Des Moines has many insurance companies in the city .

Many insurance companies are headquartered in Des Moines , including the Principal Financial Group , Marsh ( formerly KVI ) , EMC Insurance Group , Allied Insurance ( now part of Nationwide ) , AmerUs Group ( now part of Aviva ) , Holmes Murphy , and American Republic Insurance Company . Des Moines has been referred to as the `` Hartford of the West '' because of this .


Des Moines is the capital city of U.S. state of Iowa .

Des Moines is the capital and the most populous city in the US state of Iowa .


Des Moines became the capital of Iowa in 1857 .

In 1857 , the name `` Fort Des Moines '' was shortened to `` Des Moines '' and the state capital was moved here from Iowa City .


The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) is a agency that is in control of many types of transport , including buses , commuter rail , elevated rail and subways . It operates 13 `` Regional Rail '' services in the Philadelphia , Pennsylvania area .

The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) is a regional municipal authority that operates various forms of public transitâ '' bus , subway and elevated rail , commuter rail , light rail , and electric trolley busâ '' that serve 3.8 million people in and around Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .


Ringwood is a city of Oklahoma in the United States .

Ringwood is a town in Major County , Oklahoma , United States .


The Grampian Mountains or Grampians are one of the three major mountain ranges in Scotland , occupying a considerable portion of the Scottish Highlands in northeast Scotland .

The Grampian Mountains or Grampians ( Am Monadh in Gaelic ) are one of the three major mountain ranges in Scotland , occupying a considerable portion of the Scottish Highlands in northeast Scotland .


The Grampians extend southwest to northeast between the Highland Boundary Fault and Gleann MÃ r ( the Great Glen ) .

The Grampians extend southwest to northeast between the Highland Boundary Fault and Gleann MÃ r ( the Great Glen ) , occupying almost half of the land-area of Scotland .


Atomic mass ( not to be confused with atomic weight ) is a term for the mass of a single atom of a chemical element . It includes the weights of the 3 subatomic particles that make up an atom : protons , electrons , and neutrons .

The atomic mass is the total mass of protons , neutrons and electrons in a single atom ( when the atom is motionless ) .


Villeneuve-d ` Entraunes is a commune . It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France .

Villeneuve-d ` Entraunes is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur region in southeastern France .


Cristot is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

Cristot is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .


This category is for articles and events specifically related to the 15th century , which began in the year 1401 and ended in the year 1500 .

The 15th century is the time from 1401 to 1500 .


As of 2000 , the population was 11,508 .


The first person to use this idea in the United States was Dr. William Mosenthal , a surgeon at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center .

The first application of this idea in the United States was by Dr. William Mosenthal , a surgeon at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center .


Nightingale reduced death rates from 40 % to 2 % by creating the concept of intensive care .

Until recently , it was reported that Nightingale reduced mortality from 40 % to 2 % on the battlefield .


An intensive care unit ( ICU ) , critical care unit ( CCU ) , intensive therapy unit ( ITU ) , or intensive treatment unit ( ITU ) is a special part of a hospital .

An intensive care unit ( ICU ) , critical care unit ( CCU ) , intensive therapy unit , or intensive treatment unit ( ITU ) is a specialized department in a hospital that provides intensive-care medicine .


In 1854 , Florence Nightingale went to the Crimean War . There it was important to separate seriously wounded soldiers from less-seriously wounded .

In 1854 , Florence Nightingale left for the Crimean War , where triage was used to separate seriously wounded soldiers from the less-seriously wounded was observed .


Because of a polio epidemic , BjÃ rn Ibsen established the first intensive care unit in Copenhagen in 1953 .

In response to a polio epidemic ( where many patients required constant ventilation and surveillance ) , BjÃ rn Aage Ibsen established the first intensive care unit in Copenhagen in 1953 .


It is also known as Aploppas , and its first Tupi name urucu .

It is also known as Aploppas , and its original Tupi name urucu .


It is grown there and in Southeast Asia , where it was brought by the Spanish in the 17th century .

It is cultivated there and in Southeast Asia , where it was introduced by the Spanish in the 17th century .


The name comes from the Nahuatl word for the shrub , achiotl .

The name derives from the Nahuatl word for the shrub , achiotl .


It is best known as the source of the natural pigment annatto , made from the fruit .

It is best known as the source of the natural pigment annatto , produced from the fruit .


Achiote ( Bixa orellana ) is a shrub or small tree from the tropical area of the American continent .

Achiote ( Bixa orellana ) is a shrub or small tree from the tropical region of the Americas .


Beuvry is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Beuvry is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


On 22 August 1485 , Henry 's army defeated Richard III 's army at the Battle of Bosworth .

Though outnumbered , Henry 's Lancastrian forces decisively defeated Richard 's Yorkist army at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485 .


Henry the VII or Henry Tudor ( 28 January 1457 â `` 21 April 1509 ) was king of England from 1485 to 1509 .

Henry VII ( ; 28 January 1457 -- 21 April 1509 ) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509 , as the first monarch of the House of Tudor .


There was a battle , and the Earl of Lincoln was killed .

The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke .


Lambert Simnel was captured , but , because he was only a child , Henry spared his life and he became a royal servant .

Henry made the boy Simnel a servant in the royal kitchen .


One of these was a little boy called Lambert Simnel , who looked very like Edward , Earl of Warwick . The real Earl of Warwick was Henry 's prisoner , but this did not stop other people from believing that Lambert was him .

In 1487 , Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel , a boy who was claimed to be the Earl of Warwick , son of Edward IV 's brother Clarence ( who was actually a prisoner in the Tower ) .


The Dauphin was the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 -- 1791 , and from 1824 -- 1830 .

The Dauphin of France â '' strictly , The Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois ) â '' was the title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 , and from 1824 to 1830 .


The title of Dauphin of Viennois descended in his family until 1349 , when Humbert II sold his signeurie , called the DauphinÃ , to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assumed the title of le Dauphin .

The title of Dauphin de Viennois descended in his family the LeVieux Princes of Ivetot until 1349 , when Humbert II sold his seigneurie , called the DauphinÃ , to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assumed the title of le Dauphin .


Guy VIII , Count of Vienne , had a dolphin on his coat of arms and had been nicknamed le Dauphin ( French for dolphin ) .

Guy VIII , Count of Vienne , had a dolphin on his coat of arms and had been nicknamed le Dauphin .


The wife of the Dauphin was known as the Dauphine .

The wife of the Dauphin was known as la Dauphine .


The first French Dauphin was Charles V. The title is roughly equivalent to the English title Prince of Wales .

The first French prince called le Dauphin was Charles V. The title was roughly equivalent to the English title Prince of Wales , the Scottish title Duke of Rothesay , or the Spanish title Prince of Asturias .


John William `` Johnny '' Bower ( born November 8 , 1924 ) , nicknamed `` The China Wall '' , is a Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender .

John William Bower ( born John Kiszkan on November 8 , 1924 , in Prince Albert , Saskatchewan ) , nicknamed `` The China Wall '' , is a Hockey Hall of Fame goalie .


It is on the Rhine , opposite the big city of DÃ 1\/4 sseldorf .

It is located on the west bank of the Rhine opposite DÃ 1\/4 sseldorf , and owes its success to its location at the crossing of historic and modern trade routes .


Neuss is a city in the west of Germany , in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia .

Neuss is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany .


Genki Nagasato ( born 16 December 1985 ) is a Japanese football player .

Genki Nagasato ( born December 16 , 1985 in Atsugi , Kanagawa , Japan ) is a Japanese football player who is currently playing for Japanese club Ventforet Kofu .


The Group bought Manchester City Football Club . The deal was announced on 1 September 2008 .

The Group bought Manchester City Football Club , negotiating the deal on 1 September 2008 .


The American educated Sulaiman Al-Fahim was the public face of ADUG during the beginning of the takeover . He is often called the `` Donald Trump of Abu Dhabi '' .

The US-educated Sulaiman Al-Fahim was the public face of ADUG during the initial phase of the takeover and is often described as the `` Donald Trump of Abu Dhabi '' .


It was made between the clubâ s former owner Thaksin Shinawatra , former Prime Minister of Thailand , and ADUG .

The deal was struck late on Sunday night between the clubâ s former owner Thaksin Shinawatra , former Prime Minister of Thailand , and ADUG .


It was first thought that Abu Dhabi United Group is a part of Abu Dhabi Investment Authority , a sovereign wealth fund owned by Abu Dhabi .

It was initially thought that Abu Dhabi United Group is a part of Abu Dhabi Investment Authority , a sovereign wealth fund owned by Abu Dhabi .


The Abu Dhabi United Group for Development and Investment ( ADUG ) is a United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) private equity company owned by Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan . He is a member of the Abu Dhabi Royal Family .

The Abu Dhabi United Group for Development and Investment ( ADUG ) is a United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) private equity company owned by Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan , member of the Abu Dhabi Royal Family and Minister of Presidential Affairs for the UAE .


Today Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ( also known by its controversial name East Turkistan or Uyghurstan ) .

Today , Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People 's Republic of China .


BÃ guey is a commune located on the right bank of the Garonne river in south-western France .


Lawrence left his 8,000 bird skins to the American Museum of Natural History .

Lawrence left his collection of 8,000 bird skins to the American Museum of Natural History .


Lawrence counted birds for Spencer Fullerton Baird and John Cassin , and the three men wrote Birds of North America in 1858 .

Lawrence conducted Pacific bird surveys for Spencer Fullerton Baird and John Cassin , and the three men co-authored Birds of North America in 1858 .


The Lawrence 's Goldfinch Carduelis lawrencei was named for him by Cassin .


George Newbold Lawrence ( October 20 , 1806 - January 17 , 1895 ) was an American businessperson and amateur ornithologist ( bird expert ) .

George Newbold Lawrence ( October 20 , 1806 â `` January 17 , 1895 ) was an American businessman and amateur ornithologist .


It can also be made by heating liquid iodine with chlorine gas at 105 C.

Iodine trichloride can be created by heating a mixture of liquid iodine and chlorine gas to 105 Â C.


NOTICE : This page has been protected so that only administrators can change it because it is included in the following ( which protected with the `` cascading '' option enabled ) .

WARNING : This page has been protected so that only administrators can edit it because it is transcluded in the following ( which protected with the `` cascading '' option enabled ) .


Moray is a council area in Scotland , UK .

The Moray council area was created in 1996 , under the Local Government etc. ( Scotland ) Act 1994 , with the boundaries of the former Moray district of the two-tier Grampian region .


Otto Liman von Sanders ( 17 February 1855 - 22 August 1929 ) was a German general .

Generalleutnant Otto Liman von Sanders ( February 17 , 1855 - August 22 , 1929 ) was a German general who served as adviser and military commander for the Ottoman Empire during World War I.


MÃ rio Zagallo ( born 9 August 1931 ) is a former Brazilian football player .

MÃ rio Jorge Lobo Zagallo ( born August 9 , 1931 in MaceiÃ ) is a Brazilian football coach and former player of Lebanese and Italian ( venetian ) heritage .


IÅ alniÅ # a is a commune found in Dolj County , Romania .

IÅ alniÅ # a is a commune in Dolj County , Romania with a population of 3,922 people . It has the following constituent villages : IÅ alniÅ # a.


Avesnes is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Avesnes is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France .


Merbes-le-Ch Ã cents teau is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut .

Merbes-le-Ch Ã cents teau is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut .


Fauguernon is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

Fauguernon is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .


Francesco Petrarca ( July 20 , 1304 â `` July 19 , 1374 ) , known in English as Petrarch , was an Italian scholar , poet , and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists .

Francesco Petrarca ( July 20 , 1304 â `` July 19 , 1374 ) , known in English as Petrarch , was an Italian scholar , poet and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists .


Petrarch was also known for being one of the first people to call the Middle Ages the Dark Ages , although the negative myth as we know it today is largely the legacy of romantic literature .

Petrarch was also known for being one of the first people to refer to the Dark Ages .


Based on Petrarch 's works , and to a lesser extent those of Dante Alighieri and Giovanni Boccaccio , Pietro Bembo in the 16th century created the model for the modern Italian language .

In the 16th century , Pietro Bembo created the model for the modern Italian language based on Petrarch 's works , as well as those of Giovanni Boccaccio and , especially , Dante Alighieri .


Petrarch is often popularly called the `` father of humanism '' .

Petrarch is often called the `` Father of Humanism '' .


provinciae ) was the basic and , until around 300 , largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire 's territorial possessions outside of the peninsula of Italy .

provinciae ) was the basic , and until the Tetrarchy ( c. 296 ) , largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire 's territorial possessions outside of Italy .


The word province in modern English came from the term used by the Romans .

The word province in modern English has its origins in the term used by the Romans .


This category contains articles about Scottish golfers .


La Ciotat is a commune of 32,126 people ( 2006 ) . It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rh Ã ne department in the south of France .

La Ciotat is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rh Ã ne department in the Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur region in southern France .


BrÄ ila is a city of Muntenia , in the eastern part of Romania . It is the capital of BrÄ ila County .

BrÄ ila ( ; ; Turkish : Ä brail ) is a city in Muntenia , eastern Romania , a port on the Danube and the capital of BrÄ ila County , in the close vicinity of GalaÅ # i.


It is the capital of BrÄ ila County . As of the year 2002 , about 216,300 people were living in BrÄ ila .

According to the last census , from 2002 , there were 216,292 people living within the city of BrÄ ila .


BrÄ ila features one of the oldest electrical tram lines in Romania , inaugurated at the end of the 19th century and still in use . BrÄ ila 's bus system is operated by the town hall in cooperation with Braicar Company , with four primary bus configurations available servicing most of the city .


BoÃ court is a municipality of the district of DelÃ mont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland .

BoÃ court is a municipality in the district of DelÃ mont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland .


In general it is agreed there are seven continents : Africa , Antarctica , Asia , Europe , North America , Australia , and South America .

They are generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria , with seven regions commonly regarded as continents â `` they are ( from largest in size to smallest ) : Asia , Africa , North America , South America , Antarctica , Europe , and Australia .


A continent is a large area of the land on Earth that is joined together .

A continent is one of several large landmasses on Earth .


Tartiers is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .

Tartiers is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


The 1972 Atlantic hurricane season began on June 1 , 1972 and ended on November 30 , 1972 . 1972 had a very inactive hurricane season with only 7 storms all were named this was one of the seasons that subtropical storms had a separate naming list .

The following names were used for named storms ( tropical storms and hurricanes ) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1972 .


The 1972 Atlantic hurricane season began on June 1 , 1972 and ended on November 30 , 1972 .

The 1972 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 , 1972 , and lasted until November 30 , 1972 .


Kerlon ( born 27 January 1988 ) is a Brazilian football player .

Kerlon Moura Souza ( born 27 January 1988 ) is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for ParanÃ Clube , on loan from Internazionale .


GÃ 1\/4 tersloh is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany .

GÃ 1\/4 tersloh is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , in the area of Westphalia and the administrative region of Detmold . GÃ 1\/4 tersloh is the administrative center for a district of the same name and has a population of 96,320 people .


Tizac-de-Curton is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France .

Tizac-de-Curton is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France .


Fareins is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France .


If people get heart disease later , it is called acquired heart disease .

Valvular heart disease is disease process that affects one or more valves of the heart .


Tonga national football team is the national football team of Tonga .

The Tonga national football team is the national team of Tonga and is controlled by the Tonga Football Association .


The poetic voice is that of a young man and the poems trace the development of a relationship from the start with the first poem First Look through its end with the last poem Seeds .

The poetic voice is that of a young male and the poems trace the development of a relationship from the beginning with the first poem `` First Look '' through its demise with the last poem `` Seeds '' .


Bever is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant .

Bever ( Dutch , BiÃ vÃ ne in French ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant . The municipality only comprises the town of Bever proper .


Most people are able to be amused ( laugh or smile at something funny ) and have a sense of humor .

The majority of people are able to experience humor , i.e. , to be amused , to laugh or smile at something funny , and thus they are considered to have a sense of humor .


In these instances , the hyphen is almost always either omitted or , occasionally , replaced with an ` o ' as in = O ) .

In these instances , the hyphen is almost always either omitted or , occasionally , replaced with an ` o ' as in = O .


U.S. patent 6987991 , for example , discloses a method developed in 2001 to send emoticons over a cell phone using a drop down menu .


In Taiwan , Orz is associated with the phrase `` nice guy '' -- that is , the concept of males being rejected for a date by girls they are pursuing with a phrase like `` You are a nice guy . ''

In Taiwan , Orz is associated with the phrase `` nice guy '' â '' that is , the concept of males being rejected for a date by girls they are pursuing with a phrase like `` You are a nice guy . ''


The idea was to indicate tongue-in-cheek , with the hyphen represented a tongue , not a nose :

The idea was to indicate tongue-in-cheek â '' the hyphen represented a tongue , not a nose :


In South Korea , emoticons using Korean Hangul letters have been getting popular lately as well .

In South Korea , emoticons using Korean Hangul letters is popular as well .


An O or U with an umlaut , Ã -- , Ã can be seen as an emoticon , as the upright version of : O ( meaning that one is surprised ) and : D ( meaning that one is very happy ) .

The letters Ã -- and Ã can be seen as an emoticon , as the upright version of : O ( meaning that one is surprised ) and : D ( meaning that one is very happy ) .


Orz ( also seen as Or2 , on _ , OTZ , OTL , STO , JTO , _ no , ï 1\/4 å â -- , å rz , O7Z , _ 7O , Sto , and Jto ) is a Japanese emoticon representing a kneeling or bowing person , with the `` o '' being the head , the `` r '' being the arms and part of the body , and the `` z '' being part of the body and the legs .

Orz ( also seen as Or2 , on _ , OTZ , OTL , STO , JTO , _ no , ï 1\/4 å â -- , å rz , O7Z , _ 7O , Sto , O Â _ , and Jto ) is an emoticon representing a kneeling or bowing person , with the `` o '' being the head , the `` r '' being the arms and part of the body , and the `` z '' being part of the body and the legs .


A cute and sometimes gamine smile can be expressed like this : :3

A cute and somewhat gamine cat-face smile can be expressed like this : :3


Nabokov answered : `` I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile -- some sort of concave mark , a supine round bracket , which I would now like to trace in reply to your question . ''

Nabokov answered : `` I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile â '' some sort of concave mark , a supine round bracket , which I would now like to trace in reply to your question . ''


A few years later , Dodge 's Manual talked about a new way to show `` love and kisses '' , the number 88 .

Dodge 's Manual in 1908 documented the reintroduction of `` love and kisses '' as the number 88 .


In April 1857 , the National Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide wrote about the use of the number 73 in Morse code to mean `` love and kisses '' ( later changed to `` best regards '' ) .

The National Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide in April 1857 documented the use of the number 73 in Morse code to express `` love and kisses '' ( later reduced to the more formal `` best regards '' ) .


In web forums , instant messengers and online games , text emoticons are often automatically replaced with small corresponding images , which also came to be called `` Emoticons . ''

In web forums , instant messengers and online games , text emoticons are often automatically replaced with small corresponding images , which came to be called `` Emoticons . ''


Within a few months , it had spread to the ARPANET ( the early Internet ) and Usenet .

Within a few months , it had spread to the ARPANET and Usenet ) .


Certain complex character combinations can only be accomplished in a double-byte language , giving rise to very complex forms , sometimes known by their romanized Japanese name of kaomoji .

Certain complex character combinations can only be accomplished in a double-byte language , giving rise to especially complex forms , sometimes known by their romanized Japanese name of kaomoji .


The first person documented to have used the emoticons : - ) and : - ( , with a specific suggestion that they be used to express emotion , was Scott Fahlman in the U.S. at Carnegie Mellon University ; the text of his original proposal , posted to the Carnegie Mellon University computer science general board on 19 September 1982 ( 11:44 ) , was thought to have been lost , but was recovered twenty years later by Jeff Baird from old backup tapes .

The first person documented to have used the emoticons : - ) and : - ( , with a specific suggestion that they be used to express emotion , was Scott Fahlman ; the text of his original proposal , posted to the Carnegie Mellon University computer science general board on 19 September 1982 ( 11:44 ) , was thought to have been lost , but was recovered twenty years later by Jeff Baird from old backup tapes .


This allows SVG files to be automatically rendered as a GIF or PNG file , which is compatible with most browsers , which SVG is not .

This allows SVG files to be automatically rendered as a GIF or PNG file , which is compatible with most browsers , as opposed to SVG , which is not .


These shorthand notations became the foundation of `` emoticons '' as video terminals began to replace teletypes in general use .

These shorthand notations became the foundation of `` emoticons '' as computers began to replace teletypes on university campuses .


The use of emoticons can be traced back to the 19th century , and they were commonly used in casual or humorous writing .

The use of emoticons can be traced back to the 19th century , and they were commonly used in casual and\/or humorous writing .


A New York Times transcript of an 1862 speech given by Abraham Lincoln contains '' ; ) '' ( now known as a winky-face ) . There is some debate as to whether it is a typo , a legitimate form of punctuation , or an emoticon .

A New York Times transcript from Abraham Lincoln 's speech written in 1862 discovered by Bryan Benilous contains '' ; ) '' ; there is some debate as to whether it is a typo , a legitimate punctuation construct , or an emoticon .


o-o , e_e , e.e and\/or owo A quotation mark '' , apostrophe ' , or semicolon ; can be added to the emoticon to imply apprehension or embarrassment , in the same way that a sweat drop is used in anime .


Digital forms of emoticons on the Internet were written in an email during 1982 .

Digital forms of emoticons on the Internet were included in a proposal by Scott Fahlman of Carnegie Mellon University in a message on 19 September 1982 .


In 1912 , Ambrose Bierce created something called a `` snigger point '' . `` It is written thus ___ \/ !

In 1912 Ambrose Bierce proposed `` an improvement in punctuation â '' the snigger point , or note of cachinnation : it is written thus ___ \/ !


The word `` emoticon '' is a portmanteau of the English words emotion ( or emote ) and icon .

The word is a portmanteau of the English words emotion ( or emote ) and icon .


A web-forum software package which performed this transformation was Proxicom Forum , developed in 1996 .

The first web forum software package to perform this transformation was Proxicom Forum , developed in 1996 .


As early early as 1973 or earlier , teletype machine users used `` emoticons '' to express themselves .

Teletype machine operators , as early as 1973 , and probably long before that date , used `` emoticons '' to express themselves .


In the late sixties , the APL programming language and timesharing environment , with its rich character set with backspace and overstrike capability provided a fruitful arena for interactive and creative symbol invention .

In the late sixties the APL programming language and timesharing environment , with its rich character set with backspace and overstrike capability provided a fruitful arena for interactive and creative symbol invention .


Several Internet websites -- such as BT 's Connected Earth -- assert that Kevin Mackenzie proposed - ) as a joke-marker in April 1979 , on the MsgGroup ARPANET mailing list .

Several Internet websites â '' such as BT 's Connected Earthâ '' assert that Kevin Mackenzie proposed - ) as a joke-marker in April 1979 , on the MsgGroup ARPANET mailing list .


or ^ 3 ^ ' or v3v ; as well as : _________ ; ; ; O ; and \* u \* The equal sign can also be used for closed , anime looking eyes , for example : = 0 = , = 3 = , = w = , = A = , = 7 =


Daniel Carvalho ( born 1 March 1983 ) is a Brazilian football player .

Daniel da Silva Carvalho ( born 1 March 1983 in Pelotas , Rio Grande do Sul ) , more commonly known as Daniel Carvalho is a Brazilian football attacking midfielder well known for his dribbling and free kicks .


She was the daughter of Okeanos and Tethys , and with Pallas was also the mother of Zelus , Nike , Cratos , and Bia ( and sometimes Eos ) .

Styx was also the name of the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys . She was wife to Pallas and bore him Zelus , Nike , Kratos and Bia ( and sometimes Eos ) .


Iron ( III ) oxide , also known as rust , is an example .

Iron ( III ) is usually the most stable form of iron in air , as illustrated by the pervasiveness of rust , an insoluble iron ( III ) - containing material .


Ferric refers to chemical compounds containing iron in the +3 oxidation state .

Ferric refers to iron-containing materials or compounds . In chemistry the term is reserved for iron with an oxidation number of +3 , also denoted iron ( III ) or Fe3 + .


Alessandro Costacurta ( born 24 April 1966 ) is a former Italian football player .

Alessandro Costacurta ( born 24 April 1966 ) is an Italian former professional football defender turned manager .


In 1832 de Lesseps was appointed vice-consul at Alexandria , and in 1833 he became consul in Cairo , and soon afterwards given the management of the consulate general at Alexandria , until 1837 .

In 1833 de Lesseps was sent as consul to Cairo , and soon afterwards given the management of the consulate general at Alexandria , a post that he held until 1837 .


Near the end of 1837 he returned to France , and on 21 December married Mlle Agathe Delamalle ( Garches , Hauts-de-Seine , 15 October 1819 - Paris , 13 July 1853 ) , daughter of the prosecuting attorney at the court of Angers .

Towards the close of the year 1837 he returned to France , and on 21 December married Mlle Agathe Delamalle ( Garches , Hauts-de-Seine , 15 October 1819 - Paris , 13 July 1853 ) , daughter of the government prosecuting attorney at the court of Angers .


Ferdinand Marie , Vicomte de Lesseps , GCSI ( 19 November 1805 - 7 December 1894 ) was the French developer of the Suez Canal , which joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas in 1869 .

Ferdinand Marie , Vicomte de Lesseps , GCSI ( 19 November 1805 -- 7 December 1894 ) was the French developer of the Suez Canal , which joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas in 1869 , and substantially reduced sailing distances and times between the West and the East .


Poiana Stampei is a commune found in Suceava County , Romania .

Poiana Stampei is a commune located in Suceava County , Romania .


They include locusts , thrips , and lice among other types of insects .

They include termites , locusts , thrips , lice and stick insects , among many other types of insects .


The Exopterygota are a diverse insect superorder , divided into eight orders .

The Exopterygota are a highly diverse insect superorder , with at least 130,000 living species divided between 15 orders .


Exopterygota ( `` external winged forms '' ) develop wings on the outside of their bodies without going through a true pupal stage , though a few have something resembling a pupa .

Exopterygota ( `` external winged forms '' ) develop wings on the outside of their bodies without going through a true pupal stage , though a few have something resembling a pupa ( e.g. , Aleyrodidae ) .


The Exopterygota are a superorder of insects . They are in the subclass Pterygota in the infraclass Neoptera .

The Exopterygota , also known as Hemipterodea , are a superorder of insects of the subclass Pterygota in the infraclass Neoptera , in which the young resemble adults but have externally-developing wings .


Lion-sur-Mer is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

Lion-sur-Mer is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .


Joel Maturi has been the Athletic Director since 2002 .


The Minnesota Golden Gophers are the college sports team for the University of Minnesota .

The Minnesota Golden Gophers ( commonly shortened to Gophers ) are the college sports team for the University of Minnesota .


Gianluca Pagliuca ( born 18 December 1966 ) is a former Italian football player .

Gianluca Pagliuca ( born December 18 , 1966 in Bologna ) is a retired Italian football goalkeeper who is currently working as a commentator for Mediaset Premium .


Shingo Tomita ( born 20 June 1986 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Vegalta Sendai .

Shingo Tomita is a Japanese football player currently playing for Vegalta Sendai .


Owen William Paterson ( born June 24 , 1956 in Shropshire , England ) is a British politician who is the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland .

Owen William Paterson ( born 24 June 1956 ) is a British Conservative Party politician . He is the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Shropshire and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland .


It likes mostly dry open or semi-open habitats , such as savanna and Cerrado .

It prefers fairly dry open or semi-open habitats , such as savanna and Cerrado .


It lives in Bolivia , Brazil , and Suriname .

It occurs in Bolivia , Brazil , and Suriname .


The Horned Sungem ( Heliactin bilophus ) is a species hummingbird .

The Horned Sungem ( Heliactin bilophus ) is a South American hummingbird , the only species , ( monotypic ) , of the genus Heliactin .


It can make 90 wingbeats per second when it 's hovering to drink nectar from flowers .

It can achieve 90 wingbeats per second when it 's hovering to drink nectar from flowers .


' , born as Tyge Ottesen Brahe , ( lived December 14 1546 â `` October 24 1601 ) , was an astronomer from Denmark who built a big observatory called Uraniborg on a place called Hven in Denmark .

Tycho Brahe ( 14 December 1546 â `` 24 October 1601 ) , born Tyge Ottesen Brahe , was a Danish nobleman known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations .


Richard Axel ( born July 2 , 1946 in Brooklyn , New York City , New York ) is an American neuroscientist . He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004 for working on the olfactory receptors which he shared with Linda B. Buck .

Richard Axel ( born July 2 , 1946 , New York City ) is an American neuroscientist whose work on the olfactory system won him and Linda B. Buck , a former post-doctoral scientist in his research group , the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004 .


Michelangelo Rampulla ( born 10 August 1962 ) is a former Italian football player .

Michelangelo Rampulla ( born August 10 , 1962 in Patti , Sicily ) is a former Italian football goalkeeper .


The terms joinery and joiner are not used often in the United States any more , but the main carpenters ' trade union still calls itself the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America .

The `` joinery '' and `` joiner '' usage is obsolete in the USA , although the main carpenters ' trade union still calls itself the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America .


He did many jobs there , but is arguably best known as a character designer .

He worked in several positions there , but is arguably best known as a character designer .


Takamoto was born on April 19 1925 in Los Angeles , California .

Takamoto was born on April 29 , 1925 in Los Angeles , California .


Takamoto 's father moved from Hiroshima to the United States for his health .

Takamoto 's father emigrated from Hiroshima to the United States for his health .


He worked as an animator on such titles as Cinderella , Sleeping Beauty , One Hundred and One Dalmatians , and Lady and the Tramp .

He worked as an animator on such titles as Cinderella , Lady and the Tramp , Sleeping Beauty , and One Hundred and One Dalmatians .


The inspiration for Scooby-Doo 's creation as a Great Dane came from an employee of the Hanna-Barbera company who bred this dog .

The inspiration for Scooby-Doo 's creation as a Great Dane came from an employee of the Hanna-Barbera company , who bred this dog .


He only went back to Japan once , and that was to marry his wife .

He returned to Japan only once , to marry his wife .


While he was there , Takamoto received basic illustration training from other people in the camp .

It was there that Takamoto received basic illustration training from a couple of friendly co-internees .


After the bombing of Pearl Harbor , Takamoto 's family , like many Japanese-Americans , had to move to an internment camp .

After the bombing of Pearl Harbor , Takamoto 's family , like many Japanese Americans , was forced to move to an internment camp .


He was hired as an assistant animator by Walt Disney Studios in 1947 .

He was hired as an assistant animator by Walt Disney Studios in 1945 .


He was a production designer for Hanna-Barbera Productions and the artist\/character designer of Scooby-Doo .

He was most famous as being a production and character designer for Hanna-Barbera Productions shows such as Scooby-Doo .


Takamoto was Vice-President of Creative Design at Hanna-Barbera , and was responsible for overseeing Hanna-Barbera 's product-related merchandising .

Takamoto was Vice-President of Creative Design at Hanna-Barbera , and was responsible for overseeing H-B 's many product related merchandising .


Iwao Takamoto ( 29 April 1925 - 8 January 2007 ) was a Japanese-American animator , television producer , and film director .

Iwao Takamoto ( April 29 , 1925 -- January 8 , 2007 ) was a Japanese-American animator , television producer , and film director .


Takamoto left Disney in 1961 and joined Hanna-Barbera Productions shortly afterwards .

Takamoto left Disney in 1961 and joined Hanna-Barbera Productions shortly thereafter , but he and Joseph Barbera were both uncredited sequence directors in The Fox and the Hound .


Most of the installations are done in a urban setting .

These installations are often situated in urban locations throughout the world , although he has also done some `` Beyond The City '' woodland and beach installations and still does individuals and small groups occasionally .


Laversine is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .

Laversine is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


There are many marked hiking paths through the rural areas .


The Odenwald is a mountain chain in the south of Hesse , in the north of Bavaria and the north of Baden-W Ã 1\/4 rttemberg .

The Odenwald is a low mountain range in Hesse , Bavaria and Baden-W Ã 1\/4 rttemberg in Germany .


The big cities Mannheim and Frankfurt am Main are near to the Odenwald .

The Odenwald is known as a leisure destination easily accessible from the urban areas of Mannheim and Frankfurt .


It is known for its clean thin air and was once known for its health sanitariums .


You can find wild blueberries , strawberries and mushrooms in the forests .

Wild blueberries , strawberries and mushrooms are to be found in the forests .


Saumos is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France .

Saumos is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France .


Lewis is the northen part of Lewis and Harris , the largest island in the Western Isles ( or Outer Hebrides ) of Scotland .

Lewis ( , , also Isle of Lewis ) is the northern part of Lewis and Harris , the largest island of the Western Isles or Outer Hebrides ( an archipelago ) of Scotland .


GroslÃ e is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France .


Malcolm in the Middle was a 2000 Fox television series that ran from January 9 , 2000 to May 14 , 2006 .

Malcolm in the Middle is an American comedy television series created by Linwood Boomer for the Fox Network . The series was first broadcast on January 9 , 2000 , and ended its six-and-a-half-year run on May 14 , 2006 , after seven seasons and 151 episodes .


Lawrenceville is a city of Illinois in the United States .

Lawrenceville is a city in Lawrence County , Illinois , along the Embarras River .


Abbeville is a city and county seat of Henry County , Alabama .

Abbeville is a city in Henry County , Alabama , United States .


The latest game , Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots has been made by Konami for the Playstation 3 .

The series storyline was finally concluded in Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots for the PlayStation 3 .


A bobby pin ( kirby grip ) is a clip that goes in one 's hair to hold individual strands of hair in place .

In British English , it is known as a hair clip . It is a small pin or clip , usually of metal or plastic , used in coiffure to hold hair in place .


The Authorized King James Version is an English translation of the Christian Bible . King James I of England told the Church of England to begin working on it in 1604 .

The Authorized King James Version is an English translation by the Church of England of the Christian Bible begun in 1604 and completed in 1611 .


This version of the Bible is also called the Authorized Version , or AV .

While the Authorized Version was meant to replace the Bishops ' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England , it was apparently ( unlike the Great Bible ) never specifically `` authorized '' , although it is commonly known as the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom .


The first book was published in 1611 . This Bible is known as the King James Version in the United States , or KJV for short .

In the United States , the `` 1611 translation '' ( actually the Standard Text of 1769 , see below ) is generally known as the King James Version or King James Bible today .


Sadly he was blamed for the Russian loss to the Japanese in the Battle of Tsushima , and in 1905 , he was relieved of his command .

In 1905 , after the defeat in the Battle of Tsushima he was relieved of his command .


He made a big contribution to re-equiping the Russian navy with new ships and in modernizing the naval ports .

He had a significant contribution in the equipment of the Russian navy with new ships and in modernizing the naval ports .


It was found on the same night ( 13 August 1898 ) by Gustav Witt in Berlin and Auguste Charlois at Nice .

It was discovered on the same night ( 13 August 1898 ) by Gustav Witt in Berlin and Auguste Charlois at Nice .


The Erotian surface gravity changes a lot , since Eros is not a sphere but a stretched peanut-shaped ( or potato - or shoe-shaped ) object .

The Erotian surface gravity varies greatly , since Eros is not a sphere but an elongated peanut-shaped ( or potato - or shoe-shaped ) object .


Eros is one of the few NEAs with a maximum diameter higher than 10km .

Eros is one of the few NEAs with a maximum diameter greater than 10 km .


But during rare oppositions , every 81 years , such as in 1975 and 2056 , Eros can reach a magnitude of +7.1 , which is brighter than Neptune and brighter than any main belt asteroid except 4 Vesta and , not usually , 2 Pallas and 7 Iris .

During rare oppositions , every 81 years , such as in 1975 and 2056 , Eros can reach a magnitude of +7.0 , which is brighter than Neptune and brighter than any main-belt asteroid except 4 Vesta and , rarely , 2 Pallas and 7 Iris .


Objects in an orbit like Eros can exist for only a few hundred million years before the orbit is perturbed by gravitational interactions .

Objects in such an orbit can remain there for only a few hundred million years before the orbit is perturbed by gravitational interactions .


433 Eros is the first found Near-Earth asteroid named after the Greek god of love , Eros ( Greek á 1\/4 Ï Ï Ï ) .

433 Eros ( ; Greek : á 1\/4 Ï Ï Ï ) is the first discovered near-Earth asteroid , named after the Greek god of love , Eros .


The adjectival form which is not used a lot of the name Eros is Erotian .

The rarely used adjectival form of the name Eros is Erotian .


It was first thought that the debris thrown up by the collision filled in the smaller craters .

It was originally thought that the debris thrown up by the collision filled in the smaller craters .


It is an S-type asteroid about 13 Ã -- 13 Ã -- 33 km in size , the second-biggest near-Earth asteroid ( NEA ) after 1036 Ganymed , belonging to the Amors .

It is an S-type asteroid approximately 34.4 Ã -- 11.2 Ã -- 11.2 km in size , the second-largest near-Earth asteroid ( NEA ) after 1036 Ganymed , belonging to the Amors .


On January 31 , 2012 , Eros is expected to pass Earth at 0.1787 astronomical units ( 16.6 million miles ) with a visual magnitude of +8.1 .

On January 31 , 2012 , Eros is expected to pass Earth at 0.179 A , about 70 times the distance to the moon , with a visual magnitude of +8.1 .


As one of the bigger Near Earth Asteroids ( NEAs ) , Eros has played a significant role in history .

As one of the larger near-Earth asteroids ( NEAs ) , Eros has played a significant role in history .


It is a Mars-crosser asteroid and was the first asteroid that was known to come within the orbit of Mars .

It is a Mars-crosser asteroid and was the first that was known to come within the orbit of Mars .


NEAR scientists have found that most of the bigger rocks strewn across Eros were blown off from a single crater in a meteorite collision approximately 1 billion years ago .

NEAR scientists have found that most of the larger rocks strewn across Eros were ejected from a single crater in a meteor collision approximately 1 billion years ago .


It is thought to be bigger than the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater in the YucatÃ n , which has been linked to the extinction of the dinosaurs .

A potential Earth impactor , it is believed to be larger than the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs .


Witt was taking a 2 hour exposure of beta Aquarius to secure astrometric positions of asteroid 185 Eunike .

Witt was taking a 2-hour exposure of Beta Aquarii to secure astrometric positions of asteroid 185 Eunike .


Eros was visited by the NEAR Shoemaker probe , which orbited it , taking many pictures of its surface , and , on February 12 2001 , at the end of its mission , landed on the asteroid 's surface using its maneuvering jets .

Eros was visited by the NEAR Shoemaker probe , which orbited it , taking extensive photographs of its surface , and , on February 12 , 2001 , at the end of its mission , landed on the asteroid 's surface using its maneuvering jets .


Its synodic period of over 846 Earth days is among the biggest of any body in the Solar System .

Its synodic period of over 846 earth days is among the largest of any body in the Solar System .


The daytime temperature on Eros hovers at about 100 Â C and nighttime measurements at â ' 150 Â C. Eros 's density is 2,400 kg\/m3 , about the same as the density of Earth 's crust .

The daytime temperature on Eros can reach about 100 Â C at perihelion . Nighttime measurements fall near -150 Â C. Eros 's density is 2,400 kg\/m3 , about the same as the density of Earth 's crust .


St. Lucas is a city of Iowa in the United States .

St. Lucas is a city in Fayette County , Iowa , United States .


Frederick North , 2nd Earl of Guilford , KG , PC ( 13 April 1732 â `` 5 August 1792 ) , more often known by his courtesy title , Lord North , was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782 .

Frederick North , 2nd Earl of Guilford , KG , PC ( 13 April 1732 â `` 5 August 1792 ) , more often known by his courtesy title , Lord North , which he used from 1752 until 1790 , was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782 .


CÃ sar Augusto da Silva Lemos ( born 17 May , 1945 ) is a former Brazilian football player . He has played for Brazil national team .

CÃ sar Augusto da Silva Lemos , usually called CÃ sar Maluco or just CÃ sar , ( born 17 May 1945 , NiterÃ i ) is a former Brazilian footballer who was included in the 1974 FIFA World Cup squad of the Brazil national football team .


These patients first have difficulty speaking clearly .

These patients first notice difficulty speaking clearly or swallowing .


Clinical trials with ALS patients showed that riluzole gives a better chance of survival by several months , mainly in those with a hard time swallowing .

Clinical trials with ALS patients showed that Riluzole lengthens survival by several months , and may have a greater survival benefit for those with a bulbar onset .


Speech becomes hard to understand and slurred .

Speech may become slurred , nasal in character , or quieter .


The drug also allows more time before a patient needs breathing help .

The drug also extends the time before a patient needs ventilation support .


In some of these cases , symptoms first affect one of the legs , and patients have awkwardness when walking or running or they notice that they are tripping or stumbling more often .

Patients with the leg onset form may experience awkwardness when walking or running or notice that they are tripping or stumbling , often with a `` dropped foot '' which drags gently along the ground .


Working with patients and people who take care of the patient , these teams can make a personalized plan of medical and physical therapy and give special equipment that can be used to keep patients as mobile and comfortable as possible .

Working with patients and caregivers , these teams can design an individualized plan of medical and physical therapy and provide special equipment aimed at keeping patients as mobile and comfortable as possible .


The parts of the body affected by early symptoms of ALS depend on which muscles in the body are affected first .

The parts of the body affected by early symptoms of ALS depend on which motor neurons in the body are damaged first .


Difficulty swallowing , and loss of tongue movement follow .

Other symptoms include difficulty swallowing , and loss of tongue mobility .


However , the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) has approved the first drug treatment for the disease : Riluzole ( Rilutek ) .

The Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) has approved only one drug treatment for the disease : Riluzole ( Rilutek ) .


This care is best given by teams of health care professionals such as physicians ; pharmacists ; physical , occupational , and speech therapists ; nutritionists ; social workers ; and home care and hospice nurses .

This supportive care is best provided by multidisciplinary teams of health care professionals such as physicians ; pharmacists ; physical , occupational , and speech therapists ; nutritionists ; social workers ; and home care and hospice nurses .


However , this first ALS therapy offers hope that the assault of ALS may one day be slowed by new medications or combinations of drugs .

Although only a modest first step , Riluzole offers hope that the progression of ALS may one day be slowed by new medications or a combination of drugs .


About 25 % of cases are bulbar onset ALS .

About 25 % of cases are `` bulbar onset '' ALS .


Riluzole does not heal the damage already done to motor neurons , and patients taking the drug must be watched for liver damage and other side-effects .

Riluzole does not reverse the damage already done to motor neurons , and patients taking the drug must be monitored for liver damage ( occurring in ~ 10 % of patients taking the drug ) and other possible side effects .


Riluzole is believed to make damage smaller to motor neurons by decreasing the release of glutamate , a substance that is found in most ALS patients .

Riluzole is believed to reduce damage to motor neurons by decreasing the release of glutamate via activation of glutamate transporters .


Other treatments for ALS are designed to make symptoms less painful and improve the quality of life for patients .

Other treatments for ALS are designed to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life for patients .


About 75 % of people have limb onset ALS .

About 75 % of people contracting the disease experience `` limb onset '' ALS i.e. first symptoms in the arms ( `` upper limb '' , not to be confused with `` upper motor neuron '' ) or legs ( `` lower limb '' , not to be confused with `` lower motor neuron '' ) .


Other limb onset patients first see the effects of the disease on a hand or arm as they have a difficult time with simple tasks requiring hand dexterity , or ability to move small things , such as buttoning a shirt , writing , or turning a key in a lock .

Arm-onset patients may experience difficulty with tasks requiring manual dexterity such as buttoning a shirt , writing , or turning a key in a lock .


Rochester is a city of Kentucky in the United States .

It is named for Rochester , New York . This Rochester is the smallest municipality by population in the United States by that name .


His wife was Simone Duvalier , and his son , Jean-Claude Duvalier succeeded him as President .

Duvalier held Haiti in his grip until his death in early 1971 . His 19-year-old son Jean-Claude Duvalier , nicknamed `` Baby Doc '' , succeeded as president .


FranÃ ois Duvalier ( 14 April 1907 - 21 April 1971 ) , known as `` Papa Doc '' , was the President ( dictator ) and Head of State of Haiti from 1957 until his death .

FranÃ ois Duvalier ( April 14 , 1907 - April 21 , 1971 ) was the President of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971 .


Cugny is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .

Cugny is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


Dornas is a commune in the ArdÃ che dÃ partement in southern France .

Dornas is a commune in the ArdÃ che department in southern France .


Double bass players in jazz bands or rock bands often connect their double bass to an electronic amplifier and a loudspeaker , to make a louder , stronger sound . This makes it easier for the double bass player , the other musicians , and the audience to hear the double bass 's musical notes .

In his A New History of the Double Bass , Paul Brun asserts , with many references , that the double bass has origins as the true bass of the violin family .


In the United States , Canada and United Kingdom , most professional orchestral players use four-string double basses with a `` C extension , '' which extends the lowest string down as far as low C , an octave below the lowest note on the cello .

In the United States , Canada and United Kingdom , most professional orchestral players use four-string double basses with a `` C extension '' , which extends the lowest string down as far as low C , an octave below the lowest note on the cello ( more rarely , this string may be tuned to a low B ) .


The double bass also has many other names . Some bluegrass musicians call it a `` bass fiddle '' or a `` bull fiddle . ''

In folk and bluegrass music , the instrument is also referred to as a bass fiddle or bass violin ( or more rarely as doghouse bass or bull fiddle ) .


In the simplest version , there are no mechanical aids attached to the fingerboard extension except a locking nut for the `` E '' note .

In the simplest mechanical extensions , there are no mechanical aids attached to the fingerboard extension except a locking nut for the `` E '' note .


More rarely would one find a four-string double bass with a `` B extension '' , extending the lowest string down to a low B. The extension is an extra section of fingerboard mounted up over the head of the bass .


Throughout classical repertoire , there are notes that fall below the range of a standard double bass . Notes below low E appear regularly in double bass parts in the Baroque and Classical eras , when the double bass was typically doubling the cello part an octave below .

In the Classical era , the double bass typically doubled the cello part an octave below , occasionally requiring descent to C below the E of the four-string double bass .


The double bass also has many other names .

Johannes Brahms , whose father was a double bass player , wrote many difficult and prominent parts for the double bass in his symphonies .


In an orchestra , double bass players bow the strings with a wooden bow strung with horsehair , or pluck the strings with their fingers ( plucking the strings is called pizzicato ) . In jazz the double bass is played pizzicato most of the time .

Like many other string instruments , the double bass is played either with a bow ( arco ) or by plucking the strings ( pizzicato ) .


Notes below low E appear regularly in double bass parts in the Baroque and Classical eras , when the double bass was typically doubling the cello part an octave below .

Notes below low E appear regularly in the double bass parts found in later arrangements and interpretations of Baroque music . These parts are transpositions of parts written for other bass instruments used before the modern double bass became common and may actually lower the part an octave .


Balochi ( also called Baluchi , Baloci or Baluci ) is a Northwestern Iranian language .

Balochi ( Ø Ù Ù Ú Û also Baluchi ) is a Northwestern Iranian language .


It is the main language of the Baloch of Balochistan , Pakistan , eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan .

It is the principal language of the Baloch of Balochistan , Pakistan , eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan .


Gauchin-Verloingt is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Gauchin-Verloingt is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


The Province of Naples ( Italian : Provincia di Napoli , Nnapulitano : Pruvincia ' e NÃ pule ) is a province in the Campania region of Italy .

The Province of Naples ( Italian : Provincia di Napoli , Napulitano : Pruvincia ' e NÃ pule ) is a province in the Campania region of Italy .


This kind of bibliography is not concerned with the written content of books , but rather the `` bookness '' of books - â `` how they were designed , edited , printed , circulated , reprinted and collected .

On the whole , bibliography is not concerned with the literary content of books , but rather the `` bookness '' of books â `` how they were designed , edited , printed , circulated , reprinted and collected .


Another meaning of Bibliography is the academic study of books as physical and cultural objects ; in this sense , it is also known as bibliology .

Bibliography ( from Greek , bibliographia , literally `` book writing '' ) , as a practice , is the academic study of books as physical , cultural objects ; in this sense , it is also known as bibliology ( from Greek , - logia ) .


Bibliography ( Greek Î Î Î Î '' Î Ï = book Î Ï Î Ï Î = write ) is the arrangement of printed books and articles according to author or subject , and the publication of lists of titles .

The word bibliographia ( Î Î Î Î '' Î Î Î Ï Î Ï Î Î ) was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries AD to mean the copying of books by hand .


The Emmy Awards are United States television production awards which are given out each year .

Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States . That changed when the Daytime Emmy Awards , a separate awards show specifically just for daytime programming , was first held in 1974 .


The Emmy Awards are United States television production awards which are given out each year . They are the television version of the Academy Awards .

The Emmy Award , often referred to simply as the Emmy , is a television production award , similar in nature to the Peabody Awards but more focused on entertainment , and is considered the television equivalent to the Academy Awards ( for film ) , Grammy Awards ( for music ) .


The best-known of the awards are the Primetime Awards ( some of which are named `` Creative Arts Emmys '' ) and the Daytime Emmy Awards .

The Daytime Emmy Awards , generally are held in June , are presented in recognition of excellence in American daytime television programming . The first daytime-themed Emmy Awards were given out at the primetime ceremony in 1972 , but the first separate awards show made just for daytime programming was not held until 1974 .


Shirley Dinsdale was the very first person to be given an Emmy in the first awards ceremony .

Shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy , for Most Outstanding Television Personality , during that first awards ceremony .


The first Emmy Awards were given out on January 25 , 1949 at the Hollywood Athletic Club .

The first Emmy Awards were presented on January 25 , 1949 at the Hollywood Athletic Club , but solely to honor shows produced and aired locally in the Los Angeles area .


He conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra at their summer residence , the Ravinia Festival , for five summers , then became director of the Toronto Symphony from 1965 to 1969 and music director of the San Francisco Symphony from 1970 to 1976 .

He was music director of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra from 1965 to 1970 and of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra from 1969 to 1976 .


The Platte River ( also called the Nebraska River ) is a river in the United States that flows into the Missouri River . It is around 310 miles ( or 499 km ) long .

The Platte River is a river in the Western United States , approximately 310 m long .


Niederlenz is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .

Niederlenz is a municipality in the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .


Bristol Filton Airport or Filton Aerodrome lies on the border between Filton and Patchway , within South Gloucestershire , north of Bristol , England .

Bristol Filton Airport or Filton Aerodrome lies on the border between Filton and Patchway , within South Gloucestershire , 4 N north of Bristol , England .


Kursi Aur Qanoon is a Pakistani Punjabi film directed by Syed Noor .

Kursi Aur Qanoon is a Pakistani Punjabi film directed by Masood Butt .


The punter pushes a pole against the river bed and this gives the punt a way to move .

The punter generally propels the punt by pushing against the river bed with a pole .


Punts were originally built as cargo boats or platforms , for shooting at birds and fishing , but in modern times they are mostly used for pleasure trips on the rivers in the university towns of Oxford and Cambridge in England , and are raced at summer regattas on the Thames .

Punts were originally built as cargo boats or platforms for fowling and angling , but in modern times their use is almost exclusively confined to pleasure trips .


In Oxford and Cambridge 16 ft long poles are sometimes used .

In both Oxford and Cambridge , long 16 f poles tend to be used exclusively .


A punt is a flat boat with a broad front , designed for use in small rivers or other shallow water .

A punt is a flat-bottomed boat with a square-cut bow , designed for use in small rivers or other shallow water .


During 2006 , Reel Big Fish was dropped from Jive Records .

While on tour in early 2006 , Reel Big Fish were dropped from the Jive Records label .


GÃ 1\/4 nter Netzer ( born 14 September 1944 ) is a former German football player .

GÃ 1\/4 nter Theodor Netzer ( born 14 September 1944 in MÃ nchengladbach ) is a former German football player and team general manager currently working in the media business .


Monona is a city of Iowa in the United States .

Monona is a city in Clayton County , Iowa , United States .


Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on the Persian Gulf , Ur is now well inland , south of the Euphrates on its right bank , 16 k from Nasiriyah , Iraq .

Once a coastal city near the mouth of the Euphrates on the Persian Gulf , Ur is now well inland , south of the Euphrates on its right bank , 16 k from Nasiriyah .


Boqueho is a commune . It is found in the region Bretagne in the CÃ tes-d ` Armor department in the west of France .

Boqueho ( , Gallo : Boco ) is a commune in the CÃ tes-d ` Armor dÃ partement in Bretagne in north-western France .


Longinus ' legend grew over the years to the point that he was said to have converted to Christianity after the Crucifixion , and he is traditionally venerated as a saint in various Christian denominations .

Longinus ' legend grew over the years to the point that he was said to have converted to Christianity after the Crucifixion , and he is traditionally venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church and several other Christian communions .


Longinus is the name given in medieval and modern Christian traditions to the Roman soldier who pierced Jesus in his side with a lance while he was on the Cross .

Longinus is the name given in medieval and some modern Christian traditions to the Roman soldier who pierced Jesus in his side with a lance , the `` Holy Lance '' ( lancea in the Latin Vulgate ) while he was on the Cross .


The Himalayan Elm ( Ulmus wallichiana ) Planch . , also known as the Kashmir Elm , found in Kashmir .

The Himalayan Elm Ulmus wallichiana Planch . , also known as the Kashmir Elm , is a mountain tree ranging from central Nuristan in Afghanistan , through northern Pakistan northern India , to western Nepal at elevations from 800 m to 3000 m. Although dissimilar in appearance , its common name is occasionally used in error for the Cherry Bark Elm Ulmus villosa , which is also endemic to the Kashmir , but inhabits the valleys , not the mountain slopes .


Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two of the most common eating disorders today .

Bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are the most common specific forms in the United States .


Initially he was a bad guy and Naruto 's rival . After a while the two develop a bond as kindred spirits and become close friends .

Initially introduced as an antagonist and Naruto 's rival , the two eventually develop a bond as kindred spirits and become close friends as the series progresses .


He is known as Gaara of the Sand in the Viz translation , and Sabaku no Gaara ( Gaara of the Desert ) in the original Japanese . Initially he was a bad guy and Naruto 's rival .

Naruto defeats Gaara , and as a result , Gaara adopts Naruto 's philosophy , realizing that fighting for others yields greater strength than fighting for one 's self .


Gaara is a character in the manga and anime Naruto .

Gaara has made several appearances outside of the Naruto anime and manga .


He is known as Gaara of the Sand in the Viz translation , and Sabaku no Gaara ( Gaara of the Desert ) in the original Japanese .

These attacks on the villagers convinced Gaara 's father that he was a failed experiment , and he ordered Gaara 's assassination . All of the attempts on Gaara 's life failed , as Shukaku would always protect Gaara from harm and kill the assassin .


SebastiÃ n Battaglia ( born 8 November 1980 ) is an Argentine football player . He plays for Boca Juniors and Argentina national team .

SebastiÃ n Alejandro Battaglia ( born November 8 , 1980 ) is an Argentine football midfielder who currently plays with Argentine club Boca Juniors .


There are three types of gallon still in use .

The sizes of gallon used in these two systems are different from each other : the first is based on the wine gallon ( equal in size to to the US gallon ) , and the second on either the ale gallon or the smaller imperial gallon .


A gallon is a unit of measurement used to measure volume .

The gallon is a measure of volume approximately equal to four liters .


The Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police , or MTA Police , is the police force of New York 's Metropolitan Transportation Authority local railroad , or MTA .

The Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police , or MTA Police , is the police agency of New York 's Metropolitan Transportation Authority , or MTA .


Officers of the MTA Police are ful police officers in New York State and in the state of Connecticut .

Officers of the MTA Police are fully empowered under the New York State Public Authorities Law and are commissioned in the state of Connecticut .


Open source is a kind of software . It is different from other software because the source code is available to everyone .

Open source software is software whose source code is published and made available to the public , enabling anyone to copy , modify and redistribute the source code without paying royalties or fees .


Wikipedia uses open source too . The Open Source Movement is led by the Open Source Initiative .

This led to the development of the now widely used terms free open source software and commercial open source software to distinguish between truly open and hybrid forms of open source .


Skara Brae is a large stone-built Neolithic settlement on the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of mainland Orkney , Scotland .

Skara Brae is a large stone-built Neolithic settlement , located on the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of Mainland , Orkney , Scotland .


It is Europe 's most complete Neolithic village . The level of preservation is such that it is a main part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Heart of Neolithic Orkney .

Europe 's most complete Neolithic village , Skara Brae gained UNESCO World Heritage Site status as one of four sites comprising `` The Heart of Neolithic Orkney . ''


Stuttering therapy This therapy is also known as `` speak more fluently '' , `` prolonged speech '' or `` connected speech . '' It trains stutterers to speak fluently ( without the â bumpy bitsâ ) by controlling their breathing and how they move their lips , jaw , and tongue .

Fluency shaping therapy , also known as `` speak more fluently '' , `` prolonged speech '' or `` connected speech '' , trains stutterers to speak fluently by controlling their breathing , phonation , and articulation ( lips , jaw , and tongue ) .


The most widely known approach was made by Charles Van Riper in 1973 and is also known as block modification therapy .

The most widely known approach was published by Charles Van Riper in 1973 and is also known as block modification therapy .


This helps to make very slow but non bumpy speech used only in the speech clinic .

The result is very slow , monotonic , but fluent speech , used only in the speech clinic .


Stutterers are trained to slow down their speaking rate by stretching vowels and consonants . Other methods include soft speech contacts .

Stutterers are trained to reduce their speaking rate by stretching vowels and consonants , and using other fluency techniques such as continuous airflow and soft speech contacts .


Fluency shaping approaches are normally taught in groups therapy programs , which may take two to three weeks to complete . More recently the Camperdown program , using a much shorter schedule , has been shown to work well .

Fluency shaping approaches are often taught in intensive group therapy programs , which may take two to three weeks to complete , but more recently the Camperdown program , using a much shorter schedule , has been shown to be effective .


The goal of stuttering modification therapy is not to get rid of stuttering but to change it so that stuttering is easier and less stressful .

The goal of stuttering modification therapy is not to eliminate stuttering but to modify it so that stuttering is easier and less effortful .


This behavior has declined recently because of the replacement of doorstep delivery by supermarket purchases of milk , and by hard-topped containers instead of the old bottles .

This behavior has declined recently because of the trend toward buying low-fat ( skimmed ) milk , and the replacement of doorstep delivery by supermarket purchases of milk .


The Blue Tit is a valuable destroyer of pests , though it has not an entirely clean sheet as a beneficial species .


The Blue Tit , Cyanistes caeruleus , is a passerine songbird in the family Paridae . It is 10.5 to 12 cm ( 4.2 to 4.8 inches ) long .

The Blue Tit , Cyanistes caeruleus , is a 10.5 to 12 cm ( 4.2 to 4.8 inches , ) long passerine bird in the tit family Paridae .


As a rule the bird roosts in ivy or evergreens , but in hard weather will shelter in a hole .

As a rule the bird roosts in ivy or evergreens , but in harsh winters will nest wherever there is a suitable small hole , be it in a tree or nesting box .


Blue and Great Tits form mixed winter flocks , and the former are perhaps the better gymnasts on the slender twigs .

Blue and Great Tits form mixed winter flocks , and the former are perhaps the better gymnasts in the slender twigs .


The Blue Tit is a widespread and common resident breeder . It lives throughout temperate and subarctic Europe and western Asia in deciduous or mixed woodlands .

It is a widespread and common resident breeder throughout temperate and subarctic Europe and western Asia in deciduous or mixed woodlands .


It is a resident bird ; most do not migrate .

It is a resident bird ; i.e. , most birds do not migrate .


Letts is a city of Iowa in the United States .

Letts is a city in Louisa County , Iowa , United States .


Hutton hit on a variety of ideas to explain the rock strata he saw around him . According to Playfair he `` was in no haste to publish his theory ; for he was one of those who are much more delighted with the contemplation of truth , than with the praise of having discovered itâ .

Hutton hit on a variety of ideas to explain the rock formations he saw around him , but according to Playfair he `` was in no haste to publish his theory ; for he was one of those who are much more delighted with the contemplation of truth , than with the praise of having discovered itâ .


Over time there was a convergence between these views , but Lyell 's description of the development of geological ideas led to a belief that uniformitarianism had triumphed .

Over time there was a convergence in views , but Lyell 's description of the development of geological ideas led to wide belief that uniformitarianism had triumphed .


James Hutton MD ( Edinburgh , ( 14 June 1726 - 26 March 1797 ) was a Scottish geologist , physician , naturalist , chemist and experimental farmer .

James Hutton MD ( Edinburgh , 3 June 1726 OS ( 14 June 1726 NS ) - 26 March 1797 ) was a Scottish geologist , physician , naturalist , chemist and experimental farmer .


Hutton later read an abstract of his Concerning the system of the Earth , its duration and stability on 4 July 1785 , which he had printed and circulated privately .

Hutton subsequently read an abstract of his dissertation Concerning the System of the Earth , its Duration and Stability to Society meeting on 4 July 1785 , which he had printed and circulated privately .


After some 25 years of work , his Theory of the Earth was read to meetings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1785 .

After some 25 years of work , his Theory of the Earth ; or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition , Dissolution , and Restoration of Land upon the Globe was read to meetings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in two parts , the first by his friend Joseph Black on 7 March 1785 , and the second by himself on 4 April 1785 .


Lyell 's books had widepread influence , not least on the up and coming young geologist Charles Darwin who read them with enthusiasm during his voyage on the Beagle .

Lyell 's books had widepread influence , not least on the up and coming young geologist Charles Darwin who read them with enthusiasm during his voyage on the Beagle , and has been described as Lyell 's first disciple .


William Whewell coined the term uniformitarianism to describe Lyell 's version of the ideas . This was in contrast with catastrophism , the idea that the rocks recorded a series of catastrophes followed by repopulation by a new range of species .

In a comment on the arguments of the 1830s , William Whewell coined the term uniformitarianism to describe Lyell 's version of the ideas , contrasted with the catastrophism of those who supported the early 19th century concept that geological ages recorded a series of catastrophes followed by repopulation by a new range of species .


At these places , the produced materials are tested before delivery . To test them , testing guidelines of industry or this firm are used .

The test bay is a place such as a hall , a laboratory or sometimes a department where the produced articles are tested before delivery according to testing guidelines of this industry or firm .


The test bay is part of the quality management . The protocols written during testing are evidences in case of insurance issues , say .

The test bay or test field is part of the quality management , and the protocols are the evidence in case of insurance issues , say .


Nantucket Memorial Airport ( airport code KACK ) serves the city of Nantucket , Massachusetts .

Nantucket Memorial Airport is a public airport on the south side of the island of Nantucket in the U.S. state of Massachusetts .


Psyche can also refer to a person of Greek mythology .

A psyche in mythology means a butterfly .


The article about her is at Psyche ( mythology ) The Ancient Greeks believed that the Psyche ( or soul ) was responsible for behavior .

The Greeks believed that the soul or `` psyche '' was responsible for behavior .


Tatsunori Hisanaga ( born 23 December 1977 ) is a Japanese football player .

Tatsunori Hisanaga is a Japanese footballer .


The first time phonetics was studied was 2,500 years ago in what is now India , with PÄ á ini , when he wrote about the place and manner of articulation of consonants in Sanskrit in his 5th century BC essay on Sanskrit linguistics .

Phonetics was studied as early as 500 BC in ancient India , with PÄ á ini 's account of the place and manner of articulation of consonants in his 5th century BC treatise on Sanskrit .


The major Indic scripts today order their consonants the way PÄ á ini did .

The major Indic alphabets today order their consonants according to PÄ á ini 's classification .


Dolignon is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .

Dolignon is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


She is also a supporter for the Tea Party Movement and founder of the House 's Tea Party Caucus .

Bachmann is a supporter of the Tea Party movement and is founder of the House Tea Party Caucus .


Clermont is a city of Florida in the United States .

The Florida Citrus Tower , one of the first constructed Florida landmarks , is located in Clermont .


It is located in the Islamabad Capital Territory , though the area has historically been a part of the crossroads of the Punjab region and the North-West Frontier Province ( the Margalla pass being a historic gateway to the North-West Frontier Province , and the Pothohar Plateau historically is a part of the Punjab region ) .

Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the north of the country , within the Islamabad Capital Territory . The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Margalla pass acting as the gateway between the two regions .


Saint-Aignan-sur-Ro Ã `` is a commune of 926 people ( 1999 ) . It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France .

Saint-Aignan-sur-Ro Ã `` is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France .


Olds is a city of Iowa in the United States .

Olds is a city in Henry County , Iowa , United States .


He or she is the `` custodial parent '' .

Terms of art such as `` primary custodial parent '' and `` primary residence '' have no legal meaning other than for determining tax status , and both parents are still said to be `` custodial parents '' .


Physical custody means : who looks after the child from day to day . It is about where a child will live .

Physical custody involves the day-to-day care of a child and establishes where a child will live .


If a child lives with one parent , that parent has `` sole physical custody '' . He or she is the `` custodial parent '' .

If a child lives with only one parent , that parent has sole physical custody and is said to be the custodial parent .


If a child lives with one parent , that parent has `` sole physical custody '' .

If a child lives with both parents , each parent shares `` joint physical custody '' and each parent is said to be a `` custodial parent '' .


Child custody and guardianship are legal terms which are sometimes used to describe the legal relationship between a parent and his or her child . It includes such things as the right of the parent to make decisions for the child , and the parent 's duty to care for the child .

Child custody and guardianship are legal terms which are sometimes used to describe the legal and practical relationship between a parent and his or her child , such as the right of the parent to make decisions for the child , and the parent 's duty to care for the child .


There may be `` joint custody '' , which means that both parents have custody over the child .

Joint custody is an arrangement whereby both parents have legal custody and\/or both parents have physical custody .


The other parent is the `` non-custodial parent '' , but they may have the right to visit the child .

A non-custodial parent is a parent who does not have physical and\/or legal custody of his\/her child by court order .


Klaus Fischer ( born 27 December , 1949 ) is a former German football player .

Klaus Fischer ( born 27 December 1949 ) is a German former football player and coach .


A flash ( also known as a tattoo flash ) is a design or picture that is used in order to create a tattoo .

Hand-drawn , local tattoo flash was largely replaced by professional `` flash artists '' who produced prints of copyrighted flash and sold them at conventions or through the Internet . By the turn of the new century ( 2000 ) , most tattoo studios have become custom shops with the flash serving as more of a reference for ideas .


Tresses is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France .

Tresses is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France .


He was drafted by the Ottawa Senators with the 291st overall pick in the 2003 NHL Draft and played 3 seasons with them before being traded to the Colorado Avalanche on February 18 , 2011 for Craig Anderson .

He was drafted by the Senators in the ninth round of the 2003 NHL Entry Draft , 291st overall .


Brian Elliott ( born April 9 , 1985 in Newmarket , Ontario ) is a professional Canadian ice hockey goaltender that currently plays for the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .

Brian Elliott ( born April 9 , 1985 ) is a Canadian ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League .


A study by Hey has indicated that of the people migrating across this land bridge during that time period , only 70 left their genetic print in modern descendants .

A study by Hey has indicated that of the people migrating across this land bridge during that time period , only 70 left their genetic print in modern descendants , a minute effective founder population -- easily misread as though implying that only 70 people crossed to North America .


Other land bridges around the world have been created and re-flooded in the same way : approximately 14,000 years ago , mainland Australia was linked to both New Guinea and Tasmania ; the British Isles were an extension of continental Europe via the dry bed of the English Channel ; and the dry basin of the South China Sea linked Sumatra , Java and Borneo to the Asian mainland .

Other land bridges around the world have emerged and disappeared in the same way : approximately 14,000 years ago , mainland Australia was linked to both New Guinea and Tasmania ; the British Isles formed an extension of continental Europe via the dry bed of the English Channel ; and the dry basin of the South China Sea linked Sumatra , Java and Borneo to the Asian mainland .


The Bering land bridge is significant for several reasons , not least because it is believed to have enabled human migration to the Americas from Asia about 25,000 years ago .

The Bering land bridge is significant for several reasons , not least because it is believed to have enabled human migration to the Americas from Asia about 20,000 years ago .


The Beringian land bridge is believed to have existed both in the glaciation that occurred before 35,000 BP and during the more recent period 22,000-7 ,000 years Before Present .

The Beringian land bridge is believed to have existed both in the glaciation that occurred before 35,000 Before Present ( BP ) and during the more recent period 22,000-7 ,000 years BP .


During cycles of global cooling , such as the most recent ice age , enough sea water became concentrated in the ice caps of the Arctic and Antarctica that the subsequent drop in eustatic sea levels exposed shallow sea floors that have subsequently re-flooded .

During cycles of global cooling , such as the most recent ice age , enough sea water became concentrated in the ice caps of the Arctic and Antarctic that the subsequent drop in eustatic sea levels exposed shallow sea-floors that have subsequently re-flooded .


It was not glaciated because snowfall was extremely light the southwesterly winds from the Pacific Ocean lost their moisture over the fully glaciated Alaska Range .

It was not glaciated because snowfall was extremely light due to the southwesterly winds from the Pacific Ocean having lost their moisture over the fully glaciated Alaska Range .


Its greatest extension was about 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) north to south .

The Bering land bridge was a land bridge roughly 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) north to south at its greatest extent , which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at various times during the Pleistocene ice ages .


It was isolated from populations in Asia for at least 5,000 years . Sometime after 16,500 years ago , it started to populate the Americas when the American glaciers that blocked the way southward melted .

It is believed that a small human population of at most a few thousand survived the Last Glacial Maximum in Beringia , isolated from its ancestor populations in Asia for at least 5,000 years , before expanding to populate the Americas sometime after 16,500 years ago , during the Late Glacial Maximum as the American glaciers blocking the way southward melted .


The Bering Strait , the Chukchi Sea to the north and the Bering Sea to the south , are all shallow seas ( maps , right ) .

The Bering Strait , the Chukchi Sea to the north and the Bering Sea to the south , are all shallow seas ( see maps ) .


The word `` economy '' comes from the Greek word Î á 1\/4 Î Î Î 1\/2 Ï Î 1\/4 Î Ï , meaning `` person who manages the house . ''

The English words `` economy '' and `` economics '' can be traced back to the Greek words Î á 1\/4 Î Î Î 1\/2 Ï Î 1\/4 Î Ï `` one who manages a household '' ( derived from Î á 1\/4 Î Î Ï `` house '' , and Î 1\/2 Î Î 1\/4 Ï `` distribute ( especially , manage ) '' ) , Î á 1\/4 Î Î Î 1\/2 Î Î 1\/4 Î Î `` household management '' , and Î á 1\/4 Î Î Î 1\/2 Î Î 1\/4 Î Î Ï Ï `` of a household or family '' . The first recorded sense of the word `` economy '' , found in a work possibly composed in 1440 , is `` the management of economic affairs '' , in this case , of a monastery .


In 1009 Ã Ã 3\/4 elrÃ d UnrÃ d ( King Ethelred the Unready ) signed a document which agreed the size of Weston .

In 1009 Ã Ã 3\/4 elrÃ d UnrÃ d ( King Ethelred the Unready ) signed a charter at the Great Council which recognized the position and boundaries of Weston .


The document shows that Weston owned the crossings of the River Trent .

The charter shows that Weston controlled the crossings of the Trent at , Weston Cliff , King 's Mills and Wilne .


This land was given to Morcar , the King 's chief minister .

This land was then given to Morcar , the King 's chief minister , and he was unusually given rights that were normally reserved for the King alone .


Weston-on-Trent is a village and parish in Derbyshire .

Weston-on-Trent is a village and civil parish in the South Derbyshire district of Derbyshire .


The land was at Weston upon Trent and at Morley , Smalley , Ingleby , Crich and Kidsley .

The land was listed as eight hides at Weston upon Trent , and a hide at Morley , Smalley , Ingleby , Crich and Kidsley .


It is to the north of the River Trent and the Trent and Mersey Canal .


The Minnesota Wild are a NHL team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota .

The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in St. Paul , Minnesota , United States .


Bergdietikon is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .

Bergdietikon is a municipality in the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .


Busnes is a commune . It is found in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Busnes is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


Rottenschwil is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .

Rottenschwil is a municipality in the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .


However , the Montreal Canadiens have finished first overall 21 times , the most times in league history , although they have yet to win the Presidents ' Trophy .

The Montreal Canadiens have finished first overall 21 times , the most times in league history , although this was most recently accomplished in , and have never won the trophy .


The Presidents ' Trophy is an award presented by the National Hockey League ( NHL ) to the team that finishes with the most points in the league during the regular season . If two teams tie for the most points , then the trophy goes to the team with the most wins .

If there are two or more teams tied for first in points in the league , then the Presidents ' Trophy is awarded to the team which has the most wins .


From 1937 to 1968 , the same rules now used for winning the Presidents ' Trophy were used to award the Prince of Wales Trophy .

From 1937 to 1968 , the same criterion now observed for winning the Presidents ' Trophy was used to award the Prince of Wales Trophy .


The winning team is also awarded $ 350,000 in cash bonuses .

The winning team is also awarded C$ 350,000 in cash bonuses .


Before the 1985 â `` 86 NHL season , the best team in the league during the regular season was allowed to hang a banner stating `` NHL League Champions '' .

Prior to this , the best team in the league during the regular season was allowed to hang a banner stating `` NHL League Champions '' .


With the Modern Era expansion in the 1967 â `` 68 season and the start of the West Division , the Wales Trophy was awarded to the team that finished in first place in the East Division during the regular season .

With the Modern Era expansion in the season and the creation of the West Division , the Wales Trophy was awarded to the team that finished in first place in the East Division during the regular season .


The trophy was introduced at the start of the 1985 â `` 86 NHL season by the league 's Board of Governors .

The trophy was introduced at the start of the NHL season by the league 's Board of Governors .


A cash bonus was given to each player on the team with the league 's best regular-season record during these years , to which the Presidents ' Trophy was added in 1985 â `` 86 .

A cash bonus was given to each player on the team with the league 's best regular-season record during these years , to which the Presidents ' Trophy was added in .


Seligenstadt is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse , Germany .

Seligenstadt is a town in the Offenbach district in the Regierungsbezirk of Darmstadt in Hesse , Germany .


The city consists out of the town Seligenstadt and the 2 former independent villages Froschhausen and Klein-Welzheim , both now urban districts of Seligenstadt . On 1 January 1977 they were united .

In 1977 in the course of municipal reform in Hesse , the neighbouring communities of Froschhausen and Klein-Welzheim were merged into Seligenstadt .


In this time also the name was changed from ObermÃ 1\/4 hlheim to Seligenstadt , because people brought some holy bones to the town .

Martyrs Marcellinusâ s and Peterâ s bones , which had been stolen in Rome , were transferred from the basilica in Steinbach in the Odenwald to ObermÃ 1\/4 hlheim , soon leading to a change in the communityâ s name from ObermÃ 1\/4 hlheim to Seligenstadt ( â Blessed Onesâ Townâ in German ) .


Around 830 the owner of the town started to build a great church , the Einhard-Basilika , and a monastery .

About 830 , building work began on the Einhard-Basilika , now the landmark of this town on the Lower Main .


The city consists out of the town Seligenstadt and the 2 former independent villages Froschhausen and Klein-Welzheim , both now urban districts of Seligenstadt .

Seligenstadtâ s Stadtteile are Seligenstadt , Klein-Welzheim and Froschhausen .


In 815 the name ObermÃ 1\/4 hlheim was written down in a document for the first time .

Seligenstadt had its first documentary mention on 11 January 815 in a donation document , under its then current name of ObermÃ 1\/4 hlheim .


Before it was built , the tallest building in the world was the Singer Building . The Woolworth Building became the tallest four years later .

It was the world 's tallest building for three years , until 1913 , when it was surpassed by the Woolworth Building .


Å '' agaÅ is a town in the west part of Poland . 26,665 people lived there in 2004 .

Å '' agaÅ ( French and ) is a town on the BÃ br river in western Poland , with 26,665 inhabitants ( 2004 ) .


The double title , both Prussian and French , meant that the duc de Sagan was a neutral party in the Second World War . His house ( the ChÃ cents teau de ValenÃ ay ) was a safe place to keep pictures and other things from the Louvre when German soldiers were in France .

The double title , both Prussian and French , served to render the duc de Sagan a neutral party in World War II : his ChÃ cents teau de ValenÃ ay provided a safe haven for treasures of the Louvre during the German occupation of France .


It is the main town of part of Poland called Å '' agaÅ County .

Historically the seat of the Silesian Dukes of Sagan , the town is the capital of Å '' agaÅ County .


It was released on July 9 , 2002 by record label Warner Bros. .

The album was released on July 9 , 2002 on Warner Bros. .


It sold over 282,000 copies in the first week , and reached the number two position on the Billboard 200 chart .

It sold over 286,000 copies in the first week , and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 .


The singles from the album were `` By the Way '' , `` The Zephyr Song '' , `` Ca n't Stop '' , `` Dosed '' and `` Universally Speaking '' .

The singles from the album included `` By the Way '' , `` The Zephyr Song '' , `` Ca n't Stop '' , `` Dosed '' and `` Universally Speaking '' .


The Balkan range runs 560 km from eastern Serbia eastward through central Bulgaria to Cape Emine on the Black Sea .

The Balkan range runs 560 km from the Vrashka Chuka Peak on the border between Bulgaria and eastern Serbia eastward through central Bulgaria to Cape Emine on the Black Sea .


The highest peaks of the Stara planina itself are in central Bulgaria .

The highest peaks of the Stara planina are in central Bulgaria .


There are several ways to allow the end-word to stay on the same line , without wrapping .

There are several methods to allow the end-word to stay on the same line , without wrapping .


( a ) - Only part of the lyrics are listed , to keep them short , per copyright laws limiting display to 10 % , or prohibiting the display of an entire performable unit , of a composition .

( a ) - The lyrics are truncated , to keep them short , per copyright restrictions limiting display to 10 % , or prohibiting the display of an entire performable unit , of a composition .


The wrapping of end-quotes grew to be so common , during 2005-2010 , that it has become instinctive to expect an end-quote to almost always be prematurely wrapped onto a second line , and the first line to be truncated as bizarrely too short .

The wrapping of end-quotes grew to be so common , during 2005-2009 , that it has become instinctive to expect an end-quote to almost always be prematurely wrapped onto a second line , and the first line to be truncated as bizarrely too short .


( Only part of the lyrics are listed , to keep them short , per copyright laws limiting to 10 % , or prohibiting the display of an entire performable unit , of a song ) .

( The lyrics are truncated , to keep them short , per copyright restrictions limiting to 10 % , or prohibiting the display of an entire performable unit , of a composition ) .


Moving a distracting tag-box can greatly improve the readability for readers , who might otherwise become surprised and alarmed by a 2-year-old gripe box which someone threw on the page , unopposed , years ago . Some tag-boxes give the idea that the box must be read to avoid very dangerous information in an article .

Moving a distracting tag-box can vastly improve the readability for readers , who might otherwise become alarmed and distracted by a 2-year-old gripe box someone threw on the page , unopposed , years ago , giving the impression that the tag-box must be read to avoid critically dangerous information in an article .


Perhaps the single greatest improvement to many articles is to lower those grandstanding top tag-boxes that proclaim , `` This article is bad : change it now '' .

Perhaps the single greatest improvement to many articles is to lower those grandstanding top tag-boxes that proclaim , `` This article is defective : fix immediately '' .


Hisashi Kato ( born 24 April 1956 ) is a former Japanese football player .

Hisashi Kato ( born April 24 , 1956 in Japan ) is a Japanese football manager and former player .