Most of the items listed below had high expectations , significant financial investments , and\/or widespread publicity , but fell far short of success .

Most of the items listed below had high expectations , but failed to be successful .


The result would be a series of new ideas to bring tools to Keynesian analysis that would be capable of explaining the economic events of the 1970s .

The result was a series of new ideas to bring tools to Keynesian analysis that would be capable of explaining the economic events of the 1970s .


Neo-Keynesian economics is a school of macroeconomic thought that was developed in the post-war period from the writings of John Maynard Keynes .

Neo-Keynesian economics is a school of macroeconomic thought that was developed after World War II from the writings of John Maynard Keynes .


The advent of stagflation , and the work of monetarists like Milton Friedman , cast doubt on neo-Keynesian theories .

Also , the work of monetarists like Milton Friedman cast doubt on neo-Keynesian theories .


Their work has become known as the neo-classical synthesis , and created the models that formed the core ideas of neo-Keynesian economics .

It created the models that formed the core ideas of neo-Keynesian economics .


It relates aggregate demand and employment to three exogenous quantities , i.e. , the amount of money in circulation , the government budget , and the state of business expectations .

It relates aggregate demand and employment to three variables , that is , the amount of money in circulation , the government budget , and the state of business expectations .


Their efforts ( known as the neo-classical synthesis ) resulted in the development of the IS\/LM model , and other formalizations of Keynes ' ideas .

Their work has become known as the neo-classical synthesis .


Punjab was a province of British India , it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British rule .


Geographically the Punjab province of India was a triangular tract of country of which the Indus and the Sutlej to their confluence formed the two sides , the base being the lower Himalaya hills between those two rivers ; but the British province also included a large tract outside those boundaries .

The Punjab province of British India was a triangular area of country bordered by the Indus and the Sutlej rivers .


A fifth locomotive - perhaps named Spondon - may also have been used , although little is known of either of these .

A fifth engine - perhaps named Spondon - may also have been used , although little is known of either of these .


The line then falls , again mostly at one in fifty ( 2 % ) - to Lynton & Lynmouth station , still 700 feet ( 213 m ) above the sea , and hidden by the landscape from the town of Lynton .

The line then falls , again mostly at one in fifty - to Lynton & Lynmouth station , still 700 feet ( 213 m ) above the sea , and hidden by the landscape from the town of Lynton .


Unusually , some of the temporary track was wider than the final gauge - the section around Parracombe Bank for example , spanning the Heddon valley , was built to 3 ft ( 914 mm ) gauge , with a locomotive known as Winnie .

Unusually , some of the temporary track was wider than the final gauge - the section around Parracombe Bank for example , crossing the Heddon valley , was built to 3 ft ( 914 mm ) gauge , with an engine known as Winnie .


This scheme was supported by Sir George Newnes who became chairman of the company .

This plan was supported by Sir George Newnes who became chairman of the company .


Collard Bridge marks the start of an 8-mile ( 13 km ) climb , mainly at one in fifty , to Blackmoor Gate .

Collard Bridge marks the start of an 8-mile ( 13 km ) climb , mainly at one in fifty ( 2 % ) , to Blackmoor Gate .


A fifth locomotive , Lew was purchased in 1925 , with improvements to the original Manning Wardle design .

A fifth engine , Lew was bought in 1925 , with a few improvements to the original Manning Wardle design .


Starting at 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) above sea level , The first 3 3⁄4 miles ( 6.0 km ) , through Barnstaple , and along the Yeo Valley stays relatively level .

Starting at 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) above sea level , The first 3 3⁄4 miles ( 6.0 km ) , through Barnstaple , and along the Yeo Valley stays nearly level .


The L&B had an exemplary safety record , and no members of the public were killed or injured during its 37-year existence , although accidents at Braunton Road and Chumhill did claim the lives of three track workers .

The L&B had a very good safety record , and no members of the public were killed or injured , although accidents at Braunton Road and Chumhill did take the lives of three workers .


A shallower down-gradient follows , of about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) , towards Parracombe Bank , and the start of another climb , of about 2 1⁄2 miles ( 4 km ) , to Woody Bay - at 1,000 feet ( 305 m ) , the highest railway station in southern England .

A slight down-gradient follows , about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) m long , towards Parracombe Bank , and the start of another climb , about 2 1⁄2 miles ( 4 km ) , to Woody Bay - at 1,000 feet ( 305 m ) , the highest railway station in southern England .


The stations and track bed were auctioned in 1938 .

The stations and track bed were sold in 1938 .


The locos were named after local rivers : Yeo , Exe , and Taw .

The engines were named after local rivers : Yeo , Exe , and Taw .


Although bought at the auction ( it is believed by Barwicks of London ) by December 1935 , Lew was working for Sidney Castle , the dismantler of the railway .

Although bought at the auction by December 1935 , Lew was working for Sidney Castle , the dismantler of the railway .


In 1922 the L&B was taken over by the Southern Railway , and eventually closed in September 1935 .

The L&B was taken over by the Southern Railway in 1923 , and finally closed in September 1935 .


The Manning Wardles were delivered ahead of the lock-out , and Yeo and Taw were used in the final stages of construction .

The Manning Wardles were delivered before the dispute , and Yeo and Taw were used to help build the line .


The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Bill was passed on 27 June 1895 , and the line opened on 11 May 1898 with public service commencing on 16 May , connecting with trains from Waterloo on the Ilfracombe Branch Line at Barnstaple Town .

The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Bill was passed on 27 June 1895 , and the line was officially opened on 11 May 1898 .


This was extended in 2006 ; and the following year plans were announced to open 9 miles ( 14 km ) of track , linking the station at Woody Bay to both Lynton ( at a new terminus on an extension to the original line , closer to the town ) and Blackmoor Gate , and to a new station at Wistlandpound Reservoir .

This was extended in 2006 and a year later , plans were announced to open nine miles ( 14 km ) of track , linking the station at Woody Bay to both Lynton and Blackmoor Gate , and eventually to a new station at Wistlandpound Reservoir .


These were supplemented by a 2-4-2T , Lyn , built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia , USA , as the Company realized that three locos would be insufficient .

These were supplemented by a 2-4-2T , Lyn , built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia , USA , as the company realized that three engines would not be enough .


All locos & coaches was repainted in Southern Maunsell Green livery , the wagons were repainted in Southern Umber livery and track and buildings were improved .

All stock was repainted in Southern Maunsell livery , and track and buildings were improved .


An observer at the time wrote : The Southern removed everything they could use elsewhere , and by 8 November , had lifted the track from Lynton to milepost 15 1\/3 - on the Barnstaple side of Woody Bay station .

The Southern Railway removed everything they could use on other lines , and by 8 November , they had lifted the track from Lynton to the Barnstaple side of Woody Bay station .


The remaining track was lifted by June 1936 , and in September , surviving loco Lew was shipped to Brazil .

The remaining track was lifted by June 1936 , and in September , Lew was shipped to South America - probably Brazil .


After construction by Baldwin , the loco was shipped across the Atlantic in parts , and re-assembled at Pilton by railway staff .

After it was built by Baldwin , the engine was shipped across the Atlantic in parts , and re-assembled at Pilton by railway staff .


Baldwin was selected as they could deliver the loco - based largely on standard components - more quickly than domestic suppliers , who had a backlog of orders , caused by a national engineering dispute over the 8 hour working day resulting in a lock-out by employers from July 1897 and January 1898 .

Baldwin was chosen as they could deliver the engine - built mainly from standard parts - more quickly than British builders , who had a backlog of orders , caused by a national engineering dispute from July 1897 to January 1898 .


In 1923 the L&B was absorbed into the Southern Railway , and began an upgrade program .

In 1923 the L&B became part of the Southern Railway , and began an upgrade program .


The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway ( L&B ) opened as an independent railway in May 1898 .

The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway ( L&B ) is a Heritage railway in North Devon , England .


Third class seats became garden furniture , and first class seats found their way into local snooker halls and Masonic lodges .

Third class seats became garden furniture , and first class seats were used in local public halls .


The journey of nearly 20 miles ( 32 km ) took on average an hour and a half .

The journey of nearly twenty miles normally took about one and a half hours .


At least four contractors ' locomotives were used for construction .

At least three builders ' engines were used for building the line .


On 13 November an auction was held , although the railway failed to attract much interest .

On 13 November a sale was held , but the railway did not attract much interest .


Some coaches were sectioned for use as garden sheds .

Some carriages were cut up and used as garden sheds .


The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Association was formed in 1979 ; and a short section was reopened to passengers in 2004 .

The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Association was created in 1979 .


In 1896 , the Hunslet Engine Company submitted two designs ( a 2-4-2T and a 4-4-0T ) , but eventually an order was placed for three 2-6-2Ts from Manning Wardle & Co of Leeds .

The railway ordered three 2-6-2Ts from Manning Wardle & Co of Leeds .


To satisfy several influential residents , the terminus at Lynton was some distance from the town itself , and from the cliff railway to Lynmouth .

To make things worse , to satisfy several powerful local people , Lynton station was built quite a long way from the town itself , and from the cliff railway to Lynmouth .


It is believed to have been left behind by James Nuttall , as a result of the financial problems and litigation between railway and contractor .

It is thought that it was left behind by James Nuttall , because of the financial problems and legalcase between the railway and the builder .


This work was completed by July 1936 and in September , Lew was moved by rail to Swansea and loaded onto the S.S. Sabor destined for the port of Pernambuco ( since renamed Recife ) , Brazil .

This work was completed by July 1936 and in September , Lew was moved by rail to Swansea and then shipped to South America where Lew just disappeared .


They are the oldest established football team from London playing in the Premier League .

The club plays in the Premier League , the top football league in England .


Fulham Football Club \ / ˈfʊləm \ / is a professional football club based in Fulham , London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham , southwest London .

Fulham Football Club , is an English football club from London .


The club 's first recorded all-white club kit came in 1903 , and ever since then the club has been playing in all-white shirts and black shorts , with socks going through various evolutions of black and\/or white , but are now normally white-only .

It plays in a white shirt and black shorts for home games .


Lyndon B. Johnson did so , as has each President since .

Lyndon B. Johnson and each President since have done so .


In 1963 , the U.S. Representative from Duluth , John Blatnik , introduced a bill to observe Leif Erikson Day nationwide .

In 1963 , the U.S. Representative from Duluth , John Blatnik , introduced a bill to observe Leif Erikson Day in the rest of the United States .


Presidents have used the proclamation to praise the contributions of Americans of Nordic descent generally and the spirit of discovery .

Presidents have used the proclamation to praise the spirit of discovery and the contributions of Americans of Nordic descent generally .


In addition to the federal observance , some states officially commemorate Leif Erikson Day , particularly in the Upper Midwest , where large numbers of people from the Nordic countries settled .

Some states officially commemorate Leif Erikson Day , particularly in the Upper Midwest , where large numbers of people from the Nordic countries settled .


The date was chosen because the ship Restauration coming from Stavanger , Norway , arrived in New York Harbor on October 9 , 1825 , at the start of the first organized immigration from Norway to the United States .

The date was chosen because the ship Restauration coming from Stavanger , Norway , arrived in New York Harbor on October 9 , 1825 .


By 1956 , Leif Erikson Day had been made an official observance in seven states ( Wisconsin , Minnesota , South Dakota , Illinois , Colorado , Washington , and California ) and one Canadian province ( Saskatchewan ) .

By 1956 , Leif Erikson Day was an official holiday seven states ( Wisconsin , Minnesota , South Dakota , Illinois , Colorado , Washington , and California ) and one Canadian province ( Saskatchewan ) .


In 1964 , the United States Congress authorized and requested the President to create the observance through an annual proclamation .

In 1964 , the United States Congress authorized and requested the President to create the observance through a yearly proclamation .


October 9 is not associated with any particular event in Leif Erikson 's life .

October 9th is not related with any event in Leif Erikson 's life .


In 1930 , Wisconsin became the first U.S. state to officially adopt Leif Erikson Day as a state holiday , thanks in large part to efforts by Rasmus Anderson .

In 1930 , Wisconsin became the first state to officially adopt Leif Erikson Day as a state holiday .


This book helped popularize the idea that Vikings were the first Europeans in the New World .

This book helped make popular the idea that Vikings were the first Europeans in the New World .


A year later , the state of Minnesota followed suit .

A year later , the state of Minnesota did the same .


Leif Erikson Day is an annual American observance which occurs on October 9 .

Leif Erikson Day is a holiday in the American and happens on October 9 .


During his appearance at the Norse-American Centennial in 1925 , President Calvin Coolidge gave recognition to Leif Erikson as the Discoverer of America due to research by Norwegian-American scholars such as Knut Gjerset and Ludvig Hektoen .

This was due to research by Norwegian-American scholars such as Knut Gjerset and Ludvig Hektoen .


Marshall Bruce Mathers III ( born October 17 , 1972 ) , better known by his stage name Eminem and by his alter ego Slim Shady , is an American rapper , record producer , songwriter , and actor .

Marshall Bruce Mathers III , ( born October 17 , 1972 ) , better known by his stage name Eminem and his other name Slim Shady , is an American rapper , record producer , songwriter , and actor .


The Marshall Mathers LP was released in May 2000 .

It is called The Marshall Mathers LP 2 and is a sequel to The Marshall Mathers LP .


On November 5 , 2013 , Eminem released his eighth studio album The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , and its track `` Headlights '' is an apology to his mother Debbie .

Eminem released his eighth studio album on November 5 , 2013 .


On March 5 , 2009 , Eminem reported in a press release that he would be releasing two new albums that year .


Subjects covered in Infinite included his struggles with raising his newborn daughter Hailie Jade Scott Mathers while on limited funds .

Eminem has one biological daughter named Hailie Jade Scott Mathers by ex-wife Kimberley Anne Scott Mathers .


The northern cricket frog ( Acris crepitans ) is a species of small hylid frog native to the United States and northeastern Mexico .

The Northern Cricket Frog ( Acris crepitans ) is a species of small Hylid frogs .


The following Murrinh-patha myth , for instance , is performed in Murrinh-patha ceremonies to initiate young men into adulthood .

The following Murrinh-patha myth , for example , is performed in Murrinh-patha ceremonies to initiate young men into adulthood .


The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia nevertheless observes : `` One intriguing feature ( of Aboriginal Australian mythology ) is the mixture of diversity and similarity in myths across the entire continent . ''

The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia does however note that `` One intriguing feature ( of Aboriginal Australian mythology ) is the mixture of diversity and similarity in myths across the entire continent . ''


It is a complex mythology of narratives , songs and ceremonies known to the Pintupi as Tingarri .

It is a complex mythology of stories , songs and ceremonies known to the Pintupi as Tingarri .


In the case of the Atherton Tableland , myths tell of the origins of Lake Eacham , Lake Barrine , and Lake Euramo .

For example on the Atherton Tableland , myths tell of the origins of Lake Eacham , Lake Barrine , and Lake Euramo .


It is this philosophy that gives Murrinh-patha people motive and meaning in life .

It is this philosophy that gives Murrinh-patha people reason and meaning in life .


The pan-Australian Captain Cook myth , however , tells of a generic , largely symbolic British character who arrives from across the oceans sometime after the Aboriginal world was formed and the original social order founded .

The Australia wide Captain Cook myth , however , tells of a symbolic British character who arrives from across the oceans sometime after the Aboriginal world was formed and the original social order founded .


Since then , Dixon has assembled a number of similar examples of Australian Aboriginal myths that accurately describe landscapes of an ancient past .

Since then , Dixon has found many similar examples of Australian Aboriginal myths that accurately describe landscapes of an ancient past .


The term coined by Radcliffe-Brown is now commonly used and familiar to broader Australian and international audiences , as it is increasingly used by government agencies , museums , art galleries , Aboriginal organizations and the media to refer to the pan-Australian Aboriginal myth specifically , and as a shorthand allusion to Australian Aboriginal mythology generally .

The words used by Radcliffe-Brown are now commonly used by government agencies , museums , art galleries , Aboriginal organizations and the media to refer to Australian Aboriginal myth specifically , and as a shorthand term for Australian Aboriginal mythology generally .


Further investigation of the material by the Australian Heritage Commission led to the Crater Lakes myth being listed nationally on the Register of the National Estate , and included within Australia 's World Heritage nomination of the wet tropical forests , as an `` unparalleled human record of events dating back to the Pleistocene era . ''

Further investigation by the Australian Heritage Commission led to the Crater Lakes myth being listed on the Register of the National Estate , and included within Australia 's World Heritage nomination of the wet tropical forests .


Within this Pintupi world view , three long geographical tracks of named places dominate , being interrelated strings of significant places named and created by mythic characters on their routes through the Pintupi desert region during the Dreaming .

They are interrelated strings of important places named and created by mythic characters on their way through the Pintupi desert region during the Dreaming .


This is the underlying message repeatedly being told within the Murrinh-patha myths .

This is the message being told within the Murrinh-patha myths .


When the craters were formed , eucalyptus forests dominated rather than the current wet tropical rain forests .

When the craters were formed , the area was eucalyptus forest , not the current wet tropical rain forests .


Pollen fossil sampling from the silt which had settled to the bottom of the craters confirmed the Aboriginal myth-tellers ' story .

Pollen fossil sampling from the bottom of the craters agrees with the Aboriginal myth-tellers ' story .


David Horton 's Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia contains an article on Aboriginal mythology observing : `` A mythic map of Australia would show thousands of characters , varying in their importance , but all in some way connected with the land .

David Horton wrote in the Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia that : `` A mythic map of Australia would show thousands of characters , varying in their importance , but all in some way connected with the land .


Life is good and benevolent , but throughout life 's journey , there are numerous painful sufferings that each individual must come to understand and endure as he grows .

Life is good and caring , but during life 's journey , there are many painful sufferings that each person must come to understand and live through as he grows .


This ` Rainbow Serpent ' is generally and variously identified by those who tell ` Rainbow Serpent ' myths , as a snake of some enormous size often living within the deepest waterholes of many of Australia 's waterways ; descended from that larger being visible as a dark streak in the Milky Way , it reveals itself to people in this world as a rainbow as it moves through water and rain , shaping landscapes , naming and singing of places , swallowing and sometimes drowning people ; strengthening the knowledgeable with rainmaking and healing powers ; blighting others with sores , weakness , illness , and death .

It shows itself to people in this world as a rainbow as it moves through water and rain , shaping landscapes , naming and singing of places , swallowing and sometimes drowning people ; strengthening the knowledgeable with rainmaking and healing powers ; blighting others with sores , weakness , illness , and death .


Geological research dated the formative volcanic explosions described by Aboriginal myth tellers as having occurred more than 10,000 years ago .

Geologists have dated the volcanic explosions which formed the lakes , and were described by Aboriginal myth tellers , as having happened more than 10,000 years ago .


Dixon observed from the evidence available that Aboriginal myths regarding the origin of the Crater Lakes might be dated as accurate back to 10 , 000 years ago .

Dixon said that Aboriginal myths about the origin of the Crater Lakes might be accurate back to 10 000 years ago .


Australian Aboriginal myths ( also known as Dreamtime Stories , Songlines or Aboriginal oral literature ) are the stories traditionally performed by Aboriginal peoples within each of the language groups across Australia .

Australian Aboriginal myths , also known as Dreamtime stories and Songlines , are the stories traditionally performed and told by the indigenous people of Australia .


He particularly noted the numerous myths telling of previous sea levels , including : There are 400 distinct Aboriginal groups across Australia , each distinguished by unique names usually identifying particular languages , dialects , or distinctive speech mannerisms .

He particularly noted many myths telling of previous sea levels , including : There are at least 400 Aboriginal groups across Australia .


Radcliffe-Brown coined the term ` Rainbow Serpent ' to describe what he identified to be a common , recurring myth .

Radcliffe-Brown used the words `` Rainbow Serpent '' to describe this common , recurring myth .


An Australian linguist , R. M. W. Dixon , recording Aboriginal myths in their original languages , encountered coincidences between some of the landscape details being told about within various myths , and scientific discoveries being made about the same landscapes .

An Australian linguist , R. M. W. Dixon , collected many Aboriginal myths in their original languages .


In addition , such performance often continuously incorporates and `` mythologises '' historical events in the service of these social purposes in an otherwise rapidly changing modern world .

Also the performance often adds and `` mythologises '' historical events in the service of these social purposes in a rapidly changing modern world .


With so many distinct Aboriginal groups , languages , beliefs and practices , scholars can not attempt to characterise , under a single heading , the full range and diversity of all myths being variously and continuously told , developed , elaborated , performed , and experienced by group members across the entire continent .

With so many different Aboriginal groups , languages , beliefs and practices , it is not possible to describe under a single heading , the full range and diversity of all myths across the entire continent .


It makes the following generalisation about Aboriginal myths and mythology : Australian anthropologists willing to generalise suggest Aboriginal myths still being performed across Australia by Aboriginal peoples serve an important social function amongst their intended audiences : justifying the received ordering of their daily lives ; helping shape peoples ' ideas ; and assisting to influence others ' behavior .

The similarity in Aboriginal myths and mythology includes : Australian anthropologists describe Aboriginal myths still being performed across Australia by Aboriginal peoples as having an important social function .


Australian Aboriginal mythologies have been characterised as `` at one and the same time fragments of a catechism , a liturgical manual , a history of civilization , a geography textbook , and to a much smaller extent a manual of cosmography . ''

Australian Aboriginal myths have been described as parts of a catechism , a liturgical manual , a history of civilization , a geography textbook , and to a much smaller extent a manual of the world and the universe .


In particular , scholars suggest the Murrinh-patha have a oneness of thought , belief , and expression unequalled within Christianity , as they see all aspects of their lives , thoughts and culture as under the continuing influence of their Dreaming .

The Murrinh-patha have a oneness of thought , belief , and expression without equal in Christianity .


Scholars of the Pintupi peoples ( from within Australia 's Gibson Desert region ) believe they have a predominantly ` mythic ' form of consciousness , within which events occur and are explained by the preordained social structures and orders told of , sung about , and performed within their superhuman mythology , rather than by reference to the possible accumulated political actions , decisions and influences of local individuals ( i.e. this understanding effectively ` erases ' history ) .

The Pintupi peoples from Australia 's Gibson Desert region have a mostly ` mythic ' form of understanding their identity , , All events happen and are explained by the social structures and rules told of , sung about , and performed within their superhuman mythology .


Included in his assemblage are : The Murrinh-Patha people ( whose country is the saltwater country immediately inland from the town of Wadeye ) describe a Dreamtime in their myths which anthropologists believe is a religious belief equivalent to , though wholly different from , most of the world 's other significant religious beliefs .

They describe a Dreamtime in their myths which anthropologists believe is a religious belief but different from most of the world 's other religious beliefs .


All such myths variously tell significant truths within each Aboriginal group 's local landscape .

All the myths explain important features and meanings within each Aboriginal group 's local landscape .


Animating and sustaining this Murrinh-patha mythology is an underlying philosophy of life that has been characterised by Stanner as a belief that life is '' ... a joyous thing with maggots at its center . ''

This Murrinh-patha mythology is based on a view of life that believes life is '' ... a joyous thing with maggots at its center . ''


Each language was used for original myths , from which the distinctive words and names of individual myths derive .

Each group had its own myths , and the words and names of individual myths come these language groups .


( see above regarding this social function played by Aboriginal myths ) In 1988 Australian anthropologist Kenneth Maddock assembled several versions of this ` Captain Cook ' myth as recorded from a number of Aboriginal groups around Australia .

In 1988 Australian anthropologist Kenneth Maddock examined several versions of this ` Captain Cook ' myth as recorded from a number of Aboriginal groups around Australia : The Murrinh-Patha people live in the saltwater country inland from the town of Wadeye .


Within this Aboriginal religion , no distinction is drawn between things spiritual\/ideal\/mental and things material ; nor is any distinction drawn between things sacred and things profane : rather all life is ` sacred ' , all conduct has ` moral ' implication , and all life 's meaning arises out of this eternal , everpresent Dreaming .

All life 's meaning comes out of this eternal , everpresent Dreaming .


This Captain Cook is a harbinger of dramatic transformations in the social order , bringing change and a different social order , into which present-day audiences have been born .

This Captain Cook signals dramatic changes in the social order , into which present-day Aborigines have been born .


Within the myth and in its performance , young , unadorned children must first be swallowed by an ancestral being ( who transforms into a giant snake ) , then regurgitated before being accepted as young adults with all the rights and privileges of young adults .

The children are then vomited up before being accepted as young adults with all the rights and benefits of young adults .


As R.M. W. Dixon writes : Aboriginal specialists willing to generalise believe all Aboriginal myths across Australia , in combination , represent a kind of unwritten ( oral ) library within which Aboriginal peoples learn about the world and perceive a peculiarly Aboriginal ` reality ' dictated by concepts and values vastly different from those of western societies : In 1926 a British anthropologist specialising in Australian Aboriginal ethnology and ethnography , Professor Alfred Radcliffe-Brown , noted many Aboriginal groups widely distributed across the Australian continent all appeared to share variations of a single ( common ) myth telling of an unusually powerful , often creative , often dangerous snake or serpent of sometimes enormous size closely associated with the rainbows , rain , rivers , and deep waterholes .

From this library , Aboriginal people learn about the world and see an Aboriginal ` reality ' with concepts and values vastly different from those of western societies : In 1926 a British anthropologist , Professor Alfred Radcliffe-Brown , noted many Aboriginal groups across Australia shared versions of a single myth .


The men 's football tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics was held in London and five other cities in Great Britain from 26 July to 11 August .


Hurricane Floyd was the only hurricane to make landfall in the United States in the 1987 Atlantic hurricane season .

Hurricane Floyd was the only hurricane to make landfall in the United States during the 1987 Atlantic hurricane season .


The strongest wind in the Florida Keys was 59 mph ( 94 km\/h ) at Duck Key , although wind gusts were stronger .

The strongest wind in the Florida Keys was 59 mph ( 94 km\/h ) at Duck Key .


When Floyd was a tropical storm located over Cuba , the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning for the Florida Keys as well as the southwest Florida coast to Venice .

When Floyd was a tropical storm located over Cuba , the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning for the Florida Keys .


However , the interaction between the hurricane and the approaching cold front produced much heavier rainfall .

But , the interaction between the hurricane and the approaching cold front caused much heavier rainfall .


Around when Floyd first attained tropical storm status , a tropical storm warning was issued for the Swan Islands as well as Grand Cayman .

Around when Floyd first became a tropical storm , a tropical storm warning was issued for the Swan Islands and Grand Cayman .


Steadily intensifying , the storm moved over extreme western Cuba early on October 12 .

The storm moved over extreme western Cuba early on October 12 .


The American Red Cross opened 55 shelters in 10 Florida counties , housing about 2,000 people at some point , primarily in Lee County .

The American Red Cross opened 55 shelters in 10 Florida counties .


A tropical storm watch , and later warning , was issued for eastern Florida .

A tropical storm watch , and then a warning , was issued for eastern Florida too .


In preparation for the storm , Cuban officials in Pinar del Río Province evacuated 100,000 people , as well as 40,000 head of cattle .

To prepare themselves for the storm , Cuban officials in Pinar del Río Province evacuated 100,000 people , as well as 40,000 head of cattle .


Initially it was forecast to make landfall between Naples and Fort Myers , Florida .

Initially it was forecast to make landfall in the United States between Naples and Fort Myers , Florida .


The origins of Hurricane Floyd were from a low pressure area in the Gulf of Honduras on October 5 .

Hurricane Floyd originated from a low pressure area in the Gulf of Honduras on October 5 .


The hurricane also produced rip tides that killed a person in southern Texas .


Shortly thereafter , a tropical storm warning and hurricane watch was issued for the northeast Yucatán Peninsula before the storm dropped heavy rainfall along the coast .

Soon after this , a tropical storm warning and hurricane watch was issued for the northeast Yucatán Peninsula .


After becoming a tropical storm , it moved northward and crossed western Cuba .

After this , it moved northward and crossed western Cuba .


People in the hurricane 's path prepared by purchasing supplies from supermarkets , gassing up their vehicles , and securing loose outside items .

People in the hurricane 's path prepared by buying supplies from supermarkets , keeping the gas in their vehicles full and keeping loose outside items safe .


The rainfall flooded roads in southern Florida , which caused several vehicles to fail on the Florida Turnpike .

This caused several vehicles to fail on the Florida Turnpike .


Rainfall directly from Floyd 's rainbands produced minimal rainfall less than 1 in ( 25 mm ) .

Rainfall directly from Floyd 's rainbands was very low , about 1 in ( 25 mm ) .


Across southern Florida , the hurricane left minor damage of around $ 500,000 ( 1987 USD ) , largely due to downed trees and power lines , as well as minor crop damage in Dade County .

Across southern Florida , the hurricane left minor damage of around $ 500,000 ( 1987 USD ) .


On October 9 , a Hurricane Hunters flight confirmed the development of an organized circulation , which indicated that Tropical Depression Thirteen had developed .

On October 9 , a Hurricane Hunters flight confirmed that an organized circulation was formed .


After the track became more easterly , a hurricane warning was issued for southeastern Florida , as well as the northwestern Bahamas .

So , a hurricane warning was issued for southeastern Florida .


Floyd was the first named storm to strike southern Florida since Hurricane Bob in 1985 .

Floyd was the first named storm to strike southern Florida in two years .


Officials in southern Florida closed schools due to the storm , and a few flights were canceled at Miami International Airport .

Officials in southern Florida closed schools due to the storm .


Roughly 100 F-4 and F16 fighter jets were transported out of Homestead Air Force Base to safer facilities .

About 100 F-4 and F16 fighter jets were transported out of Homestead Air Force Base to safer places .


The circulation became nearly impossible to track on satellite imagery , although surface observations indicated it passed just south of Miami , Florida .

The circulation became nearly impossible to track on satellite imagery .


It passed through the Bahamas before becoming extratropical and later dissipating on October 14 .

It passed through the Bahamas before becoming extratropical .


The final of seven tropical storms and three hurricanes , Floyd developed on October 9 just off the east coast of Nicaragua .

Floyd developed on 9 October just off the east coast of Nicaragua .


In the country , the highest reported gust was 48 mph ( 77 km\/h ) at Freeport , Grand Bahama .

In the country , the highest reported gust was 48 mph ( 77 km\/h ) .


After reaching tropical storm status , Floyd accelerated to the north in the western Caribbean Sea , due to an approaching cold front .

After it became a tropical storm , Floyd accelerated to the north in the western Caribbean Sea .


The hurricane produced rip tides as far west as the Texas coast , killing one person along South Padre Island .


The storm underwent extratropical transition as it weakened over the Bahamas , and Floyd was no longer a tropical cyclone by late on October 18 .


Around the same time , the nearby cold front spawned a low pressure area that cut off the hurricane 's inflow .


While bypassing the Florida Keys , Floyd spawned a waterspout that moved ashore in Rock Harbor .

Floyd created a waterspout that moved ashore in Rock Harbor .


Despite passing over western Cuba as a tropical storm , Floyd left no serious damage or fatalities in the country .

Floyd passed over Western Cuba as a tropical storm .


Unexpectedly the storm turned sharply northeastward into the southeastern Gulf of Mexico .

It went into the southeastern Gulf of Mexico .


However , its convection was rapidly decreasing over the center due to the front , and shortly thereafter Floyd weakened to tropical storm status .

Soon after this , Floyd weakened to tropical storm status .


Over the subsequent few days , it drifted eastward and later southward to a position off the east coast of Nicaragua .

It moved to a place off the east coast of Nicaragua .


It was the first warning in the state related to the storm , and was issued due to the anticipated intensification to hurricane status as well as short notice .

It was the first warning in the state related to the storm .


With an anticyclone aloft , the depression gradually organized , intensifying into Tropical Storm Floyd on October 10 .

With an anticyclone over it , the depression gradually organized .


In addition , international flights were canceled for a day during Floyd 's passage .

International flights were also canceled for a day when Floyd was passing .


Based on reports from the Hurricane Hunters , Floyd briefly attained hurricane status on October 12 .

The Hurricane Hunters gave reports which said Floyd got the status of a hurricane on October 12 for a short time .


Precipitation reached as far north as Daytona , peaking at 10.07 in ( 256 mm ) in Fort Pierce .


An approaching cold front caused Floyd to turn unexpectedly to the northeast , and late on October 12 it attained hurricane status near the Florida Keys .

Because a cold front was approaching , Floyd suddenly turned to the northeast .


In total , 72 Members of the European Parliament were elected from the United Kingdom using proportional representation .

In the United Kingdom , 72 Members of the European Parliament ( MEPs ) were elected using proportional representation .


The European Parliament election was the United Kingdom 's component of the 2009 European Parliament election , the voting for which was held on Thursday 4 June 2009 , coinciding with the 2009 local elections in England .

The 2009 European Parliament Election was held in all 27 countries that are part of the European Union on 4 June 2009 .


He has played Ken Barlow in the soap opera Coronation Street since its first episode on 9 December 1960 .

He has played Ken Barlow in the British soap opera Coronation Street since its first episode on 9 December 1960 .


William Patrick Roache , MBE ( born 25 April 1932 ) , known professionally as Bill Roache , is an English actor .

William Patrick Roache , MBE ( born 25 April 1932 ) is an English actor .


He added : `` But Tony Warren , who created Coronation Street , saw it and thought I was right for Ken Barlow . ''

In a 2007 interview , Roache said , `` Tony Warren , who created Coronation Street , saw it and thought I was right for Ken Barlow . ''


On 1 May 2013 , Roache was arrested on suspicion of having raped a 15-year-old girl in 1967 , an allegation he strenuously denied .

On May 1 , 2013 , Roache was arrested at his home on suspicion of raping a 15-year-old girl in the 1960s .


Shortly before joining Coronation Street at the beginning of the program in 1960 , Roache played the leading role in a Granada Television play called Marking Time , transmitted on ITV in 1961 .

Roache played the leading role in a Granada Television play called Marking Time .


Roache was born in Basford , Nottinghamshire , the son of Hester Vera ( née Waddicor ) and Joseph William Vincent Roache .

Roache was born in Basford , Nottinghamshire .


He grew up in in nearby Ilkeston , Derbyshire , where he attended a Steiner school set up by his grandfather in the garden of the family home .


Anne Hutchinson was born Anne Marbury in Alford , Lincolnshire , England , and baptised there on 20 July 1591 , the daughter of Francis Marbury and Bridget Dryden .

She was born Anne Marbury in Alford , Lincolnshire , England .


After her husband 's death a few years later , threats of Massachusetts taking over Rhode Island compelled Hutchinson to move totally outside the reach of Boston , into the lands of the Dutch .

Hutchinson and her family moved first to Rhode Island .


Therefore , the spiny mouse should never be picked up by its tail and should be handled with care to avoid a degloving injury .

The spiny mouse should never be picked up by its tail and should be handled with care to avoid a degloving injury .


In the pet trade , they are most commonly referred to as Egyptian spiny mice or , more simply , spiny mice .

In the pet trade , they are commonly called Egyptian spiny mice or , more simply , spiny mice .


Though these animals are similar to pet mice and rats , the tail of a spiny mouse is much more delicate .

Though these animals are like pet mice and rats , the tail of a spiny mouse is much more delicate .


Babies are weaned around 5 to 6 weeks and reach sexual maturity at about 6 to 9 weeks .

Pups are weaned around 5 to 6 weeks and reach sexual maturity at about 6 to 9 weeks .


Pups are born with their eyes open ; they will begin to leave the nesting area at about 3 days of age .

They will begin to leave the nesting area at about 3 days of age .


Litters normally consist of 2 to 3 pups , but females may have up to 6 pups in a single litter .

Litters are normally 2 to 3 pups , but females may have up to 6 pups in a single litter .


Other females within the social group may assist in the birthing process and tend to the newborns .

Other females within the social group may help in the birthing process and look after the pups .


As spiny mice are prone to obesity , it is important to provide ample space and environmental enrichment to encourage exercise .

As spiny mice are prone to obesity ( getting too fat ) , it is important to provide a big space and a complex environment to encourage exercise .


Despite their similarity to members of the genus Mus , genetic evidence suggests that the African spiny mice may be more closely related to gerbils than to common mice .

Even though they look like members of the genus Mus , scientists thhink that the African spiny mice may be more closely related to gerbils than to common mice .


Similar in appearance to mice of the genus Mus , spiny mice are small mammals with bare , scaled tails .

Spiny mice are small mammals with bare , scaled tails .


Genus Acomys - spiny mice Though African spiny mice originated in the deserts of Africa , they are frequently kept as exotic pets in other parts of the world , particularly Western nations such as the United States .

They are often kept as exotic pets in other parts of the world , particularly Western nations such as the United States .


However , their coats are endowed with unusually stiff guard hairs that function similarly to the spines of a hedgehog ; this trait is the source of the common name , spiny mouse .

Their coats have unusually stiff guard hairs that work the same way as the spines of a hedgehog .


Lifespan for spiny mice is 4 to 7 years .


Hoffmann was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work , shared with Kenichi Fukui who developed a similar model using frontier molecular orbital ( FMO ) theory ; because Woodward had died two years before , he was not eligible to win what would have been his second Nobel Prize for Chemistry .

Hoffmann was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work , shared with Kenichi Fukui who developed a similar model .


The Woodward-Hoffmann rules , devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann , are a set of rules in organic chemistry predicting the barrier heights of pericyclic reactions based upon conservation of orbital symmetry .

The Woodward-Hoffmann rules are a set of organic chemistry rules to predict the stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions .


Sandow built his physique to the exact proportions of his Grecian Ideal , and is considered the father of modern bodybuilding , as one of the first athletes to intentionally develop his musculature to predetermined dimensions .

Sandow built his physique to the exact proportions of his Grecian Ideal , and is considered the ` father of modern bodybuilding , as one of the first athletes to intentionally develop his musculature to pre-determined dimensions .


Eugen Sandow ( April 2 , 1867 - October 14 , 1925 ) , born Friedrich Wilhelm Müller , was a German pioneering bodybuilder known as the `` father of modern bodybuilding '' .

Eugen Sandow ( April 2 , 1867 - October 14 , 1925 ) , born Friedrich Wilhelm Müller , was a Prussian who pioneered bodybuilding in 19th century and was often referred to as the `` Father of Modern Bodybuilding '' .


Smoked fish is fish that has been cured by smoking .

Smoked fish are fish that have been cured by smoking .


Originally this was done as a preservative .

At first this was done as a preservative .


In more recent times fish is readily preserved by refrigeration and freezing and the smoking of fish is generally done for the unique taste and flavor imparted by the smoking process .

Now the smoking of fish is generally done for the unique taste and flavor that comes from the smoking process .


He also served as music director of the Orchestra Mozart in Bologna , Italy .

He is also music director of the Mozart Orchestra of Bologna , Italy .


In 1958 he won the international Serge Koussevitsky Competition for conductors at the Tanglewood Music Festival , which resulted in a number of operatic conducting engagements in Italy , and in 1963 he won the Dimitri Mitropoulos Prize for conductors , allowing him to work for five months with the New York Philharmonic .

In 1958 , he won the international Koussevitsky competition for conductors .


After studying piano , composition , and conducting at the Milan Conservatory at age 16 , in 1955 he studied conducting with Hans Swarowsky at the Vienna Academy of Music .

He studied conducting at the Vienna Academy of Music .


Born in Milan , Italy , Abbado was the son of the violinist and composer Michelangelo Abbado , who was his first piano teacher , and the brother of the musician Marcello Abbado .


Abbado was diagnosed with stomach cancer in 2000 and the treatment led to the removal of a portion of his digestive system .

Abbado was found to have stomach cancer in 2000 and he had a major operation .


During three periods of ethnic identification work after 1949 , professor Fei Xiaotong , Huang Xianfan , Xia Kangnong and a lot of academic masters and scholars from anthropology and ethnic study circles had made their great contributions .

During three periods of ethnic identification work after 1949 , professors Fei Xiaotong , Huang Xianfan , Xia Kangnong and a lot of academic masters and scholars from anthropology and ethnic study circles made their great contributions .


This was the reason that ethnic study circles called professor Huang a founder of modern Chinese ethnology .

This was the reason that ethnic study circles called professor Huang a founder of modern Chinese ethnic studies .


In the mean time , the world ethnic study circles had noticed this and gave very high comments .

In the mean time , the world ethnic study circles had noticed this and gave a great high comment .


St. Mirren Park has also became the regular home of the Scotland national under-21 football team .

St. Mirren Park has become the regular home of the Scotland national under-21 football team .


The North Stand is used by away fans but for larger away supports part of the West Stand can also be given to away fans whilst the South Stand is the Family Stand .

The North Stand is used by away fans but for larger away supports part of the West Stand can also be given to away fans .


St. Mirren Park , also known as `` Greenhill Road '' , is a football stadium in Paisley , Scotland .

St Mirren Park , also known as `` Greenhill Road '' , is a football stadium in Paisley , Scotland and is the home of St. Mirren FC .


The stadium has four grandstands with a total capacity of 8,023 .

The Stadium has four stands with a total capacity of 8,023 .


Club chairman Stewart Gilmour and First Minister Alex Salmond were also present at the first match at the new ground .

The new St. Mirren Park was officially opened on 31 January 2009 by club chairman Stewart Gilmour and First Minister Alex Salmond , prior to the first match at the new ground .


Connecticut is known as the `` Constitution State '' .

Connecticut is a state in the United States .


The same disease , such as some forms of cancer , may be caused by an inherited genetic condition in some people , by new mutations in other people , and mainly by environmental causes in still other people .

The same disease , such as some forms of cancer , may be caused by an inherited genetic condition in some people , by new mutations in other people , and by nongenetic causes in still other people .


A genetic disorder is an illness caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome , especially a condition that is present from birth ( congenital ) .

A genetic disorder is an illness caused by abnormalities in the genome .


Genetic disorders may or may not be heritable , i.e. , passed down from the parents ' genes .

They are heritable , and are passed down from the parents ' genes .


Georgia joined two years later , in December 1993 .

In December 1993 , Georgia also joined the CIS .


At the same time they announced that the new alliance would be open to all republics of the former Soviet Union , and to other nations sharing the same goals .

One of the same stated that the alliance would be open to all the republics of the Soviet Union .


The CIS is a loose association of states .

The CIS is an organization or alliance of independent countries .


There are nine full member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States .

The Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) is the international organization , or alliance of countries that used to form the Soviet Union .


Parts of the film were made on location at Sedlec Ossuary .

Parts of the movie were made on location at Sedlec Ossuary .


Despite its poor box-office performance , a made-for-TV sequel , Dungeons & Dragons : Wrath of the Dragon God was released in 2005 .

Even though it did not do well in movie theaters , a made-for-TV sequel , Dungeons & Dragons : Wrath of the Dragon God was released in 2005 .


A third film , Dungeons & Dragons : The Book of Vile Darkness , was shot in 2011 and direct-to-DVD released in the United Kingdom on August 9 , 2012 .

A third movie , Dungeons & Dragons : The Book of Vile Darkness , was shot in 2011 .


Dungeons & Dragons is a 2000 fantasy film directed by Courtney Solomon and based on the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game .

It was based on the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game .


It did not directly continue on the storyline of the previous film , though Bruce Payne 's character , Damodar , makes a return .

It did not directly continue on the storyline of the previous movie .


Among the more notable features of the otherwise poorly received film are cameo appearances by Richard O'Brien ( in a parody of his TV program The Crystal Maze ) and Tom Baker .

Richard O'Brien and Tom Baker made cameo appearances .


Punch Brothers released its first album , Punch , February 26 , 2008 , on Nonesuch Records .

Punch Brothers released their first album , Punch , on the Nonesuch Records on February 26 , 2008 .


This included electric guitar , piano , drums , violin , viola , cello , and bass .

He mainly played his mandolin on the album , but also played electric guitar , piano , drums , violin , viola , cello , and bass .


In 2007 , the band officially changed its name first to `` The Tensions Mountain Boys '' and then `` Punch Brothers . ''

In 2007 , the band changed its name twice : first to `` The Tensions Mountain Boys '' and then `` Punch Brothers . ''


In 1997 , Chris released Stealing Second and Nickel Creek released Here to There .

In 1997 , Thile released Stealing Second and Nickel Creek released Here to There .


The album featured guest appearances from several well-known instrumentalists such as Stuart Duncan , Béla Fleck , Edgar Meyer , Jerry Douglas , and Bryan Sutton .

The album had guest appearances from his Nickel Creek bandmates as well as Stuart Duncan , Béla Fleck , Edgar Meyer , Jerry Douglas , and Bryan Sutton .


At age twelve , he won the national mandolin championship at the Walnut Valley Festival in Winfield , Kansas .

After playing many music festivals with Nickel Creek , he won the national mandolin contest at the Walnut Valley Festival in Winfield , Kansas at age twelve .


In an interview with the Nashville City Paper , Thile described the formation of the band : The band consisted of Chris Thile ( mandolin ) , Gabe Witcher ( fiddle\/violin ) , Chris Eldridge ( guitar ) , Greg Garrison ( bass ) , and Noam Pikelny ( banjo ) .

In an interview with the Nashville City Paper , Thile talked about the band 's start : The band 's members are Thile ( mandolin ) , Gabe Witcher ( fiddle ) , Chris Eldridge ( guitar ) , Greg Garrison ( bass ) , and Noam Pikelny ( banjo ) .


In 2004 , Thile released Deceiver , an experimental album on which he recorded every track himself .

The next year , Thile released Deceiver , a pop album on which he played and wrote every song himself .


Following the major success and platinum accreditation of the album Nickel Creek , Thile released Not All Who Wander Are Lost in 2001 .

After Nickel Creek sold 500,000 copies , Thile released Not All Who Wander Are Lost in 2001 .


In 2003 , Thile teamed up with mandolinist Mike Marshall for the duet album Into the Cauldron , which included original pieces as well as pieces by Charlie Parker and J. S. Bach .

In 2003 , Thile and mandolinist Mike Marshall made a duet album called Into the Cauldron , which had covers by artists from Charlie Parker to Bach .


The album featured Thile 's suite `` The Blind Leaving the Blind '' , as well as other original songs .

The album has Thile 's four piece song `` The Blind Leaving the Blind '' , along with other original songs .


In 2006 , Thile formed the How to Grow a Band , with whom he recorded How to Grow a Woman from the Ground , Thile 's fifth album .

Just before this , Thile formed the How to Grow a Band .


Thile began playing the mandolin at the age of five , taking occasional lessons from John Moore .


In August 2006 , Nickel Creek announced that at the end of the year they would no longer be recording together as a group , and their tour scheduled through 2007 would be their last for an indefinite period of time .

In August 2006 , Nickel Creek announced in Billboard and on their official website that they would take an indefinite hiatus , which means a break for an unknown amount of time .


At age eight , Thile 's family and the Watkins family formed Nickel Creek .

When Thile was eight , Nickel Creek was formed .


Thile has released other solo albums , including Not All Who Wander Are Lost , released in 2001 , and Deceiver in 2004 ( in which he wrote , composed , sang , and played every part ) .

Thile 's third album , Not All Who Wander Are Lost , was released in 2001 .


In 2008 , Thile released a collaboration album with bassist Edgar Meyer , and also plans to release a collaborative album with Hilary Hahn .

Also in 2008 , Thile will make an album with Edgar Meyer , which will come out in the fall .


Her most recent film role was the mother of Judy ( Parker Posey ) in the 2002 romantic comedy , The Sweetest Thing .

Her most recent movie role was that of the mother of Judy ( Parker Posey ) in the 2002 romantic comedy , The Sweetest Thing .


She has appeared on several daytime dramas since the mid-1970s .

She has appeared on many daytime dramas since the mid-1970s .


Chapman joined the cast of The Young and the Restless full time in January 2005 , replacing Joan Van Ark in the contract role of Gloria Fisher .

Her present role started in January 2005 , when she joined the cast of The Young and the Restless replacing Joan Van Ark in the role of Gloria Fisher .


Her first soap role was scheming Natalie Bannon Hughes on As the World Turns from 1975-1978 .

Her first daytime role was that of `` Natalie Bannon Hughes '' on As the World Turns from 1975 to 1978 .


Chapman guest actress on the final episode of Galactica 1980 titled `` The Return of Starbuck '' , where she played the Seraph Angela , as well as two episodes of Magnum , P.I. - `` The Black Orchid '' from Season one and `` The Woman on the Beach '' from Season two .

Chapman was also a guest actress on two episodes of Magnum , P.I. - `` The Black Orchid '' from season 1 , and `` The Woman on the Beach '' from season 2 .


Oaks has stated that he `` maintains his mental health with exercise , diet , peer counseling and wilderness trips - strategies that are well outside the mainstream thinking of psychiatrists and many patients '' .

Oaks says he `` maintains his mental health with exercise , diet , peer counseling and wilderness trips - strategies that are well outside the mainstream thinking of psychiatrists and many patients '' .


He has stated that he recovered by rejecting drugs and getting support from family and friends .

He recovered , he says , by rejecting drugs and getting support from family and friends .


Oaks has stated that the psychiatric drugs that patients take are debilitating and have harmful side effects , and people can recover without them .

Oaks says that the psychiatric drugs that patients take have harmful side effects , and people can often recover without them .


Oaks was institutionalized and forcibly medicated in the 1970s , while studying at Harvard University in Cambridge , Massachusetts , for what was diagnosed as schizophrenia .

David Oaks himself was institutionalized and forcibly medicated in the 1970s , while studying at Harvard University , for what was diagnosed as schizophrenia .


David W. Oaks ( born September 16 , 1955 in Chicago , Illinois ) is a civil rights activist and founder and former executive director of Eugene , Oregon-based MindFreedom International .

David W. Oaks is the founder and executive director of MindFreedom International , based in Eugene , Oregon .


Mindfreedom International includes psychiatric survivors and psychiatrists who reject the biomedical model that defines contemporary psychiatry .

The organization includes psychiatric survivors and dissident psychiatrists who reject what they say is the `` domination '' by the biomedical model that defines contemporary psychiatry .


It has the second oldest unbroken tradition although the May Queen of All London Festival at Hayes Common in Bromley is a close contender .

This has the record of the oldest unbroken tradition although the May Queen of All London Festival at Hayes Common in Bromley is a close contender .


The Wicker Man , a cult horror film starring Christopher Lee , is a prominent example of these associations .

The Wicker Man , a cult horror film starring Christopher Lee , is a prominent example of this .


A May queen is selected from a group of 13 upward girls by the young dancers .

A May queen is selected from a group of 13 upwards girls by the young dancers .


This May Day celebration began in 1870 and is one hundred and forty years of age .

This May Day celebration began in 1870 and is approaching one hundred and forty years of age .


In 1557 , a London diarist called Henry Machyn wrote : Translation : On the 30th day of May was a jolly May-game in Fenchurch Street ( London ) with drums and guns and pikes , The Nine Worthies did ride ; and they all had speeches , and the morris dance and sultan and an elephant with a castle and the sultan and young moors with shields and arrows , and the lord and lady of the May '' .

In 1557 , a diarist called Henry Machyn wrote : Translation : On the 30th May was a jolly May-game in Fenchurch Street ( London ) with drums and guns and pikes , The Nine Worthies did ride ; and they all had speeches , and the morris dance and sultan and a elephant with a castle ( saddle in the shape of a castle ) and the sultan and young moors with shields and arrows , and the lord and lady of the May '' .


Sir James George Frazer found in the figure of the May Queen , a relic of tree worship : According to popular British folklore , the tradition once had a sinister twist , in that the May Queen was put to death once the festivities were over .


Today the May Queen is a girl who must ride or walk at the front of a parade for May Day celebrations .

The May Queen is a girl ( usually a teenage girl from a specific school year ) who is selected to ride or walk at the front of a parade for May Day celebrations .


Another notable event includes the one in the Brentham Garden Suburb , England which hosts it annually .

Many areas keep this tradition alive today , most notably the Brentham Garden Suburb , England which hosts it annually .


The May Queen or Queen of May is a term which has two distinct but related meanings , as a mythical figure and as a personification of the holiday , and of Springtime , ( and also Summer ) .

The May Queen or Queen of May is a word which has two different but related meanings .


Persuasion is Jane Austen 's last completed novel .

Persuasion is Jane Austen 's last finished novel .


Persuasion has been the subject of several adaptations :

Persuasion is the story of a second chance of lost love .


Captain Frederick Wentworth - A naval officer who was briefly engaged to Anne some years ago .

Eight years before the story begins , Anne had been engaged to a young naval officer , Frederick Wentworth .


The term trail gained popularity during World War II , when many servicemen from the United States were stationed in Australia , which probably influenced its being adopted by elements of the Australian media at the time ( see Kokoda Track ) .

The term `` trail '' gained popularity during World War II , when many servicemen from the United States were stationed in Australia , which probably influenced its being adopted by elements of the Australian media at the time ( see Kokoda Track ) .


Some of the trails are over one thousand miles ( 1,600 km ) long and may be hiked in sections by backpackers , or completed in one trip by dedicated hikers .

Some of the trails are over a thousand miles ( 1,500 km ) long and may be hiked in sections by backpackers , or completed in one trip by dedicated hikers .


Stairway trails are another way to ascend higher slopes .

Stairway is another way to ascend higher slopes .


The stairs are constructed by making cuts in the dirt , rocks , or concrete .

The stairs are constructed using cuts in dirt , rocks or concrete .


Some trails are designated backpacking trails , or long-distance trails , and are used by both day hikers and by backpackers .

Some trails are backpacking trails , or long-distance trails , and are used by both day hikers and by backpackers .


Many trails are designated day trails , meaning that they are generally used by people out for a short hike , less than a day .

Many trails are day trails , what means that they are generally used by people out for a short hike , less than a day .


In Australia , the term track can be used interchangeably with trail , and can refer to anything from a dirt road to an unpaved pedestrian path .

In Australia , the word track can be used interchangeably with trail , and can refer to anything from a dirt road to a pedestrian walkway ( generally also unpaved ) .


One example is the nature trail , which is used by people learning about the natural world .

Some trails are meant as nature trails , and are used by people learning about the natural world .


Popular stairway trails include the Stairway Trails in Bernal Heights , East - San Francisco , and the stairs at many hilltop Hindu temples such as the Palani Murugan Temple located in Tirumala , used during pilgrimage & Machu Picchu .

Popular stair way trails include Stairway Trails in Bernal Heights East - San Francisco , Stairs at many hill top Hindu temple ( Tirumala , Palani ) used during Pilgrimage & Machu Picchu .


In New Zealand , the terms track or walkway are used almost exclusively except in reference to cross-country skiing : `` walkways vary enormously in nature , from short urban strolls , to moderate coastal locations , to challenging tramps ( hikes ) in the high country ( mountains ) '' .

In New Zealand , the word track is used almost exclusively except in reference to cross-country skiing , where trail is used .


Emily then recited a verse : When Emily had left , Bagpuss woke up .

When Emily had left , Bagpuss would wake up .


The title character was `` an old , saggy cloth cat , baggy , and a bit loose at the seams '' .

Bagpuss was described in each program as `` an old , saggy cloth cat , baggy , and a bit loose at the seams '' .


Bagpuss is an actual cloth cat , but was not intended to be such an electric pink .


Emily found lost and broken things and displayed them in the window , so their owners could come and collect them ; the shop did not sell anything .


Bagpuss is a UK children 's television series , made by Peter Firmin and Oliver Postgate .

The series was made by Peter Firmin and Oliver Postgate through their company Smallfilms .


The Archaeognatha are an order of wingless insects , also known as jumping bristletails .

Archaeognatha is an order of wingless insects , also known as jumping bristletails .


Archaeognatha differ from Thysanura in being able to use their tails to spring up to 30 cm ( 12 in ) into the air .

Archaeognatha differ from Thysanura in that they are able to use their tail to spring up to 30 cm into the air .


No species is currently at conservation risk , though the order is one of the most poorly studied among insects , so it may simply be that no one has yet recognized that any species are at risk .

There are no species at current conservation risk , though the order is one of the most poorly-studied among insects , and therefore it may simply be that no one has yet recognized that any species are at risk .


The name Archaeognatha is derived from Greek , archaeos meaning `` ancient '' and gnatha meaning `` jaw '' .

The name Archaeognatha is derived from Greek Archaeos meaning `` ancient '' and gnatha meaning `` jaw '' .


An alternate name , Microcoryphia , comes from the Greek micro , meaning `` small '' , and coryphia , meaning head .

An alternate name , Microcoryphia comes from the Greek micro meaning `` small '' and coryphia meaning head .


The approximately 350 species in the two families are distributed worldwide .

There are approximately 350 species in the two families .


Archaeognaths are found in a wide range of habitats , and are unusual among insects in that they can even be found in the Arctic , where they live in leaf litter and rock crevices .

They are distributed worldwide , and unusual in the insect world in that they can even be found in the Arctic where they live in leaf litter and rock crevices .


The order Archaeognatha has previously been combined with the order Thysanura ; both orders possess three-pronged tails comprising two cerci and an epiproct .

Both groups have three-pronged tails with two cerci and an epiproct .


They are among the least evolutionarily changed insects , appearing in the Devonian period along with the arachnids .

They first appear in the Devonian period along with the arachnids ( Spiders ) .


All education in the country at the high-school level was in English or Afrikaans .

All education , however , at the high school level was in English or Afrikaans .


The Zulu , like Xhosa and other Nguni people , have lived in South Africa for a long time .

The Zulu , Xhosa , and other Nguni people have lived in South Africa for a long time .


Like many other Bantu languages , it is written using the Latin alphabet .

Like other Bantu languages , Zulu is written using the Latin alphabet .


This board has now been disbanded and superseded by the Pan South African Language Board which promotes the use of all eleven official languages of South Africa .

Today the Pan South African Language Board supports the use of all 11 official languages of South Africa .


Other notable contributors to Zulu literature include Benedict Wallet Vilakazi and , more recently , Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali .

Other important Zulu writers are Benedict Wallet Vilakazi and Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali .


It became one of South Africa 's eleven official languages in 1994 .

In 1994 , it became one of South Africa 's 11 official languages .


The Zulu language possesses several click sounds typical of Southern African languages .

The Zulu language has a lot of click sounds common in Southern African languages .


In January 2005 the first full length feature film in Zulu , Yesterday was nominated for an Oscar .

The first full-length feature film in Zulu was Yesterday .


English , Dutch and later Afrikaans had been the only official languages used by all South African governments before 1994 .

Before 1994 , the official languages of South Africa were English , Dutch , and Afrikaans .


The written form of Zulu was controlled by the Zulu Language Board of KwaZulu-Natal .

Before 1994 , the Zulu language was controlled by the Zulu Language Board in KwaZulu-Natal .


The first grammar book of the Zulu language was published in Norway in 1850 by the Norwegian missionary Hans Schreuder .

The first Zulu grammar book was published in Norway in 1850 by Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder .


Zulu ( isiZulu in Zulu ) is the language of the Zulu people with about 10 million speakers , the vast majority ( over 95 % ) of whom live in South Africa .

Zulu ( Zulu : isiZulu ) is the language of the Zulu people .


Another pioneering Zulu writer was Reginald Dhlomo , author of several historical novels of the 19th-century leaders of the Zulu nation : U-Dingane ( 1936 ) , U-Shaka ( 1937 ) , U-Mpande ( 1938 ) , U-Cetshwayo ( 1952 ) and U-Dinizulu ( 1968 ) .

Dhlomo wrote U-Dingane ( 1936 ) , U-Shaka ( 1937 ) , U-Mpande ( 1938 ) , U-Cetshwayo ( 1952 ) and U-Dinizulu ( 1968 ) .


Standard Zulu as it is taught in schools , also called `` deep Zulu '' ( isiZulu esijulile ) , differs in various respects from the language spoken by people living in cities ( urban Zulu , isiZulu sasedolobheni ) .

Standard Zulu is also called `` deep Zulu '' ( Zulu : isiZulu esijulile ) .


Zulu-language television was introduced by the SABC in the early 1980s and it broadcasts news and many shows in Zulu .

The SABC first started showing Zulu-language television and news programs in the 1980s .


The first written document in Zulu was a Bible translation that appeared in 1883 .

The oldest document written in Zulu is a Bible from 1883 .


Zulu , like most indigenous Southern African languages , was not a written language until contact with missionaries from Europe , who documented the language using the Latin script .

These missionaries used the Latin alphabet to write the Zulu language .


It was the first time a Beatles song was not arranged by Martin ( and the only time it was done with the Beatles ' consent : Phil Spector 's orchestration of Let It Be was done without McCartney 's knowledge ) .

It was the first time a Beatle song was not arranged by Martin ( and the only time it was done with the Beatles ' consent : Phil Spector 's orchestration of Let It Be was done without McCartney 's knowledge ) .


The harp was played by Sheila Bromberg , one of the first studio musicians to appear on a Beatles record .

The harp was played by Sheila Bromberg , the first female musician to appear on a Beatles record .


`` She 's Leaving Home '' is a Lennon-McCartney song , released in 1967 on the Beatles album Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band .

`` She 's Leaving Home '' is a song , written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and released in 1967 on The Beatles album Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band .


The day before McCartney wanted to work on the song 's score , he learned that George Martin , who usually handled the Beatles ' string arrangements , was not available .

The day before McCartney wanted to work on the string arrangement , he learned that George Martin was not available to do the score .


Coe was found ten days later because she had let slip where her boyfriend worked .

She was found ten days later because she had said where her boyfriend worked .


In actuality , Coe did not `` meet a man from the motor trade '' , but instead a croupier , and left in the afternoon while her parents were at work , while the girl in the song leaves early in the morning as her parents sleep .

In real life , Melanie did not `` meet a man from the motor trade '' , but instead a croupier , and left in the afternoon while her parents were at work .


The song was performed entirely by a small string orchestra arranged by Mike Leander , and was one of only a handful of Beatles songs in which the members did not play any instruments on the recording .

This was one of a handful of songs of the Beatles in which the members did not play any instruments .


Although McCartney invented most of the content in the song , Coe , who was 17 at the time , claims that most of it was accurate .

Although McCartney made up most of the content , Coe , who was 17 at the time said that he got most of it right .


In a bizarre coincidence , Coe had actually met McCartney three years earlier , in 1963 when he chose her as the prize winner in a dancing contest on ITV 's Ready Steady Go !

Coincidentally , Coe had met McCartney three years earlier when she was a contestant and prize winner on ITV 's Ready Steady Go !


Their debut album The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth was released in 1990 .

Their first album The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth was made in 1990 .


Folk metal is a sub-genre of heavy metal music that developed in Europe during the 1990s , a fusion of heavy metal and traditional folk music .

Folk metal is a type of heavy metal music that started in Europe in the 1990s .


A few bands are also known to rely on keyboards to simulate the sound of folk instruments .

A few bands also use keyboards to make the sound of folk instruments .


The music of folk metal is characterised by its diversity with bands known to perform different styles of both heavy metal music and folk music .

Different bands play folk metal music in different ways .


Lyrics in the genre commonly deal with fantasy , mythology , paganism , history and nature .

Lyrics in folk metal are normally about nature , fantasy , mythology and history .


Joseon was the last dynasty of Korean history and the longest-ruling Confucian dynasty .

Joseon was the last dynasty of Korean history and the longest Confucian dynasty .


Joseon ( Korean : 조선 ; Hanja : 朝鮮 ; also Chosŏn , Choson , Chosun , Cho-sen ) , was a Korean state founded by Taejo Yi Seong-gye that lasted for approximately five centuries , from July 1392 to October 1897 .

Joseon ( Korean : 조선 ; 朝鮮 ; July 1392 - October 1897 ) ( also Chosŏn , Choson , Chosun , Cho-sen ) , was a Korean state started by Taejo Yi Seong-gye .


It was founded following the aftermath of the overthrow of the Goryeo Dynasty in what is today the city of Kaesong .

It began after the end of the Goryeo Dynasty at what is today the city of Kaesong .


Content designed to promote businesses , products or services was allowed , but articles devoid of substantive content and created solely to generate ad revenue were not .

Content designed to promote businesses , products or services is allowed , but articles devoid of substantive content and created solely to generate ad revenue are not .


Relevant nudity was allowed ( in most countries ) , but pornography , commercial or otherwise , was forbidden .

Relevant nudity is allowed ( in most countries ) , but pornography , commercial or otherwise , is forbidden .


Knol was a Google project that aimed to include user-written articles on a range of topics .

Knol is a Google project which aims to include user-written articles on a range of topics .


Because multiple articles could have the same title , readers found a topic by searching , rather than just by title .

Because multiple articles can have the same title , readers find a topic by searching , rather than just by title .


Knol pages were `` meant to be the first thing someone who searches for this topic for the first time will want to read '' , according to Udi Manber .

Knol pages are `` meant to be the first thing someone who searches for this topic for the first time will want to read '' , according to Manber .


All contributions were licensed by default under the Creative Commons CC-BY-3 .0 license ( which allows anyone to reuse the material as long as the original author is named ) , but authors were also able to choose the CC-BY-NC-3 .0 license ( which prohibits commercial reuse ) or traditional all rights reserved copyright protections instead .

This license allows anyone to reuse the material as long as the original author is named , but authors may choose the CC-BY-NC-3 .0 license ( which prohibits commercial reuse ) or traditional all rights reserved copyright protections instead .


Several experts saw Knol as Google 's attempt to compete with Wikipedia , while others pointed out the differences between the projects .

Several experts see Knol as Google 's attempt to compete with Wikipedia , while others point out the differences between the projects .


Google '' ( believes ) that knowing who wrote what will significantly help users make better use of web content '' , and it hopes that `` knols will include the opinions and points of view of the authors who will put their reputation on the line '' .

The company hopes that `` knols will include the opinions and points of view of the authors who will put their reputation on the line '' .


Knol employed `` nofollow '' outgoing links , using an HTML directive to prevent links in its articles from influencing search engine rankings .

Knol has `` nofollow '' outgoing links , using an HTML directive .


While Wikipedia articles are written collectively under a `` neutral point of view '' policy , There has been debate whether Google search results can remain neutral because of possible conflict of interest .


Knol had a content policy describing topics unacceptable for the project .

Knol has a policy that specifies topics that are unacceptable for the project .


Lower-case , the term knol , which Google defined as a `` unit of knowledge '' , referred to an article in the project .

The term knol , which Google defines as a `` unit of knowledge '' , refers to both the project and an article in the project .


Authors could also choose to include ads from Google 's AdSense to their pages .

They may also choose to include ads from Google 's AdSense to their knols .


Any contributors can create ( and own ) new Knol articles , and there can be multiple articles on the same topic , each written by a different author .

There can also be several articles on the same topic , each written by a different author .


Knol has been described both as a rival to encyclopedia sites such as Wikipedia , Citizendium , and Scholarpedia and as a complement to Wikipedia , offering a different format that addresses many of Wikipedia 's shortcomings .

People have described Knol as a rival to other encyclopedia sites such as Wikipedia and Scholarpedia .


The project was led by Udi Manber of Google , announced December 13 , 2007 , and was opened in beta to the public on July 23 , 2008 with a few hundred articles mostly in the health and medical field .

The project was announced on December 13 , 2007 and opened in beta to the public on July 23 , 2008 .


If permission is given , Google would check the veracity of the name information by credit card or phone ( currently only for users residing in the US ) .

Google will do this by credit card or phone .


On 10 April the most senior home-based Ustaša , Slavko Kvaternik , took control of the police in Zagreb and in a radio broadcast that day proclaimed the formation of the Independent State of Croatia ( Nezavisna Država Hrvatska , NDH ) .

On April 10 the most senior home-based Ustaša , Slavko Kvaternik , took control of the police in Zagreb and in a radio broadcast that day proclaimed the formation of the Independent State of Croatia ( Nezavisna Država Hrvatska , NDH ) .


De facto control over this territory varied for the majority of the war , as the Partisans grew more successful , while the Germans and Italians increasingly exercised direct control over areas of interest .

De facto control over this territory varied for the majority of the war , as the Partisans grew more successful , while the Germans and Italians increasingly exercised direct control over areas of their interest .


Vjekoslav `` Maks '' Luburić , one of the chiefs of the secret police , started building concentration camps in the summer of the same year .

Maks Luburić , one of the chiefs of the secret police , started building concentration camps in the summer of the same year .


Due to this , the Court for the Preservation of the State in Belgrade sentenced Pavelić and Perčec to death on 17 July 1929 .

Due to these circumstances , the Court for the Preservation of the State in Belgrade sentenced Pavelić and Perčec to death on 17 July 1929 .


Eventually all who opposed and\/or threatened the Ustaše were outlawed .

All who opposed and\/or threatened the Ustaše were outlawed .


Meanwhile Pavelić and several hundred Ustaše left their camps in Italy for Zagreb , where Pavelić declared a new government on 16 April 1941 .

Meanwhile , Pavelić and several hundred Ustaše left their camps in Italy for Zagreb , where Pavelić set up his government on 17 April .


The exiles started organizing support for their cause among the Croatian diaspora in Europe , North and South America .

The exiles started organizing support for their cause among the Croatian emigration in Europe , North and South America .


After March 1937 , when Italy and Yugoslavia signed a pact of friendship , Ustaše and their activities were banned .

After March 1937 , when Italy and Yugoslavia signed a friendship treaty , many Ustaše in Italy were extradited to Yugoslavia .


The Axis Powers invaded Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941 .

Germany and Italy invaded Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941 .


The three newer camps continued to function until the end of the war : There were also other camps in : Numbers of prisoners : The Ustaše held the position that Eastern Orthodoxy , as a symbol of Serbian nationalism to them , was their greatest foe .


He accorded himself the title of `` Poglavnik '' - a Croatian approximation to `` Führer '' and translating to something like `` Headman '' in English .

He accorded himself the title of `` Poglavnik '' , - which was equivalent to `` Führer '' or `` Headman '' in English .


One of the major ideological influences of the Croatian nationalism of the Ustaše was 19th century Croatian activist Ante Starčević .

The Ustaše ideological system was chiefly based on the traditional pure Croatian nationalism of Ante Starčević .


Allen later said , `` It was really too large a project for us . ''

Allen said , `` It was really too large a project for us . ''


On February 8 , 2010 , the 747-8 Freighter made its maiden flight .

On February 8 , 2010 , the 747-8 Freighter made its first flight .


The payload bay had to be 17 feet ( 5.18 m ) wide by 13.5 feet ( 4.11 m ) high and 100 feet ( 30.5 m ) long with access through doors at the front and rear .

The cargo bay had to be 17 feet ( 5.18 m ) wide , 13.5 feet ( 4.11 m ) high and 100 feet ( 30.5 m ) long .


The 747 is to be replaced by the Boeing Y3 ( part of the Boeing Yellowstone Project ) in the future .

The 747 will be replaced by the Boeing Y3 ( part of the Boeing Yellowstone Project ) eventually .


It has an intercontinental range of 7,260 nautical miles ( 8,350 mi or 13,450 km ) .

It can fly for 7,260 nautical miles ( 8,350 mi or 13,450 km ) .


As Boeing did not have a plant large enough to assemble the giant airliner , they chose to build a new plant .

Boeing did not have a factory big enough to make the new plane .


Boeing built an unusual training device known as `` Waddell 's Wagon '' ( named for a 747 test pilot , Jack Waddell ) that consisted of a mock-up cockpit mounted on the roof of a truck .

Boeing made `` Waddell 's Wagon '' ( named after a 747 test pilot , Jack Waddell ) to train the pilots .


At the time , it was widely thought that the 747 would eventually be superseded by supersonic transport aircraft .

At the time , it was thought that supersonic aircraft would replace the 747 .


The 747 remained the largest passenger airliner in service until the Airbus A380 began airline service in 2007 .

The 747 was the world 's biggest passenger plane until the Airbus A380 was finished in 2007 .


The − 200 model followed in 1971 , featuring more powerful engines and a higher MTOW .

It had better engines and a higher MTOW .


Boeing designed the 747 's hump-like upper deck to serve as a first class lounge or ( as is the general rule today ) extra seating , and to allow the aircraft to be easily converted to a cargo carrier by removing seats and installing a front cargo door .

Boeing designed the 747 's upper deck to be a first class lounge or just extra seats .


On November 14 , 2005 , Boeing announced it was launching the 747 Advanced as the Boeing 747-8 .

On November 14 , 2005 , Boeing said it had changed the name of the 747 Advanced to the Boeing 747-8 .


The last 747-400s were completed in 2009 .


The variant had a new glass cockpit , which allowed for a cockpit crew of two instead of three , new engines , lighter construction materials , and a redesigned interior .


Boeing agreed to deliver the first 747 to Pan Am by the end of 1969 .

Boeing tried to give the 747 to Pan Am by the end of 1969 .


For the year and a half after September 1970 it only sold two 747s in the world , and did not sell any to an American carrier for almost three years .

For over a year after September 1970 , it only sold two 747s .


On May 18 , 1964 , airframe proposals arrived from Boeing , Douglas , General Dynamics , Lockheed and Martin Marietta ; while engine proposals were submitted by General Electric , Curtiss-Wright , and Pratt & Whitney .

On May 18 , 1964 , Boeing , Douglas , General Dynamics , Lockheed and Martin Marietta designed a plane .


Pratt & Whitney was also working on the same principle and , by late 1966 , Boeing , Pan Am and Pratt & Whitney agreed to develop a new engine , designated the JT9D to power the 747 .

In 1966 , Boeing , Pan Am and Pratt & Whitney designed a new engine , the JT9D , for the 747 .


Boeing president William M. Allen asked Malcolm T. Stamper , then head of the company 's turbine division , to oversee construction of the Everett factory and to start production of the 747 .

Boeing 's president , William M. Allen , asked Malcolm T. Stamper to be in charge of the building of the Everett factory .


In early models it was not clear what to do with the small space in the pod behind the cockpit , and this was initially specified as a `` lounge '' area with no permanent seating .

At first , it was a `` lounge '' area with no seats .


The Antonov An-225 Mriya cargo transport , which debuted in 1988 , remains the world 's largest aircraft by several measures ( including the most accepted measures of maximum takeoff weight and length ) ; one aircraft has been completed and is in service as of 2012 ( update ) .

The Antonov An-225 cargo transport is the world 's biggest plane .


After the initial 747-100 model , Boeing developed the − 100B , a higher maximum takeoff weight ( MTOW ) variant , and the − 100SR ( Short Range ) , with higher passenger capacity .

After this , Boeing made the − 100B , which has a higher MTOW ( maximum takeoff weight ) , and the − 100SR ( Short Range ) .


The − 100BSR first flew on November 3 , 1978 , with first delivery to All Nippon Airways ( ANA ) on December 21 , 1978 .

It was first delivered to All Nippon Airways ( ANA ) on 21 December 1978 .


The new variants would have cost more than US$ 5 billion to develop , and interest was not sufficient to launch the program .

These new planes would have cost more than US$ 5 billion to design and make .


These studies led to initial requirements for the CX-Heavy Logistics System ( CX-HLS ) in March 1964 for an aircraft with a load capacity of 180,000 pounds ( 81,600 kg ) and a speed of Mach 0.75 ( 500 mph or 805 km\/h ) , and an unrefueled range of 5,000 nautical miles ( 9,260 km ) with a payload of 115,000 pounds ( 52,200 kg ) .

It also had to be able to fly for 5,000 nautical miles ( 9,260 km ) while carrying 115,000 pounds ( 52,200 kg ) of cargo .


The − 100 was equipped with Pratt & Whitney JT9D-3A engines .

The − 100 had Pratt & Whitney JT9D-3A engines .


The Hughes H-4 Hercules is the largest aircraft by wingspan , but it only completed a single flight .

The Hughes H-4 Hercules has the biggest wingspan , but it only flew once .


The flight test program was hampered by problems with the 747 's JT9D engines .

The testing was delayed because of some problems with the JT9D engines .


The Boeing 747 is a wide-body commercial airliner and cargo transport aircraft , often referred to by its original nickname , Jumbo Jet , or Queen of the Skies .


Later , as airlines began to use the upper deck for premium passenger seating instead of lounge space , Boeing offered a ten-window upper deck as an option .

Later , airlines began to use the upper deck to hold more passengers instead of using it as a lounge .


Even before it lost the CX-HLS contract , Boeing was pressed by Juan Trippe , president of Pan American World Airways ( Pan Am ) , one of their most important airline customers , to build a passenger aircraft more than twice the size of the 707 .

Juan Trippe from Pan American World Airways ( Pan Am ) , asked Boeing to build a plane which was more than two times bigger than the Boeing 707 .


The first full-scale evacuation took two and a half minutes instead of the maximum of 90 seconds mandated by the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) , and several volunteers were injured .

The first evacuation took two and a half minutes .


Boeing did so because the company expected supersonic airliners ( development of which was announced in the early 1960s ) to render the 747 and other subsonic airliners obsolete , while the demand for subsonic cargo aircraft would be robust well into the future .

Boeing did this because they thought that supersonic airliners would become much more popular than the 747 and other subsonic airliners .


General Electric had pioneered the concept but was committed to developing the engine for the C-5 Galaxy and did not enter the commercial market until later .

However , it was making the engines for the C-5 Galaxy .


Some of the ideas developed for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER , a longer range variant of the 747-400 .

Some of the ideas that Boeing had for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER .


After the aircraft 's introduction with Pan Am , other airlines that had bought the 747 to stay competitive began to put their own 747s into service .

After Pan Am began to use the plane , other airlines began to use their 747s .


In April 1966 , Pan Am ordered 25 747-100 aircraft for US$ 525 million .


Sutter initiated a design study with Pan Am and other airlines , to better understand their requirements .

Sutter asked Pan Am and other airlines what they would like from the plane .


The shortened 747SP ( special performance ) with a longer range was also developed , and entered service in 1976 .

The 747SP ( special performance ) was also made .


The recession of 1969-1970 greatly affected Boeing .

The recession of 1969-1970 was very bad for Boeing .


Over the following months , preparations were made for the first flight , which took place on February 9 , 1969 , with test pilots Jack Waddell and Brien Wygle at the controls and Jess Wallick at the flight engineer 's station .

Its pilots were Jack Waddell and Brien Wygle .


Having tried replacing coach seats on its 747s with piano bars in an attempt to attract more customers , American Airlines eventually relegated its 747s to cargo service and in 1983 exchanged them with Pan Am for smaller aircraft ; Delta Air Lines also removed its 747s from service after several years .

Delta Air Lines also stopped using its 747s after many years .


Despite a minor problem with one of the flaps , the flight confirmed that the 747 handled extremely well .

There was a small problem with the flaps , but the 747 handled well .


However , these difficulties did not prevent Boeing from taking one of the test aircraft to the 28th Paris Air Show in mid-1969 , where it was displayed to the general public for the first time .

However , Boeing took the 747 to the 28th Paris Air Show in mid-1969 .


In 1991 , a record-breaking 1,087 passengers were airlifted aboard a 747 to Israel as part of Operation Solomon .

In 1991 , 1,087 passengers were taken to Israel on a 747 .


The company considered locations in about 50 cities , and eventually decided to build the new plant some 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Seattle on a site adjoining a military base at Paine Field near Everett , Washington .

They eventually decided to build their factory in Seattle , near Everett , Washington .


The era of commercial jet transportation , led by the enormous popularity of the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 , had revolutionized long-distance travel .

Jets like the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 had made it easy to travel long distances .


The first 747-100s were built with six upper deck windows ( three per side ) to accommodate upstairs lounge areas .

The first 747-100s had six windows on the upper deck .


In 1965 Lockheed 's aircraft design and General Electric 's engine design were selected for the new C-5 Galaxy transport , which was the largest military aircraft in the world at the time .

In 1965 , Lockheed 's plane and General Electric 's engines were used for the C-5 Galaxy .


In 1963 , the United States Air Force started a series of study projects on a very large strategic transport aircraft .

In 1963 , the United States Air Force began to look for a very big plane to transport things .


One of the principal technologies that enabled an aircraft as large as the 747 to be conceived was the high-bypass turbofan engine .

Planes as big as the 747 needed high-bypass turbofan engines .


Further , the significant chemical differences between the asteroids are difficult to explain if they come from the same planet .

Also , the significant chemical differences between the asteroids are difficult to explain if they come from the same planet .


The large amount of energy that would have been required to destroy a planet , combined with the belt 's low combined mass , which is only about 4 % of the mass of the Earth 's Moon , do not support the hypothesis .

The large amount of energy needed to destroy a planet , and with the belt 's low combined mass ( only about 4 % of the mass of the Moon ) do not support the hypothesis .


Planetesimals within the region which would become the asteroid belt were too strongly perturbed by Jupiter 's gravity to form a planet .

Planetesimals in the region which would become the asteroid belt were too strongly disturbed by Jupiter 's gravity to form a planet .


In general in the Solar System , planetary formation is thought to have occurred via a process comparable to the long-standing nebular hypothesis : a cloud of interstellar dust and gas collapsed under the influence of gravity to form a rotating disk of material that then further condensed to form the Sun and planets .

In general , planets formed by the long-standing nebular hypothesis : a cloud of interstellar dust and gas collapsed under the influence of gravity to form a rotating disk of material that then further condensed to form the Sun and planets .


Over time , however , this hypothesis has fallen from favor .


In regions where the average velocity of the collisions was too high , the shattering of planetesimals tended to dominate over accretion , preventing the formation of planet-sized bodies .

In regions where the velocity of the collisions was too high , the shattering of planetesimals was more common than accretion , preventing the formation of planet-sized bodies .