For instance , when new kinds of metal were discovered , the electricity from a voltaic pile could `` sort '' chemicals .

He also used the voltaic pile to decompose chemicals and to produce new chemicals .


Yarmouth is a town in the province of Nova Scotia in the country of Canada . In 2006 , the population of Yarmouth was 7,162 .

Yarmouth ( 2006 population : 7,162 ) is a Canadian town and fishing port located on the Gulf of Maine in rural southwestern Yarmouth County , Nova Scotia .


Yarmouth is a town in the province of Nova Scotia in the country of Canada .

The Western Branch of the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia is located in Yarmouth .


Saint-Germain-les-Paroisses is a commune .

Saint-Germain-les-Paroisses is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France .


Balinghem is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Balinghem is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


A large part of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire .

A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire .


Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England .

Derbyshire ( or ) is a county in the East Midlands of England .


The county contains part of the National Forest , and borders on Greater Manchester , West Yorkshire , South Yorkshire , Nottinghamshire , Leicestershire , Staffordshire and Cheshire .

The county contains within its boundary of approx . 225 miles , part of the National Forest , and borders on Greater Manchester to the North West , West Yorkshire to the North , South Yorkshire to the North East , Nottinghamshire to the East , Leicestershire to the South East , Staffordshire to the West and South West and Cheshire also to the West .


Rieti is a province in the region of Latium ( or ) in Italy .

The Province of Rieti is a province in the Lazio region of Italy . Its capital is the city of Rieti .


Goodfellas is a popular 1990 movie directed by Martin Scorsese about life in the Mafia .

Goodfellas ( also styled GoodFellas ) is an Academy Award winning 1990 American gangster film directed by Martin Scorsese .


Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha ( 30 November 1719 â `` 8 February 1772 ) was Princess of Wales between 1736 and 1751 , and Dowager Princess of Wales thereafter .

Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg ( 30 November 1719 â `` 8 February 1772 ) was Princess of Wales between 1736 and 1751 , and Dowager Princess of Wales thereafter .


Sir Hamilton Harty ( born Hillsborough , Co. . Down , Ireland , 4 December 1879 ; died Brighton , 19 February 1941 ) was an Irish composer , conductor and accompanist .

Sir ( Herbert ) Hamilton Harty ( 4 December 1879 -- 19 February 1941 ) was an Irish and British composer , conductor , pianist and organist .


Harty composed many pieces during his early years , including An Irish Symphony , a tone poem With the Wild Geese , a Violin Concerto , and Ode to a Nightingale .

Harty did most of his composing between 1901 and 1920 , including his Irish Symphony , his tone poem With the Wild Geese , his Violin Concerto , and his setting of Ode to a Nightingale for soprano and orchestra , premiered by Nicholls .


Remigny is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


Medication with a narrow margin are more difficult to dose and give to a person , and may require therapeutic drug monitoring ( examples are warfarin , some antiepileptics , aminoglycoside antibiotics ) .

Those with a narrow margin are more difficult to dose and administer , and may require therapeutic drug monitoring ( examples are warfarin , some antiepileptics , aminoglycoside antibiotics ) .


Medication is said to have a narrow or wide therapeutic index .

Medication is said to have a narrow or wide therapeutic index or therapeutic window .


Superfast Ferries services between Rosyth and Zeebrugge ( Belgium ) ended in September , 2008 , however they will be operated by another operator , Norfolkline , with services starting around May 2009 .

Since 2002 an overnight ferry service has linked Rosyth with Zeebrugge in Belgium . This service was discontinued by Superfast Ferries in September 2008 , but recommenced in May 2009 under the new operator Norfolkline .


Rosyth railway station is on the Fife Circle Line .


The species in the genus have aromatic oils in their leaves and bark .

The species of Cinnamomum have aromatic oils in their leaves and bark .


Cinnamomum is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs .

Cinnamomum is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs belonging to the Laurel family , Lauraceae .


There are over 300 species in the genus . They can be found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas , Oceania , Asia and Australasia .

The genus contains over 300 species , distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of North America , Central America , South America , Asia , Oceania and Australasia .


In 1902 the parts of the colony which were not organised into military districts became Senegambia and Niger , then the name changed to Upper Senegal and Niger in 1904 .

In 1902 the parts of the colony not organized into military districts became Senegambia and Niger , then Upper Senegal and Niger in 1904 , then the old name came back in a reorganization of 1920 .


On October 10 , 1899 , French Sudan was broken into pieces : 11 southern provinces became part of French Guinea , CÃ te d'Ivoire and Dahomey .

On 10 October 1899 , French Sudan was broken up ; 11 southern provinces went to French Guinea , the CÃ te d'Ivoire and Dahomey , although two were returned in the following year .


In 1933 , Upper Volta stopped existing ( It began again in 1947 . ) and French Sudan gained some of its provinces .

When the French Upper Volta was first abolished in 1933 ( it was reestablished in 1947 ) , French Sudan picked up some of its provinces .


The name changed to the `` French Sudan Territory '' on August 18 , 1890 , and its capital was Kayes .

French Sudan was created as a French territory on 9 September 1880 , as `` Upper Senegal '' , and was renamed the `` French Sudan Territory '' on 18 August 1890 , with its capital at Kayes .


On April 4 , 1959 , French Sudan was joined with Senegal to form the Mali Federation . This became fully independent but still inside the French Community on June 20 , 1960 .

On 4 April 1959 , French Sudan was joined with Senegal to form the Mali Federation , which became fully independent within the French Community on 20 June 1960 .


The first time was from 1890 to 1899 , and the second was from 1920 to 1960 . In 1960 it became the independent nation of Mali .

French Sudan was a colony in French West Africa that had two separate periods of existence , first from 1890 to 1899 , then from 1920 to 1960 , when the territory became the independent nation of Mali .


On 22 September , French Sudan changed its name to the Republic of Mali and left the French Community .

On 22 September , French Sudan proclaimed itself the Republic of Mali and withdrew from the French Community .


After the October 4 , 1958 French vote about the constitution , the `` RÃ publique Soudanaise '' joined the French Community , again with the name French Sudan , and it gained complete domestic control on 25 November , 1958 .

After 4 October 1958 French constitutional referendum , the `` RÃ publique Soudanaise '' became a member of the French Community , once again with the name French Sudan , and gained complete internal autonomy 25 November 1958 .


This union finished on August 20 , 1960 , when Senegal left .

The federation collapsed on 20 August 1960 , when Senegal seceded .


The county seat is Fort Worth , and the population of the city in 2006 was 653,320 making it the largest city in the county .

Fort Worth is the most populous city in Tarrant County , seventeenth largest in the U.S. , with a population of 653,320 as of 2006 .


The second largest city in the county is Arlington , where 367,197 people live .

Arlington is the second largest city in the county with a population of 367,197 in 2006 and North Richland Hills is the third largest with 65,750 residents as of 2006 .


Before that , he was the defensive coordinator for the LSU Tigers .

He had previously been defensive coordinator for the LSU Tigers , Oklahoma Sooners , and the Nebraska Cornhuskers .


Tectonics ( from Latin , meaning `` building '' ) is a field within geology . It includes structures in the lithosphere of the Earth and the forces and movements that have operated to create these structures .

Tectonics ( from the Vulgar Latin tectonicus , meaning `` building '' ) is a field of study within geology concerned generally with the structures within the lithosphere of the Earth ( or other planets ) and particularly with the forces and movements that have operated in a region to create these structures .


Almost all wattles have cream to golden colored flowers .

Almost all wattles have cream to golden flowers .


It is also used as food for bees in making honey .

It is also used as food for bees in the production of honey .


It has been widely planted all over Australia .

It is indigenous to a small area of southern New South Wales in Australia , but it has been widely planted in other Australian states .


The tree 's Latin name , Acacia baileyana , is named after the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey .

Acacia baileyana , commonly known as Cootamundra Wattle , is a shrub or tree in the genus Acacia . The scientific name of the species honors the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey .


In many areas of Victoria Cootamundra Wattle has become a weed .

In many areas of Victoria , Cootamundra Wattle has become naturalised and is regarded as a weed , out-competing indigenous Victorian species .


The fine leaves of the original Cootamundra wattle is grey-green . A new type with blue-purple leaves , known as ` Purpurea ' is very popular .

The fine foliage of the original Cootamundra wattle is grey-green , but a blue-purple foliaged form , known as ` Purpurea ' is very popular .


The small flowers are arranged in round to cylindrical clusters . Only the stamens , the male part of the flower , stick out .

The small flowers are arranged in spherical to cylindrical inflorescences , with only the stamens prominent .


Many wattles have been planted in New Zealand .

Wattles have been extensively introduced into New Zealand .


He was a member of the group of composers called Les Six .


Honegger also had a son , Jean-Claude ( 1926-2003 ) whose mother was the singer Claire Croiza .

Honegger also had a son , Jean-Claude ( 1926 â `` 2003 ) , with the singer Claire Croiza .


His most popular piece of music is an orchestral work called Pacific 231 , which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive .

His most frequently performed work is probably the orchestral work Pacific 231 , which is interpreted as imitating the sound of a steam locomotive .


He studied harmony and violin in Paris until his parents moved to ZÃ 1\/4 rich , Switzerland , when he studied at the Conservatory there . He then went back to Paris to study with Charles Widor and Vincent d'Indy .

Born Oscar-Arthur Honegger ( the first name was never used ) in Le Havre , France , he initially studied harmony and violin in Paris , and after a brief period in ZÃ 1\/4 rich , returned there to study with Charles-Marie Widor and Vincent d'Indy .


Arthur Honegger ( born Le Havre , 10 March 1892 ; died Paris , 27 November 1955 ) was a Swiss composer , who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris .

Arthur Honegger ( 10 March 1892 -- 27 November 1955 ) was a Swiss composer , who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris .


In 1926 he married AndrÃ e Vaurabourg , a pianist and fellow student at the Paris Conservatoire .

In 1926 he married AndrÃ e Vaurabourg , a pianist and fellow student at the Paris Conservatoire , on the condition that they live in separate apartments .


He wrote a ballet Le dit des jeux du monde in 1918 .

He continued to study through the 1910s , before writing the ballet Le dit des jeux du monde in 1918 , generally considered to be his first characteristic work .


Fremont is a city of Iowa in the United States .

Fremont is a city in Mahaska County , Iowa , United States .


jpg thumb ( 800x599 ) px right Elly Jackson ) ) Eleanor Kate `` Elly '' Jackson is an English singer and songwriter . She is the lead singer for the electropop duo La Roux .

Eleanor Kate `` Elly '' Jackson ( born 8 March 1988 ) is an English singer-songwriter and the lead singer of the electropop duo La Roux .


Heatley won the Calder Memorial Trophy in 2002 . He won the trophy when he was playing for the Atlanta Thrashers .

Originally drafted by the Atlanta Thrashers second overall in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft , he won the Calder Memorial Trophy as the top NHL rookie in 2002 .


Dany Heatley is a canadian ice hockey player for the San Jose Sharks .

Daniel James Heatley ( born January 21 , 1981 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger currently playing for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .


In 2005 Heatley asked to be traded because of his involvement in a car accident that killed teammate Dan Snyder . He was traded to Ottawa Senators .

However , after being responsible for a car accident in September 2003 that killed teammate and close friend Dan Snyder , he requested a trade and was subsequently dealt to the Ottawa Senators .


Jan JÃ nsson ( born 24 May 1960 ) is a former Swedish football player .

Jan JÃ nsson ( born 24 May 1960 ) is a former Swedish football player , currently a football coach for Rosenborg .


Johann Nepomuk Hummel ( born Pressburg November 14 1778 ; died Weimar October 17 1837 ) was an Austrian composer and pianist .

Johann Nepomuk Hummel or Jan Nepomuk Hummel ( November 14 , 1778-October 17 , 1837 ) was an Austrian composer and virtuoso pianist .


The southern range extends to California and the northern in Alaska .

The southern range extends to Santa Cruz , California and the northern in Alaska .


The snakeâ s resistance to the toxin has resulted in a selective pressure that favors newts which produce more potent levels of toxin .

The mutations in the snakeâ s genes that conferred resistance to the toxin have resulted in a selective pressure that favors newts which produce more potent levels of toxin .


In several populations , these snakes successfully prey upon the newts .

In each of these populations , the snakes exhibit resistance to the toxin and successfully prey upon the newts .


This cycle of a predator and prey co-evolving is sometimes called an evolutionary arms race . In this case it results in the newts producing levels of toxin far in excess of what is needed to kill any other conceivable predator .

This cycle of a predator and prey evolving to one another is sometimes termed an evolutionary arms race and has resulted in the newts producing levels of toxin far in excess of what is needed to kill any other conceivable predator .


Throughout much of the newtâ s range , the common garter snake ( Thamnophis sirtalis ) is resistant to the newt 's toxin .

Throughout much of the newtâ s range , the common garter snake ( Thamnophis sirtalis ) has been observed to exhibit resistance to the tetrodotoxin produced in its skin .


Some newer drugs such as selegiline and moclobemide have proven to be safer than the older MAOIs and are prescribed by physicians in the first instance .

In the past , MAOIs were prescribed for those resistant to tricyclic antidepressant therapy , but newer MAOIs such as selegiline and moclobemide provide a safer alternative and are now sometimes used as first-line therapy , although these substances are not always as effective as their predecessors .


Monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) and reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( RIMAs ) are a type of antidepressant drugs given for the treatment of depression .

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) are a class of antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression .


There is a dispute over the territory of Jammu and Kashmir .

Jammu and Kashmir is the only state in India which enjoys special autonomy under Article 370 of the Constitution of India according to which , no law enacted by the Parliament of India , except for those in the field of defense , communication and foreign policy , will be extendable in Jammu and Kashmir unless it is ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir . Subsequently , jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India over Jammu and Kashmir has been extended .


While the Kashmir valley , often known as paradise on Earth , is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape , Jammu 's numerous holy shrines attracts tens of thousands of Hindu and Muslim pilgrims every year .

While the Kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape , Jammu 's numerous shrines attract tens of thousands of Hindu pilgrims every year .


India refers to Pakistan-administered Kashmir as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir .

The holding of this plebiscite , which India initially supported , was dismissed by India because the 1952 elected Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir voted in favor of confirming the Kashmir region 's accession to India . Another reason for the abandonment of the referendum is because demographic changes , after 1947 , have been effected in Pakistan-administered Kashmir , as generations of Pakistani individuals non-native to the region have been allowed to take residence in Pakistan-administered Kashmir .


Jammu and Kashmir consists of three divisions : Jammu region , the Kashmir valley and Ladakh .

Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions : Jammu , the Kashmir valley and Ladakh .


Jammu and Kashmir ( Dogri : à à à à à à '' à à à à à à à ; Urdu : Ù Û Ø ) is the northernmost state of India .

Jammu and Kashmir ( Dogri : à à à à à à '' à à à à à à à , Ladakhi : , ) is the northernmost state of India .


Srinagar is the summer capital , and Jammu its winter capital .

Srinagar is the summer capital , and Jammu is the winter capital .


Byzantium is a color that is a dark shade of purple .

The color byzantium , a dark shade of purple , is displayed at right .


The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis ( , also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis ) , is a federal nation made up of two small islands in the Caribbean Sea .

The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis ( ; also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis ) , located in the Leeward Islands , is a federal two-island nation in the West Indies .


A paper mill is a factory that produces paper , usually using vegetable fibers or wood pulp . Other things often used include rags .

A paper mill is a factory devoted to making paper from vegetable fibers such as wood pulp , old rags and other ingredients using a Fourdrinier machine or other type of paper machine .


Sir Anthony Joseph Francis O'Reilly ( born May 7 , 1936 ) billionaire born in Dublin , Ireland .

Sir Anthony Joseph Francis O'Reilly KBE , ( born 7 May 1936 , Dublin , Ireland ) is an Irish businessman and former international rugby union player .


He is the chairman of Dublin 's Independent News & Media Group and was once the CEO of the H.J. Heinz Company .

He is known for his involvement the Independent News & Media Group , which he led from 1973 to 2009 , and as former CEO and Chairman of the H.J. Heinz Company .


Disney Mickey 's Magix was a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg 's and Disney .

Disney Mickey 's Magix was a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg 's & Disney in the United States , described by the company as a `` naturally sweetened toasted oat cereal with marshmallows . ''


She had a son , Thomas Dutronc in 1973 and married his father Jacques Dutronc .

In 1981 , she married her long-time companion Jacques Dutronc , with whom she had had a son , Thomas Dutronc , in 1973 .


GrÃ asque is a commune of 3,705 people ( 2004 ) . It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rh Ã ne department in the south of France .

GrÃ asque is a commune northeast of Marseille in the department of Bouches-du-Rh Ã ne in the Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur region in southern France .


What distinguishes oars from paddles is that paddles are held by the paddler , and are not connected with the vessel .

The difference between oars and paddles are that paddles are held by the paddler , and are not connected with the vessel .


The oarsmen grasp the oar at the other end .

Oarsmen grasp the oar at the other end .


Oars have a flat blade at one end . The oarsmen grasp the oar at the other end .

In classical times warships were propelled by very long oars that might have several oarsmen per oar .


This category contains people who are from the US state of New Jersey .

This is a category for people from the state of New Jersey in the United States .


MissingNo . , also known as MissingNO , is the name of a glitch PokÃ mon that is short for `` Missing Number '' .

MissingNo . , or MissingNO , is a PokÃ mon species found in the video games PokÃ mon Red and Blue . Standing for `` Missing Number '' , MissingNo .


Sociologist William Sims Bainbridge said in a study that Game Freak `` spawned one of the most popular glitches ever in game history '' , due to the good and bad results of it and players ' interesting use of it .

Sociologist William Sims Bainbridge stated that Game Freak created `` one of the most popular glitches ever in game history '' , and cited its creative usage by players .


However , information on how to encounter MissingNo .

Despite Nintendo 's warning , information on how to encounter MissingNo .


has been studied by sociological studies regarding individuals and games .

have been the subject of sociological studies .


The author described these circumstances as unique to MissingNo . , and called its popularity an unusual case .


Once encountered , players can fight , flee , or capture MissingNo . just like any other wild PokÃ mon in the game .

As with any wild PokÃ mon , players may flee from , fight or capture MissingNo .


Even though it has only appeared in only two games in PokÃ mon , MissingNo .

While it appeared in only two games in the series , MissingNo .


However , on the right side of the Cinnabar and Seafoam Islands , no data got assigned to this buffer , and the information from the previous area is used instead ( the player 's name data ) .

However , no values are assigned to this buffer on the right side of the Cinnabar and Seafoam Island locationsâ '' the information from the previously visited area is used instead . The second factor is the old man 's demonstration , which temporarily stores the player 's name in the data buffer .


After encountering the MissingNo . , the sixth item in the player 's item menu will be copied to 128 , and the game 's `` Hall of Fame '' gallery will become scrambled forever .

After an encounter with MissingNo . , the quantity of the sixth item in the player 's item menu is increased by 128 , and the game 's Hall of Fame PokÃ mon gallery becomes permanently glitched .


When traveling from one area to another , the game assigns numbers for PokÃ mon that the player encounters to a data buffer , read by the game when they encounter a wild PokÃ mon. .

The first is the game 's random battle encounter system : each area assigns values to PokÃ mon in a data buffer , which the game accesses for the player 's encounters with wild PokÃ mon. .


was printed in a lot of magazines and player 's guides due to its effect , while some Pokemon players tried to sell real and fake `` tips '' for capturing MissingNo .

was printed in several magazines and player 's guides due to its perceived positive effect . Certain players attempted to sell `` tips '' on capturing MissingNo .


Q fever is a disease caused by Coxiella burnetii , bacteria that affect humans and other animals .

Q fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii , a bacterium that affects humans and other animals .


A human can be infected by a single bacterium .

A human being can be infected by a single bacterium .


It is not common but can be found in cattle , sheep , goats , and other household animals , including cats and dogs .

This organism is uncommon but may be found in cattle , sheep , goats and other domestic mammals , including cats and dogs .


People can get infected if they inhale endospores or touch the milk , urine , feces , vaginal mucus , or semen of infected animals .

The infection results from inhalation of endospores , and from contact with the milk , urine , feces , vaginal mucus , or semen of infected animals .


JosÃ Rodrigues Neto ( born 6 December , 1949 ) is a former Brazilian football player .

JosÃ Rodrigues Neto , known as Rodrigues Neto ( born in GalilÃ ia , Mato Grosso , 6 December 1949 ) is a former Brazilian football ( soccer ) fullback .


King Rama I used Sanam Luang to officiate ceremonies . Then in King Rama V 's era , Sanam Luang was extended and the buildings around it were destroyed .

Sanam Luang has been used since the time of King Rama I. It was the place for royal ceremonies and functions .


The people used Sanam Luang to perform ceremonies instead of growing rice .

Sanam Luang was still the place for kite flying . King Rama VI again used the place in the same manner as former kings to perform various ceremonies .


Sanam Luang is a big field located in front of Wat Phra Kaew and the Grand Palace in Bangkok , Thailand .

Sanam Luang is an open field and public square in front of Wat Phra Kaew and the Grand Palace , Bangkok , Thailand .


This work was highly valued by many people of Dee 's time .

This work was highly valued by many of Dee 's contemporaries , but the loss of the secret oral tradition of Dee 's milieu makes the work difficult to interpret today .


He published a `` Mathematical Preface '' to Henry Billingsley 's English translation of Euclid 's Elements in 1570 . He wrote about how important mathematics was for the other arts and sciences .

He published a `` Mathematical Preface '' to Henry Billingsley 's English translation of Euclid 's Elements in 1570 , arguing the central importance of mathematics and outlining mathematics ' influence on the other arts and sciences .


Dee was an expert in mathematics , astronomy and navigation . He trained many of those who would go on voyages of discovery for England .

Dee was an ardent promoter of mathematics and a respected astronomer , as well as a leading expert in navigation , having trained many of those who would conduct England 's voyages of discovery .


Because Casaubon wrote in his introduction that Dee was really dealing with evil spirits when he believed he was communicating with angels , Dee was thought of as deluded for some time .

Casaubon , who believed in the reality of spirits , argued in his introduction that Dee was acting as the unwitting tool of evil spirits when he believed he was communicating with angels . This book is largely responsible for the image , prevalent for the following two and a half centuries , of Dee as a dupe and deluded fanatic .


John Dee ( July 13 , 1527 â `` 1609 ) was a noted English mathematician , astronomer , astrologer , geographer , occultist , and consultant to Queen Elizabeth I. He also studied to alchemy , divination , and Hermetic philosophy .

John Dee ( 13 July 1527 â `` 1608 or 1609 ) was a noted English mathematician , astronomer , astrologer , occultist , navigator , imperialist , and consultant to Queen Elizabeth I. He devoted much of his life to the study of alchemy , divination , and Hermetic philosophy .


About ten years after his death , the antiquarian Robert Cotton found some of Dee writings , mostly records of Dee 's communications with angels .

About ten years after Dee 's death , the antiquarian Robert Cotton purchased land around Dee 's house and began digging in search of papers and artifacts . He discovered several manuscripts , mainly records of Dee 's angelic communications .


This was the public had heard about Dee 's spiritual conferences . The book was extremely popular and sold quickly .

As the first public revelation of Dee 's spiritual conferences , the book was extremely popular and sold quickly .


Cotton 's son gave these writings to the scholar MÃ ric Casaubon , who published them in 1659 as A True & Faithful Relation of What passed for many Yeers between Dr. John Dee ( A Mathematician of Great Fame in Q. Eliz .

Cotton 's son gave these manuscripts to the scholar MÃ ric Casaubon , who published them in 1659 , together with a long introduction critical of their author , as A True & Faithful Relation of What passed for many Yeers between Dr. John Dee ( A Mathematician of Great Fame in Q. Eliz .


Dee was married three times and had eight children .

Dee was married twice and had eight children .


In 1564 , Dee wrote the Hermetic work Monas Hieroglyphica ( `` The Hieroglyphic Monad '' ) about a symbol of his own design which stood for the mystical unity of all creation .

In 1564 , Dee wrote the Hermetic work Monas Hieroglyphica ( `` The Hieroglyphic Monad '' ) , an exhaustive Cabalistic interpretation of a glyph of his own design , meant to express the mystical unity of all creation .


His eldest son was Arthur Dee . He was also an alchemist and Hermetic writer .

His eldest son was Arthur Dee , about whom Dee wrote a letter to his headmaster at Westminster School which echoes the worries of boarding school parents in every century ; Arthur was also an alchemist and hermetic author .


They had the door to the cab at the rear , with a railed veranda behind the cab . This feature was very unusual on British Rail locomotives .

They had the door to the cab at the rear , with a railed veranda behind the cab ; this feature was very unusual on British Rail locomotives although was used on many Yorkshire Engine Co. designs and was\/is quite normal in North American practice .


The British Rail Class 02 were a class of twenty 0-4-0 diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotives . They were built by the Yorkshire Engine Company in 1960 ( first ten , D2850-D2859 ) and 1961 ( D2860-D2869 ) .

The British Rail Class 02 were a class of twenty 0-4-0 diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotives built by the Yorkshire Engine Company in 1960 ( first ten , D2850-D2859 ) and 1961 ( D2860-D2869 ) for service in areas of restricted loading gauge and curvature such as docks .


SÃ cheras is a commune in the ArdÃ che department and RhÃ ne-Alpes region of France .

SÃ cheras is a commune in the ArdÃ che department in the RhÃ ne-Alpes region in southern France .


Another algebra ( which is not abstract ) is elementary algebra , for example .

The phrase abstract algebra was coined at the turn of the 20th century to distinguish this area from what was normally referred to as algebra , the study of the rules for manipulating formulae and algebraic expressions involving unknowns and real or complex numbers , often now called elementary algebra .


Abstract algebra is a part of math which studies algebraic structures .

Abstract algebra is the subject area of mathematics that studies algebraic structures , such as groups , rings , fields , modules , vector spaces , and algebras . The phrase abstract algebra was coined at the turn of the 20th century to distinguish this area from what was normally referred to as algebra , the study of the rules for manipulating formulae and algebraic expressions involving unknowns and real or complex numbers , often now called elementary algebra .


The most common pool styles are play pool , freeform pool , geometric pool , lap pool , diving pool , infinity pool , spool , and the perimeter overflow pool .

Swimming pool heating costs can be significantly reduced by using a pool cover . Use of a pool cover also can help reduce the amount of chemicals ( chlorine , etc ) required by the pool .


There are different types of swimming pools . The most common pool styles are play pool , freeform pool , geometric pool , lap pool , diving pool , infinity pool , spool , and the perimeter overflow pool .

The depth of a swimming pool depends on the purpose of the pool , and whether it is open to the public or strictly for private use .


Maitland is a city of Florida in the United States .

Maitland is a suburban city in Orange County , Florida , United States , part of the Greater Metro Orlando area .


The book was first released on 17 October 2005 in the United Kingdom , and in the United States on 8 November 2005 .

The novel was first published on 17 October 2005 in the United Kingdom , with a United States edition following on 8 November 2005 .


A Feast for Crows is the fourth of seven planned books in A Song of Ice and Fire , a fantasy series written by George R. R. Martin .

A Feast for Crows is the fourth of seven planned novels in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by American author George R. R. Martin .


Xbox Live ( trademarked as Xbox LIVE ) is the online gaming service created by Microsoft for the Xbox and Xbox 360 .

The Xbox Live service is available as both a free and subscription-based service , known as Xbox Live Free and Xbox Live Gold respectively , with several features such as online gaming restricted to the Gold service .


Kenton Vale is a city of Kentucky in the United States .

Kenton Vale is a city in Kenton County , Kentucky , United States .


The Indus Valley toad ( `` Scientific name '' , Bufo stomaticus ) is a species of toad that can only be found in Pakistan .

Indus Valley toad or marbled toad Bufo stomaticus is a species of toad found in Asia from Iran , Pakistan , Afghanistan to Nepal extending into Peninsular India from the plains to about 1800m .


It is particularly common in the Indus valley .


Emmet Derby Boyle ( July 26 , 1879 - January 3 , 1926 ) was a Governor of Nevada .

Emmet Derby Boyle ( July 26 , 1879 â `` January 3 , 1926 ) was the 13th Governor of Nevada .


Boyle was born in Virginia City , Nevada in 1879 .

Boyle was born in Virginia City , Nevada in 1879 , making him the first governor of Nevada to be born in the state .


Bar-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube dÃ partement in the north-central part of France .

Bar-sur-Aube is a commune of France in the Aube department , of which it is a sub-prefecture .


Holy Week ( Latin : Hebdomas Sancta or Hebdomas Maior , `` Greater Week '' ; Greek : Î Î Î Î Î '' Î á 1\/4 Î Î Î Î 1\/4 Î Ï , Megale Hebdomas ) is the commemoration of the last week of Jesus Christ 's ministry on earth . Holy Week is the last week of Lent .

Holy Week ( Latin : Hebdomas Sancta or Hebdomas Maior , `` Greater Week '' ; Greek : Î Î Î Î Î '' Î á 1\/4 Î Î Î Î 1\/4 Î Ï , Megale Hebdomas ) in Christianity is the last week of Lent and the week before Easter .


It begins with Palm Sunday and leads up to Easter Sunday .

It includes the religious holidays of Palm Sunday , Maundy Thursday ( Holy Thursday ) and Good Friday , and lasts from Palm Sunday ( or in the Eastern , Lazarus Saturday ) until , but not including , Easter Sunday , as Easter Sunday is the first day of the new season of The Great Fifty Days .


Toulaud is a commune in the ArdÃ che dÃ partement in southern France .

Toulaud is a commune in the ArdÃ che department in southern France .


James Graham Brown ( August 18 , 1881 â '' March 20 , 1969 ) was an American businessman and philantropist . He was a hotel owner in Louisville , Kentucky .

James Graham Brown ( August 18 , 1881 â '' March 20 , 1969 ) was an American businessman and real estate developer best known as the builder of the Brown Hotel in Louisville , Kentucky and for his philanthropy .


Maisoncelle is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Maisoncelle is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


The Osage Plains ( sometimes known as the Lower Plains , North Central Plains , or the Rolling Plains ) are a tallgrass prairie ecosystem .

The area is sometimes called the Lower Plains , North Central Plains , and the Rolling Plains .


The Osage Plains are in the states of Missouri , Kansas , Oklahoma , and north-central Texas .

The Osage Plains , covering west-central Missouri , the southeastern third of Kansas , most of central Oklahoma , and extending into north-central Texas , is the southernmost of three tallgrass prairie physiographic areas .


Until these are answered , Spain will not take part in the mission .

Spain does not take part in EULEX mission , since legal questions over how it replaces the UN administration have not been answered .


The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo also called EULEX Kosovo is a contract between the European Union and Kosovo .

The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo , EULEX Kosovo , is a deployment of European Union ( EU ) police and civilian resources to Kosovo .


Apart from EU members , third parties Croatia , Turkey , Switzerland , Norway and the United States will also take part .

Apart from EU members , third parties Croatia , Turkey , Switzerland , Norway , Canada and the United States also take part .


Spanish Foreign Minister Miguel Ã ngel Moratinos told a meeting of European Union Foreign Ministers that Spain will not send its contingent to the EULEX mission until there has been a formal transfer of powers from the United Nations .

In June 2008 , Spanish Foreign Minister Miguel Ã ngel Moratinos told a meeting of European Union Foreign Ministers in Slovenia that Spain will not send its contingent to the EULEX mission until there has been a formal transfer of powers from the United Nations .


This was postponed due to concerns over possible negative effects on the second round of the presidential election in Serbia on 3 February 2008 and the possible signing of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement with Serbia on that date .

This was postponed due to concerns over possible negative effects on the second round of the presidential election in Serbia on 3 February 2008 and the possible signing of the Stabilization and Association Agreement with Serbia on that date .


A Joint Action was approved on 4 February 2008 , meaning that only the final approval is required ; it is expected to be given on 18 February 2008 .

A Joint Action was approved on 4 February 2008 and the final decision was made on 16 February 2008 .


According to Serbia , the mission implies that the EU recognizes Kosovo as an indepent state . .

Serbia also views the mission as an EU recognition of an independent Kosovo .


According to the EU , the mission will be based on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 . This resolution introduced international rule in Kosovo , in 1999 .

The EU has stated its mission will be legally based on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 , which introduced the international rule of Kosovo in 1999 .


Russia blocked the transfer of the UN mission to the EU .

Russia specifically blocked transfer of U.N. facility to the EU mission .


Jamie Carragher ( born 28 January 1978 ) is an English football player . He plays for Liverpool .

James Lee Duncan `` Jamie '' Carragher ( born 28 January 1978 ) is an English footballer who plays as a defender for Premier League side Liverpool .


On July 19 , 2009 , Cink won his first major title at the 138th Open Championship at Turnberry , Scotland , defeating 59 year-old Tom Watson by six strokes in a four-hole playoff .

On July 19 , 2009 , Cink won his first major title at the 138th Open Championship at Turnberry , Scotland , defeating 59 year-old , five-time champion Tom Watson by six strokes in a four-hole playoff .


Until his victory in the Open Championship in 2009 , 2004 was his career year to date , with a fifth-place finish on the money list and wins at the MCI Heritage and at the WGC-NEC Invitational , which is one of the World Golf Championships events and was the most prestigious win of his career at the time .

Until his victory in the Open Championship in 2009 , 2004 was his most successful season , with a fifth-place finish on the money list and wins at the MCI Heritage and at the WGC-NEC Invitational , which is one of the World Golf Championships events .


Stewart Ernest Cink ( born May 21 , 1973 ) is an American professional golfer .

Stewart Ernest Cink ( born May 21 , 1973 ) is an American professional golfer who won the 2009 Open Championship .


He spent 39 weeks in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Rankings from 2004 to 2008 .

He has spent over 40 weeks in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Rankings from 2004 to 2009 .


Orbec is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

Orbec is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .


An apostrophe is a form of punctuation used in writing . The following words have an apostrophe in them : ca n't , it 's , Mike 's .

This form was inherited by the typographic apostrophe ( â ) , also known as the typeset apostrophe , or , informally , the curly apostrophe .


Bilateria are all animals having a bilaterally symmetrical animals , they have front and a back end , as well as an upside and downside .

The bilateria are all animals having a bilateral symmetry , i.e. they have a front and a back end , as well as an upside and downside . Radially symmetrical animals like jellyfish have a topside and downside , but no front and back .


The games included 1091 athletes from 36 nations , and the Olympic Torch was carried by Joseph Rieder , a former alpine skier who had participated in the 1956 Winter Olympics .


The games were affected by the deaths of Australian alpine skier Ross Milne and a British luge slider , during training , and by the deaths , 3 years earlier , of the entire US figure skating team and family members .

The games were affected by the deaths of Australian alpine skier Ross Milne and British luge slider Kazimierz Kay-Skrzypeski , during training , and by the deaths , three years earlier , of the entire US figure skating team and family members ( see Prior tragedies below ) .


The 1964 Winter Olympics , officially known as the IX Olympic Winter Games , were celebrated in Innsbruck , Austria , from January 29 to February 9 , 1964 .

The 1964 Winter Olympics , officially known as the IX Olympic Winter Games , were a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated in Innsbruck , Austria , from January 29 to February 9 , 1964 .


It is more accurate to call sexually transmitted diseases sexually transmissible diseases .

It is possible to be an asymptomatic carrier of sexually transmitted diseases . In particular , sexually transmitted diseases in women often cause the serious condition of pelvic inflammatory disease .


A sexually transmitted disease is a disease which generally spreads by sexual intercourse , including oral sex or anal sex . `` Sexually transmitted disease '' is usually written as STD for short .

A sexually transmitted disease ( STD ) , also known as a sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) , or venereal disease ( VD ) , is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of human sexual behavior , including vaginal intercourse , oral sex , and anal sex .


STDs can also be called sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) , or venereal diseases ( VD ) .

While in the past , these illnesses have mostly been referred to as STDs or VD , in recent years the term sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) has been preferred , as it has a broader range of meaning ; a person may be infected , and may potentially infect others , without showing signs of disease .


Tsongkhapa was a big promoter of the Kadampa ( Bka ' - gdams-pa ) teachings and the mahÄ yÄ na principle of universal compassion as the fundamental spiritual orientation .

A great admirer of the Kadampa ( Bka ' - gdams-pa ) teachings , Tsongkhapa was an enthusiastic promoter of the Kadam School 's emphasis on the mahÄ yÄ na principle of universal compassion as the fundamental spiritual orientation .


This is combined with the yogas of highest yoga tantra deities such as GuhyasamÄ ja , Cakrasaá vara , YamÄ ntaka and KÄ lacakra , where the key focus is the direct experience of the union of bliss and emptiness .

This is combined with the yogas of highest yoga tantra deities such as GuhyasamÄ ja , Cakrasaá vara , YamÄ ntaka and KÄ lacakra , where the key focus is the direct experience of the indivisible union of bliss and emptiness .


Tsongkhapa said that these two aspects of the spiritual path , compassion and insight into wisdom , must be rooted in a big wish for liberation driven by a genuine sense of renunciation .

Tsongkhapa said that these two aspects of the spiritual path , compassion and insight into wisdom , must be rooted in a wholehearted wish for liberation impelled by a genuine sense of renunciation .


He combined this with a strong emphasis on the cultivation of in-depth insight into the doctrine of emptiness as taught by the Indian masters NÄ gÄ rjuna ( 2nd century ) and CandrakÄ `` rti ( 7th century ) .

He combined this with a strong emphasis on the cultivation of in-depth insight into the doctrine of emptiness as propounded by the Indian masters NÄ gÄ rjuna ( 2nd century ) and CandrakÄ `` rti ( 7th century ) .


The first monastery he established was at Ganden , and to this day the Ganden Tripa is the nominal head of the school , though its most famous person is the Dalai Lama .

The first monastery he established was at Ganden , and to this day the Ganden Tripa is the nominal head of the school , though its most influential figure is the Dalai Lama .


The Gelug or Gelug-pa , is a school of Tibetan Buddhism founded by Je Tsongkhapa ( 1357 â `` 1419 ) , a philosopher and Tibetan religious leader .

The Gelug or Gelug-pa ( or dGe Lugs Pa , dge-lugs-pa , or Dgelugspa ) , also known as the Yellow Hat sect , is a school of Buddhism founded by Je Tsongkhapa ( 1357 â `` 1419 ) , a philosopher and Tibetan religious leader .


He called these the `` Three Principal Aspects of the Path '' , and said that it is on the basis of these three that one must embark on the profound path of vajrayÄ na Buddhism .

He called these the `` Three Principal Aspects of the Path '' , and asserted that it is on the basis of these three that one must embark on the profound path of vajrayÄ na Buddhism .


This competition is a Iberian Supercup .

The Iberian Cup , also called Iberian Supercup , was an international competition between clubs from Portugal and Spain , disputed by two teams ( one portuguese and one spanish ) that were champions in a major competition , very much alike a Supercup , to find out which was the best team from Iberian Peninsula .


Ernest Evans ( born October 3 , 1941 ) or Chubby Checker is a pop singer from the United States .

Chubby Checker ( born Ernest Evans ; October 3 , 1941 ) is an American singer-songwriter .


Frequency Modulation ( usually shortened to FM ) is a way of broadcasting radio signals .

Frequency modulation is also more robust against simple signal amplitude fading phenomena . As a result , FM was chosen as the modulation standard for high frequency , high fidelity radio transmission : hence the term `` FM radio '' ( although for many years the BBC called it `` VHF radio '' , because commercial FM broadcasting uses a well-known part of the VHF bandâ '' the FM broadcast band ) .


An FM signal can also be used to carry a stereo signal : see FM stereo .


Frequency Modulation ( usually shortened to FM ) is a way of broadcasting radio signals . The sound quality of FM signals is better than that of amplitude modulation ( AM ) signals .

FM signals can be generated using either direct or indirect frequency modulation .


It became into a very strong hurricane , reaching Category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale before moving south of Jamaica on August 20 .

It strengthened into a major hurricane , reaching Category 5 status on the Saffirâ `` Simpson Hurricane Scale before passing just south of Jamaica on August 20 .


Dean slowly moved to the northwest , weakening into a low pressure area which dissipated over the southwestern United States .

Dean drifted to the northwest , weakening into a remnant low which dissipated uneventfully over the southwestern United States .


First impacting the islands of the Lesser Antilles , Dean 's path through the Caribbean severely damaged agricultural crops , especially those of Martinique and Jamaica .

First impacting the islands of the Lesser Antilles , Dean 's path through the Caribbean devastated agricultural crops , particularly those of Martinique and Jamaica .


It moved across the peninsula and entered the Bay of Campeche , as a weakened storm , but still a hurricane .

It crossed the peninsula and emerged into the Bay of Campeche weakened , but still a hurricane .


The storm moved onto land on the YucatÃ n Peninsula on August 21 as a Category 5 storm .

The storm made landfall on the YucatÃ n Peninsula on August 21 as a powerful Category 5 storm .


Dean moved west-northwest from the eastern Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lucia Channel and into the Caribbean Sea .

A Cape Verde-type hurricane that formed on August 13 , 2007 , Dean took a west-northwest path from the eastern Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lucia Channel and into the Caribbean Sea .


When it reached Mexico , Hurricane Dean was a Category 5 storm , but it missed large cities and its exceptional Category 5 strength landfall caused no deaths and less damage than in the Caribbean islands it passed as a Category 2 storm .

Upon reaching Mexico , Hurricane Dean was a Category 5 storm , but it missed major population centers and its exceptional Category 5 strength landfall caused no deaths and less damage than in the Caribbean islands it passed as a Category 2 storm .


It strengthened for a short time before making a second landfall in Veracruz near Tecolutla , Mexico , on August 22 .

It strengthened briefly before making a second landfall near Tecolutla in the Mexican state of Veracruz on August 22 .


It was also the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Wilma of 2005 .

It was the most intense Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Wilma of 2005 , tying for seventh overall .


The hurricane 's strong winds , waves , rains and storm surge caused over 45 deaths across ten countries and caused estimated damages of US$ 1.5 billion .

The hurricane 's intense winds , waves , rains and storm surge were responsible for at least 45 deaths across ten countries and caused estimated damages of US$ 1.5 billion .


Also , it made the third strongest Atlantic hurricane landfall .

Additionally , it made the third most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall .


Poul William Anderson ( November 25 , 1926 â `` July 31 , 2001 ) was an American science fiction author . He began his career during the Golden Age of the genre and continued to write and remain popular into the 21st century .

Poul William Anderson ( November 25 , 1926 â `` July 31 , 2001 ) was an American science fiction author who began his career during one of the Golden Ages of the genre and continued to write and remain popular into the 21st century .


He received many awards for his writing , including seven Hugo Awards and three Nebula Awards .

He received numerous awards for his writing , including seven Hugo Awards and three Nebula Awards .


They had one daughter , Astrid , who is married to the science fiction author Greg Bear .

They had one daughter , Astrid , who is married to science fiction author Greg Bear .


Several of his novels were published after his death .

Several of his novels were published posthumously .


Anderson also wrote books of fantasy , historical novels , and a very large number of short stories .

Anderson also authored several works of fantasy , historical novels , and a prodigious number of short stories .


Anderson was the sixth President of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America , starting in 1972 .

He was the sixth President of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America , taking office in 1972 .


Aubenas is a city and commune in the southern part of the ArdÃ che dÃ partement .

Aubenas is a commune in the southern part of the ArdÃ che department in the RhÃ ne Valley in southern France .


The mayor in 2009 , Aman Virk died suddenly of a surpise heart attack while vacationing in India .

On March 26 , 2009 , then-Mayor Aman Virk died suddenly of complications after suffering a heart attack while vacationing in India .


Golden is home to the longest freestanding timber frame bridge in Canada called the `` Kicking Horse Pedestrian Bridge '' .

Kicking Horse Pedestrian Bridge is the longest freestanding timber frame bridge in Canada .


The poles are at 90 Â , the North Pole is at 90 Â N ( orth ) , the South Pole is at 90 Â S ( outh ) . Places with the same latitude are on a circle , around the Earth .

The north pole is 90 Â N ; the south pole is 90 Â S. The 0 Â parallel of latitude is designated the equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems .


Greenwich is a part of London . Then lines are drawn in a similar way ; the opposite ( or `` antipodal '' ) meridian of Greenwich is considered both 180 Â W ( est ) , and 180 Â E ( ast ) .

The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180 Â W and 180 Â E.


A Geographical Coordinate System is a Coordinate system . This means that every place can be specified by a set of three numbers , called coordinates .

A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system that enables every location on the Earth to be specified by a set of numbers .


The most eminent and most reverend Lord , the Lord ( First Name ) , Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church ( Last Name ) , Who takes to himself the name of ( Papal Name ) .

The most eminent and most reverend Lord , Lord ( First Name ) , Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church ( Last Name ) , Who takes to himself the name of ( Papal Name ) .


Habemus Papam refers to the announcement given in Latin by the Senior Cardinal Deacon when a new Pope has been chosen .

( `` We Have a Pope ! '' ) is the announcement given in Latin by the senior Cardinal Deacon ( the Cardinal Proto-Deacon ) upon the election of a new pope .


After the announcement , the new pope meets the people and he gives his first Urbi et Orbi blessing to the crowd .

After the announcement , the new pope is presented to the people and he gives his first Urbi et Orbi blessing .


Andreas MÃ ller ( born 2 September 1967 ) is a former German football player for Germany national team .

Andreas MÃ ller ( born September 2 , 1967 in Frankfurt , Germany ) is a retired German footballer who played as an attacking midfielder .


All advanced queries transform to regular queries , usually with additional qualified terms .

All advanced queries transform to regular queries , usually with additional qualified term .


We apologise for the inconvenience , and hope we 'll see you again from all of the team here at Google . ''

We apologize for the inconvenience , and hope we 'll see you again on Google . ''


Google search was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997 , based on earier search-engine designs .

Google search was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997 .


The PageRank algorithm instead analyses human-generated links , assuming that web pages linked from many important pages are themselves likely to be important .

The PageRank algorithm instead analysis human-generated links assuming that web pages linked from many important pages are themselves likely to be important .


Google Search or Google Web Search is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. and is the most-used search engine on the World Wide Web .

Google Search or Google Web Search is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. and is the most-used search engine on the Web .


Villers-l Ã s-Guise is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


Official prizes often include monetary rewards as well as the fame that comes with them .

Official prizes often involve monetary rewards as well as the fame that comes with them .


Bienvillers-au-Bois is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Bienvillers-au-Bois is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


However , by the time of the compilation of the Pali commentaries ( 4th or 5th century ) , Pali was regarded as the natural language , the root language of all beings .


The Theravada holy texts , called the Pali Canon , are written in Pali . Pali is usually called a dead language .

Post-canonical Pali also possesses a few loan-words from local languages where Pali was used ( e.g. Sri Lankans adding Sinhalese words to Pali ) .


The Theravada holy texts , called the Pali Canon , are written in Pali .

These usages differentiate the Pali found in the ( ( Sutta Pitaka ) ) from later compositions such as the Pali commentaries on the canon and folklore ( e.g. , the stories of the JÄ taka commentaries ) , and comparative study ( and dating ) of texts on the basis of such loan-words is now a specialized field unto itself . Pali was not exclusively used to convey the teachings of the Buddha , as can be deduced from the existence of a number of secular texts , such as books of medical science\/instruction , in Pali .


The peace negotiations were held in the cities of MÃ 1\/4 nster and OsnabrÃ 1\/4 ck , which lie about 50 km apart from each other , in the present day German states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony . Sweden had favored OsnabrÃ 1\/4 ck due to its Protestant background , France chose MÃ 1\/4 nster due to its Catholic background .

This larger agreement was to be negotiated in Westphalia , in the neighbouring cities of MÃ 1\/4 nster and OsnabrÃ 1\/4 ck .


The Catholics used MÃ 1\/4 nster , while the Protestants used OsnabrÃ 1\/4 ck .

MÃ 1\/4 nster was , since its re-Catholization in 1535 , a strictly mono-denominational community . It housed the Chapter of the Prince-Bishopric of MÃ 1\/4 nster .


The Peace of Westphalia refers to the pair of treaties , the Treaty of OsnabrÃ 1\/4 ck and the Treaty of MÃ 1\/4 nster , signed on May 15 and October 24 of 1648 , which ended both the Thirty Years ' War and the Eighty Years ' War .

The term Peace of Westphalia denotes a series of peace treaties signed between May and October of 1648 in OsnabrÃ 1\/4 ck and MÃ 1\/4 nster .


Paul Jewell ( born 28 September 1964 ) is a former English football player who is currently the manager of Ipswich Town .

Paul Steven Jewell ( born 28 September 1964 ) is a former English footballer who is currently the manager of Ipswich Town .


Alfredo Eduardo Barreto de Freitas Noronha ( 25 September 1918 â `` 27 July 2003 ) was a former Brazilian football player .

Alfredo Eduardo Barreto de Freitas Noronha , better known as Noronha ( 25 September 1918 -- 27 July 2003 ) , was a Brazilian football player .


MÃ 1\/4 nsterlingen is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland .

MÃ 1\/4 nsterlingen is a municipality in the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland .


A total of three cassette compilations were released through the fanzine .

Three cassette compilations were released through the fanzine .


Subsequently Soundgarden 's Screaming Life EP was released and the grunge phenomenon quickly followed .

Subsequently Soundgarden 's Screaming Life EP was released , and the grunge phenomenon quickly followed .


In 1987 , Kim Thayil of Soundgarden , said that the two should join forces .

In 1987 , Kim Thayil of Soundgarden suggested that the two join forces .


In 1983 Pavitt moved to Seattle and started a record store , Fallout , as well as write a Sub Pop column for The Rocket , and host an independent-label specialty show on KCMU .

In 1983 , Pavitt moved to Seattle and started a record store , Fallout , as well as writing a Sub Pop column for The Rocket , and hosting an independent-label specialty show on KCMU .


Pavitt and Thayil had attended Rich East High School in Park Forest , Illinois together in the mid-1970s .

Pavitt and Thayil had both attended Rich East High School in Park Forest , Illinois in the mid-1970s .


After briefly attending Blackburn College in Carllinville Illinois and subsequently transferring to Evergreen State University in Washington State , Pavitt started a fanzine entitled Subterranean Pop in Olympia , Washington in 1980 , about American independent rock bands .


Pavitt first met Jonathan Poneman in 1986 , when Poneman invited Pavitt for an on-air interview on KCMU , to promote Sub Pop 100 .

Pavitt initially met Jonathan Poneman in 1986 , when Poneman invited Pavitt for an on-air interview on KCMU , to promote Sub Pop 100 .


The year 1986 saw the release of Sub Pop 's ( the '' - terranean '' was dropped earlier from the name ) first LP : the Sub Pop 100 .


Tadao Onishi ( born 18 April 1943 - died 29 June 2006 ) is a former Japanese football player .

Tadao Onishi ( April 18 , 1943 -- June 29 , 2006 ) was a Japanese football player .


Urbana is a city in the U.S. state of Illinois . It is the twin city of Champaign , Illinois and is separated by a single street .

Urbana is the county seat of Champaign County , Illinois , United States .


Barbados national football team is the national football team of Barbados .

The Barbados national football team , nicknamed Bajan Pride , is the national association football team of Barbados and is controlled by the Barbados Football Association .


Wagner 's roles for bass-baritone include : the Dutchman in Der fliegende HollÃ nder , Wotan\/Der Wanderer in the Ring Cycle and Hans Sachs in Die Meistersinger von NÃ 1\/4 rnberg .

The term arose in the late 19th century to describe the particular type of voice required to sing three Wagnerian roles : the Dutchman in Der fliegende HollÃ nder , Wotan\/Der Wanderer in the Ring Cycle and Hans Sachs in Die Meistersinger von NÃ 1\/4 rnberg .


Wagner called these roles Hoher Bass ( `` high bass '' ) .

Wagner labeled these roles as Hoher Bass ( `` high bass '' ) -- see fach for more details .


Since reunification , the German government has spent lots of money on rejoining the two halves of the city and bringing services and buildings in the former East Berlin up to the standard in West Berlin .

Since reunification , the German government has spent vast amounts of money on reintegrating the two halves of the city and bringing services and infrastructure in the former East Berlin up to the standard established in West Berlin .


From 13 August 1961 until 9 November 1989 it was separated from West Berlin by the Berlin Wall .

From 13 August 1961 until 9 November 1989 East Berlin was separated from West Berlin by the Berlin Wall .


There are still differences between eastern and western Berlin .

Despite this , there are still obvious differences between eastern and western Berlin .


Nevertheless , the three Western Allies eventually established embassies in East Berlin in the 1970s , although they never recognized it as East Germany 's capital .

Nevertheless , the three Western Allies eventually established embassies in East Berlin in the 1970s , although they never recognized it as the capital of East Germany .


The Western Allies ( the USA , Great Britain and France ) only recognized the power of the Soviet Union in East Berlin in accordance with the occupation status of Berlin as a whole .

The Western Allies ( the USA , Britain and France ) never formally acknowledged the authority of the East German government to govern East Berlin ; the official Allied protocol recognized only the authority of the Soviet Union in East Berlin in accordance with the occupation status of Berlin as a whole .


It was the Soviet sector of Berlin that was established in 1945 .

It consisted of the Soviet sector of Berlin that was established in 1945 .


East Berlin used special designs on their pedestrian traffic lights , called `` AmpelmÃ nnchen '' .

Still visible throughout former East Berlin are the characteristic `` AmpelmÃ nnchen '' on some pedestrian traffic lights .


The American , British and French sectors became West Berlin , a de facto part of West Germany .

The American , British and French sectors became West Berlin , a part strongly associated with West Germany but a free city .


Although it was always legally a part of an occupied city , East Berlin was claimed as the capital of East Germany .

Despite its status as part of an occupied city , East Berlin was claimed as the capital of East Germany , as the Soviets did not honor the distinction of a free city for their sector .


The East German government referred to East Berlin simply as `` Berlin '' or often '' `` Berlin , Hauptstadt der DDR '' ( Berlin , capital of the GDR ) .

The East German government referred to East Berlin simply as `` Berlin '' or often `` Berlin , Hauptstadt der DDR '' ( Berlin , capital of the GDR ) .


On 3 October 1990 , West Germany and East Germany were united , and East Berlin ceased to exist .

On 3 October 1990 , West and East Germany were reunited , thus formally ending the existence of East Berlin .


East Berlin was the name of the eastern part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 .

East Berlin was the name given to the eastern part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 .


The three Western commandants regularly protested about the presence of the East German National People 's Army ( NPA ) in East Berlin .

In fact , the three Western commandants regularly protested the presence of the East German National People 's Army ( NVA ) in East Berlin , particularly on the occasion of military parades .


The Renaissance lute is also played today , in western countries , as well as a German lute that is played the same way as a guitar .

Smith and others argue that the long-necked variety should not be called lute at all , since it existed for at least a millennium before the appearance of the short-necked instrument that eventually evolved into what is now known as the lute , nor was it ever called a lute before the 20th century .


During the Renaissance , bigger lutes were designed .

As a result , lutes are generally more expensive than mass-produced modern instruments such as the guitar , though not nearly as expensive as the violin . Unlike in the past there are many types of lutes encountered today : 5-course medieval lutes , renaissance lutes of 6 to 10 courses in many pitches for solo and ensemble performance of Renaissance works , the archlute of Baroque works , 11-course lutes in d-minor tuning for 17th century French , German and Czech music , 13\/14-course d-minor tuned German Baroque Lutes for later High Baroque and Classical music , theorbo for basso continuo parts in Baroque ensembles , gallichons\/mandoras , bandoras , orpharions and others .


The Coast Miwok were a Native American tribe who lived in what is now Northern California .

The Coast Miwok were the second largest group of Miwok Native American people .


Chendo ( born 12 October , 1961 ) is a former Spanish football player .

Miguel PorlÃ n Noguera ( born 12 October 1961 ) , aka Chendo , is a retired Spanish footballer who played as a right defender .


Scottsburg is a city of Indiana in the United States .

Scottsburg Fire Department has the youngest fire chief in the State of Indiana .


Although Federation made Australia independent of Britain , legally the Commonwealth was a creation of the British Imperial Parliament , through the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 ( Imp ) , which applied to Australia .

Although Federation is often regarded as the moment of `` independence '' of Australia from Britain , legally the Commonwealth was a creation of the British Imperial Parliament , through the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 ( Imp ) , which applied to Australia by paramount force .


The draft of 1891 was given to colonial parliaments but was not supported by New South Wales . Without NSW , the other colonies were unwilling to continue .

The draft of 1891 was submitted to colonial parliaments but lapsed in New South Wales , after which the other colonies were unwilling to proceed .


Even though the same person , Queen Elizabeth II , is the monarch of both countries , these are now separate countries .

Even though the same person , Queen Elizabeth II , is the monarch of both countries , she acts in a distinct capacity as monarch of each .


The following is a list of changes that have been approved .

The following is a list of amendments which have been approved .


Part III of Chapter 1 is about the House of Representatives .

Part III deals with the House of Representatives .


The history of the Constitution of Australia began with moves towards federation in the 19th century . This led to the Australian colonies joining together to form the Commonwealth of Australian 1901 .

The history of the Constitution of Australia began with moves towards federation in the 19th century , which culminated in the federation of the Australian colonies to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 .


Chapter V sets out how what the States can do in a federal system .

Chapter V contains provisions dealing with the States and their role under the federal system .


Opinion poll results said that the majority of Australians are in favor of some form of a republic .

This was despite opinion poll results suggesting that the majority of Australians are in favor of some form of a republic .


The Constitution is now different from the original Act , as the Australian people can change the Constitution , by referendum . However , the original Act remains on the UK 's law book with a note saying , `` The Constitution is not necessarily in the form in which it is in force in Australia '' .

For the Constitution , the impact of these two laws is that the Constitution as in force in Australia is now separate from the text in the original Act .


Section 127 first said that Aborigines can not be counted in any Commonwealth or State census .

Section 127 previously provided that Aborigines can not be counted in any Commonwealth or State census .


This is called the ` Nexus ' . It designed to prevent swamping of the senate 's power in the case of a joint sitting ( see Section 57 below ) .

This is the so-called ` Nexus ' , which is designed to prevent swamping of the senate 's power in the case of a joint sitting ( see Section 57 below ) .


This means that there is a universal franchise in principle , and limited the Federal Parliament 's legislative power to change it .

This entailed the guarantee of a universal franchise in principle , and limited the Federal Parliament 's legislative power to modify that universal franchise .


This law stopped the British Parliament 's power to make laws over Australian states . It also stopped appeals from the Australian courts to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council .

In addition to ending the British Parliament 's power to legislate over Australian states , the Australia Acts also cut the last avenues of appeal from the Australian courts to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council .


The number of electorates in a State is to be based on its share of the national population .

The number of electorates in a State is to be ( roughly ) proportional to its share of the national population .


Some people at the 1898 Constitutional Convention wanted a Bill of Rights like the United States Constitution , but the majority felt that the traditional rights and freedoms of British subjects were enough . These would be protected by the Parliamentary system and independent judiciary which the Constitution would create .

Some delegates to the 1898 Constitutional Convention favored a section similar to the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution , but the majority felt that the traditional rights and freedoms of British subjects were sufficiently guaranteed by the Parliamentary system and independent judiciary which the Constitution would create .


By the 1891 conference , many people wanted a federal system . Most of the discussion was about how this federal system would work .

By the 1891 conference , significant momentum had been built for the federalist cause , and discussion turned to the proper system of government for a federal state .


Sections 1 - 8 are explain the laws to set up the Commonwealth .

Sections 1 - 8 are covering clauses outlining the legal procedures for the establishment of the Commonwealth .


Section 128 says that changes must be approved by a referendum .

Section 128 provides that constitutional amendments must be approved by a referendum .


As this was a very important document , Queen Elizabeth II traveled to Australia to sign the proclamation of the law .

As a symbol of the significance of this legislation , Queen Elizabeth II traveled to Australia to personally sign the proclamation of the law .


Note : The convention was written into the Constitution after the national referendum of 1977 .

Note : The convention was codified into the Constitution via the national referendum of 1977 .


As well as the written Constitution , and Letters Patent issued by the Crown , conventions are an important part of the Constitution . These have developed over the years and define how various constitutional mechanisms work in practice .

Alongside the text of the Constitution , and Letters Patent issued by the Crown , conventions are an important aspect of the Constitution , which have evolved over the decades and define how various constitutional mechanisms operate in practice .


On 6 November 1999 , Australians did not support a law to remove the Queen and replace the Governor-General with a President . The President was to be appointed by a two-thirds majority of the members of the Commonwealth Parliament .

On 6 November 1999 , Australians rejected a proposal to remove the Queen and replace the Governor-General with a President appointed by a two-thirds majority of the members of the Commonwealth Parliament .


Even though the Constitution was an Act of the United Kingdom parliament , the Australia Acts took away the power of the United Kingdom parliament to change the Constitution .

Even though the Constitution was originally given legal force by an Act of the United Kingdom parliament , the Australia Act 1986 removed the power of the United Kingdom parliament to change the Constitution , and only Australia can amend it .


This Federal Council could make laws on certain subjects , but did not have a permanent office , an executive , or its own source of income .

The Federal Council could legislate on certain subjects , but did not have a permanent secretariat , an executive , or independent source of revenue .


Section 114 stops any state from having its own military force . It also stops the State or the Commonwealth from taxing each other 's property .

Section 114 forbids any State from raising a military force , and also forbids the State or the Commonwealth from taxing each other 's property .


This was fixed by the Statute of Westminster 1931 , adopted by the Commonwealth via the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 .

This was resolved by the Statute of Westminster 1931 , adopted by the Commonwealth via the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 .


This power , which was only meant to be used ( `` during a period of ten years ... and thereafter until the Parliament otherwise provides '' ) , has been used by the Commonwealth to encourage cooperation by the States to various extents over the years .

This power , although evidently envisaged as a temporary measure ( `` during a period of ten years ... and thereafter until the Parliament otherwise provides '' ) , has been used by the Commonwealth to encourage cooperation by the States to various extents over the years .


The first is the Statute of Westminster , as passed by the Commonwealth as the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 . The second is the Australia Act 1986 , which was passed by the Parliaments of every Australian state , the United Kingdom , and the Australian Federal Parliament .

These are the Statute of Westminster , as adopted by the Commonwealth in the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 , and the Australia Act 1986 , which was passed in equivalent forms by the Parliaments of every Australian state , the United Kingdom , and the Australian Federal Parliament .


In 1895 , the six premiers of the Australian colonies agreed to set up a new Convention by popular vote .

In 1895 , the six premiers of the Australian colonies agreed to establish a new Convention by popular vote .


New South Wales , the largest colony , would not take part .

The absence of New South Wales , the largest colony , also diminished its representative value .


While a pro forma preamble prefaces the Imperial Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 , the Australian Constitution itself does not have a preamble .

While a pro forma preamble prefaces the Imperial Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 , the Australian Constitution itself does not contain a preamble .


To get popular support , the draft was voted on by the electors of each colony .

To ensure popular support , the draft was presented to the electors of each colony .


Section 122 allows the Parliament to provide for the representation in Parliament of any new territory .

Section 122 allows the Parliament to provide for the representation in Parliament of any territory surrendered by the States , or placed by the Queen in the authority of the Commonwealth .


The Statute of Westminster freed the Dominions , including the Commonwealth , from Imperial laws and controls .

The Statute of Westminster freed the Dominions , including the Commonwealth , from Imperial restrictions .


Section 101 sets up an Inter-State Commission , a body which is no longer exists , but which was meant to have a significant role in the federal structure .

Section 101 sets up an Inter-State Commission , a body which is now defunct , but which was originally envisaged to have a significant role in the federal structure .


Section 79 allows Parliament to limit the number of judges able to exercise federal jurisdiction and section 80 guarantees trial by jury for indictable offences against the Commonwealth .

Section 79 allows Parliament to prescribe the number of judges able to exercise federal jurisdiction and section 80 guarantees trial by jury for indictable offences against the Commonwealth .


Many voters who voted against the 1999 referendum wanted to be able to vote for a President .

Many voters who voted against the 1999 referendum cited the appointment of the President by a joint action of Parliament , rather than through direct election , as a fatal flaw in that referendum .


Section 24 says the House must have twice as many members as the Senate , each elected by a single electorate .

As nearly as practicable , Section 24 requires the House to be composed of twice as many members as the Senate , each elected by a single electorate .


Part V of Chapter 1 is about the powers of the parliament .

Part V deals with the powers of the parliament .


However , because conventions are not written down , their existence and practice are open to debate .

However , because conventions are not textually based , their existence and practice are open to debate .


There have been some calls to add one to express the spirit and aspirations embodied in the constitution .

There have been some calls for the insertion of such a section to express the spirit and aspirations embodied in the constitution .


Section 74 explains how an appeal can be made to the Queen in Council .

Section 74 provides for the circumstances in which an appeal can be made to the Queen in Council .


In research and polling following the 1999 referendum , people said that an appointed President would not be able to act independently of the Parliament .

In research and polling following the 1999 referendum , the single greatest concern expressed about the referendum as written seemed to be that it did not create and respect a meaningful separation of powers between a Republican President and Parliament and its legislative authority .


Section 81 says that all Commonwealth revenue shall form the Consolidated Revenue Fund .

Section 81 prescribes that all Commonwealth revenue shall form the Consolidated Revenue Fund .


The Chief Justices of the colonies wanted the right to appeal decisions of the High Court to the Privy Council on constitutional matters . They were worried that the limits of the powers of the Commonwealth or States could be changed by parliament .

Before the Bill was passed , however , one final change was made by the imperial government , upon lobbying by the Chief Justices of the colonies , so that the right to appeal from the High Court to the Privy Council on constitutional matters concerning the limits of the powers of the Commonwealth or States could not be curtailed by parliament .


The Governor-General must put the referendum bill to the people between two and six months after passing parliament .

The referendum bill must be put to the people by the Governor-General between two and six months after passing parliament .


In 1990 , the Public Records Office in London loaned the original copy 1900 of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act to Australia . The Australian government wanted to keep the copy .

In 1990 , the original copy of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 from the Public Records Office in London was lent to Australia , and the Australian government requested permission to keep the copy .


Legally , this is the moment of Australia 's national independence .

Legally , this is often regarded as the moment of Australia 's national independence .


Chapter VII says that the seat of government of the Commonwealth ( now Canberra ) shall be in New South Wales but no less than one hundred miles from Sydney , and that the Governor-General may appoint deputies .

Chapter VII provides that the seat of government of the Commonwealth ( now Canberra ) shall be located within New South Wales but no less than one hundred miles from Sydney , and that the Governor-General may appoint deputies .


Forty-four proposals to change the Constitution have been voted on at referendums . Eight have been approved .

Forty-four proposals to amend the Constitution have been voted on at referendums , of which eight have been approved .


In 2007 , the High Court of Australia in Roach v Electoral Commissioner said that sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution , by providing that members of the House of Representatives and the Senate be `` directly chosen by the people '' , created a limited right to vote .

In 2007 , the High Court of Australia in Roach v Electoral Commissioner held that sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution , by providing that members of the House of Representatives and the Senate be `` directly chosen by the people '' , created a limited right to vote .


The people of Australia voted in referendums from 1898 â `` 1900 to accept the Constitution . The Constitution was then passed as a part of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 ( Imp ) , an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom .

The Constitution was approved in referendums held over 1898 â `` 1900 by the people of the Australian colonies , and the approved draft was enacted as a section of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 ( Imp ) , an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom .


The Governor-General is the commander in chief . He or she may appoint and dismiss the members of the Executive Council , ministers of state , and all officers of the executive government .

Under this Chapter , the Governor-General is the commander in chief , and may appoint and dismiss the members of the Executive Council , ministers of state , and all officers of the executive government .


In the case , a legislative change to stop all prisoners from voting ( as opposed to only those serving sentences of three years or more , as it was before the amendment ) was rejected as breaking that right .

In the case , a legislative amendment to disqualify from voting all prisoners ( as opposed to only those serving sentences of three years or more , as it was before the amendment ) was struck down as contravening that right .


The Constitution itself is in eight chapters , with 128 sections .

The Constitution itself is divided into eight chapters , containing 128 sections .


Henry Parkes , the Premier of New South Wales , pushed for a series of conferences in the 1890s to talk about federalism . The first one was in Melbourne in 1890 , and another , the National Australasian Convention , in Sydney in 1891 .

Henry Parkes , the Premier of New South Wales , was instrumental in pushing for a series of conferences in the 1890s to discuss federalism - one in Melbourne in 1890 , and another ( the National Australasian Convention ) in Sydney in 1891 , attended by colonial leaders .


Part II of Chapter 1 is about the Senate .

Part II of this chapter deals with the Senate .


South Australia gave the Northern Territory to the Commonwealth .

This has occurred on several occasions , most notably the surrender by South Australia to the Commonwealth of the Northern Territory .


After the constitutional amendment bill has passed both the parliament and the referendum , it then receives Royal Assent from the Governor-General .

After the constitutional amendment bill has passed both the parliamentary stage and the referendum , it then receives Royal Assent .


As mentioned above , changing the Constitution requires a referendum in which the `` Yes '' vote achieves a majority nationally , as well as majorities in a majority of states .

As mentioned above , successful amendment of the Constitution requires a referendum in which the `` Yes '' vote achieves a majority nationally , as well as majorities in a majority of states .


Western Australia finally agreed to join the Commonwealth in time for it to join the Commonwealth of Australia , which officially began on 1 January 1901 .

Western Australia finally agreed to join the Commonwealth in time for it to be an original member of the Commonwealth of Australia , which was officially established on 1 January 1901 .


Section 96 gives the Commonwealth power to give money to States `` on such terms and conditions as the Parliament thinks fit '' .

Section 96 gives the Commonwealth power to make grants to States `` on such terms and conditions as the Parliament thinks fit '' .


As a result , the Australian Constitution has often been criticised for not protecting rights and freedoms .

As a result , the Australian Constitution has often been criticised for its scant protection of rights and freedoms .


One extreme case was the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 , in which the operation of conventions was seriously tested .

The most extreme case was the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 , in which the operation of conventions was seriously tested .


There has been only one instance of the Governor-General not taking the Prime Minister 's advice . Governor-General Sir John Kerr , acting on his own , dismissed Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis .

There has been only one instance of the Governor-General acting outside the advice of the Prime Minister of the day , when Governor-General Sir John Kerr , acting on his own authority , dismissed Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis .


The Commander in chief of the Australian Defense Force is now Her Excellency Quentin Bryce as the Governor General of Australia . The Queen of Australia is not in command of the military .

The Commander in chief of the Australian Defense Force is therefore currently Her Excellency Quentin Bryce as the Governor General of Australia whilst the Queen of Australia is not in command of the military .


These powers , along with the powers to dissolve ( or refuse to dissolve ) parliament ( Section 5 , Section 57 ) , are termed `` reserve powers '' . The use of these powers is by convention .

These powers , along with the powers to dissolve ( or refuse to dissolve ) parliament ( Section 5 , Section 57 ) , are termed `` reserve powers '' , and their use is dictated by convention .


Section 9 , starting with the words `` The Constitution of the Commonwealth shall be as follows ... '' , contains the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia .

Section 9 , beginning with the words `` The Constitution of the Commonwealth shall be as follows ... '' , contains the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia .


However , in contrast with the constitutions of other Commonwealth Realms such as Canada which formally grant extensive reserve powers to the Monarch , even the formal powers of the Queen of Australia are extremely limited , and most powers can only be used by the Governor-General .

However , in contrast with the constitutions of other Commonwealth Realms such as Canada which formally grant extensive reserve powers to the Monarch , even the formal powers of the Queen of Australia are extremely limited , and most powers are only exercisable by the Governor-General .


This power is not limited by any other part of the Constitution , such as Section 99 that forbids giving preference to one State or over another State .

This power has been held to be unconstrained by any other provision , such as Section 99 which forbids giving preference to one State or part thereof over another State or part thereof .


In 1992 and 1994 , the High Court of Australia found that the Constitution gave an `` implied '' right to freedom of political communication , in a series of cases including the Australian Capital Television case and the Theophanous case .

In 1992 and 1994 , the High Court of Australia found that the Constitution contained an `` implied '' right to freedom of political communication , in a series of cases including the Australian Capital Television case and the Theophanous case .


There are `` concurrent powers '' , as both the Commonwealth and States can make laws on these subjects . Federal law is more important if the laws are different ( Section 109 ) .

These contain `` concurrent powers '' , in the sense that both the Commonwealth and States can legislate on these subjects , although federal law prevails in the case of inconsistency ( Section 109 ) .


The British Parliament passed the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act in 1900 .

Finally , the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1900 .


Of the thirty-nine parts of section 51 , a few have become very important in deciding how much power the Commonwealth government has in law . These include the Trade and Commerce Power , the Corporations Power and the External Affairs Power .

Of the thirty-nine elements of section 51 , a few have become critical in determining the scope of Commonwealth government action , including the Trade and Commerce Power , the Corporations Power and the External Affairs Power .


Section 71 gives judicial power in a `` Federal Supreme Court '' to be called the High Court of Australia . The Parliament can also make new federal courts or give other courts federal powers .

Section 71 vests judicial power in a `` Federal Supreme Court '' to be called the High Court of Australia , and such other federal courts as Parliament creates , and in such other courts as Parliament invests with federal jurisdiction .


Support for holding another referendum in the near future seems to be growing , and another referendum may be held .

Support for holding another referendum in the foreseeable future seems to be growing , and another referendum being held is more possible than it has been recently .


The Constitution of Australia is the laws that set up the Australian Commonwealth Government and the way it works .

The Constitution of Australia is the supreme law under which the Australian Commonwealth Government operates .


The draft constitution also left out important , but difficult , issues , such as tariff policy .

Furthermore , the draft constitution side-stepped certain important issues , such as tariff policy .


After one failed attempt , a changed draft was given to the electors of each colony except Western Australia .

After one failed attempt , an amended draft was submitted to the electors of each colony except Western Australia .


Section 123 says that changing the boundaries of a State needs the support of the Parliament of that State and must pass a referendum in that State .

Section 123 requires that changing the boundaries of a State requires the consent of the Parliament of that State and approval by referendum in that State .


Section 116 sets out `` freedom of religion '' , by stopping the Commonwealth from making any law to start a religion , imposing any religious observance , or stop a religion , or religious discrimination for public office .

Section 116 establishes what is often called `` freedom of religion '' , by forbidding the Commonwealth from making any law for the establishment of a religion , imposing any religious observance , or prohibiting the exercise of a religion , or religious discrimination for public office .


In 1999 , a proposed preamble , written by John Howard , the then Prime Minister , was defeated in a referendum held concurrently with the Republic referendum .

In 1999 , a proposed preamble , principally authored by John Howard , the then Prime Minister , was defeated in a referendum held concurrently with the Republic referendum .


The meetings produced a new Constitution that was the same as the 1891 draft , but with added provisions for responsible government .

The meetings produced a new draft which contained substantially the same principles of government as the 1891 draft , but with added provisions for responsible government .


Bjelke-Petersen appointee Albert Patrick Field was expelled from the Labor Party before taking his seat and would not have been appointed under the new constitutional change .

Bjelke-Petersen appointee Albert Patrick Field was expelled from the Labor Party before taking his seat and would therefore have been ineligible under the new constitutional amendment .


This makes it the new law and the wording of the Constitution will be changed .

When proclaimed , it will be in effect , and the wording of the Constitution will be changed .


Under Australia 's common law system , the High Court of Australia and the Federal Court of Australia have the power to decide what the constitution actually means . .

Under Australia 's common law system , the High Court of Australia and the Federal Court of Australia have the authority to interpret constitutional provisions .


The vast majority of constitutional cases before the High Court deal with characterisation : whether new laws are part of the power granted to the Commonwealth government by the Constitution .

The vast majority of constitutional cases before the High Court deal with characterisation : whether new laws fall within a permissible head of power granted to the Commonwealth government by the Constitution .


No new states have joined the Commonwealth since federation .

No new states have been admitted to the Commonwealth since federation .


By the 1880s Australians were worried about the growing presence of the Germans and the French in the Pacific . Along with a growing Australian identity , this created the opportunity to start the first inter-colonial body , the Federal Council of Australasia , in 1885 .

By the 1880s , fear of the growing presence of the Germans and the French in the Pacific , coupled with a growing Australian identity , created the opportunity for establishing the first inter-colonial body , the Federal Council of Australasia , established in 1885 .


Constitution Day was first held on 9 July 2000 to mark the centenary of the Constitution as part of the Centenary of Federation . The celebrations were not big and have not been widely held after 2001 .

Constitution Day was first held on 9 July 2000 to mark the centenary of the Constitution in the lead up to the Centenary of Federation , although commemorations were low key and were not widely held after 2001 .


With help from Sir Samuel Griffith , a draft constitution was written .

Under the guidance of Sir Samuel Griffith , a draft constitution was drawn up .


Former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd said the current situation `` no longer reflects either the fundamental democratic principles that underpin the Australian nation or its diversity '' , . He was thinking about a referendum for an independent , elected President .

Former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd stated that while it is not an active priority , the current structure `` no longer reflects either the fundamental democratic principles that underpin the Australian nation or its diversity '' , and he has given some indications that a referendum for an independent , elected President , repairing the main issue of the 1999 vote , is being considered .


Even if the United Kingdom Parliament were to remove the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 , it would have no effect on Australia .

The most important is the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia . The Constitution was approved in referendums held over 1898 â `` 1900 by the people of the Australian colonies , and the approved draft was enacted as a section of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 ( Imp ) , an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom .


As a result , there was continued uncertainty as to whether British Imperial laws still applied to the Commonwealth .

As a result , since Australia was still legally a colony , there was continued uncertainty as to the applicability of British Imperial laws to the Commonwealth .


Section 68 says that the Command in chief of Australia 's naval and military forces as being : `` The command in chief of the naval and military forces of the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor General as the Queen 's representative '' .

Section 68 states that the Command in chief of Australia 's naval and military forces as being : `` The command in chief of the naval and military forces of the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor General as the Queen 's representative '' .


These meetings did not have popular support .

However , these meetings lacked popular support .


The change means a new Senator has to be from the same party as the old one . This would have prevented the appointment by Lewis , but not that by Bjelke-Petersen .

The amendment requires the new Senator to be from the same party as the old one and would have prevented the appointment by Lewis , but not that by Bjelke-Petersen .