In August 2005 Mr. Figueroa was appointed to the position of Director for System Safety and Mission Assurance at the Goddard Space Flight Center .

In August 2005 , Figueroa was the Director for System Safety and Mission Assurance at the Goddard Space Flight Center .


Figueroa enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez and in 1978 , he earned his Bachelors Degree in Mechanical Engineering .

After high school Figueroa attended the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez and in 1978 , he earned his Bachelors Degree in Mechanical Engineering .


During his elementary school years , he would occupy most of his time building things and looking for solutions to problems .

When he was in elementary school , he spent most of his time building things and looking for solutions to problems .


As a child he always had an interest in learning how mechanical toys functioned .

When he was a child he loved to learn how mechanical toys worked .


Upon his graduation , he continued his studies and completed advanced courses in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Maryland , College Park .

While at school in Puerto Rico he took a few advanced courses in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Maryland , College Park .


The concept was first introduced by Ernst Haeckel in 1875 .

It is a key concept in developmental biology and evolution , introduced by Ernst Haeckel in 1875 .


There are two main components , namely ( i ) the onset and offset of a particular process , and ( ii ) the rate at which the process operates .

The main components are the time a process starts and stops in development , and the rate at which the process works .


He was traded to Green Bay on February 10 , 1992 , for the 19th pick in the 1992 NFL Draft .

On February 10 , 1992 , after a season with the Falcons , he was traded to the Green Bay Packers on for the 19th pick in the 1992 NFL Draft .


Favre was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the second round , 33rd overall in the 1991 NFL Draft .

Favre was chosen in the second round of the 1991 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons .


Favre started at the quarterback position for the University of Southern Mississippi for four years before being selected in the second round of the 1991 NFL Draft by Atlanta ( 33rd overall ) .

Favre started at the quarterback position for The University of Southern Mississippi for four solid years .


For the 2005 season , the Packers , despite throwing for over 3,000 yards for a record 14th consecutive time , Favre had a below average season with only 20 touchdown passes and a league-leading 29 interceptions .

Favre ended the season with 22 touchdown passes and 22 interceptions .


There are three main categories into which the hearing of talking voices can often fall : a person hearing a voice speak one 's thoughts , a person hearing one or more voices arguing , or a person hearing a voice narrating his\/her own actions .

There are three main ways in which the hallucination may form : a person hearing a voice speak thoughts , a person hearing one or more voices arguing , or a person hearing a voice narrating their own actions .


This may be associated with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia or mania , and holds special significance in diagnosing these conditions .

This can be a sign of some psychotic disorders , such as schizophrenia or mania .


A common form of auditory hallucination involves hearing one or more talking voices .

A common form involves hearing one or more voices talking .


These three categories do not account for all types of auditory hallucinations .

There can be other types of auditory hallucinations besides these three .


However , individuals may hear voices without suffering from diagnosable mental illness .

People may hear voices without suffering from any specific mental illness .


Other reasons include hearing loss and epileptic activity .

This is usually caused by damage to the brain , hearing loss or epileptic activity .


In the latter , people will hear music playing in their mind , usually songs they are familiar with .

These include hearing music playing inside the mind , usually songs that the person is familiar with .


Blue is the color of the clear sky and the deep sea .

Blue is the color of the Earth 's sky and sea .


Pure blue , in the middle , has a wavelength of 470 nanometres .

It has the shortest wavelength of these colors ( about 470 nanometers ) .


The aircraft had missed its first attempt at landing ; it either crashed during a go-around , or while attempting to return to Tehran .

The aircraft had missed its first try at landing , and it either crashed during a go-around , or while trying to return to Tehran .


The Iran Civil Aviation Organization stated the day after the crash that a total of 93 passengers and 12 crew were on board , according to the manifest of the flight .

The Iran Civil Aviation Organization said the day after the crash that a total of 93 passengers and 12 crew were on board .


A local official stated that '' ( the ) problem at the moment for rescue work is the heavy snow , '' which he said was around 70 cm ( 28 in ) deep at the site of the crash .

A local official said that '' ( the ) problem at the moment for rescue work is the heavy snow , '' which he said was around 70 cm ( 28 in ) deep at the site of the crash .


RIA Novosti reported 95 passengers were on the aircraft , Reuters reported 156 passengers , and the Associated Press claimed 105 passengers .

The number of people on board was not known ; RIA Novosti said that 95 passengers were on the plane , but Reuters said there were 156 passengers and the Associated Press said there were 105 passengers .


Iran Air Flight 277 was a passenger flight which crashed near Urmia Airport , West Azerbaijan Province , Iran , on January 9 , 2011 .

Iran Air Flight 277 was a passenger plane which , on January 9 , 2011 , crashed while trying to land in bad weather at Urmia Airport , West Azarbaijan province , Iran .


At least 77 people were killed and 26 were injured .

At least 77 people were killed and 26 were hurt .


In the aftermath of the crash , 36 ambulances and 11 hospitals were utilized in the rescue operations .

After the crash , 36 ambulances and 11 hospitals were used in the rescue .


The accident occurred at around 19:45 local time ( 16:15 UTC ) , and was reportedly caused by poor weather .

The crash happened at around 19:45 local time ( 16:15 UTC ) , and was thought to be caused by bad weather .


The flight was traveling between Tehran and Urmia and crashed on final approach near Urmia Airport .

The flight was going between Tehran and Urmia .


There were differing initial reports as to the type of aircraft that crashed , with either a Fokker 100 or a Boeing 727 claimed to have crashed , although the aircraft was later confirmed to be a Boeing 727 .

Either a Fokker 100 or a Boeing 727 was thought to have crashed , but it was later made clear that the plane was a 727 .


Later reports put the total at either 105 or 106 people on board , with between 10 and 12 crew and either 95 or 94 passengers .

Between 10 and 12 were crew and either 95 or 94 were passengers .


The weather conditions at the time of the accident included snow and low visibility .

The weather at the time of the accident included snow and it was hard to see .


Upon impact , the aircraft broke into multiple pieces , though without fire or explosions .

When it crashed , the plane broke into more than one piece , but there was no fire or explosion .


The aircraft had spent a long time out of service .

The aircraft spent a long time out of service , and was in Baghdad , Iraq from 1984-90 , and then stored from 1991-2002 .


On the vinyl record version of the album , side A holds songs 1-8 while side B holds songs 9-13 , further highlighting the stylistic split in the album .

On the vinyl record version of the album , side A holds songs 1-8 while side B holds songs 9-13 , further showing the split in the album .


The album is split in two stylistically , with tracks 1 through 7 featuring electronic instruments such as synthesizers and drum machines and tracks 9 through 13 using traditional instruments such as the accordion and organ .

The album is split in two , with tracks 1 through 7 being played by electronic instruments such as synthesizers and drum machines and tracks 9 through 13 using traditional instruments such as the accordion and organ .


A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out is the debut studio album by American rock band Panic !

A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out is the first album made by the rock band , Panic at the Disco .


Track 8 ( Intermission ) serves as a link between the two halves , beginning with techno-style dance beats before switching to the piano interlude .

Track 8 ( Intermission ) acts as a link between the two parts , starting with techno-style dance beats before switching to the piano .


Studios in College Park , Maryland with producer Matt Squire , the album was released September 27 , 2005 on Decaydance and Fueled by Ramen .

It was released on September 27 , 2005 by Fueled by Ramen .


The Michelson interferometer is the most common configuration for optical interferometry and was invented by Albert Abraham Michelson .

The Michelson interferometer is the tool used for optical interferometry .


The show then features cast members opening panels in a psychedelically-painted `` joke wall '' and telling jokes .

Regular features were `` the Party '' , where performers told one-liners about current issues in a party setting , `` Laugh-In Looks at the News '' , a mock news broadcast , and the `` Joke Wall '' , where the cast ran from door to door in a specially-built wall , and told old jokes .


Contiki is an open source operating system for networked , memory-constrained systems with a particular focus on low-power wireless Internet of Things devices .

Contiki is a small , open source free operating system .


A full installation of Contiki includes the following features : The Contiki operating system has been or is being ported to the following systems :

A full installation of Contiki includes the following features : More applications planned include : The Contiki operating system has been or is being ported to the following systems : \* cc65 based development Media related to Contiki at Wikimedia Commons


A full system , complete with a graphical user interface , needs about 30 kilobytes of RAM .

It has a Graphical User Interface and the full installation needs about 30 kilobytes of RAM .


This class of systems includes both various types of embedded systems as well as a number of old 8-bit computers .

It was developed to be used in 8-bit computers and embedded systems .


An insectivore is a carnivore that eats insects .

An Anteater is an animal that eats ants .


They are known as the ` bird-hipped ' dinosaurs because of their bird-like hip structure , even though birds actually belong to the ` lizard-hipped ' dinosaurs ( the saurischians ) .

They are known as the ` bird-hipped ' dinosaurs because of their hip structure .


Ornithischia ( \ / ɔrnɨˈθɪskiə \ / or-ni-THISS-kee-ə ) or Predentata is an extinct order of beaked , herbivorous dinosaurs .

Ornithischia is an order of beaked , herbivorous dinosaurs .


Upon signing , Özil said , `` When the offer came in to join Real Madrid , there is no decision to make .

After signing , Özil said , `` When the offer came in to join Real Madrid , there is no decision to make .


On 31 January 2008 , Özil moved to Werder Bremen for a reported fee of $ 4.3 million , signing a contract with the German club until 30 June 2011 .

In 2008 , Mesut Özil moved to Werder Bremen for a reported amount of $ 4.3 million , signing a contract with the German club until June 30 , 2011 .


In 2005 , Özil moved to the youth department of FC Schalke 04 .

In 2005 , he went to the youth department of FC Schalke 04 .


He also excelled in Europe where he led Werder Bremen to the final of the last ever UEFA Cup , losing out to Shakhtar Donetsk of Ukraine .

He helped the team make it to the UEFA Cup , but lost to Shakhtar Donetsk .


The transfer fee is believed to have been in the region of $ 15 million .

The transfer amount was believed to be near $ 15 million .


Özil was on the short-list of the FIFA Ballon d'Or award .

Mesut Özil performed many assists , and in the 2011-12 season he was nominated for the FIFA Ballon d'Or award .


Özil began his youth career playing for various clubs in Gelsenkirchen and then played five years for Rot-Weiss Essen .

Mesut Özil began his career with Gelsenkirchen then Rot-Weiss Essen .


Özil is acclaimed for his finesse and improvisation as an attacking midfielder .

Özil is often praised for his skill at being an attacking midfielder .


In 2012 , he ranked first in assists in La Liga with 17 .

In 2011 , he made the second most assists in the La Liga with 17 and the most assists in major European competitions with 25 .


Two months later , the King of Iron Fist Tournament 5 is announced .

A few months later , the King of Iron Fist Tournament 5 is announced .


Heihachi , while managing to survive , is rendered in a coma , and the following day , Heihachi 's supposed death is declared all over the world with everyone foreseeing the end of the Mishima Zaibatsu .

After hearing of Heihachi 's death , people though that it would bring the end of the Mishima Zaibatsu .


McElroy presided over a number of events and honored former First Ladies Julia Tyler and Harriet Lane , James Buchanan 's niece and social hostess , by asking them to help her receive guests at the White House .

McElroy presided over a number of events and honored former First Ladies Julia Gardiner Tyler and Harriet Lane , James Buchanan 's niece and social hostess , by asking them to help her receive guests at the White House .


She died at the age of 75 in Albany , New York and was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery .

She died on January 8 , 1917 at the age of 75 in Albany , New York .


They lived in Albany , New York and had four children .

When her brother retired as the President , Mary went to live in Albany , New York .


Her parents had nine children , Mary being the last .


Théodore Chassériau , a French painter , was born in El Limón in 1819 .

Théodore Chassériau , a French painter , was born in El Limón on 1819 .


Coordinates : 19 ° 17 ′ 32 ″ N 69 ° 25 ′ 51 ″ W \ / 19.292288 ° N 69.430820 ° W \ / 19.292288 ; -69.430820 El Limón ( in English , The Lemon ) is a municipal district of Santa Bárbara de Samaná , Samaná province , Dominican Republic .

El Limón ( in English , The Lemon ) is a Municipal district of Santa Bárbara de Samaná , Samaná province , Dominican Republic .


Roads often have a designated footpath for pedestrian traffic , called the sidewalk in American English , the pavement in British English , and the footpath in Australian and New Zealand English .

Nowadays , roads often have a designated footpath attached especially for pedestrian traffic , called the sidewalk in American English and the pavement in British English .


In modern times , the term usually refers to someone walking on a road or sidewalk , but this was not the case historically .

In modern times , the term mostly refers to someone walking on a road or footpath , but this was not the case historically .


They walked across Asia to reach the Americas , and from Central Asia into Europe .

We walked across Asia to reach the Americas .


There are also footpaths not associated with a road ; these include urban short cuts and also rural paths used mainly by ramblers , hikers , or hill-walkers .

There are also footpaths not associated with a road which are used only by pedestrians , especially ramblers , hikers or hill-walkers and there are roads not associated with a footpath .


Efforts are under way by pedestrian advocacy groups to restore pedestrian access to new developments , especially to counteract newer developments , 20 % to 30 % of which in the United States do not include footpaths .

Efforts are underway by pedestrian advocacy groups to make it easy to be a pedestrian in new developments , especially to counteract newer developments where 20 to 30 percent do not include sidewalks .


As of 18 October 2007 , the Court had field offices in Kampala , Kinshasa , Bunia , Abéché and Bangui .

It has smaller offices in New York City , Kampala , Kinshasa , Bunia , Abéché and Bangui .


The Assembly elects the judges and prosecutors , decides the Court 's budget , adopts important texts ( such as the Rules of Procedure and Evidence ) , and provides management oversight to the other organs of the Court .

The Assembly elects the judges and the prosecutor .


The ICC is intended as a court of last resort , investigating and prosecuting only where national courts have failed .

If a national court is investigating or prosecuting a case , the ICC is not allowed to .


The government provided them with land and resources with which they created a dairy and cheese factory , named Productos Sosúa still in existence today .

Here they created a dairy and cheese factory named `` Productos Sosúa '' that is still working .


Sosúa is a small town in the Puerto Plata province of the Dominican Republic .

Sosúa is a Dominican municipality in the Puerto Plata province , on the north coast of the country .


He concluded : Among the best-known figures ( on the Democratic side ) were : Andrew Jackson , Martin Van Buren , John C. Calhoun , James K. Polk , Lewis Cass , and Stephen Douglas .

Some famous democrats were : Andrew Jackson , Martin Van Buren , John C. Calhoun , James K. Polk , Lewis Cass , and Stephen Douglas .


On the Whig side , Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , William H. Seward , and Thurlow Weed .

Some famous Whigs were : Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , William H. Seward , and Thurlow Weed .


Jackson not only rewarded past supporters ; he promised future jobs if local and state politicians joined his team .

He rewarded his supporters and promised future jobs if local and state politicians joined his team .


At the end of his term , Jackson had only dismissed less than twenty percent of the original civil service .

In total , Jackson dismissed less than twenty percent ( 20 % ) of the original civil service .


Each candidate ( Henry Clay , William Crawford , Andrew Jackson , and John Quincy Adams ) , all of whom were nominally Democratic Republicans , had a regional base of support involving factions in the various states .

There were four main candidates for president : Henry Clay , William Crawford , Andrew Jackson , and John Quincy Adams .


John Quincy Adams , son of former President John Adams , was elected , and he immediately chose Clay as Secretary of State .

Instead , John Quincy Adams was elected president .


The major parties were the Democratic Party , led by Andrew Jackson , and the Whig Party , assembled by Henry Clay from the National Republicans and other opponents of Jackson .

One was the Democratic Party , led by Andrew Jackson .


Minor parties included the Anti-Masonic Party , which was an important innovator from 1827 to 1834 ; the abolitionist Liberty Party in 1840 ; and the anti-slavery Free Soil Party in 1848 and 1852 .

The United States Free Soil Party in 1848 and 1852 was another anti-slavery party .


Jackson loudly denounced this `` corrupt bargain . ''

Jackson loudly declared this to be a `` corrupt bargain . ''


While Jackson did not start the spoils system , he did encourage its growth and it became a central feature of the Second Party System , as well as the Third Party System , until it ended in the 1890s .

The spoils system was ended in the 1890s .


Jackson meanwhile became even more popular with the subsistence farmers and day laborers who distrusted bankers and finance .

Jackson became more popular with subsistence farmers ( farmers who grow crops to eat , but not to sell ) and day laborers .


Martin Van Buren , brilliant leader of New York politics , was Jackson 's key aide , bringing along the large electoral votes of Virginia and Pennsylvania .

Martin Van Buren , a brilliant leader in New York politics , was Jackson 's most important supporter .


Jackson , despite having won the most popular votes and the most electoral votes , was not elected .

Jackson had the most popular votes ( votes cast by citizens ) and the most electoral votes ( votes cast by the electoral college ) , but was not elected .


Jackson did not like any banks ( paper money was anathema to Jackson ; he believed only gold and silver ( `` specie '' ) should circulate . )

Jackson did not like any banks , and he did not believe in paper money .


Most businessmen and bankers ( but not all ) went over to the Whig party , and the commercial and industrial cities became Whig strongholds .

This made most businessmen and bankers join the Whig party .


The Adams-Clay wing of the Democratic-Republican Party became known as the National Republicans , although Adams never considered himself a loyal member of the party .

Adams , Clay , and their supporters in the Democratic-Republican Party became known as the National Republicans .


Jackson systematically used the federal patronage system , what was called the Spoils System .

Jackson used the spoils system a lot when he was president .


He believed that rotation in office would prevent the development of a corrupt civil service .

He believed that this would keep the civil service from becoming corrupt .


His Specie Circular of July 1836 rejected paper money issued by banks ( it could no longer be used to buy federal land ) , insisting on gold and silver coins .

He issued his Specie Circular in July 1836 .


The 1824 presidential election operated without political parties and came down to a four-man race .

The U.S. presidential election in 1824 did not have any political parties .


In 1920 , a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei ( Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia ) was formed in Prague , after Czechoslovakia was separated from Austria at the end of World War I . A Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich ( Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in German Austria ) was established in Graz in 1920 .

In 1920 , a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei ( Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia ) was formed in Prague , after Czechoslovakia was separated from Austria at the end of World War I . A Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich ( Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Austria ) was established in Graz in 1920 .


An article published in a German gynecology journal in 1943 stated that women smoking three or more cigarettes per day were more likely to remain childless compared to nonsmoking women .

An article published in a German gynaecology journal in 1943 stated that women smoking three or more cigarettes per day were more likely to remain childless compared to nonsmoking women .


The anti-tobacco organizations were also against consumption of alcohol .

The anti-tobacco organizations were also against drinking of alcohol .


Critics of smoking organized the first anti-tobacco group in the country named the Deutscher Tabakgegnerverein zum Schutze der Nichtraucher ( German Tobacco Opponents ' Association for the Protection of Non-smokers ) .

People who disliked smoking formed the first anti-tobacco group in the country named the Deutscher Tabakgegnerverein zum Schutze der Nichtraucher ( German Tobacco Opponents ' Association for the Protection of Non-smokers ) .


The Nazi reproductive policies were a significant factor behind their anti-tobacco campaign .

The Nazi reproductive policies were an important factor behind their anti-tobacco campaign .


Martin Staemmler , a prominent physician during the Third Reich , opined that smoking by pregnant women resulted in a higher rate of stillbirths and miscarriages .

Martin Staemmler , an important doctor during the Third Reich , said that smoking by pregnant women resulted in a higher rate of stillbirths and miscarriages .


Werner Huttig of the Nazi Party 's Rassenpolitisches Amt ( Office of Racial Politics ) said that a smoking mother 's breast milk contained nicotine , a claim that modern research has proven correct .

Werner Huttig of the Nazi Party 's Rassenpolitisches Amt ( Office of Racial Politics ) claimed smoking mothers ' breast milk contained nicotine .


Hitler disapproved of the military personnel 's freedom to smoke , and during World War II he said on 2 March 1942 , `` it was a mistake , traceable to the army leadership at the time , at the beginning of the war '' .

Hitler disapproved of the military personnel 's freedom to smoke , and during World War II he said on March 2 , 1942 , `` it was a mistake , traceable to the army leadership at the time , at the beginning of the war '' .


Deutscher Tabakgegner ( German Tobacco Opponent ) was published in Dresden from 1919 to 1935 , and was the second journal on this subject .

The Deutsche Tabakgegner ( German Tobacco Opponents ) was published in Dresden from 1919 to 1935 , and was the second journal on this issue .


It was the most powerful anti-smoking movement in the world during the 1930s and early 1940s .

It was the most powerful anti-smoking movement in the world in the 1930s and early 1940s .


This opinion was also supported by well-known female racial hygienist Agnes Bluhm , whose book published in 1936 expressed the same view .

This was supported by well-known female racial hygienist Agnes Bluhm , in her book published in 1936 .


The Nazi anti-tobacco campaign included banning smoking in trams , buses and city trains , promoting health education , limiting cigarette rations in the Wehrmacht , organizing medical lectures for soldiers , and raising the tobacco tax .

The Nazi anti-tobacco campaign used many methods like restrictions on smoking in public spaces , limiting tobacco advertising , restrictions on tobacco rations for women , restrictions on restaurants and coffeehouses , promoting health education , banning smoking in trams , buses and city trains , limiting cigarette rations in the Wehrmacht , organizing medical lectures for soldiers and increasing the tobacco tax .


After German doctors became the first to identify the link between smoking and lung cancer , Nazi Germany initiated a strong anti-tobacco movement and led the first public anti-smoking campaign in modern history .

Nazi Germany started a strong anti-tobacco movement and led the first public anti-smoking campaign in modern history .


Research on smoking and its effects on health thrived under Nazi rule and was the most important of its type at that time .

Research on smoking and its effects on health got better under Nazi rule and was the most important of its type at that time .


Hitler is often considered to be the first national leader to advocate nonsmoking , however James I and VI of Great Britain was openly against smoking 330 years prior .

Hitler is often considered to be the first national leader to advocate nonsmoking .


The Nazi leadership was concerned over this because they wanted German women to be as reproductive as possible .

The Nazi leadership was concerned over this because they wanted German women to give birth .


Women who smoked were considered to be vulnerable to premature aging and loss of physical attractiveness ; they were viewed as unsuitable to be wives and mothers in a German family .

Women who smoked were considered to be more likely to age prematurely , and lose physical attractiveness ; they were viewed as unsuitable to be wives and mothers in a German family .


Anti-tobacco sentiment existed in Germany in the early 20th century .

Anti-tobacco thoughts existed in Germany in the early 1900s .


In later years , Hitler viewed smoking as `` decadent '' and `` the wrath of the Red Man against the White Man , vengeance for having been given hard liquor '' , lamenting that `` so many excellent men have been lost to tobacco poisoning '' .

In later years , Hitler viewed smoking as `` decadent '' ( meaning that it was bad for his health ) and `` the wrath of the Red Man against the White Man , vengeance for having been given hard liquor '' .


Adolf Hitler was a heavy smoker in his early life-he used to smoke 25 to 40 cigarettes daily-but gave up the habit , concluding that it was a waste of money .

Adolf Hitler was a heavy smoker in his early life , smoking 25 to 40 cigarettes daily .


The anti-tobacco movement did not have much effect in the early years of the Nazi regime and tobacco use increased between 1933 and 1939 , but smoking by military personnel declined from 1939 to 1945 .

But smoking by military personnel declined from 1939 to 1945 .


However , Hitler 's personal distaste for tobacco was only one of several catalysts behind the anti-smoking campaign .

However , Hitler 's dislike for tobacco was only one of several reasons behind the anti-smoking campaign .


Adolf Hitler 's personal distaste for tobacco and the Nazi reproductive policies were among the motivating factors behind their campaign against smoking , and this campaign was associated with both antisemitism and racism .

Adolf Hitler did not like tobacco and the Nazi reproductive policies were among the causes due to which the Nazis started their campaign against smoking .


Anti-tobacco movements grew in many nations from the beginning of the 20th century , but these had little success , except in Germany , where the campaign was supported by the government after the Nazis came to power .

The only exception was Germany where it was supported by the government after the Nazis came to power .


He was angered when a statue portraying a cigar-smoking Göring was commissioned .

He was angered when a statue of Göring showed a cigar in his mouth .


The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 charts in the United States in 1963 , and remains to date the only Japanese-language song ever to have done so .

The song peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 charts in the United States in 1963 , and was the only Japanese-language song to do so .


In 1816 Tsar Alexander I permitted the Polish authorities to create a university , comprising five departments : Law and Administration , Medicine , Philosophy , Theology , and Art and Humanities .

In 1816 Alexander I had permitted the Polish authorities to create a university , composed from five faculties : Law and Administration , Medicine , Philosophy , Theology , and Arts and Humanities .


The University of Warsaw ( Polish : Uniwersytet Warszawski ) is the largest university in Poland , established in 1816 .

The University of Warsaw ( Polish Uniwersytet Warszawski ) is the largest university in Poland .


After most of the students and professors took part in the November 1830 Uprising the university was closed down .

However , after students and professors took part in the November Uprising of 1830 , the university was closed by the Russians .


She returned to Philadelphia to attend the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art .

She went to school at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art .


Katherine Milhous ( 1894-1977 ) was an American artist , illustrator , and writer .

Katherine Milhous ( November 27 , 1894 - December 5 , 1977 ) was an American artist , illustrator and author .


She died in Philadelphia on December 5 , 1977 .

She died in Philadelphia in the year 1977 .


Katherine Milhous was born November 27 , 1894 , to Osborn and Katherine Daly Milhous of Philadelphia , Quakers who made their living as printers .

Katherine Milhous was born November 27 , 1894 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .


When she was young they moved to Pitman , New Jersey , a small camp-meeting town .

The family moved to Pitman , New Jersey when Milhous was a little girl .


She is known best as the author and illustrator of The Egg Tree , which won the 1951 Caldecott Medal for U.S. picture book illustration .

The book won the Caldecott Medal in the year 1951 for best illustrations .


Her papers are held in the University of Minnesota Children 's Literature Research Collection and the Free Library of Philadelphia .

The University of Minnesota and the Free Library of Philadelphia own her archives .


They are mostly found in low-density regions and are rare in the centers of galaxy clusters .

They are mostly found in low-density parts of the universe , and are rare in the centers of galaxy clusters .


Our own Milky Way has recently ( in the 1990s ) been confirmed to be a barred spiral , although the bar itself is difficult to observe from our position within the Galactic disk .

Our own Milky Way has recently ( in the 1990s ) been confirmed to be a barred spiral galaxy , although the bar itself is difficult to observe from our position in the Galactic disk .


A spiral galaxy is a certain kind of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work The Realm of the Nebulae and , as such , forms part of the Hubble sequence .

The spiral galaxy as a type was first described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work The Realm of the Nebulae .


Together with irregular galaxies , spiral galaxies make up approximately 60 % of galaxies in the local Universe .

About 60 % of galaxies in the universe near us ( the ` local universe ' ) are spiral and irregular galaxies .


Naturally , different classifications of spiral galaxies have distinct arm-structures .

Multiple-arm spiral galaxies have more arms .


Spiral galaxies are named for the spiral structures that extend from the center into the disk .

Grand-design spiral galaxies have two well-shaped arms .


Spiral arms are regions of stars that extend from the center of spiral and barred spiral galaxies .

The barred spiral galaxy is an important and common type of spiral galaxy .


The spiral arms are sites of ongoing star formation and are brighter than the surrounding disk because of the young , hot OB stars that inhabit them .

The spiral arms are where young , hot stars are made , which is why they are brighter than the center of the galaxy .


Sodium Selenate is also used as a decolorizing agent in glass production .

Sodium selenate is used as a mineral supplement .


The atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan were conducted by the United States during the final stages of World War II in August 1945 .

The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks on the Empire of Japan during World War II ( WWII ) .


A uranium gun-type atomic bomb ( Little Boy ) was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6 , 1945 , followed by a plutonium implosion-type bomb ( Fat Man ) on the city of Nagasaki on August 9 .

Two nuclear bombs were dropped , one on the city of Hiroshima and one on the city of Nagasaki .


On September 2 , it signed the instrument of surrender , ending World War II .

Japan signed the surrender paper on September 2 .


On August 15 , just days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war , Japan announced its surrender to the Allies .

Six days after the explosion over Nagasaki , on August 15 , Japan announced that it was surrendering to the Allied Powers .


Marconi is often credited as the inventor of radio , and he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun `` in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy '' .

Marconi is often named as the inventor of radio , and he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun for their help .


An entrepreneur , businessman , and founder in Britain in 1897 of The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company ( which became the Marconi Company ) , Marconi succeeded in making a commercial success of radio by innovating and building on the work of previous experimenters and physicists .

As an entrepreneur , businessman , and founder of the The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in Britain in 1897 , Marconi made a successful business of radio by creating and building on the work of previous experimenters and physicists .


Guglielmo Marconi , 1st Marquis of Marconi ( Italian : ( ɡuʎˈʎɛːlmo maɾˈkoːni ) ; 25 April 1874 - 20 July 1937 ) was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer , known for his pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi 's law and a radio telegraph system .

Guglielmo Marconi ( ɡuʎˈʎɛːlmo marˈkoːni ; 25 April 1874-20 July 1937 ) was an Italian inventor , known for being a major part of inventing long distance radio communication and for his development of Marconi 's law and a radio telegraph system .


In 1924 the King of Italy ennobled Marconi as a Marchese ( marquis ) .

In 1924 , he was ennobled as Marchese Marconi .


Maren was born on January 24 , 1920 in Boston , Massachusetts .


It became mentally tough for me because nobody talked about my 99 hundreds . ''


It generally excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau .

The term also excludes Hong Kong and Macau .


Its name is derived from the nickname for New York , the Empire State .

It is named after the popular nickname for New York , The Empire State .


It stood as the world 's tallest building for nearly 40 years , from its completion in early 1931 until the topping out of the World Trade Center 's North Tower in late 1970 .

For forty-one years it was the tallest building in the world .


After the war , whilst working , he completed his secondary education through self-study , and entered the University of Malaya ( then in Singapore ) where he graduated in 1954 with a Diploma in Social Studies ( Distinction ) .

After the war , while working , he completed his secondary education through self-study , and entered the University of Malaya ( then in Singapore ) where he graduated in 1954 with a Diploma in Social Studies ( Distinction ) .


On 12 July 2005 , Nathan announced that he was seeking re-election as President .

On 12 July 2005 Nathan announced that he was seeking re-election as President .


His nomination was strongly supported by Lee Kuan Yew .

His nomination was strongly supported by Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew ( then holding the post of Senior Minister ) .


He succeeded the fifth President of Singapore , Ong Teng Cheong , and was sworn in on 1 September 1999 .

He succeeded the 5th President of Singapore Ong Teng Cheong and was sworn in on September 1 , 1999 .


Nathan is a Singaporean of Tamil and Viswakarma descent ; his childhood was spent with his two older brothers and grandparents , V. Sellapan and Apiram , in Muar , Johor , in a house overlooking the sea .

Nathan is an Indian Singaporean ; his childhood was spent with his three older sisters and parents , V. Sellapan and Apiram , in Muar , Johor , in a house near the sea .


Usually referred to as S. R. Nathan , he was first sworn in on 1 September 1999 .

Often referred to as S. R. Nathan , he became president on September 1 , 1999 .


He received his primary education in Anglo-Chinese Primary School and Rangoon Road Afternoon School , and his secondary education at Victoria School .

By then the young Nathan had returned to where he was born , Singapore , to live with an uncle , and received his early education in several Anglo-Chinese Schools , such as the Rangoon Road Afternoon School , and later Victoria School .


He submitted an eligibility application to the Presidential Elections Committee ; by 6 August 2005 , three more people had also submitted forms .

He applied to the Presidential Elections Committee ; by 6 August 2005 three more people had also submitted forms , but on 13 August the Committee said that the other three applicants had been rejected as unsuitable .


His 12-year term ended on 31 August 2011 .

His term ends on 31 August 2011 , after which a new President must be elected .


Even in a homozygous dominant or recessive female the condition may not be expressed fully .

Even in a homozygous female the condition may not be expressed fully .


Examples : female sterility in Drosophila ; and many polymorphic characters in insects , especially in relation to mimicry .

Examples : female sterility in Drosophila ; and polymorphism in insects , especially in relation to mimicry .


Each son born to a carrier mother has a 50 % probability of inheriting the X-chromosome carrying the mutant allele .

However , if the mutant allele is carried by a male , the condition will develop , because his X chromosome has the mutant allele , but his Y chromosome has no allele at that locus .


For example , an X-linked recessive allele in humans causes hemophilia .

They are caused by recessive alleles , and usually do not show the condition in females .


Five thousand copies were made available to the public in October and the single `` Bigger Stronger '' , received BBC Radio 1 airplay .

Five thousand copies were made available to the public in October , and the single `` Bigger Stronger '' , received BBC Radio 1 airplay .


Some of their new material , including `` In My Place '' and `` Animals '' , was played live while the band was still touring Parachutes .

Some of their new material , including `` In My Place '' and `` Animals '' , was played live while the band were still touring Parachutes .


At the 51st Grammy Awards in the same year , Coldplay won three Grammy Awards in the categories for Song of Year for `` Viva la Vida '' , Best Rock Album for Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends , and Best Vocal Pop Performance by a Duo or Group for `` Viva la Vida '' .

At the 51st Grammy Awards in February 2009 , Coldplay won three Grammy Awards in the categories for Song of Year for `` Viva la Vida '' , Best Rock Album for Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends , and Best Vocal Pop Performance by a Duo or Group for `` Viva la Vida '' .


The pair spent the rest of the university year planning a band , ultimately forming a group called Pectoralz .

The pair spent the rest of the college year planning a band , ultimately forming a group called Pectoralz .


Champion had grown up playing piano , guitar , bass , and tin whistle ; he quickly learned the drums ( despite having no previous experience ) .

Champion had grown up playing piano , guitar , bass , and tin whistle ; he quickly learned the drums , despite having no previous experience .


Coldplay began their Viva la Vida Tour in June , with a free concert at Brixton Academy in London .

In June , Coldplay began their Viva la Vida Tour with a free concert at Brixton Academy in London .


Coldplay were nominated for four BRIT Awards in 2009 : British Group , British Live Act , British Single ( `` Viva la Vida '' ) and British Album ( Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends ) .

In 2009 , Coldplay was nominated for four BRIT Awards : British Group , British Live Act , British Single ( `` Viva la Vida '' ) and British Album ( Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends ) .


The album has been made available on various formats since its initial release ; both Parlophone and Nettwerk released it as a CD in 2000 , and it was also released as a cassette by new US label Capitol in 2001 .

The album has been made available on various formats since its initial release ; both Parlophone and Nettwerk released it as a CD in 2000 , and it was also released as a cassette by newfound US label Capitol in 2001 .


LeftRightLeftRightLeft , released on 15 May 2009 , was to be given away at the remaining concerts of their Viva la Vida tour .

LeftRightLeftRightLeft was to be given away at the remaining concerts of their Viva la Vida tour .


The group have also performed at various charity projects such as Band Aid 20 , Live 8 , Sound Relief , Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief , The Secret Policeman 's Ball , Sport Relief and the Teenage Cancer Trust .

The group have also performed at various charity projects , such as Band Aid 20 , Live 8 , Sound Relief , Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief , and the Teenage Cancer Trust .


Having found success in Europe , the band set their sights on North America , by releasing the album there in November 2000 , and started the US Club Tour in February 2001 .

Having found success in Europe , the band set their sights on North America , released the album there in November 2000 , and started the U.S. Club Tour in February 2001 .


The latter was inspired by George Harrison 's title track to All Things Must Pass , which was released in 1970 .

The latter was inspired from George Harrison 's title track to All Things Must Pass , which was released in 1970 .


The album was critically well received and earned a Best Alternative Music Album honors at the 2002 Grammy Awards .

The album was critically well-received and earned a Best Alternative Music Album honors at the 2002 Grammy Awards .


They achieved worldwide fame with the release of the single `` Yellow '' in 2000 , followed by their debut album released in the same year , Parachutes , which was nominated for the Mercury Prize .

They had worldwide fame with the release of the single `` Yellow '' in 2000 , followed by their debut album released in the same year , Parachutes , which was nominated for the Mercury Prize .


The band released a limited-edition CD of `` Trouble '' , the third single from the album , which features a remix of `` Yellow '' .

The band released a limited-edition CD of `` Trouble '' , the third single off the album , which features a remix of `` Yellow '' .


Martin also had recruited his longtime school friend Phil Harvey , who was studying classics at the University of Oxford , to be the band 's manager .

Martin also had recruited his longtime school friend Phil Harvey , who was studying classics at Oxford , to be the band 's manager .


Martin , finding Rice-Oxley to be talented , asked him to be Coldplay 's keyboard player but Rice-Oxley refused as his own band , Keane , was already active .

Martin , finding Rice-Oxley to be talented , asked him to be Coldplay 's keyboard player but Rice-Oxley refused as his own band , Keane , was already operational .


Inspired by bands like U2 and R.E.M. , Coldplay decided that they would operate as a democracy ( and that profits would be shared equally ) .

Inspired by bands like U2 and R.E.M. , Coldplay decided that they would operate as democracy , and that profits would be shared equally .


After completing their final examinations , Coldplay signed to Parlophone for a five-album contract in early 1999 .

After completing their final examinations , Coldplay signed to Parlophone for a five-album contract in the spring of 1999 .


The band initially planned to record their debut album in the space of two weeks .

At first , the band planned to record their debut album in the space of two weeks .


During a weekend on Virginia Water in Surrey , they asked each other to play off their own songs on the piano .

During a weekend on Virginia Water , they asked each other to play off their own songs on the piano .


The band 's line-up was completed when Will Champion joined to take up percussion duties .

The band 's lineup was completed when Will Champion joined to take up percussion duties .


The band 's fourth studio album , Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends ( 2008 ) , was produced by Brian Eno and released again to largely positive reviews , earning several Grammy Award nominations and wins at the 51st Grammy Awards .

The band 's fourth studio album , Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends ( 2008 ) , was produced by Brian Eno and released again to largely favourable reviews , earning several Grammy nominations and wins .


After they formed under the name Pectoralz , Guy Berryman joined the group as a bassist and they changed their name to Starfish .

After forming Pectoralz , Guy Berryman joined the group as a bassist and they changed their name to Starfish .


The album was recorded at Rockfield Studios , Matrix Studios , and Wessex Sound Studios with producer Ken Nelson , although the majority of Parachutes ' tracks were recorded at Liverpool 's Parr Street Studios ( where they accessed three studio rooms ) .

In March 1999 , Coldplay began work on their debut album , recorded at Rockfield Studios , Matrix Studios , and Wessex Sound Studios with producer Ken Nelson , although the majority of Parachutes ' tracks were recorded at Liverpool 's Parr Street Studios .


In the United States , the song was released as the lead single from the then-untitled debut album .

In the United States , the song was released as the lead single off the then-untitled debut album .


Coldplay have sold more than 70 million records worldwide .

Coldplay have sold over 50 million records worldwide .


The band 's second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head ( 2002 ) , was released to critical acclaim and won multiple awards , including NME 's Album of the Year .

The band 's second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head ( 2002 ) , won multiple awards , including NME 's Album of the Year .


After performing the opening set on 14 March 2009 for Sound Relief at the Sydney Cricket Ground , Coldplay headlined a sold-out concert later that same night .

Coldplay performed the opening set on 14 March 2009 for Sound Relief at the Sydney Cricket Ground and then played a sold-out concert later that same night .


Champion was briefly fired from the band , but Martin later pleaded with him to return after kicking him out , and because of his guilt , went on a drinking binge .

Martin kicked Champion out of the band but later pleaded with him to return , and because of his guilt , went on a drinking binge .


Chris Martin claimed , after the release of Parachutes , that the album 's success was intended to elevate the band 's status to the `` biggest , best band in the world . ''

Chris Martin claimed after the release of Parachutes the album 's success was intended to achieve the band 's status as the `` biggest , best band in the f. .


Coldplay spent most of 2004 out of the spotlight , taking a break from touring and releasing a satire music video of a song from a fictional band titled The Nappies while recording their third album .

Coldplay spent most of 2004 out of the spotlight , taking a break from touring while recording their third album .


A live album entitled LeftRightLeftRightLeft was recorded at various shows during the tour .

On 15 May 2009 , Coldplay released a live album , entitled LeftRightLeftRightLeft which was recorded at various shows during the tour .


The former was later released as a single in United Kingdom on 26 June 2000 .

The former was later released as a single in UK on 26 June 2000 .


Having the role as Coldplay 's first release to crack the top five , the song shot to number four on the UK Singles Chart and placed Coldplay in public consciousness .

The song shot to number four on the UK Singles Chart and placed Coldplay in public consciousness .


After releasing three EPs without a hit song , Coldplay sparked their first Top 40 hit with the lead single from Parachutes , `` Shiver '' , released in March 2000 to a number 35 peak position on the UK Singles Chart .

After releasing three EPs without a hit song , Coldplay charted into the Top 40 with the lead single from Parachutes , `` Shiver '' .


X&Y entered the album charts of 20 countries at the number one position and was the third-fastest selling album in UK chart history .

The album debuted at number one in 20 countries worldwide , and was the third-fastest selling album in UK chart history .


Upon release , Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends topped the album charts worldwide , and was the world 's best-selling album of 2008 .

On 15 June 2008 , Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends topped the UK album chart , despite having come on the market only three days previously .


The mixing process on all songs for the album was done by American engineer Michael Brauer in New York .

The album was mixed by American engineer Michael Brauer in New York .


Chris Martin later revealed that the reviews that ranged from mixed to negative , note-worthy for their remarks on comparing them to U2 , made him feel `` liberated '' .

Chris Martin later revealed that the negative remarks made him feel `` liberated '' .


The band renamed themselves `` Coldplay '' in 1998 , before recording and releasing three EPs ; Safety in 1998 , Brothers & Sisters as a single in 1999 and The Blue Room in the same year .

The band later recorded and released three EPs ; Safety in 1998 , Brothers & Sisters as a single in 1999 and The Blue Room in the same year .


Will Champion joined as a drummer , backing vocalist , and multi-instrumentalist , completing the line-up .

Will Champion joined as a drummer and backup vocalist who plays various instruments , making the band 's lineup complete .


`` Life in Technicolor II '' was the only single released from the EP .

The song `` Life in Technicolor II '' was released as a single on 9 February 2009 .


According to Shinto belief , Jimmu is regarded as a direct descendant of the sun goddess , Amaterasu .

Jimmu is regarded as a direct descendant of the Shinto sun goddess , Amaterasu .


was the first Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession .

was the 1st emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession .


The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as `` traditional '' until the reign of Emperor Kanmu ( 737-806 ) , the 50th sovereign of the Yamato dynasty .

The names and sequence of the early emperors were not confirmed as `` traditional '' until the reign of Emperor Kammu , who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty .


Errol Leslie Thomson Flynn ( 20 June 1909 - 14 October 1959 ) was an Australian actor .

Errol Leslie Thomson Flynn ( 20 June 1909 - 14 October 1959 ) was an Australian-American movie actor .


His mother was born Lily Mary Young , but dropped the first names Lily Mary shortly after she was married and changed her name to Marelle .

She dropped the first names Lily Mary shortly after she was married and changed her name to Marelle .


Errol Flynn was born on 20 June 1909 in Hobart , Tasmania , where his father , Theodore Thomson Flynn , was a lecturer ( 1909 ) and later professor ( 1911 ) of biology at the University of Tasmania .

His father Theodore Thomson Flynn , was a lecturer ( 1909 ) and later professor ( 1911 ) of biology at the University of Tasmania .


Flynn described his mother 's family as `` seafaring folk '' and this appears to be where his lifelong interest in boats and the sea originated .

Flynn described his mother 's family as `` seafaring folk '' .


Flynn co-starred with Olivia de Havilland a total of eight times , and together they made the most successful on-screen romantic partnership in Hollywood in the late 1930s-early '40s in Captain Blood ( 1935 ) , The Charge of the Light Brigade ( 1936 ) , The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) , Four 's a Crowd ( 1938 ) , Dodge City ( 1939 ) , The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex ( 1939 ) , Santa Fe Trail ( 1940 ) , and They Died with Their Boots On ( 1941 ) .

They appeared together in eight movies : Captain Blood ( 1935 , his first great success ) , The Charge of the Light Brigade ( 1936 ) , The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) , Four 's a Crowd ( 1938 ) , Dodge City ( 1939 ) , The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex ( 1939 ) , Santa Fe Trail ( 1940 ) , and They Died with Their Boots On ( 1941 ) .


His lifestyle caught up with him in public in 1942 when two underage girls , Betty Hansen and Peggy Satterlee , accused him of statutory rape , alleging that the event occurred at the Bel Air , Los Angeles home of Flynn 's friend Frederick McEvoy .

His hedonistic lifestyle caught up with him in 1942 when two under-age girls , Betty Hansen and Peggy Satterlee , accused him of statutory rape .


Flynn was married three times : to actress Lili Damita from 1935 until 1942 ( one son , Sean Flynn , born 1941 , reported missing in Cambodia in 1970 and presumed dead ) ; to Nora Eddington from 1943 until 1949 ( two daughters , Deirdre born 1945 and Rory born 1947 ) ; and to actress Patrice Wymore from 1950 until his death ( one daughter , Arnella Roma , 1953-98 ) .

; to Nora Eddington from 1943 until 1949 ( two daughters , Deirdre born 1945 and Rory born 1947 ) ; and to actress Patrice Wymore from 1950 until his death ( one daughter , Arnella Roma , 1953-1998 ) .


The scandal received immense press attention with many of Flynn 's movie fans refusing to accept that the charges were true ( one such group that publicly organized to this end was `` The American Boys ' Club for the Defense of Errol Flynn ( ABCDEF ) '' who counted in its number William F. Buckley , Jr. ) , taking the image that they had of Flynn 's screen persona as a reflection of his actual character in real life .

It was called the American Boys ' Club for the Defense of Errol Flynn ( ABCDEF ) .


He was influenced by Philolaus of Croton , but he identified the `` central fire '' with the Sun , and put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun .

Aristarchus was influenced by Philolaus of Croton , but he identified the `` central fire '' with the Sun , and put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun .


Rejection of the heliocentric view was common , as the following passage from Plutarch suggests ( On the Apparent Face in the Orb of the Moon ) : The only other astronomer of antiquity who is known by name and who is known to have supported Aristarchus ' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia , a Hellenistic astronomer who lived a century after Aristarchus .

Rejection of the heliocentric view was common , as the following passage from Plutarch suggests ( On the apparent face in the orb of the Moon ) : The only other astronomer of antiquity who is known by name and who is known to have supported Aristarchus ' heliocentric model was Seleucus , a Hellenistic astronomer who lived a century after Aristarchus .


The geocentric model was consistent with planetary parallax and was assumed to be the reason why no stellar parallax was observed .

The old geocentric model explained planetary parallax , and was assumed to be the reason why no stellar parallax was observed .


The heliocentric theory was successfully revived nearly 1800 years later by Copernicus , after which Johannes Kepler described planetary motions with greater accuracy , with Kepler 's laws , and Isaac Newton gave a theoretical explanation based on laws of gravitational attraction and dynamics .

The heliocentric theory was successfully revived nearly 1800 years later by Copernicus , after which Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton gave the theoretical explanation based on laws of physics , namely Kepler 's laws for the motion of planets and Newton 's laws on gravitational attraction and dynamics .


Archimedes wrote : Aristarchus thus believed the stars to be very far away , and that in consequence there was no observable parallax , that is , a movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moves around the Sun .

Therefore , there was no observable parallax , that is , a movement of the stars relative to each other while the Earth moves around the Sun .


The stars are much farther away than was generally assumed in ancient times ; and since stellar parallax is only detectable with telescopes , his speculation although accurate was unprovable at the time .

The stars are much farther away than was generally assumed in ancient times ; and the tiny amount of stellar parallax is only detectable with telescopes .


Though the original text has been lost , a reference in Archimedes ' book The Sand Reckoner ( Archimedis Syracusani Arenarius & Dimensio Circuli ) describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced the heliocentric model as an alternative hypothesis .

Though the original text has been lost , a reference in Archimedes ' book The Sand Reckoner describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced the heliocentric model as an alternative hypothesis .


Aristarchus of Samos ( \ / ˌærəˈstɑrkəs \ / ; Ἀρίσταρχος , Aristarkhos ; c. 310 - c. 230 BCE ) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it ( see Solar system ) .

His is the first known model that put the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it ( see Solar system ) .


Two main types of secondary structure , the alpha helix and the beta strand or beta sheets , were suggested in 1951 by Linus Pauling and coworkers .

Two main types of secondary structure , the alpha helix and the beta strand ( beta sheet ) , were suggested in 1951 by Linus Pauling and coworkers .


The primary structure is held together by covalent bonds such as peptide bonds , which are made during the process of protein biosynthesis or translation .

The primary structure is held together by covalent or peptide bonds , which are made during the process of protein biosynthesis or translation .


The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain .

The primary structure refers to amino acid linear sequence of the polypeptide chain .


Quaternary structure is the three-dimensional structure of a multi-subunit protein and how the subunits fit together .

This , the quaternary structure , is how the subunits fit together .


Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand residues .

Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand amino acids .


To understand the functions of proteins at a molecular level , it is often necessary to determine their three-dimensional structure .

To understand how proteins work , it is often necessary to discover their three-dimensional structure .


This is the topic of the scientific field of structural biology , which employs techniques such as X-ray crystallography , NMR spectroscopy , and dual polarisation interferometry to determine the structure of proteins .

To do this biophysics uses techniques such as X-ray crystallography , NMR spectroscopy , and dual polarisation interferometry A protein may switch from one shape to another as it does its job .


One chain has 31 amino acids , and the other has 20 amino acids .

They are polymers formed from 20 possible amino acids by RNA translation .


He was replaced by his Protestant elder daughter , Mary II , and her husband , William III .

He was not replaced by his Roman Catholic son , James Francis Edward , but by his Protestant daughter and son-in-law , Mary II and William III ( William II of Scotland ) , who became rulers in 1689 .


James made one serious attempt to recover his crowns from William and Mary , when he landed in Ireland in 1689 but , after the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690 , James returned to France .

James made one serious attempt to recover his throne when he landed in Ireland in 1689 .


He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland .

He was the last Roman Catholic king of Scotland , England , or Ireland .


S. - 16 September 1701 ) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII , from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 .

James II of England\/VII of Scotland ( 14 October 1633-16 September 1701 ) became King of Scots , King of England , and King of Ireland on 6 February 1685 , and Duke of Normandy on 31 December 1660 .


In order to make himself appear more important , a miller lies to a king , telling him that his daughter can spin straw into gold .

A poor miller tells the king that his daughter can spin straw into gold .


The tale was collected by the Brothers Grimm in the 1812 edition of Children 's and Household Tales .

It was first published by the Brothers Grimm in their Children 's and Household Tales of 1812 .


Marie Jeanne of Savoy ( Marie Jeanne Baptiste ; 11 April 1644 - 15 March 1724 ) was born a Princess of Savoy and was later the Duchess of Savoy .

Marie Jeanne of Savoy ( Marie Jeanne Baptiste ; 11 April 1644 - 15 March 1724 ) was Duchess of Savoy as wife of Charles Emmanuel II , Duke of Savoy .


In 1633 , Tasman went to Batavia in service of the VOC ; four years later he was back in Amsterdam .

He went to Batavia ( now called Jakarta ) to work for the VOC in 1633 .


He eventually turned north-west to New Guinea , and arrived at Batavia on 15 June 1643 .

He then sailed north west to New Guinea and got back to Batavia in June 1643 .


Cakka Nuraga ( born as Cakka Kawekas Nuraga in Tangerang , Indonesia on ( 1998-08-18 ) August 18 , 1998 ) is an Indonesian musician , singer and guitarist .

Cakka Nuraga ( born August 18 , 1998 in Tangerang , Banten , Indonesia ) is a pop and rock Indonesian singer and actor .


Under the stage name `` Cakka Idola Cilik '' .

Cakka career as a singer began when Cakka pageant television talent search Idola Cilik 2 and he was eliminated in the 7 finalists .


Thicker yarns generally require thicker knitting needles , whereas thinner yarns may be knit with thick or thin needles .

Thinner yarns are generally used with smaller knitting needles , and thicker yarns are used with larger knitting needles .


Circular knitting is employed to create pieces that are circular or tube-shaped , such as hats , socks , mittens , and sleeves .

Circular knitting , which is done on circular or double-pointed needles , produces a seamless tube and is used to create things like hats , socks , mittens , and sleeves .


Flat knitting is usually used to knit flat pieces like scarves , blankets , afghans , and the backs and fronts of sweater\/pullovers .

Flat knitting , which is usually done on two straight needles , produces a length of cloth and is used to create things like blankets , scarves , and the backs and fronts of sweaters .


Knitting is a method by which thread or yarn is used to create a cloth .

Knitting creates flexible fabric by looping thread or yarn together using two or more knitting needles or a knitting machine .


It is also the first most widely spoken native language in Europe .

It is the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union .


The government of Poland includes the Ministry of Finance as well as the Ministry of State Treasury , as does the government of Ukraine .

The government of Poland includes the Ministry of Finance as well as the Ministry of State Treasury , as does the government of the Ukraine .


The earliest found artefacts made of silver and gold are from Lake Varna in Bulgaria dated 4250-4000 BC , the earliest of copper are dated 9000-7000 BC .

The earliest found artefacts made of silver and gold are from Lake Varna in Bulgaria dated 4250-4000 BC , the earliest made of copper are dated 9000-7000 BC . ''


In many other countries , the treasury is called the `` ministry of finance '' and the head is known as the finance minister .

In many other countries , the treasury is called the Ministry of Finance .


The sovereigns ' treasury within the palace in ancient Jerusalem , is considered to be similar in nature to the temple treasury .

The sovereigns ' treasury in the palace in ancient Jerusalem , was similar in nature to the temple treasury .


The texts written in the Elamite language name the treasurer as ganzabara The ancient Roman word aerarium signified the treasury of the Senate , fiscus was used to indicate the imperial treasury used by Caesar .


In some other countries , a `` Treasury '' will exist alongside a separate `` Ministry of Finance '' , with divided functions .

In some other countries , a Treasury will co-exist with a separate Ministry of Finance , with divided functions .


In excavations of Persopolis a text containing information pertaining to the activities of a temple treasury were discovered dated to the fifth century BC .

In excavations of Persopolis a text about to the activities of a treasury were discovered .


Examples include Bangladesh , Belgium , Spain , Italy , New Zealand , Canada , Malaysia , Singapore , India , Japan , the Netherlands , and Pakistan .

Examples include New Zealand , Canada , Malaysia , Singapore , Bangladesh , India , Pakistan , and Japan .


As of the definition of a treasury from thêsaurus and in the context of the treasure obtained from war efforts the first recorded booty in history is a stele taken during 1160 BC .

The first recorded booty in history is a stele taken during 1160 BC .


The term treasury was first used in Classical times to describe the votive buildings erected to house gifts to the gods , such as the Siphnian Treasury in Delphi or many similar buildings erected in Olympia , Greece by competing city-states to impress others during the ancient Olympic Games .

An example is the Siphnian Treasury in Delphi .


His first tragedy , Cambyses , King of Persia , was produced at Lincoln 's Inn Fields in 1667 .

His first tragedy was Cambyses , King of Persia ( 1667 ) .


Elkanah Settle ( 1 February 1648 - 12 February 1724 ) was an English poet and playwright .

Elkanah Settle ( 1648-1724 ) was an English poet and playwright .


He was born at Dunstable , and entered Trinity College , Oxford , in 1666 , but left without taking a degree .

In 1666 , he went to Trinity College , Oxford , but did not take a degree .


Examples of autocrats include Idi Amin , Muammar Gaddafi , Adolf Hitler and Gamal Abdul Nasser .

Examples of dictators include Idi Amin , Muammar al-Qaddafi , and Gamal Abdul Nasser .


An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler , but several rulers .

An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler , but several powerful people .


In modern times , an autocrat 's rule is not stopped by any rules of law , constitutions , or other social and political institutions .

In modern times , a dictator 's rule is not stopped by any laws , constitutions , or other social and political institutions .


Commonly significant in democracies are political parties , which are groups of people with similar ideas about how a country or region should be governed .

Political parties are organizations of people with similar ideas about how a country or region should be governed .


The Roman Republic made dictators to lead during times of war ; the Roman dictators only held power for a small time .

The Roman dictators only held power for a small time .


Some historical examples of oligarchy are the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics .

Some past examples of oligarchy are the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Apartheid South Africa .


After World War II , many governments in Latin America , Asia , and Africa were ruled by autocratic governments .

After World War II , many governments in Latin America , Asia , and Africa were ruled by dictators .


These people may spread power and elect candidates equally or not equally .

These people may spread power equally or not equally .


An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or monarchic .

An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or passed down from father to son .


In 1978 an agreement between Australia and Papua New Guinea determined the maritime border in the Torres Strait .

In 1978 an agreement between Australia and Papua New Guinea worked out the correct position of the maritime border in the Torres Strait .


Although some of the Torres Strait islands lie just off the coast of New Guinea , they were annexed in 1879 by Queensland , then a British colony .

Although some of the Torres Strait islands are just off the coast of New Guinea , they were taken over in 1879 by Queensland , then a British colony .


It was Dalrymple who named the strait after Torres .

Dalrymple named the strait after Torres .


Over 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders live on the Islands and 42,000 live on the mainland .

While there are about 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders living on the islands , about 42,000 islanders now live on the mainland .


The islands ' indigenous inhabitants are the Torres Strait Islanders , Melanesian peoples related to the Papuans of adjoining New Guinea .

They are Melanesian peoples related to the Papuans of New Guinea .


There was an important pearling industry from the 1860s until about 1970 when it collapsed in the face of competition from the plastics industry .

There was an important pearling business in the strait from the 1860s until about 1970 .


This discovery led Dalrymple to publish the Historical Collection of the Several Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean in 1770-1771 , which aroused widespread interest in his claim of the existence of an unknown continent .

Dalrymple wrote a book , the Historical Collection of the Several Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean in 1770-1771 .


Their maritime-based trade and interactions with the Papuans to the north and the Australian Aboriginal communities have maintained a steady cultural diffusion between the three societal groups , dating back thousands of years at least .

They traded with the Papuans to the north and the Australian Aboriginal people for thousands of years .


Pearl-shelling was responsible for the arrival of experienced divers from many countries , notably Japan .

Pearl-shelling brought many experienced divers from many countries , especially Japan .


The islands of the Torres Strait have been inhabited for at least 2,500 years and possibly much longer .

There is evidence of people living on the Torres Strait islands for at least 2,500 years .


He sailed along the south coast of New Guinea , and may also have sighted the northernmost extremity of the Australian mainland , however no specific records exist that indicate he did so .

He sailed along the south coast of New Guinea .


Inception is a 2010 British-American science fiction heist thriller film written , co-produced , and directed by Christopher Nolan .

Inception is a 2010 American science fiction action heist movie written , produced , and directed by Christopher Nolan .


The film stars a large ensemble cast that includes Leonardo DiCaprio , Ellen Page , Joseph Gordon-Levitt , Marion Cotillard , Ken Watanabe , Tom Hardy , Dileep Rao , Cillian Murphy , Tom Berenger , and Michael Caine .

The movie stars Leonardo DiCaprio , Ken Watanabe , Joseph Gordon-Levitt , Marion Cotillard , Ellen Page , Tom Hardy , Cillian Murphy , Tom Berenger , and Michael Caine .


Feeling he needed to have more experience with large-scale film production , Nolan retired the project and instead worked on Batman Begins ( 2005 ) , The Prestige ( 2006 ) , and The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) .

Because Nolan wanted to have more experience working with big-scale movies , he chose to work on Batman Begins , The Prestige and The Dark Knight .


He spent six months revising the script before Warner Bros. purchased it in February 2009 .

He spent six months polishing up the script for Inception before Warner Bros. purchased it in February 2009 .


Inception was filmed in six countries and four continents , beginning in Tokyo on June 19 , 2009 , and finishing in Canada on November 22 , 2009 .

Filming spanned six countries and four continents , beginning in Tokyo on June 19 , 2009 and finishing in Canada in late November of the same year .


Shortly after finishing Insomnia ( 2002 ) , Nolan wrote an 80-page treatment about `` dream stealers '' envisioning a horror film inspired by lucid dreaming and presented the idea to Warner Bros. .

In 2001 , Nolan wrote an 80-page treatment about dream-stealers , presenting the idea to Warner Bros. .


Inception was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters on July 16 , 2010 .

Inception was first screened in London on July 8 , 2010 and was shown in standard and IMAX theaters on July 14 , 2010 .


DiCaprio plays Dom Cobb , a professional thief who commits corporate espionage by infiltrating the subconscious of his targets .

DiCaprio plays Dom Cobb , a thief who collects information from the subconscious mind of his victims while they dream .


Overall the film made $ 62.7 million and debuted at No. 1 on its opening weekend .

The movie had a lot of positive reviews and earned over $ 21 million on its opening day , and $ 62.7 million in the first weekend .


Nolan 's reputation and success with The Dark Knight helped secure the film 's $ 100 million in advertising expenditure , with most of the publicity involving viral marketing .

Nolan 's success with The Dark Knight helped gain the movie $ 100 million to spend on advertising .


Parupalli Kashyap ( born 8 September 1986 ) is a badminton player from India .

Parupalli Kashyap ( Telugu : కశ్యప్ ) ( born 8 September 1986 ) , also known as Kashyap Parupalli , is an Indian athlete .


Monosyllables have only one vowel sound ; polysyllables have more than one .


The hind feet each had three short toes , while each forefoot had five toes ; only the inner two toes had a blunt hoof .

The back legs each had three short toes , while the front legs had five toes .


Stegosaurian teeth were small , triangular and flat ; wear facets show that they did grind their food .

Stegosaurian chewing teeth were small and triangular and did little grinding as they lacked wear surfaces .


The tail appears to have been held well clear of the ground , while the head of Stegosaurus was positioned relatively low down , probably no higher than 1 meter ( 3.3 ft ) above the ground .

Because of its short front legs , its head was close to the ground , probably no higher than 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) .


The quadrupedal Stegosaurus is one of the most easily identifiable dinosaur genera , due to the distinctive double row of kite-shaped plates rising vertically along the rounded back and the two pairs of long spikes extending horizontally near the end of the tail .

It is one of the most easily recognized dinosaurs , with its distinctive double row of kite-shaped plates on its back , and the long spikes on its tail .


The skeleton shows evidence of small skull capacity akin to that of apes and of bipedal upright walk akin to that of humans , supporting the debated view that bipedalism preceded increase in brain size in human evolution .

The skeleton shows evidence of small skull capacity akin to that of apes and of bipedal upright walk akin to that of humans .


Lucy is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago , and is classified as a hominid .

Lucy lived about 3.2 million years ago , and is classified as a hominid .


This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity ( for example , a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm − 1 ) .

This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity ( for example a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm − 1 ) .


If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency .

If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule , then it will absorb a photon which has the same frequency .


A group of atoms in a molecule ( e.g. , CH2 ) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole .

A group of atoms in a molecule may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole .


Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond .

Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency which is characteristic of that bond .


Infrared vibrational spectroscopy ( see also near-infrared spectroscopy ) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds .

Infrared vibrational spectroscopy ( IR spectroscopy ) can be used to identify molecules by listing their chemical bonds .


A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded .

The spectrometer records all the frequencies of absorption in a sample .


Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes ( LEDs ) to emit infrared radiation that is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam .

Most remote controls use infrared to send the control signals .


Other popular terms sometimes used for plug-in hybrids are `` grid-connected hybrids '' , `` Gas-Optional Hybrid Electric Vehicle '' ( GO-HEV ) or simply `` gas-optional hybrids '' .

A plug-in hybrid car is similar to a conventional hybrid vehicle-both use a gasoline engine as well as an electric motor .


Although most parallel hybrids incorporate an electric motor between the vehicle 's engine and transmission , a parallel hybrid can also use its engine to drive one of the vehicle 's axles , while its electric motor drives the other axle and\/or a generator used for recharging the batteries .

Plug-in hybrid cars that use a gas engine exclusively for recharging batteries-rather than directly powering the wheels-are also called Extended-Range Electric Vehicles or E-REVs .


Karl Duncker ( 2 February 1903 in Leipzig - 23 February 1940 ) was a Gestalt psychologist .

Karl Duncker ( Leipzig , 2 February 1903 - 23 February 1940 ) was a German psychologist .


It is a container in the problem situation but must be used as a shelf in the solution situation .

It is a container in the problem but must be used as a shelf in the solution .


In 1935 , exiled by the Nazis , he got an assistantship in Cambridge with Frederic Charles Bartlett and later emigrated to the USA where he was again an assistant of Wolfgang Köhler 's at Swarthmore College .

In 1935 , exiled by the Nazis , he got an assistantship at Cambridge University with Frederic Bartlett .


Duncker coined the term functional fixedness for describing the difficulties in visual perception and in problem solving that arise from the fact that one element of a whole situation already has a ( fixed ) function which has to be changed for making the correct perception or for finding the solution to the problem .

Duncker coined the term functional fixedness in visual perception and problem solving .


The Paradise Valley is separated from the Gallatin Valley and Bozeman , MT by the Bozeman Pass .

The Paradise Valley is separated from the Gallatin Valley and Bozeman , Montana by the Bozeman Pass .


The valley hosts other natural wonders such as several natural hot springs , including Chico Hot Springs near Emigrant , Montana , La Duke Hot Springs near Gardiner , and Hunter 's Hot Springs near Livingston .

The valley has other natural wonders such as several natural hot springs , including Chico Hot Springs near Emigrant , Montana , La Duke Hot Springs near Gardiner , and Hunter 's Hot Springs near Livingston .


The Yellowstone River flows through the valley and is noted for world-class fly fishing in the river and nearby spring creeks such as DePuy Spring Creek .

It is noted for world-class fly fishing in the river and nearby spring creeks such as DePuy Spring Creek .


Coordinates : 45 ° 23 ′ 47 ″ N 110 ° 44 ′ 9 ″ W \ / 45.39639 ° N 110.73583 ° W \ / 45.39639 ; -110.73583 Paradise Valley is a major river valley of the Yellowstone River in southwestern Montana just north of Yellowstone National Park in Park County , Montana .

Coordinates : 45 ° 23 ′ 47 ″ N 110 ° 44 ′ 9 ″ W \ / 45.39639 ° N 110.73583 ° W \ / 45.39639 ; -110.73583 Paradise Valley is a major river valley of the Yellowstone River in southwestern Montana .


The valley is flanked by the Absaroka Range on the east and the Gallatin Range on the west .

The Absaroka Range is on the east and the Gallatin Range on the west .


The Paradise Valley was the original entrance to Yellowstone .

The Paradise Valley was the original entrance to Yellowstone National Park .


It is located in the southern portion of the valley on the eastern side of the river within the Absaroka mountain range .


The valley lies predominantly along a north-south axis , and is anchored to the north by Livingston , Montana and to the south by Yankee Jim Canyon , approximately fifteen miles north of Gardiner , Montana and the north entrance of Yellowstone Park .

It is anchored to the north by Livingston , Montana and to the south by Yankee Jim Canyon which is about fifteen miles north of Gardiner , Montana .


Today , the other entrances to the park are at West Yellowstone , MT from the west via U.S. Route 191\/U .

Today , the other entrances to the park are at West Yellowstone , Montana from the west , from the northeast at Cooke City-Silver Gate , Montana , from the east at Cody , Wyoming , and from the south at Grand Teton National Park and Jackson , Wyoming .


The hottest air temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was 134 ° F ( 57 ° C ) on July 10 , 1913 , at Furnace Creek , which is the hottest atmospheric temperature ever recorded on earth .

On July 10 1913 , it was 134 ° F ( 57 ° C ) , which is the hottest recorded temperature in the world .


It has an area of about 3,000 sq mi ( 7,800 km2 ) .

It contains 3,000 sq mi ( 7,800 km2 ) in California and Nevada .


Death Valley is a desert valley located in Eastern California .

Death Valley is a valley in the U.S. state of California .


Located near the border of California and Nevada , in the Great Basin , east of the Sierra Nevada mountains , Death Valley constitutes much of Death Valley National Park and is the principal feature of the Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve .

Much of Death Valley is part of Death Valley National Park .


Death Valley 's Badwater Basin is the point of the lowest elevation in North America at 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level .

One feature , named Badwater Basin , is the lowest place in North America .


Situated within the Mojave Desert , it is the lowest and driest area in North America , and currently the hottest in the world .

It is the hottest , driest , and lowest place in North America .


Linda Barwick , an ethnomusicologist , says that though traditionally women have not played the didgeridoo in ceremony , in informal situations there is no prohibition in the Dreaming Law .

Linda Barwick , an ethnomusicologist , says that traditionally women have not played the didgeridoo in ceremony , but in informal situations there is no prohibition in the Dreaming Law .


The mouthpiece can be constructed of beeswax , hardwood or simply sanded and sized by the craftsman .

The mouthpiece can be made of beeswax , hardwood or simply sanded and sized by the craftsman .


Recordings exist of modern didgeridoo players playing continuously for more than 40 minutes ; Mark Atkins on Didgeridoo Concerto ( 1994 ) plays for over 50 minutes continuously .

There are recordings of modern didgeridoo players playing without stopping for more than 40 minutes ; Mark Atkins on Didgeridoo Concerto ( 1994 ) plays for over 50 minutes continuously .


Other variations in the didgeridoo 's sound can be made by adding vocalizations to the drone .

Other changes in the didgeridoo 's sound can be made by adding vocal sounds to the drone .


Traditional instruments made by Aboriginal craftsmen in Arnhem Land are sometimes fitted with a ` sugarbag ' mouthpiece .

Traditional instruments made by Aboriginals in Arnhem Land are sometimes fitted with a ` sugarbag ' mouthpiece .


Pair sticks , sometimes called clapsticks or bilma , establish the beat for the songs during ceremonies .

Pair sticks , sometimes called clapsticks or bilma , set the beat for the songs during ceremonies .


To produce these sounds , the players simply have to use their vocal cords to produce the sounds of the animals whilst continuing to blow air through the instrument .

To make these sounds , the players simply have to use their voice to make the sounds of the animals whilst continuing to blow air through the instrument .


Most of the vocalizations are related to sounds emitted by Australian animals , such as the dingo or the kookaburra .

Most of the sounds are related to the sounds of Australian animals , such as the dingo or the kookaburra .


Traditionally , only men play the didgeridoo and sing during ceremonial occasions , although both men and women may dance .

Traditionally , only men play the didgeridoo and sing during ceremonies , but both men and women may dance .


The rhythm of the didgeridoo and the beat of the clapsticks are precise , and these patterns have been handed down for many generations .

The rhythm of the didgeridoo and the beat of the clapsticks use patterns that have been handed down for many generations .


A rim of beeswax may be applied to the mouthpiece end .

A rim of beeswax may be put on to the mouthpiece end .


Adding vocalizations increases the complexity of the playing .

Adding vocal sounds increases the complexity of the playing .


Traditionally and originally , the didgeridoo was primarily played as an accompaniment to ceremonial dancing and singing .

The didgeridoo was mainly played for ceremonial dancing and singing .


Didgeridoo design innovation started in the late 20th Century using non-traditional materials and non-traditional shapes .

Didgeridoo design changes started in the late 20th century using new materials and different shapes .


The didgeridoo is played with continuously vibrating lips to produce the drone while using a special breathing technique called circular breathing .

It is played with continuously vibrating lips to make the drone while using a special way of breathing called circular breathing .


Today , the majority of didgeridoo playing is for recreational purposes in both Indigenous Australian communities and elsewhere around the world .

Today , most didgeridoo playing is for entertainment in both Indigenous Australian communities and elsewhere around the world .


These didges typically have an upper inside diameter of around 1.25 '' down to a bell end of anywhere between two to eight inches and have a length corresponding to the desired key .

These didgeridoos usually have an upper inside diameter of around 1.25 '' down to a bell end of anywhere between two to eight inches and have a length made to the needed key .


Authentic Aboriginal didgeridoos are produced in traditionally oriented communities in Northern Australia or by makers who travel to Central and Northern Australia to collect the raw materials .

Aboriginal didgeridoos are made in the traditional communities in Northern Australia or by makers who travel to Central and Northern Australia to get the materials .


On 3 September 2008 , however , publisher Harper Collins issued a public apology for its book `` The Daring Book for Girls '' which openly encouraged girls to play the instrument after Aboriginal academics accused HarperCollins of `` extreme cultural insensitivity '' .

On September 3 , 2008 , the publisher Harper Collins issued a public apology for its book `` The Daring Book for Girls '' , scheduled to be published in October , which openly encouraged girls to play the instrument .


They are usually made from hardwoods , especially the various eucalyptus species that are endemic to the region .

They are usually made from hardwoods , usually eucalyptus species that are native to the area .


Modern didgeridoo designs are distinct from the traditional Australian Aboriginal didgeridoo , and are innovations recognized by musicologists .

Modern didgeridoo designs are different from the traditional Australian Aboriginal didgeridoo .


This black beeswax comes from wild bees and has a distinctive aroma .

This is black beeswax from wild bees and has a its own special smell .


Generally the main trunk of the tree is harvested , though a substantial branch may be used instead .

The main trunk of the tree is used , though a big branch may be used instead .


Non-traditional didgeridoos can also be made from PVC piping , non-native hard woods ( typically split , hollowed and rejoined ) , glass , fiberglass , metal , agave , clay , hemp ( in the form of a bioplastic named zelfo ) , and even carbon fiber .

Didgeridoos can also be made from PVC pipes , non-native hard woods ( which are split , hollowed and rejoined ) , fiberglass , metal , agave , clay , hemp ( a bioplastic named zelfo ) , and even carbon fiber .


By use of this technique , a skilled player can replenish the air in their lungs , and with practice can sustain a note for as long as desired .

A skilled player can refill the air in their lungs .


The results range from very high-pitched sounds to much lower guttural vibrations .

The results range from very high-pitched sounds to very low sounds .


Musicologists classify it as a brass aerophone .

Musicologists say it is a brass aerophone .


A clear rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng , on the northern edge of the Arnhem Land plateau , from the freshwater period ( that was begun 1500 years ago ) shows a didgeridoo player and two songmen participating in an Ubarr Ceremony .

A rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng , on the northern edge of the Arnhem Land plateau , dates from the freshwater period .


In PVC , an appropriately sized rubber stopper with a hole cut into it is equally acceptable , or to finely sand and buff the end of the pipe to create a comfortable mouthpiece .

In PVC , rubber stopper with a hole cut into it can be used .


Generally , the longer the instrument , the lower the pitch or key of the instrument .

The longer the instrument , the lower the pitch or key of the instrument .


Female didgeridoo players do exist , but their playing takes place in an informal context and is not specifically encouraged by Aboriginal elders .

There were female didgeridoo players , but they did not play in ceremonies and it was not encouraged .


However , it was also common for didgeridoos to be played for solo or recreational purposes outside of ceremonial gatherings .

It was also common for didgeridoos to be played for entertainment outside of ceremonial life .


The earliest occurrences of the word in print include a 1919 issue of Smith 's Weekly where it was referred to as an `` infernal didjerry '' which `` produced but one sound - ( phonic ) didjerry , didjerry , didjerry and so on ad infinitum '' , the 1919 Australian National Dictionary , The Bulletin in 1924 and the writings of Herbert Basedow in 1926 .

The earliest examples of the word in print was in a 1919 issue of Smith 's Weekly where it was called an `` infernal didjerry '' which `` produced but one sound - ( which sounded like ) didjerry , didjerry , didjerry and so on '' .


These formants , and especially their variation during the inhalation and exhalation phases of circular breathing , give the instrument its readily recognizable sound .

The rhythm of the circular breathing , gives the instrument its readily recognizable sound .


It is sometimes described as a natural wooden trumpet or `` drone pipe '' .

It is best described as being a wooden trumpet or drone .


For surviving Aboriginal groups of northern Australia , the didgeridoo is still an integral part of ceremonial life , as it accompanies singers and dancers in cultural ceremonies that continue .

In northern Australia , the didgeridoo is still a very important as it plays for singers and dancers in surviving cultural ceremonies .


Once a suitably hollow tree is found , it is cut down and cleaned out , the bark is taken off , the ends trimmed , and the exterior is shaped ; this results in a finished instrument .

The bark is taken off , the ends are trimmed , and there is some shaping of the outside .


Yiḏaki ( sometimes spelt yirdaki ) is one of the most commonly used names , although - strictly speaking - it refers to a specific type of instrument made and used by the Yolngu people of north-east Arnhem Land .

Yirdaki , also sometimes spelt yidaki , is for the instrument made and used by the Yolngu people of north-east Arnhem Land .


Fellow of the British Society Anthony Baines wrote that the didgeridoo functions '' ... as an aural kaleidoscope of timbres '' and that `` the extremely difficult virtuoso techniques developed by expert performers find no parallel elsewhere . ''

Anthony Baines wrote that the didgeridoo is like '' ... an aural kaleidoscope of timbres '' .


The museum 's galleries were completely rebuilt and relaunched in 1996 as The Earth Galleries , with the other exhibitions in the Waterhouse building retitled The Life Galleries .

The museum 's galleries were completely rebuilt and relaunched in 1996 as The Earth Galleries , with the exhibitions in the Waterhouse building retitled The Life Galleries .


Built in two distinct phases , with two new buildings adjacent to the main Waterhouse building , it is the most significant new development project in the museum 's history .

Built in two phases , with two new buildings adjacent to the main Waterhouse building , it is the most important new project in the museum 's history .


The newly developed Darwin Centre ( named after Charles Darwin ) is designed as a new home for the museum 's collection of tens of millions of preserved specimens , as well as new work spaces for the museum 's scientific staff , and new educational visitor experiences .

The newly-developed Darwin Centre ( named after Charles Darwin ) is designed as a new home for the museum 's collection of tens of millions of preserved specimens , and new work spaces for the museum 's scientific staff .


In 1986 , the museum absorbed the adjacent Geological Museum of the British Geological Survey , which had long competed for the limited space available in the area .

In 1986 , the museum absorbed the adjacent Geological Museum of the British Geological Survey , which is to just to the north of the NHM .


It is one of three large museums on Exhibition Road in South Kensington , the others being the Science Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum .

The others are the Science Museum , the Victoria and Albert Museum and Imperial College London .


Electric Gardens , ( Electric Gardens Festival ) , sometimes abbreviated to ` EGFestival ' , or ` EGFest ' , or sometimes simply ` EG ' , is a medium sized ` Boutique ' Music Festival situated at Mount Ephraim , Faversham in Kent .

Electric Gardens Festival , sometimes called Electric Gardens , ` EGFestival ' , ` EGFest ' , or ` EG ' , is a medium sized music festival at Mount Ephraim , Faversham in Kent .


Free gifts and information are also available from here .

Free gifts and information are also given from here .


The event occurs on a weekend in early August .

The festival happens on a weekend in early August .


Francis Bacon , 1st Viscount St. Alban , QC ( 22 January 1561 - 9 April 1626 ) , was an English philosopher , statesman , scientist , jurist , orator , essayist , and author .

Francis Bacon , 1st Viscount St. Alban KC , ( 22 January 1561 - 9 April 1626 ) , was an English philosopher , statesman , and author .


He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England .

He continued to be given better paying positions including Attorney General , Lord Keeper , and Lord Chancellor .