Therefore , the feathers in the ancestors of Velociraptor had another function .

The fact that the ancestors of Velociraptor were feathered and possibly capable of flight long suggested to paleontologists that Velociraptor bore feathers as well , since even flightless birds today retain most of their feathers .


Turner and colleagues interpreted the presence of feathers on Velociraptor as evidence that the ancestors of dromaeosaurids could fly , making Velociraptor and other large members of this family secondarily flightless .

Turner and colleagues interpreted the presence of feathers on Velociraptor as evidence against the idea that the larger , flightless maniraptorans lost their feathers secondarily due to larger body size . Furthermore , they noted that quill knobs are almost never found in flightless bird species today , and that their presence in Velociraptor ( presumed to have been flightless due to its relatively large size and short forelimbs ) is evidence that the ancestors of dromaeosaurids could fly , making Velociraptor and other large members of this family secondarily flightless , though it is possible the large wing feathers inferred in the ancestors of Velociraptor had a purpose other than flight .


Most of the continental crust is much older .

In contrast , the bulk of the continental crust is much older .


Such old continental crust and the mantle below it are less dense than other places in the earth .

Such old continental crust and the underlying mantle asthenosphere are less dense than elsewhere in the earth and so are not readily destroyed by subduction .


The Earth 's mantle and crust formed about 100 million years after the formation of the planet , about 4.6 billion years ago .

Partly by analogy to what is known about our Moon , Earth is considered to have differentiated from an aggregate of planetesimals into its core , mantle and crust within about 100 million years of the formation of the planet , 4.6 billion years ago .


The upper part of the mantle is made up of peridotite , a rock denser than rocks common in the crust .

The upper part of the mantle is composed mostly of peridotite , a rock denser than rocks common in the overlying crust .


The temperature of the crust increases with depth . Where the crust meets the mantle the temperatures can be between 200 Â C ( 392 Â F ) to 400 Â C ( 752 Â F ) .

The temperature of the crust increases with depth , reaching values typically in the range from about 200 Â C ( 392 Â F ) to 400 Â C ( 752 Â F ) at the boundary with the underlying mantle .


A few zircons at least 4.3 billion years old have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane .

A few zircons with ages as great as 4.3 billion years have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane .


The lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates that can move .

Because of convection in the underlying plastic ( although non-molten ) upper mantle and asthenosphere , the lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move .


The making of new continental crust is linked to times of major orogeny or mountain building . This happens at the same time as the formation of the supercontinents such as Rodinia , Pangaea and Gondwana .

Formation of new continental crust is linked to periods of intense orogeny or mountain building ; these periods coincide with the formation of the supercontinents such as Rodinia , Pangaea and Gondwana .


The crust forms in part by the coming together of island arcs including granite and metamorphic fold belts . They are kept together partly by the using up of the mantle below the crust , which makes a mantle on which the crust can float .

The crust forms in part by aggregation of island arcs including granite and metamorphic fold belts , and it is preserved in part by depletion of the underlying mantle to form buoyant lithospheric mantle .


The continental crust is thicker , and the oceanic crust is thinner .

Because the top of the continental crust is above that of the oceanic , water runs off the continents and collects above the oceanic crust . The continental crust and the oceanic crust are sometimes called sial and sima respectively .


They are kept together partly by the using up of the mantle below the crust , which makes a mantle on which the crust can float .

Both the continental and oceanic crust `` float '' on the mantle ( see isostasy ) .


Most crustal rocks formed before 2.5 billion years ago are in cratons .

Most crustal rocks formed before 2.5 billion years ago are located in cratons .


The Earth 's crust is less than 1 % of Earth 's volume .

Earth 's crust occupies less than 1 % of Earth 's volume .


The crust has two different parts . One is the continental crust ( under the land ) and the other is oceanic crust ( under the ocean ) .

The oceanic crust of the sheet is different from its continental crust .


The oldest oceanic basalt crust today is only about 200 million years .

The Earth has probably always had some form of basaltic crust , but the age of the oldest oceanic crust today is only about 200 million years .


The oldest continental crustal rocks on Earth are between 3.7 to 4.28 billion years old . These have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia , in the Acasta Gneiss in the Northwest Territories on the Canadian Shield , and on the Fennoscandian Shield .

The oldest continental crustal rocks on Earth have ages in the range from about 3.7 to 4.28 billion years and have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia , in the Acasta Gneiss in the Northwest Territories on the Canadian Shield , and on other cratonic regions such as those on the Fennoscandian Shield .


The crust and the upper mantle make up the lithosphere .

The crust and underlying relatively rigid uppermost mantle make up the lithosphere .


Hexham Abbey is an Anglican church in the town of Hexham , Northumberland , dedicated to St Andrew .

Hexham Abbey is a place of Christian worship dedicated to St Andrew and located in the town of Hexham , Northumberland , in northeast England .


There has been a church on this site for over 1300 years since Etheldreda , Queen of Northumbria , made a grant of lands c. 674 .

There has been a church on the site for over 1300 years since Etheldreda , Queen of Northumbria made a grant of lands to Wilfrid , Bishop of York c. 674 .


The Benedictine abbey was built almost entirely of stones from nearby Roman ruins . The Saxon crypt still remains ; as does a frith stool , a 7th\/8th century ` cathedra ' or throne .

Of Wilfrid 's Benedictine abbey , which was constructed almost entirely of material salvaged from nearby Roman ruins , the Saxon crypt still remains ; as does a frith stool , a 7th\/8th century cathedra or throne .


The east end was rebuilt in 1860 , and the rest of the Abbey was largely rebuilt around 1900 .


The choir , north and south transepts and the cloisters date from this period .

The choir , north and south transepts and the cloisters , where canons studied and meditated , date from this period .


The present church is from that period ( c. 1170 â `` 1250 ) , in the Early English ( Gothic ) style of architecture .

The current church largely dates from that period ( c. 1170 â `` 1250 ) , in the Early English style of architecture .


The nave was re-consecrated on August 8 , 1908 .


His son Eilaf II completed the work probably building in the Norman style .

His son Eilaf II completed the work , probably building in the Norman style .


In Norman times , the old abbey was replaced by an Augustinian priory .

In Norman times , Wilfrid 's abbey was replaced by an Augustinian priory .


This mammoth project involved re-building the nave , whose walls include some of the earlier church .

This mammoth project involved re-building the nave , whose walls incorporate some of the earlier church and the restoration of the choir .


F.C. Tokyo is a football club which plays in Japan .

F.C. Tokyo is a Japanese association football club playing in J. League Division 2 . Its hometown is Tokyo prefecture .


The World Conservation Union ( IUCN ) has worked out that endangered species are 40 % of all organisms .

The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has calculated the percentage of endangered species as 40 percent of all organisms based on the sample of species that have been evaluated through 2006 .


He also helped start the cognitive revolution in psychology through his review of B. F. Skinner 's Verbal Behavior .

In 1959 , Chomsky published a widely influential review of B. F. Skinner 's theoretical book Verbal Behavior . In this review and other writings , Chomsky broadly and aggressively challenged the behaviorist approaches to studies of behavior and language dominant at the time , and contributed to the cognitive revolution in psychology .


According to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index in 1992 , Chomsky was cited as a source more often than any other living scholar during the 1980 â `` 1992 time period .

According to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index in 1992 , Chomsky was cited as a source more often than any other living scholar from 1980 to 1992 .


His natural approach to the study of language also changed the philosophy of language and mind .

His naturalistic approach to the study of language has influenced the philosophy of language and mind .


Because of that , Chomsky became more widely known for his media criticism and politics . He is a key intellectual figure within the left wing of United States politics .

In the political arena , Chomsky 's status as a key intellectual figure within the American left wing has also resulted in criticism and led to a number of notable controversies .


Chomsky created the theory of generative grammar .

In the 1950s , Chomsky began developing his theory of generative grammar , which has undergone numerous revisions and has had a profound influence on linguistics .


Avram Noam Chomsky ( born December 7 , 1928 ) is an American linguist , philosopher , political activist , author , and lecturer .

Avram Noam Chomsky ( ; born December 7 , 1928 ) , known as Noam Chomsky , is an American linguist , philosopher , cognitive scientist , and political activist .


Katsuyuki Kawachi ( born 27 April 1955 ) is a former Japanese football player .

Katsuyuki Kawachi ( born April 27 , 1955 ) is a former Japanese football player .


Cellular division occurs along a single axis in these bacteria , and thus they grow in chains or pairs , hence the name from Greek Ï Ï Ï Î Ï Ï Î Ï streptos , meaning easily bent or twisted , like a chain ( twisted chain ) .

Cellular division occurs along a single axis in these bacteria , and thus they grow in chains or pairs , hence the name -- from Greek Ï Ï Ï Î Ï Ï Î Ï streptos , meaning easily bent or twisted , like a chain ( twisted chain ) .


Streptococci are oxidase and catalase-negative , and many are facultative anaerobes .

Streptococci are oxidase - and catalase-negative , and many are facultative anaerobes .


Ryuta Hara ( born 19 April 1981 ) is a former Japanese football player .

Ryuta Hara is a retired Japanese footballer .


Ann Coulter ( born December 8 , 1961 ) is from the United States .

Ann Hart Coulter ( born December 8 , 1961 ) is an American lawyer , conservative social and political commentator , author , and syndicated columnist .


Coulter has described herself as a `` polemicist '' or someone who tells the truth even if it will cause problems . She does not want to `` pretend to be impartial or balanced . ''

Well-known for her right-wing political opinions and the controversial ways in which she defends them , Coulter has described herself as a polemicist who likes to `` stir up the pot '' and , unlike `` broadcasters , '' does not `` pretend to be impartial or balanced . ''


She was asked to go on television , radio and speaks at public and private events .

She frequently appears on television , radio , and as a speaker at public events and private events .


Shigeru Sakurai ( born 29 June 1979 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Vegalta Sendai .

Shigeru Sakurai is a Japanese football player currently playing for Vegalta Sendai .


Saint-Philippe-d ` Aiguille is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France .

Saint-Philippe-d ` Aiguille is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France .


But on 2002 , a policy change had tropical and subtropical storms share the same list of names for the whole season , which started with Subtropical Storm Nicole in 2004 .

Subtropical Storm Nicole , from the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season was the first subtropical storm that did not become tropical since the policy change .


A subtropical cyclone ( also known as a subtropical storm ) is a cyclonic weather storm .

Hurricane Gustav of 2002 was the first Subtropical Storm to receive a name but became tropical shortly after naming . Subtropical Storm Nicole , from the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season was the first subtropical storm that did not become tropical since the policy change .


Although it could have been named , the subtropical storm remained without a name because the time of the discovery happened a long time after the official season had finished . A third subtropical cyclone was named Subtropical Storm Andrea which formed on May 9 just before the start of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season .

Examples include Subtropical Storm Ana ( which became Tropical Storm Ana ) in mid-April of the 2003 hurricane season and Subtropical Storm Andrea in early May and Subtropical Storm Olga ( which became Tropical Storm Olga ) in mid-December of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season .


They may be either cold core or warm core , and for some time in 1972 this type of subtropical cyclone was called as a `` neutercane '' .

These generally short-lived systems may be either cold core or warm core , and in 1972 this type of subtropical cyclone was referred to as a `` neutercane '' .


During the 1950s and 60s , subtropical cyclones were simply called `` semi-tropical '' .

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s , the term semi-tropical and quasi-tropical were used for what would become known as subtropical cyclones .


After that , subtropical storms were just numbered , such as Hurricane Karen from 2001 which was originally named Subtropical Storm One .

Between 1992 and 2001 , two different numbers were given to subtropical depressions or subtropical storms , one for public use , the other one for NRL and NHC reference . For example , Hurricane Karen in 2001 was initially known as Subtropical Storm One as well as AL1301 ( or 13L for short ) .


Another type of a subtropical cyclone is a mesoscale low forming in or near an area of horizontal wind shear , also known as a `` dying frontal zone '' , with radius of strongest winds normally less than 30 miles ( 50 kilometers ) .

A second type of subtropical cyclone is a mesoscale low originating in or near a frontolyzing zone of horizontal wind shear , also known as a dying frontal zone , with radius of maximum sustained winds generally less than 50 kilometers ( 30 miles ) .


The entire circulation may originally have a diameter of less than 100 miles\/160 kilometres .

The entire circulation may initially have a diameter of less than 160 kilometers ( 100 miles ) .


Shabani Nonda ( born 6 March 1977 ) is a Democratic Republic of the Congo football player .

Shabani Christophe Nonda ( born 6 March 1977 in Bujumbura , Burundi ) is a DR Congolese international footballer who is currently a free agent .


In 1995 , Opera became its own company called Opera Software ASA .

In 1995 , it branched out into a separate company named Opera Software ASA .


With the release of Opera 4.0 in the year 2000 , other operating systems were supported .

Opera 4.0 , released in 2000 , included a new cross-platform core that facilitated creation of editions of Opera for multiple operating systems and platforms .


Opera was first started in 1994 at Telenor , which is Norway 's largest telecommunications company .

Opera began in 1994 as a research project at Telenor , the largest Norwegian telecommunications company .


In Buddhism , the `` four great elements '' ( Pali : cattÄ ro mahÄ bhÅ `` tÄ ni ) are earth , water , fire and air . Hinduism adds a fifth `` great '' or `` gross '' element : ether .

In Hinduism 's sacred literature , the `` great '' or `` gross '' elements ( mahÄ bhÅ `` ta ) are fivefold : space ( or `` ether '' ) , air , fire , water and earth .


In 1962 , the club won its only honor until the 80s , when the team defeated Maccabi Tel Aviv 5-2 in the State Cup final .

In 1962 , the team defeated Maccabi Tel Aviv 5-2 in the State Cup final .


The fan club of Maccabi Haifa F.C. have the nickname The Green Monkeys ( '' '' Hakofim Hayerukim ) . Additional the MCH ( Maccabi Haifa ) fans are known as the best of Israel .

For details on former players , see List of Maccabi Haifa F.C. players and : Category : Maccabi Haifa F.C. players .


In 1963 they reached the final again , but failed to defend their title losing to arch-rivals Hapoel Haifa 1-0 .

In 1963 it reached the final again , but lost to Hapoel Haifa 1-0 .


It was a small , struggling club that spent most of its time bouncing between the Liga Leumit and the lower leagues .

It was a small , struggling club that spent most of its time shifting between Liga Leumit and the lower leagues .


In 1942 , the club reached the Israel State Cup final , but was humiliated 12-1 by Beitar Tel Aviv in the final , which is the club 's worst defeat ever .

In 1942 , the club reached the Israel State Cup final , but was defeated 12-1 by Beitar Tel Aviv in the final .


The club has won 11 championships , 5 State Cups and 3 Toto Cups .

The club has won 11 championships , 5 State Cups and 4 Toto Cups .


Maccabi Haifa Football Club was established in 1913 in the port city of Haifa .

Maccabi Haifa Football Club was established in 1913 in the port city of Haifa , in present day Israel .


The club was founded in 1913 , and it is one of the country 's most successful teams in Europe , being the first Israeli club to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League .

The club was founded in 1913 , and was the first Israeli club to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League .


The club was overshadowed by their city rivals Hapoel Haifa , who were then the darling club of the city of Haifa and especially of then mayor Abba Hushi .

The club was overshadowed by its city rival Hapoel Haifa .


A pornographic actor\/actress or a porn star is somebody who appears in pornographic films .

A pornographic actor\/actress or a porn star ( usually used in reference to a female actress ) is a person who appears in pornographic films .


Travis Landon Barker ( born November 14 , 1975 ) is an American drummer . He is better known for being in the band Blink-182 .

Travis Landon Barker ( born November 14 , 1975 ) is an American musician , producer , entrepreneur , and the drummer most noted for the American pop punk band Blink-182 , as well as the alternative rock band +44 , the rap rock band The Transplants , and the drummer for the alternative rock band Box Car Racer .


Tomislav Erceg ( born 22 October 1971 ) is a former Croatian football player .

Tomislav Erceg ( born 22 October 1971 ) is a retired Croatian football player .


Below , in the brine , the number of cells is much lower than in the halocline . Extremophiles are most common , including some of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent archaea and bacteria .

In the brine , the abundance of cells is much lower ; extremophiles predominate , including members of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent euryarchaeota ( DHVEs ) , Methanohalophilus and Proteobacteria .


Certain methane oxidizers and haloarchaea are found only in the halocline .

Members of archaeal anaerobic methane oxidizers group 1 ( ANME-1 ) and haloarchaea are found only in the halocline .


L'Atalante is the smallest of the three . Its surface begins at about 3500 m below sea level .

L'Atalante is the smallest of the three ; its surface begins at about 3500 m below sea level .


Eukaryotes are also found in l'Atalante , mostly ciliates ( 45 % ) , dinoflagellates ( 21 % ) and choanoflagellata ( 10 % ) .

Eukaryotes are also found in l'Atalante , including ciliates ( 45 % ) , dinoflagellates ( 21 % ) and choanoflagellates ( 10 % ) .


This halocline between the seawater above and the brine below has many bacterial and archaeal cells : they are chemoautotrophs , which feed on ammonia from the brine but can not function without some oxygen .

The approximately 1.5 m halocline between the seawater above and brine below teems with bacterial and archaeal cells : they are chemoautotrophs , which feed on ammonia from the brine but can not function without some oxygen .


The L'Atalanta lake and its neighbors the Urania and Discovery lakes are about 35,000 years old . They were formed by salt deposits dissolving out of the Mediterranean Ridge and collecting in deep depressions at the bottom of the Med .

L'Atalante and its neighbors the Urania and Discovery deep hypersaline anoxic basins ( DHABs ) are at most 35,000 years old , and were formed by Messinian evaporite salt deposits dissolving out of the Mediterranean Ridge and collecting in abyssal depressions about 3000 m deep .


Ñ Ð '' , Mongol khel ) is the best-known member of the Mongolic language family and the language of most of the residents of Mongolia , where it is officially written with the Cyrillic alphabet and of around three million Mongolian speakers in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China , where it is officially written with the traditional Mongolian script .

The Mongolian language ( in Mongolian script : , ' ; in Mongolian Cyrillic : , ' ) is the official language of Mongolia and the best-known member of the Mongolic language family . It may have about 5.2 million speakers , including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the Mongolian residents of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China .


It is known for the water-cure of Sebastian Kneipp ( \* 1821 , â 1897 ) , a catholic priest , who was living there for 42 years .

Bad WÃ rishofen is a spa town in the district UnterallgÃ u , Bavaria Germany known for the water-cure ( hydrotherapy ) developed by Sebastian Kneipp ( \* 1821 , â 1897 ) , a Catholic priest , who lived there for 42 years .


Devo was an American new wave pop music band .

Also in 2006 , Devo worked on a project with Disney known as Devo 2.0 . A band of child performers was assembled and re-recorded Devo songs .


The two watched his stand-up comedy film , Bill Cosby : Himself . They loved the routine and decided they wanted to build a television series around a comedian 's subject material which , with Cosby , was observations of life and family .


The Cosby Show is an American television sitcom starring Bill Cosby , first broadcast on September 20 , 1984 and ran for eight seasons on the NBC television network , until April 30 , 1992 .

The Cosby Show is an American television situation comedy starring Bill Cosby , first airing on September 20 , 1984 and running for eight seasons on the NBC television network , until April 30 , 1992 .


The album was released in 2004 . Chariot also was re-released in 2005 as a live acoustic album .

It was re-released in 2004 as `` Chariot ( Stripped ) , '' which included all of the original `` Chariot '' content as well as a bonus disc .


Chariot is an album by rock singer Gavin Degraw .

Chariot is an album by singer-songwriter Gavin DeGraw , first released in 2003 on J Records .


Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) is the standard time zone of the world .

Coordinated Universal Time ( abbreviated UTC ) is the time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time .


Ashtian County ( Persian : Ø cents Ø Ø Û Ø Ù ) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran .

Ashtian County is a county in Markazi Province in Iran .


New Castle is a city in Henry County , Indiana , 44 miles ( 71 km ) east of Indianapolis , on the Big Blue River .

New Castle is a city in Henry County , Indiana , 44 miles ( 71 km ) east-northeast of Indianapolis , on the Big Blue River .


Shunsuke Oyama ( born 6 April 1986 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Ehime .

Shunsuke Oyama is a Japanese football player currently playing for Ehime F.C. .


The earliest kind of musical notation was written on tablets using a way of writing called cuneiform . Music from Nippur from about 2000 B.C. has been found which seems to give an approximate idea of how the music should be played .

The earliest form of musical notation can be found in a cuneiform tablet that was created at Nippur , Iraq in about 2000 B.C. .


After the key signature is the time signature .

Following the key signature is the time signature .


A tablet from 1250 B.C. has musical notation which shows the names of the strings of a lyre .

A tablet from about 1250 B.C. shows a more developed form of notation .


Bars ( measures ) divide the piece into regular groupings of beats , and the time signatures show these groupings .

Measures ( bars ) divide the piece into groups of beats , and the time signatures specify those groupings .


It was popularized by Intel who developed the Pentium 1 , Pentium 2 , Pentium 3 , Pentium 4 and Pentium D processors .

In 2003 , Intel introduced a new processor based on the P6 microarchitecture called Pentium M , which was much more power efficient than the Mobile Pentium 4 , Pentium 4 M and Pentium III M. Dual-core version of the Pentium M was developed under the code name Yonah and sold under the marketing names Core Duo and Pentium Dual-Core . Unlike Pentium D , it integrated both cores on a single chip .


Manning was called the Most Valuable Player of the forty-second Super Bowl , which was played on February 3 , 2008 . In that game , he led the New York Giants to an unexpected win over the New England Patriots .

Manning won the Most Valuable Player award in Super Bowl XLII on February 3 , 2008 after he led the Giants to a victory over the previously undefeated New England Patriots .


He is the quarterback for the New York Giants in the National Football League ( NFL ) . Eli is the younger brother of Peyton Manning .

He is the younger brother of NFL quarterback Peyton Manning and the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning .


When Manning entered the NFL Draft ( which is where professional American football teams choose new players for their teams ) , he was first chosen by the San Diego Chargers .

The San Diego Chargers originally held the rights to the overall first pick in the 2004 NFL Draft . With Manning being the most highly coveted player in the draft , it appeared that the Chargers ' intentions were to draft Manning first overall .


In 2007 , Manning asked Abby McGrew to marry him .

In 2007 , Manning proposed to Abby McGrew of Nashville , Tennessee .


On April 19 , 2008 Manning and McGrew were married in San JosÃ del Cabo , Mexico .

Manning and McGrew married in a private ceremony held in San JosÃ del Cabo , Mexico on April 19 , 2008 .


Elisha Nelson `` Eli '' Manning ( born January 3 , 1981 in New Orleans , Louisiana ) is an American football player .

Eli Nelson Manning ( born Elisha Nelson Manning on January 3 , 1981 ) is an American football player for the New York Giants of the National Football League .


Manning played college football at the University of Mississippi after attending high school at Isidore Newman School in New Orleans .

He played college football at the University of Mississippi ( Ole Miss ) after attending prep school at Isidore Newman School in New Orleans .


The yoga referred to here , however , is specifically Raja Yoga ( or meditational union ) . It is based on the sage Patanjali 's text called the Yoga Sutra , which is about the Yoga philosophy that came before .

Someone practicing deep meditation ( such as in raja yoga ) must embody the core principles of karma yoga , jnana yoga and bhakti yoga , whether directly or indirectly .


The way to do all these have been described in the two main texts of Hindu Yoga : the Bhagavad Gita and the Yoga Sutras . The Upanishads also contain important texts about yoga .

Texts dedicated to Yoga include the Bhagavad Gita , the Yoga Sutras , the Hatha Yoga Pradipika , and , as their philosophical and historical basis , the Upanishads .


Donald Clark Osmond , better known as Donny Osmond , is a musician , actor , singer and teen idol .

Donald Clark `` Donny '' Osmond ( born December 9 , 1957 ) is an American singer , musician , actor , dancer , radio personality , and former teen idol .


He is also a talk show and game show host .

Osmond has also been a talk and game show host , record producer and author .


Donny was part of the group The Osmonds before he went solo later on .

Alan , Jay , Merrill , Wayne , and Donny were members of the popular singing group The Osmonds ( also known as The Osmond Brothers , which later included tracks with youngest brother Jimmy as well ) . Donny was raised as a Mormon in Utah along with his siblings .


Internet Message Access Protocol ( or IMAP ) is a set of rules that e-mail programs use to download email . Another protocol which does the same thing is called Post Office Protocol .

Internet message access protocol ( commonly known as IMAP ) is one of the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval , the other being the Post Office Protocol ( POP ) .


Cheriton is a town of Virginia in the United States .

Cheriton is a town in Northampton County , Virginia , United States .


Greendale is a city in the state of Indiana , in the United States .

Greendale is a city in Dearborn County , Indiana , United States .


It has the chemical symbol Ru . It has the atomic number 44 .

Ruthenium is a chemical element represented by the symbol Ru and atomic number 44 .


Ruthenium usually occurs as a minor component of platinum ores and its annual production is only about 12 tonnes worldwide .


Ruthenium is used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys .

A minor application of ruthenium is its use in some platinum alloys .


It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table . Similar to the other metals of the platinum group , ruthenium is inert to most chemicals .


Darcy Tucker ( born March 15 , 1975 in Castor , Alberta ) is a retired professional Canadian ice hockey winger that played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) with the Montreal Canadiens , Tampa Bay Lightning , Toronto Maple Leafs and Colorado Avalanche organizations .

Darcy Tucker ( born March 15 , 1975 ) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player , who played most of his National Hockey League ( NHL ) career with the Toronto Maple Leafs .


Uzziah ( cents Ö '' -- Ö Ö 1\/4 Ö Ö 1\/4 '' Ö 1\/4 in Hebrew , meaning Yahweh is my strength ; ; ) , also known as Azariah ( cents Ö -- Ö Ö Ö '' in Hebrew ; ; ) , was the king of the ancient Kingdom of Judah , and one of King Amaziah 's sons , whom the people chose to rule after his father ( ; 2 Chronicles 26:1 ) .

Uzziah ( Hebrew cents Ö '' -- Ö Ö 1\/4 Ö Ö 1\/4 '' Ö 1\/4 , meaning Yahweh is my strength ; ; ) , also known as Azariah ( Hebrew cents Ö -- Ö Ö Ö '' ; ) , was the king of the ancient Kingdom of Judah , and one of Amaziah 's sons , whom the people appointed to replace his father ( ; 2 Chronicles 26:1 ) .


He returned to his bedroom and he got a phone call that his wife told him not to answer , as it was a crank call .

He recalls that it was shortly after 4:30 am and he had just finished checking on his daughter , and returned to his bedroom . The phone rang ( or rather the green light was blinking ) and his wife told him not to answer , as it was a crank call .


Mello went to Fairfax High School ( Fairfax , Virginia ) .

Mello attended Fairfax High School ( Fairfax , Virginia ) .


During Professor Mellos first year in Boulder , David Hirsh decided to take a position in industry .

During his first year in Boulder , David Hirsh decided to take a position in industry .


In 2006 , Professor Mello and Andrew Z. Fire were awarded the Nobel Prize for work that began in 1998 , when Mello and Fire along with their colleagues ( SiQun Xu , Mary Montgomery , Stephen Kostas , and Sam Driver ) published research work in the journal `` Nature '' . The research was about tiny pieces of RNA causing the cell into destroy the genes Messenger RNA ( mRNA ) before it can produce a protein - stopping certain genes from working .

In 2006 , Mello and Fire received the Nobel Prize for work that began in 1998 , when Mello and Fire along with their colleagues ( SiQun Xu , Mary Montgomery , Stephen Kostas , and Sam Driver ) published a paper in the journal Nature detailing how tiny snippets of RNA fool the cell into destroying the gene 's messenger RNA ( mRNA ) before it can produce a protein - effectively shutting specific genes down .


Mello and Fires research , at the Carnegie Institution for Science ( Fire ) and the University of Massachusetts Medical School ( Mello ) , had shown that RNA is very important in gene control .

Mello and Fire 's research , conducted at the Carnegie Institution for Science ( Fire ) and the University of Massachusetts Medical School ( Mello ) , had shown that in fact RNA plays a key role in gene regulation .


Sweden 's Karolinska Institute chooses the Nobel Prize winners for Physiology and Medicine . They said : `` This year 's Nobel Laureates have discovered a fundamental mechanism for controlling the flow of genetic information . ''

The Nobel citation , issued by Sweden 's Karolinska Institute , said : `` This year 's Nobel Laureates have discovered a fundamental mechanism for controlling the flow of genetic information . ''


He took courses in molecular , cellular and developmental biology ( how plants and animals grow ) .

He took courses in molecular , cellular and developmental biology .


Some of his happiest early memories were holidays with his whole family in Colorado , Wyoming and more often to the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia .

Among his fondest early memories were field trips with his father and the whole family to Colorado and Wyoming and more frequent trips to the Blue Ridge mountains in Virginia .


The Mello family enjoyed long talks at the dinner table and this was very important to young Craig Mello .

The Mello family had a very strong tradition of discussions around the dinner table and this experience was very important to young Mello .


After he was awarded his high school diploma , Mello went to Brown University .

After receiving his high school diploma , Mello attended Brown University .


He was five years old when he started first grade in a local private school . He was too young to enter first grade in the public system .

He started first grade at the age of five in a local private school because he was too young to enter first grade in the public system .


The Mello family moved to Falls Church in northern Virginia so that James could take a job with the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) in Washington , DC .

The Mello family moved to Falls Church in northern Virginia so that James could take a position with the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) in Washington , DC .


In second grade , Mello only pretended that he could read and he was embarrassed of being talked to by the teacher .

In second grade , Mello only pretended that he could read and he was embarrassed of being called on in class .


Some of his teachers were called David Hirsh , Dick McIntosh , Mike Yarus , Larry Gold , and Bill Wood .

Some of his instructors were David Hirsh , Dick McIntosh , Mike Yarus , Larry Gold , and Bill Wood .


According to Professor Nick Hastie , director of the Medical Research Council 's Human Genetics Unit , said : `` It is very unusual for a piece of work to completely revolutionize the whole way we think about biological processes and regulation , but this has opened up a whole new field in biology . ''


He took all of the science courses except advanced physics .

He took all of the science courses offered except advanced physics .


When he told her that this was the day that Nobel prize winners were contacted , he said `` her jaw dropped . ''

When he told her that they were actually announcing the Nobel prize winners on this very day , he said `` her jaw dropped . ''


He learned to argue , to listen , and to accept if he was wrong about something .

He learned to argue , to listen , and to admit it when he was wrong about something .


His wife told him the phone had rung while he was out of the room and someone was making a bad joke on them by saying that he had won the Nobel prize .

Upon questioning his wife , she revealed that it had rung while he was out of the room and someone was playing a bad joke on them by saying that he had won the Nobel prize .


He worked on his project and worked long hours in the lab .

He worked on the project and worked long hours in the lab .


He was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , with Andrew Fire , for the discovery of RNA interference .

He was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine , along with Andrew Z. Fire , for the discovery of RNA interference .


Davids lab was filled with people , such as Dan Stinchcomb , who taught Professor Mello about molecular biology . These people were important to train Professor Mello for the future .

David 's lab was filled with people , such as Dan Stinchcomb ( who introduced Mello to the practice of molecular biology ) , who would prove to be important in Mello 's future training .


At a time when young Mello was not doing well in school , his family helped him build his confidence and self esteem .

At a time when young Mello was not performing so well in school , these daily discussions helped to build his confidence and self esteem .


After a short time in Falls Church , the family moved to Fairfax , Virginia , when James Mello began work as Assistant Director at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History .

After a brief stay in Falls Church , the family moved to Fairfax , Virginia , when James Mello switched from the USGS to a position as assistant director at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History .


Because of this , Mello moved to Harvard University where he could research with Dan Stinchcomb , who was starting an : wikt : independent lab .

Because of this , Mello moved to Harvard University where he could continue his research with Dan Stinchcomb , who was starting up an independent lab there .


Mello was born in New Haven , Connecticut on October 18 1960 .

Mello was born in New Haven , Connecticut on October 18 , 1960 .


He enjoyed playing outdoors , in the woods and creeks , more than time spent in the classroom .

He much preferred playing outdoors , in the woods and creeks , to time spent in the classroom .


His grandparents on both sides finished school as teenagers to work for their families .

His grandparents on both sides withdrew from school as teenagers to work for their families .


He does not know if he was a slow learner , or just not interested , but he did not do well in school until the seventh grade .

He does n't know if he was a slow learner , or just not interested , but he did not do well in school until the seventh grade .


Some of his teachers at Brown University were Frank Rothman , Ken Miller , Susan Gerbi and Nelson Fausto .

Some of his teachers at Brown were Frank Rothman , Ken Miller , Susan Gerbi and Nelson Fausto .


Mello studied biochemistry and molecular biology for his first years at Brown University .

Mello pursued biochemistry and molecular biology as his major at Brown .


At this time , his older siblings were great students , so his teacher 's wanted him to do well .

Meanwhile , his older siblings were model students , raising the teacher 's expectations for him .


He was awarded his B.S. from Brown University in 1982 .


He was awarded his Ph. D. from Harvard in 1990 .

He completed his Ph. D. from Harvard in 1990 .


James Mello was awarded his Ph. D. in paleontology from Yale University in 1962 .

James Mello completed his Ph. D. in paleontology from Yale University in 1962 .


Professor Craig Cameron Mello ( born October 18 , 1960 ) is an American biologist and Professor of Molecular Medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School .

Craig Cameron Mello ( born October 18 , 1960 ) is an American biologist and Professor of Molecular Medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester , Massachusetts .


After finishing his studies at Brown , Mello went to Boulder , Colorado for more studies .

After completing his studies at Brown , Mello went to Boulder , Colorado for graduate studies .


In the yearly Howard Hughes Medical Institute Scientific Meeting held on November 13 , 2006 in Ashburn , Virginia , Professor Mello talked about the phone call that he received telling him he had won the Nobel Prize .

In the annual Howard Hughes Medical Institute Scientific Meeting held on November 13 , 2006 in Ashburn , Virginia , Dr. Mello recounted the phone call that he received announcing that he had won the prize .


His parents met while at the Brown University and were the first children in their families to go to college .

His parents met while attending Brown University and were the first children in their respective families to attend college .


The experiment was done by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley in 1887 .

The Michelsonâ `` Morley experiment was performed in 1887 by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley at what is now Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland , Ohio .


The Acropolis of Athens is the most famous acropolis .

The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis ( Gr .


Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece , the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification .


The Volkswagen Sharan is a automobile produced by Volkswagen in two generations since 1995 . The SEAT Alhambra and the Ford Galaxy are based on the same platform as the Sharan .

The Volkswagen Group subsequently rebadged the Sharan in 1996 , and sold it as the SEAT Alhambra alongside the Sharan .


The Volkswagen Sharan is a automobile produced by Volkswagen in two generations since 1995 .

The Volkswagen Sharan is a large MPV produced by the German automaker Volkswagen since 1995 .


Padua ( or ) is a province in the region of Veneto in Italy .

The Province of Padua ( Provincia di Padova ) is a province in the Veneto region of Italy . Its capital is the city of Padua .


When sodium bicarbonate is heated , it releases carbon dioxide and water vapor ( gas ) and turns into sodium carbonate .

Above 70 Â C , sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium carbonate , water and carbon dioxide .


Digital forensics is a forensic science where experts look at all forms of digital media including computers , smart phones , tablet and GPS devices to solve help crime .

Digital forensics ( sometimes Digital forensic science ) is a branch of forensic science encompassing the recovery and investigation of material found in digital devices , often in relation to computer crime . The term digital forensics was originally used as a synonym for computer forensics but has expanded to cover all devices capable of storing digital data and is now used to describe the entire field .


Schwaderloch is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .

Schwaderloch is a municipality in the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .


Uncle Bill â Tappyâ Tapia ( born January 1 , 1908 ) is an American musician , born in Honolulu , Hawaii . His parents were Portuguese .

Uncle Bill â Tappyâ Tapia ( born January 1 , 1908 ) is an American musician , born in Honolulu , Hawaii , of Portuguese parents .


His long career started in Vaudeville and soon after he became a jazz guitarist and ukulele player . He has worked with big names such as Bing Crosby , Louis Armstrong , and Elvis Presley and has also worked with Hawaiian musicians such as King Bennie Nawahi , Sol Hoâ opiâ i and Andy Iona .

In his long career beginning in Vaudeville and quickly expanding as a jazz guitarist and ukulele player he has performed with names such as Bing Crosby , Louis Armstrong , Elvis Presley and Hawaiian musicians such as King Bennie Nawahi , Sol Hoâ opiâ i , and Andy Iona .


At age 10 , Tapia already had been a professional musician , playing â Stars and Stripes Foreverâ for World War I soldiers in Hawaii .

At age 10 , Tapia was already a professional musician , playing â Stars and Stripes Foreverâ for World War I troops in Hawaii .


Advance Wars 2 : Black Hole Rising is a turn-based tactics video game made by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance game console .

Advance Wars 2 : Black Hole Rising , known in Japan as Game Boy Wars Advance 2 is a turn-based tactics video game for the Game Boy Advance . It was developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo in 2003 .


It was later released in 2004 along with the first game as Game Boy Wars Advance 1 +2 .

It was eventually released as Game Boy Wars Advance 1 +2 in 2004 , bundled with Black Hole Rising .


It is the sequel to Advance Wars , also for the Game Boy Advance .

After the success of Advance Wars , Intelligent Systems , the company that created the original game , began designing a sequel to Advance Wars .


It is the sequel to Advance Wars , also for the Game Boy Advance . Neither were released on schedule in Japan because of the September 11 attacks .

In Japan , the release of the original Advance Wars game was indefinitely postponed due to the September 11 , 2001 , attacks .


They are found in all marine waters from surface tropical waters and shallow tide pools to the deep sea and polar regions .

They are found in all marine waters , from surface tropical waters and shallow tide pools to the deep sea and polar regions .


Despite the huge numbers , there are only about 120 modern species in 20 genera .

There are more than 120 modern species assigned to over 20 genera .


About 20 % of the known species are benthic and can attach to algae or rocks .

About 20 % of the known species are benthic , that is belonging to the lowest zone of the ocean , or benthic zone , and can attach to algae and rocks .


Complete body fossils have been described from China , and the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia .

Complete body fossils have been formally described from the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shales of Yunnan , China ( Eognathacantha ercainella Chen & Huang and Protosagitta spinosa Hu ) and the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia ( Oesia disjuncta Walcott ) .


The Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company ( MCCW ) was a manufacturer of railway carriages and wagons . They were based in Saltley - and later Washwood Heath - in Birmingham , England .

The Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company ( MCCW ) was a Birmingham , England based manufacturer of railway carriages and wagons , based in Saltley and subsequently Washwood Heath .


Freeware is software that people may get without paying for it .

Freeware ( from `` free '' and `` software '' ) is computer software that is available for use at no cost or for an optional fee , but usually with one or more restricted usage rights . Freeware is in contrast to commercial software , which is typically sold for profit .


This template creates a header to be used with succession boxes .

This template creates a header to be used with succession boxes for people with notable achievements .


Termites and cockroaches are very closely related , with ecological and molecular data pointing to a relationship with the cockroach genus Cryptocercus .

Termites and cockroaches are very closely related , with ecological and molecular data pointing to a relationship with the cockroach genus Cryptocercus ( Lo et al . , 2000 . ) .


The term Dictyoptera is usually considered a superorder , with Isoptera , Blattaria and Mantodea being its three orders .

It is usually considered a superorder , with Isoptera , Blattaria and Mantodea being its three orders .


If the Dictyoptera are a superorder they might be included in it .

If the Dictyoptera are considered a superorder these three orders might be included in it ( Cameron et al . , 2006 ) .


Based on genetic evidence , the closest living relatives of the Dictyoptera are the phasmids .

Based on genetic evidence , the closest living relatives of the Dictyoptera are the phasmids and the enigmatic groups Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea .


Dictyoptera includes three orders of insects -- cockroaches ( Blattaria ) , termites ( Isoptera ) and mantids ( Mantodea ) .

Dictyoptera includes three groups of polyneopterous insects - cockroaches ( Blattaria ) , termites ( Isoptera ) and mantids ( Mantodea ) .


Masanori Tokita ( born 24 June 1925 - died 5 March 2004 ) is a former Japanese football player .

Masanori Tokita ( June 24 , 1925 -- March 5 , 2004 ) was a Japanese football player .


It is the largest police department in the Midwest and the second largest in the United States after the New York City Police Department with over 13,600 sworn officers and over 2,600 other employees .

It is the largest police department in the Midwest and the second largest local law enforcement agency in the United States behind the New York City Police Department . It has over 13,500 sworn officers and over 1,925 other employees .


The Chicago Police Department , also known as the CPD , is the main law enforcement agency of the City of Chicago , Illinois , in the United States , under the jurisdiction of the city mayor .

The Chicago Police Department , also known as the CPD , is the principal law enforcement agency of the City of Chicago , Illinois , in the United States , under the jurisdiction of the city mayor .


The cecum is a part of the large intestine . It is comes before the colon and after the ileum in the gastrointestinal system .

The connection between the end of the small intestine ( ileum ) and the start of the colon ( cecum ) is now clearly understood , but the name has not changed .


Ve ( Ð ' , Ð ) is the third letter of the Cyrillic alphabet .

Ve ( Ð ' Ð ; italics : Ð ' Ð ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet .


Ve ( Ð ' , Ð ) is the third letter of the Cyrillic alphabet . It is said as ( v ) .

Ve and the Cyrillic letter Be ( Ð ` Ð ) were both derived from the Greek letter Beta ( Î ' Î ) , which already represented \/ v \/ in Greek by the time the Cyrillic alphabet was created .


Sons-et-Ronch Ã res is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


It also called blaeberry , whortleberry , whinberry , myrtle blueberry , fraughan , and probably other names in different regions of the world .

As well as `` bilberry '' , these include blaeberry ( or ) , whortleberry , ( ground ) hurts , whinberry , winberry , windberry , wimberry , myrtle blueberry and fraughan .


In Thomas Hardy 's 1878 book , The Return of the Native , they were called black-hearts in 19th century southern England .

The berries were called black-hearts in 19th century south-western England , according to Thomas Hardy 's 1878 novel , The Return of the Native .


It is a member of the genus Vaccinium . The bilberry is known by many names .

Bilberry ( especially Vaccinium myrtillus ) is known by a very wide range of local names .


Aberdeen was made in 1816 along the north shore of the Ohio River , at a site where a ferry was in service .

Aberdeen was founded in 1816 on the north shore of the Ohio River , at the site where a ferry had sprung up at the terminus of Zane 's Trace .


Aberdeen is a village of Brown County , Ohio , United States , along the Ohio River .

Aberdeen is a village in Brown County , Ohio , United States , along the Ohio River .


The population is 1,603 people as of 2000 .

The population was 1,603 at the 2000 census .


The village has an area of 1.7 square miles .

According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 1.7 square miles ( 4.4 kmÂ ) , of which , 1.4 square miles ( 3.7 kmÂ ) of it is land and 0.3 square miles ( 0.7 kmÂ ) of it ( 16.47 % ) is water .


An aqueduct is a man-made channel that carries water from one place to another . Usually , they are used to be the water supply of cities and towns .

An aqueduct is a water supply or navigable channel ( conduit ) constructed to convey water .


Pipes , canals , tunnels , and bridges that serve this purpose are all called aqueducts .

In modern engineering , the term is used for any system of pipes , ditches , canals , tunnels , and other structures used for this purpose .


Some aqueducts also hold boats and ships .

Large navigable aqueducts are used as transport links for boats or ships .


Aqueducts have been used since ancient times .

Another use for aqueducts is to supply large cities with drinking water . Some of the Roman aqueducts still supply water to Rome today .


Hattusa itself was destroyed , its site only re-occupied by a Phrygian fortress some 500 years later .

Hattusa itself was destroyed by fire , its site only re-occupied by a Phrygian fortress some 500 years later .


Suppiluliuma II , the son of Tudhaliya IV , was the last known king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite Empire , ruling 1207 BCE -- c. 1178 BCE , contemporary with Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyira .

Suppiluliuma II , the son of Tudhaliya IV , was the last known king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite Empire , ruling ca . 1207 â `` 1178 BC ( short chronology ) , contemporary with Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria .


An interchange is a location where two things meet . They usually perform some kind of exchange ( trade ) , and possibly go on their ways again .

An interchange is a location where two things meet , usually perform some kind of exchange , and possibly go on their ways again .


A philosopher who approached technology from a deterministic viewpoint . Ellu was professor at the University of Bordeaux , authored some 40 books and hundreds of articles over his lifetime , the dominant theme of which has been the threat to human freedom and Christian faith created by modern technology Ellu spoke often about the emergence of a `` technological tyranny '' over humanity .

A philosopher who approached technology from a deterministic viewpoint , Ellul , professor at the University of Bordeaux , authored 58 books and more than a thousand articles over his lifetime , the dominant theme of which has been the threat to human freedom and Christian faith created by modern technology .


Jacques Ellul ( January 6 1912 -- May 19 1994 ) was a French philosopher , sociologist , theologian , and Christian anarchist .

Jacques Ellul ( January 6 , 1912 â `` May 19 , 1994 ) was a French philosopher , law professor , sociologist , lay theologian , and Christian anarchist .


He wrote several books about the `` technological society '' , and about Christianity and politics , such as Anarchy and Christianity ( 1991 ) - anarchism and Christianity are socially following the same goal .

He wrote several books about the `` technological society '' and the interaction between Christianity and politics .


Jake Abel ( born Jacob Allen Abel on November 18 , 1987 in Canton , Ohio ) is an American actor .

Jacob Allen `` Jake '' Abel ( born November 18 , 1987 ) is an American actor .


In 1520 , he was condemned for heresy by the papal bull Exsurge Domine , which he burned at Wittenburg along with books of canon law .

In 1520 , he was condemned for heresy by the papal bull Exsurge Domine , which he burned at Wittenberg along with books of canon law .


The Investiture Controversy , also known as the lay investiture controversy , was the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe .

The Investiture Controversy , or Lay investiture controversy , was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe .


It centered on reviving the spirituality of established congregations , and mostly affected Congregational , Presbyterian , Dutch Reformed , German Reformed , Baptist , and Methodist churches , while also spreading within the slave population .

It centred on reviving the spirituality of established congregations , and mostly affected Congregational , Presbyterian , Dutch Reformed , German Reformed , Baptist , and Methodist churches , while also spreading within the slave population .


There were other crusades against Islamic forces in southern Spain , southern Italy , and Sicily , as well as the campaigns of Teutonic knights against pagan strongholds in Eastern Europe , and ( to a much lesser extent ) crusades within Christendom against heretical groups .

There were other crusades against Islamic forces in southern Spain , southern Italy , and Sicily , as well as the campaigns of Teutonic knights against pagan strongholds in Northeastern Europe ( see Northern Crusades ) .


As a symbol of the compromise , lay authorities invested bishops with their secular authority symbolized by the lance , and ecclesiastical authorities invested bishops with their spiritual authority symbolized by the ring and the staff .

As a symbol of the compromise , lay authorities invested bishops with their secular authority symbolised by the lance , and ecclesiastical authorities invested bishops with their spiritual authority symbolised by the ring and the staff .


The Holy Land had been part of the Roman Empire , and thus Byzantine Empire , until the Islamic conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries .

The Holy Land had been part of the Roman Empire , and thus Byzantine Empire , until the Islamic conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries .


The end of lay investiture meant an important loss of royal power , for the benefit Church reform , as the pope intended , and for ambitious noblemen as well .

The end of lay investiture threatened to undercut the power of the Empire and the ambitions of noblemen for the benefit of Church reform .


Thus , fundamentalism sought to reestablish tenants that could not be denied without relinquishing a Christian identity , the `` fundamentals '' : the Bible as God ` s word , viewed as the sole source of authority , the virgin birth of Christ , the doctrine of atonement through Jesus , the bodily resurrection of Jesus , and the imminent return of Christ .

Thus , fundamentalism sought to re-establish tenets that could not be denied without relinquishing a Christian identity , the `` fundamentals '' : inerrancy of the Bible , Sola Scriptura , the Virgin Birth of Jesus , the doctrine of substitutionary atonement , the bodily Resurrection of Jesus , and the imminent return of Jesus Christ .


Obviously , this ecclesiology it at variance with other groups that indeed consider themselves to be `` the Church '' .

Obviously , this ecclesiology is at variance with other groups that indeed consider themselves to be `` the Church . ''


He exerted a remarkable amount of authority in the city and over the city council , such that he has ( rather ignominiously ) been called a `` Protestant pope '' .

He exerted a remarkable amount of authority in the city and over the city council , such that he has ( rather ignominiously ) been called a `` Protestant pope . ''


Restorationism refers to various unaffiliated movements that considered contemporary Christianity , in all its forms , to be a deviation from the true , original Christianity , which these groups then attempted to `` Reconstruct '' , often using the Book of Acts as a `` guidebook '' or sorts .

Restorationism refers to the belief that a purer form of Christianity should be restored using the early church as a model . In many cases , restorationist groups believed that contemporary Christianity , in all its forms , had deviated from the true , original Christianity , which they then attempted to `` Reconstruct '' , often using the Book of Acts as a `` guidebook '' of sorts .


Though the majority of Protestant church leaders in Germany made little comment on the Nazis ' growing anti-Jewish activities , some , such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer ( a Lutheran pastor ) were strongly opposed to the Nazis .

Though many Protestant church leaders in Germany supported the Nazis ' growing anti-Jewish activities , some , such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer ( a Lutheran pastor ) were strongly opposed to the Nazis .


Perhaps the most important council was the Council of Chalcedon that affirmed that Christ had two natures , fully God and fully man , at the same time .

The Council of Chalcedon that affirmed that Christ had two natures , fully God and fully man , distinct yet always in perfect union .


Eventually , the failure of the Empire to send aid resulted in the popes turning for support from other sources , most especially the Franks .

Eventually the popes turned to others for support , especially the Franks .


The following campaigns were more or less successful , and the Imperial Exarchate was established in Ravenna for Italy , but imperial influence was often limited .

The subsequent campaigns were more or less successful , and an Imperial Exarchate was established for Italy , but imperial influence was limited .


The Second Great Awakening ( 1800 â `` 1830s ) , unlike the first , focused on the unchurched and sought to instill in them a deep sense of personal salvation as experienced in revival meetings .

The Second Great Awakening ( 1800 -- 1830s ) , unlike the first , focused on the unchurched and sought to instil in them a deep sense of personal salvation as experienced in revival meetings .


Henry VI 's rejection of the decree lead to his excommunication and a ducal revolt ; eventually Henry received absolution after dramatic public penance barefoot in Alpine snow and cloaked in a hairshirt ( see Walk to Canossa ) , though the revolt and conflict of investiture continued .

Henry IV 's rejection of the decree lead to his excommunication and a ducal revolt ; eventually Henry received absolution after dramatic public penance barefoot in Alpine snow and cloaked in a hairshirt ( see Walk to Canossa ) , though the revolt and conflict of investiture continued .


The doctrines of the apostles brought the Early Church into conflict with some Jewish religious authorities , and this eventually led to the martyrdom of SS .

The doctrines of the apostles brought the Early Church into conflict with some Jewish religious authorities .


That meant that Monophysitism was condemned .

Thus , it condemned Monophysitism and would be influential in refuting Monothelitism .


The movement can be distinguished into Catholic and Protestant movements , with the latter characterized by a redefined ecclesiology of `` denominationalism '' ( which the Catholic Church , among others , rejects ) .

The movement can be distinguished into Catholic and Protestant movements , with the latter characterised by a redefined ecclesiology of `` denominationalism '' ( which the Catholic Church , among others , rejects ) .


England then experienced a period of frenetic and eclectic reforms , some more radical and others more traditional , under monarchs such as Edward VI and Elizabeth I , and Archbishops of Canterbury such as Thomas Cranmer and William Laud .

England would later experience periods of frenetic and eclectic reforms contrasted by periods led by staunch conservatives . Monarchs such as Edward VI , Mary I , Elizabeth I , and Archbishops of Canterbury such as Thomas Cranmer and William Laud pushed the Church of England in many directions over the course of only a few generations .


That was the case with Stephen and James , son of Zebedee .

This involved even death for Christians such as Stephen and James , son of Zebedee .


Stephen and James the Great and expulsion from the synagogues .

This eventually led to their expulsion from the synagogues .


The relationship between Nazism and Protestantism , especially the German Lutheran Church , is complex .

The relationship between Nazism and Protestantism , especially the German Lutheran Church , was complex .


Fundamentalist Christianity , is a movement that arose mainly within British and American Protestantism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in reaction to modernism and certain liberal Protestant groups that denied doctrines considered fundamental to Christianity yet still called themselves `` Christian '' .

Fundamentalist Christianity , is a movement that arose mainly within British and American Protestantism in the late 19th century and early 20th century in reaction to modernism and certain liberal Protestant groups that denied doctrines considered fundamental to Christianity yet still called themselves `` Christian . ''


The two Councils of Niceaea ( 324 , 382 ) condemned the Arian heresy and produced a creed ( see Nicene Creed ) .

The two Councils of Nicaea ( 325 , 382 ) condemned Arian teachings as heresy and produced the Nicene Creed .


The three most important traditions to emerge directly from the Protestant Reformation were the Lutheran , Reformed ( Calvinist , Presbyterian , etc. ) , and Anglican traditions , though the latter group identifies as both `` Reformed '' and `` Catholic '' , and some subgroups reject the classification as `` Protestant '' .

The three most important traditions to emerge directly from the Protestant Reformation were the Lutheran , Reformed ( Calvinist , Presbyterian , etc. ) , and Anglican traditions , though the latter group identifies as both `` Reformed '' and `` Catholic '' , and some subgroups reject the classification as `` Protestant . ''


Thus the popes , out of necessity , found themselves feeding the city with grain from papal estates , negotiating treaties , paying protection money to Lombard warlords , and , failing that , hiring soldiers to defend the city .

The failure of the East to send aid resulted in the popes themselves feeding the city with grain from papal estates , negotiating treaties , paying protection money to Lombard warlords , and , failing that , hiring soldiers to defend the city .


The Western Schism , or Papal Schism , was a prolonged period of crisis in Latin Christendom from 1378 to 1416 , when there were two or more claimants to the See of Rome and thus it was difficult to discern who the true Pope was .

The Western Schism , or Papal Schism , was a prolonged period of crisis in Latin Christendom from 1378 to 1416 , when there were two or more claimants to the See of Rome and there was conflict concerning the rightful holder of the papacy .


According to Church tradition , it was under Nero 's persecution that the saints Peter and Paul became martyrs in Rome .

According to Church tradition , it was under Nero 's persecution that Peter and Paul were each martyred in Rome .


`` Ecumenism '' is derived from Greek ' ( oikoumene ) , which means `` the inhabited world '' , but more figuratively something like `` universal oneness '' .

`` Ecumenism '' is derived from Greek ( oikoumene ) , which means `` the inhabited world '' , but more figuratively something like `` universal oneness . ''


The Council of Ephesus condemned Nestorianism and affirmed the Blessed Virgin Mary to be Theotokos ( `` God-bearer '' or `` Mother of God '' ) .

The Council of Ephesus condemned Nestorianism and affirmed Mary to be Theotokos ( `` God-bearer '' or `` Mother of God '' ) .


The Magisterial Reformation involved the alliance of certain theological teachers ( Latin : magistri ) such as Luther , Zwingli , Calvin , Cramner , etc. with secular magistrates who cooperated in the reformation of Christendom .

The Magisterial Reformation involved the alliance of certain theological teachers ( Latin : magistri ) such as Luther , Zwingli , Calvin , Cranmer , etc. with secular magistrates who cooperated in the reformation of Christendom .


For 250 years there were times when Christians suffered from persecutions , because they refused to worship the Roman emperor .

For 250 years Christians suffered from sporadic persecutions for their refusal to worship the Roman emperor , considered treasonous and punishable by execution .


Ecumenical movements within Protestantism have focused on determining a list of doctrines and practices essential to being Christian and thus extending to all groups which fulfill these basic criteria a ( more or less ) co-equal status , with perhaps one 's own group still retaining a `` first among equal '' standing .

Ecumenical movements within Protestantism have focused on determining a list of doctrines and practices essential to being Christian and thus extending to all groups which fulfil these basic criteria a ( more or less ) co-equal status , with perhaps one 's own group still retaining a `` first among equal '' standing .


Emperor Alexius I asked for aid from Pope Urban II ( 1088-1099 ) for help against Islamic aggression .

Emperor Alexius I asked for aid from Pope Urban II ( 1088 â `` 1099 ) for help against Islamic aggression .


Until the late fourth century , when they became the dominant political force of the Roman Empire ( and by consequence the entire Mediterranean ) , Christians were subject to various persecutions .

From the beginning , Christians were subject to various persecutions .


Thus , Christianity got an identity distinct from Judaism .

Thus , Christianity acquired an identity distinct from Rabbinic Judaism , but this distinction was not recognized all at once by the Roman Empire , see Split of early Christianity and Judaism for details .


The East-West Schism , or Great Schism , separated the Church into Western ( Latin ) and Eastern ( Greek ) branches , i.e. Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy .

The East-West Schism , or Great Schism , separated the Church into Western ( Latin ) and Eastern ( Greek ) branches , i.e. , Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy .


The ensuing dispute eventually lead to a break from Rome and the declaration of the King of England as head of the English ( Anglican ) Church .

The ensuing dispute eventually lead to a break from Rome and the declaration of the King of England as head of the English Church .


It also sparked the beginnings of Restorationist groups such as the Mormons and the Holiness movement .

It also sparked the beginnings of groups such as the Mormons , the Restoration Movement and the Holiness movement .


Emperor Justinian I tried to restore imperial dominion in Italy against the gothic aristocracy .

After the Italian peninsula fell into warfare and turmoil due to the barbarian tribes , the Emperor Justinian I attempted to reassert imperial dominion in Italy from the East , against the Gothic aristocracy .


The essence of the Counter-Reformation was a renewed conviction in traditional practices and the upholding of Catholic doctrine as the source of ecclesiastic and moral reform , and the answer to halting the spread of Protestantism .

The essence of the Counter-Reformation was a renewed conviction in traditional practices and the upholding of Catholic doctrine as the source of ecclesiastic and moral reform , and the answer to halt the spread of Protestantism .


Concerning Catholic relations with Protestant communities , certain commissions were established to foster dialogue and documents have been produced aimed at identifying points of doctrinal unity , such as the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification produced with the Lutheran World Federation in 1999 .

With respect to Catholic relations with Protestant communities , certain commissions were established to foster dialogue and documents have been produced aimed at identifying points of doctrinal unity , such as the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification produced with the Lutheran World Federation in 1999 .


During the Age of Exploration , Christianity expanded throughout the world ; it is the largest religion of the world .

Becoming common to all of Europe in the Middle Ages , it expanded throughout the world during the Age of Exploration . Christianity has thus become the world 's largest religion .


During this era , there were several Ecumenical Councils .

During this era , several Ecumenical Councils were convened .


The first Christians were more or less all ethnically Jewish or Jewish proselytes .

The first Christians were essentially all ethnically Jewish or Jewish Proselytes .


Similarly , several of the New Testament writings mention persecutions and that they had very difficult times .

Similarly , several of the New Testament writings mention persecutions and stress endurance through them .


The Counter Reformation reconvered approximately 33 % of Northern Europe to Catholicism and initiated missions in South and Central America , Africa , Asia , and even China and Japan .

The Counter Reformation reconverted approximately 33 % of Northern Europe to Catholicism and initiated missions in South and Central America , Africa , Asia , and even China and Japan .


The term `` Protestant '' , however , was not originally used by these leaders ; instead , they called themselves `` evangelical '' , emphasizing the `` return to the true gospel ( Greek : euangelion ) '' .

The term `` Protestant '' was not originally used by Reformation era leaders ; instead , they called themselves `` evangelical '' , emphasising the `` return to the true gospel ( Greek : euangelion ) . ''


It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII .

It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV , and Pope Gregory VII concerning who would appoint bishops ( investiture ) .


He belonged to the second generation of the Reformation , publishing his theological tome , the Institutes of the Christian Religion , in 1536 ( later revised ) , and establishing himself as a leader of the Reformed church in Geneva , which became an `` unofficial capital '' of Reformed Christianity in the second half of the sixteenth century .

He belonged to the second generation of the Reformation , publishing his theological tome , the Institutes of the Christian Religion , in 1536 ( later revised ) , and establishing himself as a leader of the Reformed church in Geneva , which became an `` unofficial capital '' of Reformed Christianity in the second half of the 16th century .


But the Christian religion continued to spread throughout the Mediterranean region .

In spite of these at-times intense persecutions , the Christian religion continued its spread throughout the Mediterranean Basin .


The Papacy of St. Pius V ( 1566-1572 ) was known not only for its focus on halting heresy and worldly abuses within the Church , but also for its focus on improving popular piety in a determined effort to stem the appeal of Protestantism .

The Papacy of St. Pius V ( 1566 -- 1572 ) was known not only for its focus on halting heresy and worldly abuses within the Church , but also for its focus on improving popular piety in a determined effort to stem the appeal of Protestantism .


Persecutions in lager scale by the authorities of the Roman Empire , began with the year 64 , when the Emperor Nero blamed them for the great Fire of Rome as the Roman historian Tacitus reported .

Larger-scale persecutions followed at the hands of the authorities of the Roman Empire , beginning with the year 64 , when , as reported by the Roman historian Tacitus , the Emperor Nero blamed them for that year 's great Fire of Rome .


In the early 16th century , movements were begun by two theologians , Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli , that aimed to reform the Church ; these reformers are distinguished from previous ones in that they considered the root of corruptions to be doctrinal ( rather than simply a matter of moral weakness or lack of ecclesiastical discipline ) and thus they aimed to change contemporary doctrines to accord with what they perceived to be the `` true gospel '' .

In the early 16th century , movements were begun by two theologians , Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli , that aimed to reform the Church ; these reformers are distinguished from previous ones in that they considered the root of corruptions to be doctrinal ( rather than simply a matter of moral weakness or lack of ecclesiastical discipline ) and thus they aimed to change contemporary doctrines to accord with what they perceived to be the `` true gospel . ''


The very earliest reports are in these texts : early Christian creeds and hymns and reports about the Passion , the empty tomb , and appearances of Jesus after his Resurrection .

The very earliest accounts of belief are contained in these texts , such as early Christian creeds and hymns , as well as accounts of the Passion , the empty tomb , and Resurrection appearances ; some of these are dated to the '30s or '40s , originating within the Jerusalem Church .


The name `` Christian '' ( Greek ) was first used for the disciples in Antioch , as recorded in ( Acts 11:26 ; Acts 11:26 ) .

The name `` Christian '' ( Greek ) was first applied to the disciples in Antioch , as recorded in Acts 11:26 .


The beginning of the Protestant Reformation is generally identified with Martin Luther and the posting of the 95 Theses on the castle church in Wittenburg , Germany .

The beginning of the Protestant Reformation is generally identified with Martin Luther and the posting of the 95 Theses on the castle church in Wittenberg , Germany .


The First Great Awakening was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants in the American colonies c. 1730-1740 , emphasizing the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching , rudimentary liturgy , and a deep sense of personal guilt and redemption by Christ Jesus .

The First Great Awakening was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants in the American colonies c. 1730 â `` 1740 , emphasising the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching , rudimentary liturgy , and a deep sense of personal guilt and redemption by Christ Jesus .


Protestant expansion outside of Europe occurred on a smaller scale through colonization of North America and areas of Africa .

Protestant expansion outside of Europe occurred on a smaller scale through colonisation of North America and areas of Africa .


This ecclesiology , known as denominationalism , contends that each group ( which fulfills the essential criteria of `` being Christian '' ) is a sub-group of a greater `` Christian Church '' , itself a purely abstract concept with no direct representation , i.e. no group , or `` denomination '' , claims to be `` the Church '' .

This ecclesiology , known as denominationalism , contends that each group ( which fulfils the essential criteria of `` being Christian '' ) is a sub-group of a greater `` Christian Church '' , itself a purely abstract concept with no direct representation , i.e. , no group , or `` denomination '' , claims to be `` the Church . ''


Restorationism developed out of the Second Great Awakening and is historically connected to the Protestant Reformation , but differs in that Restorationists do not usually describe themselves as `` reforming '' a Christian church continuously existing from the time of Jesus , but as restoring the Church that they believe was lost at some point .


On 30 November 1894 , Pope Leo XIII publishes the Apostolic Letter Orientalium Dignitas ( On the Churches of the East ) safeguarding the importance and continuance of the Eastern traditions for the whole Church .

On 30 November 1894 , Pope Leo XIII published the Apostolic Letter Orientalium Dignitas ( On the Churches of the East ) safeguarding the importance and continuance of the Eastern traditions for the whole Church .


The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its branches .

The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries .


The basin is located mostly ( 54 % ) in Brazil , but also goes into Peru and several other countries .

The basin is located mainly ( 40 % ) in Brazil , but also stretches into Peru and several other countries .


Margot Betti Frank ( 16 February 1926 -- early March 1945 ) was the older sister of Anne Frank .

Margot Betti Frank ( 16 February 1926 -- early March 1945 ) was the older sister of Anne Frank , whose deportation order from the Gestapo hastened the Frank family into hiding , and who subsequently perished in Bergen-Belsen .


According to the famous diary of her sister Anne , Margot was keeping a diary as well , but no trace of Margot 's diary has ever been found .

According to the diary of her sister Anne , Margot was keeping a diary as well , but no trace of Margot 's diary has ever been found .


Achterhooks is a dialect of Low Saxon , spoken in the Achterhoek , in the east of the Netherlands .

Achterhooks is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect .


The first protest happened in the small fishing town of Uozu , Toyama Prefecture , on 23 July 1918 .

The initial protest occurred in the small fishing town of Uozu , Toyama Prefecture , on 23 July 1918 .


The Rice Riots of 1918 were riots where many of the citizens of Japan became upset and rebelled against the government that happened between July 1918 to September 1918 . They caused the ending of the Terauchi Masatake government .

The Rice Riots of 1918 were a series of popular disturbances that erupted throughout Japan from July to September 1918 , which brought about the collapse of the Terauchi Masatake administration .


By mid-September 1918 , over 623 protests and or riots had happened in 38 cities , 153 towns and 177 villages , with over 2 million people taking part in them .

By mid-September 1918 , over 623 disturbances had occurred in 38 cities , 153 towns and 177 villages , with over 2 million participants .


Starting with peaceful petitioning , the protest quickly grew into riots , strikes , looting , incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices and into armed fights .

Starting with peaceful petitioning , the disturbance quickly escalated to riots , strikes , looting , incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices and armed clashes .


A very big rise in the price of rice caused very bad economic ( money ) problems , especially in rural areas ( outside of cities ) where rice was the main food of daily life for people .

A precipitous rise in the price of rice caused extreme economic hardship , particularly in rural areas where rice was the main staple of life .


25,000 people were arrested , and 8200 were convicted of crimes . Punishments were given including minor fines and up to the death penalty .

Some 25,000 people were arrested , of whom 8200 were convicted of various crimes , with punishments ranging from minor fines to the death penalty .


Prime Minister Terauchi said he and his cabinet were to blame for the riots and they all resignation on 29 September 1918 .

Taking responsibility for the collapse of public order , Prime Minister Terauchi and his cabinet resigned on 29 September 1918 .


However , the north side of the compass points to the north pole , this can only mean that the `` north pole '' is really the magnetic south , and the `` south pole '' is really the magnetic north .

Since opposite poles ( north and south ) attract , whereas like poles ( north and north , or south and south ) repel , the Earth 's present geographic north pole is thus actually its magnetic south pole .


A compass uses the Earth 's magnetic field , and will always point to the North Pole . A north side of the magnet is attracted to the south side of another magnet .

The north pole of the magnet is the pole that , when the magnet is freely suspended , points towards the Earth 's north magnetic pole in northern Canada .


A north side of the magnet is attracted to the south side of another magnet . However , the north side of the compass points to the north pole , this can only mean that the `` north pole '' is really the magnetic south , and the `` south pole '' is really the magnetic north .

For a bar magnet , the direction of the magnetic moment points from the magnet 's south pole to its north pole , and the magnitude relates to how strong and how far apart these poles are .


The College 's current headmaster is Simon Davies .


Built at Eastleigh in October 1932 , no. 914 was working until July 1961 .

Built at Eastleigh in October 1932 , no. 914 remained in service until withdrawn by British Railways in July 1961 .


The Southern Railway used to use trains ' names for publicity , and carrying pupils to boarding schools at the beginning and end of school terms was a big part of the traffic .

The Southern Railway made great use of steam locomotive names for publicity , and the carrying of pupils to boarding schools at the beginning and end of school terms was a significant traffic flow .


The College was started by the Duke of Devonshire in 1867 and has been growing ever since .

The College was founded by the Duke of Devonshire and other prominent Eastbourne citizens in 1867 and has been growing ever since .


However there are also other sports played , such as football , cross country , swimming , golf , tennis , squash , rowing , sailing & rugby fives .

There are also alternative sports , including football , cross country , swimming , golf , tennis , squash , rowing , sailing , rugby fives , Fives and rounders .


Eastbourne College is a British co-educational day and boarding school for children aged 13-18 . It is on the south coast of England .

Eastbourne College is a British co-educational independent school for day and boarding pupils aged 13 â `` 18 , situated on the south coast of England , included in the Tatler list of top public schools .


The fifteenth train of this type made , no. 914 , was named Eastbourne after the college .

The fifteenth locomotive , no. 914 , was named Eastbourne after the college .


The school has a CCF ( Combined Cadet Force ) which all of year ten must join , and some students choose to continue in the upper years .

The school has a CCF Combined Cadet Force contingent which all of year ten and some of the upper years are involved with .


Seymour is a city of Indiana in the United States .

Seymour is a city in Jackson County , Indiana , United States .


Spring Valley is a city of Illinois in the United States .

Spring Valley lies in the valley of Spring Creek .


It was founded in 1764 and was originally called The College of Rhode Island .

He was a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence on behalf of the state of Rhode Island . He also served as the first chancellor of Brown ( at the time called the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations ) from 1764 to 1785 .


Drexel University is located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .

Drexel University ( DU ) is a private research university with the main campus located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA .


The reading room closed in 1999 to allow for renovation , during which dome 's windows were put back .

The reading room closed in 1999 to allow for renovation , during which natural light was returned .


Many of the library 's electronic databases can be used from home to any Victorian who is a State Library User .

Many of the library 's electronic databases are available from home to any Victorian registered as a State Library User .


Augustus H. Tulk , the first librarian , was started work three months after the opening .

Augustus H. Tulk , the first librarian , was appointed three months after the opening .


Databases include the full Encyclopaedia Britannica ; Oxford Reference dictionaries and encyclopaedias ; multi-subject magazine and journal article databases ; newspaper collections of most major Australian and international papers from 2000 onwards ; and specialist subject databases .

Databases include the full EncyclopÃ dia Britannica ; Oxford Reference dictionaries and encyclopaedias ; multi-subject magazine and journal article databases ; newspaper archives of most major Australian and international papers from 2000 onwards ; and specialist subject databases .


In 1965 , the La Trobe Building was opened to hold the Library 's collection of Australian items . This has now been moved into the La Trobe Reading Room .

In 1965 , the La Trobe Building annex was opened to house the Library 's Australiana collection , which has since moved to the La Trobe Reading Room .


The project cost about AU$ 200 million .

The project cost approximately A$ 200 million .


The grassy lawn in front of the library 's grand entrance on Swanston Street is a popular lunch-spot for the city 's workers and students at the nearby RMIT University .

The grassy lawn in front of the library 's grand entrance on Swanston Street is a popular lunch-spot for the city 's workers and students at the adjacent RMIT University .


This new building was the famous Domed Reading Room , which opened in 1913 , designed by Norman G. Peebles .

This new building was the landmark Domed Reading Room , which opened in 1913 and was designed by Norman G. Peebles .


The library has a chess room that houses a wide range of materials on the history , study and practice of chess .

The library has a chess room that houses a wide range of materials dedicated to the history , study and practice of chess .


In 1853 the decision to build a state library was the idea of the Lieutenant-Governor Charles La Trobe and Sir Redmond Barry .

In 1853 the decision to build a state library was made at the instigation of Lieutenant-Governor Charles La Trobe and Sir Redmond Barry .


The State Library of Victoria is one of the largest exhibiting libraries in the world .

As a result of the redevelopment the State Library of Victoria could now be considered one of the largest exhibiting libraries in the world .


The library was also home to the State 's Art Gallery and Museum until the National Gallery of Victoria moved to St Kilda Road in the late 1960s . The new Melbourne Museum was built in the Carlton Gardens in the 1990s .

The library complex also held the State 's Gallery and Museum until the National Gallery of Victoria moved to St Kilda Road in the late 1960s , and the current Melbourne Museum was built in the Carlton Gardens in the 1990s .


The library holds over 1.5 million books and 16,000 serials . Special books in the library include the diaries of the city 's founders , John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner , and Captain James Cook .

The library holds over 1.5 million books and 16,000 serials , including the diaries of the city 's founders , John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner , and the folios of Captain James Cook .


In addition to bookshelves containing a large range of books and magazines about chess , the room has game tables with chessboards and pieces . There are also glass cabinets with historical chess items .

In addition to bookshelves containing an extensive range of books and periodicals relating to chess , the room has game tables with chessboards and pieces , and a few glass cabinets containing historical chess paraphernalia .


The State Library of Victoria is the main library of the state of Victoria , Australia . The library is in the capital city of Victoria , Melbourne .

The State Library of Victoria is the central library of the state of Victoria , Australia , located in Melbourne .


The room is meant for both reading , playing and studying .

The room is a multi-purpose room intended also for reading and studying .


In the 1870 's a new wrought iron fence and gates were built . The space was opened when this fence was taken away in 1939 .

Originally enclosed by a picket fence , then by a wrought iron fence and gates in the 1870s , the space was opened with the removal of the fence in 1939 .


It is on Swanston Street , in the northern center of the central business district .

It is on the block bounded by Swanston , La Trobe , Russell , and Little Lonsdale Streets , in the northern center of the central business district .


The library has a large , world-class collection of books , periodicals , recordings and other materials about art , music and the performing arts .

The library maintains an extensive , world-class collection of books , periodicals , recordings and other materials pertaining to art , music and the performing arts .


The reading dome 's original high windows were changed and covered in copper sheets in 1959 because water was getting into the building .

The reading dome 's original skylights were modified and covered in copper sheets in 1959 due to water leakage .


On Sundays between 2.30 pm and 5.30 pm a speakers ' forum takes place in front of the library , where people take turns in speaking on various subjects .

On Sundays between 2.30 pm and 5.30 pm a speakers ' forum takes place on the library forecourt , where orators take turns in speaking on various subjects .


On 3 July 1854 , the new Governor , Sir Charles Hotham , laid the foundation stone of both the new library and the University of Melbourne .

On 3 July 1854 , the recently inaugurated Governor Sir Charles Hotham laid the foundation stone of both the new library and the University of Melbourne .


A competition was held to choose a person to design the new building ; local architect Joseph Reed , who later designed the Melbourne Town Hall and the Royal Exhibition Building , won the competition .

A competition was held to decide who would design the new building ; local architect Joseph Reed , who later designed the Melbourne Town Hall and the Royal Exhibition Building , won the commission .


The library underwent a lot of rebuilding between 1990 and 2004 , designed by architects Ancher Mortlock & Woolley .

The library underwent major refurbishments between 1990 and 2004 , designed by architects Ancher Mortlock & Woolley .


The rebuilt library includes a number of exhibition spaces which are used for the permanent exhibitions ; The Mirror of the World : Books and Ideas and The Changing Face of Victoria . there is also a display from the Pictures Collection in the Cowen Gallery .

The redevelopment included the construction of a number of exhibition spaces which are used to house the permanent exhibitions The Mirror of the World : Books and Ideas and The Changing Face of Victoria as well as a display from the Pictures Collection in the Cowen Gallery .


The first reading room was the Queen 's Reading Room , now called Queen 's Hall , which opened in 1859 .

The first reading room was the Queen 's Reading Room ( now Queen 's Hall ) , which opened in 1859 .


Temporary buildings built in 1866 for the Intercolonial Exhibition were used until 1909 , when work began on a new building to mark the library 's Jubilee .

Temporary buildings built in 1866 for the Intercolonial Exhibition remained in use by the library until 1909 , when work began on a new annexe building to mark the library 's Jubilee .


Such belts last longer because the entire surface area of the belt gets the same amount of wear . MÃ bius bands have also been used as continuous-loop recording tapes ( to double the playing time ) .

Giant MÃ bius strips have been used as conveyor belts that last longer because the entire surface area of the belt gets the same amount of wear , and as continuous-loop recording tapes ( to double the playing time ) .


Consequently , in music theory , the space of all two note chords , known as dyads , takes the shape of a MÃ bius strip .

Consequently , in music theory , the space of all two note chords , known as dyads , takes the shape of a MÃ bius strip ; this and generalizations to more points is a significant application of orbifolds to music theory .


It can be made using a strip of paper by gluing the two ends together with a half-twist .

A model can easily be created by taking a paper strip and giving it a half-twist , and then joining the ends of the strip together to form a loop .


The MÃ bius strip was discovered independently by the German mathematicians August Ferdinand MÃ bius and Johann Benedict Listing in 1858 .

It was discovered independently by the German mathematicians August Ferdinand MÃ bius and Johann Benedict Listing in 1858 .


MÃ bius strips are common in the making of fabric computer printer and typewriter ribbons . There , they allow the ribbon to be twice as wide as the print head while using both half-edges evenly .

MÃ bius strips are common in the manufacture of fabric computer printer and typewriter ribbons , as they allow the ribbon to be twice as wide as the print head while using both half-edges evenly .


Le BrÃ vedent is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

Le BrÃ vedent is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .


At one point , Titusville would be nicknamed The City of Churches .


Henry T. Titus founded Titusville in 1867 . It was almost called Riceville , but Henry challenged a guy named Clark Rice to decide the name .

Titusville could have been called Riceville , but Titus challenged Capt. Clark Rice to a game of dominoes to decide the name .


Titusville is a city of Florida in the United States .

Titusville is a city in Brevard County , Florida in the United States .


Chip Douglas ( born Douglas Farthing Hatlelid ) is an American musician and songwriter .

Douglas Farthing Hatlelid , better known as Chip Douglas , is a songwriter , musician ( bass guitar and keyboards ) , and record producer , whose most famous work was during the 1960s .


Orthopox : variola virus , vaccinia virus , cowpox virus , monkeypox virus , smallpox ( eradicated ) ; Parapox : orf virus , pseudocowpox , bovine papular stomatitis virus ; Yatapox : tanapox virus , yaba monkey tumor virus ; Molluscipox : molluscum contagiosum virus ( MCV ) .

Orthopox : smallpox virus ( variola ) , vaccinia virus , cowpox virus , monkeypox virus ; Parapox : orf virus , pseudocowpox , bovine papular stomatitis virus ; Yatapox : tanapox virus , yaba monkey tumor virus ; Molluscipox : molluscum contagiosum virus ( MCV ) .


Crestet is a commune of 432 people ( 1999 ) . It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France .

Crestet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur region in southeastern France .


Gras is a commune in the ArdÃ che dÃ partement in southern France .

Gras is a commune in the ArdÃ che department in southern France .


Parameter location refers to containing the name and coordinates of a map .

Parameter `` location '' refers to a map definition template . If location is Spain , the map image and coordinates are based on the values set in Template : Location map Spain .


Caesium 137 is an isotope of caesium . It is radioactive and often is a by-product of nuclear fission .

Caesium-137 ( , Cs-137 ) is a radioactive isotope of caesium which is formed as a fission product by nuclear fission .