Blizzard of Ozz is the debut solo studio album by British heavy metal vocalist Ozzy Osbourne , recorded in Surrey , UK and released on 20 September 1980 in the UK and on 27 March 1981 in the US .

Blizzard of Ozz is a heavy metal album by Ozzy Osbourne , recorded in Surrey , UK and released on September 20 , 1980 in the UK and on January 15 , 1981 in the U.S. .


The album tracks `` Crazy Train '' and `` Mr Crowley '' were released as singles in 1980 .

The tracks `` Crazy Train '' and `` Mr. Crowley '' were released as singles .


By utilizing its scarlet fruits for aesthetic effects , landscapers allow it to be grown on trellises , fences or let naturally flourish through other weeds and shrubs .

By using its scarlet fruits for aesthetic effects , landscapers allow it to be grown on trellises , fences or let naturally flourish through other weeds and shrubs .


Each fruit has a single seed that resembles a small snail shell , protected by the hard endocarp or the inner section of the ovary wall .

Each fruit has a single seed that resembles a small snail shell which is protected by the hard endocarp , also known as the inner section of the ovary wall .


It gets its name from the bright red color of the marble-like berry that protrudes from the leaves of the plant .

It gets its name from the bright red color of the marble like berry that protrudes from the leaves of the plant .


Seeds germinate in 21-30 days at 68 ° F. Bloom time for the plant is in late Spring and mature by late Summer .

Bloom time for the plant is in late spring and mature by late summer .


Cocculus carolinus , ( also Carolina Coralbead , Redberry Moonseed , Carolina snailseed , Carolina Moonseed ) is a perennial vine of the genus Cocculus .

Cocculus carolinus otherwise known as Carolina Coralbead , Redberry Moonseed or the Carolina snailseed .


It is indigenous to several states in the United States along the south to midwest .

It is indigenous to several states along the South to Midwest .


Two and a Half Men is an American television sitcom that was first broadcast on CBS on September 22 , 2003 .

Two and a Half Men is an American sitcom which was first shown on CBS on September 22 , 2003 .


Linus Torvalds , author of the Linux kernel , uses Fedora on all his computers .

Linus Torvalds , author of the Linux kernel , says he uses Fedora because it had fairly good support for PowerPC when he used that processor architecture .


The MPLA was not in Angola at this time , but was first in Conakry ( the capital of Guinea ) and then later in Leopoldville , Congo ( now Kinshasa the capital of the DRC ) .

The MPLA was in not in Angola at this time , but was first in Conakry ( the capital of Guinea ) and then later in Leopoldville , Congo ( now Kinshasa the capital of the DRC ) .


As a young man in 1957 he went to Paris , where he met Mário Pinto de Andrade , another Angolan poet and politician , who helped with his political ideas .

As a young man in 1957 he went to Paris , where he met Mario Pinto de Andrade , another Angolan poet and politician , who helped with his political ideas .


Cruz was educated in Luanda , the capital of Angola , which was then ruled by Portugal .

He was educated in Luanda , the capital of Angola , which was then ruled by Portugal .


In the 1960s , following the fighting in the MPLA , Viriato da Cruz went to Beijing , China , where he was well known as having helped create the MPLA .

Viriato da Cruz went to Beijing , China in the 1960s because of the fighting in the MPLA .


He took part in the fight to free Angola from Portuguese rule .

He took part in the fight to free Angola from Portuguese rulers .


His body was taken away in a military vehicle and was buried without ceremony .

His dead body was taken away in a military vehicle and his burial was without any ceremony .


This was counter to the Maoist idea of world revolution .

This was against the Chinese Maoist idea of world revolution .


Viriato Clemente da Cruz ( 25 March 1928-13 June 1973 ) was an Angolan poet and politician , who was born in Kikuvo , Porto Amboim , Portuguese Angola , and died in Beijing , People 's Republic of China .

Viriato Clemente da Cruz , an Angolan poet and politician , was born in 1928 in Kikuvo ( Porto Amboim ) , Angola and died in Beijing , China on 13 June 1973 .


Cruz wanted to leave China and return to Africa , but the Chinese government would not allow him to go .

Viriato da Cruz wanted to leave China and return to Africa , but the Chinese government would not let him go and they were not good to him .


In the 1960s they helped create the group called the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA-from the Portuguese name Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola ) .

In the 1960s they helped create the group called the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA-from the Portuguese name Movimento Pela Libertação de Angola ) .


Viriato da Cruz became secretary-general of the MPLA .


He believed that stronger countries could not impose a socialist revolution on other places , and he would not change his ideas .

He thought that stronger countries can not bring a socialist revolution to other places .


Some Angolan people think that this was shocking , because Viriato da Cruz worked hard for his ideals and was one of the most important leaders of the Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola ( MPLA ) .

Some Angolan people think that this was shocking , because Viriato da Cruz worked hard for Angola and was one of the leaders of the liberation from Portugal .


After some time he and others did not agree with the party leadership , in particular with president Agostinho Neto , and this led to fighting in the streets of Leopoldville .

After some time he and others , did not agree with some people in the group and this led to fighting in the streets of Leopoldville .


Among these poems , `` Namoro '' ( Courtship ) , `` Sô Santo '' ( Holy One ) and `` Makézu '' ( Kola Nut ) are well-known .

Among these poems , Namoro , Sô Santo and Makézu are well-known .


At first , the Chinese government welcomed him ; they wanted him to help them bring Maoist socialism to Africa .

The Chinese wanted Viriato da Cruz to help them bring Maoist socialism to Africa .


He appeared again in Super Smash Bros. .


Ness , the main character from EarthBound , is a playable character in the first three installments of Super Smash Bros. .

In Super Smash Bros. , Ness ( from EarthBound ) is a playable character , using special PSI moves and attacks from EarthBound .


is a port release of Mother and EarthBound ( Mother 2 in Japan ) of the EarthBound series for the Game Boy Advance .

Mother is the first title in the EarthBound series .


EarthBound , known in Japan as Mother ( マザー , Mazā ? )

EarthBound ( known as Mother 2 in Japan ) is the second title in the series .


, is a role-playing video game series created by Shigesato Itoi for Nintendo .

Shigesato Itoi was in charge of all three games .


It includes human trafficking , domestic violence , murder , political murder , contract killing , tax evasion , corruption , extortion , money laundering , police brutality , organized crime , and clan or gang violence .

Crime in Armenia includes human trafficking , domestic violence , murder , political murder , contract killing , tax evasion , corruption , extortion , money laundering , police brutality , organized crime , and clan or gang violence .


Yerevan is controlled by a set of organized , criminal clans known as `` akhperutyuns '' ( Armenian : ախբերություն , or brotherhoods ) .

Yerevan is controlled by a set of organized , criminal clans known as `` akhperutyuns '' ( or brotherhoods ) .


During the first ten months of 2008 , crime in Armenia 's capital Yerevan rose nearly 14 percent from the same period in 2007 , while the rate of crime detection went down .

During the first ten months of 2008 , crime in Armenia 's capital Yerevan rose nearly 14 percent from the same period in 2007 .


The United States has repeatedly described Armenia as a major source of illegal transport of women for sexual exploitation abroad .

The United States has repeatedly said Armenia is a major source of illegal transport of women for sexual exploitation .


The various factions sometimes battle for rights over their `` turf '' .

The different groups sometimes battle for rights over their territory .


Organized crime permeates the Armenian economy .

Organized crime is a part of the Armenian economy .


Recently , Knockout Entertainment announced a multi-million dollar album deal with Koch Records and Shaquille O'Neal 's `` Deja 34 '' entertainment company .


In 2005 , Norwood joined the cast of UPN 's One On One , where he played the character D-Mack for the final season .

In 2005 , Norwood joined the cast of UPN 's One On One , where he played the character of D-Mack for the final season .


After a two year break , Norwood returned to recording studios , adding the finishing touches on his third studio album Raydiation with help from producers such as Rodney Jerkins , Timbaland , R. Kelly , and Rob Egerton .

After a two year break , Ray J returned to recording studios , adding the finishing touches on his third studio album Raydiation with help from producers such as Rodney Jerkins , Timbaland , and R. Kelly .


According to Bradley Torreano of allmusic , `` his easygoing image and boyish looks appealed to the producers of Brandy 's television show , Moesha , giving him a role on the UPN series as Dorian `` D-Money '' , a role he played from 1999 until the show ended in 2001 .

According to Bradley Torreano of allmusic , `` his easygoing image and boyish looks appealed to the producers of Brandy 's television show , Moesha '' , giving him a role on the UPN series starting in 1999 as Brandy 's little cousin , D-Money .


He signed to Elektra Records in 1995 and he began to record his debut album Everything You Want the same year .

Norwood was signed to Elektra Records in 1995 and recorded his debut album Everything You Want the next year .


In 1989 , at the age of eight , Norwood began auditioning for and appearing in television commercials ; he played the foster son in The Sinbad Show , from 1993 to 1994 .

At age eight , he began auditioning for and appearing in television commercials ; he played the foster son in The Sinbad Show .


William Ray Norwood Jr. ( born January 17 , 1981 ) , known by his stage name Ray J , is an American singer , songwriter , record producer and actor .

William Raymond Norwood , Jr. ( born January 17 , 1981 ) , better known by his stage name Ray J , is an American singer , record producer and actor .


The album 's lead single `` One Wish '' was a top 20 success in the US , UK , Ireland , and New Zealand .

Boosted by the album 's lead single `` One Wish , '' a top 20 success in Ireland , New Zealand , the UK , the U.S. .


In 1997 , he was dropped from the label .

In 1997 , he performed in a television special with his sister Brandy but was dropped from the label .


On the administrative level , the island of Dejima was part of the city of Nagasaki .

The island of Dejima was part of the city of Nagasaki .


But after an uprising of the predominantly Christian population in the Shimabara-Amakusa region , the Tokugawa government decided to expel all Western nationals except the Dutch employees of the Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , VOC ) .

After a rebellion of the mostly Christian population in the Shimabara-Amakusa region , the Tokugawa government banned all Western nationals except the Dutch employees of the Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , VOC ) .


Since 1609 , the Dutch had run a trading post on the island of Hirado .

Since 1609 the Dutch had a trading post on the island of Hirado .


At first Portuguese traders were based in Hirado , but they moved in search of a better port .

At first Portuguese traders were based in Hirado .


In 1922 , `` Dejima Dutch Trading Post '' was designated a Japanese national historic site .

`` Dejima Dutch Trading Post '' is now a Japanese national historic site .


Dejima was built to constrain foreign traders as part of sakoku , the self-imposed isolationist policy .

Dejima was built to keep foreign traders out of Japan as part of `` sakoku '' self-imposed isolationist policy .


Times were especially hard when the Netherlands ( then called the Batavian Republic ) was under French Napoleonic rule .

Life on Dejima became especially difficult when the Netherlands ( then called the Batavian Republic ) was under French Napoleonic rule .


Trade declined in the 18th century , as only two ships per year were allowed to dock at Dejima .

This was because only two ships per year were allowed to dock at Dejima .


Covering an area of 120 m x 75 m ( 9000 square meters , or 0.9 hectares ) , it later was integrated into the city .

It covers an area of 120 m x 75 m ( 9000 square meters , or 0.9 hectares ) and has now become part of the city of Nagasaki .


In 1580 Sumitada gave the jurisdiction of Nagasaki to the Jesuits , and the Portuguese obtained the de facto monopoly on the silk trade with China through Macau .

In 1580 Sumitada gave the jurisdiction of Nagasaki to the Jesuits .


The shogun Iemitsu ordered the construction of the artificial island in 1634 , to accommodate the Portuguese traders living in Nagasaki and prevent the propagation of their religion .

Shogun Iemitsu ordered the creation of the artificial island in 1634 .


The 25 local Japanese families who owned the real estate received an annual rent from the Dutch .

25 local Japanese families owned the land .


The Dutch were not allowed to hold any religious services on the island .

Religious services were not allowed on the island .


Every ship that arrived in Dejima was inspected .

Every ship that came to Dejima was inspected .


From 1641 on , only Chinese and Dutch ships were allowed to come to Japan , and Nagasaki harbor was the only harbor to which their entry was permitted .

From 1641 on , only Chinese and Dutch ships were allowed to come to Japan .


This island , which was formed by digging a canal through a small peninsula , remained as the single place of direct trade and exchange between Japan and the outside world during the Edo period .

It was the only place of direct contact and trade between Japan and the outside world during the Edo period .


The Dutch were watched by a number of Japanese officials , gatekeepers , night watchmen , and a supervisor ( otona ) with about fifty subordinates .

The Dutch were watched by a number of Japanese officials , gatekeepers and night watchmen .


Six years later the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier landed in Kagoshima .

Six years later Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier came to the island of Kyushu at Kagoshima .


The chief Dutch official in Japan was called the Opperhoofd by the Dutch , or Kapitan ( from Portuguese capitão ) by the Japanese .

The Japanese also called him Kapitan ( from Portuguese capitão ) .


All ties with the homeland were severed at Dejima , and for a while , it was the only place in the world where the Dutch flag was flown .

For a time Dejima was the only place in the world where the Dutch flag was flown because they were not ruled by France .


After the bankruptcy of the East-India Company in 1795 , the Dutch government took over exchange with Japan .

After that , the Dutch government took over the trade with Japan .


They confiscated religious books and weapons .

Religious books and weapons were taken away .


It contained houses for about twenty Dutchmen , warehouses , and accommodation for Japanese officials .

There were houses for about twenty Dutchmen and warehouses for goods .


Dejima had become a failed investment and without the annual trading with Portuguese ships from Macau , the economy of Nagasaki suffered greatly .

Without the yearly Portuguese ships from Macau , the economy of Nagasaki suffered heavily .


Dejima was a small island , 120 by 75 meters , linked to the mainland by a small bridge , guarded on both sides , and with a gate on the Dutch side .

The island was linked to the mainland by a small bridge with guards .


A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant , the other being the root .

A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant .


The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes .

The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes , the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaves , flowers , cones or other stems etc. .


In most plants stems are located above the soil surface but some plants have underground stems .

In most plants , stems are above the soil surface but some plants have underground stems called stolons or rhizomes .


Stems have four main functions which are : Stems are often specialized for storage , asexual reproduction , protection or photosynthesis , including the following : See also : Stele ( biology ) Stem usually consist of three tissues , dermal tissue , ground tissue and vascular tissue .

Stems are often specialized for storage , asexual reproduction , protection or photosynthesis , including the following : The most important tissue inside the stem is the vascular tissue .


Kamakura was designated as a city on November 3 , 1939 .

Kamakura was made a municipality on November 3 , 1939 .


is a city located in Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan , about 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) south-south-west of Tokyo .

It is about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of Tokyo .


Abhisit earned a bachelor 's degree in philosophy , politics and economics ( PPE ) , first class honors , and a master 's degree in economics from St John 's College , Oxford .

Abhisit received at Bachelor 's Degree in Philosophy , Politics , and Economics ( PPE ) with first class honor and Master 's degree in Economics .


He was the son of King Oswald of Northumbria , who was killed at the Battle of Maserfield in 642 .

He was the son of King Oswald of Northumbria , who was killed by Penda of Mercia at the Battle of Maserfield in 642 .


However , when the armies of Oswiu and Penda met on 15 November at the Battle of the Winwaed , Œthelwald withdrew his forces .

But , when the armies of Oswiu and Penda met on 15 November at the Battle of the Winwaed , Athelwald withdrew to safety .


He subsequently allied himself with Oswiu 's enemy , Penda of Mercia , and assisted Penda during his invasion of Northumbria in 655 .

At some point he allied himself with Oswiu 's enemy , Penda of Mercia .


Bobby Darin ( born Walden Robert Cassotto ; May 14 , 1936 - December 20 , 1973 ) was an American singer , songwriter , and actor of film and television .

Walden Robert Cassotto ( May 14 , 1936 - December 20 , 1973 ) , better known as Bobby Darin , was an American pop singer , most famous during the 1950s .


Bobby Darin married Sandra Dee in 1960 .

Darin was married to actress Sandra Dee from 1960 to 1967 .


Shakhriyar Mamedyarov was born April 12 , 1985 in Sumgayit , Azerbaijan .

Shakhriyar Mamadyarov ( born 12 April 1985 in Sumgayit , Azerbaijan ) , is a chess grandmaster .


He is also known to have quarreled with his staff officer Anton von Hohberg und Buchwald .

However , he quarreled with his staff officer Anton von Hohberg und Buchwald .


Erich Julius Eberhard von Zelewski or Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski ( 1 March 1899 - 8 March 1972 ) was a high profile Nazi official of the Third Reich and a member of the SS , in which he reached the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer ( General ) .

Erich Julius Eberhard von Zelewski or Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski ( 1 March 1899 - 8 March 1972 ) , was a Nazi leader and a member of the SS , where he had the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer .


In June 1942 , after the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich in Prague , Hitler wanted Bach-Zelewski to take Heydrich 's place as the leader of the Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia .

In June 1942 , after the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich in Prague , Adolf Hitler wanted von dem Bach-Zelewski to take Heydrich 's job as Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia .


Until 1943 , Bach-Zalewski remained the HSSPF in command of `` anti-partisan '' units on the central front , a special command created by Adolf Hitler .

Until 1943 , von dem Bach-Zalewski was the HSSPF in command of `` anti-partisan '' units on the central front , a special command created by Adolf Hitler .


On 23 October 1925 , he legally changed his surname to von dem Bach-Zalewski .

On October 23 , 1925 , he changed changed his last name to ` von dem Bach-Zalewski ` .


In November 1914 , Erich von Zalewski volunteered for the Prussian army , becoming one of the youngest recruits and serving until the end of World War I . He was wounded twice , and awarded the Iron Cross .

In November 1914 Erich von Zalewski asked to join the Prussian army , and was one of the youngest soldiers and remained a soldier fighting for the army until the end of World War I . He was wounded twice , and was given the Cross of Honor ( Ehrenkreuz ) and then Iron Cross .


Units under his command killed approximately 200,000 civilians ( more than 65,000 in mass executions ) and an unknown number of POWs .

Units under his command killed about 200,000 people including more than 65,000 executions , and an unknown number of POWs .


Zelewski was born in Lauenburg , Pomerania , German Empire ( now Lębork , Poland ) , on 1 March 1899 .

He was born in Lauenburg , in Pomerania , in the old German Empire ( now called Lębork , Poland ) , on 1 March 1899 .


For his exploits in Warsaw , Bach-Zelewski was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross by the Nazi regime on 30 September 1944 .

For what he did in Warsaw , the Nazi Government gave him the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on September 30 , 1944 .


Bach-Zalewski was rapidly promoted and , by the end of 1933 , had reached the rank of Major General ( SS-Brigadeführer ) .

He was quickly promoted and by the end of 1933 had reached the rank of SS-Brigadeführer .


He went on to have the Polish sounding `` Zelewski '' officially removed from his name in November 1941 .

He removed `` Zelewski '' from his name in November 1941 because of its Polish sound .


A Nazi Party member of the Reichstag from 1932 to 1944 , Bach-Zalewski participated in the Night of the Long Knives in 1934 , taking the opportunity to have Buchwald murdered .

He was a member of the Reichstag from 1932 to 1944 , he took part in the Night of the Long Knives in 1934 , and had Anton von Hohberg und Buchwald murdered .


Born Erich Julius Eberhard von Zelewski , he legally added `` von dem Bach '' to the family name late in 1933 .

His name when he was born was Erich Julius Eberhard von Zelewski .


After more than two months of heavy fighting and the total destruction of Warsaw , Bach-Zelewski managed to take control of the city while committing the cruelest atrocities in the process .

After more than two months of heavy fighting and the total destruction of Warsaw he then was able to control the city .


By 1937 , Bach-Zalewski had become the Higher SS and Police Leader , Höherer SS - und Polizeiführer ( HSSPF ) in Silesia and also served as the Commander of SS main district South East ( SS-Oberabschnitt Südost ) .

By 1937 he had become the Höherer SS - und Polizeiführer ( HSSPF - Higher SS and Police Leader ) in Silesia .


Bach-Zalewski was the only HSSPF in the occupied Soviet territories to retain genuine authority over the police after Hans-Adolf Prützmann and Jeckeln lost theirs to the civil administration .

Von dem Bach-Zalewski was the only HSSPF in the Soviet areas taken over by the Germans to have real authority over the police after Hans-Adolf Prützmann and Jockeln lost theirs to the civil government .


From 1934 he served as leader of SS main districts ( SS-Oberabschnitten ) initially in East Prussia and after 1936 in Silesia .

He served in many Nazi party jobs , first in East Prussia and after 1936 in Silesia .


In July 1943 , Bach-Zelewski became commander of the so-called `` Bandenkämpfverbände '' ( `` Band-fighting Unit '' ) , responsible for the mass murder of 35,000 civilians in Riga and more than 200,000 in Belarus and eastern Poland .

On 22 June 1941 , von dem Bach-Zelewski became HSSPF in the Heeresgruppe Mitte ( Army Group Center ) ; in July 1943 , he became commander of the `` Bandenkämpfverbände '' ( `` Band-fighting Units '' ) , that carried out the mass murder of 35,000 people in Riga and more than 200,000 in Belarus and eastern Poland .


On 2 August 1944 , Bach-Zelewski took command of all German troops fighting against the Warsaw Uprising .

On 2 August 1944 , he took command of all soldiers fighting against the Warsaw Uprising as Korpsgruppe Bach .


The authorities designated him as the future HSSPF in Moscow ; however , the Wehrmacht failed to take the city .

The government was going to make him the future HSSPF in Moscow ; however , the Wehrmacht did not get into the city .


Frogger is an arcade game introduced in 1981 .

Frogger is an arcade video game made in 1981 by Konami .


The player guides a frog which starts at the bottom of the screen .

The frog starts at the bottom of the screen .


To do this , each frog must avoid cars while crossing a busy road and navigate a river full of hazards .


Frogger is still popular and clones can be found on many Internet game sites .

Frogger is very popular and there are many newer Frogger games .


The electric flux over a surface S is therefore given by the surface integral : where E is the electric field and dS is a differential area on the closed surface S with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction .

Using full vector notation , the electric flux through a small area is given by The electric flux over a surface S is therefore given by the surface integral : where E is the electric field and dA is a differential area on the surface with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction .


Thus , the SI base units of electric flux are kg · m3 · s − 3 · A − 1 .

So , the SI base units of electric flux are kg \* m3 \* s − 3 \* A − 1 .


It is important to note that while the electric flux is not affected by charges that are not within the closed surface , the net electric field , E , in the Gauss ' Law equation , can be affected by charges that lie outside the closed surface .

But the net electric field , E , in the Gauss ' Law equation , can be affected by charges that lie outside the closed surface .


While Gauss ' Law holds for all situations , it is only useful for `` by hand '' calculations when high degrees of symmetry exist in the electric field .

Gauss ' Law is true in all situations , but people can only use it to calculate when high degrees of symmetry exist in the electric field .


For a closed Gaussian surface , electric flux is given by : where E is the electric field , S is any closed surface , Q is the total electric charge inside the surface S , ε0 is the electric constant ( a universal constant , also called the `` permittivity of free space '' ) ( ε0 ≈ 8.854 187 817 ... x 10 − 12 farads per meter ( F · m − 1 ) ) .

For a closed Gaussian surface , electric flux is given by : where QS is the net charge enclosed by the surface ( including both free and bound charge ) , and ε0 is the electric constant .


It is part of the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was home to 5,564,635 people at the 2010 census .

It is part of the Greater Miami Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was home to 5,564,635 people at this census .


Lauderhill , officially the City of Lauderhill , is a city in Broward County , Florida .


The first known Swedish document reporting temperatures in this modern `` forward '' Celsius scale is the paper Hortus Upsaliensis dated 16 December 1745 that Linnaeus wrote to a student of his , Samuel Nauclér .

The first known document reporting temperatures in this modern `` forward '' Celsius scale is the paper Hortus Upsaliensis dated 16 December 1745 that Linnaeus wrote to a student of his , Samuel Nauclér .


This pressure is known as one standard atmosphere .

This pressure is known as one atmosphere .


His custom-made `` linnaeus-thermometer '' , for use in his greenhouses , was made by Daniel Ekström , Sweden 's leading maker of scientific instruments at the time and whose workshop was located in the basement of the Stockholm observatory .

His custom-made `` linnaeus-thermometer , '' to use in his greenhouses , was made by Daniel Ekström , then Sweden 's leading maker of scientific instruments .


As often happened in this age before modern communications , numerous physicists , scientists , and instrument makers are credited with having independently developed this same scale ; among them were Pehr Elvius , the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( which had an instrument workshop ) and with whom Linnaeus had been corresponding ; Daniel Ekström ( SV ) , the instrument maker ; and Mårten Strömer ( 1707-1770 ) who had studied astronomy under Anders Celsius .

As often happened in this age before modern communications , many physicists , scientists , and instrument makers are given credit with independently making the same measurement scale ; among them were Pehr Elvius , the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( which had an instrument workshop ) , who Linnaeus had also talked to ; Christin of Lyons ; Daniel Ekström , the instrument maker ; and Mårten Strömer ( 1707-1770 ) who had studied astronomy under Anders Celsius .


He proposed that the zero point of his temperature scale , being the boiling point , would be calibrated at the mean barometric pressure at mean sea level .

He decided that zero on his temperature scale ( water 's boiling point ) would be set at the standard barometric pressure at sea level .


Temperatures on the centigrade scale were often reported simply as degrees or , when greater specificity was desired , as degrees centigrade .

Temperatures on the centigrade scale were often reported as `` degrees '' or `` degrees centigrade . ''


The symbol for temperature values on this scale is ° C. Because the term centigrade was also the Spanish and French language name for a unit of angular measurement ( 1\/10 ,000 of a right angle ) and had a similar connotation in other languages , the term centesimal degree was used when very precise , unambiguous language was required by international standards bodies such as the BIPM .

Because the name `` centigrade '' was also the Spanish and French language name for a unit of angular measurement ( one-hundredth of a right angle ) and had a similar meaning in other languages , the term `` centesimal degree '' was used when very precise , clear language was required for international communication , such as by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) .


In his paper Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer , he recounted his experiments showing that the melting point of ice is essentially unaffected by pressure .

He showed that the melting point of ice was basically unaffected by air pressure .


It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius ( 1701-1744 ) , who developed a similar temperature scale .

This unit was created by Anders Celsius ( 1701-1744 ) , a Swedish astronomer .


In 1744 , coincident with the death of Anders Celsius , the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus ( 1707-1778 ) reversed Celsius 's scale .

In 1744 , the year Anders Celsius died , the famous Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus ( 1707-1778 ) used a reversed version of Celsius 's scale when he bought his first thermometer .


In 1742 , Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius ( 1701-1744 ) created a temperature scale which was the reverse of the scale now known by the name `` Celsius '' : 0 represented the boiling point of water , while 100 represented the freezing point of water .

In 1742 , Anders Celsius ( 1701-1744 ) made a `` reversed '' version of the modern Celsius temperature scale .


In it , Linnaeus recounted the temperatures inside the orangery at the Botanical Garden of Uppsala University : Since the 19th century , the scientific and thermometry communities worldwide referred to this scale as the centigrade scale .

In it , Linnaeus reported the temperatures inside the orangery at the Botanical Garden of Uppsala University : '' ... since the caldarium ( the hot part of the greenhouse ) by the angle of the windows , merely from the rays of the sun , obtains such heat that the thermometer often reaches 30 degrees , although the keen gardener usually takes care not to let it rise to more than 20 to 25 degrees , and in winter not under 15 degrees ... '' For the next 204 years , the scientific and thermometry communities worldwide called this scale the `` centigrade scale . ''


Celsius , also known as centigrade , is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature .

Celsius ( more precisely , a degree Celsius ) , sometimes called centigrade , is a unit of measurement used in many countries to measure temperature .


Eventually , the lyrics written by Hafeez Jullundhri were approved and the new national anthem was broadcast publicly for the first time on Radio Pakistan on 13 August 1954 , sung by Hafeez Jullundhri himself .

The national anthem of Pakistan was written some time later by the Urdu poet Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez Jullundhri .


Sinhala has its own writing system , the Sinhala alphabet , which is a member of the Brahmic family of scripts , and a descendant of the ancient Indian Brahmi script .

Sinhala has its own writing system ( see Sinhala script ) which is an offspring of the Indian Brahmi script .


It belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages .

It belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family .


Sinhala is also spoken , as a second language by other ethnic groups in Sri Lanka , totalling about 3 million .

Sinhala is spoken by about 19 million people in Sri Lanka , about 16 million of them are native speakers .


The closest relative of Sinhala is the language of the Maldives and Minicoy Island ( India ) , Dhivehi .

The closest relative of Sinhala is the language of the Maldives , Dhivehi .


Sinhala is one of the official and national languages of Sri Lanka .

It is one of the constitutionally-recognised official languages of Sri Lanka , along with Tamil .


The Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana ) , commonly known as the North American opossum , is the only marsupial found in North America north of Mexico .

The Virginia Opossum ( Didelphis virginiana ) , sometimes called a possum , is a marsupial .


The Virginia opossum is the original animal named `` opossum '' .

There are many marsupials in Australia , but the Virginia Opossum is the only North American marsupial .


The Julian Day Number ( JDN ) is the integer assigned to a whole solar day in the Julian day count starting from noon Greenwich Mean Time , with Julian day number 0 assigned to the day starting at noon on January 1 , 4713 BC , proleptic Julian calendar ( November 24 , 4714 BC , in the proleptic Gregorian calendar ) .

The Julian day or Julian day number ( JDN ) is the number of days that have passed since the initial epoch defined as noon Universal Time ( UT ) Monday , January 1 , 4713 BC in the Julian calendar .


The Julian Date ( JD ) of any instant is the Julian day number for the preceding noon plus the fraction of the day since that instant .

The Julian date ( JD ) is a continuous count of days and fractions elapsed since the same initial epoch .


Its name comes from the Greek words μείων ( meiōn , `` less '' ) and καινός ( kainos , `` new '' ) and means `` less recent '' because it has 18 % fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene .

Its name comes from the Greek words μείων ( meiōn , `` less '' ) and καινός ( kainos , `` new '' ) and means `` less recent '' , because it has 18 % fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene .


Approximately 100 species of apes lived during this time .

About 100 species of ape lived at that time , and cetaceans were very common in the seas .


The Miocene boundaries are not marked by a single distinct global event but consist rather of regional boundaries between the warmer Oligocene and the cooler Pliocene .

They are set at regional boundaries between the warmer Oligocene and the cooler Pliocene epochs .


Mammals and birds were well-established .

Modern families of mammals and birds existed .


The Miocene follows the Oligocene epoch and is followed by the Pliocene epoch .

As the earth cooled , it went from the Oligocene epoch , through the Miocene , and into the Pliocene .


A sliding cursor with a vertical alignment line is used to find corresponding points on scales that are not adjacent to each other or , in duplex models , are on the other side of the rule .

A sliding cursor with a vertical alignment line is used to find corresponding points on scales that are not next to each other or , in duplex models , are on the other side of the rule .


The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as digital computing devices were being gradually introduced ; but around 1974 the electronic scientific calculator made it largely obsolete and most suppliers left the business .

The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as digital computing devices were gradually introduced ; but around 1974 the electronic scientific calculator made the slide rule largely obsolete and most suppliers exited the business .


We wanted to find 2 × 7 , but instead we calculated ( 2\/10 ) × 7 = 0.2 × 7 = 1.4 .

We wanted to find 2 × 7 , but instead we calculated 0.2 × 7 = 1.4 .


More elaborate slide rules allow other calculations , such as square roots , exponentials , logarithms , and trigonometric functions .

More complex slide rules allow other calculations , such as square roots , exponentials , logarithms , and trigonometric functions .


For example , to calculate 3 × 2 , the 1 on the top scale is moved to the 2 on the bottom scale .

For example , to calculate 3 \* 2 , the 1 on the top scale is moved to the 2 on the bottom scale .


The slide rule is used primarily for multiplication and division , and also for functions such as roots , logarithms and trigonometry , but is not normally used for addition or subtraction .

The slide rule is used primarily for multiplication and division , and also for `` scientific '' functions such as roots , logarithms and trigonometry , but does not generally perform addition or subtraction .


The second method utilizes a sliding linear L scale available on some models .

The second method uses a sliding linear L scale available on some models .


The slide rule , also known colloquially in the United States as a slipstick , is a mechanical analog computer .

The slide rule , also known as a slipstick , is a mechanical analog computer .


Some slide rules ( `` duplex '' models ) have scales on both sides of the rule and slide strip , others on one side of the outer strips and both sides of the slide strip ( which can usually be pulled out , flipped over and reinserted for convenience ) , still others on one side only ( `` simplex '' rules ) .

Some slide rules ( `` duplex '' models ) have scales on both sides of the rule and slide strip , others on one side of the outer strips and both sides of the slide strip , still others on one side only ( `` simplex '' rules ) .


This works because the distances from the `` 1 '' are proportional to the logarithms of the marked values : Operations may go `` off the scale ; '' for example , the diagram above shows that the slide rule has not positioned the 7 on the upper scale above any number on the lower scale , so it does not give any answer for 2 × 7 .


For angles from around 5.7 up to 90 degrees , sines are found by comparing the S scale with C . The S scale has a second set of angles ( sometimes in a different color ) , which run in the opposite direction , and are used for cosines .


Most slide rules consist of three linear strips of the same length , aligned in parallel and interlocked so that the central strip can be moved lengthwise relative to the other two .

The strips are aligned in parallel and interlocked so that the central strip can be moved lengthwise relative to the other two .


In such cases , the user may slide the upper scale to the left until its right index aligns with the 2 , effectively dividing by 10 ( by subtracting the full length of the C-scale ) and then multiplying by 7 , as in the illustration below : Here the user of the slide rule must remember to adjust the decimal point appropriately to correct the final answer .

In such cases , the user may slide the upper scale to the left until its right index aligns with the 2 , effectively multiplying by 0.2 instead of by 2 , as in the illustration below : Here the user of the slide rule must remember to adjust the decimal point appropriately to correct the final answer .


In general , mathematical calculations are performed by aligning a mark on the sliding central strip with a mark on one of the fixed strips , and then observing the relative positions of other marks on the strips .

Mathematical calculations are done by aligning a mark on the sliding central strip with one on one of the fixes strips .


Tangents are found by comparing the T scale with the C ( or D ) scale for angles less than 45 degrees .

Tangents are found by comparing the T scale with C or , for angles greater than 45 degrees , CI .


Many slide rules have S , T , and ST scales marked with degrees and minutes ( e.g. some Keuffel and Esser models , late-model Teledyne-Post Mannheim-type rules ) .

Many slide rules have S , T , and ST scales marked with degrees and minutes .


William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 17th century based on the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier .

William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 1600s .


Slide rules manufactured for specialized fields such as aviation or finance typically feature additional scales that aid in calculations common to that field .

Some slide rules have been made for specialised fields of application , for example aviation or finance .


Before the advent of the pocket calculator , it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering .

Before electronic calculators were developed , slide rules were the tool used most often in science and engineering .


Computer simulations have become a useful part of mathematical modeling of many natural systems in physics ( computational physics ) , astrophysics , chemistry and biology , human systems in economics , psychology , social science , and engineering .

They are used in many ways including in astronomy , economics and sciences such as physics and biology .


Passive sub-irrigation , also known as passive hydroponics or semi-hydroponics , is a method wherein plants are grown in an inert porous medium that transports water and fertilizer to the roots by capillary action from a separate reservoir as necessary , reducing labor and providing a constant supply of water to the roots .

This method is also known as passive hydroponics or semi-hydroponics .


This research , however , overlooked the fact that hydroponics has other advantages including the fact that the roots of the plant have constant access to oxygen and that the plants have access to as much or as little water as they need .

The roots of the plant hang in the air and the advantage of this system is that the roots have good access to oxygen .


When it opened , it had the steepest drop of any wooden roller coaster in the world at 76 degrees , until the record was broken by T Express in 2008 by one degree .

It has the steepest drop of any wooden roller coaster in the world , at 76 degrees .


El Toro , a Spanish term meaning The Bull , is a wooden roller coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson , New Jersey .

El Toro ( The Bull ) is a wooden roller coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson , New Jersey , United States .


El Toro is very different from a traditional wooden roller coaster because it uses prefabricated wooden track .

El Toro is quite different than most other wooden roller coasters because it is made out prefabricated track , which means that the pieces of track were cut in a factory and do not need to be cut by hand .


The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States .

The Second Great Awakening was a religious movement in the United States in the early and mid 1800s .


Both intelligent patrons of literature and art , Anna Amalia and Charles Augustus attracted to their court the leading German scholars , including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Schiller and Johann Gottfried Herder , and made their residence Weimar an important cultural center in an era referred to as Weimar Classicism .

Both intelligent patrons of literature and art , Anna Amalia and Charles Augustus attracted to their court the leading scholars in Germany , including Goethe , Schiller and Herder , and made Weimar an important cultural center .


His son Ernest Augustus II , who succeeded him in 1748 , died in 1758 , whereafter Empress Maria Theresa appointed his young widow , Duchess Anna Amalia , regent of the country and guardian of her infant son , Charles Augustus .

Ernest Augustus II , who succeeded in 1748 , died in 1758 , and his young widow , Anna Amalia , became regent for her infant son , Charles Augustus .


The regency of energetic Anna Amalia and the reign of Charles Augustus , who was raised by the writer Christoph Martin Wieland , formed a high point in the history of Saxe-Weimar .

The regency of Anna Amalia and the reign of Charles Augustus were important in the history of Saxe-Weimar .


In 1809 Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach , which had been united only in the person of the duke , were formally merged into the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach .

In 1809 Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach , which had been separate duchies with the same duke became one country as the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach .


However , at the same time he joined Prussia in the War of the Fourth Coalition against the French Empire , and after the defeat at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt was forced to accede the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine in 1806 .

After France won the Battle of Jena , Saxe Weimar was forced to join the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806 .


Other important influences on the war novel included the tragedies of such dramatists as Euripides , Seneca the Younger , Christopher Marlowe , and Shakespeare .

Euripides , Seneca the Younger , Christopher Marlowe , and William Shakespeare wrote plays that are important influences on war novels .


An example of one such work is Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen 's Simplicius Simplicissimus , a semi-autobiographical account of the Thirty Years ' War .

One example is Simplicissimus by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen .


It is sometimes referred to as military fiction .

It is sometimes called military fiction .


The war novel 's main roots lie in the epic poetry of the classical and medieval periods , especially Homer 's The Iliad , Virgil 's The Aeneid , the Old English saga Beowulf , and different versions of the legends of King Arthur .

Some of the most famous epic poems are The Iliad by Homer , The Aeneid by Virgil , the Old English saga Beowulf , and the legends of King Arthur .


Since 19 March 1803 , Rheinfelden has been the capital of a district of the same name , in the canton of Aargau .

Since 19 March 1803 , Rheinfelden has been the capital of the district of the same name , in the canton of Aargau .


Bernhard brought them weapons , but in the second passage on 3 March they were heavily defeated , as he and his men unexpectedly re-appeared on the battlefield , with Savelli and Werth falling into captivity .

Bernhard brought them weapons , but in the second passage on 3 March they were defeated , as he and his men unexpectedly re-appeared on the battlefield , with Savelli and Werth falling into captivity .


In 1745 , during the War of the Austrian Succession , the French made a fortress on the same ground and also blasted a portion of the city wall .

In 1745 , during the War of the Austrian Succession , the French made a fortress on the same ground and also ruined part of the city wall .


Between 1633 and 1638 the Thirty Years ' War reached Fricktal , where Rheinfelden played an important role .

Between 1633 and 1638 , the Thirty Years ' War reached Fricktal , where Rheinfelden played a big role .


On 17 July 1796 Rheinfelden was again occupied and looted by the French .

On 17 July 1796 , Rheinfelden was again occupied and looted by the French .


As a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 , the Fricktal became a French protectorate , forming the front line between the French Revolutionary and the Austrian troops in the War of the Second Coalition .

Because of the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 , the Fricktal became a protectorate of the French , making the front line between the French Revolutionary and the Austrian troops in the War of the Second Coalition .


With the beginning of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss ( the German Mediatisation ) , Napoleon Bonaparte dissolved the canton of Fricktal .

With the beginning of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss ( the German Mediatisation ) , Napoleon Bonaparte removed the canton of Fricktal .


Towards the end of the 4th century a border fort was constructed at the western settlement .

Towards the end of the 4th century , a fort was built at the western settlement .


In the year 45 BC , a few kilometres further west , the settlement Augusta Raurica was founded , the first Roman town in Switzerland , near modern Kaiseraugst .

In the year 45 BC , a few kilometers west , the village Augusta Raurica was made , the first Roman town in Switzerland , near modern Kaiseraugst .


The Protestants lost this encounter and moved on .

The Protestants lost this battle and moved on .


The name means the fields of the Rhine , as the town is located on the Hochrhein .

The name means the fields of the Rhine , as the town is on the Hochrhein .


On 20 February 1802 Rheinfelden was made a district capital of the newly created Canton of Fricktal , ( Principality of Frickgau ) , joining the Helvetic Republic in August , the point at which the city became decisively Swiss .

On 20 February 1802 , Rheinfelden was made the capital city of the new Canton of Fricktal , joining the Helvetic Republic in August , the point at which the city became mostly Swiss .


On 28 February the Battle of Rheinfelden began , as the city was attacked by numerically-superior Imperial and Bavarian troops under the command of Johann von Werth and Federico Savelli .

On 28 February , the Battle of Rheinfelden began , as the city was attacked by the bigger Imperial and Bavarian troops sent by Johann von Werth and Federigo Savelli .


The area around Rheinfelden was already settled in the Middle Stone Age , around 10,000 years before the present day .

The area around Rheinfelden was already settled about 10,000 years ago .


On 5 February 1638 , the city was besieged by Protestant troops under the command of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar .

On 5 February 1638 , the city was put under attack by Protestant troops sent by Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar .


On 15 July 1633 , Swedish and French troops devastated the city .

On 15 July 1633 , Swedish and French troops ruined the city .


During the Rappenkrieg , a peasant uprising that lasted from 1612 until 1614 , the city was unsuccessfully besieged but devastated .

During the Rappenkrieg ( a peasant uprising that lasted from 1612 until 1614 ) , the city was ruined .


In 1678 , French troops under the command of François de Créquy fired at the city .

In 1678 , French troops sent by François de Créquy fired at the city .


The entire old town of Rheinfelden is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites .

The old town of Rheinfelden is on the Rhine river .


The Rhine is navigable by ship from Rheinfelden all the way to the North Sea .

The Rhine can be traveled down by ship from Rheinfelden all the way to the North Sea .


The collective language codes in ISO 639-2 are listed below .

The list below shows all the codes in ISO 639-2 .


While most languages are given one code by the standard , twenty of the languages described have two three-letter codes , a `` bibliographic '' code ( ISO 639-2 \ / B ) , which is derived from the English name for the language and was a necessary legacy feature , and a `` terminological '' code ( ISO 639-2 \ / T ) , which is derived from the native name for the language .

Where two ISO 639-2 codes are given in the table , the one with the asterisk is the bibliographic code ( B code ) and the other is the terminological code ( T code ) .


The three-letter codes given for each language in this part of the standard are referred to as `` Alpha-3 '' codes .


The US Library of Congress is the registration authority for ISO 639-2 ( referred to as ISO 639-2 \ / RA ) .


The following two codes are identified as collective codes in ISO 639-2 but are ( at present ) missing from ISO 639-5 : Codes registered for 639-2 that are listed as collective codes in ISO 639-5 ( and collective codes by name in ISO 639-2 ) : Special codes in ISO 639-2 :

ISO 639 is a set of international standards that lists short codes for language names .


Glen Travis Campbell ( born April 22 , 1936 ) is an American country music singer , guitarist , television host and occasional actor .

Glen Campbell ( born April 22 , 1936 ) is an American musician , singer and actor .


On The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour , Campbell avoided political topics .

Campbell guest-starred on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour , and later hosted a series of his own , The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour .


Tegan Jovanka is a fictional character played by Janet Fielding in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who .

Tegan Jovanka is a fictional character in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who .


En route to Heathrow Airport to start her new job as a stewardess with Air Australia , her aunt Vanessa 's vehicle ( in which she is riding ) suffers a flat tyre .

On her way to Heathrow Airport to start her new job with Air Australia , her car suffers a flat tyre .


She is present when the Fourth Doctor falls from the Pharos Project radio telescope and regenerates into his fifth incarnation , and continues to journey with the Doctor and his other companions .

She is present when the Fourth Doctor falls from the Pharos Project radio telescope and regenerates into his fifth incarnation , and continues to travel with the doctor Eventually , the chaos during the events of Resurrection of the Daleks prove too much and she chooses to leave the Doctor and Turlough and stay in 1984 London .


An Australian airline stewardess and a native of Brisbane who was a companion of the Fourth and Fifth Doctors , she was a regular in the program from 1981 to 1984 .

Tegan Jovanka was an Australian airline stewardess who was a companion of the Fourth and Fifth Doctors , she was a regular in the program from 1981 to 1984 .


Tegan enters a roadside police box to seek help , not knowing that it is actually the Doctor 's disguised TARDIS .

She enters a roadside police box to seek help , but she enters and does not realize that it is the Doctor 's Tardis .


Leh is followed by Kargil as the largest town in Ladakh .

Leh is followed by Kargil as the second largest town in Ladakh .


Almost half of Ladakhis are Tibetan Buddhists and the rest are mostly Shia Muslims .

A majority of Ladakhis are Tibetan Buddhists and the rest are mostly Shia Muslims .


Some Ladakhi activists have in recent times called for Ladakh to be constituted as a union territory because of perceived unfair treatment by Kashmir and Ladakh 's cultural differences with predominantly Muslim Kashmir .

Some Ladakhi activists have in recent times called for Ladakh to be made into a union territory because of its religious and cultural differences with Kashmir , which is mostly Muslim .


The entire state of Jammu and Kashmir continues to be the subject of a territorial dispute between India , Pakistan and China .

It is part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir .


After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 , the stretch of the Indus flowing through Ladakh is the only part of this river , which is greatly venerated in the Hindu religion and culture , that still flows through India .

The stretch of the Indus flowing through Ladakh is the only part of this river in India .


Most major historical and current towns - Shey , Leh , Basgo and Tingmosgang ( but not Kargil ) , are situated close to the Indus River .

Most major historical and current towns ( Shey , Leh , Basgo and Tingmosgang ) are located close to the Indus River .


Ladakh `` land of high passes '' is a region of India in the state of Jammu and Kashmir that lies between the Kunlun mountain range in the north and the main Great Himalayas to the south , inhabited by people of Indo-Aryan and Tibetan descent .

It is located between the Kunlun mountain range in the north and the main Himalayas to the south .


The first recipient , in 1966 , was Alan Perlis , of Carnegie Mellon University .

The first Turing Award was given in 1966 to Alan Perlis , a teacher at Carnegie Mellon University .


The Turing Award is recognized as the `` highest distinction in Computer science '' and `` Nobel Prize of computing '' .

The Turing Award is kind of like a Nobel Prize , but it is given only to people in computer science .


Entre a Mi Mundo ( English : Enter My World ) is the third studio album by American Tejano pop singer Selena .

Entre A Mi Mundo ( English : Enter My World ) , was the fourth studio album by Mexican-American Tejano pop singer , Selena .


Entre a Mi Mundo won the prestigious `` Album of the Year - Orchestra '' award at the 1993 Tejano Music Awards and `` Regional\/Mexican Album of the Year '' at the 1993 Lo Nuestro Awards .

The album won several awards at the Tejano Music Awards and Premio Lo Nuestro Awards .


`` Como La Flor '' , which is a Mexican cumbia song , had became Selena 's signature song , and one of her best well-known songs .

Songs like `` Como La Flor '' and `` La Carcacha '' became Selena 's signature songs and helped her crossover to tour in Mexico .


It is the first novel in the Warriors series .

Into the Wild is the first book in the Warriors series .


The first volume , Into the Wild , was written by Kate Cary under the pseudonym Erin Hunter , and completed in about three months .


Brüning 's first official act was to introduce a budget calling for steep spending cuts and steep tax increases .

Brüning 's first act was to introduce a budget calling for steep spending cuts and sharp tax increases .


Largely because of his status as Germany 's greatest war hero , Hindenburg won the election in the second round of voting held on 26 April 1925 .

Because he was Germany 's greatest war hero , Hindenburg won the election in the second round of voting held on 26 April 1925 .


Hindenburg retired again in 1919 , but returned to public life in 1925 to be elected as the second President of Germany .

Hindenburg retired again in 1919 , but returned to public life one more time in 1925 to be elected as the second President of Germany .


Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , one of the leaders of the DNVP , visited Hindenburg and urged him to run .

After the first round Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , one of the leaders of the DNVP , visited Hindenburg and asked him to run .


These advisers included his son , Oskar , Otto Meißner , General Wilhelm Groener , and General Kurt von Schleicher .

He advisers included his son , Oskar , his old army aide General Wilhelm Groener , and General Kurt von Schleicher .


The famed zeppelin Hindenburg that was destroyed by fire in 1937 was named in his honor , as was the Hindenburgdamm , a causeway joining the island of Sylt to mainland Schleswig-Holstein that was built during his time in office .

The famous zeppelin Hindenburg that was destroyed by fire in 1937 had been named in his honor , as is the causeway joining the island of Sylt to mainland Schleswig-Holstein , the Hindenburgdamm , built during his time in office .


He was aided by the support of the Bavarian People 's Party ( BVP ) , which switched from supporting Marx , and the refusal of the Communist Party of Germany ( KPD ) to withdraw its candidate , Ernst Thälmann ( if either had supported Marx he would have won ) .

He was helped when the Bavarian People 's Party ( BVP ) , switched its support from Marx , the SPD candidate and the Communist Party of Germany ( KPD ) to did not withdraw its candidate , Ernst Thälmann .


When the Reichstag voted to repeal the budget , Brüning had Hindenburg dissolve the Reichstag , just two years into its mandate , and reapprove the budget through the Article 48 mechanism .

When the Reichstag voted to cancel the budget , Brüning had Hindenburg dissolve Reichstag only two years into its mandate , and had the budget passed again by Article 48 .


Hindenburg died the following year , after which Hitler declared the office of President vacant and , as `` Führer und Reichskanzler '' , made himself head of state .

Hindenburg died the next year , after which Hitler declared the office of President vacant and made himself Head of State .


After the 1930 elections , Brüning continued to govern largely through Article 48 ; his government was kept afloat by the support of the Social Democrats who voted not to cancel his Article 48 bills in order not to have another election that could only benefit the Nazis and the Communists .

Brüning ruled through Article 48 ; the Social Democrats never voted not to cancel his Article 48 bills in order not to have another election that could only benefit the Nazis and the Communists .


The Communist Party of Germany also made striking gains , albeit not so great .

The Communist Party of Germany also made gains .


The `` 25\/48\/53 formula '' referred to the three articles of the Constitution that could make a `` Presidential government '' possible : Schleicher 's idea was to have Hindenburg appoint a man of Schleicher 's choosing as chancellor , who would rule under the provisions of Article 48 .

The `` 25\/48\/53 formula '' was the three articles of the Constitution that could make a `` Presidential government '' possible : Schleicher 's wanted to have Hindenburg appoint a chancellor that Schleicher chose .


Though 84 years old and in poor health , Hindenburg was persuaded to run for reelection in 1932 , as he was considered the only candidate who could defeat Hitler .

He was 84 years old and in poor health , but had to run for re-election in 1932 as the only candidate who could defeat Adolf Hitler .


It was he who came up with the idea of Presidential government based on the so-called `` 25\/48\/53 formula '' .

Schleicher came up with the idea of Presidential government , and the `` 25\/48\/53 formula '' .


Though Hindenburg ran during the second round of the elections as a non-party independent , he was generally regarded as the conservative candidate .

Hindenburg eventually agreed to run in the second round of the elections as a non-party independent , although he was a conservative .


In 1925 , Hindenburg was nominated to run for President of Germany despite the fact that he had no interest in running for public office , but accepted the nomination anyway .

In 1925 , Hindenburg had no interest in running for public office .


The first attempt to establish a `` presidential government '' had occurred in 1926-1927 , but floundered for lack of political support .

The first try at `` presidential government '' in 1926-1927 failed for lack of political support .


Hindenburg enjoyed a long career in the Prussian Army , retiring in 1911 .

Hindenburg retired from the army in 1911 .


During the winter of 1929-1930 , however , Schleicher had more success .

During the winter of 1929-1930 , Schleicher had a series of secret meetings with Heinrich Brüning , the leader of the Catholic Center Party ( Zentrum ) .


If the Reichstag should threaten to annul any laws so passed , Hindenburg could counter with the threat of dissolution .

If the Reichstag should threaten to cancel any of those laws , Hindenburg could threaten a dissolution , and call new elections .


When the budget was defeated in July 1930 , Brüning arranged for Hindenburg to sign the budget into law by invoking Article 48 .

When the budget was defeated in July , Brüning had Hindenburg sign the budget as an emergency law under Article 48 .


Although often referred to as the Ersatzkaiser ( substitute Emperor ) , Hindenburg made no effort to restore the monarchy and took his oath to the Weimar Constitution seriously .

He liked the monarchy , but took his oath to the Weimar Constitution seriously .


Schleicher maneuvered to exacerbate a bitter dispute within the `` Grand Coalition '' government of the Social Democrats and the German People 's Party over whether the unemployment insurance rate should be raised by a half percentage point or a full percentage point .

Schleicher then set about splitting the `` Grand Coalition '' government of the Social Democrats and the German People 's Party .


In February , he issued the Reichstag Fire Decree , which suspended various civil liberties , and in March he signed the Enabling Act , which gave Hitler 's administration legislative powers .

In March he signed the Enabling Act of 1933 which gave special powers to Hitler 's government .


Luria was born Salvatore Edoardo Luria , in Turin , Italy to an influential Italian Sephardic Jewish family .

Luria was born Salvatore Edoardo Luria in Turin , Italy to an influential Italian Sephardic Jewish family .


Here , he was introduced to Max Delbrück 's theories on the gene as a molecule and began to formulate methods for testing genetic theory with the bacteriophages , viruses that infect bacteria .

In Rome , he was introduced to Max Delbrück 's theories on the gene as a molecule and began to formulate methods for testing genetic theory with bacteriophages , which are viruses that infect bacteria .


With the help of physicist Enrico Fermi , whom he knew from his time at the University of Rome , Luria received a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship at Columbia University .

With the help of physicist Enrico Fermi , whom he knew from his time at the University of Rome , Luria received a fellowship at Columbia University .


From 1943 to 1950 , he worked at Indiana University .

From 1943 to 1950 , he worked at Indiana University , Bloomington .


His famous experiment with Delbrück in 1943 , known as the Luria-Delbrück experiment , demonstrated statistically that inheritance in bacteria must follow Darwinian rather than Lamarckian principles and that mutant bacteria occurring randomly can still bestow viral resistance without the virus being present .

His famous experiment with Delbrück in 1943 , known as the Luria-Delbrück experiment , demonstrated that inheritance in bacteria follows Darwinian rather than Lamarckian principles and that mutant genes occurring randomly can still give viral resistance without the virus being present .


Salvador Edward Luria ( August 13 , 1912 - February 6 , 1991 ) was an Italian microbiologist naturalized American .

Salvador Edward Luria ( Turin , Italy , August 13 , 1912 - Lexington , Massachusetts , February 6 , 1991 ) was an Italian microbiologist .


He attended the medical school at the University of Turin studying with Giuseppe Levi .

He attended the medical school at the University of Turin .


He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969 , with Max Delbrück and Alfred Hershey , for their discoveries on the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses .

He won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his pioneering work with Max Delbrück and Alfred Hershey on phages in molecular biology .


He discovered that a culture of E. coli was able to significantly reduce the production of phages grown in another strains .

While investigating how a culture of E. coli was able to stop the production of phages , Luria discovered that specific bacterial strains produce enzymes that cut DNA at certain sequences .


He was an original member of the Institut and a chevalier of the Legion of Honour .

He was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honour .


He went to Paris in 1751 and was taken on by the composer Jean-Philippe Rameau .


François-Joseph Gossec ( 17 January 1734 - 16 February 1829 ) was a French composer of operas , string quartets , symphonies , and choral works .

François-Joseph Gossec ( born Vergnies , 17 January 1734 - 16 February , 1829 ) was a South Netherlands composer .


Cooper was a South African psychiatrist working in Britain .

South African psychiatrist David Cooper was the first to use the word `` anti-psychiatry '' .


Las Campanas Observatory ( LCO ) is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the Carnegie Institution for Science ( CIS ) .

It is owned and operated by the Carnegie Institution for Science .


Besides this song , Ingram has sent six other songs into the country Top 40 : `` Love You , '' a cover version of Hinder 's `` Lips of an Angel , '' `` Measure of a Man , '' `` Maybe She 'll Get Lonely , '' `` That 's a Man '' and `` Barefoot and Crazy . ''

Ingram has had six other songs on the country Top 40 : `` Love You , '' a cover version of Hinder 's `` Lips of an Angel , '' `` Measure of a Man , '' `` Maybe She 'll Get Lonely , '' `` That 's a Man '' and `` Barefoot and Crazy . ''


A number one hit on the Billboard country charts , it was also his first release for Big Machine and that label 's first Number One hit .

That song hit number on the Billboard country charts .


The IIBC lowered the price of the TOEIC Secure Program Test from 6,615 yen to 5,985 yen starting with the September 13 , 2009 test .

The IIBC lowered the price of the TOEIC Secure Program Test from 6,615 yen to 5,985 yen from September 13 , 2009 .


The total score adds up to a scale from 10 to 990 points .

The total score adds up to from 10 to 990 points .


The TOEIC Speaking Test takes approximately 20 minutes to complete ; the TOEIC writing test lasts approximately 60 minutes .

The TOEIC Speaking Test takes about 20 minutes .


A new version of the TOEIC Listening & Reading test was released in 2006 .

The TOEIC Listening & Reading Test is a two-hour multiple-choice test .


Test takers receive separate scores for each of the two tests , or can take the Speaking test without taking the Writing test .

Test takers get separate scores for each of the two tests .


The Test of English for International Communication ( TOEIC ) is `` an English language test designed specifically to measure the everyday English skills of people working in an international environment . ''

The Test of English for International Communication ( TOEIC ) is meant to measure English skills in everyday workplace activities .


The magazine article also questioned why Watanabe only showed up for work about one day a week .

Also , Watanabe only worked about one day a week .


The US-based Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) developed the TOEIC test to measure achievement in using English in a business setting .

The Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) writes and gives the test .


In May and June 2009 , articles in the Japanese weekly magazine FRIDAY accused the IIBC 's 92 year-old Chairman Yaeji Watanabe of nepotism when he appointed the son of his girlfriend to the position of Chairman of the IIBC Board of Directors .

The IIBC 's 92 year-old Chairman Yaeji Watanabe made his girlfriend 's son Chairman of the IIBC Board of Directors .


Each candidate receives independent scores for listening and reading comprehension on a scale from 5 to 495 points .

Test takers get separate scores for listening and reading on from 5 to 495 points .


In July 2010 , the Tokyo Tax Bureau announced that International Communications School , IIBC 's for-profit partner , hid 100 million yen in income and had to pay 30 million yen in back taxes and fines .

ICS had to pay 30 million yen in taxes and fines .


The TOEIC certificate exists in five colors , corresponding to achieved results : The TOEIC Speaking & Writing Test was introduced in 2006 .

The TOEIC certificate comes in five colors based on the scores : ETS began to offer the TOEIC Speaking & Writing Test in 2006 .


The Institute for International Business Communication ( IIBC ) , the non-profit organization that administers the TOEIC in Japan , was the subject of a scandal in 2009 .

The Institute for International Business Communication had a scandal in 2009 .


The article also questioned the relationship between the IIBC and its for-profit partner International Communications School with which it shared office space .

IIBC has a for-profit partner company called International Communications School ( ICS ) .


In 2009 , Watanabe suddenly resigned from the IIBC , leaving the son of his girlfriend in charge of the non-profit .

Then , Watanabe suddenly quit the IIBC .


Each test has a score range between 0-200 , with test takers grouped into eight proficiency levels .


Along with Itzhak Perlman ( violin ) , Yo-Yo Ma ( cello ) , and Gabriela Montero ( piano ) , he recorded and performed `` Air and Simple Gifts , '' composed by John Williams , for the inauguration of United States President Barack Obama on January 20 , 2009 .

Together with Itzhak Perlman ( violin ) , Yo-Yo Ma ( cello ) , and Gabriela Montero ( piano ) , he recorded and performed `` Air and Simple Gifts '' by John Williams , for Barack Obama 's inauguration ceremony on 20 January 2009 .


McGill is originally from Chicago , Illinois , growing up in the city 's Chatham neighborhood .


He attended the Interlochen Arts Academy , the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and is an instructor at the Peabody Institute at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore , Maryland and the Mannes College of Music in New York City .

He teaches at the Peabody Institute at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore , Maryland .


Anthony McGill is the principal clarinetist for the Metropolitan Opera .

Anthony McGill is an American clarinetist .


Genes , Brain and Behavior ( also known as G2B ) is a peer-reviewed online-only scientific journal covering research in the fields of behavioral , neural , and psychiatric genetics .

Genes , Brain and Behavior ( also known as G2B ) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the fields of the genetics of behavior , the nervous system ( neurogenetics ) , and mental illness ( psychiatric genetics ) .


It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society .

It is the official journal of the International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society .


Its habitat lies in a transitional zone between three ecoregions : dry spiny bush , humid littoral forest , and humid forest .

Its habitat lies in a transitional zone between three ecoregions : dry spiny bush , humid littoral forest ( near and in water ) , and humid forest .


First collected in 2001 and thought to be a subpopulation of the furry-eared dwarf lemur ( C. crossleyi ) , it was not formally described until 2013 .

It was first collected in 2001 , and was thought to be a subpopulation of the furry-eared dwarf lemur ( C. crossleyi ) .


It is one of six species of dwarf lemur , though the research that identified it also suggested the existence of many more new species .

It is one of six species of dwarf lemur .


The Lavasoa dwarf lemur ( Cheirogaleus lavasoensis ) is a small , nocturnal strepsirrhine primate and a species of lemur that is endemic to three small , isolated patches of forest on the southern slopes of the Lavasoa Mountains in southern Madagascar .

The Lavasoa dwarf lemur ( Cheirogaleus lavasoensis ) is a newly discovered primate .


On 4 October 1943 , during a secret meeting with top SS officials in the city of Poznań ( Posen ) , and on 6 October 1943 , in a speech to the party elite-the Gau and Reich leaders-Himmler referred explicitly to the `` extermination '' ( German : Ausrottung ) of the Jewish people .

On 4 October 1943 , Himmler spoke of the extermination of the Jewish people during a secret SS meeting in the city of Poznań ( Posen ) .


It is mainly used for freight operation but also serves more than 23 destinations for passengers ( mainly charters ) .

It is mainly used for freight operation but also serves more than 21 destinations for passengers ( mainly charters ) .


Liège Airport is the world hub of TNT Airways , and the European hub of CAL Cargo Air Lines , El Al Cargo , Ethiopian Cargo and Avient Aviation .

Liège Airport is the world hub of TNT Airways , and the European hub of CAL Cargo Air Lines , El Al Cargo and Ethiopian Cargo ( using Southern Air aircraft ) .


Liège is located in the center of the golden triangle Paris - Amsterdam - Frankfurt that handles 66 % of European freight , 75 % when taken together with London .

Liège is in the center of the golden triangle Paris - Amsterdam - Frankfurt that handles 66 % of European freight , 75 % with London added .


Liège airport is the biggest cargo airport in Belgium and the third biggest for passengers after Brussels Airport and Brussels South Charleroi Airport .

Liège Airport , also called Liège-Bierset , is an important cargo airport in Belgium .


The airport is located in Grâce-Hollogne , Liège Province , north-west of the city of Liège , in the east of Belgium .

The airport is in the northwest of the city of Liège , in the east of Belgium .


It was at the end of 2011 the 7th biggest cargo airport in Europe .

It was at the end of 2007 the 8th biggest cargo airport in Europe and the 38th biggest in the world .


Most mosaics are made of small , flat , roughly square , pieces of stone or glass of different colors , known as tesserae ; but some , especially floor mosaics , may also be made of small rounded pieces of stone , and called `` pebble mosaics '' .

Mosaic is the art of decorating a surface with pictures and patterns made of little pieces of stone , glass or tiles of different colors .


All three mosaics had a similar iconography .

The mosaics in churches usually have pictures which tell Bible stories .


She died when Dante was not yet ten years old , and Alighiero soon married again , to Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffi .

She died when Dante was 7 years old , and Alighiero soon married again , to Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffi .


Nonetheless , a tomb was built for him in Florence in 1829 , in the basilica of Santa Croce .

Nevertheless , in 1829 , a tomb was built for him in Florence in the basilica of Santa Croce .


That tomb has been empty ever since , with Dante 's body remaining in Ravenna , far from the land he had loved so dearly .

That tomb has been empty ever since , with Dante 's body remaining in Ravenna , far from the land he loved so dearly .


In 1310 , Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg marched into Italy at the head of 5,000 troops .

In 1310 , the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg , marched 5,000 troops into Italy .


Dante is also called `` the Father of the Italian language '' .

Dante is also called the `` the Father of the Italian language '' .


Pope Boniface quickly dismissed the other delegates and asked Dante alone to remain in Rome .


When Beatrice died in 1290 , Dante sought refuge in Latin literature .

When Beatrice died in 1290 , Dante tried to find `` help '' in Latin literature .


At 18 , Dante met Guido Cavalcanti , Lapo Gianni , Cino da Pistoia and soon after Brunetto Latini ; together they became the leaders of the dolce stil novo .

At 18 , Dante met Guido Cavalcanti , Lapo Gianni , Cino da Pistoia , and soon after Brunetto Latini ; together they became the leaders of Dolce Stil Novo ( `` The Sweet New Style '' ) .


Dante fought with the Guelph cavalry at the Battle of Campaldino ( June 11 , 1289 ) .

Dante fought in the front of the Guelph troops in the battle of Campaldino ( June 11 , 1289 ) .


Mixing religion and private concerns in his writings , he invoked the worst anger of God against his city and suggested several particular targets that were also his personal enemies .

Mixing religion and private concerns , he invoked the worst anger of God against his city , suggesting several particular targets that coincided with his personal enemies .


He , Petrarch and Boccaccio are also known as `` the three fountains '' or `` the three crowns '' .

Dante , with Petrarch and Boccaccio are also known as `` the three fountains '' .


Love for Beatrice ( as Petrarch would show for Laura somewhat differently ) would be his reason for poetry and for living , together with political passions .

Love for Beatrice ( as in a different manner Petrarch would show for his Laura ) would apparently be the reason for poetry and for living , together with political passions .


He was condemned to perpetual exile , and if he returned to Florence without paying the fine , he could be burned at the stake .

He was condemned to exile for life , and if he returned to Florence without paying the money , he could be burned at the stake .


In Italy he is known as il Sommo Poeta ( `` the Supreme Poet '' ) or just il Poeta .

In Italian he is known as `` the Supreme Poet '' ( il Sommo Poeta ) .


The front of his tomb in Florence reads Onorate l'altissimo poeta-which roughly translates as `` Honor the most exalted poet . ''

The front of his tomb in Florence reads Onorate l'altissimo poeta - which roughly translates as `` Honour the most exalted poet '' .


Dante saw in him a new Charlemagne who would restore the office of the Holy Roman Emperor to its former glory and also retake Florence from the Black Guelphs .

Dante saw in him a new Charlemagne who would restore the office of the Holy Roman Emperor for re-take Florence from the Black Guelphs .


At the same time ( November 1 , 1301 ) , Charles of Valois entered Florence with the Black Guelphs , who in the next six days destroyed much of the city and killed many of their enemies .

At the same time ( November 1 , 1301 ) , Charles de Valois entered Florence with Black Guelphs , who in the next six days destroyed much of the city and killed many of their enemies .


He saw her frequently after age 18 , often exchanging greetings in the street , but never knew her well .

He saw her frequently after age 18 , often exchanging greetings in the street , but he never knew her well-he effectively set the example for the so-called `` courtly love '' .


Brunetto later received special mention in the Divine Comedy ( Inferno , XV , 28 ) for what he had taught Dante : Nor speaking less on that account I go With Ser Brunetto , and I ask who are his most known and most eminent companions .

Brunetto later received a special mention in the Divine Comedy ( Inferno , XV , 28 ) , for what he had taught Dante .


Dante said he first met Beatrice Portinari , daughter of Folco Portinari , at age nine , and claimed to have fallen in love with her `` at first sight , '' apparently without even talking with her .

According to his work , La Vita Nuova , when he was nine years old he met Beatrice Portinari , daughter of Folco Portinari , with whom he fell in love `` at first sight '' , and apparently without even having spoken to her .


A new Black Guelph government was installed , and Cante de ' Gabrielli da Gubbio was appointed podestà of the city .

A new Black Guelph government was installed and Messer Cante dei Gabrielli di Gubbio was appointed Podestà of Florence .


When Dante was 12 , he was promised in marriage to Gemma di Manetto Donati , daughter of Manetto Donati , member of the powerful Donati family .

When Dante was 12 , in 1277 , he married Gemma di Manetto Donati .


But by this time Dante had fallen in love with another , Beatrice Portinari ( known also as Bice ) , whom he first met when he was only nine .

Dante had already fallen in love with another girl , Beatrice Portinari that is mentioned same in `` Divine Comedy '' , ( known also as Bice ) .


It was in the name of this love that Dante left his imprint on the dolce stil novo ( sweet new style , a term which Dante himself coined ) , and he would join other contemporary poets and writers in exploring never-before-emphasized aspects of love ( Amore ) .

Dante gave his imprint to the Stil Novo .


The custodians of the body in Ravenna refused , at one point going so far as to conceal the bones in a false wall of the monastery .

When Dante died at Ravenna , the custodians of the body at Ravenna put the bones in a false wall of the monastery .


His interests brought him to discover the Provençal poetry of the troubadours , such as Arnaut Daniel , and the Latin writers of classical antiquity , including Cicero , Ovid and especially Virgil .

His interests brought him to discover the Occitan poetry of the troubadours and the Latin poetry of classical antiquity ( with a particular devotion to Virgil ) .


He did not pay the fine , in part because he believed he was not guilty and in part because all his assets in Florence had been seized by the Black Guelphs .

Dante did not pay the money , in part because he believed he was not guilty , and in part because all his needs in Florence had been stolen by the Black Guelphs .


His Divine Comedy , originally called Comedìa and later called Divina by Boccaccio , is widely considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature .

His central work , the Commedia ( Divine Comedy ) , is considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature .


Not much is known about Dante 's education ; he presumably studied at home or in a chapter school attached to a church or monastery in Florence .

Not much is known about Dante 's education , and it is presumed he studied at home .


In 1972 , Eddy Merckx set a record of 49.431 km ( 30.715 mi ) that stood for 12 years .

In 1972 , the Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx set a record of 49.431 kilometres .


The first recorded record was in 1876 when the American Frank Dodds rode 26.508 km ( 16.471 mi ) on a penny-farthing .

The first recorded hour record was in 1876 when F. L. Dodds rode 26.508 kilometres on a penny-farthing bicycle .


The most famous is for upright bicycles meeting the requirements of the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) .

The Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) , the group that controls the sport of cycling , has made rules to make cyclists ride cycles similar to Merckx 's bicycle .


The current UCI record is by Ondřej Sosenka , 49.700 km ( 30.882 mi ) , the current WHPVA\/IHPVA record by Francesco Russo stands at 91.56 km ( 56.89 mi ) .

Ondřej Sosenka holds the UCI hour record at 49.700 kilometres .


In its charter , written by Russell , the society 's purpose was stated as `` the mental , moral and religious improvement of men and women , by teaching the Bible by means of the publication and distribution of Bibles , books , papers , pamphlets and other Bible literature , and by providing oral lectures free for the people '' .

Russell wrote its charter , or statement of its purpose , and explained that it was for `` the mental , moral and religious improvement of men and women , by teaching the Bible by means of the publication and distribution of Bibles , books , papers , pamphlets and other Bible literature , and by providing oral lectures free for the people '' .


The society 's primary journal was Zion 's Watch Tower and Herald of Christs Presence , first published in 1879 by Russell , founder of the Bible Student movement .

Its main publication was Zion 's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ 's Presence , a Bible-based magazine first published in 1879 by Russell .


In 1976 , all activities of the Watch Tower Society were brought under the supervision of the Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses .

From 1976 , the Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses began to control all the decisions and the work of the Watch Tower Society .


On September 19 , 1896 , the name of the corporation was changed to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society .

In 1896 , its name was changed to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society .


In 1955 , the corporation was renamed Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania .

In 1955 , the corporation changed its name again to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania .


On February 16 , 1881 , Zion 's Watch Tower Tract Society was formed in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States , for the purpose of organizing the printing and distribution of religious tracts .

Zion 's Watch Tower Tract Society was started in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , on February 16 , 1881 to organize the printing and sharing of pamphlets written about God and the Bible .


The number of voting shareholders of the corporation is limited to between 300 and 500 `` mature , active and faithful '' male Jehovah 's Witnesses .

All of them must be `` mature , active and faithful '' male Jehovah 's Witnesses .


Russell emphasized the limitations of the corporation , explaining : `` Zion 's Watch Tower Tract Society is not a ` religious society ' in the ordinary meaning of this term '' He also stated , `` This is a business association merely ... It has no creed or confession .

In his magazine , Russell explained that the Watch Tower Society was not a `` religious society '' , but just a business organization with no set of official beliefs .


Following Rutherford 's death in 1942 , Nathan H. Knorr became president of the Watch Tower Society , and subsequently introduced further changes to the role of the society .

When Rutherford died in 1942 , Nathan H. Knorr became the new president .


William Henry Conley , a Pittsburgh industrialist and philanthropist , served as president , with Charles Taze Russell serving as secretary-treasurer .

William Henry Conley , a Pittsburgh businessman , was its first president and Russell was its secretary-treasurer .


Following the death of Knorr in 1977 , subsequent presidents of the Watch Tower Society have been Frederick W. Franz ( June 1977 - December 1992 ) ; Milton G. Henschel ( December 1992 - October 2000 ) and Don A. Adams ( October 2000 - ) .

Knorr died in 1977 and since then the presidents have been Frederick W. Franz , Milton G. Henschel and Don A. Adams .


The organization was formed in 1881 as Zion 's Watch Tower Tract Society for the purpose of distributing religious tracts .

A preacher , Charles Taze Russell , started the organization in 1881 as Zion 's Watch Tower Tract Society , so he could share religious pamphlets with people .


He was also the originator of the RNA world hypothesis in 1967 , although not by that name .

He was also the originator of the RNA world hypothesis in 1977 , although not by that name .


He held the Stanley O. Ikenberry Chair and was professor of microbiology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign .

He was the Stanley O. Ikenberry professor of microbiology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign .


Carl Richard Woese ( \ / ˈwoʊz \ / ; July 15 , 1928 - December 30 , 2012 ) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist .

Carl Richard Woese ( July 15 , 1928 - December 30 , 2012 ) was an American microbiologist and physicist .


Woese is famous for defining the Archaea ( a new domain or kingdom of life ) in 1977 by phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA , a technique pioneered by Woese which revolutionized the discipline of microbiology .

Woese is famous for defining the Archaea ( a new domain or kingdom of life ) in 1977 .


Woese died on December 30 , 2012 , following complications from pancreatic cancer .

Woese died on December 30 , 2012 in his home in Urbana , Illinois from pancreatic cancer , aged 84 .


Notably , Woese 's elucidation of the tree of life shows the overwhelming diversity of microbial lineages ; single-celled organisms represent the vast majority of the biosphere 's genetic , metabolic , and ecologic niche diversity .

Single-celled organisms represent the vast majority of the biosphere 's diversity .


Having defined Archaea as a new `` urkingdom '' ( later domain ) which were neither bacteria nor eukaryotes , Woese redrew the taxonomic tree .

After defining Archaea as a new domain , Woese redrew the taxonomic tree .


As microbes are crucial for many biogeochemical cycles and to the continued function of the biosphere , Woese 's efforts to clarify the evolution and diversity of microbes provided an invaluable service to ecologists and conservationists .

Woese 's efforts to clarify the evolution and diversity of microbes was an invaluable service to ecology , conservation and evolutionary biology .


In 208 , Artabanus rebelled against his brother Vologases VI , and soon gained the upper hand , although Vologases VI maintained himself in a part of Babylonia until about 228 .


Caracalla 's successor , the Praetorian Prefect of the Guard Macrinus , was defeated at Nisibis and concluded a peace with Artabanus , in which he gave up all the Roman conquests , restored the booty , and paid a heavy contribution to the Parthians .

Caracalla 's successor , the Praetorian Prefect of the Guard Macrinus , was defeated at Nisibis and in a peace with Artabanus he gave up all the Roman conquests and paid a heavy contribution to the Parthians .


This ended the 400-year rule of the Arsacid Dynasty .

Thus the 400-year rule of the Arsacid Dynasty came to an end .


There Caracalla was murdered by Martialis on April 8 , 217 .

There he was murdered by Martialis on April 8 , 217 .


He crossed the Tigris , destroyed the towns and spoiled the tombs of Arbela , but when Artabanus advanced at the head of an army , he retired to Carrhae .

He crossed the Tigris and destroyed the towns , but when Artabanus advanced at the head of an army , he retired to Carrhae .


He was the younger son of Vologases V who died in 208 .

He was the younger son of Vologases V who died in 209 .


Artabanus V of Parthia , also known as Ardavan V ( Parthian : ) , ruled the Parthian Empire ( c. 216 - 224 ) .

Artabanus IV of Parthia ruled the Parthian Empire ( c. 216 - 224 ) .


The Roman emperor Caracalla , wishing to make use of this civil war for a conquest of the East in imitation of his hero , Alexander the Great , attacked the Parthians in 216 .

The Roman emperor Caracalla , wanted to make use of this civil war for a conquest of the East and attacked the Parthians in 216 .


Under the sidereal zodiac , the sun currently transits Aries from 15 April to 15 May ( approximately ) .

Under the sidereal zodiac , it is now from April 15 to May 15 .


According to the Tropical system of astrology , the Sun enters the sign of Aries when it reaches the northern vernal equinox , which occurs around March 21 .

In the tropical zodiac , Aries is from March 21 to April 19 beginning at the vernal equinox .


It has a white , featureless head and appears to be wearing a dark suit and tie .

It has a white , featureless head and appears to be wearing a dark suit .


Other Slender Man-themed YouTube serials followed , including EverymanHYBRID and Tribe Twelve .

Other YouTube serials about the Slender Man followed , including EverymanHYBRID and Tribe Twelve .


Marble Hornets is now one of the most popular Slender Man creations , with over 250,000 followers around the world , and 55 million views .

It is called Marble Hornets , and is now one of the most popular Slender Man creations .


In 2011 , Markus `` Notch '' Persson , creator of the sandbox indie game Minecraft , added a new hostile mob to the game , which he named the `` Enderman '' when multiple users on Reddit and Google + commented on the similarity to the Slender Man .

In 2011 , Markus `` Notch '' Persson , creator of the sandbox indie game Minecraft , added a new character to the game .


In 2012 , the Slender Man was adapted into a video game titled Slender : The Eight Pages ; as of August , 2012 , the game has been downloaded over 2 million times .

A video game based on the Slender Man was released in 2012 , named Slender : The Eight Pages .


The Slender Man is described as very tall and thin with unnaturally long , tentacle-like arms ( or merely tentacles ) , which it can extend to intimidate or capture prey .

The Slender Man is described as very tall and thin with unnaturally long arms .


The Slender Man was created on a thread in the Something Awful forum on June 8 , 2009 , with the goal of editing photographs to contain supernatural entities .

The Slender Man was created during a contest on the Something Awful forums in June 2009 .


On June 10 , a forum poster with the user name `` Victor Surge '' contributed two black and white images of groups of children , to which he added a tall , thin spectral figure wearing a black suit .

On 10 June , a forum poster with the user name `` Victor Surge '' uploaded two images in black and white .


Previous entries had consisted solely of photographs ; however , Surge supplemented his submission with snatches of text , supposedly from witnesses , describing the abductions of the groups of children , and giving the character the name , `` The Slender Man '' : These additions effectively transformed the photographs into a work of fiction .

It gave the character the name , `` The Slender Man '' : These stories made it a work of fiction .


Several independent films about the Slender Man have been released or are in development , including Entity and The Slender Man , released free online after a $ 10,000 Kickstarter campaign .

Another , The Slender Man , was released free online .


The fact that the feather imprints were found in sandstone , previously thought to not be able to support such impressions , gives new possibilities for future feather finds .

The feather imprints were found in sandstone , previously thought to not be able to support such impressions .


In 1995 , 2008 and 2009 , three O. edmontonicus specimens with evidence of feathers were found ; two adults with quill knobs on the lower arm , indicating the former presence of pennaceous feather shafts , and a juvenile with impressions of up to five centimetres long primitive feathers in the form of hair-like filaments covering the rump , legs and neck .

In 1995 , 2008 and 2009 , three O. edmontonicus specimens with evidence of feathers were found .


EADS now owned Airbus France , Airbus Deutschland and Airbus España , and thus 80 % of Airbus Industrie .

EADS now owned Airbus France , Airbus Deutschland and Airbus España , which was 80 % of Airbus Industrie .


On 1 December 2005 , the A380 achieved its maximum design speed of Mach 0.96 .

On 1 December 2005 , the A380 reached its maximum speed , Mach 0.96 .