After a year with CTV Sportsnet , he rejoined `` HNIC '' in 1999 -- 2000 as the network 's secondary colour commentator , mostly covering the second game of weekly doubleheader .

He spent a year with CTV Sportsnet and rejoined HNIC in 1999 -- 2000 where he was the network 's secondary colour commentator and mostly covered the second game of weekly doubleheader .


He also paired with Dan Shulman as the lead broadcasting team for CTV 's ice hockey coverage at the 1994 Winter Olympics .

He was also part of the lead broadcasting team along with Dan Shulman for CTV 's ice hockey coverage at the 1994 Winter Olympics .


After ending his career , Millen became the colour commentator on television broadcasts for the expansion Ottawa Senators .

After retiring , Millen became the colour commentator on television broadcasts for the expansion Ottawa Senators .


He is on the Michigan State University All-Time team .

He is on the All-Time team for Michigan State University .


Gregory `` Greg '' Anatole Wilcock is an Australian diplomat and is a career officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .

Gregory `` Greg '' Anatole Wilcock is an Australian diplomat . He is a career officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .


On 14 June 2012 , Wilcock was appointed by Bob Carr as the next High Commissioner of Australia to Bangladesh .

On 14 June 2012 , Wilcock was made the next High Commissioner of Australia to Bangladesh by Bob Carr .


Mr Wilcock studied politics and international relations at the Australian National University and Monash University .


Before arriving in Bangladesh , Mr Wilcock worked in Canberra on Middle East policy , following almost three years as an adviser to Stephen Smith , when Mr Smith was Australia 's Foreign Minister and later Defence Minister .

Before arriving in Bangladesh , Wilcock worked in Canberra on Middle East policy . This was after he worked for almost three years as an adviser to Stephen Smith , when Smith was Australia 's Foreign Minister and later Defence Minister .


He presented his credentials to Bangladeshi President Zillur Rahman on 19 July 2012 .

He gave his credentials to Bangladeshi President Zillur Rahman on 19 July 2012 .


Mr Wilcock is married , and he and his wife have two young sons .

He is married , and he and his wife have two young sons .


He is often referred to as `` Coach Pop '' or simply `` Pop '' .

He is often called `` Coach Pop '' or simply `` Pop '' .


Gregg Charles Popovich ( born January 28 , 1949 ) is an American basketball coach who is currently the head coach of the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .

Gregg Charles Popovich ( born January 28 , 1949 in East Chicago , Indiana ) is an American basketball coach . He is the head coach of the National Basketball Association 's San Antonio Spurs .


Taking over as coach of the Spurs in 1996 , Popovich is the longest tenured active coach in both the NBA and all US major sports leagues .

Taking over as coach of the Spurs in 1996 , Popovich is the longest serving active coach in both the NBA and all Big Four sports leagues .


He was eventually called up to the majors because of Jordan Schafer 's struggles .

He eventually was sent to the majors because of Jordan Schafer 's struggles .


Gregorio Conrado Álvarez Armelino ( born November 26 , 1925 in Montevideo ) is a retired Uruguayan general and former dictator .

Gregorio Conrado Álvarez Armelino ( born November 26 , 1925 ) is a Uruguayan general and former dictator .


In 1963 he was honoured , together with Lawson and Wentworth , on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post depicting the Blue Mountains crossing .

In 1963 he was honoured , together with Lawson and Wentworth , on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post showing the Blue Mountains crossing .


He is best known for his time with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , where he wrestled as The Hurricane and Gregory Helms , and also for his time with World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , where he wrestled as `` Sugar '' Shane Helms .

Helms is best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) where he worked under the ring names The Hurricane and Gregory Helms . He was also known for working with World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) where he wrestled under the ring name `` Sugar '' Shane Helms .


Gregory Mertens ( 2 February 1991 -- 30 April 2015 ) was a Belgian professional football player .

Gregory Mertens ( 2 February 1991 -- 30 April 2015 ) was a Belgian professional footballer .


His usual position was central defender .


In 2001 , he earned his M.F.A. from New York University as a `` New York Times '' Fellow in Poetry .

In 2001 , he earned his M.F.A. from New York University . He was the New York Times Fellow in Poetry .


He is currently a Teaching Fellow at Columbia University .

He is a Teaching Fellow at Columbia University .


Gregory Pardlo ( born November 24 , 1968 ) is an American poet , writer , and professor , whose book `` Digest '' won the 2015 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry .

Gregory Pardlo ( born 1968 ) is an American poet , writer , and professor . His book `` Digest '' won the 2015 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry .


Gregory Pardlo received his B.A. in English from Rutgers University-Camden .

Gregory Pardlo received his B.A. in English from Rutgers University .


In 1999 , the American Film Institute named Peck among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time , ranking at No. 12 .

In 1999 , the American Film Institute named Peck among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time , ranking at number 12 .


President Lyndon Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts .

President Lyndon Johnson awarded Peck the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts .


He was awarded a Masters Degree from the University of Hawaii at Manoa .

He was awarded a Masters Degree at the University of Hawaii at Manoa .


Smits was born 1960 in Columbia , Missouri .


Gregory James Smits ( born 1960 ) is an American historian , academic , writer and Japanologist .

Gregory James Smits ( born 1960 ) is an American historian , academic , writer and Japan studies expert .


Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard , David C. Jewitt , Jan Kleyna , and Brian G. Marsden on 26 June 2006 , from observations taken between 5 January and 1 May 2006 .

Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard , David C. Jewitt , Jan Kleyna , and Brian G. Marsden on June 26 , 2006 , from observations taken between January 5 and May 1 , 2006 .


Greip is about 6 kilometres in diameter , and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 18,066 Mm in 906.556 days , at an inclination of 172.7 ° to the ecliptic ( 159.2 ° to Saturn 's equator ) , in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.3735 .

Greip is about 6 kilometres in diameter , and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 18,066,000 km in 906.556 days , at an inclination of 172.7 ° to the ecliptic ( 159.2 ° to Saturn 's equator ) , and with an eccentricity of 0.3735 .


It is named after Greip , a giantess in Norse mythology .

It is named after Greip , a giantess ( female giant ) in Norse mythology .


Greip , or Saturn LI ( provisional designation S/2006 S 4 ) , is a natural satellite of Saturn .

Greip or Saturn LI ( provisional designation S/2006 S 4 ) is a moon of Saturn .


Grenada has not competed in any Winter Olympic Games .

Grenada has not been in any Winter Olympic Games .


Grenada first competed at the Olympic Games in 1984 , and has participated in each Summer Olympic Games since then .

Grenada was first at the Olympic Games in 1984 . They have been in each Summer Olympic Games since then .


A grenade is a small explosive device which is thrown at its target .

A grenade is a small explosive device which is thrown at a target .


Grenade , also referred to as Grenade-sur-Garonne , is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France .

Grenade , also called Grenade-sur-Garonne , is a commune of the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France .


Grenay is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .

Grenay , Pas-de-Calais is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .


Grenchen ( ) is a municipality in the district of Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland .

Grenchen is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland .


Wheat was first grown in the district in 1871 .

Wheat was first grown in the area in 1871 .


The poet and story writer Henry Lawson was born on the nearby gold fields .

The poet and story writer Henry Lawson was born on the gold fields at Grenfell .


Acts included the organiser and Australian of the Year Lee Kernaghan , local and international star Steve Forde & the Flange , Adam Brand , Leo Sayer , Diesel , and The McClymonts .

It was organized by Australian of the Year , Lee Kernaghan , local and international star Steve Forde and the Flange , Adam Brand , Leo Sayer , Diesel , and The McClymonts .


Cricketer Stan McCabe , cyclist Reggie McNamara and tennis player Jan Lehane were born in Grenfell .

Cricketer Stan McCabe , cyclist Reggie `` IronMan '' McNamara and tennis player Jan Lehane and Creative Writer Adam Burn were born in Grenfell .


Prior to European settlement the Grenfell area was home to the Wiradjuri Aborigines .

The Grenfell area was the home of the Wiradjuri Aborigines .


By 1870-71 it was producing more gold than any other town in NSW .

By 1870-71 more gold was found at Grenfell than in any other town in NSW .


On the Queen 's Birthday weekend in June every year , the town hosts The Henry Lawson Festival of Arts , which attracts thousands of visitors .

On the Queen 's Birthday weekend in June every year , the town has `` The Henry Lawson Festival of Arts '' .


Silver coins were widely circulated in Canada ( until 1968 ) and in the United States ( until 1964 for dimes and quarters and 1970 for half-dollars ) .

Silver coins were widely circulated in Canada ( until 1968 ) and in the United States ( until 1964 for dimes ( ten cents ) and quarters and 1970 for half dollars ) .


The same process occurs today with the copper content of coins such as the pre-1997 Canadian penny , the pre-1982 United States penny and the pre-1992 UK copper pennies and two pence .

The same process happens now with the copper content of coins such as the pre-1997 Canadian penny ( one cent ) , the pre-1982 United States penny and the pre-1992 UK copper pennies and two pence .


Gresso is a municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .

Gresso is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .


The municipality was formed in 1882 by splitting from Vergeletto .

The municipality was made in 1882 by splitting from the municipality of Vergeletto .


Gretchen Elizabeth Carlson ( born June 21 , 1966 ) is an American television commentator and author .

Gretchen Elizabeth Carlson ( born 21 June 1966 in Minnesota ) is an American television personality .


Gretchen Mol ( born November 8 , 1972 ) is an American actress and former model .

Gretchen Mol ( born November 8 , 1972 in Connecticut ) is an American actress .


Gretchen Frances Wilson ( born June 26 , 1973 ) is an American country music artist .

Gretchen Wilson ( born June 26 , 1973 ) is a country music singer .


At the end of the season , all of the club 's staff were made redundant and the club were initially relegated to the Third Division due to their inability to guarantee fulfilment of their forthcoming fixtures .

At the end of the season , all of the club 's staff were made redundant and the club was initially relegated to the Third Division due to their inability to guarantee fulfilment of their 2008-09 fixtures .


Despite being based in Scotland , the club participated in amateur and semi-professional leagues in English football from 1947 until they were elected to the Scottish Football League at the third attempt in 2002 .

Despite being based in Scotland , the club played in English football between 1947 and 2002 . The club was elected to the Scottish Football League at the third attempt in 2002 .


Gretna is a city in Gadsden County , Florida , United States .

Gretna is a city in Gadsden County , Florida in the United States .


Gretzenbach is a municipality in the district of Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland .

Gretzenbach is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland .


Grevenmacher ( ) is a commune with city status in eastern Luxembourg , near the border with Germany .


It is the capital of the canton and the district of Grevenmacher .

It is the capital city of the Grevenmacher canton and of the district of Grevenmacher .


The capital is also called Grevenmacher .


Among the best known is ` Robyn Gordon ' , a small shrub up to high and wide which can flower 12 months of the year in subtropical climates .

Among the best known are `` Grevillea '' ` Robyn Gordon ' , a small shrub up to 1.5 metres high and wide which can flower 12 months of the year in subtropical climates .


Closely related to the genus `` Hakea '' , the genus gives its name to the subfamily Grevilleoideae .

Grevilleas are closely related to the genus `` Hakea '' , the genus gives its name to the subfamily Grevilleoideae .


It was named in honour of Charles Francis Greville .

It was named after Charles Francis Greville .


Grevillea is a diverse genus of about 360 species of evergreen flowering plants in the family Proteaceae , native to rainforest and more open habitats in Australia , New Guinea , New Caledonia , Indonesia and Sulawesi .

Grevillea is a genus of about 360 species of evergreen flowering plants in the protea family Proteaceae . It comes from Australia , New Guinea , New Caledonia , and Sulawesi .


In living tissue , grey matter actually has a very light grey color with yellowish or pinkish hues , which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies .

In living tissue , grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with yellowish or pinkish hues , which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies .


The grey peacock-pheasant ( `` Polyplectron bicalcaratum '' ) , also known as Burmese peacock-pheasant , is a large Asian member of the order Galliformes .

The grey peacock-pheasant ( `` Polyplectron bicalcaratum '' ) , also known as the Burmese peacock-pheasant , is a large southeast Asian member of the order Galliformes .


Chance was born on August 16 , 1997 in Wichita Falls , Texas , and currently resides in Edmond , Oklahoma .

Chance was born on August 16 , 1997 in Wichita Falls , Texas . He currently lives in Edmond , Oklahoma .


Chance began playing the piano at age 8 and had three years of piano lessons .

Chance began playing the piano at the age of 8 and has had three years of piano lessons .


His debut single , `` Waiting Outside the Lines '' , was released in October 2010 .

His first debut single is `` Waiting Outside the Lines '' which was released on October 2010 .


Greyson Michael Chance ( born August 16 , 1997 ) is an American singer-songwriter and pianist .

Greyson Michael Chance ( born August 16 , 1997 ) is a musician and a pianist .


Grez-Doiceau is a Belgian municipality located in the province of Walloon Brabant .

Grez-Doiceau is a municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant .


In the context of the culture of ancient Rome , the grid plan method of land measurement was called Centuriation . Ancient grid plans .

In ancient Rome a grid plan method of land measurement was called a centuriation .


The grid plan , grid street plan or gridiron plan is a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other , forming a grid .

It was developed in ancient Greece.It is a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other , forming a grid .


`` The New York Times '' editor Janet Maslin praised Shakur 's performance : `` He played this part with an appealing mix of presence , confidence and humor '' .

Editor Janet Maslin of `` The New York Times '' praised Shakur 's performance , saying : `` He played this part with an appealing mix of presence , confidence and humor '' .


The film paid tribute to star Tupac Shakur , who had been murdered four months prior to the film 's release .

The movie paid tribute to star Tupac Shakur , who was murdered four months before the release of the movie .


In modern usage Grignard degradation is used in the chemical analysis of certain triacylglycerols .

In modern usage , Grignard degradation is used in the chemical analysis of certain triacylglycerols .


For example , nonylmagnesium bromide reacts with methyl `` p '' - chlorobenzoate to give `` p '' - nonylbenzoic acid , in the presence of Tris ( acetylacetonato ) iron ( III ) ( Fe ( acac ) 3 ) , after workup with NaOH to hydrolyze the ester , shown as follows .

For example , nonylmagnesium bromide reacts with methyl `` p '' - chlorobenzoate to give `` p '' - nonylbenzoic acid , in the presence of Tris ( acetylacetonato ) iron ( III ) , often symbolized as Fe ( acac ) 3 , after workup with NaOH to hydrolyze the ester , shown as follows .


Furthermore , the side-products are innocuous : The amount of Mg consumed by these activating agents is usually insignificant .

Also , the side-products are innocuous : The amount of Mg consumed by these activating agents is usually insignificant .


Adding just the Grignard and the alkene does not result in a reaction demonstrating that the presence of oxygen is essential .

Adding just the Grignard and the alkene does not result in a reaction , showing that the presence of oxygen is essential .


For the coupling of aryl halides with aryl Grignard reagents , nickel chloride in tetrahydrofuran ( THF ) is also a good catalyst .

For the coupling of aryl halides with aryl Grignards , nickel chloride in tetrahydrofuran ( THF ) is also a good catalyst .


This reaction is an important tool for the formation of carbon -- carbon bonds .

The Grignard reaction is an important tool in the formation of carbon -- carbon bonds .


This modification requires aryl or vinyl Grignards .

This modification requires aryl or vinyl Grignard reagents .


Like organolithium compounds , Grignard reagents are useful for forming carbon -- heteroatom bonds .

The Grignard reagent is very useful for forming carbon -- heteroatom bonds .


Grigny is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .

Grigny , Pas-de-Calais is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .


He also created a series of stamps for the 5th anniversary of the events in Bendery ( 1997 ) , a series of stamps `` Historical and modern coats of arms of cities of Transnistria '' ( 1999 ) , the 200th anniversary of Alexander Pushkin issue ( 1999 ) , etc. .

He also created a series of stamps for the 5th anniversary of the events in Bender ( 1997 ) , a series of stamps `` Historical and modern coats of arms of cities of Transnistria '' ( 1999 ) , and the 200th anniversary of Alexander Pushkin issue ( 1999 ) .


Grigoriy Zakharovich Bronza ( ; 30 April 192730 January 2010 ) was a prominent artist of Transnistria ( Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic ) .

Grigoriy Zakharovich Bronza ( 30 April 1927 -- 30 January 2010 ) was a prominent artist of Transnistria ( Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic ) .


Grillon is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France .

Grillon is a commune of 1,686 people ( 1999 ) . It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France .


They removed sexual references -- such as Rapunzel 's innocently asking why her dress was getting tight around her belly , and thus naïvely revealing to her stepmother her pregnancy and the prince 's visits -- but , in many respects , violence , particularly when punishing villains , was increased .

They removed sexual references -- such as Rapunzel 's innocently asking why her dress was getting tight around her belly , and thus naïvely revealing her pregnancy and the prince 's visits to her stepmother -- but , in many respects , violence , particularly when punishing villains , was increased .


In 1825 , the Brothers published their `` Kleine Ausgabe '' or `` small edition '' , a selection of 50 tales designed for child readers .

In 1825 , the Grimms published their `` Kleine Ausgabe '' or `` small edition , '' a selection of 50 tales designed for child readers .


All editions were extensively illustrated , first by Philipp Grot Johann and , after his death in 1892 , by German illustrator Robert Leinweber .

All editions were extensively illustrated , first by Philipp Grot Johann and , after his death in 1892 , by Robert Leinweber .


Stories were added , and also subtracted , from one edition to the next , until the seventh held 211 tales .

Stories were added , and also deleted , from one edition to the next , until the seventh held 211 tales .


Grimsby is a town on Lake Ontario in the Niagara Region , Ontario , Canada .

Grimsby ( population 26 000 ) is a town on Lake Ontario in the Niagara Region , Ontario , Canada .


The escarpment ( colloquially known as ` the mountain ' ) is home to a section of the Bruce Trail .

The escarpment is home to a section of the Bruce Trail .


Grincourt-lès-Pas is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .

Grincourt-lès-Pas is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .


Grindel ( ) is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland .

Grindel is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland .


The Gringo Gazette is an English-language newspaper founded by Carrie Duncan , published every other week for the American expatriate communities in Baja California and Baja California Sur , Mexico .

The Gringo Gazette is a newspaper in English-language founded by Carrie Duncan , published every other week for the Americans expatriate communities in Baja California and Baja California Sur , Mexico .


Most of its contributors are Americans living in Mexico or Americans with a second home in Mexico .

It is published since 2001 and most of its contributors are Americans living in Mexico or Americans with a second home in Mexico .


A `` gripper '' is something that grip things or makes it easier to grip things .

A gripper is something that grips things or makes it easier to grip things .


It can also mean grain that has been ground at a grist mill .

It can also mean grain that has already been ground at a grist mill .


Grist is grain that has been separated from its chaff in preparation for grinding .

Grist is grain that has been separated from its chaff and is ready for grinding .


Grivesnes is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France .

Grivesnes is a commune . It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France .


Grivillers is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France .

Grivillers is a commune . It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France .


Grièges is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France .

Grièges is a commune . It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France .


The Grodno Region is subdivided into 17 districts ( raions ) , 194 selsovets , 12 cities , 6 city municipalities , and 21 urban-type settlements .

The Grodno Region is divided into 17 districts ( raions ) , 194 selsovets , 12 cities , 6 city municipalities , and 21 urban-type settlements .


The capital Grodno , is the biggest city of the region .

The capital Grodno is the biggest city of the province .


Many consider this city one of the most beautiful in Belarus : one of its masterpieces survived through the centuries , Orthodox `` St Boris & St Gleb ( Kalozhskaya ) Church '' dating back to the 12th century , is the second oldest in Belarus .

Many say this city is one of the most beautiful in Belarus . The Orthodox `` St Boris & St Gleb ( Kalozhskaya ) Church '' dating back to the 12th century , is the second oldest in Belarus .


Two castles dating from the 14th - 18th centuries are located here on the steep right bank of the Nemen .

Two castles from the 14th - 18th centuries are on the steep right bank of the Nemen .


Groffliers is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .

Groffliers is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .


Groissiat is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France .

Groissiat is a commune . It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France .


Groove is the sense of propulsive rhythmic `` feel '' or sense of `` swing '' created by the interaction of the music played by a band 's rhythm section ( drums , electric bass or double bass , guitar , and keyboards ) .

Groove is the sense of rhythmic `` feel '' or sense of `` swing '' created by music played by a band 's rhythm section ( drums , electric bass or double bass , guitar , and keyboards ) .


It is often used to describe Pantera and Exhorder .

It was often used to describe Pantera and Exhorder .


Grospierres is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France .

Grospierres is a commune in the Ardèche `` département '' in southern France .


Grosvenor Bridge , originally known as , and alternatively called Victoria Railway Bridge , is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London , between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge .

Grosvenor Bridge , also called Victoria Railway Bridge , is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London , between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge .


In 1086 , Groton was listed in the Domesday Book as `` Grotena '' .


In addition to Groton village , the parish contains the hamlets of Broad Street , Castling 's Heath , Gosling Green , Horner 's Green and Parliament Heath .

The parish contains the hamlets of Broad Street , Castling 's Heath , Gosling Green , Horner 's Green and Parliament Heath .


Groton is a village and civil parish in Suffolk , England .

Groton is a village and civil parish in the Babergh district , in the county of Suffolk , England .


Julius Henry `` Groucho '' Marx ( October 2 , 1890 -- August 19 , 1977 ) was an American comedian and film and television star .

Julius Henry Marx or Groucho Marx ( October 2 , 1890 -- August 19 , 1977 ) , was a famous American comedian .


Ground beetles of the species `` Promecognathus laevissimus '' are specialised predators of the cyanide millipede `` Harpaphe haydeniana '' , countering the hydrogen cyanide which makes these millipedes poisonous to most carnivores .

Ground beetles of the species `` Promecognathus laevissimus '' are specialised predators of the cyanide millipede `` Harpaphe haydeniana '' . They can counter the hydrogen cyanide which makes these millipedes poisonous to most carnivores .


These are well developed in ground beetles , and produce noxious or even caustic secretions used to deter would-be predators .

These are well developed , and produce noxious or even caustic secretions used to deter would-be predators .


Ground beetles are a large , cosmopolitan family of beetles , Carabidae , with more than 40,000 species worldwide , around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Europe .

Ground beetles are the Carabidae , a large , cosmopolitan family of beetles . There are more than 40,000 species worldwide , about 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Europe .


Unlike most Carabidae which are nocturnal , the tiger beetles are active diurnal hunters and often brightly coloured ; they have large eyes and hunt by sight .

Unlike most Carabidae , which are nocturnal , the tiger beetles are active daytime hunters and often brightly coloured . They have large eyes and hunt by sight .


In some , commonly known as bombardier beetles , these secretions are mixed with volatile compounds and ejected by a small combustion , producing a loud popping sound and a cloud of hot and acrid gas which can injure small mammals , such as shrews , and is liable to kill invertebrate predators outright .

In bombardier beetles these secretions are mixed with volatile compounds and ejected by a small combustion with a loud popping sound and a cloud of hot and acrid gas . This can injure small mammals , such as shrews , and may kill invertebrate predators outright .


Although their body shapes and coloring vary somewhat , most are shiny black or metallic and have ridged wing covers ( elytra ) .

Although their body shapes and colouring vary , most are shiny black or metallic . They have ridged wing covers ( elytra ) .


This ability has evolved independently twice as it seems -- in the flanged bombardier beetles ( Paussinae ) which are among the most ancient ground beetles , and in the typical bombardier beetles ( Brachininae ) which are part of a more `` modern '' lineage .

This ability has evolved twice -- in the flanged bombardier beetles ( Paussinae ) which are among the most ancient ground beetles , as well as in the typical bombardier beetles ( Brachininae ) which are part of a more `` modern '' lineage . ''


Typical for the ancient beetle suborder Adephaga to which they belong , they have paired pygidial glands in the lower back of the abdomen .

This is typical for the ancient beetle suborder Adephaga to which they belong . They have paired glands in the lower back of the abdomen .


Darwin stated in a letter to Leonard Jenyns that a beetle had attacked him on that occasion , but he did not know what kind : A `` Cychrus rostratus '' once squirted into my eye & gave me extreme pain ; & I must tell you what happened to me on the banks of the Cam in my early entomological days ; under a piece of bark I found two carabi ( I forget which ) & caught one in each hand , when lo & behold I saw a sacred `` Panagæus crux major '' ; I could not bear to give up either of my Carabi , & to lose `` Panagæus '' was out of the question , so that in despair I gently seized one of the carabi between my teeth , when to my unspeakable disgust & pain the little inconsiderate beast squirted his acid down my throat & I lost both Carabi & `` Panagæus '' !

He discussed this in a letter : `` A `` Cychrus rostratus '' once squirted into my eye & gave me extreme pain ; & I must tell you what happened to me on the banks of the Cam in my early entomological days ; under a piece of bark I found two carabi ( I forget which ) & caught one in each hand , when lo & behold I saw a sacred `` Panagaeus cruxmajor '' ; I could not bear to give up either of my Carabi , & to lose `` Panagæus '' was out of the question , so that in despair I gently seized one of the carabi between my teeth , when to my unspeakable disgust & pain the little inconsiderate beast squirted his acid down my throat & I lost both Carabi & `` Panagæus '' ! ''


Ground fighting ( also ground work or ground game ) is hand-to-hand combat which takes place while the combatants are on the ground , generally involving grappling .

Ground fighting ( in martial arts sometimes referred to as `` ground work '' or `` ground game '' ) is hand-to-hand combat which takes place while the fighters are on the ground , generally involving a degree of clutching of gripping .


Sloths , and xenarthrans as a whole , represent one of the more successful South American groups during the Great American Biotic Interchange .

Sloths , and xenarthrans as a whole , were one of the more successful South American groups during the Great American Biotic Interchange .


During the interchange , many more taxa moved from North America into South America than in the other direction .

In general , during the interchange , many more taxa moved from North America into South America than in the other direction .


The bulk of ground sloth evolution took place during the mid to late Tertiary of South America while the continent was isolated .

Most ground sloth evolution took place during the mid to late Tertiary of South America while the continent was isolated .


Ground sloths are a diverse group of extinct sloths , in the mammalian superorder Xenarthra .

Ground sloths are a group of extinct large sloths in the mammalian superorder Xenarthra .


At least five genera of ground sloths have been identified in North American fossils ; these are examples of successful immigration to the north .

However , at least five genera of ground sloths have been identified in North American fossils ; these are examples of successful migration to the north .


Ground sloths were a hardy group as evidenced by their diverse numbers and dispersals into remote areas given the finding of their remains in Patagonia ( Cueva del Milodón ) and parts of Alaska .

Ground sloths were a hardy group : their numbers and dispersals into remote areas are evidence of this . Remains have been found in Patagonia ( Cueva del Milodón ) , and parts of Alaska .


Most Marmotini are rather short-tailed and large squirrels , and the alpine marmot ( `` Marmota marmota '' ) is the largest living member of the Sciuridae , at 53 -- 73 cm in length and weighing 5 -- 8 kg .

Most Marmotini are rather short-tailed and large squirrels . The Alpine marmot ( `` Marmota marmota '' ) is the largest living member of the Sciuridae , at 53 -- 73 cm in length and weighing 5 -- 8 kg .


They also tend to be far more gregarious than other squirrels , and many live in colonies with complex social structures .

They tend to live together more than other squirrels , and many live in colonies with complex social structures .


The number of elements is called the order of the group .

The number of elements in a group is called the group 's `` order '' .


In mathematics and abstract algebra , group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups .

In mathematics and abstract algebra , group theory studies a type of algebraic structure called a group .


The mean for the grouped data in the above example , can be calculated as follows :

The mean of the grouped data in the above example can be calculated as follows : Related pages .


The university opened in October 2007 , trains Chinese students .

The university , opened in October 2007 , trains Chinese students .


They follow a course in aerospace engineering , taught in French and in six years , a first year of learning the French language , followed by two years of `` classes préparatoires '' and three years of aeronautical engineering .

They follow a course in aerospace engineering , taught in French . After a first year of learning the French language , they follow a master 's degree course in aeronautical engineering .


In addition , the species classified in the small genera `` Anyperidon '' , `` Cromileptes '' , `` Dermatolepis '' , `` Gracila '' , `` Saloptia '' , and `` Triso '' are also called groupers .

Also , species in the small genera `` Anyperidon '' , `` Cromileptes '' , `` Dermatolepis '' , `` Gracila '' , `` Saloptia '' , and `` Triso '' are also called groupers .


Nonetheless , the word `` grouper '' on its own is usually taken as meaning the subfamily Epinephelinae .

Nonetheless , `` grouper '' on its own is usually taken to mean the subfamily Epinephelinae .


These genera are all classified in the subfamily Epiphelinae .

These genera are all in the subfamily Epiphelinae .


Grouse are a group of birds from the order Galliformes , in the family Phasianidae .

Grouse are a group of game birds from the order Galliformes .


A grove is a small group of trees with minimal or no undergrowth , such as a sequoia grove , or a small orchard planted for the cultivation of fruits or nuts .

A grove is a small group of trees with little or no undergrowth . For example : a sequoia grove , or a small orchard planted for the cultivation of fruits or nuts .


Other words for groups of trees include `` woodland '' , `` woodlot '' , `` thicket '' , or `` stand '' .

Other words for groups of trees include `` woodland '' , `` copse '' , `` woodlot '' , `` thicket '' or `` spinney '' .


Grow lights are used in applications where there is either no naturally occurring light , or where supplemental light is required .

Grow lights are used in areas where there is either no naturally occurring light .


In the United States , it is only available legally from pharmacies , by prescription from a doctor .

In the United States , it is only available legally by prescription from a doctor .


Growth hormone ( GH or HGH ) , also known as somatotropin or somatropin , is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth , cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals .

Growth hormone ( GH or HGH ) , also known as somatotropin or somatropin , is a hormone responsible for growth , cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals .


It is a type of mitogen which is specific only to certain kinds of cells .

It is specific only to certain kinds of cells .


At this time , HGH is still considered a very complex hormone , and many of its functions are still unknown .

Today HGH is still considered a very complex hormone , and many of its functions are still unknown .


GH is used as a prescription drug in medicine to treat children 's growth disorders and adult growth hormone deficiency .

Growth hormone is used as a prescription drug in medicine to treat children 's and adults growth disorders .


It is also situated on Via Regia from Görlitz to Santiago de Compostela .

It is also on Via Regia from Görlitz to Santiago de Compostela .


The Gruiformes are an order containing a considerable number of living and extinct bird families , with a widespread geographical diversity .

The Gruiformes are an order with many living and extinct bird families , and a widespread geographical diversity .


Grumpy Cat was featured on the front page of `` The Wall Street Journal '' on May 30 , 2013 , and on the cover of `` New York '' magazine on October 7 , 2013 .

Grumpy Cat was on the front page of `` The Wall Street Journal '' on May 30 , 2013 , and on the cover of `` New York '' magazine on October 7 , 2013 .


TMZ reported that Friskies paid for flying first class , a private hotel room with king-sized bed , a personal assistant , a chauffeur , and unlimited Friskies food and bottled water .

TMZ reported that Friskies paid for her to fly first class . They gave her a private hotel room with a king-sized bed , a personal assistant , a chauffeur , and all the Friskies food and bottled water she wanted .


In September 2013 , it was announced that Grumpy Cat would become the Official Spokescat of Friskies .

In September 2013 , it was announced that Grumpy Cat would become the Official Spokescat of Friskies and sponsor their advertising .


In August 2015 it was announced that Grumpy Cat would get her own animatronic waxwork at Madame Tussauds in San Franscisco .

In August 2015 , it was announced that Grumpy Cat would get her own wax sculpture at Madame Tussauds in San Franscisco .


Tardar Sauce is undersized and has hind legs that `` are a bit different '' .

Tardar Sauce is small for her breed and has hind legs that `` are a bit different '' .


Ben Lashes is Grumpy Cat 's manager who also represents Keyboard Cat and Nyan Cat .

She has a manager , Ben Lashes . He also represents Keyboard Cat and Nyan Cat .


`` The Guardian '' , `` MySA '' , and `` St. Louis Post Dispatch '' were more positive in their reviews , and the `` St. Louis Post Dispatch '' commented that although the film was `` terrible '' they still enjoyed it overall .

`` The Guardian '' and `` St. Louis Post Dispatch '' were a bit more positive in their reviews . The `` St. Louis Post Dispatch '' said that although the film was `` terrible '' they still enjoyed it overall .


Grundy Center is a city in Grundy County , Iowa , United States .

Grundy Center is a city of Iowa in the United States .


Gruny is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France .

Gruny is a commune . It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France .


Grus ( , or colloquially ) is a constellation in the southern sky .

Grus is a constellation in the southern sky .


They have long antennae ( 23 -- 45 segments ) and long cerci ( 5 -- 8 segments ) , but no wings .

They have long antennae ( 23 -- 45 segments ) and long cerci ( appendages on the rear ; 5 -- 8 segments ) , but no wings .


Most are nocturnal and appear to feed on detritus .

Most are nocturnal and appear to feed on detritus ( rubbish ) .


Grylloblattidae is a family of extremophile ( psychrophile ) and wingless insects that live in the cold on top of mountains .

Grylloblattidae is a family of extremophile and wingless insects that live in the cold on top of mountains .


The family is placed in its own suborder , Grylloblattodea , and in its own former order , Grylloblattaria .

The family is placed in its own suborder , Grylloblattodea , and sometimes in its own order , Grylloblattaria .


The organism could have been a giant bacterium or bacterial colony , but because of its size ( over one centimeter ) and consistent form , is more likely to have been a eukaryotic alga .

It might have been a giant bacterium or bacterial colony . Its size ( over one centimeter ) and consistent form , suggest it is a eukaryotic alga .


The soft parts of the animal occupied the cavity between the two shells , just like modern oysters .

The soft parts of the animal lived in the gap between the two shells , just like modern oysters .


The shells also feature prominent growth bands .

The shells have prominent growth bands .


The larger , curved shell sat within the mud on the sea floor .

The large curved shell sat in the mud on the sea floor .


Gränichen is a municipality in the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .

Gränichen is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .


Gränna Church ( ) is a church building in Gränna in Sweden .

) is a church building in Gränna in Sweden . It belongs to the Gränna Parish of the Church of Sweden .


Belonging to the Jönköping Sofia-Järstorp Parish of the Church of Sweden , it was opened on 1 December 1962 .

It belongs to the Jönköping Sofia-Järstorp Parish of the Church of Sweden . The church was opened on 1 December 1962 .


Grécourt is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France .

Grécourt is a commune . It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France .


Grévillers is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .

Grévillers is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .


It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name .

It is the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name .


Guachochi is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua , in northern Mexico .

Guachochi is a one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua , in northern Mexico .


Tokyo Express no longer has terminus on Guadalcanal . ''


Wright 's destroyers detected Tanaka 's force on radar and the destroyer commander requested permission to attack with torpedoes .

Wright 's destroyers detected Tanaka 's force on radar and the commander requested permission to attack with torpedoes .


Instead , the ships carrying Kawaguchi 's soldiers were sent to Rabaul .

Instead , ships carrying Kawaguchi 's soldiers were sent to Rabaul .


The transports were guarded by 13 warships commanded by Japanese Rear Admiral Raizo Tanaka , who planned to land the troops on Guadalcanal on 24 August .

The transports were guarded by 13 warships commanded by Japanese Rear Admiral Raizo Tanaka . He planned to land the troops on Guadalcanal on 24 August .


It is the name of the graveyard of the Japanese army . ''


-- Major General Alexander Patch , USACommander , U.S. Forces on Guadalcanal Guadalcanal is no longer merely a name of an island in Japanese military history .

-- Major General Alexander Patch , USACommander , U.S. Forces on Guadalcanal '' Guadalcanal is no longer merely a name of an island in Japanese military history .


Throughout the day of 14 November , aircraft from Henderson Field and `` Enterprise '' attacked Mikawa 's and Tanaka 's ships , sinking one heavy cruiser and seven of the transports .

Throughout 14 November , aircraft from Henderson Field and `` Enterprise '' attacked Mikawa 's and Tanaka 's ships , sinking one heavy cruiser and seven of the transports .


The Americans and Japanese remained facing each other along a line just west of Point Cruz for the next six weeks .

The Americans and Japanese remained facing each other along a line west of Point Cruz for the next six weeks .


After the Japanese withdrawal , Guadalcanal and Tulagi were developed into major bases supporting the Allied advance further up the Solomon Islands chain .

After the Japanese withdrawal , Guadalcanal and Tulagi were developed into major bases . These bases supported the Allied advance further up the Solomon Islands chain .


The convoy of U.S. Army troops reached Guadalcanal as scheduled the next day and successfully delivered its cargo and passengers to the island .

The convoy of U.S. Army troops reached Guadalcanal as scheduled the next day and delivered its cargo and passengers to the island .


The 17th Army , at that time heavily involved in the Japanese campaign in New Guinea , had only a few units available .

The 17th Army , at that time involved in the Japanese campaign in New Guinea , had only a few units available .


Small Allied naval convoys arrived at Guadalcanal on 23 August , 29 August , 1 September , and 8 September to provide the Marines at Lunga with more food , ammunition , aircraft fuel , and aircraft technicians .

Small Allied naval convoys arrived at Guadalcanal on 23 August 29 August , 1 September , and 8 September . They provided the Marines at Lunga with more food , ammunition , aircraft fuel , and aircraft technicians .


On 18 September an Allied naval convoy delivered 4,157 men from the 3rd Provisional Marine Brigade ( the 7th Marine Regiment plus a battalion from the 11th Marine Regiment and some additional support units ) , 137 vehicles , tents , aviation fuel , ammunition , rations and engineering equipment to Guadalcanal .

On 18 September an Allied naval convoy delivered 4,157 men from the 3rd Provisional Marine Brigade ( the 7th Marine Regiment plus a battalion from the 11th Marine Regiment and some additional support units ) . The convoy also delivered 137 vehicles , tents , aviation fuel , ammunition , rations and engineering equipment to Guadalcanal .


However , any Japanese ship remaining during daylight hours within range of the aircraft at Henderson Field , about , was in great danger from air attack .

However , any Japanese ship remaining within range of the aircraft at Henderson Field during the daylight hours , about 200 mi , was in great danger from air attack .


Between 29 August and 4 September , various Japanese light cruisers , destroyers , and patrol boats were able to land almost 5,000 troops at Taivu Point , including most of the 35th Infantry Brigade , much of the Aoba ( 4th ) Regiment , and the rest of Ichiki 's regiment .

Between 29 August and 4 September , Japanese light cruisers , destroyers , and patrol boats were able to land almost 5,000 troops at Taivu Point , including most of the 35th Infantry Brigade , much of the Aoba ( 4th ) Regiment , and the rest of Ichiki 's regiment .


The anchorage around Tulagi became an important advanced base for Allied warships and transport ships supporting the Solomon Islands campaign .

The anchorage around Tulagi became an important base for Allied warships and transport ships supporting the Solomon Islands campaign .


Thus , at dusk on 23 October , two battalions of the 4th Infantry Regiment and the nine tanks of the 1st Independent Tank Company launched attacks on the U.S. Marine defenses at the mouth of the Matanikau .

Thus , at dusk on 23 October , two battalions of the 4th Infantry Regiment and the nine tanks of the 1st Independent Tank Company attacked on the U.S. Marine defenses at the mouth of the Matanikau .


The Japanese planned to transport a total of 17,500 troops from these two divisions to Guadalcanal to take part in the next major attack on the Lunga Perimeter set for 20 October 1942 .

The Japanese planned to transport 17,500 troops from these two divisions to Guadalcanal for the next major attack on the Lunga Perimeter set for 20 October 1942 .


Later on the morning of 12 October , four Japanese destroyers from the supply convoy turned back to assist Gotō 's retreating , damaged warships .

Later on the morning of 12 October , four Japanese destroyers from the supply convoy turned back to help Gotō 's damaged warships .


He also provided a warship support force that included two battleships .

He also provided a warship force that included two battleships .


The raids killed 35 Japanese at a cost of 17 Marines and three U.S. Navy personnel killed .

The attacks killed 35 Japanese at a cost of 17 Marines and three U.S. Navy personnel .


This is sometimes called the Midnight Raid on Guadalcanal .

This has sometimes been called the Midnight Raid on Guadalcanal .


On 8 September , after being dropped-off near Taivu by boat , Edson 's men captured Tasimboko as the Japanese defenders retreated into the jungle .

On 8 September , after being dropped-off near Taivu by boat , Edson 's men captured Tasimboko as the Japanese retreated into the jungle .


Allied naval carrier forces in the area , now under the overall command of William Halsey , Jr. , also hoped to meet the Japanese naval forces in battle .

Allied naval carrier forces in the area , now under the command of William Halsey , Jr. , also hoped to meet the Japanese naval forces in battle .


On 9 February , Patch realized that the Japanese were gone and declared Guadalcanal secure for Allied forces , ending the campaign .

On 9 February , Patch realized that the Japanese were gone and declared Guadalcanal secure for Allied forces , ending the battle .


The Japanese immediately began to prepare for their next attempt to recapture Henderson Field .

The Japanese began to prepare for their next attempt to recapture Henderson Field .


Two Japanese destroyers were sunk and another destroyer and `` Hiei '' heavily damaged .

Two Japanese destroyers were sunk and another destroyer and `` Hiei '' was heavily damaged .


That night , as the transports unloaded , two groups of screening Allied cruisers and destroyers , under the command of British Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley VC , were surprised and defeated by a Japanese force of seven cruisers and one destroyer from the 8th Fleet based at Rabaul and Kavieng and commanded by Japanese Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa .

That night , as the transports unloaded , two groups of Allied cruisers and destroyers , under the command of British Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley VC , were defeated by a Japanese force of seven cruisers and one destroyer from the 8th Fleet based at Rabaul and Kavieng and commanded by Japanese Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa .


Hyakutake prepared to send more troops to Guadalcanal for another attempt to recapture Henderson Field .

Hyakutake sent more troops to Guadalcanal for another attempt to recapture Henderson Field .


Meanwhile , on 4 November , two companies from the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Evans Carlson landed by boat at Aola Bay , east of Lunga Point .

On 4 November , two companies from the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Evans Carlson landed by boat at Aola Bay , 40 mi east of Lunga Point .


At 05:55 , U.S. aircraft and artillery began attacking the beached transports , destroying all four transports along with most of the supplies that they carried .

At 05:55 , U.S. aircraft and artillery began attacking the transports , destroying all four transports along with most of the supplies that they carried .


Many of the shells were fragmentation shells , specifically designed to destroy land targets .

Many of the shells were fragmentation shells , designed to destroy land targets .


Ichiki 's assault was defeated with heavy Japanese losses in what became known as the Battle of the Tenaru .

Ichiki 's attack was defeated with heavy Japanese losses in what became known as the Battle of the Tenaru .


By the time Shōji 's forces reached the Lunga River in mid-November , about halfway to the Matanikau , only 1,300 men remained with the main body .

By the time Shōji 's forces reached the Lunga River in mid-November , about halfway to the Matanikau , only 1,300 men remained .


As a result of the loss of carrier-based air cover , Turner decided to withdraw his ships from Guadalcanal , even though less than half of the supplies and heavy equipment needed by the troops ashore had been unloaded .

As a result of the loss of carrier-based air cover , Turner pulled back his ships from Guadalcanal , even though less than half of the supplies and heavy equipment needed by the troops ashore had been unloaded .


On 12 October , a company of Japanese engineers began to break a trail , called the `` Maruyama Road '' , from the Matanikau towards the southern portion of the U.S. Lunga perimeter .

On 12 October , a group of Japanese engineers began to cut a trail , called the `` Maruyama Road '' , from the Matanikau towards the southern portion of the U.S. Lunga perimeter .


Meanwhile , the Japanese 2nd and 38th Infantry Divisions were transported from the Dutch East Indies to Rabaul beginning on 13 September .

The Japanese 2nd and 38th Infantry Divisions were transported from the Dutch East Indies to Rabaul beginning on 13 September .


Two companies from Kawaguchi 's 2nd Battalion charged up the southern edge of the ridge and pushed Edson 's troops back to Hill 123 on the center part of the ridge .

Two companies from Kawaguchi 's 2nd Battalion moved up the southern edge of the ridge and pushed Edson 's troops back to Hill 123 on the center part of the ridge .


In total the Japanese lost 2,200 -- 3,000 troops in the battle while the Americans lost around 80 killed .

The Japanese lost 2,200 -- 3,000 troops in the battle while the Americans lost around 80 killed .


On 20 August , the escort carrier delivered two squadrons of Marine aircraft to Henderson Field , one a squadron of 19 F4F Wildcats and the other a squadron of 12 SBD Dauntlesses .

On 20 August , the escort carrier USS `` Long Island '' delivered two squadrons of Marine aircraft to Henderson Field , one a squadron of 19 F4F Wildcats and the other a squadron of 12 SBD Dauntlesses .


On 18 December , Allied ( mainly U.S. Army ) forces began attacking Japanese positions on Mount Austen .

On 18 December , Allied ( mainly U.S. Army ) forces began attacking Japanese soldiers on Mount Austen .


In the resulting mêlée , Abe 's warships sank or severely damaged all but one cruiser and one destroyer in Callaghan 's force and both Callaghan and Scott were killed .


A few small groups of Japanese broke through the American defenses , but were all hunted down and killed over the next several days .

A few small groups of Japanese that broke through the American defenses , were all killed over the next several days .


The U.S. force , under the command of Willis A. Lee aboard `` Washington '' , reached Guadalcanal and Savo Island just before midnight on 14 November , shortly before Kondo 's bombardment force arrived .

The U.S. force , under the command of Willis A. Lee aboard `` Washington '' , reached Guadalcanal and Savo Island just before midnight on 14 November , shortly before Kondo 's bombing force arrived .


About half of Maruyama 's survivors were ordered to retreat back to the upper Matanikau Valley while the 230th Infantry Regiment under Colonel Toshinari Shōji was told to head for Koli Point , east of the Lunga perimeter .

About half of Maruyama 's survivors were ordered to retreat back to the Matanikau Valley . The 230th Infantry Regiment under Colonel Toshinari Shōji was told to go to Koli Point , east of the Lunga perimeter .


The Japanese secretly began to prepare for the evacuation , called Operation Ke , scheduled to begin during the latter part of January 1943 .

The Japanese secretly began to prepare for the evacuation , called Operation Ke , scheduled to begin during January 1943 .


Tulagi and two nearby small islands , Gavutu and Tanambogo , were assaulted by 3,000 U.S. Marines .

Tulagi and two nearby small islands , Gavutu and Tanambogo , were attacked by 3,000 U.S. Marines .


The situation forced the Japanese to return to using destroyers to deliver the necessary supplies .

This forced the Japanese to return to using destroyers to deliver the necessary supplies .


The Americans counted the bodies of 450 -- 475 Japanese dead in the Koli Point area and captured most of Shōji 's heavy weapons and provisions .

The Americans counted the bodies of 450 -- 475 Japanese dead in the Koli Point area and captured most of Shōji 's heavy weapons and supplies .


The operation was commanded by Merritt Edson and its goal was to capture Kokumbona , headquarters of the 17th Army , west of Point Cruz .

The attack was commanded by Merritt Edson and its goal was to capture Kokumbona , headquarters of the 17th Army , west of Point Cruz .


Of these , the 35th Infantry Brigade under Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi was at Palau , the 4th ( Aoba ) Infantry Regiment was in the Philippines and the 28th ( Ichiki ) Infantry Regiment , under the command of Colonel Kiyonao Ichiki , was on board transport ships near Guam .

The 35th Infantry Brigade under Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi was at Palau . The 4th ( Aoba ) Infantry Regiment was in the Philippines and the 28th ( Ichiki ) Infantry Regiment , under the command of Colonel Kiyonao Ichiki , was on transport ships near Guam .


With some difficulty , the Marines secured all three islands ; Tulagi on 8 August , and Gavutu and Tanambogo by 9 August .

With some difficulty , the Marines captured all three islands ; Tulagi on 8 August , and Gavutu and Tanambogo by 9 August .


On the night of 1 February 20 destroyers from Mikawa 's 8th Fleet under Shintaro Hashimoto successfully extracted 4,935 soldiers , mainly from the 38th Division , from the island .

On the night of February 1 , 20 destroyers from Mikawa 's 8th Fleet under Shintaro Hashimoto removed 4,935 soldiers , mainly from the 38th Division , from the island .


Yamamoto ordered Nobutake Kondō to assemble another bombardment force using warships from Truk and Abe 's force to attack Henderson Field on 15 November .

Yamamoto ordered Nobutake Kondō to assemble another bombing force using warships from Truk and Abe 's force to attack Henderson Field on 15 November .


At the same time , Wright 's cruisers opened fire , quickly hitting and destroying one of the Japanese guard destroyers .

At the same time , Wright 's cruisers opened fire , hitting and destroying one of the Japanese destroyers .


The landing force split into two groups , with one group assaulting Guadalcanal , and the other Tulagi , Florida , and nearby islands .

The landing force split into two groups , with one group attacking Guadalcanal , and the other Tulagi , Florida , and nearby islands .


During the landing operations on 7 and 8 August , Japanese naval aircraft based at Rabaul , under the command of Sadayoshi Yamada , attacked the Allied amphibious forces several times , setting afire the transport USS `` George F. Elliot '' ( which sank two days later ) and heavily damaging the destroyer .

During the landing operations on 7 and 8 August , Japanese naval aircraft based at Rabaul , under the command of Sadayoshi Yamada , attacked the Allied forces several times , setting afire the transport USS `` George F. Elliot '' ( which sank two days later ) and heavily damaging the destroyer USS `` Jarvis '' .


Between 9 and 11 October the U.S. 1st Battalion 2nd Marines raided two small Japanese outposts about east of the Lunga perimeter at Gurabusu and Koilotumaria near Aola Bay .

Between 9 and 11 October the U.S. 1st Battalion 2nd Marines attacked two small Japanese outposts about 30 mi east of the Lunga perimeter at Gurabusu and Koilotumaria near Aola Bay .


The bombardment heavily damaged both runways , burned almost all of the available aviation fuel , destroyed 48 of the CAF 's 90 aircraft , and killed 41 men , including six CAF pilots .

The bombing heavily damaged both runways , burned almost all of the available airplane fuel , destroyed 48 of the CAF 's 90 aircraft , and killed 41 men , including six CAF pilots .


The two opposing carrier forces confronted each other on the morning of 26 October , in what became known as the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands .

The two opposing carrier forces battled each other on the morning of 26 October , in what became known as the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands .


In contrast to Tulagi , Gavutu , and Tanambogo , the landings on Guadalcanal encountered much less resistance .

In contrast to Tulagi , Gavutu , and Tanambogo , the landings on Guadalcanal had much less resistance .


On 14 September Kawaguchi led the survivors of his shattered brigade on a five-day march west to the Matanikau Valley to join with Oka 's unit .

On 14 September Kawaguchi led the survivors on a five-day march west to the Matanikau Valley to join with Oka 's unit .


Fletcher withdrew from the Solomon Islands area with his carrier task forces the evening of 8 August .

Fletcher pulled back from the Solomon Islands area with his carrier task forces the evening of 8 August .


The new command encompassed both Hyakutake 's 17th Army and the 18th Army in New Guinea .

The new command included both Hyakutake 's 17th Army and the 18th Army in New Guinea .


Attempts to use only submarines the last two weeks in November failed to provide sufficient food for Hyakutake 's forces .

Attempts to use only submarines the last two weeks in November did not provide enough food for Hyakutake 's forces .


The Japanese convoy reached Tassafaronga on Guadalcanal at midnight on 14 October and began unloading .

The Japanese convoy reached Guadalcanal at midnight on 14 October and began unloading .


On the nights of 4 and 7 February , Hashimoto and his destroyers completed the evacuation of most of the remaining Japanese forces from Guadalcanal .

On the nights of 4 and 7 February , Hashimoto and his destroyers completed the removal of most of the remaining Japanese forces from Guadalcanal .


On 8 August , a Japanese destroyer from Rabaul delivered 113 naval reinforcement troops to the Matanikau position .

On 8 August , a Japanese destroyer from Rabaul delivered 113 troops to the Matanikau position .


The same day , Shoji 's unit reached Koli Point and made camp .

Shoji 's unit reached Koli Point and made a camp .


Between 21 August and 3 September , he relocated three Marine battalions , including the 1st Raider Battalion , under Merritt A. Edson ( Edson 's Raiders ) , and the 1st Parachute Battalion from Tulagi and Gavutu to Guadalcanal .

Between 21 August and 3 September , he sent three Marine battalions , including the 1st Raider Battalion , under Merritt A. Edson ( Edson 's Raiders ) , and the 1st Parachute Battalion from Tulagi and Gavutu to Guadalcanal .


The convoy on 1 September also brought 392 construction engineers to maintain and improve Henderson Field .

The 1 September convoy also brought 392 construction engineers to work on Henderson Field .


The rest of Tanaka 's warships abandoned the supply mission , increased speed , turned , and launched a total of 44 torpedoes in the direction of Wright 's cruisers .

The rest of Tanaka 's warships abandoned the supply mission , turned , and launched 44 torpedoes in the direction of Wright 's cruisers .


U.S. Army Major General Alexander Patch replaced Vandegrift as commander of Allied forces on Guadalcanal , which by January totaled just over 50,000 men .

U.S. Army Major General Alexander Patch replaced Vandegrift as commander of Allied forces on Guadalcanal . By January this was over 50,000 men .


The Japanese destroyers were usually able to make round trips down `` The Slot '' ( New Georgia Sound ) to Guadalcanal and back in a single night throughout the campaign , minimizing their exposure to Allied air attack .

The Japanese destroyers were usually able to make round trips down ( New Georgia Sound ) to Guadalcanal and back in a single night throughout the campaign , minimizing their risk of Allied air attack .


Five days worth of food had been landed from the transports , which , along with captured Japanese provisions , gave the Marines a total of 14 days worth of food .

Five days worth of food had been landed from the transports , which , along with captured Japanese food , gave the Marines a total of 14 days worth of food .


Soon after the patrol landed , a nearby platoon of Japanese naval troops attacked and almost completely wiped out the Marine patrol .

Soon after the patrol landed , a nearby platoon of Japanese naval troops attacked and almost completely killed the Marine patrol .


After dark , Tanaka and the remaining four transports continued towards Guadalcanal as Kondo 's force approached to bombard Henderson Field .

After dark , Tanaka and the remaining four transports continued towards Guadalcanal as Kondo 's force approached to bomb Henderson Field .


Mikawa , who was unaware Fletcher was preparing to withdraw with the U.S. carriers , immediately retired to Rabaul without attempting to attack the transports .

Mikawa , who was unaware Fletcher was preparing to pull back with the U.S. carriers , immediately went back to Rabaul without attempting to attack the transports .


At Koli Point early in the morning 3 November , five Japanese destroyers delivered 300 army troops to support Shōji and his troops who were en route to Koli Point after the Battle for Henderson Field .

At Koli Point early in the morning 3 November , five Japanese destroyers delivered 300 army troops . They were sent to help Shōji and his troops who were going to Koli Point after the Battle for Henderson Field .


On 24 and 25 August , the two carrier forces fought the Battle of the Eastern Solomons , which resulted in both fleets retreating from the area after taking some damage , with the Japanese losing one light aircraft carrier .

On 24 and 25 August , the two carrier forces fought the Battle of the Eastern Solomons , which resulted in both fleets pulling back from the area after taking some damage . Japan lost one light aircraft carrier .


The two battleships , and , equipped with special fragmentation shells , were to bombard Henderson Field on the night of 12 -- 13 November and destroy it and the aircraft stationed there in order to allow the slow , heavy transports to reach Guadalcanal and unload safely the next day .

The two battleships , `` Hiei '' and `` Kirishima '' , with special fragmentation shells , were to bomb Henderson Field on the night of 12 -- 13 November and destroy it and the aircraft stationed there . This would allow the slow , heavy transports to reach Guadalcanal and unload safely the next day .


After these clashes , Fletcher was concerned about the losses to his carrier fighter aircraft strength , anxious about the threat to his carriers from further Japanese air attacks , and worried about his ships ' fuel levels .

After these fights , Fletcher was concerned about the losses to his carrier fighter aircraft . He was also anxious about the threat to his carriers from Japanese air attacks , and worried about his ships ' fuel levels .


Bad weather allowed the Allied expeditionary force to arrive unseen by the Japanese on the night of 6 August and the morning of 7 August , taking the defenders by surprise .

Bad weather allowed the Allied force to arrive near Guadalcanal unseen by the Japanese on the night of 6 August and the morning of 7 August and take the defenders by surprise .


Allied warships bombarded the invasion beaches while U.S. carrier aircraft bombed Japanese positions on the target islands and destroyed 15 Japanese seaplanes at their base near Tulagi .

Allied warships bombed the invasion beaches while U.S. carrier aircraft bombed Japanese forces on the target islands and destroyed 15 Japanese seaplanes at their base near Tulagi .


On 11 September , the 840 men of Edson 's battalion were deployed onto and around the ridge .

On 11 September , the 840 men of Edson 's battalion were sent onto and around the ridge .


Throughout the day of 15 October , a string of CAF aircraft from Henderson bombed and strafed the unloading convoy , destroying three of the cargo ships .

Throughout the day of 15 October , CAF aircraft from Henderson bombed and machine-gunned the unloading convoy , destroying three of the cargo ships .


`` Hiei '' sank later that day after repeated air attacks by CAF aircraft and aircraft from the U.S. carrier .

`` Hiei '' sank later that day after air attacks by CAF aircraft and aircraft from the U.S. carrier `` Enterprise '' .


At the same time that Hyakutake 's troops were attacking the Lunga perimeter , Japanese aircraft carriers and other large warships under the overall direction of Isoroku Yamamoto moved into a position near the southern Solomon Islands .

At the same time that Hyakutake 's troops were attacking the Lunga perimeter , Japanese aircraft carriers and other large warships led by Isoroku Yamamoto moved near the southern Solomon Islands .


Further Japanese attacks near the Matanikau on 26 October were also repulsed with heavy losses for the Japanese .

Further Japanese attacks near the Matanikau on 26 October were also defeated with heavy losses for the Japanese .


Halsey ordered the remainder of the task force to return to base and directed the rest of his naval forces to take station in the Coral Sea , south of Guadalcanal , to be ready to counter the perceived Japanese offensive .

Halsey ordered the remainder of the task force to return to base and directed the rest of his naval forces to take station in the Coral Sea , south of Guadalcanal , to be ready to respond to a Japanese attack .


In response , Vandegrift ordered Puller 's Marine battalion plus two of the 164th infantry battalions , along with Hanneken 's battalion , to move towards Koli Point to attack the Japanese forces there .

In response , Vandegrift ordered Puller 's Marine battalion plus two of the 164th infantry battalions , along with Hanneken 's battalion , to attack the Japanese forces there .


Seventeen SBDs and 20 Wildcats at Espiritu Santo were quickly flown to Henderson and U.S. Army and Marine transport aircraft began to shuttle aviation gasoline from Espiritu Santo to Guadalcanal .

Seventeen SBDs and 20 Wildcats at Espiritu Santo were flown to Henderson and U.S. Army and Marine transport aircraft began to transport airplane gasoline to Guadalcanal .


After the two forces made contact , Kondo 's force quickly sank three of the U.S. destroyers and heavily damaged the fourth .

After the two forces met , Kondo 's force quickly sank three of the U.S. destroyers and heavily damaged the fourth .


The other relocated battalion , the 1st Battalion , 5th Marine Regiment ( 1/5 ) , was landed by boat west of the Matanikau near Kokumbuna village on 27 August with the mission of attacking Japanese units in the area , much as in the first Matanikau action of 19 August .

The other relocated battalion , the 1st Battalion , 5th Marine Regiment ( 1/5 ) , was landed west of the Matanikau near Kokumbuna village on 27 August . They had the mission of attacking Japanese units in the area .


On the night of 12 September , Kawaguchi 's 1st Battalion attacked the Raiders between the Lunga River and ridge , forcing one Marine company to fall back to the ridge before the Japanese halted their attack for the night .

On the night of 12 September , Kawaguchi 's 1st Battalion attacked the Raiders between the Lunga River and ridge . One Marine company had to fall back to the ridge before the Japanese stopped their attack for the night .


As a result , by 08:00 on 26 October , Hyakutake called off any further attacks and ordered his forces to retreat .

As a result , by 08:00 on 26 October , Hyakutake stopped the attacks and ordered his forces to retreat .


On 15 September Hyakutake at Rabaul learned of Kawaguchi 's defeat and forwarded the news to Imperial General Headquarters in Japan .

On 15 September Hyakutake at Rabaul learned of Kawaguchi 's loss and sent the news to Imperial General Headquarters in Japan .


As the Tenaru battle was ending , more Japanese reinforcements were already on their way .

As the Tenaru battle was ending , more Japanese troops were already on their way .


In total , all but 128 of the original 917 members of the Ichiki Regiment 's First Element were killed in the battle .

In total , all but 128 of the original 917 members of the Ichiki Regiment 's force were killed in the battle .


To cover the landings of these troops and provide support for the operation to retake Henderson Field from Allied forces , Yamamoto directed Chuichi Nagumo to sortie with a carrier force from Truk on 21 August and head towards the southern Solomon Islands .

To cover the landings and retake Henderson Field from Allied forces , Yamamoto directed Chuichi Nagumo to meet with a carrier force from Truk on 21 August and head towards the southern Solomon Islands .


His 2nd Division ( augmented by troops from the 38th Division ) , under Lieutenant General Masao Maruyama and comprising 7,000 soldiers in three infantry regiments of three battalions each was ordered to march through the jungle and attack the American defences from the south near the east bank of the Lunga River .

His 2nd Division ( with troops from the 38th Division ) , under Lieutenant General Masao Maruyama and 7,000 soldiers in three infantry regiments was ordered to attack the American defences from the south near the east bank of the Lunga River .


By now , though , the battalion had joined Oka 's forces near the Matanikau .

The battalion had joined Oka 's forces near the Matanikau .


Beginning on 8 November , the American troops attempted to encircle Shōji 's forces at Gavaga Creek near Koli Point .

Beginning on 8 November , the American troops tried to surround Shōji 's forces at Gavaga Creek near Koli Point .


Over the same two days American aircraft from Henderson Field defended against attacks by Japanese aircraft and ships , destroying 14 aircraft and sinking a light cruiser .

Over the same two days American aircraft from Henderson Field destroying 14 Japanese aircraft and sunk a light cruiser .


This action , sometimes referred to as the `` First Battle of the Matanikau '' , was the first of several major actions around the Matanikau River during the campaign .

This was the first of several major actions around the Matanikau River during the battle .


Using fuel drained from destroyed aircraft and from a cache in the nearby jungle , the CAF attacked the convoy twice on the 14th , but caused no damage .

Using fuel drained from destroyed aircraft and from a hidden fuel tank in the jungle , the CAF attacked the convoy twice on the 14th , but caused no damage .


Thus warned , Turner detached all usable combat ships under Callaghan to protect the troops ashore from the expected Japanese naval attack and troop landing and ordered the supply ships at Guadalcanal to depart by early evening 12 November .

Turner sent all usable combat ships under Callaghan to protect the troops ashore from the expected Japanese naval attack and troop landing . He also ordered the supply ships at Guadalcanal to leave by early evening 12 November .


The rest of Tanaka 's destroyers escaped without damage , but failed to deliver any of the provisions to Guadalcanal .

The rest of Tanaka 's destroyers escaped without damage , but failed to deliver any of the supplies to Guadalcanal .


Hyakutake realized that in order to send sufficient troops and matériel to defeat the Allied forces on Guadalcanal he could not at the same time support the major ongoing Japanese offensive on the Kokoda Track in New Guinea .

Hyakutake realized that to send sufficient troops and supplies to defeat the Allied forces on Guadalcanal he could not support the major ongoing Japanese attacks on the Kokoda Track in New Guinea .


Notified by intelligence sources of the Japanese supply attempt , Halsey ordered the newly formed Task Force 67 , comprising four cruisers and four destroyers under the command of U.S. Rear Admiral Carleton H. Wright , to intercept Tanaka 's force off Guadalcanal .

When Halsey learned about the Japanese supply attempt , he ordered the newly formed Task Force 67 , which had four cruisers and four destroyers under the command of U.S. Rear Admiral Carleton H. Wright , to attack Tanaka 's force off Guadalcanal .


The Allied offensive at Buna in New Guinea , however , changed Imamura 's priorities .

The Allied offensive at Buna in New Guinea , however , changed Imamura 's goals .


Leading elements of the 2nd Division reached the 17th Army headquarters area at Kokumbona , west of the Matanikau on 4 November .

Soldiers from the 2nd Division reached the 17th Army headquarters area at Kokumbona , west of the Matanikau on 4 November .


Opening fire , Scott 's warships sank one of Gotō 's cruisers and one of his destroyers , heavily damaged another cruiser , mortally wounded Gotō , and forced the rest of Gotō 's warships to abandon the bombardment mission and retreat .

Opening fire , Scott 's warships sank one of Gotō 's cruisers and one of his destroyers , heavily damaged another cruiser , seriously wounded Gotō , and forced the rest of Gotō 's warships to abandon the bombing mission and retreat .


In the second action between 6 and 9 October a larger force of Marines successfully crossed the Matanikau River , attacked newly landed Japanese forces from the 2nd Infantry Division under the command of generals Masao Maruyama and Yumio Nasu , and inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese 4th Infantry Regiment .

In the second attack between 6 and 9 October a larger force of Marines crossed the Matanikau River , attacked newly landed Japanese forces from the 2nd Infantry Division under the command of generals Masao Maruyama and Yumio Nasu . The Marines inflicted caused a lot of deaths and wounding for the Japanese 4th Infantry Regiment .


The damage done to Tanaka 's convoy during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons caused the Japanese to reconsider trying to deliver more troops to Guadalcanal by slow transport .

The damage done to Tanaka 's convoy during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons made the Japanese decide not to deliver more troops to Guadalcanal by slow transport .


Tokyo Express runs by destroyers on 14 , 20 , 21 and 24 September brought food and ammunition as well as 280 men from the 1st Battalion , Aoba Regiment , to Kamimbo on Guadalcanal .

Deliveries by destroyers on 14 , 20 , 21 and 24 September brought food and ammunition as well as 280 men from the 1st Battalion , Aoba Regiment , to Kamimbo on Guadalcanal .


Carlson 's raiders , along with troops from the U.S. Army 's 147th Infantry Regiment , were to provide security for 500 Seabees as they attempted to construct an airfield at that location .

Carlson 's raiders , along with troops from the U.S. Army 's 147th Infantry Regiment , were told to protect 500 Seabees as they constructed an airfield at that location .


On 28 December , General Hajime Sugiyama and Admiral Osami Nagano personally informed Emperor Hirohito of the decision to withdraw from Guadalcanal .

On 28 December , General Hajime Sugiyama and Admiral Osami Nagano told Emperor Hirohito of the decision to withdraw from Guadalcanal .


Soon after landing , the Japanese soldiers encountered and drove Hanneken 's battalion back towards the Lunga perimeter .

Soon after landing , the Japanese soldiers pushed Hanneken 's battalion back towards the Lunga perimeter .


The dead included Ichiki , though it has been claimed that he committed seppuku after realizing the magnitude of his defeat , rather than dying in combat .

The dead included Ichiki , though it has been claimed that he committed suicide after realizing his defeat , rather than dying in combat .


A delegation , led by IJA Colonel Joichiro Sanada , chief of the IGH 's operations section , visited Rabaul on 19 December and consulted Imamura and his staff .

A group led by IJA Colonel Joichiro Sanada , chief of the IGH 's operations section , visited Rabaul on 19 December and talked to Imamura and his staff .


Several Japanese heavy cruisers also bombarded Henderson on the nights of 14 and 15 October , destroying a few additional CAF aircraft , but failing to cause significant further damage to the airfield .

Several Japanese heavy cruisers also bombed Henderson on the nights of 14 and 15 October , destroying a few additional CAF aircraft , but not damaging the airfield .


Meanwhile , Hyakutake ordered Shōji to abandon his positions at Koli and rejoin Japanese forces at Kokumbona in the Matanikau area .

Hyakutake ordered Shōji to leave his positions at Koli and rejoin Japanese forces at Kokumbona in the Matanikau area .


On 13 October , a convoy comprising six cargo ships with eight screening destroyers departed the Shortland Islands for Guadalcanal .

On 13 October , a convoy of six cargo ships with eight destroyers left the Shortland Islands for Guadalcanal .


In response , on 19 August , Vandegrift sent three companies of the U.S. 5th Marine Regiment to attack the Japanese troop concentration west of the Matanikau .

On 19 August , Vandegrift sent three companies of the U.S. 5th Marine Regiment to attack the Japanese troops west of the Matanikau .


In order to exploit the victory in the Battle for Henderson Field , Vandegrift sent six Marine battalions , later joined by one U.S. Army battalion , on an offensive west of the Matanikau .

To strengthen his victory in the Battle for Henderson Field , Vandegrift sent six Marine battalions , later joined by one U.S. Army battalion , on an attack west of the Matanikau .


To distract the Americans from the planned attack from the south , Hyakutake 's heavy artillery plus five battalions of infantry ( about 2,900 men ) under Major General Tadashi Sumiyoshi were to attack the American defenses from the west along the coastal corridor .

To try and trick the Americans from knowing about the planned attack from the south , Hyakutake 's heavy artillery plus five battalions of infantry ( about 2,900 men ) under Major General Tadashi Sumiyoshi attacked the American defenses from the west .


The Japanese attack began just after nightfall with Kawaguchi 's 1st battalion assaulting Edson 's right flank just to the west of the ridge .

The Japanese attack began just after nightfall with Kawaguchi 's 1st battalion attacking Edson 's right side to the west of the ridge .


Vandegrift and his staff were aware that Kawaguchi 's troops had retreated to the area west of the Matanikau and that numerous groups of Japanese stragglers were scattered throughout the area between the Lunga Perimeter and the Matanikau River .

Vandegrift was aware that Kawaguchi 's troops had retreated to the area west of the Matanikau and that numerous groups of Japanese troops were in the area between the Lunga Perimeter and the Matanikau River .


As Kondo 's warships concentrated on `` South Dakota '' , `` Washington '' approached the Japanese ships unobserved and opened fire on `` Kirishima '' , hitting the Japanese battleship repeatedly and causing fatal damage .

As Kondo 's warships concentrated on `` South Dakota '' , `` Washington '' approached the Japanese ships and opened fire on `` Kirishima '' , hitting the Japanese battleship and causing serious damage .


Between 1 and 17 October , the Japanese delivered 15,000 troops to Guadalcanal , giving Hyakutake 20,000 total troops to employ for his planned offensive .

Between 1 and 17 October , the Japanese delivered 15,000 troops to Guadalcanal , giving Hyakutake 20,000 troops for his planned attack .


Sighting the cruiser task force , Japanese naval torpedo bombers attacked that same evening and heavily damaged the U.S. cruiser .

Sighting the cruiser task force , Japanese naval torpedo bombers attacked the task force and heavily damaged the U.S. cruiser `` Chicago '' .


Tanaka 's convoy , after suffering heavy damage during the battle from an air attack by CAF aircraft from Henderson Field , including the sinking of one of the transports , was forced to divert to the Shortland Islands in the northern Solomons in order to transfer the surviving troops to destroyers for later delivery to Guadalcanal .

Tanaka 's convoy , after getting heavy damage during the battle from an air attack by aircraft from Henderson Field , including the sinking of one of the transports , changed direction to the Shortland Islands in the northern Solomons . This was done to transfer the troops to destroyers for delivery to Guadalcanal .


The Japanese estimated that there were 10,000 American troops on the island , when in fact there were about 23,000 .

The Japanese thought that there were 10,000 American troops on the island , when in there were really 23,000 .


-- Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi , IJACommander , 35th Infantry Brigade at Guadalcanal Beyond Kawaguchi , several Japanese political and military leaders , including Naoki Hoshino , Osami Nagano , and Torashirō Kawabe , stated shortly after the war that Guadalcanal was the decisive turning point in the conflict .

-- Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi , IJACommander , 35th Infantry Brigade at Guadalcanal '' political and military leaders , including Naoki Hoshino , Osami Nagano , and Torashirō Kawabe , stated after the war that Guadalcanal was the turning point in the conflict .


After breaking through the Marine lines the battalion 's assault was eventually stopped by Marine units guarding the northern part of the ridge .

After breaking through the Marine defences , the attack was eventually stopped by Marine units guarding the northern part of the ridge .


By 7 September , most of Kawaguchi 's troops had departed Taivu to begin marching towards Lunga Point along the coastline .

By 7 September , most of Kawaguchi 's troops began marching towards Lunga Point along the coastline .


At 01:33 on 14 October , and , escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers , reached Guadalcanal and opened fire on Henderson Field from a distance of . Over the next one hour and 23 minutes , the two battleships fired 973 shells into the Lunga perimeter , most of them falling in and around the square area of the airfield .

At 01:33 on 14 October , `` Kongō '' and `` Haruna '' , protected by one light cruiser and nine destroyers , reached Guadalcanal and fired at Henderson Field from a distance of 16000 m. Over the next one hour and 23 minutes , the two battleships fired 973 14 in shells into the Lunga perimeter , most of them falling in the area of the airfield .


Mikawa 's 8th Fleet staff scheduled a large and important Express run for the night of 11 October .

Mikawa 's 8th Fleet staff scheduled a large and important destroyer delivery for the night of 11 October .


In early November , Allied intelligence learned that the Japanese were preparing again to try to retake Henderson Field .

In early November , Allied forces learned that the Japanese were preparing again to try to capture Henderson Field .


In response to the Allied landings on Guadalcanal , the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army 's ( IJA ) 17th Army , a corps-sized command based at Rabaul and under the command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake , the task of retaking Guadalcanal .

In response to the Allied landings on Guadalcanal , the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army 's ( IJA ) 17th Army at Rabaul and under the command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake , was ordered to retake Guadalcanal .


After some difficulty , the Allies captured all three by 23 January .

The Allies captured all three by 23 January .


Because U.S. Navy warships had yet to attempt to interdict any Tokyo Express missions to Guadalcanal , the Japanese were not expecting any opposition from Allied naval surface forces that night .

Because U.S. Navy warships had never tried to stop any Tokyo Express missions to Guadalcanal , the Japanese were not expecting any opposition from Allied naval ships that night .


At this time , however , other American forces discovered and engaged newly landed Japanese troops near Koli Point on the eastern side of the Lunga perimeter .

Then American forces found newly landed Japanese troops near Koli Point on the eastern side of the Lunga perimeter .


One of these was the recently promoted Colonel Merritt Edson who was placed in command of the 5th Marine Regiment .

Colonel Merritt Edson who was given command of the 5th Marine Regiment .


The survivors returned to Taivu Point , notified 17th Army headquarters of their defeat and awaited further reinforcements and orders from Rabaul .

The survivors returned to Taivu Point , notified 17th Army headquarters of their defeat and waited for new soldiers and orders from Rabaul .


Bereft of his carrier air cover , Turner decided to withdraw his remaining naval forces by the evening of 9 August and in so doing left the Marines ashore without much of the heavy equipment , provisions and troops still aboard the transports .

Without carrier air cover , Turner decided to pull back his remaining naval forces by the evening of 9 August . This left the Marines ashore without much of the heavy equipment , supplies and troops still aboard the transports .


Australian coastwatchers on Bougainville and New Georgia islands were often able to provide Allied forces on Guadalcanal with advance notice of inbound Japanese air strikes , allowing the U.S. fighters time to take off and position themselves to attack the Japanese bombers and fighters as they approached the island .

Australians on Bougainville and New Georgia islands were often able to provide Allied forces on Guadalcanal with warnings of Japanese air strikes , allowing the U.S. fighters time to take off and attack the Japanese bombers and fighters as they approached the island .


During the exchange of gunfire , one of Scott 's destroyers was sunk and one cruiser and another destroyer were heavily damaged .

One of Scott 's destroyers was sunk and one cruiser and another destroyer were heavily damaged .


At the same time , U.S. Marines advanced along the north coast of the island , making significant gains .

At the same time , U.S. Marines advanced along the north coast of the island .


The Japanese defenders were killed almost to the last man , while the Marines suffered 122 killed .

The Japanese defenders were almost all killed while the Marines had 122 killed .


Despite the U.S. victory off Cape Esperance , the Japanese continued with plans and preparations for their large offensive scheduled for later in October .

Even after the U.S. victory off Cape Esperance , the Japanese continued with plans for a large attack later in October .


One company attacked across the sandbar at the mouth of the Matanikau river while another crossed the river inland and attacked the Japanese forces located in Matanikau village .

One company attacked at the mouth of the Matanikau river while another crossed the river 1000 m inland and attacked the Japanese forces in Matanikau village .


Mikawa 's decision not to attempt to destroy the Allied transport ships when he had the opportunity proved to be a crucial strategic mistake .

Mikawa 's decision not to attempt to destroy the Allied transport ships was a big mistake .


Meanwhile , Wright 's warships were approaching through Ironbottom Sound from the opposite direction .

Meanwhile , Wright 's warships were approaching from the opposite direction .


The 3rd Battalion , 4th ( Aoba ) Infantry Regiment had landed at Kamimbo Bay on the western end of Guadalcanal on 11 September , too late to join Kawaguchi 's attack .

The 3rd Battalion , 4th ( Aoba ) Infantry Regiment had landed at Kamimbo Bay on the western end of Guadalcanal on 11 September .


The Japanese continued to experience problems in delivering sufficient supplies to sustain their troops on Guadalcanal .

The Japanese continued to have problems in delivering enough supplies to their troops on Guadalcanal .


The participating Japanese carrier forces , however , also retired because of high aircraft and aircrew losses and significant damage to two carriers .

The Japanese carrier forces , however , also pulled back because of high aircraft and aircrew losses and major damage to two carriers .


As Kondo 's ships retired , the four Japanese transports beached themselves near Tassafaronga on Guadalcanal at 04:00 and quickly began unloading .

As Kondo 's ships pulled back , the four Japanese transports landed near Tassafaronga on Guadalcanal at 04:00 and began unloading .


In addition , this activity tied up destroyers the IJN desperately needed for commerce defense .

In addition , this activity used destroyers the IJN needed for commerce defense .


Around 01:30 on 13 November , Callaghan 's force intercepted Abe 's bombardment group between Guadalcanal and Savo Island .

Around 01:30 on 13 November , Callaghan 's force met Abe 's bombing group between Guadalcanal and Savo Island .


In order to intercept Kondo 's force , Halsey , who was low on undamaged ships , detached two battleships , and , and four destroyers from the `` Enterprise '' task force .

In order to attack Kondo 's force , Halsey , who was low on undamaged ships , sent two battleships , `` Washington '' and `` South Dakota '' , and four destroyers from the `` Enterprise '' task force .


During the patrol , the raiders fought several battles with Shōji 's retreating forces , killing almost 500 of them , while suffering 16 killed themselves .

During the patrol , Carlson 's soldierz fought several battles with Shōji 's retreating forces , killing almost 500 of them , while having 16 killed themselves .


A separate attempt to establish bases in the central Solomons to facilitate barge convoys to Guadalcanal also failed because of destructive Allied air attacks .

A separate attempt to establish bases in the central Solomons to use to send barge convoys to Guadalcanal also failed because of Allied air attacks .


One of Kondo 's destroyers was also sunk during the engagement .

One of Kondo 's destroyers was also sunk during the battle .


The American forces suffered 40 killed and 120 wounded in the operation .

The American forces had 40 killed and 120 wounded in the attack .


The next night Kawaguchi faced Edson 's 830 Raiders with 3,000 troops of his brigade plus an assortment of light artillery .

The next night Kawaguchi had to battle Edson 's 830 Raiders with 3,000 troops of his brigade and artillery .


The first U.S. Marine operation conducted between 23 and 27 September by elements of three U.S. Marine battalions , an attack on Japanese forces west of the Matanikau , was repulsed by Kawaguchi 's troops under Akinosuke Oka 's local command .

The first U.S. Marine attack between 23 and 27 September used soldiers from three U.S. Marine battalions . The attack on Japanese forces west of the Matanikau , was defeated by Kawaguchi 's troops under Akinosuke Oka 's command .


Over two consecutive nights Maruyama 's forces conducted numerous , unsuccessful frontal assaults on positions defended by troops of the 1st Battalion , 7th Marines under Lieutenant Colonel Chesty Puller and the U.S. Army 's 3rd Battalion , 164th Infantry Regiment , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Hall .

Over two nights Maruyama 's troops attacked positions defended by troops of the 1st Battalion , 7th Marines under Lieutenant Colonel Chesty Puller and the U.S. Army 's 3rd Battalion , 164th Infantry Regiment , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Hall .


Throughout the last week of September and the first week of October , Tokyo Express runs delivered troops from the Japanese 2nd Infantry Division to Guadalcanal .

Throughout the last week of September and the first week of October , Japanese destroyers delivered troops from the Japanese 2nd Infantry Division to Guadalcanal .


In the meantime , the Japanese supply convoy successfully completed unloading at Guadalcanal and began its return journey without being discovered by Scott 's force .

The Japanese supply convoy unloaded at Guadalcanal and began its return journey without being discovered by Scott 's force .


After the defeat in the Battle for Henderson Field , the IJA planned to try again to retake the airfield in November 1942 , but further reinforcements were needed before the operation could proceed .

After the defeat in the Battle for Henderson Field , the IJA planned to try again to capture the airfield in November 1942 .


In spite of his defeat of Callaghan 's force , Abe ordered his warships to retire without bombarding Henderson Field .

In spite of his defeat of Callaghan 's force , Abe ordered his warships to pull back without bombing Henderson Field .


The 1st Parachute Battalion , which had suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu-Tanambogo in August , was placed under Edson 's command .

The 1st Parachute Battalion , which had many dead and wounded in the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu-Tanambogo in August , was placed under Edson 's command .


While covering this convoy the aircraft carrier was sunk by the Japanese submarine southeast of Guadalcanal , temporarily leaving only one Allied aircraft carrier ( ) in operation in the South Pacific area .

While protecting this convoy the aircraft carrier USS `` Wasp '' was sunk by the Japanese submarine `` I-19 '' southeast of Guadalcanal . For a while , this left only one Allied aircraft carrier ( USS `` Hornet '' ) in the South Pacific area .


A lull occurred in the air war over Guadalcanal , with no Japanese air raids occurring between 14 and 27 September due to bad weather , during which both sides reinforced their respective air units .

There were no Japanese air raids between 14 and 27 September due to bad weather . Both sides reinforced their air units during this time .


Because the Allied attempt to take Buna was considered a more severe threat to Rabaul , Imamura postponed further major reinforcement efforts to Guadalcanal to concentrate on the situation in New Guinea .

Because the Allied attempt to take Buna was considered a more severe threat to Rabaul , Imamura delayed sending new troops to Guadalcanal to concentrate on the situation in New Guinea .