In the first year , 1967 , Gimnasia y Esgrima was champion of the `` Promocional '' tournament .

In the first year , 1967 , Gimnasia y Esgrima devoted itself champion of the `` Promocional '' tournament .


Gimnasia were champions of DivisiÃ n Intermedia of the Argentine Football in 1915 , of the First DivisiÃ n in 1929 , of the `` Copa Centenario de la AFA '' in 1994 and of the Second division in 1944 , 1947 and 1952 ; it was runner-up of the First DivisiÃ n in 1924 , Clausura 1995 , Clausura 1996 , Apertura 1998 , Clausura 2002 and Apertura 2005 .

Gimnasia y Esgrima was promoted to the first division after becoming champions of the DivisiÃ n Intermedia of Argentine football in 1915 . Later , in 1929 , the club would become champions of the Primera DivisiÃ n. Once in the professional era , Gimnasia became champions of the Argentine 2nd division in 1944 , 1947 and 1952 and won the Copa Centenario de la AFA in 1994 .


Gimnasia had to abandon its original field at the corner of 13th and 71st streets , in 1905 ; at that time , it chose to discontinue the practice of football and to devote the club mainly to social activities .

Gimnasia had to abandon its original field at the corner of 13th and 71st streets , in 1905 , because in that place the city had to build an educational institution ; at that time , it chose to discontinue the practice of football and to devote the club mainly to social activities .


During the year 2009 , the apparel of Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata will be provided by the company `` Kappa '' , the one who will provide from uniform sports up to the extra-sports clothes . In turn , jersey will be supported by the company `` La Nueva Seguros '' , of which it will take the name written in the principal band .

During the year 2009 , the apparel of Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata will be provided by Kappa , and jerseys by La Nueva Seguros .


Later , in 1905 , it was decided to change the colors to make it distinct from Racing Club .

In 1905 , it was decided to change the colors to make it distinct from Racing Club .


The result was the creation of two championships : the `` Metropolitano '' , played by teams affiliated directly to the AFA ( and divided in two zones ) , and the `` Nacional '' , played by the teams placed in the top positions of the `` Metropolitano '' , in addition to teams from the leagues of the Argentine interior .

These were the `` Metropolitano '' , with the teams affiliated directly to the AFA divided in two zones , and the `` Nacional '' , in whom some teams affiliated to the AFA were taking part and whom they classified under the first positions of the Metropolitano .


In newspaper caricatures from the early 1900 's , Gimnasia was accordingly depicted as a `` butcher '' , instead of the current `` wolf '' .

In newspaper caricatures from the early 1900s , Gimnasia was accordingly depicted as a `` butcher '' , instead of the current `` wolf '' .


In 1929 , Gimnasia y Esgrima obtains its only First Division title in the amateur era , after a campaign that included fourteen victories and three defeats .

In 1929 , Gimnasia y Esgrima obtained its only First Division title in the amateur era , after a campaign that included fourteen victories and three defeats .


The new management also campaigned for a return to its traditional ground at El Bosque .

The new management also campaigned for a return to the Bosque grounds .


The `` Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata '' was founded on June 3 , 1887 as a civil association , and thus is the oldest surviving football club in the whole of South America .

The `` Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata '' was founded on June 3 , 1887 as a civil association , and thus is the oldest surviving football club still participating in the Argentine Football League .


In these matches , Gimnasia was subject to openly biased arbitration .

In these matches , it is claimed that Gimnasia was subject to openly biased arbitration .


MuÃ oz was reprimanded by the football association and temporarily removed from its executive committee , although he was confirmed as Gimnasia 's President by the club 's board .

MuÃ oz was reprimanded by the football association and temporarily removed from its executive committee .


On April 27 , 1916 , Gimnasia played against Estudiantes de La Plata , its classic rival , for the first time .

On April 27 , 1916 , Gimnasia played against Estudiantes de La Plata , its rival in the La Plata derby , for the first time .


Gimnasia also won its matches against three of the most important European clubs : a 3-1 victory against Real Madrid ( at Madrid , on January 1 , 1931 ) , 2-1 against FC Barcelona ( at Barcelona , on January 6 , 1931 ) , and 1-0 against Benfica ( at Lisbon , on March 29 , 1931 ) .

Gimnasia also won its matches against three of the most important European clubs : a 3-2 victory against Real Madrid ( at Madrid , on January 1 , 1931 , first South American team to ever defeat Real Madrid at Madrid ) , 2-1 against FC Barcelona ( at Barcelona , on January 6 , 1931 ) , and 1-0 against Benfica ( at Lisbon , on March 29 , 1931 ) .


During HÃ ctor DomÃ nguez 's presidency , the abbreviation at the center of the shield was changed , replacing the historical CGE ( Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima ) , for the GELP ( Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata ) , modification that persisted during the mandates of Gliemmo and MuÃ oz .

During HÃ ctor DomÃ nguez 's presidency , the abbreviation CGE ( Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima ) at the center of the shield was replaced by GELP ( Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata ) .


On February 13 , 1960 , Gimnasia was therefore crowned champion of the Gobernador Alende Cup , at the stadium of its classic archrival , located at the intersection of the 57 & 1 streets of La Plata .

On February 13 , 1960 , Gimnasia was crowned champion of the Gobernador Alende Cup , at the stadium of its archrival .


Gimnasia hired first famed Colombian trainer Francisco Maturana , and then Julio CÃ sar Falcioni , both with limited success .

Gimnasia hired first famed Colombian trainer Francisco Maturana , and then Julio CÃ sar Falcioni , but both had limited success .


Also took second place in 2002 ( coached by Ramaciotti ) .

Also Gimnasia took second place in 2002 coached by Ramaciotti .


Finally , from 1910 , the design was modified , changing the vertical stripes into the horizontal band of navy-blue color over a white jersey , which has been used ever since .

Finally , in 1910 , the design was modified , changing the vertical stripes into the horizontal band of navy-blue color over a white jersey , which has been used ever since .


In 1970 , Gimnasia y Esgrima finished second the zone `` B '' behind Chacarita Juniors , and qualified to the `` Nacional '' semifinal against Rosario Central , who had occupied the first position in the zone `` A '' .

In 1970 , Gimnasia y Esgrima finished second the zone `` B '' behind Chacarita Juniors , and qualified for the `` Nacional '' semifinal against Rosario Central , who had occupied the first position in the zone `` A '' .


The institution changed name a few times : from April to December 1897 it was called a `` Club de Esgrima '' due to the fact that fencing was the only activity practiced at that moment .

The institution changed name a few times : from April to December 1897 it was called a `` Club de Esgrima '' ( in English , `` Fencing Club '' ) because fencing was the only activity practiced at that moment .


With veteran coach Carlos Timoteo Griguol at the helm , Gimnasia took second place in the 1995 Clausura tournament , repeating the performance in 1996 and 1998 .

With veteran coach Carlos Timoteo Griguol at the helm , Gimnasia took second place in the 1995 Clausura tournament , and repeated the performance in 1996 and 1998 .


To the sides of the center a rama of laurels spreads the helmet , for every side .

To the sides of the center laurels spread around the helmet .


Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata ( CGE or GELP ) is an Argentina sports club , of the city of La Plata , Buenos Aires .

Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata ( , also known as CGE or GELP , is a professional Argentine football club based in La Plata , Buenos Aires .


Within the city of La Plata and its environs , the Gimnasia fan base used to be identified with the working class , contrasting with the mostly middle class Estudiantes constituency .

Within the city of La Plata and its environs , Gimnasia 's fan base used to be identified with the working class , in contrast with the mostly middle class Estudiantes ' constituency .


Gimnasia became the first Argentine club outside Greater Buenos Aires to compete in Europe , and the first ever to play in Portugal , Czechoslovakia , Austria and Italy .

Gimnasia became the first Argentine club from outside Greater Buenos Aires to compete in Europe , and the first ever to play in Portugal , Czechoslovakia , Austria and Italy .


The AFA organized in 1993 a cup-style ( elimination ) tournament named Copa Centenario ( `` Centennial Cup '' ) , to celebrate its hundredth anniversary .

In 1993 , The AFA organized a cup-style ( elimination ) tournament named Copa Centenario ( `` Centennial Cup '' ) , to celebrate its hundredth anniversary .


The Stadium Juan Carlos Zerillo , known as El Bosque ( Spanish for `` the forest '' , because it is located in the La Plata park of the same name ) has a capacity of 31,460 and was used continuously until 2005 .

The Juan Carlos Zerillo stadium , known as El Bosque ( Spanish for `` the forest '' , because it is located in the La Plata park of the same name ) had a capacity of 31,460 and was used continuously until 2005 .


In the latter game , the referee Rojo MirÃ favored so blatantly San Lorenzo that the Gimnasia players famously refused to continue with the charade , and `` went on strike . ''

In the latter game , the referee Rojo MirÃ favored San Lorenzo that the Gimnasia players famously refused to continue with the charade , and `` went on strike . ''


Starting April 2008 , the stadium underwent a structural engineering evaluation after all security measures requested by authorities were put in place .

In April 2008 the stadium underwent a structural engineering evaluation after security measures requested by authorities were put in place .


The cup was an international quadrangular , comprising friendly matches between Estudiantes , Gimnasia , Club Nacional de Football and Club AtlÃ tico PeÃ arol , the latter being the two main football clubs from Uruguay .

The cup was an international tournament , comprising friendly matches between Estudiantes , Gimnasia , Club Nacional de Football and Club AtlÃ tico PeÃ arol , the latter being the two main football clubs from Uruguay .


The typical eleven in that remarkable team were : Hugo Orlando Gatti ; Ricardo Rezza , JosÃ BernabÃ Leonardi , JosÃ Masnik , Roberto Zywica , Roberto Gonzalo ; HÃ ctor Pignani , JosÃ Santiago , Delio Onnis , JosÃ NÃ stor Meija , Jorge Castiglia .

The starting eleven for the team were : Hugo Orlando Gatti ; Ricardo Rezza , JosÃ BernabÃ Leonardi , JosÃ Masnik , Roberto Zywica , Roberto Gonzalo ; HÃ ctor Pignani , JosÃ Santiago , Delio Onnis , JosÃ NÃ stor Meija , Jorge Castiglia .


The other teams in the octogonal were Racing Club , Argentino de Rosario , Club AtlÃ tico Tigre , Defensores de Belgrano , Club AtlÃ tico LanÃ s , Nueva Chicago , and Deportivo MorÃ n. Gimnasia reached the final , where it defeated Racing Club twice , first 3-1 in Avellaneda , and then 4-2 in La Plata on December 30 , 1984 .

In the octogonal formed part Racing Club , Argentino de Rosario , Club AtlÃ tico Tigre , Defensores de Belgrano , Club AtlÃ tico LanÃ s , Nueva Chicago and Deportivo MorÃ n.


On December 17 , 1897 it returned to its original name : `` Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima '' .

On December 17 , 1897 it returned to its original name : `` Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima '' ( `` Gymnastics and Fencing Club '' ) .


Yet , still today , Gimnasia is often greeted into the stadia by its fans with a resounding `` Tripa corazÃ n ! ''

however , Gimnasia is still often greeted by its fans with a resounding `` Tripa corazÃ n ! ''


On April 27 , 1924 the new stadium was inaugurated , located in La Plata 's main park ( `` El Bosque '' , the Forest ) at the intersection of 60th avenue and 118th street ; it was named Stadium Juan Carlos Zerillo .

On April 27 , 1924 the new stadium was inaugurated , located in La Plata 's main park ( `` El Bosque '' , the Forest ) ; it was named Estadio Juan Carlos Zerillo .


In the top cantons , like a guard , there appear the hilts of a saber and a foil , with their sharp points emerging at lower part of the shield .

In the top cantons , like a guard , there appears the hilts of a saber and a foil , with their sharp points emerging in lower part of the shield .


However , it remained unduly identified legally as `` Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata '' , a mistake that was corrected on August 7 , 1964 after the new statute was approved .

However , it remained unduly identified legally as `` Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata '' ( `` Gymnastics and Fencing Club of La Plata '' ) , a mistake that was corrected on August 7 , 1964 after the new statute was approved .


In the first years of life of the institution , the colors adopted were the white and light blue , seeking of this form to highlight the fact that it was an Argentine club .

In the first years of the institution , the colors adopted were white and light blue , seeking to highlight the fact that it was an Argentine club .


River Plate won the `` round of losers '' and qualified for the final , with Gimnasia having home court advantage .

River Plate won the `` round of losers '' and qualified for the final , with Gimnasia having home field advantage .


That year , Gimnasia finished the championship in fourth place , behind Racing Club , Club AtlÃ tico Platense and River Plate , with nine victories , nine ties and three defeats .

That year , Gimnasia finished the championship in fourth place , behind Racing Club , Platense and River Plate , with nine victories , nine ties and three defeats .


As it is the case with some other clubs in the Argentine First Division , the fans celebrate with a large party and outside gathering the `` Worldwide Day of Gimnasia 's Fans '' on each December 10 .

As is the case with other clubs in the Argentine First Division , the fans celebrate the `` Worldwide Day of Gimnasia 's Fans '' on December 10 with a large party and outside gathering .


The match took place at the Estudiantes de La Plata ' field ( 1st and 57th streets ) , where Gimnasia y Esgrima defeated its classic rival 1 â `` 0 .

The match took place at the Estudiantes de La Plata ' field , where Gimnasia y Esgrima won 1 â `` 0 .


From July 1952 to September 30 , 1955 , the club was named `` Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima de Eva PerÃ n '' , due to the fact that the city of La Plata itself had been renamed `` Eva PerÃ n '' in 1952 , after Eva PerÃ n 's death .

From July 1952 to September 30 , 1955 , the club was named `` Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima de Eva PerÃ n '' ( `` Gymnastics and Fencing Club of Eva PerÃ n '' ) , because the city of La Plata itself had been renamed `` Eva PerÃ n '' in 1952 , after Eva PerÃ n 's death .


Already in the professional era , Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata entered in the history of Argentine soccer with a famous team known as `` El Expreso '' ( The Express ) .

Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata entered into the history of Argentine football with a famous team known as `` El Expreso '' ( The Express ) .


This is the logo in current use , and often displayed on the team 's jerseys .

The new design of the logo is the one in current use , and often displayed on the team 's jerseys .


( Spanish for `` Heart of tripe ! '' ) .


Under new coach Leonardo MadelÃ n , team results improved markedly , and as of the beginning of the 2009 Clausura tournament , Gimnasia is better positioned to stay in the Primera level .

Under new coach Leonardo MadelÃ n , team results improved markedly , and the team staved off relegation in a play-off against AtlÃ tico de Rafaela . In the second half of 2009 , team performance deteriorated again , forcing MadelÃ n 's exit .


Nevertheless , Estudiantes obtained the title in the end .

Nevertheless , Estudiantes obtained the title at the end of the Apertura 2006 .


On that day , Gimnasia fielded : Felipe Scarpone , Di Giano and Evaristo Delovo ; Rusciti , SantillÃ n and Belli ; Curell , Varallo , Maleani , DÃ az , and Morgada .

On that day , Gimnasia fielded : Scarpone , Di Giano and Delovo ; Rusciti , SantillÃ n and Belli ; Curell , Varallo , Maleani , DÃ az , and Morgada .


The rest of the teams played the `` Promocional '' and `` Reclasificatorio '' cups .

The rest of the teams was taking part in the `` Promocional '' and in the `` Reclasificatorio '' , together with other teams that were representing other leagues of the country .


On that year , Gimnasia obtains the two cups that were in dispute : Competencia Adolfo J. Bullrich Cup and Campeonato Intermedia Cup .

In that year , Gimnasia obtained two cups ; `` Copa Competencia Adolfo J. Bullrich '' ( `` Adolfo J. Bullrich 's Competition Cup '' ) and `` Copa Campeonato Intermedia '' ( `` Intermediate Cup Championship '' ) .


At the center , on enamel and with the colors of the club ( white and navy blue ) , the club monogram appears in relief .

At the center , on enamel and with the colors of the club ( white and navy blue ) , is the club monogram appears .


Another nickname is basureros ( `` garbage or waste collectors '' ) , acquired during the presidency of Mr. Venturino in the 1970 's , who also managed the private company dealing with trash pickup in La Plata .

Another nickname is basureros ( `` garbage or waste collectors '' ) , acquired during the presidency of Mr. Venturino in the 1970s , who also managed the private company dealing with trash pickup in La Plata .


Iron compounds are chemical compounds containing iron ions .

This is intended for compounds that contain iron in their composition .


These are articles about ice hockey players who play or have played in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks or the Chicago Blackhawks .

This category is for players who played professional hockey for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League . Also see List of Chicago Blackhawks players


BogdÄ neÅ ti is a commune found in Suceava County , Romania .

BogdÄ neÅ ti is a commune located in Suceava County , Romania .


For the type of music , please see St. Louis blues .

The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team based in St. Louis , Missouri .


On 16 April the Russians and Poles attacked the Seelow Heights . Almost 1,000,000 Russians\/Poles with 20,000 artillery pieces were fighting against 100,000 Germans with 1,200 tanks .

The Battle of the Seelow Heights , fought over four days from 16 April until 19 April , was one of the last pitched battles of World War II : almost one million Red Army troops and more than 20,000 tanks and artillery pieces were deployed to break through the `` Gates to Berlin '' which were defended by about 100,000 German soldiers and 1,200 tanks and guns .


Most of these earthquakes were magnitude 1.0 or less ; some as strong as magnitude 3.2 were centered 25 kilometers below the surface .

Most of these earthquakes were magnitude 1.0 or less ; some as strong as M 3.1 or 3.2 were centered 25 kilometres below the surface .


The cause of these earthquakes is believed to be the rising of molten magma because there are no faults or tectonic plate boundaries .

The cause of this seismic activity is believed to be the upwelling of magma because the area is not close to any faults or tectonic plate boundaries .


It is in the eastern part of the Anahim Volcanic Belt .

It is considered the easternmost volcano in the Anahim Volcanic Belt .


A series of small earthquakes occurred in the area of Nazko Cone beginning on October 10 , 2007 .

On October 10 , 2007 , a small swarm of earthquakes appeared 20 kilometres west of Nazko Cone .


Nazko Cone is a small volcano in central British Columbia , Canada . It is approximately 75 km west of the town of Quesnel .

Nazko Cone is a small potentially active basaltic cinder cone in central British Columbia , Canada , located 75 km west of Quesnel and 150 kilometers southwest of Prince George .


William McKinley ( January 29 , 1843 â `` September 14 , 1901 ) was the 25th President of the United States , from 1897 until his assassination in 1901 .

William McKinley , Jr. ( January 29 , 1843 - September 14 , 1901 ) was the 25th President of the United States ( 1897 â `` 1901 ) , and the last veteran of the American Civil War to be elected to that office .


Hondo Valle ( in English , Deep Valley ) is a Dominican municipality in the ElÃ as PiÃ a Province .

Hondo Valle is a town in the ElÃ as PiÃ a province of the Dominican Republic .


Uwe Seeler ( born 5 November , 1936 ) is a former German football player .

Uwe Seeler ( born 5 November 1936 in Hamburg ) is a former German football official and retired football player .


He has played for Hamburger SV and West Germany national team .

He played for Hamburger SV and also made 72 appearances for the West German national team .


Glenview is a city of Kentucky in the United States .

Developers have attempted to play off Glenview 's reputation , with more recent nearby communities such as Glenview Hills and Glenview Manor .


RÃ court is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

RÃ court is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


A nest is place animals build to hold their eggs and\/or provide a place to raise their babies .

A nest is a place of refuge to hold an animal 's eggs and\/or provide a place to live or raise offspring .


Many times they are made of things like twigs , grass , mud , and leaves ; or they may simply be a low place in the ground , or a hole in a tree , rock , or building .

They are usually made of some organic material such as twigs , grass , and leaves ; or may simply be a depression in the ground , or a hole in a tree , rock or building .


In 2008 , Logitech made its billionth mouse .

In December 2008 , Logitech shipped its one billionth mouse .


The first mice were made in switzerland , but now Logitech makes its items all over the world .

Logitech International S.A. , headquartered in Romanel-sur-Morges , Switzerland , is the holding company for Logitech Group , a Swiss peripheral-device maker . Logitech makes peripheral devices for PCs , including keyboards , mice , microphones , game controllers and webcams .


Carsten Jancker ( born 28 August 1974 ) is a former German football player .

Carsten Jancker ( born 28 August 1974 in GrevesmÃ 1\/4 hlen ) is a former German professional footballer and current manager .


The WB also had a group of programs aimed at children under the name Kids WB . Kids WB showed mainly animated series , for example , Jackie Chan Adventures , Taz-Mania , Tiny Toon Adventures , Animaniacs , Pinky and the Brain and Batman : The Animated Series .

The WB added the Kids ' WB programming block , following its launch , which mixed Warners ' biggest hit shows ( Tiny Toon Adventures , Animaniacs , and later Batman : The Animated Series , all of which originated either on , Fox Kids or in syndication ) with new productions and original shows .


The WB shut down on September 17 , 2006 .

The WB shut down on September 17 , 2006 , and merged with UPN ( which had shut down two days earlier ) .


This new network would have programming from both The WB and UPN .

Entertainment announced plans to shut down both UPN and The WB and launch a new network , The CW in their place . Over the next nine months , it was to be seen which shows from UPN and The WB would cross over to the new CW , as well as which stations across the country would become future affiliates of the new network .


The center of the city is located in Cuyo , located near to the Chile Highway 5 .

Its municipality seat is in the town of Cuyo , located next to the Chile Highway 5 .


Camarones is a city and commune of Chile , in the region of Arica y Parinacota .

Camarones is a city and commune in the Arica y Parinacota Region in Chile .


It forms part of the administrative Arica Province and has a population of 1,220 .


The list of subcamps of Sachsenhausen shows forced labor facilities of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp .

The List of subcamps of Sachsenhausen identifies forced labor facilities of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp .


It 's me and I am so excited to share it with the world on November 18 . ''


In a statement released on Knowles official website , she wrote : I am in a different place right now and I wanted people to see the many sides of me .

In the months leading up to the release of the album , Knowles released a statement on her official website giving certain details about the nature of the album and about what could be expected from it . She said : `` I am in a different place right now and I want people to see the many sides of me .


The music video was filmed on December 20 and December 21 .

The video was filmed on December 20 and December 21 .


`` Nine in the Afternoon '' is the first single from the second album by Panic at the Disco , Pretty .

`` Nine in the Afternoon '' is the first single from the second album by Panic ! at the Disco , Pretty .


Kournikova won two doubles tournaments .

While Kournikova had a successful singles season , she was even more successful in doubles .


She won the 1999 Australian Open with Swiss player Martina Hingis when they defeated Lindsay Davenport and Natasha Zvereva .

However , Kournikova won her first doubles Grand Slam title , partnering Martina Hingis . The two defeated Lindsay Davenport and Natasha Zvereva in the final .


After this , Kournikova will often play her doubles matches with Swiss player Martina Hingis .

Anna Kournikova and Martina Hingis were presented with the WTA Award for Doubles Team of the Year .


Other questions are decided by popular vote .

Other questions are decided by majority vote .


Voting in the General Assembly on important questions , for example suggestions on peace and security , is by two-thirds of those present and voting .

Voting in the General Assembly on important questions â `` recommendations on peace and security ; election of members to organs ; admission , suspension , and expulsion of members ; budgetary matters â `` is by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting .


Broccoli is a plant , Brassica oleracea .

Broccoli is classified in the Italica cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea .


Broccoli has green flower heads and a stalk .

Broccoli has large flower heads , usually green in color , arranged in a tree-like fashion on branches sprouting from a thick , edible stalk . The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves .


It is a vegetable similar to cabbage . Broccoli has green flower heads and a stalk .

Broccoli is a plant in the cabbage family , whose large flower head is used as a vegetable .


Chumbinho ( born 21 September 1986 ) is a Brazilian football player .

Marinaldo CÃ cero da Silva known as Chumbinho ( born September 21 , 1986 ) is a Brazilian footballer currently playing for Panserraikos F.C. , on loan from Olympiacos F.C. .


The Islamic caliphate and other Islamic states took over the Middle East starting in the 7th century , and later expanded into India and Indonesia .

The Islamic Caliphate and other Islamic states took over the Middle East , Caucasus and Central Asia during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century , and later expanded into the Indian subcontinent and Malay archipelago .


The Trans-Siberian Railway that crossed Asia by train was complete by 1916 .

The Trans-Siberian Railway , crossing Asia by train , was complete by 1916 .


In the twentieth century , Imperial Japan expanded into China , Korea and Southeast Asia during the Second World War .

In the twentieth century , Imperial Japan expanded into China and Southeast Asia during the Second World War .


The steppe region had long been inhabited by nomads , and from the central steppes they could reach all areas of the Asian continent .

The steppe region had long been inhabited by mounted nomads , and from the central steppes they could reach all areas of the Asian continent .


The city dwellers were more advanced in civilisation but they could do little militarily to defend against the mounted hordes of the steppe .

While technologically and culturally the city dwellers were more advanced , they could do little militarily to defend against the mounted hordes of the steppe .


Several European powers had control of other parts of Asia by the 1900s , such as British India , French Indochina and Portuguese Macau and Goa .

The European powers had control of other parts of Asia by the 1900s , such as British India , French Indochina and Portuguese Macau and Goa .


The civilizations in Mesopotamia , the Indus Valley , and China had much in common . Therefore it is likely that they exchanged technologies and ideas such as mathematics and the wheel .

The civilizations in Mesopotamia , the Indus Valley , and China shared many similarities and likely exchanged technologies and ideas such as mathematics and the wheel .


Russia and Britain struggled for power in the Central Asian region in the nineteenth century .

The Great Game between Russia and Britain was the struggle for power in the Central Asian region in the nineteenth century .


The northern part of the continent was not accessible to the steppe nomads due to the dense forests and the tundra .

The northern part of the continent , covering much of Siberia was also inaccessible to the steppe nomads due to the dense forests and the tundra .


These areas were very sparsely populated .

These areas in Siberia were very sparsely populated .


Because the lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large horsebound force the nomads who conquered states in China , India , and the Middle East were soon forced to adapt to the local societies .

However , the lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large horsebound force . Thus the nomads who conquered states in China , India , and the Middle East were soon forced to adapt to the local societies .


The Achaemenid , Seleucid , Parthian and Sassanian empires were based in Ancient Persia .

The Seleucid , Parthian and Sassanian dynasties of Persia dominated Western Asia for centuries .


Alexander the Great conquered an area from Turkey to India in the 4th century BC .

Alexander the Great conquered this empire in the 4th century BC .


The history of Asia can be seen as the history of several distinct regions , East Asia , South Asia , and the Middle East that have more or less context depending of the situation in the central Eurasian steppe .

The history of Asia can be seen as the collective history of several distinct peripheral coastal regions such as , East Asia , South Asia , and the Middle East linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe .


Other aspects such as that of writing developed individually in each area .

Other notions such as that of writing likely developed individually in each area .


Noroy-sur-Ourcq is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .

Noroy-sur-Ourcq is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


Pete Maravich ( June 22 , 1947 - January 5 , 1988 ) , also known as `` Pistol Pete '' Maravich , was an American basketball player .

Peter `` Pistol Pete '' Press Maravich ( June 22 , 1947 -- January 5 , 1988 ) was an American professional basketball player .


It is a parody of `` American Idiot '' by Green Day .

It is a parody of Green Day 's controversial `` American Idiot '' .


`` Canadian Idiot '' is a song by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic .

`` Canadian Idiot '' is a 2006 song and single by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic from his album Straight Outta Lynwood .


Uli Stielike ( born 15 November , 1954 ) is a former German football player .

Ulrich `` Uli '' Stielike ( born 15 November 1954 in Ketsch , West Germany ) is a German football manager and former player .


G-sharp major is a major scale based on the musical note G sharp .

G-sharp major is a major scale based on the musical note G-sharp , consisting of the pitches ( ( Gâ ( musical note ) G ) ) , ( ( Aâ ( musical note ) A ) ) , ( ( Bâ ( musical note ) B ) ) , ( ( Câ ( musical note ) C ) ) , ( ( Dâ ( musical note ) D ) ) , ( ( Eâ ( musical note ) E ) ) and F. Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp .


To make things easier , G-sharp major is usually written as its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major . However , it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys , for example in the Prelude and Fugue in C sharp major from Bach 's Well-Tempered Klavier , Book 1 .

For clarity and simplicitly , G-sharp major is usually notated as its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major ; however , it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys - most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C sharp major from Bach 's Well-Tempered Klavier , Book 1 .


G sharp major is used for a short time in several of Chopin 's nocturnes in C sharp minor .

G sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Chopin 's nocturnes in C sharp minor .


On the right is a map showing who has nuclear reactors and weapons , and who could have them . When a country starts making nuclear weapons , they become a nuclear power .

Proliferation has been opposed by many nations with and without nuclear weapons , the governments of which fear that more countries with nuclear weapons may increase the possibility of nuclear warfare ( up to and including the so-called `` countervalue '' targeting of civilians with nuclear weapons ) , de-stabilize international or regional relations , or infringe upon the national sovereignty of states .


When a country starts making nuclear weapons , they become a nuclear power .

Nuclear proliferation is a term now used to describe the spread of nuclear weapons , fissile material , and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information , to nations which are not recognized as `` Nuclear Weapon States '' by the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons , also known as the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty or NPT .


Nuclear proliferation is when a country starts making nuclear objects .

The IAEA now operates a safeguards system as specified under Article III of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) of 1968 , which aims to ensure that civil stocks of uranium , plutonium , as well as facilities and technologies associated with these nuclear materials , are used only for peaceful purposes and do not contribute in any way to proliferation or nuclear weapons programs . It is often argued that proliferation of nuclear weapons to many other states has been prevented by the extension of assurances and mutual defense treaties to these states by nuclear powers , but other factors , such as national prestige , or specific historical experiences , also play a part in hastening or stopping nuclear proliferation .


Hydroplaning or Aquaplaning when a layer of water builds between the rubber tires of the vehicle and the road surface and leads to the loss of traction on the road . Hydroplaning causes the vehicle to stop responding to control inputs such as steering , braking or accelerating .

Hydroplaning or aquaplaning by the tires of a road vehicle , aircraft or sometimes roller coaster occurs when a layer of water builds between the rubber tires of the vehicle and the road surface , leading to the loss of traction and thus preventing the vehicle from responding to control inputs such as steering , braking or accelerating .


Valdeblore is a commune . It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France .

Valdeblore is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur region in southeastern France .


Yasuaki Okamoto ( born 9 April 1988 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Consadole Sapporo .

Yasuaki Okamoto is a Japanese football player currently playing for Consadole Sapporo .


Others , including straight edge , DIY , or anarchist-identified persons may choose to live `` off-the-grid '' , outside the regular system of housing . They are not there because of sobriety issues .

Others , including straight edge , DIY , or anarchist-identified persons who may choose to live `` off-the-grid '' , without facing exclusion from quotidian shelters due to sobriety issues .


In blizzard conditions , snowmobilers have been mobilized .

In blizzard conditions , snowmobile enthusiasts have been mobilized .


Often , users of warming centers are persons who are not participating in routine homeless shelter services due .

Often , users of warming centers are persons who are not participating in routine homeless shelter services due to disciplinary exclusions or non-compliance with behavioral policies .


They seem to go back as far as 1945 , at the end of World War II .

They seem to go back as far as 1945 , when used in Berlin at the conclusion of World War II .


Newspapers are generally published weekly or less frequently , which makes them useful only for general information such as contact numbers and locations .

Street newspapers are generally published weekly or less frequently , which makes them useful only for general information such as contact numbers and locations .


Warming centers are generally opened for only a few days at a time based on the conditions of the area , although some are open for specific portion of the year when weather conditions are bad .

Warming centers are generally opened for only a few days at a time based on the conditions of the area , although some are open for specific portion of the year when weather conditions are adverse .


This failure to distribute Community Development Block Grants resulted in a situation where people slept in plastic chairs or `` in cold hallways '' .

In Detroit , failure to disburse Community Development Block Grants resulted in a situation where people slept in plastic chairs or `` in cold hallways '' .


At one extreme , their under-utilization or minimal level of service is said to be unfriendly .

At one extreme , their under-utilization or minimal level of service is characterized as unfriendly .


According to a man calling himself `` Poppy '' , the `` have-nots ... can all freeze to death ... here in the friendly city . ''

Users were required to bring their own food and blankets , drawing fire for the `` have-nots ... can all freeze to death ... here in the friendly city . ''


They refer to these levels as their `` alert status '' . It goes all the way from normal good weather OUTLOOK status all the way up through different levels .

They refer to these levels as their `` alert status '' , ranging from fair weather OUTLOOK status to STANDBY , WATCH and finally ACTIVATE .


Others simply find shelters too regimented , too much like jail . Newspaperman Mike Hendricks quotes a former resident of an unauthorized homeless encampment named Crow , who said that `` some guys would sooner do what they want and not be told what to do . ''

Others simply find shelters too regimented , too much like jail : newspaperman Mike Hendricks quotes a former resident of an unauthorized homeless encampment named Crow , who said that `` some guys would sooner do what they want and not be told what to do . ''


They are generally operated with one or more experienced professional staff person . This is due to the difficulties which untrained volunteers might encounter in dealing with the clientele .

They are generally operated with one or more experienced professional staff person , due to the difficulties which untrained volunteers might encounter in dealing with the clientele .


These include churches and community organizations but also may involve special real estate such as National Guard armories .

These include churches and community organizations but also may involve special purpose institutional real estate such as national guard armories .


The City of Portland , Oregon , uses a more complicated formula to determine when to open centers ; wet or dry conditions , the night 's predicted low , the three-day trend , wind , and whether snowfall .

The City of Portland , Oregon , uses a more complex formula to determine when to open shelters ; factors include wet or dry conditions , the night 's predicted low , the three-day trend of lows , sustained wind speed , and whether snow is on the ground or predicted to fall .


For transportation to centers , some offer free transportation , In some cases for persons being released from jail can get rides , if the weather is bad .

For transportation to centers , some offer free transportation , in some cases for persons being released from jail into conditions of inclement weather .


Sue Murphy is the administrative director of Interfaith Action of Evanston , Illinois , which has a daytime center . It is used for a time slot when the overnight shelters are closed .

Sue Murphy is the administrative director of Interfaith Action of Evanston , Illinois , which has a daytime center for a time slot during which overnight shelters are closed to clients .


In Berlin , clothing and blankets were allowed for under the air lift plan . Also , an extensive plan was developed for public `` warming centers . ''

Clothing and blankets were allowed for under the air lift plans and an extensive plan was developed for public `` warming centers . ''


She states that warmth and snacks `` is not nearly enough ... what we need is a place where they can go the whole winter . ''


Centers often coordinate with outside programs such as 211 .

Centers often coordinate with outside programs .


According to Detroit writer Naomi Spencer , they serve also as `` a last resort for homeless people to find respite ( relief ) from the cold , especially those with drug addictions , mental illness , or criminal backgrounds , who may not meet requirements imposed by some homeless shelters or religious charity operations . ''

According to Detroit socialist writer Naomi Spencer , they serve also as `` a last resort for homeless people to find respite from the cold , especially those with drug addictions , mental illness , or criminal backgrounds , who may not meet requirements imposed by some homeless shelters or religious charity operations . ''


During the blizzard of February , 2011 , the City of Ottawa , Illinois did not have established warming centers .

During the blizzard of February , 2011 , the City of Ottawa , Illinois did not have established warming centers , and an ad hoc facility was established .


Few countries see Hezbollah as a terrorist organization , the majority do not .

Countries below have officially listed Hezbollah in at least some part as a terrorist organization .


Few countries see Hezbollah as a terrorist organization , the majority do not . Among those who consider it to be terrorist are the United States , the United Kingdom , and Israel , among those who do not are the European Union and Russia .

The United States , the Netherlands United Kingdom , Egypt , Israel , Australia , and Canada classify Hezbollah as a terrorist organization , in whole or in part .


Lebanon sees Hezbollah as a legitimate resistance movement .

Throughout most of the Arab and Muslim worlds , Hezbollah is referred to as a resistance movement , engaged in national defense . Even within Lebanon , Hezbollah 's status is contentious .


Over the years , the Hezbollah militia has fought a guerrilla war against the Israeli army ( IDF ) in Southern Lebanon . It also attacks Israel 's military positions by firing Katyusha rockets across Israel 's northern border .

Hezbollah then launched more rockets into northern Israel and engaged the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) in guerrilla warfare from hardened positions .


An argument over how the it would be governed led to its becoming the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina . Officially , these two provinces did not become separate colonies until 1729 .

Some take this period as the establishment of separate colonies , but that did not officially occur until 1729 , when seven of the Lords Proprietors sold their interests in Carolina to The Crown , and both North Carolina and South Carolina became royal colonies .


Le Mesnil-Durand is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

Le Mesnil-Durand is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .


Verquin is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Verquin is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


Parfondru is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .

Parfondru is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


`` One More Minute '' is a song by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic .

`` One More Minute '' is an original song by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic .


It is located in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka state . It is 37 km away from the district headquarters Mangalore .

Moodabidri ( also called Mudbidri , Moodbiri and Bedra ) , is a small town 37 km northeast of the Dakshina Kannada district headquarters , Mangalore , in Karnataka , India .


The Three Jewels , also called the Three Treasures , the Three Refuges , or the Triple Gem , are the three things that Buddhists give themselves to , and in return look toward for guidance , in the process known as taking refuge .

The Three Jewels , also called the Three Treasures , the Three Refuges , or the Triple Gem ( à à à ) ( Pali : tiratana ) , are the three things that Buddhists take refuge in , and look toward for guidance , in the process known as taking refuge .


Orchard is a city of Iowa in the United States .

Orchard is a city in Mitchell County , Iowa , United States .


Edmund Phelps was born in 1933 near Chicago , but he grew up and went to school in Hastings-on-Hudson , New York , where his family had moved when he was six years old .

Phelps was born in Evanston , Illinois , and moved with his family to Hastings-on-Hudson , New York when he was six years old , where he spent his school years .


In 1990 Phelps took part in a mission from the EBRD to Moscow , where he and Kenneth Arrow worked on the reform of the USSR .

In 1990 Phelps took part in a mission from the then-forming EBRD to Moscow , where he and Kenneth Arrow designed a proposal for the reform of the USSR .


In 1971 , Phelps moved to the Economics Department at Columbia University , where Nobel prize winners William Vickrey and James J. Heckman were studying . Nobel Prize winner Robert Mundell joined three years later , as well as Phoebus Dhrymes , Guillermo Calvo and John B. Taylor .

In 1971 , Phelps moved to the Economics Department at Columbia University , which also included future Nobel prize winners William Vickrey and James J. Heckman ( future laureate Robert Mundell joined three years later ) , as well as Phoebus Dhrymes , Guillermo Calvo and John B. Taylor .


Work at the Cowles Foundation gave Phelps the chance to meet with other important economists who were working on growth theory , such as David Cass and Nobel Prize winner Tjalling Koopmans .

His position at Cowles gave Phelps the chance to interact with Arthur Okun and other notables in the field . He was able to collaborate with other top economists working on growth theory , including David Cass and fellow Nobelist Tjalling Koopmans .


While at Pennsylvania , most of Phelps ' research was on the links between employment , wages and inflation . He wrote about this in 1968 : `` Money-Wage Dynamics and Labor Market Equilibrium '' .

While at Penn , Phelps ' research focused mainly on the link between employment , wage setting and inflation , leading to his influential 1968 paper `` Money-Wage Dynamics and Labor Market Equilibrium '' .


Phelps also worked with Luigi Paganetto at the University of Rome Tor Vergata and , between 1988-98 , they held the Villa Mondragone International Seminar .

( Structural Slumps : The Modern Equilibrium Theory of Employment , Interest and Assets '' ( see Selected PublicationsPhelps also collaborated closely with Luigi Paganetto at the University of Rome Tor Vergata and , between 1988 â `` 98 , as co-organizers of the Villa Mondragone International Seminar .


Meeting with Nobel prize winners Amartya Sen and Kenneth Arrow , and reading the work of John Rawls , whom he met during that year , gave Professor Phelps an interest to research outside of macroeconomics .

Discussions with fellow Nobel prize winners Amartya Sen and Kenneth Arrow , and especially the influence of the philosophy of John Rawls , whom he met during the year at the Center , led Phelps to undertake some research outside macroeconomics .


In the year 1969-1970 Professor Phelps worked for the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Science at Stanford University .

Phelps spent the year 1969-1970 at the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Science at Stanford University .


It was the first idea of the natural rate of unemployment and said that inflation rates did not affect labor market .

It also introduced the concept of the natural rate of unemployment and argued that labor market equilibrium is independent of the rate of inflation , thus there is no long run tradeoff between unemployment and inflation .


Also , during the academic year of 1962-63 Phelps visited MIT , where he met with Nobel prize winners Paul Samuelson , Robert Solow and Franco Modigliani .

During the academic year 1962-63 Phelps visited MIT , where he was in contact with future Nobel prize winners Paul Samuelson , Robert Solow and Franco Modigliani .


His main interest was macroeconomics , but RAND focused on defense work so Phelps decided to return to the his studies the next year , 1960 .

However , feeling he could not pursue macroeconomics ( his main research interest ) at RAND ( which focused on defense work ) , Phelps decided to return to the academic world .


He became interested in the continuing high unemployment in Europe and published some work about it with Jean-Paul Fitoussi ( the director of OFCE ) .

He became interested in the puzzle of the persistent high unemployment in Europe despite no let-up in inflation and published on this subject with Jean-Paul Fitoussi ( the director of OFCE ) .


During the '70s , Phelps and Calvo worked on research for making contracts using asymmetric information .

During the '70s , Phelps and Calvo also collaborated on research regarding optimal contracts under asymmetric information .


The story of the meeting was published the next year in a book which was very important and is known as the `` Phelps volume '' .

The conference papers were published the next year in a book which had a strong and lasting influence , becoming known as the `` Phelps volume '' .


A book was published in 1983 about what people said at a big meeting they had to talk about rational expectations in 1981 .

Their results suggested that rational expectations are not the correct way to model agents ' expectations . They organized a conference on this issue in 1981 and published the proceedings in a 1983 book .


In the next years , Keynesian economics were thought of as less important after the publication of John Muth 's work called rational expectations . Phelps , with Calvo and John Taylor , started a program to rebuild Keynesian economics with new ideas about prices and wages being kept the same for certain time .

Phelps , with Calvo and John Taylor , started a program to rebuild Keynesian economics with rational expectations by employing sticky wages and prices .


There , his professors were some of the greatest economists , such as Nobel prize winners James Tobin and Thomas Schelling , and he studied with Arthur Okun .

While at Yale he studied under some renowned economists , including future Nobel prize winners James Tobin and Thomas Schelling , among others .


He published some of his research in a 1994 book .

He published partial research results in a 1994 book .


As part of this research , Phelps published in 1961 a famous paper on the golden rule savings rate , one of his most important works for economic science .

As part of this research , Phelps published a famous paper in 1961 on the golden rule savings rate , one of his major contributions to economic science .


He knew of important unsolved problems and had new ideas , such as the gap between microeconomics and macroeconomics .

He quickly became aware of an important unsolved problem with the existing theory , and the existing gap between microeconomics and macroeconomics .


In 1966 , Phelps left Yale and moved to University of Pennsylvania , where he was offered a permanent job as professor of economics .

In 1966 , Phelps left Yale and moved to University of Pennsylvania , where he was offered a tenured position as professor of economics .


In the late '70s , Professor Phelps researched with Roman Frydman , who was taught by Phelps . They worked on rational expectations and showed problems in it .

In the late '70s , Phelps and one of his former students , Roman Frydman , conducted some research on the implications of assuming rational expectations , first independently and then in collaboration .


In 1972 , Phelps published a book about his new theory .

In 1972 , Phelps published a new book which focused on the derivation of policy implications of his new theory .


At the Cowles Foundation , his research was mainly on future prices and wages , following the work of Robert Solow .

While at the Cowles Foundation , his research focused mainly on neo-classical growth theory , following the seminal work of Solow .


William Fellner and Henry Wallich were very important in his study courses .

Phelps was also strongly influenced by William Fellner and Henry Wallich , whose courses emphasized the expectations of agents .


In 1951 , he went to Amherst College as an undergraduate student .

In 1951 , he went to Amherst College for his undergraduate education .


The book , Political Economy , was published in 1985 , but was not used in a lot of schools .

The book , Political Economy , was published in 1985 , but had limited classroom adoption .


He took a research job at the Cowles Foundation , and a teaching job at Yale .

So , the next year , in 1960 , he took a research position at the Cowles Foundation , while also doing some teaching at Yale .


In January 1969 , Phelps held a meeting at Pennsylvania University to support the research on inflation and employment .

In January 1969 , Phelps organized a conference at Penn in support of the research on the microfoundations of inflation and employment determination .


At his fathers advice , Phelps took his first economics course in his second year at Amherst .

At his father 's advice , Phelps enrolled in his first economics course in his second year at Amherst .


Phelps has been the McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia University since 1982 .

Phelps has been McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia University since 1982 .


Professor Phelps became interested in the Eastern European transition economies while there .

From work at EBRD and collaboration with his former student Roman Frydman , Phelps developed a strong interest in the Eastern European transition economies .


He also published research on economic justice , using ideas from Rawls book `` A Theory of Justice '' .

He also published research on economic justice , applying ideas from Rawls ' book A Theory of Justice .


Professor Phelps published research on the inflation tax and the effects of fiscal policy on inflation .

There he published research on the inflation tax and the impact of fiscal policy on optimal inflation .


He became a member of the EBRDs Economic Advisory Board , and stayed there until 1993 .

After the EBRD was established , he became a member of its Economic Advisory Board , where he stayed until 1993 .


His economics teacher was James Nelson and his studies were based on a famous textbook by Paul Samuelson .

James Nelson gave the course , which was based on the famous textbook by Paul Samuelson .


In 1972 he published research he named `` statistical discrimination '' .

As a result , in 1972 he published seminal research in the new field he named statistical discrimination .


In the 1980s Professor Phelps worked with European universities and institutions , such as Banca d'Italia ( most of his 1985-86 holidays were spent in Italy ) and Observatoire FranÃ ais des Conjonctures Ã conomiques ( OFCE ) .

` In the 1980s Phelps increased collaboration with European universities and institutions , including Banca d'Italia ( where he spent most of his 1985-86 sabbatical and Observatoire FranÃ ais des Conjonctures Ã conomiques ( OFCE ) .


During this time Phelps worked with other economists on research of economic growth , the effects of monetary and fiscal policy and best population growth .

During this period , along with the research on the Phillips curve , Phelps also collaborated with other economists on research regarding economic growth , the effects of monetary and fiscal policy and optimal population growth .


In its announcement , the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Phelps ' work had `` deepened our understanding of the relation between short-run and long-run effects of economic policy . ''

In announcing the prize , the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Phelps ' work had `` deepened our understanding of the relation between short-run and long-run effects of economic policy . ''


He also wrote papers about other economic theories , such as monetary economics ( Ricardian equivalence ) and its importance when producing the best economic growth .

He also wrote papers dealing with other areas of economic theory , such as monetary economics or Ricardian equivalence and its relation to optimal growth .


During the next years , Professor Phelps worked to calculate the natural rate of unemployment .

During the next years , Phelps tried to build a theory to determine endogenously the natural rate of unemployment .


During the early '80s he wrote a textbook about economics knowledge .

During the early '80s he wrote an introductory textbook synthesizing the current economics knowledge .


For example , the Commonwealth of Australia or the Commonwealth of Independent states .

Besides the Commonwealth Games , a number of other sporting competitions are organised on a Commonwealth basis , through championship tournaments such as the Commonwealth Judo Championships , Commonwealth Rowing Championships , Commonwealth Sailing Championships , and Commonwealth Shooting Championships . The Commonwealth Boxing Council has long maintained Commonwealth titles for the best boxers in the Commonwealth .


For example , the Commonwealth of Australia or the Commonwealth of Independent states . But , the Commonwealth of Nations is different and a separate organization .

The Commonwealth of Nations , normally referred to as the Commonwealth and formerly known as the British Commonwealth , is an intergovernmental organization of fifty-four independent member states .


Ã quihen-Plage is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Ã quihen-Plage is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


Ornate Reef seasnake ( Hydrophis ornatus ) is a species of sea snake .

Ornate Reef seasnake Hydrophis ornatus is a species of sea snake .


The idyllic place was called Shangri-la , a Chinese word meaning `` Heaven on earth '' .

The idyllic place was called Shangri-la , a Tibetan word meaning `` Heaven on earth '' .


Shangrila Resort Hotel was founded by the late Brig . ( Retd ) Muhammad Aslam Khan , the first commander of the Northern Scouts who liberated the Northern Areas in 1948 .

Shangrila Resort Hotel was founded by the late Brig . ( Retd ) Muhammad Aslam Khan , the first commander of the Northern Scouts of the Pakistan Army .


Ka ( Ð , Ð ) is the tenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet .

Ka ( Ð Ð ; italics : Ð Ð ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet .


Naked Lunch ( sometimes referred to as The Naked Lunch ) is a novel by William S. Burroughs originally published in 1959 .

Naked Lunch ( sometimes The Naked Lunch ) is a novel by William S. Burroughs originally published in 1959 .


The book was originally published with the title The Naked Lunch in Paris in 1959 by Olympia Press .

The book was originally published with the title The Naked Lunch in Paris in July 1959 by Olympia Press .


Time magazine included the novel in its `` TIME '' 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005 '' .

The novel was included in Time magazine 's `` 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005 '' .


The American edition was titled Naked Lunch and was different from the Olympia Press edition .

It was titled Naked Lunch and was substantially different from the Olympia Press edition , because it was based on an earlier 1958 manuscript in Allen Ginsberg 's possession . The article `` the '' in the title was never intended by the author , but added by the editors of the Olympia Press 1959 edition .


An American edition by Grove Press followed soon after in 1962 .

Because of US obscenity laws , a complete American edition ( by Grove Press ) did not follow until 1962 .


His books were translated into more than 20 languages .

These have been translated into more than 20 languages .


Mulisch was born in Haarlem and lived in Amsterdam from 1958 until the end of his life .

Mulisch was born in Haarlem and lived in Amsterdam from 1958 , following the death of his father in 1957 , until the end of his own life .


He wrote more than 30 novels , plays , essays , poems and philosophical reflections .


Pithon is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .

Pithon is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


On the November 24 episode of Raw , Jericho defeated Randy Orton and Batista ( David Bautista ) in a Triple Threat match to earn a championship match against Cena at Armageddon .

On the November 24 episode of Raw , Jericho defeated Randy Orton and Batista in a Triple Threat match to earn a title match against Cena at Armageddon .


Armageddon ( 2008 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , which took place on December 14 , 2008 at the HSBC Arena in Buffalo , New York .

Armageddon ( 2008 ) was a professional-wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) promotion , which took place on December 14 , 2008 at the HSBC Arena in Buffalo , New York .


The second round was started by Punk defeating John Morrison with the GTS , and Mysterio defeated Kingston by pinning him with an Oklahoma roll . As a result , CM Punk would wrestle Rey Mysterio in the finals of the tournament .

In the second round , Punk defeated Morrison and Mysterio defeated Kingston , resulting in Mysterio and Punk both qualifying for the finals at Armageddon .


The main rivalry on the SmackDown brand was between Edge , Triple H and Jeff Hardy over the WWE Championship .

The main rivalry heading into Armageddon on the SmackDown brand was a match involving three competitors , known as a Triple Threat match in WWE , for the WWE Championship between Edge , Triple H , and Jeff Hardy .


At Survivor Series , Cena returned to the WWE after a neck injury and defeated Jericho to win the championship .

At WWE 's November Survivor Series PPV event , Cena returned to the WWE after a legitimate neck injury ( that he sustained at SummerSlam ) and defeated Jericho to win the championship .


On the November 29 edition of SmackDown , General Manager Vickie Guerrero announced a Beat the Clock Sprint tournament , where the one of the three competitors ( Triple H , Hardy , and Kozlov ) would face Edge at Armageddon for the WWE Championship .

SmackDown General Manager , Vickie Guerrero announced on the November 28 , 2008 episode of SmackDown that Triple H , Hardy , and Vladimir Kozlov would compete in a `` Beat the Clock '' challenge to gain the opportunity to face Edge at Armageddon for the title .


The next week , Vickie Guerrero announced that WWE board members had decided Edge would have to defend the title against both Triple H and Jeff Hardy .

One week later on the December 5 , 2008 episode of SmackDown , it was announced that the WWE Board of Directors had decided Edge would have to defend the title against both Triple H and Hardy at Armageddon .


The main rivalry on the Raw brand was between John Cena and Chris Jericho , with the two fighting over the World Heavyweight Championship .

John Cena and Chris Jericho were involved in the main rivalry on the Raw brand over the World Heavyweight Championship .


It contains the three colors of the Flag of Romania : red , yellow , and blue .

It also consists of the three colors : red , yellow , and blue , which represent the colors of the national flag .


The Coat of arms of Romania is the coat of arms that has been adopted by the Romanian Parliament on 10 September , 1992 .

The coat of arms of Romania was adopted in the Romanian Parliament on 10 September 1992 as a representative coat of arms for Romania .


It displays a golden aquila that is holding a cross in its beak . It also shows a mace and a sword in its claws .

As a central element it shows a golden aquila holding a cross in its beak and a mace and a sword in its claws .


The design for it came from the coat of arms that the Kingdom of Romania created back in 1922 .

It is based on the Lesser Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Romania ( used between 1922 and 1947 ) , redesigned by Victor Dima .


Chaos was found in 1998 by the Deep Ecliptic Survey , with Kitt Peak 's 4 m telescope .

Chaos was discovered in 1998 by the Deep Ecliptic Survey , with Kitt Peak 's 4 m telescope .


19521 Chaos , is a cubewano , a Kuiper belt object not in resonance with any planet .


People in Mangalore speak many languages like Kannada , Tulu , Konkani and Beary .

The four main languages in Mangalore are Tulu , Konkani , Kannada , and Beary with Tulu language being the mother tongue of the plurality .


Mangalore is a city in the state of Karnataka , India . It is the capital city of Dakshina Kannada district .

Mangalore is located at in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka .


Haywards Heath is a town in West Sussex , England , UK .

He was intercepted in Haywards Heath by local Parliamentarians and defeated . Haywards Heath as a settlement is a relatively modern development .


It includes approximately 11,000 species divided up into about 10 families .

It includes approximately 11,000 species divided into about 20 families .


The order Lamiales is a taxon in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants .

Lamiales is an order in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants .


A few well-known members of this order are the lavender , the lilac , the olive , the jasmine , the ash tree , the teak , the snapdragon , and a number of table herbs such as mint , basil , and rosemary .

Well-known or economically important members of this order include lavender , lilac , olive , jasmine , the ash tree , teak , snapdragon , sesame , psyllium , and a number of table herbs such as mint , basil , and rosemary .


Larissa ( Greek : Î Î Ï Î Ï Î ) is the capital city of the Thessaly periphery of Greece , and capital of the Larissa Prefecture . Larissa is found in the north of the Thessaly plain near at the foot of the mountain Olympus .

Larissa is a city and the capital of the Thessaly periphery of Greece and capital of the Larissa peripheral unit .


Saint-Morillon is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France .

Saint-Morillon is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France .


Clinton Richard Dawkins ( born Nairobi , 26 March 1941 ) is a British ethologist , evolutionary biologist and writer who held the post of Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at the University of Oxford .

Clinton Richard Dawkins , FRS , FRSL ( born 26 March 1941 ) is a British ethologist and evolutionary biologist . He is an emeritus fellow of New College , Oxford , and was the University of Oxford 's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008 .


The influence can be seen throughout Dawkins ' book The Selfish Gene .

a. W. D. Hamilton hugely influenced Dawkins and the influence can be seen throughout Dawkins ' book The Selfish Gene .


They became friends at Oxford and , after Hamilton 's death , Dawkins wrote his obituary and organised a secular memorial service .

They became friends at Oxford and following Hamilton 's death in 2000 , Dawkins wrote his obituary and organised a secular memorial service .


The San Francisco Chronicle is a newspaper that serves the San Francisco Bay Area of California .

The San Francisco Chronicle is a newspaper serving primarily the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California , but distributed throughout Northern and Central California , from the Sacramento area and Emerald Triangle south to San Luis Obispo County .


The Southern Ocean is the ocean around Antarctica .

The Southern Ocean , also known as the Great Southern Ocean , the Antarctic Ocean and the South Polar Ocean , comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean , generally taken to be south of 60 Â S latitude and encircling Antarctica .


They are among those insects which changed least during evolution . They first appear in the Devonian period along with the arachnids ( Spiders ) .

They are among the least evolutionarily changed insects , appearing in the Devonian period along with the arachnids .


The Order Archaeognatha has previously been combined with the Order Thysanura , or bristletails . Both groups have three-pronged tails with two cerci and an epiproct .

The Order Archaeognatha has previously been combined with the Order Thysanura , or bristletails , both of which groups possess three-pronged tails comprising two cerci and an epiproct .


They are distributed worldwide , and unusual in the insect world in that they can even be found in the Arctic where they live in leaf litter and rock crevices .

Archaeognaths are found in a wide range of habitats , and are unusual among insects in that they can even be found in the Arctic where they live in leaf litter and rock crevices .


Poa pratensis , also Smooth Meadow-grass , Common Meadow Grass , or Kentucky Bluegrass , is a perennial species of the grass family Poaceae . It is native to Europe , Asia , and northern Africa .

Poa pratensis , also known as Smooth Meadow-grass , Common Meadow Grass , or Kentucky Bluegrass , is a perennial species of grass native to Europe , Asia , and northern Africa .


Poa pratensis , also Smooth Meadow-grass , Common Meadow Grass , or Kentucky Bluegrass , is a perennial species of the grass family Poaceae .

Poa pratensis is the type species of the grass family Poaceae .


Poa pratensis makes a useful pasture plant .

Poa pratensis forms a valuable pasture plant , characteristic of well-drained , fertile soil .


Poa is Greek for fodder , which is food fed to livestock .


The name Kentucky Bluegrass came from its blue flower heads .

The name Kentucky Bluegrass derives from its flower heads , which are blue when the plant is allowed to grow to its natural height of two to three feet .


However , Amb continued as a distinct state within Pakistan until 1969 , when it was incorporated into the North-West Frontier Province .

However , Amb continued as a distinct state within Pakistan until 1969 , when it was incorporated into the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa .


In 1947 , by the Indian Independence Act 1947 , the British abandoned their supremacy , and following the Independence of India and Pakistan Amb 's Nawab decided to give up the independence the state had previously enjoyed by acceding to the new country of Pakistan .

In 1947 , by the Indian Independence Act 1947 , the British abandoned their supremacy , and following the Partition of India Amb 's Nawab decided to give up the independence the state had previously enjoyed by acceding to the new country of Pakistan .


Amb was a princely state of the former Indian Empire , with internal autonomy but under the `` suzerainty '' of the British crown .

Amb was a princely state of the former Indian Empire .


Now other chemicals are used as ether has side effects and can catch fire . Ether is used as a solvent by scientists for chemical reactions .


It was used in the past as a general anesthetic to make people unconcious during surgery . Now other chemicals are used as ether has side effects and can catch fire .

The anesthetic effects of ether have made it a recreational drug , although not a popular one .


Diethyl ether is a clear liquid chemcial . It is often just called ether .

Diethyl ether is prone to peroxide formation , and can form explosive diethyl ether peroxide .


Michael Kirk Douglas ( born September 25 , 1944 ) is an American actor and producer , especially in movies and on television , who came to fame as Insp .

Michael Kirk Douglas ( born September 25 , 1944 ) is an American actor and producer , primarily in movies and television .


Frederick Antony Ravi Kumar Zacharias ( born 1946 ) is an Indian-born , Canadian-American evangelical Christian apologist , and evangelist .

Frederick Antony Ravi Kumar Zacharias ( born 1946 ) is an Indian-born , Canadian-American evangelical Christian apologist and evangelist .


Zacharias is the author of many Christian books , such as the Gold Medallion Book Award winner Can Man Live Without God ?

Zacharias is the author of numerous Christian books , including Gold Medallion Book Award winner Can Man Live Without God ?


The region is one the most complicated in the post-Soviet area , and has three heavily disputed areas â `` Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia , and Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan .

The region remains one of the most complicated in the post-Soviet area , and comprises three heavily disputed areas â `` Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia , and Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan .


The countries in the region produce oil , manganese ore , tea , citrus fruits , and wine .

The countries of the region are producers of oil , manganese ore , tea , citrus fruits , and wine .


All of Armenia is in Transcaucasia ; the majority of Georgia and Azerbaijan , including the exclave of NaxÃ ivan , fall within this area .

All of Armenia is in Southern Caucasus ; the majority of Georgia and Azerbaijan , including the exclave of NaxÃ ivan , fall within this area .


The area of Transcaucasia , which is where modern day Azerbaijan , Georgia and Armenia are located , is one of areas where the wine producing vines vitis vinifera grow .

Transcaucasia , in particular where modern day Georgia and Armenia are located , is one of the native areas of the wine producing vine Vitis vinifera .


The region was combined togerther twice â `` during the Russian Civil War ( Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic ) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918 , and under the Soviet rule ( Transcaucasian SFSR ) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936 .

The region was unified as a single political entity twice â `` during the Russian Civil War ( Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic ) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918 , and under the Soviet rule ( Transcaucasian SFSR ) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936 .


South Caucasus , also referred to as Transcaucasia or Transcaucasus , is the southern area of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia , going from the Greater Caucasus to the Turkish and Iranian borders , between the Black and Caspian Seas .

The South Caucasus is a geopolitical region located on the border of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia also referred to as Transcaucasia , or The Transcaucasus . More specifically , the South Caucasus area spans the southern portion of the Caucasus Mountains and its lowlands , lying between the two continents of Europe and Asia and extending from the southern part of the Greater Caucasus Mountain range of southwestern Russia and going southerly to the Turkish and Armenian borders , traveling between the Black and Caspian Seas .


It was composed between 1838 and 1840 . It was first performed at the Hofoper , Dresden on 20 October 1842 .

Written between July 1838 and November 1840 , it was first performed at the Hofoper , Dresden on October 20 , 1842 , and was the composer 's first success .


Moreover , Wagner 's wife Minna , in a letter of October 28 , 1840 to Wagner 's friend Apel , who had likely first made the suggestion that Wagner compose Rienzi , mentions a plan to perform the overture to Rienzi ' a fortnight hence ' , but contains a clear indication that her husband had just been committed to a debtor 's prison . The full score of Rienzi was completed on November 19 , 1840 .


Its full title is Rienzi , der Letzte der Tribunen ( Rienzi , the Last of the Tribunes ) .

Rienzi , der Letzte der Tribunen ( WWV 49 ) ( Rienzi , the Last of the Tribunes ) is an early opera by Richard Wagner in five acts , with the libretto written by the composer after Bulwer-Lytton 's novel of the same name ( 1835 ) . The title is commonly shortened to Rienzi .


The story of the opera is set in Rome and is based on the life of Cola di Rienzi ( 1313-1354 ) , a medieval Italian populist figure who manages to trick the nobles and their followers . He helps the people to get power .

The opera is set in Rome and is based on the life of Cola di Rienzi ( 1313 â `` 1354 ) , a medieval Italian populist figure who succeeds in outwitting and then defeating the nobles and their followers and in raising the power of the people .


Herrin is a city of Illinois in the United States .

Herrin was the site of the 1922 Herrin massacre , during which two union miners and 19 strike-breakers were killed .


La FÃ dÃ ration Internationale de l'Automobile , commonly referred to as the FIA , is a non-profit association established as the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus ( AIACR ) on June 20 , 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organizations and motor car users .

The FÃ dÃ ration Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) is a non-profit association established as the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus ( AIACR ) on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organizations and motor car users .


As is the case with football 's FIFA , the FIA is generally known by its French name and acronym , even in English-speaking countries , but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation .

As is the case with football 's FIFA , the FIA is generally known by its French name and acronym , even in non French-speaking countries , but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation .


To the general public , the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for motor racing events .

To the general public , the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events .


The American Stock Exchange ( AMEX ) is a stock exchange in New York City .

NYSE Amex Equities , formerly known as the American Stock Exchange ( AMEX ) is an American stock exchange situated in New York .


Francesco Tavano ( born 2 March 1979 ) is an Italian football player . He plays for Livorno .

Francesco `` Ciccio '' Tavano ( born 2 March 1979 in Caserta ) is an Italian football a striker who currently plays for Livorno Calcio of Serie A. He is a striker renowned for his pace and technique .


This is a category for video game remakes .

Note : This category is for remakes , not ports .


There are several organized associations in mathematical physics , one is the International Association of Mathematical Physics .

Mathematical physics refers to development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics .


Electrochemistry is a kind of chemistry that studies chemical reactions that use or make electricity : Reactions like this happen at electrodes which are made from something that conducts electricity , and put in an electrolyte . An electrolyte is a solution that has ions in it .

Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor ( a metal or a semiconductor ) and an ionic conductor ( the electrolyte ) , and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution .


It has an area of 3,844 kmÂ which is divided into four administrative districts ( arrondissements in French ) containing 84 municipalities .

It has an area of 3,844 kmÂ , which is divided into four administrative districts ( arrondissements in French ) containing 84 municipalities .


LiÃ ge is the easternmost province of the Walloon Region , in Belgium .

LiÃ ge is the easternmost province of Belgium and belongs to the Walloon Region .


It borders on ( clockwise from the North ) the Netherlands , Germany , Luxembourg and in Belgium the provinces of Luxembourg , Namur , Walloon Brabant ( Wallonia ) , and those of Flemish Brabant and Limburg ( Flanders ) .

It borders on ( clockwise from the north ) the Netherlands , Germany and in Belgium the provinces of Luxembourg , Namur , Walloon Brabant ( Wallonia ) , and those of Flemish Brabant and Limburg ( Flanders ) .


He also has two Grandsons , Jay Raina and Raj Krishan Raina .

He also has two Grandsons , Jay Raina and Raj Raina .


He attended Patna Science College from 1953-55 and is a 1959 graduate of the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur , India , obtained his Master 's Degree from the University of Toronto and earned his doctorate in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois .

He attended Patna Science College from 1953 to 1955 and is a 1959 graduate of the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur , India , obtained his Master 's Degree from the University of Toronto and earned his doctorate in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois .


Dr. Prasad has founded several non-profit organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area such as the Vedic Dharma Samaj that now runs the Fremont Hindu temple , Ramayan Sabha , and the Universal Yoga Center of San Francisco .

Prasad is the founding member of several non-profit organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area such as the Vedic Dharma Samaj that now runs the Fremont Hindu temple , Ramayan Sabha , and the Universal Yoga Center of San Francisco .


He has translated the Bhagavad Gita into English in 1988 from the Sanskrit text .

He has translated the Bhagavad Gita into English in 1988 from the original Sanskrit texts and the book is currently in its fourth edition .


Prasad was born in Hargawan , Bihar to a farmer who had three acres of land and six children to support .

Prasad was born in a small hamlet , Hargawan , near Bodh Gaya in Biharsharif District of the Indian state of Bihar to a farmer who had 3 a of land and six children to support .


In about one billion years , Triton is calculated that it will either collide into Neptune 's atmosphere , or break up into ring systems similar to those patterns of Saturn 's .

Tidal interactions have also meant that Triton 's orbit , already close to Neptune , is slowly decaying further , and predictions are that some 3.6 billion years from now , Triton will pass within Neptune 's Roche limit . This will result in either a collision with Neptune 's atmosphere or the breakup of Triton , forming a ring system similar to that found around Saturn .


Goryeo increased its borders to Chung-cheon river and Youngheong ( 936 ~ 943 ) and the Amnok River ( 933 ) .

Goryeo expanded its borders to present-day Wonsan in the north-east ( 936 ~ 943 ) and the Amnok River ( 993 ) and finally almost the whole of the Korean peninsula ( 1374 ) .


Silla had accomplished an unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in 668 . But it weakened as local lords achieved power during the end of the 9th century .

Silla , which had accomplished an incomplete unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in 668 , weakened and lost control over local lords during the end of the 9th century .


The Goryeo Dynasty also called the `` Kingdom of Goryeo '' , is one of the Korean dynasties which existed from 918 to 1392 . It began in 918 with Emperor Taejo .

The Goryeo Dynasty or KoryÅ ( 918-1392 ) was a Korean sovereign state established in 918 by Emperor Taejo .


Goryeo united the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea ( Later Baekje , Later Goguryeo , and Silla ) and by 1374 ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392 .

It united the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 and ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392 .


The name `` Goryeo '' came to be said as `` Korea '' by foreigners and is still the name of the country .

The English name `` Korea '' derives from `` Goryeo . ''


Henry IV ( April 3 1367 â `` March 20 1413 ) was a king of England .

Henry IV ( possibly 3 April 1366 -- 20 March 1413 ) was King of England and Lord of Ireland ( 1399 -- 1413 ) .


Henry consulted with Parliament frequently , but was sometimes at odds with them , especially over religious matters .

Henry consulted with Parliament frequently , but was sometimes at odds with the members , especially over ecclesiastical matters .


On Arundel 's advice , Henry was the first English king to allow the burning of heretics , mainly to suppress the Lollard movement .

On Arundel 's advice , Henry passed the De heretico comburendo and was thus the first English king to allow the burning of heretics , mainly to suppress the Lollard movement .


Instead , Henry had to ask for the lands from Richard .

Instead , Henry would be required to ask for the lands from Richard .


The next year John of Gaunt died , and Richard would not allow Henry to inherit Gaunt 's land .

John of Gaunt died in 1399 . Without explanation , Richard canceled the legal documents that would have allowed Henry to inherit Gaunt 's land automatically .


King Richard ordered Henry to live outside England for ten years ( with the approval of Henry 's father , John of Gaunt ) but Thomas de Mowbray was exiled from England for life .

Yet before the duel could take place , Richard II instead decided to banish Henry from the kingdom ( with the approval of Henry 's father , John of Gaunt ) to avoid further bloodshed . Mowbray himself was exiled for life .


Henry and Thomas de Mowbray , 1st Duke of Norfolk argued in 1398 .

In 1398 , a remark by Bolingbroke regarding Richard II 's rule was interpreted as treason by Thomas de Mowbray , 1st Duke of Norfolk .


He was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire , which is why he was often called `` Henry Bolingbroke '' .

He was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire , hence his other name , Henry ( of ) Bolingbroke .


Henry met with the exiled Thomas Arundel , former Archbishop of Canterbury .

After some hesitation , Henry met with the exiled Thomas Arundel , former Archbishop of Canterbury , who had lost his position because of his involvement with the Lords Appellant .


Sir Roger Penrose , OM , FRS ( born 8 August 1931 ) is an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute , University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College .

Sir Roger Penrose OM FRS ( born 8 August 1931 ) is an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute , University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College .


Roger Penrose is the son of scientist Lionel S. Penrose and Margaret Leathes , and the brother of mathematician Oliver Penrose and correspondence chess grandmaster Jonathan Penrose .

Born in Colchester , Essex , England , Roger Penrose is a son of Lionel S. Penrose and Margaret Leathes . Penrose is the brother of mathematician Oliver Penrose and of chess Grandmaster Jonathan Penrose .


It is also known as the `` Jesus Christ Lizard '' because it can run on the surface of water .

It is also known as the Jesus Lizard , Jesus Christ Lizard , or Lagarto de Jesus Cristo for its ability to run on the surface of water .


The Common Basilisk ( Basiliscus basiliscus ) is a type of lizard . It can be found in Central and South American rainforests near rivers and streams .

The Common Basilisk ( Basiliscus basiliscus ) is a lizard found in Central and South American rainforests near rivers and streams .


Stein is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .

Stein is a municipality in the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .


Cerizy is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .

Cerizy is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


Darren Fletcher ( born 1 February 1984 ) is a Scottish football player . He plays for Manchester United and Scotland national team .

Darren Barr Fletcher ( born 1 February 1984 in Dalkeith , Scotland ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a Central Midfielder for English Premier League club Manchester United .


Charles I of England ( 19 November 1600 â `` 30 January 1649 ) , was the King of England and Scotland , of the House of Stuart , crowned 27 March 1625 .

Charles I ( 19 November 1600 â `` 30 January 1649 ) was the second son of James VI of Scots and I of England . He was King of England , King of Scotland , and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649 .


Migros is a supermarket chain found in Switzerland and other countries .

Migros is one of Switzerland 's largest enterprises , its largest supermarket chain and largest employer . It co-founded Turkey 's largest retailer , Migros TÃ 1\/4 rk , which became independent of Migros Switzerland in 1975 .


At first he sold only coffee , rice , sugar , noodles , coconut oil and soap .

At first he sold only coffee , rice , sugar , noodles , coconut oil and soap from trucks that went from one village or hamlet to another .


Later , he started selling more and in 1926 , Duttweiler built his first market , also in ZÃ 1\/4 rich .

Later he and his drivers expanded their inventory and in 1926 Duttweiler built his first market , also in ZÃ 1\/4 rich .


The Franks are medieval Germanic tribes .

The Franks were medieval Germanic tribes .


Cirsium vulgare is listed as a weed in nine US states .

Cirsium vulgare ( Bull Thistle , Common Thistle , or Spear Thistle ) is listed as a noxious weed in nine US states .


They are mostly native to Eurasia and northern Africa . There are about 60 species in North America ( although many species have been naturalized outside their native ranges ) .

They are mostly native to Eurasia and northern Africa , with about 60 species from North America ( although several species have been introduced outside their native ranges ) .


Some species are planted in gardens for their beauty and to attract butterflies .

Some species are cultivated in gardens for their aesthetic value and to attract butterflies .


Cirsium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae . It is one of many genera with the common name being thistles .

Cirsium is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the Asteraceae , one of several genera known commonly as thistles .


The Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) is the biggest of the two main unionist political parties in Northern Ireland .

The Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) is the larger of the two main unionist political parties in Northern Ireland .


It was first described by Claude Servais Mathias Pouillet in 1837 .

It was first described by Claude Pouillet in 1837 .


It is an analog electromechanical transducer that produces a rotary deflection , through a limited arc , in response to electric current flowing through its coil .

It is an analog electromechanical transducer that produces a rotary deflection of some type of pointer in response to electric current flowing through its coil .


Careful design of the pole pieces ensures that the magnetic field is uniform , so that the angle of the pointer is proportional to the current .

Careful design of the pole pieces ensures that the magnetic field is uniform , so that the angular deflection of the pointer is proportional to the current .


A galvanometer is a type of ammeter . It is an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current .

A galvanometer is a type of ammeter : an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current .


The term has been expanded to include uses of the same mechanism in recording , positioning , and servomechanism equipment .

The term has expanded to include uses of the same mechanism in recording , positioning , and servomechanism equipment .


U ( lowercase u ) is the twenty-first ( number 21 ) letter in the English alphabet .

U ( ; u , plural ues . Can be pronounced , you ) is the twenty-first letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet .


One way is to use a pair of cymbals that are the same .

Such a pair is also known as crash cymbals or plates .


Cymbals are used in many different musical groups . They are heard in an orchestra , in jazz groups , percussion groups and bands , including marching bands .

Cymbals are used in many ensembles ranging from the orchestra , percussion ensembles , jazz bands , heavy metal bands , and marching groups .


There are two ways of playing cymbals . One way is to use a pair of cymbals that are the same .

Cymbals are a common percussion instrument .


Bassett is a city of Iowa in the United States .

Bassett is a city in Chickasaw County , Iowa , United States .


Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was born in 1920 in Livorno , Italy .

Ciampi was born in Livorno ( Province of Livorno ) .


DÃ mouville is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

DÃ mouville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .


John Nance Garner IV nicknamed `` Cactus Jack '' ( November 22 , 1868 â `` November 7 , 1967 ) was the forty-fourth Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( 1931-33 ) and the thirty-second Vice President of the United States ( 1933-41 ) .

John Nance Garner IV ( November 22 , 1868 -- November 7 , 1967 ) , was the 44th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( 1931 â `` 33 ) and the 32nd Vice President of the United States ( 1933 â `` 41 ) .


Calhoun County is a county located in South Carolina .

Calhoun County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Carolina .


A cockpit is the area , usually near the front of an aircraft , from which a pilot controls the aircraft . The cockpit is also referred to as the flight deck although that term can also refer to the flight deck on an aircraft carrier .

A cockpit or flight deck is the area , usually near the front of an aircraft , from which a pilot controls the aircraft .


Determining what records have enduring value is not always easy .

Determining what records have enduring value can be challenging .


An archivist is a professional who collects , organizes , preserves , maintains control over , and provides access to information determined to have long-term value .

An archivist is a professional who assesses , collects , organizes , preserves , maintains control over , and provides access to information determined to have long-term value .


Cormoz is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France .


In 1907 the chairman of the Joint Parliamentary Library Committee , Sir Frederick Holder , gave the reasons for having the library .

In 1907 the Joint Parliamentary Library Committee under the Chairmanship of the Speaker , Sir Frederick Holder defined the objective of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library in the following words :


The National Library of Australia is Australia 's largest reference library . It was started by the National Library Act .

The National Library of Australia is the largest reference library of Australia , responsible under the terms of the National Library Act for `` maintaining and developing a national collection of library material , including a comprehensive collection of library material relating to Australia and the Australian people . ''


The Library has good collections in the performing arts , including dance . The Library also has big collections of general overseas and rare book materials , as well as world-class Asian and Pacific collections which add to the Australian collections .


It had been working as a National Library , not just a Parliamentary Library , since 1901 .

In 1901 a Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was established to serve the newly formed Federal Parliament of Australia . From its inception the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was driven to development of a truly national collection .


The Library is a world leader in digital preservation techniques . . It keeps an Internet archive of selected Australian websites , called the Pandora Archive .

The Library is a world leader in digital preservation techniques ( see padi ) , and maintains an Internet-accessible archive of selected Australian websites called the Pandora Archive .


The Library also has big collections of general overseas and rare book materials , as well as world-class Asian and Pacific collections which add to the Australian collections .

The Library 's considerable collections of general overseas and rare book materials , as well as world-class Asian and Pacific collections which augment the Australiana collections .


The Library 's collections of Australian objects has become the nation 's single most important collection of materials recording the Australian cultural history .

The Library 's collections of Australiana have developed into the nation 's single most important resource of materials recording the Australian cultural heritage .


The National Library of Australia , was officially set up with the National Library Act , 1960 . It had been working as a National Library , not just a Parliamentary Library , since 1901 .

The National Library of Australia , while formally established by the passage of the National Library Act , 1960 , had been functioning as a National Library rather than strictly a Parliamentary Library , almost since its inception .