May since Tropical Storm Arlene in 1981 .

The storm was also the first named storm to form in the month of May since Tropical Storm Arlene from the 1981 season .


After encountering dry air and strong vertical wind shear , Andrea weakened to a subtropical depression on May 10 while remaining nearly stationary , and the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories early on May 11 .

After staying close to the same area , on May 10 , Andrea weakened into a subtropical depression after coming near to dry air and wind shear , and on the next day , the National Hurricane Center stopped looking at the storm and stopped giving out advisories .


The storm produced rough surf along the coastline from Florida to North Carolina , causing beach erosion and some damage .

The storm made bad surf along the beach areas from Florida to North Carolina .


It goes through the cities of Richmond , Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia , Staunton , Virginia , and Wheeling , West Virginia .

The road goes through the cities of Richmond , Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia , Staunton , Virginia , and Wheeling , West Virginia .


It currently runs for 514 miles ( 827 km ) from Sandusky , Ohio to Richmond , Virginia .

It runs for 514 miles ( 827 km ) from Sandusky , Ohio to Richmond , Virginia .


U.S. Route 250 ( US 250 ) is a route of the United States Numbered Highway System , and is a spur of U.S. Route 50 .

U.S. Route 250 ( US 250 ) is a route of the United States Numbered Highway System .


West of Pruntytown , West Virginia , US 250 intersects and forms a short overlap with its parent US 50 .

US 250 intersects and forms a short overlap with its parent US 50 west of Pruntytown , West Virginia .


Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax ( Dutch pronunciation : ( ˈaːjɑks ) ) , also AFC Ajax or Ajax Amsterdam , is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam .

Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax ( Ajax Amsterdam , AFC Ajax , or simply Ajax ) is a football club from Amsterdam , Netherlands .


Ajax was founded in Amsterdam on 18 March 1900 .

The club was founded on March 18 , 1900 .


In art and symbolism , a crescent ( \ / ˈkrɛsənt \ / ) is generally the shape produced when a circular disk has a segment of another circle removed from its edge , so that what remains is a shape enclosed by two circular arcs of different diameters which intersect at two points ( usually in such a manner that the enclosed shape does not include the center of the original circle ) .

In art and symbolism , a crescent is generally the shape produced when a circular disk has a segment of another circle removed from its edge , so that what remains is a shape enclosed by two circular arcs of different diameters which intersect at two points ( usually in such a manner that the enclosed shape does not include the center of the original circle ) .


Fouling on the initial break results in a special penalty of a loss of 2 points .

A foul on the first break results in a special penalty of a loss of 2 points .


Traditionally , the 1 ball is placed at the rack 's right corner , and the 5 ball placed at the rack 's left corner , although this is not an official rule .

Traditionally , the 1 ball is placed at the rack 's right corner , and the 5 ball is placed at the rack 's left corner .


Thus , the first two fouls are a loss of one point each , and the third foul in a row is a loss of 16 points ; 1 point for the foul , and 15 points for it being the third consecutive foul .

Thus , the first two fouls are a loss of one point each , and the third foul in a row is a loss of 16 points : 1 point for the foul , and 15 points for it being the third foul in a row .


The game remains well known in the United States , Europe , Argentina , Japan and the Philippines , but is more obscure elsewhere .

Straight pool is well known in the United States , Europe , Japan and the Philippines , but the game has become more obscure elsewhere .


However , a third foul in a row at any time in a straight pool game results in a loss of 15 points ( for purposes of this rule , a foul on the initial break , though it is a loss of two points , is not counted as two fouls ) .

However , a third foul in a row at any time in a straight pool game results in a loss of 15 points .


In straight pool , the shooter may attempt to pocket any ball on the table .

In straight pool , the person shooting may attempt to pocket any ball on the table .


On the break , either a ball must be pocketed in a designated pocket or the cue ball and at least two additional balls must touch a rail .

To perform a legal break , either a ball must be pocketed in a called pocket or the cue ball and at least two additional colored balls must touch rails .


A typical game might require a player to score 100 points , meaning at least 100 balls must be pocketed to win .

This means that at least 100 balls must be pocketed to win .


Unlike in most pool games , where pocketing a ball and spreading the balls is the aim on the break , the object in straight pool 's standard initial Template : Cue-gloss is to leave the opponent with a Template : Cue-gloss .

In most pool games , pocketing a ball and spreading the balls is the aim on the break .


Straight pool is a call-pocket game , meaning the player must indicate the intended object ball and pocket on every shot .


One point is scored for each ball pocketed where no foul is made .

One point is scored for each ball pocketed legally ( that is , without a foul ) .


Straight pool , also called 14.1 continuous or simply 14.1 , is a pocket billiards game , and was the common sport of championship competition until overtaken by faster-playing games like nine-ball ( and to a lesser extent eight-ball ) .

Straight pool , also called 14.1 continuous or simply 14.1 , is a pocket billiards ( pool ) game .


This is because the call-pocket rule includes the break shot .

The reason for this is because the call-pocket rule-the rule discussed earlier requiring the player to call the ball they intend to pocket-includes the break shot .


The object is to reach a set number of points determined by agreement before the game .

The aim of the game is to reach a set number of points .


Other balls are placed at random and must touch their neighbors .

All the balls must touch their neighbors .


One of the all-time greatest players , Willie Mosconi , had a record high run of 526 points .

Probably the all-time greatest player ( by professional statistics ) , Willie Mosconi , holds the game 's record high run .


In addition , the opponent has the choice either of accepting the table in position , or alternatively of having the balls re-racked and requiring the offending player to repeat the opening break .

In addition , the opponent has the choice of either accepting the table as it was left , or of having the balls re-racked and requiring the person who fouled on the break to repeat it .


All other fouls during the game result in a one point deduction , including fouling on an intragame rack .

This includes fouling on an intragame rack ( a rack after the first rack , which are discussed later ) .


The game was formerly the dominant pool game in the United States , and immortalized in the 1961 film The Hustler .

The game was especially popular in the United States , and was the subject of the classic 1961 film The Hustler .


The division is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney , and includes the suburbs of Belfield , Belmore , Burwood Heights , Campsie , Chullora , Clemton Park , Enfield , Greenacre , Lakemba , Mount Lewis , Roselands , Strathfield South and Wiley Park and parts of Ashbury , Bankstown , Beverly Hills , Burwood , Canterbury , Croydon , Croydon Park , Earlwood , Kingsgrove , Narwee , Punchbowl , Riverwood and Strathfield .

The division is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney , including Belfield , Belmore , Burwood Heights , Campsie , Chullora , Clemton Park , Enfield , Greenacre , Lakemba , Mount Lewis , Roselands , Strathfield South and Wiley Park and parts of Ashbury , Bankstown , Beverly Hills , Burwood , Canterbury , Croydon , Croydon Park , Earlwood , Kingsgrove , Narwee , Punchbowl , Riverwood and Strathfield .


It has previously been held by Leo McLeay , a former Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives .

Leo McLeay was Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives .


There was previously another Division of Watson ( 1934-69 ) , located in the south-eastern suburbs of Sydney , however that Division is not connected to this one except in name .

It was in the south-eastern suburbs of Sydney , however that Division is not connected to this one except in name .


The division was created at the redistribution of 31 January 1992 , to replace the abolished Division of St George and is named after the Right Honourable Chris Watson , the first Labor Prime Minister of Australia .

It is named after Chris Watson , the first Labor Prime Minister of Australia .


His title was khagan , or `` Khan of Khans '' , but has often been abbreviated to Khan ( rather like the Persian Shahanshah - also meaning `` King of Kings '' - is usually called Shah , equally incorrect , in most Western languages ) or described as `` Great Khan '' ( like the Ottoman Padishah being called `` Great Sultan '' ) .

His title was khagan ` Khan of Khans ' , see below , but is often ` shortened ' to Khan ( rather like the Persian Shahanshah - also meaning ` King of Kings ' - is usually called Shah , equally incorrect , in most Western languages ) or described as ` Great Khan ' ( like the Ottoman Padishah being called ` Great Sultan ' ) .


Presently Khans exist in South Asia , Central Asia , Eastern Europe and Turkey .

Presently , khans exist mostly in South Asia , Central Asia and Iran .


The title Khan became unprecedently prominent when the Mongol Temüjin created the Mongol empire , the greatest land empire the world has ever seen , which he ruled as Genghis Khan .

The title `` Khan '' became well known when the tribal Mongol Temüjin proved himself a military genius by creating the Mongol Empire , the greatest land empire the world ever saw , which he ruled as Genghis Khan .


A police ID card and entry in the civil registry stating Flores was born on July 16 , 1890 , were shown to reporters .

A police ID card and entry in the civil registry stating Flores was born on July 16 , 1890 were shown to reporters .


He has 16 grandchildren and 39 great-grandchildren .

He has 40 grandchildren and 19 great-grandchildren .


He has lived there ever since , never traveling farther than La Paz , 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) from his home .

He has lived there since , never traveling father than La Paz , 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) from his home .


Flores had five children , one of whom ( Cecilio , aged 65 ) is alive as of 2013 .

Flores had three children , one of which is alive as of 2013 ( Cecilio , aged 67 ) .


Carmelo Flores Laura is an individual from Bolivia who has unverified supercentenarian status .

Carmelo Flores Laura ( born July 16 , 1906 ) is an unverified supercentenarian from Bolivia .


The relationship between the two measured quantities is often expressed as a power law : or in a logarithmic form : where is the scaling exponent of the law .

The relationship between two measured quantities is often expressed as a power law : or in a logarithmic form : where is the scaling exponent of the law .


Allometry is the study of the relationship of body size to shape , anatomy , physiology and finally behavior , first outlined by Otto Snell in 1892 , D'Arcy Thompson in 1917 and Julian Huxley in 1932 .

Allometry was first outlined by Otto Snell in 1892 , D'Arcy Thompson in 1917 , and Julian Huxley in 1932 .


Allometry often studies shape differences in terms of ratios of the objects ' dimensions .

Allometry is the study of the relationship of body size to shape .


Other sightings may have been of actual land , wrongly located through observational errors due to chronometer failure , adverse weather or simple incompetence .

Other sightings may have been of actual land , wrongly located through observational errors due to chronometer failure , bad weather or simple incompetence .


Robert Johnson , a former captain of the Wasp , had made an exploratory voyage along the western coast of the Antarctic peninsula in 1821 , calling it `` New South Greenland '' .

Robert Johnson , a former captain of the Wasp , had made an exploratory voyage along the western coast of the Antarctic peninsula in 1821 .


In the early 19th century the geography of Antarctica was almost completely unknown , though occasional sightings of land had been recorded .

In the early 19th century the geography of Antarctica was almost completely unknown , but occasional sightings of land had been recorded .


This would be the first of four extended voyages that would keep Morrell at sea for most of the following eight years , although he would not revisit the Antarctic after the initial voyage .

This would be the first of four long voyages that would keep Morrell at sea for most of the following eight years , although he would not revisit the Antarctic after the initial voyage .


Morrell describes seal hunting activities continuing along this putative coast during the remainder of the day .

Morrell describes seal hunting activities continuing along this coast during the remainder of the day .


Morrell turned north from a position he calculated as 67 ° 52 'S , 48 ° 11 ` W. Three days later , on 19 March , the ship passed what he took to be the northern cape of the land , at 62 ° 41 'S , 47 ° 21 ` W. `` This land abounds with oceanic birds of every description '' , wrote Morrell .


A sounding of the sea bottom revealed more than 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of water , indicating no land in near proximity .

A sounding of the sea bottom revealed more than 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of water , indicating no land nearby .


In his narrative he assigns the honor to his fellow sealing captain , Robert Johnson , for finding and naming the land two years earlier .

In his narrative , he gives all credit to his fellow sealing captain , Robert Johnson , for finding and naming the land two years earlier .


These words are very similar to those used by the British explorer James Weddell to describe his own experiences in the same area , a month earlier , which has led historians to suspect that Morrell may have plagiarised Weddell 's experiences .

These words are very similar to those used by the British explorer James Weddell to describe his own experiences in the same area , a month earlier .


In 1822 Benjamin Morrell , who had sailed to the South Sandwich Islands the previous year , was appointed commander of the schooner Wasp for a two-year voyage of sealing , trading and exploration in the Antarctic seas and the southern Pacific Ocean .

Morrel was appointed commander of the schooner Wasp for a two-year voyage of sealing , trading and exploration in the Antarctic seas and the southern Pacific Ocean in 1822 .


New South Greenland , sometimes known as Morrell 's Land , was an appearance of land recorded by the American captain Benjamin Morrell of the schooner Wasp in March 1823 , during a sealing and exploration voyage in the Weddell Sea area of Antarctica .

New South Greenland , which is also known as Morrell 's Land , was an appearance of land recorded by the American captain Benjamin Morrell .


He then attempted to take the ship southwards but , reaching thick ice at around 60 ° S , turned northeast towards the Kerguelen Islands where he anchored on 31 December .

He reached think ice around 60 ° S and decided to turn northeast towards the Kerguelen Islands where he anchored on 31 December .


Mountains of snow , he observed , could be discerned about 75 miles ( 120 km ) further south .

Mountains of snow , he observed , could be seen about 75 miles ( 120 km ) further south .


However , Morrell describes his find briefly and prosaically , evidently seeking no personal credit or glory from the discovery .

Morrell describes his sighting briefly , and seeks no personal credit or glory from the discovery .


Wasp subsequently headed eastwards to hunt for seals and , according to Morrell , reached the remote Bouvet Island on 6 December , finding this elusive island without apparent difficulty .

According to Morrell , the ship reached the remote Bouvet Island on 6 December .


The city of Altenburg and the surrounding lands were the tiny duchy of Saxe-Altenburg from 1826 to 1918 ; afterwards it was a state within the Weimar Republic for a short time , before it was dissolved in 1922 in order to join the state of Thuringia .

The city of Altenburg and the surrounding land were the tiny duchy of Saxe-Altenburg from 1826 to 1918 ; afterwards it was a state within the Weimar Republic for a short time , before it was dissolved in 1922 in order to join the state of Thuringia .


Altenburger Land is a district in Thuringia , Germany .

Altenburger Land is a rural district in Thuringia , Germany .


In 1952 there was an administrative reform splitting the districts into two smaller units , called Altenburg and Schmölln .

In 1952 districts was split in two , called Altenburg and Schmölln .


They were merged again in 1994 , but now under the name `` Altenburger Land '' .

They were joined up again in 1994 , but called `` Altenburger Land '' .


The district in its present borders was established in 1922 under the name `` Altenburg '' .

The district in its present borders was started in 1922 as `` Altenburg '' .


After the death of Saebert in AD 616 , Mellitus was driven out and the kingdom reverted to paganism .

After the death of Saebert in 616 , Mellitus was driven out and the kingdom reverted to paganism .


It was founded in the 6th century and covered the territory later occupied by the counties of Essex , Hertfordshire , Middlesex and ( for a short while ) Kent .

The kingdom of Essex covered the area of the modern English counties of Essex , Hertfordshire , Middlesex and ( for a short while ) Kent .


In the Tribal Hidage it is listed as containing 7,000 hides .

In the Tribal Hidage the East Saxons were listed at 7,000 hides .


The kingdom of the East Saxons ( Old English : Ēast Seaxna Rīce ; Latin : Regnum Orientalium Saxonum ) , today referred to as the Kingdom of Essex , was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy .

The kingdom of the East Saxons ( Old English : Ēast Seaxna Rīce ) , was also called the Kingdom of Essex .


The territory included the remains of two provincial Roman capitals Colchester and London .

The territory of the East Saxons included the two Roman provincial capitals of Colchester and , for a time , London .


It was Æthelberht , and not Sæberht , who built and endowed St. Pauls in London , where St. Paul 's Cathedral now stands .

Athelberht built and endowed St. Pauls in London , where St. Paul 's Cathedral now stands .


Although the kingdom of Essex was one of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy , its history is not well documented .

It was one of the seven kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy .


It has an area of 163.74 square kilometres ( 63.22 sq mi ) , and as of October 1 , 2004 the population of the area was 19,170 .

The town has an area of 163.74 square kilometres ( 63.22 sq mi ) , and as of October 1 , 2004 the population of the area was 19,170 .


A 53 member delegation of medical personnel from the Home Front Command and the IDF 's Medical Corps opened a field hospital near Minamisanriku on March 29 .

A 53 member group of medical personnel from the Home Front Command and the IDF 's Medical Corps opened a field hospital near Minamisanriku on March 29 .


Minamisanriku was largely destroyed by the Japanese 2011 tsunami , with most buildings swept away by waves of 16 metres ( 52 ft ) or more , and over half the town 's population missing and almost certainly dead .

Minamisanriku was largely destroyed by the Japanese 2011 tsunami , with most buildings swept away by waves of 16 metres ( 52 ft ) or more .


which Sato escaped to was submerged by the tsunami , and out of the 130 people who worked at the town hall , Sato was one of only 30 who reached the roof and one of only 10 who survived .

Out of the 130 people who worked at the town hall , Sato was one of only 30 who reached the roof .


When the earthquake struck , the mayor of the town , Jin Sato ( 佐藤仁 ) , was talking at the town assembly about the ( much smaller ) tsunami caused by the March 9 foreshock of the March 11 earthquake .

When the earthquake struck , the mayor of the town , Jin Sato ( 佐藤仁 ) , was talking at the town assembly .


An initial team of five doctors from Israel set up a surgery in preparation for a larger team once needs were assessed .

A team of five doctors from Israel set up a surgery .


The town was formed through a merger on October 1 , 2005 , when the towns of Shizugawa and Utatsu , both from Motoyoshi District , merged to form the new town of Minamisanriku .

The town was created on October 1 , 2005 , when the towns of Shizugawa and Utatsu merged to form the new town of Minamisanriku .


Shizugawa hospital was one of the few major buildings that survived the tsunami , but was partly inundated , and 74 out of 109 patients died .

Shizugawa hospital was one of the few major buildings that survived the tsunami .


Immediate aftermath accounts suggested 95 percent of the town was destroyed by the 2011 Japanese tsunami that followed the 2011 Tohuku earthquake .

95 percent of the town was destroyed by the 2011 Japanese tsunami that followed the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake .


However , although both were 20 metres above sea level , the tsunami inundated them and washed people away .

Although both were 20 meters above sea level , the tsunami covered them and washed people away .


The town had two evacuation centres where residents could go in the event of a tsunami , one on the southern headland overlooking the town , the other back from the center of the town .

The town had two evacuation centres where residents could go to escape from a tsunami .


Miki Endo ( 遠藤未希 ) , a 25 year old employed by the town 's Crisis Management Department to voice disaster advisories and warnings , was hailed in the Japanese news media as a heroine for sacrificing her life by continuing to broadcast warnings and alerts over the community loudspeaker system , located in the Crisis Management Department 's building , as the tsunami overwhelmed it .

Miki Endo ( 远藤未希 ) , a 25 year old employee of the town 's Crisis Management Department , continued to broadcast warnings and alerts over a community loudspeaker system as the tsunami came in .


The clinic was active in treating patients immediately upon opening .

The clinic began treating patients immediately .


Photos show the roof of the building completely submerged at the height of the inundation , with some persons clinging to the rooftop antenna .

Photos show the roof of the building completely submerged at the height of the tsunami .


Only the tallest buildings remained and roughly half the population was unaccounted for during the days following the disaster ; 9,700 people only were confirmed alive and evacuated in the first week .

9,700 people are confirmed alive and evacuated .


The three-story headquarters of the department remained standing , but was completely gutted , with only a red-colored steel skeleton remaining ; in the aftermath of the disaster , Endo was missing and was later confirmed to have died .

The three-storey headquarters of the department remained standing but only the steel frame remained .


People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) ( stylized PeTA ) is an American animal rights organization based in Norfolk , Virginia , and led by Ingrid Newkirk , its international president .

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) is the world 's largest non-profit organization about animal rights .


Aswan is one of the driest inhabited places in the world ; as of early 2001 , the last rain there was seven years earlier .

Aswan is one of the driest places in the world where people actually live ; as of early 2001 , the last rain there was 6 years earlier .


Aswan is a busy market and tourist center located just north of the Aswan Dams on the east bank of the Nile at the first cataract .

It is on the east bank of the Nile and is a busy market and tourist center .


In Nubian settlements , they generally do not bother to roof all of the rooms in their houses .

In Nubian settlements , the people often do not put a roof over all of the rooms in their houses .


As of 17 October 2012 ( update ) , the last rainfall was thunderstorms on May 13 , 2006 , January 2010 and October 2012 .

As of October 13 , 2007 , the last rainfall was a thunderstorm on May 13 , 2006 .


The city is located between Mundaú Lake and the Atlantic Ocean .

The city attracts many tourists and it enjoys an important location between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mundaú Lake .


The Port of Jaraguá is a Brazilian port located in Maceió .

Maceió was just a village when the port of Jaraguá helped the little village to become a city in the 19th century .


Not all broken ligaments need surgery , but , if surgery is needed to stabilise the joint , the broken ligament can be repaired .

Not all broken ligaments need surgery , but if surgery is needed to stabilise the joint , the broken ligament can be joined .


This is one reason why dislocated joints must be set as quickly as possible : if the ligaments lengthen too much , then the joint will be weakened , becoming prone to future dislocations .

This is one reason why dislocated joints must be set as quickly as possible : if the ligaments lengthen too much , then the joint will be weakened .


They do not connect muscles to bones ; that is the job of tendons .

They do not connect muscles to bones ; that is the function of tendons .


In anatomy , a ligament is the fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also known as articular ligament , articular larua , fibrous ligament , or true ligament .

In anatomy , the term ligament usually means fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones or cartilages .


Falsifiability or refutability of a statement , hypothesis , or theory is an inherent possibility to prove it to be false .

Falsifiability ( or refutability ) means that a theory or hypothesis can be proved wrong because it failed a critical test or experiment .


After the romantic affair was over , Félicité remained in the service of Marie-Adélaïde at the Palais-Royal , a trusted friend to both Marie-Adélaïde and Philippe .

After the romantic affair was over , Félicité remained in the service of Marie Adélaïde at the Palais-Royal , a trusted friend to both Marie Adélaïde and Philippe .


Although Marie-Adélaîde was much in love with her Orléans cousin , Louis XV warned Penthièvre against such a marriage because of the reputation of the young Duke of Chartres as a libertine .

Although Marie Adélaîde was much in love with her Orléans cousin , Louis XV warned Penthièvre against such a marriage because of the reputation of the young Duke of Chartres as a womaniser .


Her marriage to Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans , Duke of Chartres , son of the Duke of Orléans , had been envisaged earlier and , while the Duke of Penthièvre saw in it the opportunity for his daughter to marry the First Prince of the Blood Royal , the Orléans did not want a union with an illegitimate branch of the royal family .

Her marriage to Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans , Duke of Chartres , son of the Duke of Orléans , had been envisaged earlier and , while the Duke of Penthièvre saw in it the opportunity for his daughter to marry into the family of the First Prince of the Blood , the Orléans did not want a union with an illegitimate branch of the royal family .


The style of Mademoiselle de Penthièvre had been previously borne by her sister Marie Louise de Bourbon ( 1751-1753 ) , who died six months after Marie-Adélaïde 's birth .

The style of Mademoiselle de Penthièvre had been previoulsy borne by her sister Marie Louise de Bourbon ( 1751-1753 ) who died six months after Marie Adélaïde 's birth .


Her marriage to the Duke of Chartres took place at the Palace of Versailles on 5 April 1769 in a ceremony which all of the princes du sang attended .

Her marriage to the Duke of Chartres took place at the Palace of Versailles on 5 April 1769 .


It is during the summer of 1772 , a few months after his wife had given birth to a stillborn daughter , that began Philippe 's secret liaison with one of her ladies-in-waiting , Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de St-Albin , comtesse de Genlis , the niece of Madame de Montesson , the morganatic wife of Philippe 's father .

It is during the summer of 1772 , a few months after his wife had given birth to a stillborn daughter , that began Philippe 's secret liaison with one of her ladies-in-waiting , Madame de Genlis , the niece of Madame de Montesson , the morganatic wife of Philippe 's father .


At the death of her brother , Louis Alexandre de Bourbon-Penthièvre , prince de Lamballe , she became the wealthiest heiress in France prior to the French Revolution .

At the death of her brother , Louis Alexandre de Bourbon , prince de Lamballe , she became the wealthiest heiress in France .


At the death , on 8 May 1768 , of her brother and only sibling , the prince de Lamballe , Marie-Adélaïde became heiress to what was to become the largest fortune of France .

At the death , on 8 May 1768 , of her brother and only sibling , the Prince of Lamballe , Marie Adélaïde became heiress to what was to become the largest fortune of France .


At birth , she was put in the care of Madame de Sourcy and , as was the custom for many girls of the nobility , she was later raised in a convent , the Abbaye de Montmartre , overlooking Paris , where she spent twelve years .

She was raised in a convent , the Abbaye de Montmartre , overlooking Paris .


Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre , Duchess of Orléans , ( 13 March 1753 - 23 June 1821 ) , was the daughter of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon , Duke of Penthièvre and of Princess Maria Theresa Felicitas of Modena .

Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon , ( 13 March 1753 - 23 June 1821 ) , was the daughter of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon , Duke of Penthièvre and of Maria Teresa d'Este .


Marie-Adélaïde was born on 13 March 1753 at the Hôtel de Toulouse , the family residence in Paris since 1712 , when her grandfather , Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon , comte de Toulouse , bought it from Louis Phélypeaux de La Vrillière .

Marie-Adélaïde was born on 13 March 1753 at the Hôtel de Toulouse in Paris .


However , when the prince de Lamballe 's death left his sister sole heiress to the family fortune , the bar sinister on her inescutcheon was `` overlooked '' .

However , the Orléans ' mind changed when the Prince of Lamballe 's death left his sister sole heiress to the family fortune .


Mario then defeats King Boo to free Luigi who uses his invisibility power to get to Wario 's key by defeating Chief Chilly .

They then defeat King Boo to free Luigi who uses his invisibility power to get to Wario 's key by defeating Chief Chilly .


Super Mario 64 DS was the only game scheduled to be released with the system .

Super Mario 64 DS is a platform game by Nintendo , and a remake of the 1996 video game Super Mario 64 .


Bertha was one of only three tropical cyclones to make landfall on both Louisiana and Texas ; the others being Allison in 2001 and Fern in 1971 .

Bertha was only one of three storms to make landfall in both Texas and Louisiana , the other two were Allison in 2001 and Fern in 1971 .


Tropical Storm Bertha was a minimal tropical storm that made landfall twice along the Gulf Coast of the United States in August 2002 .

Tropical Storm Bertha was the second tropical storm of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season .


Bertha weakened quickly over land , and dissipated over southern Texas ten hours after making landfall .

Bertha made a second landfall in Texas and died only ten hours after .


If it had been successful it would have been the third local authority in Greater London to hold that status along with the City of London and the City of Westminster .

If the government said yes it would have been the third council in Greater London to hold that status , the others being the City of London and the City of Westminster .


The London Borough of Croydon is the local education authority for the borough .

The London Borough of Croydon is a London Borough .


The Croydon Clocktower was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994 as an arts venue featuring a library , cinema ( now closed ) and museum .

Croydon Clocktower is an arts facility in Central Croydon that includes a cinema , library , museum and conference room .


She performed at The Proms in 1963 , playing the Elgar Concerto with Sir Malcolm Sargent .

She performed at the The Proms in 1963 playing the Elgar concerto again , with Sir Malcolm Sargent .


Du Pré met pianist Daniel Barenboim on New Year 's Eve 1966 .

Jacqueline du Pré met pianist Daniel Barenboim on New Year 's Eve in 1966 .


Her last London concerts were in February 1973 , including the Elgar Concerto with Zubin Mehta and the New Philharmonia Orchestra .

She performed the Elgar Concerto for her last London concerts in February 1973 with Zubin Mehta and the New Philharmonia Orchestra .


Du Pré performed with several prestigious orchestras , including the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra , London Symphony , London Philharmonic , Cleveland Orchestra , New Philharmonia Orchestra , BBC Symphony Orchestra , New York Philharmonic , Philadelphia Orchestra , Israel Philharmonic , and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra .

She played with the world 's greatest orchestras and conductors , including the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra , London Symphony Orchestra , London Philharmonic , New Philharmonia Orchestra , BBC Symphony Orchestra , New York Philharmonic , Israel Philharmonic , and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra .


Iris was a talented concert pianist who taught at the Royal Academy of Music .

His mother was a talented pianist who taught at the Royal Academy of Music .


It was the Peresson cello that du Pré played for the remainder of her career until 1973 , using it for a second , live , recording of the Elgar Concerto , and her last studio recording , of Frédéric Chopin 's Cello Sonata in G minor and César Franck 's Violin Sonata in A arranged for cello , in December 1971 .

It was the Peresson cello that du Pré played for the rest of her career until 1973 , including a second , live recording of the Elgar Concerto , and her last studio recording in 1971 of the sonatas by Frederic Chopin and César Franck .


Du Pré became a favorite at the Proms , performing every year until 1969 .

Du Pré performed at the Proms every year until 1969 .


Her last public concerts took place in New York in February 1973 : four performances of the Brahms Double Concerto with Pinchas Zukerman and Leonard Bernstein conducting the New York Philharmonic were scheduled .

Her last public concerts were in New York in February 1973 , where she was going to play four performances of the Brahms Double Concerto with the violinist Pinchas Zukerman , and Leonard Bernstein conducting the New York Philharmonic .


From 1969 to 1970 she ( like Casals before her ) played on a Francesco Goffriller cello , and in 1970 acquired a modern instrument from the Philadelphia violin maker Sergio Peresson .

From 1969 to 1970 du Pré played a Francesco Goffriller cello , and in 1970 she got a modern instrument from the Philadelphia violin maker Sergio Peresson .


In 1965 , at age 20 , du Pré recorded the Elgar Concerto for EMI with the London Symphony Orchestra and Sir John Barbirolli , which brought her international recognition .

In 1965 , when she was 20 , she recorded the Elgar concerto for EMI with the London Symphony Orchestra and Sir John Barbirolli .


She was made an honorary fellow of St Hilda 's College , Oxford , whose music building bears her name .

The music building of St Hilda 's College , Oxford is named after her .


She performed with the 1673 Stradivarius from 1961 until 1964 , when she acquired the Davidov .

She performed with the 1673 Stradivarius from 1961 until 1964 when she got the Davydov .


Jacqueline Mary du Pré , OBE ( 26 January 1945 - 19 October 1987 ) was a British cellist .

Jacqueline du Pré , ( born 26 January 1945 ; died 19 October 1987 ) was an English cellist .


Her friendship with musicians Yehudi Menuhin , Itzhak Perlman , Zubin Mehta and Pinchas Zukerman , and marriage to Daniel Barenboim led to many memorable chamber-music performances .

She often played chamber music with her husband Daniel Barenboim and her friends Yehudi Menuhin , Itzhak Perlman , Zubin Mehta , and Pinchas Zukerman .


She regularly performed with such famous conductors as Barbirolli , Sargent , Sir Adrian Boult , Daniel Barenboim , Zubin Mehta and Leonard Bernstein .

She regularly performed with conductors such as Barbirolli , Sir Adrian Boult , Sir Malcolm Sargent , Daniel Barenboim ( her husband ) , Zubin Mehta , and Leonard Bernstein .


She made her concerto début on 21 March 1962 at the Royal Festival Hall playing the Elgar Cello Concerto with the BBC Symphony Orchestra under Rudolf Schwarz .

In March 1961 , when she was 16 , du Pré gave her first concert at the Wigmore Hall , London , and she played the Elgar Cello Concerto in 1962 in the Royal Festival Hall with the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Rudolf Schwarz .


After her death , a rose cultivar named after her received the Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society .

After her death a rose was named after her by the Royal Horticultural Society .


Both instruments were gifts from her godmother , Ismena Holland .

Both instruments were gifts from her godmother .


Du Pré recalled that she had problems judging the weight of the bow , and just opening the cello case had become difficult .

Du Pré later said she had difficulty in opening the cello case .


Du Pré was born in Oxford , England , the second child of Derek and Iris ( née Greep ) du Pré .

Jacqueline du Pré was born in Oxford , England .


She was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in October 1973 .

In October 1973 it was confirmed that she had multiple sclerosis .


The eastern Bedouin are camel breeders and herders , while the western Bedouin herd sheep and goats .

Bedouin were always camel raisers and drivers , sheep and goat nomads , cattle driving nomads , and merchants .


However , some Bedouins give it up and prefer their traditional nomadic lifestyle .

Today many Bedouin have given up the nomadic life and live and work in towns .


The empire ended up conquering and enlarging the Median Empire to include in addition Egypt and Asia Minor .

The empire began as a tributary state of the Medes but ended up conquering and enlarging the Median empire to include Egypt and Asia Minor .


At its greatest extent , the empire included the modern territories of Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Syria , Jordan , Israel , Palestine , Lebanon , all significant population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya , Turkey , Thrace and Macedonia , much of the Black Sea coastal regions , Armenia , Georgia , Azerbaijan , much of Central Asia , Afghanistan , northern Saudi Arabia , Pakistan , and parts of Oman and the UAE .

It spanned three continents , including parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan ; parts of Central Asia , Asia Minor , Thrace ; much of the Black Sea coastal regions ; Iraq , northern Saudi Arabia , Jordan , Israel , Lebanon , Syria ; and all significant population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya .


Despite its success and rapid expansion , the Achaemenid Empire was not the first Iranian empire , as by 6th century BC another group of ancient Iranian people had already established the Median Empire .

It followed the Median Empire as the second great empire of the Iranian peoples .


The Victorian era of British history ( and that of the British Empire ) was the period of Queen Victoria 's reign from 20 June 1837 until her death , on 22 January 1901 .

The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was a time of Queen Victoria 's rule from 1837 to 1901 .


Rödermark is a town in the Offenbach district in the Regierungsbezirk of Darmstadt in Hesse , Germany , southeast of Frankfurt am Main and northeast of Darmstadt .

Rödermark is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse , Germany .


The larvae and the butterflies retain poisonous glycosides from their larval host plant , the milkweed , so they become distasteful to potential predators .

The larvae and the butterflies get poisonous glycosides from their larval host plant , the milkweed , so they become distasteful to predators .


This highly effective defense strategy shields them against almost all predators that soon learn to avoid these species after attempting to eat them .

This highly effective defense strategy shields them against almost all predators .


Artur Schnabel ( April 17 , 1882 - August 15 , 1951 ) was an Austrian classical pianist , who also composed and taught .

Artur Schnabel ( April 17 , 1882 - August 15 , 1951 ) was an Austrian classical pianist , composer and teacher .


He died in Axenstein , Switzerland , and was buried in Schwyz , Switzerland .

He died in Axenstein , Switzerland , in 1951 .


Schnabel moved to Berlin in 1898 , making his debut there with a concert at the Bechstein-Saal .


They had two sons , Karl Ulrich Schnabel ( 1909-2001 ) who also became a classical pianist and renowned piano teacher , and Stefan Schnabel ( 1912-99 ) , who became a well regarded actor .

Karl Ulrich Schnabel ( 1909-2001 ) was a pianist and Stefan Schnabel ( 1912-99 ) was an actor .


Later that same year , he gave a series of concerts in Budapest , Prague and Brünn ( today Brno , Czech Republic ) .

After that he played more concerts in Budapest and Prague and Brno .


Following a failed initial approach to Anton Bruckner , Schnabel studied music theory and composition under Eusebius Mandyczewski .

He also studied music theory and composition with Eusebius Mandyczewski .


The Advanced Photo System was an attempt of a major upgrade of photographic technology for amateurs , but was soon overtaken by the popularity of digital photography .

The Advanced Photo System was a technology for photographic film and cameras .


The Mac App Store was released on January 6 , 2011 as an update to all users using the newest version of OS X . After 24 hours of release , Apple announced that there was a total of more than one million downloads .


Most of the apps belonged to the Games category , which had nearly three times as many apps in the next largest category , Utilities .


The Mac App Store launched with over 1000 programs on January 6 , 2011 , including Apple 's own iWork ' 09 , iLife ' 11 , Aperture and third-party applications ported from iOS , such as Angry Birds , Flight Control , Things and Twitter for Mac .

It launched with over 1000 programs on January 6 , 2011 , including Apple 's own `` Work ' 09 '' , `` iLife ' 11 '' , `` Aperture '' and apps made by other companies that were first made for the iPhone and iPad , such as Angry Birds , Flight Control , and Twitter for Mac .


The United States Marine Corps has ordered its officers ( up to the rank of lieutenant colonel ) and Staff Non-commissioned officers to carry the M4 carbine instead of the M9 handgun .

The United States Marine Corps has ordered its officers ( up to the rank of lieutenant colonel ) and Staff Non-commissioned officers to carry the M4 carbine instead of the M9 pistol .


Like the rest of the M16 family , it fires the .223 caliber , or 5.56 mm NATO round .

Like the other rifles in the M16 family , it fires the .223 caliber , or 5.56 mm NATO round .


The M4 carbine is heavily used by the U.S military .

The M4 carbine is a type of carbine used in the military .


Following the adoption of the M16 rifle , carbine variants were also adopted for close quarters operations .


The winner of the Individual Carbine competition was to supplement the M4 carbine in U.S. Army service ; all other services will continue using the M4 carbine and M16 rifles .

However , other manufacturers offer M4-like firearms .


The Fountainhead is a 1943 novel by Ayn Rand , and her first major literary success .

The Fountainhead is a fiction book written by Ayn Rand .


Roark works briefly at another firm and then opens his own office .

Roark works at Cameron 's office designing buildings .


Ellsworth Monkton Toohey , who writes a popular art criticism column , is Roark 's antagonist .

Ellsworth Toohey He is the antagonist ( the bad guy ) of the story .


These ornate curved white eggcases are occasionally found floating on the sea , sometimes with the female argonaut clinging to it .

These ornate , curved white eggcases are occasionally found floating on the sea surface , sometimes with the female argonaut still clinging to it .


In addition , the females have been known since ancient times , while the males were only described in the late 19th century .

The females have been known since ancient times while the males were only described in the late 19th Century .


The hectocotylus when found in females was originally described as a parasitic worm .

The hectocotylus was originally described as a parasitic worm .


The rostrum is ` pinched in ' at the sides , making it much narrower than in other octopuses , with the exception of the closely allied monotypic genera Ocythoe and Vitreledonella .

This makes it much narrower than in other octopuses , with the exception of the closely allied monotypic genera Ocythoe and Vitreledonella .


Argonauts are found in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide ; they live in the open ocean , i.e. they are pelagic .

Argonauts are found in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide ; they live in open ocean .


They are also called paper nautiluses , referring to the paper-thin eggcase that females secrete .

They are also called paper nautiluses , because of the paper-thin eggcase that females secrete .


After she deposits her eggs in the floating eggcase , the female takes shelter in it , often retaining the male 's detached hectocotylus .

After she deposits her eggs in the floating eggcase , the female herself takes shelter in it , often along with the male 's detached hectocotylus .


Unlike the closely allied genera Ocythoe and Tremoctopus , Argonauta species lack water pores .

Unlike the closely related genera Ocythoe and Tremoctopus , Argonauta species lack water pores .


Argonaut beaks are most similar to those of Ocythoe tuberculata and Vitreledonella richardi , but differ in ` leaning back ' to a greater degree than the former and having a more curved jaw angle than the latter .

Argonaut beaks are most similar to those of Ocythoe tuberculata and Vitreledonella richardi .


Females grow up to 10 cm and make shells up to 30 cm , while males rarely surpass 2 cm .

Females grow up to 10 cm and make shells up to 30 cm , while males rarely grow larger than 2 cm .


Female argonauts produce a laterally-compressed calcareous eggcase in which they reside .

Female argonauts make a laterally compressed , calcareous eggcase in which they reside .


The beaks of Argonauta species are distinctive , being characterised by a very small rostrum and a fold that runs to the lower edge or near the free corner .

They are characterised by a very small rostrum and a fold that runs to the lower edge or near the free corner .


Most other octopuses lay eggs in caves ; Neale Monks and C. Phil Palmer speculate that , before ammonites died out during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event , the argonauts may have evolved to use discarded ammonite shells for their egg laying , eventually becoming able to mend the shells and perhaps make their own shells .

It is made of calcite , with a 3-layered structure Most other octopuses lay eggs in caves , the argonauts may have evolved to use ammonite shells for their egg laying , eventually becoming able to mend the shells and perhaps even make their own .


The argonauts ( genus Argonauta , the only extant genus in the Argonautidae family ) are a group of pelagic octopuses .


This structure lacks the gas-filled chambers present in chambered nautilus shells and is not a true cephalopod shell , but rather an evolutionary innovation unique to the genus Argonauta .

This structure does not have the gas-filled chambers of nautilus shells , and is not a true cephalopod shell .


The eggcase contains a bubble of air that the animal captures at the surface of the water and uses for buoyancy , similarly to other shelled cephalopods , although it does not have a chambered phragmocone as do other shelled cephalopods .

The egg case also contains a bubble of gas used for buoyancy similar to shelled cephalopods , although it does not have chambers as seen in other shelled cephalopods .


Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17 .

Chlorine ( chemical symbol Cl ) is a chemical element .


The most common compound of chlorine , sodium chloride ( common salt ) , has been known since ancient times .

+4 is in chlorine dioxide , a common chlorine compound that is not a chloride .


Chlorine exists in all odd numbered oxidation states from − 1 to +7 , as well as the elemental state of zero and four in chlorine dioxide ( see table below , and also structures in chlorite ) .

Chlorine exists in several oxidation states : -1 , +1 , +3 , +4 , +5 , and +7 .


Mauritania was part of the larger French colony of French West Africa , and as such had no capital during the colonial period : Saint-Louis , in Senegal , held that position .

Mauritania was part of the larger French colony of French West Africa .


It is one of the largest cities in the Sahara .

It is the largest city in that country and one of the largest cities on the Sahara Desert .


In 1957 , this small port town was chosen to be the capital of the new country , and an ambitious building program was begun to increase its population to 15,000 , starting a year later .

In 1957 , this small port town was chosen to be the capital of the new country .


It is possible that the Berber Muslim Almoravids were originally from the area .

It is possible that the Berber Muslim Almoravids came from the area .


The city has had rapid growth , driven by the north African drought since the beginning of the 1970s : many have moved to the city in search of a better life .

Because of the north African drought since the beginning of the 1970s many people have moved to the city .


Despite its name , based on a Berber expression meaning `` place of the winds '' , the city was selected as the capital city for its moderate climate and central location within the country .

The city was selected as the capital city for its mild climate and its location near the center of the country .


A tiny fishing town of 200 people until 1958 , Nouakchott was little mentioned during pre-colonial and colonial history .


The Almohad dominance of Iberia continued until 1212 , when Muhammad III , `` al-Nasir '' ( 1199-1214 ) was defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena by an alliance of the Christian princes of Castile , Aragon , Navarre , and Portugal .

But by 1212 Muhammad III , `` al-Nasir '' ( 1199-1214 ) was defeated by an alliance of the four Christian princes of Castile , Aragón , Kingdom of Navarre and Portugal , at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena .


The last representative of the line , Idris II , ` al-Wathiq ' , was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh , where he was murdered by a slave in 1269 .

There he was murdered by a slave in 1269 .


The movement was started by Ibn Tumart in the Masmuda tribe , followed by Abd al-Mu ` min al-Gumi between 1130 and his death in 1163 , the Almohads defeated the ruling Almoravids , extending their power over all of the Maghreb .

Between 1130 and his death in 1163 , Abd al-Mu ` min al-Kumi , a Berber from the Masmuda tribe , defeated the ruling Almoravids and became ruler over all northern Africa as far as Libya .


Nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia were lost soon after , with the great Moorish cities of Cordova and Seville falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively .

The Almohads lost nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia soon after .


The Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region is one of the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area , carbon-dated to roughly 6000 - 4000 BC .

Archaeologists say the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region , and Armenia today , as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area , carbon-dated to around 6000 - 4000 BC .


An early Bronze Age culture in the area is the Kura-Araxes culture , assigned to the period of ca .

Another early culture in the Armenian Highlands and surrounding areas-the Kura-Araxes culture is in the period of ca .


Leave It to Beaver is one of the first primetime sitcom series written from a child 's point-of-view .

Leave It to Beaver is a television sitcom series .


The show also starred Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont as Beaver 's parents , June and Ward Cleaver , and Tony Dow as Beaver 's brother Wally .

The series stars Jerry Mathers as `` Beaver '' ; Tony Dow as his older brother Wally ; Barbara Billingsley as his mother June Cleaver ; and Hugh Beaumont as his father Ward Cleaver .


The show 's chief writers , Bob Mosher and Joe Connelly , met while working in New York City for the J. Walter Thompson Agency .

Writers Bob Mosher and Joe Connelly based Beaver 's adventures on the exploits of their own children .


Prior to signing with WWE , Rosser competed in Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic independent promotions including Chaotic Wrestling , East Coast Wrestling Association , Independent Wrestling Federation and the National Wrestling Alliance .

He has competed in Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic independent promotions including Chaotic Wrestling , East Coast Wrestling Association , Independent Wrestling Federation and the National Wrestling Alliance .


Fredrick `` Fred '' Douglas Rosser ( born November 2 , 1979 ) is an American professional wrestler , best known under his World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) ring name Darren Young .

Frederick `` Fred '' Rosser ( born November 2 , 1979 ) is an American professional wrestler .


On February 16 , 2010 , it was announced that he would compete as part of the first season of WWE NXT , mentored by CM Punk .

He was in the first season of WWE NXT in early 2010 .


Gene Shalit ( born March 25 , 1926 ) is an American film and book critic .

Gene Shalit ( born March 25 , 1926 ) is an American movie and book critic .


Gene Shalit wrote for The Daily Illini in six years at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( 1943-1949 ) .

Gene Shalit wrote for The Daily Illini for six years at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign .


He has been involved in reviewing the arts since 1967 and has written for such publications as Look magazine , Ladies ' Home Journal ( for 12 years ) , Cosmopolitan , TV Guide , Seventeen , Glamour , McCall 's , and The New York Times .

He has written for magazines such as Look magazine , Ladies ' Home Journal ( for 12 years ) , Cosmopolitan , TV Guide , Seventeen , Glamour , McCall 's , and The New York Times .


In 1932 he accompanied his family when they moved to Morristown , New Jersey .

In 1932 , he and his family moved to Morristown , New Jersey .


Born of Jewish parents , Shalit attended Morristown High School , where he wrote a humor column for the school newspaper .

Born of Jewish parents , Shalit attended Morristown High School .


Shalit , according to a New York Times magazine interview of Dick Clark , was Clark 's press agent in the early 1960s .

Shalit was Dick Clark 's press agent in the early 1960s .


Of his decision , he was quoted as saying : `` It 's enough already . ''

He was quoted as saying : `` It 's enough already '' .


Shalit reportedly `` stopped representing '' Clark during a Congressional investigation of payola .

Shalit stopped representing Clark during a Congressional investigation .


In 1987 , he published Laughing Matters : A Treasury of American Humor , a critically praised humor anthology .

In 1987 , he published Laughing Matters-A Treasury of American Humor , a humor anthology .


Shalit announced that he would leave The Today Show after 40 years , effective November 11 , 2010 .

Shalit said that he would leave The Today Show after 40 years , starting November 11 , 2010 .


From 1970-1982 he had a daily essay on NBC Radio `` Man About Anything , '' that was carried on more stations than any other NBC network radio feature .

From 1970-1982 he had a daily report on NBC Radio .


Clark never spoke to Shalit again , and referred to him as a `` jellyfish '' , an informal term for ' a person without strong resolve or stamina ' .

Clark has not spoken to Shalit again and said he was a `` jellyfish . ''


According to his official MSNBC bio , `` Shalit was born in a New York ( hospital ) on March 25 , 1926 , and eight days later arrived in Newark , New Jersey , in company of his mother .

Shalit was born in New York City on March 25 , 1926 .


He is known for his frequent use of puns , his oversized moustache , and for wearing colorful bowties .

He is known for his use of puns , his very large handlebar moustache , and for wearing bowties .


Various experiments have been performed on predation of the peppered moth and each has supported this hypothesis .

Various experiments have been performed on predation of the peppered moth , and each has supported this hypothesis .


He thus showed that the melanistic phenotype was important to the survival of peppered moths in such a habitat .

This showed that the melanistic phenotype was important to the survival of peppered moths in such a habitat .


It is believed that this is because peppered moths in Japan do not inhabit industrialised regions .

This may be because peppered moths in Japan do not live in industrialised regions .


It provides after all the proof of evolution . ''

It provides after all the proof of evolution '' .


Kettlewell repeated the experiment in 1955 at unpolluted woodland in Dorset and again in the polluted woods in Birmingham .

Kettlewell repeated the experiment in 1955 in an unpolluted woodland in Dorset , and again in polluted woods in Birmingham .


The only previous experiments of this type were R.A. Fisher and E.B. Ford 's ( 1947 ) with the scarlet tiger moth .

The only previous experiments of this type were R.A. Fisher and E.B. Ford 's with the Scarlet tiger moth .


The evolution of the peppered moth over the last two hundred years has been studied in detail .

The evolution of the peppered moth has been studied in detail over the last 150 years .


He observed a number of species of bird preying on the moths , and the overall data led him to conclude that differential bird predation was a major factor responsible for the decline in carbonaria frequency compared to typica in Cambridge during the study period .

The overall data led him to conclude that differential bird predation was a major factor responsible for the decline in carbonaria frequency compared to typica in Cambridge during the study period .


At the same time , the dark-coloured , or melanic , moths , carbonaria , flourished because of their ability to hide on the darkened trees .

At the same time , the dark-coloured , or melanic , moths , carbonaria , flourished .


Further studies by others found similar results , culminating in 1996 when reporting work on both sides of the Atlantic found a correlation between changes in melanic frequencies and pollution levels .

Finally , in 1996 , work on both sides of the Atlantic found a correlation between changes in melanic frequencies and pollution levels .


By 1895 , it had reached a reported frequency of 98 % in Manchester .

By 1895 , it reached a frequency of 98 % in Manchester .


Its decline has been measured more accurately than its rise , because of more rigorous scientific studies being conducted .

Its decline has been measured more accurately than its rise , because of better scientific studies .


Much more is known about the subsequent fall in phenotype frequency , as it has been measured by lepidopterists using moth traps .

Much more is known about the subsequent fall in phenotype frequency , because it was measured with moth traps .


Notably , Bernard Kettlewell conducted a national survey in 1956 , Bruce Grant conducted a similar one in early 1996 .

Bernard Kettlewell conducted a national survey in 1956 , Bruce Grant conducted a similar one in early 1996 , and L.M. Cook in 2003 .


He found that in this polluted woodland typica morphs were preferentially preyed .

He found , in polluted woodland , more typica morphs were taken .


Following correspondence with Hooper he added an experiment to find if bat predation might have skewed the results - this found that bats preyed equally on both forms of the moth .

In the main experiment in Cambridge from 2001-2007 Majerus added an experiment to find if bat predation might have skewed the results - this found that bats preyed equally on both forms of the moth .


The most famous experiments on the peppered moth were carried out by Bernard Kettlewell under the supervision of E. B. Ford , who helped him gain a grant from the Nuffield Foundation to perform the experiments .

The most famous experiments on the peppered moth were carried out by Bernard Kettlewell under the supervision of E.B. Ford .


In 1953 , Kettlewell experimented at Cadbury Nature Reserve in Birmingham , England , marking , releasing and recapturing marked moths .

In 1953 , Kettlewell experimented at Cadbury Nature Reserve in Birmingham .


Since then , with improved environmental standards , light-coloured peppered moths have again become common , but the dramatic change in the peppered moth 's population has remained a subject of much interest and study , and has led to the coining of the term industrial melanism to refer to the genetic darkening of species in response to pollutants .

Since then , with an improved environment , light-coloured peppered moths have again become common .


An experiment in field biology will always suffer from some level of artificiality , but that has to be balanced against practicality , costs and in this case the history of field biology ; the most important aspect is that an experiment generates useful statistics .

A field experiment in biology will always have some artificiality , but that has to be balanced against practicality and costs .


Majerus died before he could complete the writing up of his experiments , but the work was carried on by Cook , Grant , Saccheri and Mallet , and published on 8 February 2012 as `` Selective bird predation on the peppered moth : the last experiment of Michael Majerus . ''

Majerus died before he could complete the writing up of his experiments , but the work was carried on by others .


He was accompanied by Nico Tinbergen , and they made a film together .

He was accompanied by Niko Tinbergen , and they made a film of this .


Information about the rise in frequency is scarce .

Information about the initial rise in melanic frequency is scarce .


However , because of widespread pollution during the Industrial Revolution in England , many of the lichens died out , and the trees that peppered moths rested on became blackened by soot , causing most of the light-coloured moths , or typica , to die off from predation .

The trees became blackened by soot , and most of the light-coloured moths , or typica , became rare .


In 2000 Majerus developed plans for experiments to establish where peppered moths rest through the day , and to examine if the various valid criticisms of Kettlewell 's experimental protocols could have altered the qualitative validity of his conclusions .

In 2000 Majerus developed plans for further experiments .


In 1896 J. W. Tutt hypothesised that the increased proportion of carbonaria resulted from differential bird predation giving an advantage to the melanistic phenotype in polluted regions , but not in unpolluted regions where the light colored typica moths had the advantage .

In 1896 J. W. Tutt suggested that the increased proportion of carbonaria was caused by differential bird predation .


In the mid-16th century , Portuguese settlers from Pernambuco founded Filipéia de Nossa Senhora das Neves ( today João Pessoa ) at the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River .

In the mid-1500s , Portuguese settlers from Pernambuco founded Filipéia de Nossa Senhora das Neves ( today João Pessoa ) at the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River .


The fortress of Santa Catarina , near João Pessoa , was built to protect the city from the Dutch , who soon became a threat to Portuguese supremacy in Brazil .

The fortress of Santa Catarina , near João Pessoa , was built to protect the city from the Dutch .


A trace of copper gives the tourmalines a vivid turquoise color that had never been seen before in the gems , and is sometimes referred to as `` neon '' .

Copper in the crystals gives the tourmalines a bright turquoise color that had never been seen before in the gems .


In late 1989 a team led by gemstone prospector Heitor Dimas Barbosa uncovered in a small mountain range what some consider to be the finest tourmaline crystals ever found .

In late 1989 a team looking for gemstone and led by Heitor Dimas Barbosa found what some people believe are the best Tourmaline crystals ever found .


The area soon proved perfect for sugar production , with the French , the Dutch and the Portuguese all constantly fighting to control the Paraíba region to grow the lucrative sugarcane in .

The French , the Dutch and the Portuguese all fought to have the Paraíba region to grow sugarcane in .


During the series , Majors co-starred in the 1968 Charlton Heston film Will Penny , for which he received an `` Introducing '' credit , and landed the lead role in The Ballad of Andy Crocker ( 1969 ) , a made-for-television film which was first broadcast by ABC .

Major starred in the TV movie The Ballad of Andy Crocker ( 1969 ) .


Majors got his big break when he beat out over 400 young actors , including Burt Reynolds , for the co-starring role of Heath Barkley in a new ABC western series , The Big Valley , which starred Barbara Stanwyck .

In 1965 , he got the role of Heath Barkley on the ABC series The Big Valley , with Barbara Stanwyck as the owner of the ranch , and mother of three of the Barkleys .


In 1981 , Majors returned in another long-running television series .


In 1970 , Majors joined the cast of The Virginian for its last season .

In 1970 , he was invited to join the cast of The Virginian , starring James Drury .


At age 25 , Majors landed his first , although uncredited , role in Strait-Jacket ( 1964 ) , which starred Joan Crawford .

One role was in Strait-Jacket ( 1964 ) , with Joan Crawford .


In 1971 , he landed the role of Arthur Hill 's partner , Jess Brandon , on Owen Marshall : Counselor at Law , which garnered critical acclaim during its three seasons on ABC .

In 1971 , he played Jess Brandon , assistant attorney , in Owen Marshall : Counselor at Law .


Eukaryotic DNA is divided into several linear bundles called chromosomes , which are separated by a microtubular spindle during nuclear division .

Eukaryotic DNA is put in bundles called chromosomes , which are separated by a microtubular spindle during cell division .


Simple compartments , called vesicles or vacuoles , can form by budding off other membranes .

Simple bags , called vesicles or vacuoles , are sometimes made by budding off other membranes , just like how children make bubbles with their toys .


All multicellular organisms are eukaryotes , including animals , plants and fungi .

Animals , plants , algae and fungi are all eukaryotes .


In most eukaryotes , these protein-carrying vesicles are released and further modified in stacks of flattened vesicles , called Golgi bodies or dictyosomes .

In most eukaryotes , the vesicles with proteins inside fuse with piles of flattened vesicles called the Golgi bodies , where the proteins inside are changed again .


Eukaryotic cells are typically much larger than those of prokaryotes .

p57 Eukaryotic cells are usually much bigger than prokaryotes .


In higher plants , most of a cell 's volume is taken up by a central vacuole , which primarily maintains its osmotic pressure .

In the complicated plants , most of the inside of a plant cell is taken up by a central vacuole .


Some protists have various other microtubule-supported organelles .

The rough ER has ribosomes attached to it .


For instance , lysosomes contain enzymes that break down the contents of food vacuoles , and peroxisomes are used to break down peroxide , which is toxic otherwise .

For example , lysosomes have enzymes inside them that break down the food the comes from food vacuoles , and peroxisomes have enzymes that break down peroxide , a poison , so it is not poisonous anymore .


Subsequently , they generally enter vesicles , which bud off from the smooth ER .

After that , they usually go into vesicles , which grow and pinch off from the smooth ER .


The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane ( commonly referred to as a nuclear envelope ) , with pores that allow material to move in and out .

The nucleus is surrounded by two membranes membrane that has holes in it so things can go in and out .


It includes the rough ER where ribosomes are attached to synthesize proteins , which enter the interior space or lumen .

The proteins made by the ribosomes attached to the rough ER go to the inside the rough ER , called the lumen .


Various tube - and sheet-like extensions of the nuclear membrane form what is called the endoplasmic reticulum or ER , which is involved in protein transport and maturation .

These are called the endoplasmic reticulum which is often shortened to ER .


In the original and simplified sense , commodities were things of value , of uniform quality , that were produced in large quantities by many different producers ; the items from each different producer were considered equivalent .

In the original and simplified sense , commodities were things of value , of uniform quality , that were produced in large quantities by many different producers ; the items from each different producer are considered as of the same value .


Commodities exchanges include : Markets for trading commodities can be very efficient , particularly if the division into pools matches demand segments .


These markets will quickly respond to changes in supply and demand to find an equilibrium price and quantity .

These markets will quickly respond to changes in supply and demand to find a price .


The climax abruptly changes to a funeral march .

Then suddenly there is a funeral march .


After a moment of silence , the `` once upon a time '' theme heard at the beginning returns , suggesting that someone like Till can never be destroyed , and the work ends with one last quotation of the musical joke .

There is a short silence , then the music returns to the opening ` Once upon a Time ' theme , but the music finishes with a little joke , as if saying that someone like Till can never be destroyed .


In 1997 , Figueroa became a member of the Senior Executive Service of the U.S. Federal Government .

In 1997 , Figueroa was a member of the Senior Executive Service of the U.S. Federal Government .


As Director of Mars Exploration , Figueroa led a team of hundreds of scientists , engineers and program specialists in one of the Agency 's most ambitious projects to determine if life ever existed on Mars .

As Director of Mars Exploration , Figueroa led a team of hundreds of scientists , engineers and program specialists in one of the agency 's most important projects to determine if life ever existed on Mars .


In 1982 , Figueroa was hired by NASA and was named Head of the Cryogenics Technology Section at the Goddard Space Flight Center located in Maryland .

In 1982 , Figueroa was hired by NASA and was named Head of the Cryogenics Technology Section at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland .


On September 2003 , he was appointed to the position of Director for the Solar Systems Division in the Space Science at NASA Headquarters and he also held the position of Director for Mars Exploration .

On September 2003 , he was the Director for the Solar Systems Division in the Space Science at NASA Headquarters and he also held the position of Director for Mars Exploration .


Among the other positions that Figueroa has held are , Lead Cyogenic Engineer for the Cryogenic Optical Assembly of the Cosmic Background Explorer , Manager for the Superfluid Helium On Orbit Transfer Shuttle Experiment , Manager for the Small Explorer Project , Manager for the Explorer Program and Director of the Systems , Technology and Advanced Concepts Directorate .

Among the other positions that Figueroa has held are Lead Cryogenic Engineer for the Cryogenic Optical Assembly of the Cosmic Background Explorer , Manager for the Superfluid Helium On Orbit Transfer Shuttle Experiment , Manager for the Small Explorer Project , Manager for the Explorer Program and Director of the Systems , Technology and Advanced Concepts Directorate .


In January 2010 , he accepted the position of Deputy Center Director for Science and Technology of Goddard Space Flight Center .

In January 2010 , he became Deputy Center Director for Science and Technology of Goddard Space Flight Center .


In October 2005 , Figueroa was named Director of Applied Engineering and Technology at Goddard , as such he is responsible for 1,300 employees and provides guidance on engineering and system technology .

In October 2005 , Figueroa was named Director of Applied Engineering and Technology at Goddard .


Figueroa was born in San Juan , Puerto Rico .

Orlando Figueroa ( b. September 9 , 1955 ) was born in San Juan , Puerto Rico .


The launching of two rovers within days of each other had never been done before , and it was accomplished in three years , from conception to launch , in the wake of mission failures from Mars ' 98 .

The launching of two rovers within days of each other had never been done before , and it was accomplished in three years .