Usually viral infection occurs when a virus enters the host , either : It is usually only after a virus enters a host that it can gain access to possible susceptible cells .

Usually viral infections occur when a virus enters the host : It is usually only after a virus enters a host that it can gain access to cells in order to invade .


The host cell is now no longer useful to the virus , therefore the cell often dies and the newly produced viruses must find a new host .

The cell is now no longer useful to the virus , therefore it must find a new host .


To enter the cells , proteins on the surface of the virus interact with proteins of the cell .

In order to enter the cells , proteins found on the surface of the virus interact with proteins of the cell .


Attachment , or adsorption , occurs between the viral particle and the host cell membrane .

Attachment , or adsorption , occurs between the viral part and the host cell membrane .


Viruses are similar to living organisms , however there are differences .

Viruses are near the same to living organisms , however there are differences .


One of the ways a virus can be seen as living is that a virus needs to replicate and create progeny .

One of the ways a virus can be seen as living is that a virus needs to make more of themselves .


However , unlike organisms , a virus can not survive on its own .


After a virus has made many copies of itself , it usually has exhausted the cell of its resources .

After a virus has made many copies of itself , it usually has used up the cell 's resources .


For the virus to reproduce and thereby establish infection , it must enter cells of the host organism and use those cells ' materials .

In order for the virus to make copies and infect , it must enter cells of the host animal and use those cells ' materials .


Permissibility determines the outcome of the infection .

Permissibility determines how the infection will progress .


Some viruses can `` hide '' within a cell , either to evade the host cell defenses or immune system , or simply because it is not in the best interest of the virus to continually replicate .

Some viruses can `` hide '' inside another cell , either to defend itself against the host cell defenses or immune system , or because it is not in the best interest of the virus to make more copies at the time .


The process by which virus progeny are released to find new hosts , is called shedding .

The process by viral copies are released to find new hosts , is called shedding .


A virus is totally dependent on a host cell .

The viral life cycle is dependent on a host cell .


But being civil should not be confused with being friendly or courteous , let alone charitable or credulous .

But being civil should not be confused with being friendly or courteous , let alone charitable .


Users too often cite policies , like our policy against personal attacks and our policy against incivility , not to protect themselves from personal attacks , but to protect their edits from review .

Users sometimes tell people to read and use our policies , like our policy against personal attacks and our policy against incivility , not to protect themselves from personal attacks , but to protect their edits from review .


A decision to go-ahead was given for a 10-lane scheme in 1998 and the # 148 million 'M 25 Jct 12 to 15 Widening ' contract was awarded to Balfour Beatty in 2003 .

A decision to go-ahead was given for a 10-lane scheme in 1998 , and the # 148 million 'M 25 Jct 12 to 15 Widening ' contract was awarded to Balfour Beatty in 2003 .


This attracted fierce opposition from road protesters opposing the Newbury Bypass and other schemes and it was canceled shortly afterwards .

This attracted fierce opposition from road protesters opposing the Newbury Bypass and other schemes , and it was canceled shortly afterwards .


In 1995 a contract was awarded to widen the section between junctions 8 and 10 from six to eight lanes for a cost of # 93.4 million and a Motorway Incident Detection and Automatic Signalling ( MIDAS ) system was introduced to the M25 from junction 10 to junction 15 at a cost of # 13.5 m in 1995 and then extended to junction 16 at a cost of # 11.7 m in 2002 .

In 1995 a contract was awarded to widen the section between junctions 8 and 10 from six to eight lanes for a cost of # 93.4 million and a ` Motorway Incident Detection and Automatic Signalling ' ( MIDAS ) system was introduced to the M25 from junction 10 to junction 15 at a cost of # 13.5 m in 1995 and then extended to junction 16 at a cost of # 11.7 m in 2002 .


This consists of a distributed network of traffic and weather sensors , speed cameras and variable-speed signs that control traffic speeds with little human supervision , and has improved traffic flow slightly , and reduced the amount of start-stop driving .

This consists of a distributed network of traffic and weather sensors , speed cameras and variable-speed signs that control traffic speeds with little human supervision .


Soon after the motorway opened in 1986 traffic levels exceeded maximum designed capacity and in 1990 the Secretary of State for Transport announced plans to widen the whole of the M25 to four lanes .

In 1990 the Secretary of State for Transport announced plans to widen the whole of the M25 to four lanes .


The M25 motorway or London Orbital motorway is a 117-mile ( 188 km ) motorway that almost encircles Greater London , England , in the United Kingdom .

The M25 motorway , or London Orbital , is a 117-mile ( 188 km ) orbital motorway around Greater London .


By 1993 the motorway that was designed for a maximum of 88,000 vehicles per day was carrying 200,000 , 15 % of UK motorway traffic volume was on the M25 and there were plans to add 6 lanes to the section from Junction 12 to 15 as well widening the rest of the motorway to 4 lanes In parts , particularly the western third this plans went ahead , given consistent congestion however again plans to widen further sections to eight lanes ( four each way ) were scaled back in 2009 in response to rising costs , which are reinstated in the agreed Highways Agency 2013-14 business plan .

15 % of UK motorway traffic volume was on the M25 and there were plans to add 6 lanes to the section from Junction 12 to 15 as well widening the rest of the motorway to 4 lanes .


Environmental groups objected to the decision to go ahead a scheme that would create the widest motorways in the UK without holding a public inquiry .

Environmental groups objected to the decision to go ahead without holding a public inquiry .


It is one of the busiest of the British motorway network : 196,000 vehicles were recorded on a busy day near London Heathrow Airport in 2003 and the western half experienced an average daily flow of 147,000 vehicles in 2007 .

196,000 vehicles were recorded in a single day near London Heathrow Airport .


The Montreal Canadiens have won the Cup a record 24 times and are currently the last Canadian-based team in the NHL to win the cup after winning it in 1993 .

The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times , the most of any team .


The Stanley Cup was not awarded in 1919 because of a Spanish flu epidemic , and in 2005 , as a consequence of the NHL lockout .

It was not awarded in 1919 , either , because of the influenza epidemic .


The Stanley Cup ( French : La Coupe Stanley ) is the championship trophy awarded annually to the National Hockey League ( NHL ) playoff winner after the conclusion of the Stanley Cup Finals .

The Stanley Cup is a trophy given to the champions of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) every year .


Like many territorial overlords of their day , its owners sought the peace of a rural idyll far removed from the pomp and circumstance of court .

Its owners sought the peace of a rural idyll far removed from the court .


Bensheim is a town in the Bergstraße district in southern Hesse , Germany .


Cintas ' properties were claimed by the Castro government after the Cuban Revolution in 1959 , but Cintas , who died in 1957 , willed the Gettysburg Address to the American people , provided it would be kept at the White House , where it was transferred in 1959 .

But Cintas , who died in 1957 , had willed the Gettysburg Address to the American people , if it would be kept at the White House .


Oscar Benjamin Cintas , ( 1887 in Sagua la Grande , Cuba - 1957 in New York City , N.Y. ) was a prominent sugar and railroad magnate who served as Cuba 's ambassador to the United States from 1932 until 1934 .

Oscar Benjamin Cintas , ( b. Sagua la Grande , Cuba , 1887 ; d. New York City , N.Y. 1957 ) was an important sugar and railroad magnate .


Public space such as parks and beaches are essential venues for many recreational activities .

Public places such as parks and beaches are very important for many recreational activities .


Tourism has recognized that many visitors are specifically attracted by recreational offerings .

Tourism profession has recognized long ago that many of their clients are specifically attracted by recreational offerings .


A list of typical activities could be almost endless including most human activities , a few examples being reading , playing or listening to music , watching movies or TV , gardening , hunting , hobbies , sports , studies , and travel .

There are many different forms of recreation which are shaped by individual interests and by environment ; a few examples being reading , playing or listening to music , watching movies or TV , gardening , hunting , hobbies , sports , studies , and travel .


A recent recipient was Michele Dougherty , who was awarded the medal `` for innovative use of magnetic field data that led to discovery of an atmosphere around one of Saturn 's moons and the way it revolutionised our view of the role of planetary moons in the Solar System '' .

The most recent winner was Michele Dougherty , who was awarded the medal `` for innovative use of magnetic field data that led to discovery of an atmosphere around one of Saturn 's moons and the way it revolutionised our view of the role of planetary moons in the Solar System '' .


The medal has on occasion been awarded to multiple people at a time ; in 1938 it was won by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton `` for their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles '' , in 1981 by Peter Higgs and Tom Kibble `` for their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory '' , in 1982 by Drummond Matthews and Frederick Vine `` for their elucidation of the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which subsequently led to the plate tectonic hypothesis '' and in 1988 by Archibald Howie and M.J. Whelan `` for their contributions to the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy , and its application to the study of lattice defects in crystals '' .

The medal has on occasion been awarded to more than one person at once ; in 1938 it was won by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton `` for their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles '' , in 1981 by Peter Higgs , Thomas Walter and Tom W. B. Kibble `` for their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory '' , in 1982 by Drummond Matthews and Frederick Vine `` for their elucidation of the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which subsequently led to the plate tectonic hypothesis '' and in 1988 by Archibald Howie and M.J. Whelan `` for their contributions to the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy , and its application to the study of lattice defects in crystals '' .


Unlike other Royal Society medals , the Hughes Medal has never been awarded to the same individual more than once .

Unlike other Royal Society medals , the Hughes Medal has never been awarded to the same person more than once .


The medal was first awarded in 1902 to J. J. Thomson `` for his numerous contributions to electric science , especially in reference to the phenomena of electric discharge in gases '' , and has since been awarded 105 times .

The medal was first given to J. J. Thomson in 1902 `` for his numerous contributions to electric science , especially in reference to the phenomena of electric discharge in gases '' , and has been awarded 105 more times .


The only year in which no medal was awarded was 1924 ; the Royal Society have not provided a reason for the lack of an award .

The only year that no medal was awarded was 1924 ; the Royal Society have not given a reason why .


After graduating from secondary school , Kwok worked as a junior staff in King Fook Gold & Jewellery Co. .

After graduating from secondary school , Kwok worked at the King Fook Gold and Jewellery Co. .


He won the Best Actor Award again at the 43rd Golden Horse Awards on 24 November 2006 for his role in the film After This Our Exile .

Aaron won the Best Actor Award again at the forty-third Golden Horse Awards on 24 November 2006 for his role in the movie After This Our Exile .


Kwok became one of Hong Kong and Asia 's most prominent pop stars .

Aaron Kwok is one of Hong Kong and Asia 's most important pop stars .


Jackie Chan first accomplished this back in the 1992-3 .

Jackie Chan first achieved this back in the 1990s .


In 1984 at the age of 19 , Kwok joined a dancer training course at TVB , where his talent for dancing was immediately recognized .

In 1984 , Aaron Kwok joined a dancer training course at HK-TVB , where his talent for dancing was shown .


His father , who owns a small gold retail store , desired that he gain experience in the business with the view of eventually handing the family business over to him .

His father , who owns a gold retail store , wanted him to gain experience in the business and eventually taking over the family business .


At the Taiwan 's 42nd Golden Horse Awards ceremony on 13 November 2005 , Kwok was the surprise winner of Best Leading Actor award for his role in the film Divergence .

At the Taiwan 's forty-second Golden Horse Awards ceremony on 13 November 2005 , Kwok won Best Leading Actor award for his role in the movie Divergence .


It was Kwok 's first Golden Horse nomination and beat veteran Hong Kong star Tony Leung Ka-fai to win the honor .

It was Kwok 's first Golden Horse nomination and beat veteran Hong Kong star Tony Leung to win the honor .


He became only the second actor in the history of the Golden Horse Awards to win the Best Actor Award consecutively .

He became the second actor in the history of the Golden Horse Awards to win the Best Actor Award year after year .


In 1987 he was transferred to the acting department of the talent training course and became a TV actor , where he played minor parts in TVB dramas .

He was transferred to the acting department of the talent training course and became a TV actor , where he played a few roles in Chinese television drama shows .


Kwok then performed in music videos and variety shows for other singers .

There , Kwok performed in PVs and a variety of TV shows .


Aaron Kwok Fu-shing ( born 26 October 1965 ) is a Hong Kong singer , dancer , and actor .

Aaron Kwok is a popular Hong Kong singer and movie actor .


It is situated on the banks of Cooper Creek in the state 's Channel Country , and surrounded by the Strzelecki , Tirari and Sturt Stony Deserts .

It is on the banks of Cooper Creek in the state 's Channel Country , and surrounded by the Strzelecki , Tirari and Sturt Stony Deserts .


Commencing 7 April 1889 , a Royal Mail coach ran fortnightly from Farina , operated by merchants Davey and Pilkington .

From 7 April 1889 , a Royal Mail coach ran fortnightly from Farina , operated by merchants Davey and Pilkington .


In 1994 the Elizabeth Symon Nursing Home was restored by Dick Smith and Australian Geographic and used as an interpretive center for South Australian Parks and Wildlife .

In 1994 the Elizabeth Symon Nursing Home was restored by Dick Smith and Australian Geographic and used as a visitor center for South Australian Parks and Wildlife .


The town common , on the banks of the Cooper , is popular with campers , as is the town 's public coin-in-slot toilet and shower facility .

The town common , on the banks of the Cooper , is popular with campers , as are the town 's public coin-in-slot toilets and showers .


In 1928 the Australian Inland Mission ( a part of the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia ) built a hospital here , the Elizabeth Symon Nursing Home .

In 1928 the Australian Inland Mission built a hospital here , the Elizabeth Symon Nursing Home .


The Victorian Contingent Party under Alfred Howitt was sent by the Victorian government to establish the fate of the expedition .

The Victorian Contingent Party under Alfred Howitt was sent by the Victorian government to find the expedition .


Severe drought and poor access to the settlement resulted in the closure of the hotel and the hospital .

Severe drought and poor access to the settlement resulted in the hotel and hospital closing .


It is situated within Innamincka Regional Reserve .

It is within Innamincka Regional Reserve .


Howitt found the remains of both leaders , Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills and buried them close to where the town is located today .

Howitt found the remains of both leaders , Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills and buried them close to the site of Innamincka .


Today it is possible to visit the locations of Wills ' grave and King 's site on Cooper Creek downstream of Innamincka , and Burke 's grave , Howitt 's camp and the Dig Tree on Cooper Creek upstream of Innamincka .

Burke 's grave , Howitt 's camp and the Dig Tree are on Cooper Creek upstream of Innamincka .


Hopetoun was named after the Governor of Victoria , the Earl of Hopetoun but it was never popular with locals .

The town was first named Hopetoun after the Governor of Victoria , the Earl of Hopetoun but it was never popular with locals .


In 1882 a police camp was set up that allowed a small settlement to develop .

In 1882 a police camp was set up and a small settlement followed .


The town was never very large , but had a hotel , a store and a police station which , until Federation in 1901 , acted as the customs post for collecting duties on cattle brought overland from Queensland into South Australia .

Until 1901 the police station was also the customs post for collecting duties on cattle brought overland from Queensland into South Australia .


He also found the sole survivor , John King living amongst and cared for by the Yandruwandha aboriginals , and returned him to Melbourne .

King was living with and being cared for by the Yandruwandha aboriginals .


A monument to Sturt and Burke and Wills was erected in Innamincka in 1944 .

A monument to Sturt , Burke and Wills was built in Innamincka in 1944 .


There was a depot at the Dig Tree from 6 December 1860 to 21 April 1861 .

Members of the expedition camped at the Dig Tree from 6 December 1860 to 21 April 1861 .


He established a depot camp at Cullyamurra Waterhole before exhuming the bodies of Burke and Wills and transporting them to Melbourne for a State Funeral .

He set up a depot camp at Cullyamurra Waterhole before digging up the bodies of Burke and Wills and taking them to Melbourne for a State Funeral .


They established a Depot Camp on Cooper Creek at Camp LXV , ( their sixty-fifth camp since leaving Melbourne ) , at a place now called The Dig Tree .

They set up a camp on Cooper Creek at Camp LXV , their 65th camp since leaving Melbourne .


Increased tourism and discovery of gas and oil reserves in the late 1960s led to the formation of Cooper Creek Hotel Motel Pty Ltd , who opened a hotel , a store and accommodation in the abandoned town .

The company opened a hotel , a store and accommodation in the abandoned town .


On 14 February 2002 , the then-Emir of Bahrain , Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa , declared Bahrain a kingdom and proclaimed himself the first king .

On 14 February 2002 , the then-Emir of Bahrain , Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa , said Bahrain was a kingdom .


Between 1783 and 1971 , the Bahraini monarch held the title of Hakim , and , from 1971 until 2002 , the title of Emir .

Between 1783 and 1971 , the Bahraini monarch held the title of Hakim .


The King of Bahrain ( Arabic : ملك البحرين ) is the monarch and head of state of Bahrain .

The King of Bahrain is the monarch and head of state of Bahrain .


The Arabic title of the Emir , as transliterated , was Amir dawlat al-Bahrayn ( English : Prince of the State of Bahrain ) .

The Arabic title of the Emir was Amir dawlat al-Bahrayn .


The Arabic title of the Hakim , as transliterated , was Hakim al-Bahrayn ( English : Lord of Bahrain ) .

The Arabic title of the Hakim was Hakim al-Bahrayn .


The Arabic title of the King , as transliterated , is Malik al-Bahrayn ( English : King of Bahrain ) .

The Arabic title of the King is Malik al-Bahrayn .


The racial makeup of the city was 66.30 % White , 0.11 % African American , 0.71 % Native American , 0.33 % Asian , 0.05 % Pacific Islander , 28.91 % from other races , and 3.59 % from two or more races .

The people of Aberdeen were 66.30 % white , 0.11 % black or African-American , 0.71 % Native American , 0.33 % Asian , 0.05 % Pacific Islander , 28.91 % other races , and 3.59 % were two or more races .


The population density was 1,807.9 people per square mile ( 696.5 \ / km ² ) .

The population density was 1,807.9 people per square mile ( 696.5 people\/km ² ) .


Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39.29 % of the population .

39.29 % of the people said they were Hispanic or Latino .


Aberdeen is a city in Bingham County , Idaho , United States .


Aberdeen Municipal Airport is a city-owned public-use airport located two nautical miles ( 3.7 km ) southwest of the central business district of Aberdeen .

The Aberdeen Municipal Airport is about 2.0 miles ( 3.2 km ) southwest of the central business district of Aberdeen .


Pocatello Regional Transit operates a shuttle bus from Aberdeen to Pocatello three times on Weekdays , and twice on Saturdays and Sundays .

Pocatello Regional Transit runs a shuttle bus between Aberdeen and Pocatello .


As of the census of 2010 , there were 1,994 people , 615 households , and 466 families residing in the city .

In 2010 , there were 1,994 people living there .


As of the census of 2000 , there were 1,840 people , 603 households , and 435 families residing in the city .

In the 2000 United States Census , there were 1,840 people living in Aberdeen .


The racial makeup of the city was 60.2 % White , 0.1 % African American , 0.7 % Native American , 0.1 % Asian , 37.5 % from other races , and 1.5 % from two or more races .

These people were 43.0 % white , 0.1 % black or African-American , 0.7 % Native American , 0.1 % Asian , 1.6 % some other race , 1.5 % two or more races , and 54.1 % Hispanic or Latino .


The numerous sites of traditional importance in and around Alice Springs include Anthwerrke ( Emily Gap ) , Akeyulerre ( Billy Goat Hill ) , Ntaripe ( Heavitree Gap ) , Atnelkentyarliweke ( Anzac Hill ) and Alhekulyele ( Mt Gillen ) .

These include Anthwerrke ( Emily Gap ) , Akeyulerre ( Billy Goat Hill ) , Ntaripe ( Heavitree Gap ) , Atnelkentyarliweke ( Anzac Hill ) and Alhekulyele ( Mt. Gillen ) .


According to the Arrernte traditional stories , in the desert surrounding Alice Springs , the landscape was shaped by caterpillars , wild dogs , traveling boys , two sisters , euros and other ancestral figures .

According to the Arrernte traditional stories , the land around Alice Springs was shaped by caterpillars , wild dogs , traveling boys , two sisters , euros and other ancestral figures .


By far the major industry in recent times is tourism .

The major industry in recent times is tourism .


Alice Springs is the third largest town in the Northern Territory , Australia .

Alice Springs is a city in the Northern Territory of Australia .


Aboriginal residents usually live in the suburbs , on special purpose leases ( or town camps ) , or further out at Amoonguna to the South and on the small family outstation communities on Aboriginal Lands in surrounding areas .

Aboriginal residents usually live in the suburbs , on special purpose leases ( or town camps ) .


The telegraph station was sited near what was thought to be a permanent waterhole in the normally dry Todd River .

The telegraph station was built near a waterhole in the normally dry Todd River .


The settlement was optimistically named Alice Springs after the wife of the former Postmaster General of South Australia , Sir Charles Todd .

Alice was the wife of the former Postmaster General of South Australia , Sir Charles Todd .


It traced Stuart 's route and opened up the interior for permanent settlement .

It opened up the interior for permanent European settlement .


During the 1960s Alice Springs became an important defense location with the development of the US\/Australian Pine Gap joint defense satellite monitoring base , home to about 700 workers from both countries .

About 700 people work at the US\/Australian Pine Gap joint defense satellite monitoring base .


It was not until alluvial gold was discovered at Arltunga , 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) east of the present Alice Springs , in 1887 that any significant European settlement occurred .

When surface alluvial gold was found at Arltunga , 100 km east of Alice Springs , in 1887 many people began to move into the area .


The town straddles the usually dry Todd River on the northern side of the MacDonnell Ranges .

It is on the northern side of MacDonnell Ranges .


Alice Springs was connected to Darwin by rail on 4 February 2004 , when the first passenger train arrived in Darwin from Adelaide .

On February 4 , 2004 , the first passenger train arrived in Darwin .


The town of Alice Springs straddles the usually dry Todd River on the northern side of the MacDonnell Ranges .

The town of Alice Springs built on the banks of the usually dry Todd River .


Since the early 1970s , the majority of the American population in Alice Springs has been associated with proximity to Pine Gap , a joint Australian-US satellite tracking station , located 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) south-west of Alice Springs , that employs about 700 Americans and Australians .

The American influence in Alice Springs comes from Pine Gap , a US satellite tracking station .


The Arrernte Aboriginal people have made their home in the Central Australian desert in and around the site of the future Alice Springs for thousands of years , with evidence suggesting Indigenous occupation of the region dating back at least 30,000 years .

The Arrernte people are the Aboriginal people who have lived around Alice Springs for more than 50,000 years .


Many Aboriginal people visit regularly to use the town 's services .

Aboriginal people come from all over the region to use the town 's services .


A European settlement was started ten years later with the construction of a repeater station on the Overland Telegraph Line , which linked Adelaide to Darwin and Great Britain .

The Australian Overland Telegraph Line that joined Adelaide to Darwin and Great Britain was completed in 1872 .


In 1861-62 , John McDouall Stuart led an expedition through Central Australia , to the west of what later became Alice Springs , thereby establishing a route from the south of the continent to the north .

In 1862 , John McDouall Stuart led an expedition into Central Australia and the area where Alice Springs is located .


Alice Springs has a large itinerant population .

Alice Springs has a large number of visitors up of : Australian Rules Football is a popular sport in Alice Springs .


In 2001 741 millimetres ( 29.2 in ) fell and in 2002 only 198 millimetres ( 7.8 in ) fell .

In 2001 741 mm fell , but in 2002 only 198 mm fell .


Alice Springs is located in Central Australia , also called the Red Centre , an arid environment consisting of several different deserts .

The region where Alice Springs is located is known as Central Australia , or the Red Centre .


Many of these Americans , joined by some Australians , celebrate major US public festivals , including Independence Day and Thanksgiving .

The Americans still celebrate all major festivals , including Halloween , Independence Day and Thanksgiving .


Americans in Alice Springs are also known to participate in a variety of associations and sporting teams , including baseball , basketball , and football ( soccer ) competitions .

There is also American sport , including baseball , basketball , and American football .


The original mode of British-Australian transportation in the outback were camel trains , operated by immigrants from Pathan tribes in the North-West Frontier of then British India ( present-day Pakistan ) ; known locally as Afghan camellers based at Hergott Springs , or Marree as it is now known .

These camel trains were run by people from Pathan tribes in the North-West frontier of India and Pakistan .


The modern town of Alice Springs has both European and Aboriginal influences .

American influence can be seen throughout Alice Springs .


As Alice Springs is the regional hub of Central Australia , it attracts Aboriginal people from all over that region and well beyond .

Alice Springs is the business center of Central Australia .


It was written by Usher , Ester Dean , Jay-Z and Polow da Don , with the latter producing it .

It was written by Usher , Ester Dean , Jay-Z and Polow da Don .


`` Hot Tottie '' is a song by recording artist Usher .

`` Hot Tottie '' is a song by American singer Usher .


The song features guest vocals from rapper Jay-Z and background vocals by Ester Dean .

It features rapper Jay-Z and Ester Dean in the song .


When the Constitution of Australia came into force , on 1 January 1901 , the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia .

When the Constitution of Australia came into force , on 1 January 1901 , the colonies became states of the Commonwealth of Australia .


The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania , South Australia , and Western Australia formed one nation .

The federation of Australia was the way that the six separate British colonies of New South Wales , Queensland , South Australia , Tasmania , Victoria and Western Australia joined together to become one country .


Sir Henry Parkes , Premier of New South Wales , was instrumental in this process .

Sir Henry Parkes , Premier of New South Wales , was the main person supporting this idea .


Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process , but they decided not to join the federation .

Fiji and New Zealand were going to be part of it but decided not to join the federation .


A number of conventions were held during the 1890s to develop a constitution for the Commonwealth .

In the 1890s , a number of big meetings , called conventions , were held to write a constitution for Australia .


When the player collects a weapon or power-up , it will appear in a box at the top of the screen .

When a player collects a weapon or power-up , it will appear in a box at the top of the screen .


In the game , players can take control of one of fifteen Crash Bandicoot series characters , though only eight are available at first .

In the game , players can take control of one of fifteen Crash Bandicoot series characters .


Crash Team Racing ( known as Crash Bandicoot Racing in Japan ) is a racing video game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation .

Crash Team Racing is a racing video game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation .


It is the first Crash Bandicoot game in the racing genre and the last Crash Bandicoot game to be developed by Naughty Dog .

It is the first Crash Bandicoot racing game and the last to be developed by Naughty Dog .


After losing once more , Oxide keeps his word and angrily leaves Earth forever .

After losing once more , Oxide keeps his word and leaves Earth forever .


In response , the player character gathers all four Boss Keys needed to access Oxide 's spaceship and races him in a one-on-one match .

In response , the player character gathers all four Boss Keys needed to enter Oxide 's spaceship and races him in a one-on-one match .


Crash Team Racing is the fourth installment in the Crash Bandicoot series .

Crash Team Racing is the fourth game in the Crash Bandicoot series .


If Earth 's driver wins , he promises to leave Earth alone , but if Oxide wins , he will turn Earth into a concrete parking lot and enslave the Earthlings .

However , if Oxide wins , he will turn Earth into a concrete parking lot and enslave the Earthlings .


`` Fruit Crates '' carry `` Wumpa Fruit '' that increase the speed of the player 's kart and strengthen the player 's weapons and power-ups if ten of them are obtained .

`` Fruit Crates '' carry `` Wumpa Fruit '' that increase the speed of the player 's kart .


Nitros Oxide himself returns to his home planet of Gasmoxia and secludes himself from society .

Nitros Oxide himself returns to his home planet of Gasmoxia and hides from society .


The inhabitants of Earth are visited by an extraterrestrial named Nitros Oxide , who claims to be the fastest racer in the galaxy .

The inhabitants of Earth are visited by an extraterrestrial named Nitros Oxide .


The game was released in North America on September 30 , 1999 and in Europe and Australia later the same year .

The game was released in North America on September 30 , 1999 .


Crash Team Racing is a racing game in which the player controls characters from the Crash Bandicoot universe , most of whom compete in karts .

Crash Team Racing is a racing game in which the player controls characters from the Crash Bandicoot universe .


Fifteen characters are playable in Crash Team Racing , although only eight of them are playable from the start .

Fifteen characters are playable in Crash Team Racing .


The four boss characters , along with an imperfect and morally ambiguous clone of Crash Bandicoot named Fake Crash , become accessible as playable characters if the Adventure Mode is fully completed .

The four bosses , along with a mistake clone of Crash Bandicoot named Fake Crash , become playable characters if the Adventure Mode is fully completed .


A crucial maneuver in Crash Team Racing is the power slide ; the player executes the slide by holding down one of the shoulder buttons to perform a hop , and steering before the kart lands .

The power slide can be done by holding down one of the shoulder buttons to perform a hop , and steering before the kart lands .


Appearing as the player 's tutors in the game are the sentient twin witch doctor masks Aku Aku and Uka Uka , both of whom give hints that help the player develop their racing skills .

The player 's tutors in the game are the twin witch doctor masks Aku Aku and Uka Uka .


Two distinct forms of crates are scattered throughout the tracks and arenas of Crash Team Racing .

There are two different crates that are scattered throughout the tracks and arenas of Crash Team Racing .


If the player waits too long into the power slide for a boost , the kart back-fires and the chance for a speed boost is lost ; power sliding for too long causes a spin-out .

If the player waits too long into the power slide for a boost , the kart will spin around .


The game 's story focuses on the efforts of a ragtag team of characters in the Crash Bandicoot series , who must race against the egomaniacal Nitros Oxide to save their planet from destruction .

The characters of the Crash Bandicoot series , must race against the evil Nitros Oxide and save their planet from destruction .


The player can execute three speed boosts in a row during a power slide , with the third speed boost being more powerful than the previous two .

The player can get three speed boosts in a row during a power slide .


The main antagonist of the story , Nitros Oxide , is the self-proclaimed fastest racer in the galaxy who threatens to turn Earth into a concrete parking lot .

The main antagonist of the story , Nitros Oxide , believes he is the fastest racer in the galaxy .


Challenging Earth to a game called `` Survival of the Fastest '' , he beckons Earth 's best driver to race him .

He challenges Earth to a game called `` Survival of the Fastest '' .


Upon Oxide 's defeat at the hands of the player character , he temporarily leaves Earth , but promises that he will return when all of the Time Relics have been gathered .

He promises that he will return when all of the Time Relics have been gathered .


An epilogue is relayed during the end credits , explaining what the characters of the game did after the events of the story .

The end credits explains what the characters of the game did after the events of the story .


Coco Bandicoot , Crash 's younger sister , is a computer genius who installed computer chips into her kart to increase its acceleration prowess .

Coco Bandicoot , Crash 's younger sister , is a computer genius .


Pura and Polar pilot karts with low speed but improved handling , allowing them to navigate tight corners .

Pura and Polar 's karts have low speed but better handling .


An indirect sequel , Crash Nitro Kart , was released in 2003 for the PlayStation 2 , GameCube , Xbox , Game Boy Advance and N-Gage .

In 2003 , Crash Nitro Kart , was released for the PlayStation 2 , Nintendo GameCube , Xbox , Game Boy Advance and N-Gage game consoles .


Preceding Oxide are four boss characters : Ripper Roo , a deranged straitjacket-wearing kangaroo ; Papu Papu , the morbidly obese leader of the island 's native tribe ; Komodo Joe , a Komodo dragon with a speech sound disorder ; and Pinstripe Potoroo , a greedy pinstripe-clad potoroo .

There are four bosses : Ripper Roo , Papu Papu , Komodo Joe and Pinstripe Potoroo .


Doctor N. Gin is a rocket scientist who , like Coco , added custom parts to his kart to improve its acceleration .


Doctor Neo Cortex , Crash 's archenemy , is a mad scientist who wants to stop Nitros Oxide so that he may conquer the world himself .

He wants to stop Nitros Oxide so that he may take over the world himself .


Tiny Tiger and Dingodile control karts built for top speed at the cost of turning prowess .

Tiny Tiger and Dingodile 's karts are built for top speed .


After undergoing years of therapy to cope with his loss , he takes up unicycle-racing , only to get into a gruesome accident .

After years of therapy to cope with his loss , he tries to do unicycle-racing .


Archaea were initially classified as bacteria , receiving the name archaebacteria ( or Kingdom Monera ) , but this classification is outdated .

In the past they had been classed with bacteria as prokaryotes ( or Kingdom Monera ) and named archaebacteria , but this classification is a mistake .


The Edmonton Oilers , Winnipeg Jets , New England Whalers ( later renamed `` Hartford Whalers '' at the insistence of the Boston Bruins ) , and Quebec Nordiques joined the NHL , bringing the total to 21 teams .

The Edmonton Oilers , Winnipeg Jets , New England Whalers ( later renamed `` Hartford Whalers '' at the insistence of the Boston Bruins ) , and Quebec Nordiques joined the NHL bringing a new total of 21 teams .


This season saw the addition of four teams from the disbanded World Hockey Association as expansion franchises .

This season saw the addition of four teams from the collapse of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) the previous season as expansion teams .


Wish You Were Here is the ninth studio album by the English progressive rock group Pink Floyd , released in September 1975 .

Wish You Were Here is a concept album by Pink Floyd .


It was certified six times platinum on 16 May 1997 , and as of 2004 has sold an estimated 13 million copies worldwide .

The album sold 10 million copies worldwide .


The Dark Knight was released on July 16 , 2008 in Australia , on July 18 , 2008 in North America , and on July 24 , 2008 in the United Kingdom .

It was released on July 18 , 2008 in the United States .


A similar incident occurred during the filming in Chicago , when an abandoned Brach 's candy factory ( which was Gotham Hospital in the film ) was demolished .

During the filming in Chicago , Nolan decided to blow-up abandoned Brach 's candy factory ( which was Gotham Hospital in the movie ) .


The Dark Knight was filmed primarily in Chicago , as well as in several other locations in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Hong Kong .

The movie was filmed in Chicago and in Hong Kong .


Gordon , who faked his death , helps apprehend the Joker and is promoted to Commissioner .

Gordon , who is revealed to have faked his death , arrests the Joker .


Batman fights off the SWAT team and the Joker 's men , then rescues the hostages .


The Dark Knight is a 2008 British-American superhero film directed , produced , and cowritten by Christopher Nolan .

The Dark Knight is a 2008 American superhero movie .


Dent starts to go after people responsible for Rachel 's death , deciding their fates by flipping a coin .

When Batman arrives , Dent flips his coin to decide their fates .


This finely bedded material that splits readily into thin layers is called shale , as distinct from mudstone .

This finely bedded material which splits readily into thin layers is called shale , as distinct from mudstone .


The varying types of mudrocks include : siltstone , claystone , mudstone , slate , and shale .

The types of mudrocks include : siltstone , claystone , mudstone , slate , and shale .


With increased pressure over time the platey clay minerals may become aligned , with the appearance of fissility or parallel layering .

With increased pressure over time the platey clay minerals may become aligned , with the appearance of parallel layering ( fissility ) .


At first sight the rock types look quite similar ; however , there are important differences in composition and nomenclature .

At first sight the rock types look quite similar ; however , there are important differences in composition and naming .


Mudrocks are a class of fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks .

They are a class of fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks .


There has been a great deal of disagreement involving the classification of mudrocks .

There has been a great deal of disagreement about the classification of mudrocks .


There are a few important hurdles to classification , including : Mudrocks make up fifty percent of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record , and are easily the most widespread deposits on Earth .

There are some reasons for this : Mudrocks make up half of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record , and are easily the most widespread deposits on Earth .


The first book on mudrocks , named Geologie des Argils by Millot , was not published until 1964 ; however , scientists , engineers , and oil producers have understood the significance of mudrocks since the discovery of the Burgess Shale and the relatedness of mudrocks and oil .

However , scientists , engineers , and oil producers have understood the significance of mudrocks since the discovery of the Burgess Shale and the relatedness of mudrocks and oil .


Fine sediment is the most abundant product of erosion , and these sediments contribute to the overall omnipresence of mudrocks .

Fine sediment is the most abundant product of erosion , which is why mudrocks are so common .


In historical texts Karelia is sometimes divided into East Karelia and West Karelia , which are also called Russian Karelia and Finnish Karelia respectively .

On the Finnish side are the provinces of North Karelia and South Karelia .


It is currently divided between the Russian Republic of Karelia , the Russian Leningrad Oblast , and Finland ( the regions of South Karelia and North Karelia ) .

On the Russian side of Karelia is the Republic of Karelia .


White Sea Karelia ( sometimes the Finnish or Karelian term `` Viena Karelia '' , or in some English-language sources , `` White Karelia '' , is used ) is the northern part of East Karelia and Olonets Karelia is the southern part .


He is described as a handsome man with a thin beard , dressed in clean clothes , wearing a green shawl and a black turban . ''

He always dressed in clean clothes , and wore a green scarf and a black turban , or wrap of cloth on his head .


Within five months , seventeen other disciples of Siyyid Káẓim had independently recognized the Báb as a Manifestation of God .

In less than five months , seventeen more students of Siyyid Káẓim became disciples of the Báb .


Mullá Husayn was the Báb 's first disciple .

Mullá Ḥusayn was the Báb 's first disciple .


Among them was one woman , Fátimih Zarrín Táj Baragháni , a poetess , who later received the name of Táhirih ( the Pure ) .

Her name was Zarrín Táj Baragháni , and she was a poet .


One of these followers , named Mullá Husayn , after keeping vigil for forty days in a mosque , traveled to Shiraz , where he met the Báb .

After that he traveled to Shiraz , and he met the Báb .


However the people of the largest group in the districts of Haripur , Abbottabad , Mansehra , Battagram and Kohistan are sometimes recognized collectively as Hazarawal , named after the defunct Hazara Division that comprised these districts .

However the people of the largest group in the districts of Haripur , Abbottabad and Mansehra are sometimes recognized collectively as Hazarawal , named after the Hazara Division that comprises these districts .


There is no generic name for these people because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or castes .

There is no proper , formal generic name for these people because they belong to diverse ethnicities and tend to identify themselves by the larger families , castes and tribes .


The name is found in Greek references to the mountainous region in eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan as Καύκασος Ινδικός ( Caucasus Indicus , or Hindu Kush ) .

The term is also found in Greek references to the mountainous region in eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan as Καύκασος Ινδικός ( Caucasus Indicus ) .


Also , Kula valuables are ranked according to value and age and so are the relationships that are created through their exchange .

The Kula valuables are rated by value and age and so are the relationships created through their exchange .


Kula , also known as the kula exchange or kula ring , is a ceremonial exchange system conducted in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea .

Kula is a traditional trade method that takes place in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea .


Kula valuables never remain for long in the hands of the recipients ; rather , they must be passed on to other partners within a certain amount of time , thus constantly circling around the ring .

Kula valuables are usually passed on to their trade partners after a certain amount of time , therefore the valuables are always moving around the Kula Ring .


All Kula valuables are non-use items traded purely for purposes of enhancing one 's social status and prestige .

The Kula valuables are mainly traded for social status and recognition in the Island region .


As a result , most seek to exchange their Kula valuables with chiefs , who thus become the most successful players .

The traders involved travel by canoe over hundreds of miles to exchange their Kula valuables .


The Kula ring spans 18 island communities of the Massim archipelago , including the Trobriand Islands and involves thousands of individuals .

The Kula Exchange takes place on eighteen islands , including the Trobriand Islands , and involves thousands of people .


The person owning a valuable as kitoum has full rights of ownership over it : he can keep it , sell it or even destroy it .

The person who originally owned the valuable has full ownership and rights over the item , so he can keep it , sell it or even break it .


Quantities that have both a magnitude and a direction are known as vector quantities .

It is a vector quantity , which has both direction and magnitude .


In SI units , if the mass is in kilograms and the velocity in meters per second , then the momentum is in kilograms meters\/second ( kg m\/s ) .

Its unit is kg m\/s ( kilogram metre per second ) or N s ( newton second ) .


momenta ; SI unit kg m\/s , or equivalently , N s ) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object .

Simply speaking , momentum of an object ( p ) is defined as the product of the mass ( m ) and velocity ( v ) of the object .


Often , all the mayflies in a population mature at once ( a hatch ) , and for a day or two in the spring or fall , mayflies will be everywhere , dancing around each other in large groups , or resting on every available surface .

It often happens that all the mayflies in a population mature at once ( the hatch ) , and for a day or two in the Spring or Autumn ( Fall ) , mayflies will be everywhere , dancing around each other in large groups , or resting on every available surface .


Mayflies or shadflies are insects belonging to the order Ephemeroptera ( from the Greek εφημερος , ephemeros = `` short-lived '' ( literally `` lasting a day '' `` daily '' or `` day-long '' ) , πτερον , pteron = `` wing '' , referring to the brief lifespan of adults ) .

Mayflies are insects which belong to the Order Ephemeroptera .


Mayflies are unique among insects in that they moult one more time after acquiring functional wings ( this is also known as the alate stage ) ; this last-but-one winged instar usually lives a very short time , often a matter of hours , and is known as a subimago or to fly fishermen as a dun .

Mayflies are unique in that they moult one more time after getting functional wings ( this is also known as the alate stage ) .


They have been placed into an ancient group of insects termed the Palaeoptera , which also contains dragonflies and damselflies .

They are in an ancient group of insects , the Palaeoptera , with dragonflies and damselflies .


They are aquatic insects whose immature stage ( called `` naiad '' or , colloquially , `` nymph '' ) usually lasts one year in fresh water .

Mayfly are insects whose aquatic larvae ( called naiads or nymphs ) live months , up to a year , in freshwater .


Mayflies in this stage are a favorite food of many fish , and many fishing flies are modelled to resemble them .

The stage is a favorite food of many fish , and many ` fishing flies ' are modelled on them .


The adults are short-lived , from a few minutes to a few days , depending on the species .

The adults are extremely short-lived , from 30 minutes to one day , depending on the species .


Tuscany produces wines , including Chianti , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , Morellino di Scansano and Brunello di Montalcino .

Tuscany is known for its wines ( most famous of which are Chianti , Morellino di Scansano , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , and Brunello di Montalcino ) and has 120 protected regions ( nature reserves ) .


Tuscany is known for its landscapes , traditions , history , artistic legacy and its influence on high culture .

Tuscany is known for its landscapes and its artistic legacy .


Seven Tuscan localities have been designated World Heritage Sites : the historic center of Florence ( 1982 ) ; the historical center of Siena ( 1995 ) ; the square of the Cathedral of Pisa ( 1987 ) ; the historical center of San Gimignano ( 1990 ) ; the historical center of Pienza ( 1996 ) ; the Val d'Orcia ( 2004 ) , and Medici Villas and Gardens ( 2013 ) .

Six Tuscan localities have been made UNESCO protected sites : the historical center of Florence ( 1982 ) , the historical center of Siena ( 1995 ) , the square of the Cathedral of Pisa ( 1987 ) , the historical center of San Gimignano ( 1990 ) , the historical center of Pienza ( 1996 ) and the Val d'Orcia ( 2004 ) .


The regional capital is Florence ( Firenze ) .


Airoldi was born in Origgio near Saronno , to a farming family .

Airoldi was born in Origgio , near Saronno .


Airoldi had intended to pass along the Croatian coast then through Kotor and Corfu .

In the next stage , Airoldi planned to run along the Croatian coast through Kotor and Corfu .


He became famous very quickly and was one of the foremost marathon runners of his time .

He was one of the best marathon runners of his time .


He continued to race mainly in Lombardy and Switzerland , where he was married and worked ( he worked in Berne and Zurich ) .

He continued to race in Lombardy and Switzerland .


Carlo Airoldi ( Origgio , 21 September 1869-Milan , 18 June 1929 ) was an Italian marathon runner , famous for walking to the 1896 Olympics .

Carlo Airoldi ( 21 September 1869-18 June 1929 ) was an Italian marathon runner , famous for walking to the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece .


On his return home , Airoldi attempted many times to beat the record of Spiridon Louis without ever succeeding .

Back in Italy , Airoldi tried to beat Spiridon Louis 's record .


Telegrams were sent from Italy but nothing worked : Airoldi was not allowed to participate .

Officials in Italy sent telegrams to the official , but Airoldi was still not allowed to compete .


In 1892 he won in the Lecco-Milano ; followed by a victory in the Milano-Torino .

In 1892 , he won the Lecco-Milano and the Milano-Torino .


He was advised against crossing Albania on foot so he boarded an Austrian boat that took him to Patras from where he continued to Athens on foot following the railway lines as there were no roads .

He decided to take an Austrian boat to Patras .


The island of Ambergris Caye is geographically closer to Corozal District than the district in which it is administrated , Belize District .

The island of Ambergris Caye is close to Corozal District , but it is a part of Belize District .


Supplies such as vegetables , fruits , liquors , cigarettes and gasoline Spanish is the most spoken language in Corozal , followed by English .


The county had numerous forts , built by settlers for protection during the Creek War ( 1813-1814 ) .

The county had many forts , built by settlers for protection during the Creek War ( 1813-1814 ) .


Clarke County was established on December 10 , 1812 by the Mississippi Territory .

Clarke County was formed on December 10 , 1812 by the Mississippi Territory .


The first county seat was Clarkesville , founded in 1820 .

The first county seat was Clarkesville , formed in 1820 .


It is included in the Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin Metropolitan Statistical Area .

It is a part of the Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin Metropolitan Statistical Area .


Greenville County is a county located in the State of South Carolina , United States .

Greenville County is a county in the state of South Carolina , United States .


making it the most populous county in the state .

It is the most populous county in the state .


As of the 2010 census , its population was 451,225 .

As of the 2010 census , 451,225 people lived there .


This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ( misasagi ) at Osaka .

This emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ( misasagi ) which is associated with the burial mound .


-571 AD ) , the 29th emperor , is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates ; however , the conventionally accepted names and dates of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as `` traditional '' until the reign of Emperor Kammu ( 737-806 ) , the 50th sovereign of the Yamato dynasty .

The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as `` traditional '' until the reign of Emperor Kammu , who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty .


According to Kojiki and Nihonshoki , he was a son of Emperor Yūryaku and his consort Katsuragi no Karahime .

According to Kojiki and Nihonshoki , Seinei was a son of Emperor Yūryaku .


No firm dates can be assigned to this emperor 's life or reign , but he is conventionally considered to have reigned from 480-484 .

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor 's life or reign .


This system uses the 4.0 grade point equivalence as the highest grade , while 1.0 grade point equivalence is considered the lowest possible grade .

This system uses the 4.0 grade point equivalence as the highest grade , while 0.0 grade point equivalence is considered the lowest possible grade .


Notable exceptions include De La Salle University & Far Eastern University - East Asia College , which follow the 1.000 - 4.000 grading system patterned after American universities .

Notable exceptions include De La Salle University & FEU-East Asia College , which follow the 1.000 - 4.000 grading system , which patterns those of American universities .


It was invented by Alessandro Volta , who published his experiments in 1800 .

It was invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta ; he was a physicist , and he came from Italy .


The voltaic pile was the first electrical battery that could continuously provide an electrical current to a circuit .

The voltaic pile was the first battery ever .


On 10 December 2005 , Ethiopia announced it was withdrawing some of its forces from the Eritrean border `` in the interests of peace '' .

On 10 December 2005 , Ethiopia announced that it was withdrawing some of its forces from the border .


The Eritrean-Ethiopian War took place from May 1998 to June 2000 between Ethiopia and Eritrea , forming one of the conflicts in the Horn of Africa .

The Eritrean-Ethiopian War was a war between Ethiopia and Eritrea .


All these figures have been contested and other news reports simply state that `` tens of thousands '' or `` as many as 100,000 '' were killed in the war .

Tens of thousands of people were killed in the conflicts .


While Eritrea and Ethiopia spent hundreds of millions of dollars on the war and suffered tens of thousands of casualties as a direct consequence of the conflict , only minor border changes resulted .

Both countries spent hundreds of millions of dollars on the war , and tens of thousands of people were killed by the conflict .


The Ethiopian Civil War began on 12 September 1974 when the Marxist Derg staged a coup d'état against Emperor Haile Selassie .

This war was started by a rebellion by the Marxist Derg to overthrow the Emperor Haile Selassie .


Currently , Hoque is working as an Associate Editor of a Bengali language daily Prothom Alo .

Currently , Hoque is working as a Associate Editor of a Bengali language daily , Prothom Alo .


Hoque graduated from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology ( BUET ) , trained as a civil engineer .

Hoque graduated from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology , trained as a civil engineer .


Anisul Hoque ( Bengali : আনিসুল হক ; born March 4 , 1965 ) is a Bangladeshi screenwriter , novelist , dramatist and journalist .

Anisul Hoque ( Bengali : আনিসুল হক ) , ( born March 4 , 1965 ) is a Bangladeshi author , novelist , dramatist , and journalist .


Instead he started working as a journalist .


was a scheduled domestic Japan Airlines passenger flight from Haneda Airport ( Tokyo International Airport ) to Osaka International Airport , Japan .

Japan Airlines Flight 123 was a scheduled domestic flight from Tokyo 's Haneda Airport ( also known as Tokyo International Airport ) to Osaka International Airport ( Also known as Osaka Itami Airport ) .


, 39-year-old First Officer Yutaka Sasaki ( 佐々木 祐 , Sasaki Yutaka ? )

The 39-year-old co-pilot , Yutaka Sasaki , was training to be a captain .


The crew consisted of 49-year-old Captain Masami Takahama ( 高浜 雅己 , Takahama Masami ? )

The 49-year-old captain , Masami Takahama , was a very experienced pilot .


The RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service .

The RMS Titanic was a British passenger ship .


On Wednesday 10 April 1912 Titanic 's maiden voyage began .

At 11:40 PM on 14 April 1912 , during Titanic 's maiden voyage , she hit an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean .


The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff , who had a long-established relationship with the White Star Line dating back to 1867 .

It was built by Harland and Wolff ship builders , in Belfast , for the White Star Line company .


Most species described as phorusrhacid birds were smaller , 60-90 cm ( 2.0-3 .0 ft ) tall , but the new fossil belongs to a bird that probably stood about 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) tall .

Most species described as phorusrhacid were smaller , 60-90 cm ( 2.0-3 .0 ft ) tall , but the new fossil belongs to a bird that probably stood about 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) tall .


Kelenken guillermoi from Middle Miocene some 15 million years ago , discovered in Patagonia in 2006 , represents the largest bird skull yet found .

A recently discovered species , Kelenken guillermoi from Middle Miocene some 15 million years ago , discovered in Patagonia in 2006 , had the largest bird skull yet found .


This makes the phorusrhacids the only known example of large South American predators migrating north during the Great American Interchange ( which occurred after the volcanic Isthmus of Panama land bridge rose ca .

This makes the phorusrhacids the only known example of large South American predators migrating north during the Great American Interchange .


Scientists theorize that the large terror birds were extremely nimble and quick runners able to reach speeds of 48 km\/h ( 30 mph ) .

The large terror birds were nimble and quick runners able to reach speeds of 48 km\/h ( 30 mph ) .


Phorusrhacids , colloquially known as terror birds , are an extinct clade of large carnivorous flightless birds that were the largest species of apex predators in South America during the Cenozoic , 62-2 million years ( Ma ) ago .

The Phorusrhacids are colloquially known as `` terror birds '' , as the larger species were apex predators during the Miocene .


The device was designed by the Simputer Trust , a non-profit organization formed in November 1999 by seven Indian scientists and engineers led by Dr. Swami Manohar .

This device was constructed by Indian company - Simputer Trust .


Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the U.S. , with high temperatures averaging over 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) throughout the summer in some parts of the state .

Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the United States , with high temperatures averaging over 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) throughout the summer in some parts of the state .


The state is classified as humid subtropical ( Cfa ) under the Koppen Climate Classification .

The state is classified as subtropical Cfa under the Koppen Climate Classification .


Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms , which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken .

Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms , which often dump big amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken .


The average annual temperature is 64 ° F ( 18 ° C ) .

The normal annual temperature is 64 ° F ( 18 ° C ) .


Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico , while the northern parts of the state , especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast , tend to be slightly cooler .

Temperatures are often warmer in the southern part of the state because it is close to the Gulf of Mexico , while the northern parts of the state , mostly in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast , tend to be slightly cooler .


Generally , Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year .

Most of the time , Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious rain throughout the year .


The largest city by population is Birmingham .


It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west .

The states bordering Alabama are Tennessee to the north ; Georgia to the east ; Florida to the south ; and Mississippi to the west .


Archaeological excavation and carbon dating of grape pips from the area have dated back to 7000-5000 BC .

Archeological excavation and carbon dating of grape pips from the area have dated back to 7000-5000BC .


The countries of the region are producers of oil , manganese ore , tea , citrus fruits , and wine .

The countries in the region produce oil , manganese ore , tea , citrus fruits , and wine .


All of Armenia is in Southern Caucasus ; the majority of Georgia and Azerbaijan , including the exclave of Nakhchivan , fall within this area .

All of Armenia is in Transcaucasia ; the majority of Georgia and Azerbaijan , including the exclave of Naxçivan , fall within this area .


The region remains one of the most complicated in the post-Soviet area , and comprises three heavily disputed areas - Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia , and Nagorno-Karabakh Republic recognized only by three other non-UN states .

The region is one the most complicated in the post-Soviet area , and has three heavily disputed areas - Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia , and Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan .


After the fall of Russian Empire in 1918 , the South Caucasus region was unified into a single political entity twice : as Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918 , and as Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936 .

The region was combined togerther twice - during the Russian Civil War ( Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic ) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918 , and under the Soviet rule ( Transcaucasian SFSR ) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936 .


CES data indicate that productivity has increased over the last decade , and nest failure rates at the chick stage ( 15 days ) have fallen from 37 % to 21 % .

Data suggests that productivity has increased over the last decade , and nest failure rates at the chick stage ( 15 days ) have fallen from 37 % to 21 % .


The Eurasian Bullfinch population in Britain has been in serious decline since the mid-1970s , following a period of relative stability , and numbers have fallen by 62 % in 35 years .

The Eurasian Bullfinch population in Britain has been in serious decline since the mid-1970s ; numbers have fallen by 62 per cent in 35 years .


Bullfinches are also eruptive migrants ; numbers migrating show marked annual fluctuations ; no link with particular food source has been established .

Numbers migrating show marked annual fluctuations ; no link with any particular food source has been established .


Analysis of the mtDNA cytochrome b sequence indicates that the holarctic Pine Grosbeak ( Pinicola enucleator ) is the closest living relative of this genus .

Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequence indicates that the holarctic Pine Grosbeak ( Pinicola enucleator ) is the sister group to the ancestor of the bullfinches .


The evolution of the bullfinch species started soon after the Pine Grosbeak 's ancestors diverged from them ( at the end of the Middle Miocene , about a dozen mya ) , and it is quite possible that the latter species evolved in North America ; what is fairly certain is that the bullfinch radiation started in the general area of the Himalayas .

The evolution of the bullfinch species started soon after the Pine Grosbeak 's ancestors diverged from them ( at the end of the Middle Miocene , about a dozen million years ago ( mya ) .


Pyrrhula is a small genus of passerine birds , commonly called Bullfinches , belonging to the finch family ( Fringillidae ) .

Bullfinches are a genus of passerine birds in the finch family ( Fringillidae ) .


All birds belonging to the genus Pyrrhula have a common ancestor Pinicola enucleator .


Bullfinch species are sedentary to migratory ; probably most populations are partially migratory .

Probably most populations are partially migratory .


Most migrants move short or medium distances , but some ( apparently chiefly from Russia ) move longer distances ; in northern and central Europe , there is no evidence that northern populations move farther than southern ones .

Most migrants move short or medium distances .


He is also known for television coverage of 12 Olympic Games , and is universally respected for his memorable reporting on the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics .

He earned respect for his memorable reporting on the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics .


The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) ( French : Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Glace ) is a worldwide governing body for ice hockey and in-line hockey .

The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) ( French : Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace ) is the worldwide governing body for ice hockey and in-line hockey .


Decisions of the IIHF can be appealed through the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne , Switzerland .

Decisions of the IIHF can be appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne , Switzerland .


As part of the centennial celebrations of the IIHF 's founding , the 2008 IIHF World Championship was held in Canada .

As part of the centennial celebrations of the IIHF 's founding , the 2008 IIHF World Championship was held in Canada , the perennial leaders of the sport .


The federation may take the necessary measures in order to conduct itself and its affairs in accordance with its statutes , bylaws and regulations as well as in holding a clear jurisdiction with regards to ice hockey and in-line hockey at the international level .

The federation may take the necessary measures in order to conduct itself and its affairs in accordance with its statutes , bylaws and regulations as well as in holding a clear jurisdiction in what concerns to ice hockey and in-line hockey at the international level .


Another duty is to promote friendly relations among the member national associations and to operate in an organized manner for the good order of the sport .

Also to promote friendly relations among the member national associations and to operate in an organized manner for the good order of the sport .


It manages international ice hockey tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking .

It is responsible for the management of international ice hockey tournaments , and maintains the IIHF World Ranking .


It is based in Zurich , Switzerland , and has 72 members .

It is based in Zurich , Switzerland , and has 70 members .


Louis Magnus , the French representative , was the fifth member to sign the founding document and also the first president of the LIHG .

Louis Magnus , the French representative , was the fifth member to sign the founding document and also the first president of the LIGH .


He represents the federation 's interests in all external matters and he is also responsible that the decisions are made according to the federation 's statutes and regulations .

He represents the federation 's interests I all external matters and he is also responsible that the decisions are made according to the federation 's statues and regulations .


The second congress was held from January 22-25 , 1909 in Chamonix , France .

A year later , the first congress was held in Paris and then another one during the same year in Chamonix , France .


Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 2001 ) , United Arab Emirates ( 2001 ) , Liechtenstein ( 2001 ) , Macedonia ( 2001 ) , Macau ( 2005 ) , Malaysia ( 2006 ) , Moldova ( 2008 ) , Georgia ( 2009 ) , Kuwait ( 2009 ; had originally joined in 1985 but was expelled in 1992 ) , Morocco ( 2010 ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 2011 ) , Jamaica ( 2012 ) , and Qatar ( 2012 ) all have joined since the turn of the century .

They are Andorra , Armenia , Brazil , Georgia , Greece , Kuwait , Kyrgyzstan , Liechtenstein , Macau , Macedonia , Malaysia , Moldova , Morocco , Portugal , Singapore and United Arab Emirates .


Having predeceased his father , he never became king .

He never became king as he died before his father did .


Louis of France ( 1 November 1661 - 14 April 1711 ) was the eldest son and heir of Louis XIV , King of France , and his spouse , Maria Theresa of Spain .

Louis of France , Dauphin of France ( 1 November 1661 , - 14 April 1711 ) was the eldest son and heir of Louis XIV , King of France and of his spouse , Marie Therese of Austria .


Louis had been engaged to his second cousin , Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria , since he was seven .

His wife was Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria .


He became known as Le Grand Dauphin after the birth of his own son , Le Petit Dauphin .

He was known as le Grand Dauphin due to his large physical size .


Although most gliders do not have engines , there are a few that do ( see motor glider ) .

Gliders are aircraft which do not have a motor .


A glider or sailplane is a type of glider aircraft used in the sport of gliding .


Early gliders had no cockpit and the pilot sat on a small seat located just ahead of the wing .

Hang-gliders have frames to give the wings their shape , but do not have seats for their pilots and do not have control-sticks .


Listed alphabetically , those films were 2001 : A Space Odyssey ; Aguirre , the Wrath of God ; Apocalypse Now ; Citizen Kane ; La Dolce Vita ; The General ; Raging Bull ; Tokyo Story ; The Tree of Life ; and Vertigo .

Listed alphabetically , those movies were 2001 : A Space Odyssey ; Aguirre , the Wrath of God ; Apocalypse Now ; Citizen Kane ; La Dolce Vita ; The General ; Raging Bull ; Tokyo Story ; The Tree of Life ; and Vertigo .


A 2-hour-and-45-minute public tribute , entitled Roger Ebert : A Celebration of Life , was held at 7 p.m. on Thursday , April 11 , 2013 at the Chicago Theater .

A 2-hour-and-45-minute public tribute , entitled Roger Ebert : A Celebration of Life , was held at 7 p.m. on Thursday , April 11 , 2013 at the Chicago Theatre .


For example , his fall 2005 class was on the work of the German director Rainer Werner Fassbinder .

His fall 2005 class was on the works of the German director Rainer Werner Fassbinder .


From the 1970s on , Ebert worked for the University of Chicago as a guest lecturer , teaching a night class on film .

From the 1970s , Ebert worked for the University of Chicago as a guest lecturer , teaching a night class on movies .


( In April 2010 , Ebert posted his screenplay of Who Killed Bambi ?


It featured in-person remembrances , video testimonials , video and film clips , gospel choirs , and was , according to the Chicago Tribune 's Mark Caro , `` a laughter - and sorrow-filled send-off from the entertainment and media worlds '' .

It featured in-person remembrances , video testimonials , video and film clips , gospel choirs , and was , according to the Chicago Tribune 's Mark Caro , `` a laughter - and sorrow-filled send-off from the entertainment and media worlds . ''


, and other films , and were involved in the ill-fated Sex Pistols movie Who Killed Bambi ?

, and others , and were involved in the ill-fated Sex Pistols movie Who Killed Bambi ?


Father Michael Pfleger concluded the service with : `` the balconies of heaven are filled with angels singing Thumbs Up . ''

Father Michael Pfleger concluded the service with : `` the balconies of heaven are filled with angels singing ` thumbs up . ' ''


In September 2000 , Chicago Sun-Times columnist Richard Roeper became the permanent co-host and the show was renamed At The Movies With Ebert & Roeper ( and other later titles ) .

In September 2000 , fellow Chicago Sun-Times columnist Richard Roeper became the permanent co-host and the show was renamed At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper .


Ebert compiled `` best of the year '' movie lists beginning in 1967 , thereby helping provide an overview of his critical preferences .

Ebert compiled `` best of the year '' movie lists beginning in the 1960s , thereby helping provide an overview of his critical preferences .


In early 2002 , Ebert was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer which was successfully removed in February .

In early 2002 , Ebert was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer .


Ebert co-wrote the screenplay for the 1970 Russ Meyer film Beyond the Valley of the Dolls and sometimes joked about being responsible for the film , which was poorly received on its release but is now regarded as a cult classic .

Ebert co-wrote the screenplay for the 1970 Russ Meyer movie Beyond the Valley of the Dolls and likes to joke about being responsible for the movie , which was poorly received on its release but is now regarded as a cult classic .


He expressed his general distaste for `` top ten '' lists , and all movie lists in general , but contributed a top ten list to the 2012 Sight and Sound Critics ' poll .

He expressed his general dislikes for `` top ten '' lists , and all movie lists in general , but contributed a top ten list to the 2012 Sight and Sound Critics ' poll .


In 1975 , Ebert began co-hosting a weekly film review television show , Sneak Previews , which was locally produced by the Chicago public broadcasting station WTTW .

In 1975 , Ebert and Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune began co-hosting a weekly movie review television show , Sneak Previews , which was locally produced by the Chicago public broadcasting station WTTW .


Ebert began his career as a film critic in 1967 , writing for the Chicago Sun-Times .

Ebert began his professional critic career in 1967 , writing for the Chicago Sun-Times .


The duo became famous for their `` thumbs up\/thumbs down '' review summaries .

The duo was known for their `` thumbs up\/thumbs down '' review summaries .


They created and trademarked the phrase `` Two Thumbs Up , '' used when both hosts gave the same film a positive review .

They created and trademarked the phrase `` Two Thumbs Up , '' used when both hosts thought the same movie was very good .


Hundreds attended the April 8 , 2013 funeral Mass held at Chicago 's Holy Name Cathedral , where Ebert was celebrated as a film critic , newspaperman , advocate for social justice , and husband .

Hundreds attended including Pat Quinn , Rahm Emanuel , and Richard Roeper in the April 8 , 2013 funeral Mass held at Chicago 's Holy Name Cathedral , where Ebert was celebrated as a film critic , newspaperman , advocate for social justice , husband and father .


After Siskel 's death in 1999 , the producers retitled the show Roger Ebert & the Movies and used rotating co-hosts .

When Siskel died in 1999 , the producers retitled the show Roger Ebert & the Movies with rotating co-hosts .


Ebert and Chicago Tribune critic Gene Siskel helped popularize nationally-televised film reviewing when they co-hosted the PBS show Sneak Previews , followed by several variously-named At the Movies programs .

Ebert and Chicago Tribune critic Gene Siskel helped make nationally-televised movie reviewing popular .


He insinuated that his real favorite film was La Dolce Vita .

He kept saying that his real favorite movie was La Dolce Vita .


Roger Joseph Ebert ( \ / ˈiːbərt \ / ; June 18 , 1942 - April 4 , 2013 ) was an American film critic , journalist and screenwriter .

Roger Joseph Ebert ( June 18 , 1942 - April 4 , 2013 ) was an American movie critic .


Ebert indicated that his favorite film was Citizen Kane , joking , `` That 's the official answer '' , although he preferred to emphasize it as `` the most important '' film .

Ebert said that his favorite movie was Citizen Kane , joking , `` That 's the official answer '' , although he liked to keep saying it as `` the most important '' movie .


In 2003 , he underwent surgery for cancer in his salivary gland , which was followed up by radiation treatment .

He later underwent surgery in 2003 for cancer in his salivary gland , and in December of that year , underwent a four-week follow-up course of radiation to his salivary glands , which altered his voice slightly .


In 1986 , they again moved the show to new ownership , creating Siskel & Ebert & The Movies through Buena Vista Television ( part of the Walt Disney Company ) .

In 1982 , the critics moved to a television program named At the Movies with Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert , and in 1986 they left to create Siskel & Ebert & The Movies with Buena Vista Television ( part of the Walt Disney Company ) .


In December 2012 , Ebert was hospitalized with a fractured hip .

In December 2012 , Ebert was hospitalized with a fractured hip , which his wife Chaz jokingly blamed on `` tricky disco dance moves '' .


Roger Joseph Ebert was born in Urbana , Illinois , the only child of Annabel ( née Stumm ) , a bookkeeper , and Walter H. Ebert , an electrician .

His parents were Annabel ( née Stumm ) and Walter H. Ebert .


Regardless , his ability to write was unimpaired and he continued to publish frequently both online and in print right up until his death on April 4 , 2013 .

He continued to publish his reviews both online and in print until April 2 , 2013 .


His paternal grandparents were German immigrants and his maternal ancestry was German , Dutch , and Irish .

His ancestry was German , Dutch , and Irish .


Ebert began taking classes at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an early-entrance student , completing his high-school courses while also taking his first university class .

Ebert studied at Urbana High School , at the University of Chicago , and at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign .


A further surgery was performed in April 2008 after Ebert fractured his hip in a fall .

On April 18 , 2008 , it was announced that Ebert had fractured his hip in a fall , a result of the weakening of his body following the unsuccessful tissue transplants , and had undergone surgery to repair it .


A chemical compound is a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions .

A chemical compound is a chemical formed from atoms of different chemical elements .


The French anatomist Georges Cuvier , in his treatise Sur les Ossemens fossiles ( 1823 ) , first described the species based on an imperfect skull from the Mediterranean coast of France .

The French anatomist Georges Cuvier , in his Sur les Ossemens fossiles ( 1823 ) , first described the species based on an imperfect skull from the Mediterranean coast of France .


Cuvier 's beaked whale or goose-beaked whale ( Ziphius cavirostris ) , the only member of the genus Ziphius , is the most widely distributed of all the beaked whales .

Cuvier 's beaked whale ( Ziphius cavirostris ) , is the only member of the genus Ziphius .


Cuvier believed it to represent the remains of an extinct species .

Cuvier believed it was an extinct species .


It was n't until 1850 that zoologists realized the extant nature of the species , when Paul Gervais compared the type specimen to another that had stranded at Aresquiès , Hérault , in May of the same year , and found the two to be identical .

In 1850 zoologists realized the species was still living , when Paul Gervais compared the type specimen to a whale stranded at Aresquiès , Hérault .


In 2014 , scientists reported that they had used satellite-linked tags to track Cuvier 's beaked whales off the coast of California and found the animals dove 2,992 meters ( nearly two miles ) below the ocean surface and spent two hours and 17 minutes underwater before resurfacing , which represent both the deepest and the longest dives ever documented for any marine mammal .

On March 27 2014 a Cuvier 's beaked whale tracked by a satellite-linked tag set a new deep diving record for a sea mammal , plunging nearly two miles below the ocean surface .


Cuvier named it Ziphius cavirostris , the specific name being derived from the Latin cavus for `` hollow '' or `` concave '' , in reference to the deep hollow ( the prenarial basin ) in the skull , a diagnostic trait of the species .


Cuvier 's beaked whale may be one of the most common and abundant of the beaked whales , with a worldwide population likely well over 100,000 .

Cuvier 's beaked whale feeds on several species of squid .


Hereford cattle are a beef cattle breed , widely used both in intemperate areas and temperate areas , mainly for meat production .

Hereford cattle are a widely used breed in temperate areas , mainly for beef production .


They originally found great popularity among ranchers of the American Southwest , testament to the hardiness of the breed ; while originating in cool , moist Britain , they have proven to thrive in much harsher climates on nearly every continent .

This is a testament to the hardiness of the breed ; while originating in cool , moist Britain , they have thrived in much harsher climates .


The Polled Hereford is a hornless variant of the Hereford with the polled gene , a natural genetic mutation that was selected into a separate breed beginning in 1889 .

Hornless variants with the polled gene are known as the Polled Herefords .


His October 6 , 1957 sixty-minute draw with Lou Thesz for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship drew an 87.0 rating , and his May 24 , 1963 sixty-minute two out of three falls draw with The Destroyer drew a 67.0 rating , but a larger viewing audience ( the largest in Japanese history ) than the previous match , since by 1963 more people had television sets .

His 1957\/10\/6 sixty-minute draw with Lou Thesz for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship drew an 87.0 rating , and his 1963\/5\/24 sixty-minute draw with The Destroyer drew a 67.0 rating ( the 4th largest viewing audience in Japanese history , since by 1963 more people had television sets , thanks to Rikidōzan 's popularity ) .


Other declining woodland birds present in good numbers include Barking Owls , Glossy Black-Cockatoos , Grey-crowned Babblers , Speckled Warblers , Brown Treecreepers , Hooded Robins and Turquoise Parrots .

Other woodland birds present in good numbers include Barking Owls , Glossy Black-Cockatoos , Grey-crowned Babblers , Speckled Warblers , Brown Treecreepers , Hooded Robins and Turquoise Parrots .


However there are a variety of distinct plant communities in the forest , some of which do not include Callitris .

However there are a variety of other plant communities in the forest , some of which do not include Callitris .


The forest is located near the towns of Baradine and Narrabri and the villages of Pilliga and Gwabegar .

The forest is near the towns of Baradine and Narrabri and the villages of Pilliga and Gwabegar .


In the east is a heavily eroded sandstone mountain range , visible in outcrops such as those around Gin 's Leap between Baan Baa and Boggabri .

In the east is a heavily eroded sandstone mountain range , which can be seen as sandstone outcrops such as those around Gin 's Leap between Baan Baa and Boggabri .


Fauna recorded from the Pilliga Nature Reserve include at least 40 native and nine introduced mammals , 50 reptiles and at least 15 frogs .

Animals found in the Pilliga Nature Reserve include at least 36 native and nine introduced mammals , 50 reptiles and at least 15 frogs .


The geology of the area is dominated by Pilliga sandstone , a coarse red to yellow Jurassic sandstone containing about 75 % quartz , 15 % plagioclase and 10 % iron oxide , although local variations in soil type do occur .

This is a coarse red to yellow Jurassic sandstone containing about 75 % quartz , 15 % plagioclase and 10 % iron oxide .


It also experiences irregular occurrences of endangered Swift Parrots and Regent Honeyeaters , and near threatened Bush Stone-curlews .

Endangered Swift Parrots and Regent Honeyeaters , and near threatened Bush Stone-curlews , are sometimes seen in the forest .


The forest contains at least 900 plant species , including some now widely grown in cultivation as well as many threatened species .

The forest contains at least 900 plant species .


Author Eric Rolls wrote a seminal work on the Pilliga called A Million Wild Acres , which gives an insight into the history of the region .

Author Eric Rolls wrote a book about the Pilliga called A Million Wild Acres .


However , many scientific authors now disagree with much of Rolls ' analysis , quoting historical records from as early as the 1870s which suggest that the plant communities in the scrub have not undergone the level of alteration that Rolls suggests .

However , many scientific authors now disagree , using historical records from as early as the 1870s which say that the types of plants in the forest have not changed as much as Rolls suggests .


The State Forests of The Pilliga , commonly known as the Pilliga Scrub , constitute some 3,000 km2 of semi-arid woodland in temperate north-central New South Wales , Australia .

The State Forests of The Pilliga , also called the Pilliga Scrub , covers an area of 3000 km2 in north-central New South Wales , Australia .


A 4,909 km2 tract of land , including the forest and the nearby Warrumbungle National Park , has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area ( IBA ) because it supports populations of Painted Honeyeaters and Diamond Firetails .

A 4909 km2 area of land , including the forest and the nearby Warrumbungle National Park , has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area ( IBA ) .


One of Rolls ' most-cited conclusions is that the forest used to be an open woodland forest and that European influence has enabled the cypress pine to dominate .

He argued that the forest used to be an open woodland forest and that European influence has let the cypress pines take over .


The Free City of Danzig ( German : Freie Stadt Danzig ; Polish : Wolne Miasto Gdańsk ) was a semi-autonomous city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939 , consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig ( today Gdańsk ) and nearly 200 towns in the surrounding areas .

The Free City of Danzig ( German : Freie Stadt Danzig ; Polish : Wolne Miasto Gdańsk ) was a self-governing port on the Baltic Sea port and a city-state .


The German railway line that connected the Free City with newly created Poland was to be administered by Poland , as were all rail lines in the territory of the Free City .

The railway line that connected the Free City with Poland was administered by Poland .


The interwar Free City of Danzig ( 1920-39 ) included the city of Danzig ( Gdańsk ) , the towns of Zoppot ( Sopot ) , Oliva ( Oliwa ) , Tiegenhof ( Nowy Dwór Gdański ) , Neuteich ( Nowy Staw ) and some 252 villages and 63 hamlets , covering a total area of 1,966 square kilometers ( 754 sq mi ) .

The Free City of Danzig included the major city of Danzig ( Gdańsk ) as well as Zoppot ( Sopot ) , Tiegenhof ( Nowy Dwór Gdański ) , Neuteich ( Nowy Staw ) and some 252 villages and 63 hamlets .


The Free City was to be represented abroad by Poland and was to be in a customs union with it .

The Free City was represented abroad by Poland 's ambassadors .


... And Justice for All was Metallica 's first studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted , following the death of Cliff Burton in 1986 .

It was Metallica 's first album since the death of Cliff Burton , who was replaced by Jason Newsted as their bass player .


... And Justice for All is the fourth studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica , released on August 25 , 1988 , by Elektra Records .

... And Justice For All is Metallica 's fourth album and was released on August 25 , 1988 .


He was an instructor at the Académie Julian in Paris .

He was a teacher at the Académie Julian in Paris .


He was long a professor at the École des Beaux-Arts .

He was a professor at the École des Beaux-Arts for a long time .


Many of his paintings are single figures of beautiful women .

His paintings are usually single figures of beautiful women .


He entered the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in 1852 and was a pupil of Léon Cogniet .


The Dassault Rafale ( French pronunciation : ( ʁafal ) , squall ) is a French twin-engine , canard delta-wing , multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation .

The Dassault Rafale is a fighter aircraft made by French airplane company Dassault Aviation .


In 1919 , many years after receiving his patent , Dr. Tesla wrote an article for The Electrical Experimenter entitled `` Famous Scientific Illusions '' , in which he explains the logic of Franklin 's pointed lightning rod and discloses his improved method and apparatus .

Many years after receiving his patent , in 1919 Dr. Tesla wrote an article for The Electrical Experimenter entitled `` Famous Scientific Illusions '' , in which he explains the logic of Franklin 's pointed lightning rod and discloses his improved method and apparatus .


This experiment , it is said , took place because he was tired of waiting for Christ Church in Philadelphia to be completed so he could place a lightning rod on top of it .

This experiment , in fact , took place because he was tired of waiting for Christ Church in Philadelphia to be completed so he could place a lightning rod on top of it .


Lightning rods were embellished with ornamental glass balls ( now prized by collectors ) .

Lightning rods were often embellished with ornamental glass balls ( now prized by collectors ) .


The random behavior of lightning combined with observers ' confirmation bias ensured that the method gained a good bit of credence even after the development of the marine lightning rod soon after Franklin 's initial work .

The random behavior of lightning ensured that the method gained a good bit of credence even after the development of the marine lightning rod soon after Franklin 's initial work .


Balls of solid glass occasionally were used in a method purported to prevent lightning strikes to ships and other objects .

Balls of solid glass occasionally were used in a method thought to prevent lightning strikes to ships .


Early on , Christian churches tried to prevent the occurrence of the damaging effects of lightning by prayers .

Early on , Christian churches tried to prevent the damage of lightning by prayers .


The patent was granted due to a fault in Franklin 's original theory of operation ; the pointed lightning rod actually ionizes the air around itself , rendering the air conductive , which in turn raises the probability of a strike .

The patent was granted due to a fault in Franklin 's original theory of operation ; the pointed lightning rod actually ionizes the air around itself .


Peter Ahlwardts ( `` Reasonable and Theological Considerations about Thunder and Lightning '' , 1745 ) advised individuals seeking cover from lightning to go anywhere except in or around a church .

Peter Ahlwardts ( `` Reasonable and Theological Considerations about Thunder and Lightning '' , 1745 ) said people who sought to protect themselves from lightning should go anywhere except in or around a church .


Franklin speculated that , with an iron rod sharpened to a point , `` The electrical fire would , I think , be drawn out of a cloud silently , before it could come near enough to strike ... '' Franklin speculated about lightning rods for several years before his reported kite experiment .

Franklin thought that , with an iron rod sharpened to a point at the end , `` The electrical fire would , I think , be drawn out of a cloud silently , before it could come near enough to strike ( ... ) . ''


A lightning rod is a single component in a lightning protection system .

It is part of a lightning protection system .


The ornamental appeal of these glass balls has been used in weather vanes .

The ornamental appeal of these glass balls has also been incorporated into weather vanes .


Lightning can damage structures made of most materials ( masonry , wood , concrete and steel ) as the huge currents involved can heat materials to high temperature , causing a potential for fire .

Lightning can damage structures made of most materials ( masonry , wood , concrete and even steel ) .


In what later became the United States , the pointed lightning rod conductor , also called a `` lightning attractor '' or `` Franklin rod , '' was invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1749 as part of his groundbreaking exploration of electricity .

In the United States , the pointed lightning rod conductor , often incorrectly referred to as the `` lightning attractor , '' was invented by Benjamin Franklin as part of his groundbreaking explorations of electricity .


The idea was that glass objects , being non-conductors , are seldom struck by lightning .


In the 19th century , the lightning rod became a decorative motif .

In the 19th century the lightning rod became a symbol of American ingenuity and a decorative motif .


In Europe , the lightning rod may have been independently invented by Czech Premonstratensian priest Prokop Diviš between 1750 to 1754 .

In Europe , the lightning rod was invented by a theologian and natural scientist , Václav Prokop Diviš , between 1750 and 1754 .


A lightning rod ( US , AUS ) or lightning conductor ( UK ) is a metal rod or metallic object mounted on top of an elevated structure , such as a building , a ship , or even a tree , electrically bonded using a wire or electrical conductor to interface with ground or `` earth '' through an electrode , engineered to protect the structure in the event of lightning strike .

A lightning rod or lightning conductor is a metal rod that is used to make lightning strike it , rather than strike something else .


Sources include : Small electricity generators are often powered by reciprocating engines burning diesel , biogas or natural gas .


All turbines are driven by a fluid acting as an intermediate energy carrier .

Turbines are driven by a fluid which acts as an intermediate energy carrier .


Until recently , photovoltaics were most commonly used in remote sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid , or as a supplemental electricity source for individual homes and businesses .

Until recently , photovoltaics were most commonly used in remote sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid , or as an extra electricity source for individual homes and businesses .


Unlike the solar heat concentrators mentioned above , photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly to electricity .

Unlike the solar heat concentrators , photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly to electricity .


Installed capacity is growing by 40 % per year led by increases in Germany , Japan , California and New Jersey .

Installed solar capacity is growing by 30 % per year in several regions including Germany , Japan , California and New Jersey .