They agreed that she `` combined ( put together ) ( Henry Fielding 's and Samuel Richardson 's ) qualities of interiority and irony , realism and satire to form an author superior to ( better than ) both '' .

They agreed that she `` combined ( Henry Fielding 's and Samuel Richardson 's ) qualities of interiority and irony , realism and satire to form an author superior to both '' .


This short biography made people think of Austen as a quiet aunt who wrote in her free time . `` Neither the hope of fame nor profit mixed with her early motives ( purposes ) ... ( S ) o much did she shrink from notoriety , that no accumulation of fame would have induced ( made ) her , had she lived , to affix ( put ) her name to any productions of her public she turned away from any allusion to the character of an authoress . ''

This short biography sowed the seeds for the myth of Austen as a quiet , retiring aunt who wrote during her spare time : `` Neither the hope of fame nor profit mixed with her early motives ... ( S ) o much did she shrink from notoriety , that no accumulation of fame would have induced her , had she lived , to affix her name to any productions of her public she turned away from any allusion to the character of an authoress . ''


Almost at the same time , British critic Q. D. Leavis printed `` Critical Theory of Jane Austen 's Writing '' in Scrutiny in the early 1940s . In there , Leavis argued that Austen was a professional , not an amateur ( untrained ) , writer .

Almost simultaneously , influential British critic Q. D. Leavis argued in `` Critical Theory of Jane Austen 's Writing '' , published in Scrutiny in the early 1940s , that Austen was a professional , not an amateur , writer .


For years , people thought the same of Austen as Scott and Whately . Only a few people actually read her novels .

For decades , Scott 's and Whately 's opinions dominated the reception of Austen 's works and few people read her novels .


Cossy and Saglia explained , `` the equality of mind which Elizabeth takes for granted is denied ( not given ) and gender distinction introduced '' .

As Cossy and Saglia explain in their essay on Austen translations , `` the equality of mind which Elizabeth takes for granted is denied and gender distinction introduced '' .


So like a great number of other female writers , Austen published her books secretly .

Therefore , like many other female writers , Austen published anonymously .


They criticize the novels of sensibility of the second half of the eighteenth century . They are part of the change to nineteenth-century realism .

They critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century realism .


In the Quarterly Review in 1821 another review came out . Richard Whately was an English writer and theologican .

In the Quarterly Review in 1821 , the English writer and theologian Richard Whately published the most serious and enthusiastic early posthumous review of Austen 's work .


Her family 's steady support was very important to Austen 's development as a writer .

Her family 's steadfast support was critical to Austen 's development as a professional writer .


In 1913 , William Austen-Leigh and Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh printed a family biography . It was titled : Jane Austen : Her Life and Lettersâ '' A Family Record .

In 1913 , William Austen-Leigh and Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh , descendants of the Austen family , published the definitive family biography , Jane Austen : Her Life and Lettersâ '' A Family Record .


This became a well-known theme of Austen criticism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries .

This became a common theme of Austen criticism during the nineteenth and early 20th centuries .


The reception history of Jane Austen shows how Austen 's works , at first having modest fame , became wildly popular . Her books are both the subject of great study and the center of various fan culture .

The reception history of Jane Austen follows a path from modest fame to wild popularity ; her novels are both the subject of intense scholarly study and the center of a diverse fan culture .


Austen novels began to be studied at universities . Her works also began to come out in histories of the English novel .

Around the turn of the century , Austen novels began to be studied at universities and appear in histories of the English novel .


The second original early-twentieth-century critic of Austen was R. W. Chapman . His edition of Austen 's works was the first scholarly edition of the works of any English novelist .

The second path-breaking early-20th century critic of Austen was R. W. Chapman , whose magisterial edition of Austen 's collected works was the first scholarly edition of the works of any English novelist .


Austen 's works were put in print again beginning in late 1832 or early 1833 . Richard Bentley printed them in the Standard Novels series , and remained in print for a long time after that .

Although Austen 's works were republished beginning in late 1832 or early 1833 by Richard Bentley in the Standard Novels series , and remained in print continuously thereafter , they were not bestsellers .


She added that `` is the most probable fiction I have ever read '' and had become `` at present the fashionable novel '' .

She commented that the novel `` is the most probable fiction I have ever read '' and had become `` at present the fashionable novel '' .


Like a great number of women writers at that time , she chose to publish her books secretly . Only among people in the aristocracy , her writing was an open secret .

During her lifetime , Austen 's novels brought her little personal fame ; like many women writers , she chose to publish anonymously and it was only among members of the aristocracy that her authorship was an open secret .


Lascelles felt that critics before her had all worked in a way `` so small that the reader does not see how they have reached their conclusions until he has patiently found his own way to them '' .

Lascelles felt that prior critics had all worked on a scale `` so small that the reader does not see how they have reached their conclusions until he has patiently found his own way to them '' .


In a review of the Memoir , Simpson said Austen was a serious but ironic critic of English society .

In a review of the Memoir , Simpson described Austen as a serious yet ironic critic of English society .


The first was Oxford Shakespearean scholar Andrew Cecil Bradley 's 1911 essay . This essay was `` generally ( largely ) regarded ( seen ) as the starting-point for the serious academic approach to Jane Austen '' .

The first was Oxford Shakespearean scholar A. C. Bradley 's 1911 essay , `` generally regarded as the starting-point for the serious academic approach to Jane Austen '' .


The first popular editions came out in 1883 . They were a cheap series printed by Routledge .

The first popular editions were released in 1883 â '' a cheap sixpenny series published by Routledge .


They began appearing in 1813 with a French translation of Pride and Prejudice . It was quickly followed by German , Dutch , and Swedish editions .

Austen 's novels appeared in some European countries soon after their publication in Britain , beginning in 1813 with a French translation of Pride and Prejudice , quickly followed by German , Danish , and Swedish editions .


Critic Gary Kelly explains , `` Some see her as a political ` conservative ' because she seems to defend the established social order .

As critic Gary Kelly explains , `` Some see her as a political ` conservative ' because she seems to defend the established social order .


The Chapman edition has been the basis for all editions of Austen 's works after that .

The Chapman texts have remained the basis for all subsequent editions of Austen 's works .


In Jane Austen and the War of Ideas ( 1975 ) , perhaps the most important of these works , Marilyn Butler argues that Austen was greatly influenced by the principal moral and political arguments of her time , and that she had a partisan , firmly conservative and Christian position in these arguments .

In Jane Austen and the War of Ideas ( 1975 ) , perhaps the most important of these works , Marilyn Butler argues that Austen was steeped in , not insulated from , the principal moral and political controversies of her time , and espoused a partisan , fundamentally conservative and Christian position in these controversies .


Lady Anne Romilly told her friend , the writer Maria Edgeworth , that '' ( Mansfield Park ) has been pretty generally admired here '' . Edgeworth later said that `` we have been much entertained with Mansfield Park '' .

Lady Anne Romilly told her friend , the novelist Maria Edgeworth , that '' ( Mansfield Park ) has been pretty generally admired here '' and Edgeworth commented later that `` we have been much entertained with Mansfield Park '' .


Therefore , their book offers only facts . It does not offer much interpretation .

Their book therefore offers bare facts and little in the way of interpretation .


When it was well done , as Austen 's works were , Whately said that novels wrote about human experience that the reader could learn from . In other words , he believed that it was moral .

When it was properly done , as in Austen , Whately said , imaginative literature concerned itself with generalised human experience from which the reader could gain important insights into human nature ; in other words , it was moral .


The great changes made by her translators made the Continent receive Austen differently than in Britain .

Because of the significant changes made by her translators , Austen was received as a different kind of novelist on the Continent than in Britain .


When it came out in print , Austen 's popularity and critical standing increased greatly .

With its release , Austen 's popularity and critical standing increased dramatically .


Using the review as a way to praise the novel , Scott praised Austen 's works . He praised her ability to copy `` from nature as she really exists in the common walks of life , and presenting to the correct and striking representation of that which is daily ( every day ) taking place around him '' .

Using the review as a platform from which to defend the then disreputable genre of the novel , Scott praised Austen 's works , celebrating her ability to copy `` from nature as she really exists in the common walks of life , and presenting to the correct and striking representation of that which is daily taking place around him '' .


Through his essays , Howells helped make Austen much more popular . Twain , however , used Austen to argue against the Anglophile tradition in America .

In a series of essays , Howells helped make Austen into a canonical figure for the populace whereas Twain used Austen to argue against the Anglophile tradition in America .


Northanger Abbey and Persuasion were published together in December 1817 . They were reviewed in the British Critic in March 1818 and in the Edinburgh Review and Literary Miscellany in May 1818 .

Northanger Abbey and Persuasion , published together posthumously in December 1817 , were reviewed in the British Critic in March 1818 and in the Edinburgh Review and Literary Miscellany in May 1818 .


In the last year of her life , Austen revised Northanger Abbey ( 1817 ) and wrote Persuasion ( 1817 ) . She also began another novel , which was later titled Sanditon .

In the last year of her life , Austen revised Northanger Abbey ( 1817 ) , wrote Persuasion ( 1817 ) , and began another novel , eventually titled Sanditon , which was left unfinished at her death .


This kind of criticism was not fully developed until the 1970s . This was when feminist literary criticism began .

This line of criticism would not be fully explored until the 1970s with the rise of feminist literary criticism .


Victorian critics and audiences liked the work of writers like Charles Dickens and George Eliot . Compared to them , Austen 's works seemed narrow and quiet .

Victorian critics and audiences were drawn to the work of authors such as Charles Dickens and George Eliot ; by comparison , Austen 's novels seemed provincial and quiet .


The Dowager Lady Vernon told a friend that Mansfield Park was '' ( n ) ot much of a novel , more the history of a family party in the country , very natural '' .

The Dowager Lady Vernon told a friend that Mansfield Park was '' ( n ) ot much of a novel , more the history of a family party in the country , very natural '' â '' as if , comments one Austen scholar , `` Lady Vernon 's parties mostly featured adultery . ''


He argued that imaginative literature , especially narrative , was very valuable . He even said they were more important than history or biography .

He also affirmed the respectability and legitimacy of the novel as a genre , arguing that imaginative literature , especially narrative , was more valuable than history or biography .


In 1890 Godwin Smith printed the Life of Jane Austen . This began a `` fresh phase in the critical heritage '' .

In 1890 Godwin Smith published the Life of Jane Austen , initiating a `` fresh phase in the critical heritage '' , in which Austen reviewers became critics .


In the late twentieth century , fans made Jane Austen societies and clubs . They praised Austen , her time , and her works .

In the late 20th century , fans founded Jane Austen societies and clubs to celebrate the author , her time , and her works .


Jane Austen , the writer of such works as Pride and Prejudice ( 1813 ) and Emma ( 1815 ) , has become one of the most famous novelists in the English language .

Jane Austen , the author of such works as Pride and Prejudice ( 1813 ) and Emma ( 1815 ) , has become one of the best-known and widely read novelists in the English language .


Farrer was one of the first critics who saw Austen as a subversive writer .

Farrer was one of the first critics who viewed Austen as a subversive writer .


Kirkham , for example , said that Austen 's thought and that of Mary Wollstonecraft were quite similar . She called them both `` Enlightenment feminists '' .

Kirkham , for example , described the similarities between Austen 's thought and that of Mary Wollstonecraft , labeling them both as `` Enlightenment feminists '' .


Bradley separated Austen 's works into `` early '' and `` late '' novels . Scholars still separate Austen 's works as Bradley did today .

Bradley divided Austen 's works into `` early '' and `` late '' novels , categories which are still used by scholars today .


She says this is because they are `` unwilling to speak , unless ( they ) expect to say something that will amaze ( surprise ) the whole room '' . However , this becomes `` Moi , je garde le silence , parce que je ne sais que dire , et vous , parce que vous aiguisez vos traits pour parler avec effet . ''

Elizabeth 's claim that she has `` always seen a great similarity in the turn of ( their ) minds '' ( her and Darcy 's ) because they are `` unwilling to speak , unless ( they ) expect to say something that will amaze the whole room '' becomes `` Moi , je garde le silence , parce que je ne sais que dire , et vous , parce que vous aiguisez vos traits pour parler avec effet . ''


In 1870 , her nephew published Memoir of Jane Austen . This showed her to a wider public as `` dear , quiet aunt Jane '' .

The publication in 1870 of her nephew 's Memoir of Jane Austen introduced her to a wider public as an appealing personalityâ '' dear , quiet aunt Janeâ '' and her works were republished in popular editions .


Lascelles was interested in Austen 's connection to Samuel Johnson and her desire to discuss morality through fiction . In this she was much like Bradley before her .

Like Bradley earlier , she emphasised Austen 's connection to Samuel Johnson and her desire to discuss morality through fiction .


He said that she was a writer of great concentration and a sharp critic of her society . He called her `` radiant and remorseless '' , `` dispassionate yet pitiless '' , with `` the steely quality , the incurable rigor of her judgment '' .

Farrer denied that Austen 's artistry was unconscious ( contradicting James ) and described her as a writer of intense concentration and a severe critic of her society , `` radiant and remorseless '' , `` dispassionate yet pitiless '' , with `` the steely quality , the incurable rigor of her judgment '' .


Austen scholars have pointed out that these early reviewers did not know what to make of her works . For example , they wrongly understood her use of irony .

Overall , Austen scholars have pointed out that these early reviewers did not know what to make of her novelsâ '' for example , they misunderstood her use of irony .


Early in the twentieth century , scholars made a collection of her works ( the first for any British novelist ) . But it was not until the 1940s that Austen was widely accepted as a `` great English novelist '' .

Early in the 20th century , scholars produced a carefully edited collection of her worksâ '' the first for any British novelistâ '' but it was not until the 1940s that Austen was widely accepted in academia as a `` great English novelist '' .


In Montolieu 's Pride and Prejudice , liveliness conversations ( talks ) between Elizabeth and Darcy were replaced by calm , proper ones .

In Montolieu 's Pride and Prejudice , for example , vivacious conversations between Elizabeth and Darcy were replaced by decorous ones .


Bradley pointed out Austen 's ties to eighteenth-century critic and writer Samuel Johnson . He argued that she was a moralist as well as a humorist .

Bradley emphasised Austen 's ties to 18th-century critic and writer Samuel Johnson , arguing that she was a moralist as well as humorist ; in this he was `` totally original '' , according to Southam .


This work , together with other feminist criticism of Austen , has made people see her as a woman writer .

This work , along with other feminist criticism of Austen , has firmly positioned Austen as a woman writer .


He began two interpretative themes : using humor to criticize society and irony as a means of moral study .

He introduced two interpretative themes which later became the basis for modern literary criticism of Austen 's works : humor as social critique and irony as a means of moral evaluation .


She was also concerned with moral problems , like Samuel Johnson , who strongly influenced her .

Like the writings of Samuel Johnson , a strong influence on her , her works are fundamentally concerned with moral issues .


After Bradley and Chapman , Austen scholarship grew very quickly in the 1920s . British writer E. M. Forster pointed out Austen 's works for his idea of the `` round '' character .

In the wake of Bradley and Chapman 's contributions , the 1920s saw a boom in Austen scholarship ; British novelist E. M. Forster primarily illustrated his concept of the `` round '' character by citing Austen 's works .


In the last part of the nineteenth century , the first critical books about Austen 's works were printed .

During the last quarter of the 19th century , the first books of critical analysis regarding Austen 's works were published .


Scott wrote in his private journal in 1826 about Austen . This later became a widely quoted comparison :

Scott wrote in his private journal in 1826 , in what later became a widely quoted comparison :


The interest these critics showed in Austen made people discover and study other women writers in Austen 's time .

The interest generated in Austen by these critics led to the discovery and study of other woman writers of the time .


James said that this was mostly because of the `` stiff breeze of the special bookselling body of publishers , editors , illustrators , producers of the pleasant twaddle of magazines ; who have found their ` dear , ' our dear , everybody 's dear , their material pretty reproduction in every variety of what is called tasteful , and in what seemingly proves to be salable , form . ''

James attributed this rise principally to `` the stiff breeze of the special bookselling body of publishers , editors , illustrators , producers of the pleasant twaddle of magazines ; who have found their ` dear , ' our dear , everybody 's dear , Jane so infinitely to their material purpose , so amenable to pretty reproduction in every variety of what is called tasteful , and in what seemingly proves to be salable , form . ''


The reviewer for the Edinburgh Review thought differently . He praised Austen for her `` exhaustless invention '' .

The reviewer for the Edinburgh Review disagreed , praising Austen for her `` exhaustless invention '' and the combination of the familiar and the surprising in her plots .


Writer and critic Leslie Stephen described a mania for Austen that grew in the 1880s as `` Austenolatry '' . It was only after the the Memoir was printed that readers grew to like Austen as a person .

Author and critic Leslie Stephen described a mania that started to develop for Austen in the 1880s as `` Austenolatry '' â '' it was only after the publication of the Memoir that readers developed a personal connection with Austen .


Whately also addressed Austen 's position as a female writer . He wrote : `` we suspect one of Miss Austin 's ( sic ) great merits in our eyes to be , the insight she gives us into the peculiarities of female heroines are what one knows women must be , though one never can get them to acknowledge ( admit ) it . ''

Whately also addressed Austen 's position as a female writer , writing : `` we suspect one of Miss Austin 's ( sic ) great merits in our eyes to be , the insight she gives us into the peculiarities of female heroines are what one knows women must be , though one never can get them to acknowledge it . ''


As Susan Gubar and Sandra Gilbert explain , Austen laughed at `` love at first sight , the primacy ( first importance ) of passion over all other emotions and\/or duties , the chivalry exploit of the hero , the vulnerable sensitivity of the heroine , the lovers ' proclaimed ( declared ) indifference to financial considerations , and the cruel crudity of parents '' .

As Susan Gubar and Sandra Gilbert explain , Austen makes fun of `` such novelistic clichÃ s as love at first sight , the primacy of passion over all other emotions and\/or duties , the chivalric exploits of the hero , the vulnerable sensitivity of the heroine , the lovers ' proclaimed indifference to financial considerations , and the cruel crudity of parents '' .


We see the novels praised for their elegance of form and their surface ` finish ' ; for the realism of their fictional world , the variety and vitality ( strength ) of their characters ; for their pervasive humor ; and for their gentle and undogmatic morality and its unsermonising delivery .

We see the novels praised for their elegance of form and their surface ` finish ' ; for the realism of their fictional world , the variety and vitality of their characters ; for their pervasive humor ; and for their gentle and undogmatic morality and its unsermonising delivery .


Austenâ s works were translated into various European languages . However , Europeans did not see her works as part of the English novel tradition .

Despite the fact that Austenâ s novels were translated into many European languages , Europeans did not recognize her works as part of the English novel tradition .


Brian Southam writes about these reviewers : `` their job was merely to provide brief ( short ) notices , extended with quotations , for the benefit ( good ) of women readers compiling their library lists and interested only in knowing whether they would like a book for its story , its characters and moral '' .

Moreover , as Brian Southam , who has edited the definitive volumes on Austen 's reception , writes in his description of these reviewers , `` their job was merely to provide brief notices , extended with quotations , for the benefit of women readers compiling their library lists and interested only in knowing whether they would like a book for its story , its characters and moral '' .


Harding 's and Leavis 's articles were followed by Jane Austen : Irony as Defense and Discovery ( 1952 ) .

Harding 's and Leavis 's articles were followed by another revisionist treatment by Marvin Mudrick in Jane Austen : Irony as Defense and Discovery ( 1952 ) .


Modern Austen scholar William Galperin has noted that `` unlike some of Austen 's lay readers , who recognized her divergence ( difference ) from realistic practice as it had been prescribed and defined at the time , Walter Scott may well have been the first to install Austen as the realist par excellence '' .

Modern Austen scholar William Galperin has noted that `` unlike some of Austen 's lay readers , who recognized her divergence from realistic practice as it had been prescribed and defined at the time , Walter Scott may well have been the first to install Austen as the realist par excellence '' .


In time , though , her writing became an open secret among the aristocracy .

Eventually , though , her novels ' authorship became an open secret among the aristocracy .


Austen was not well known in Russia . The first Russian translation of an Austen novel did not appear until 1967 .

Austen was not well known in Russia and the first Russian translation of an Austen novel did not appear until 1967 .


Generating heated debate , Edward Said devoted a chapter of his book Culture and Imperialism ( 1993 ) to Mansfield Park , arguing that the peripheral position of `` Antigua '' and the issue of slavery demonstrated that colonial oppression was an unspoken assumption of English society during the early nineteenth century .

Generating heated debate , Edward Said devoted a chapter of his book Culture and Imperialism ( 1993 ) to Mansfield Park , arguing that the peripheral position of `` Antigua '' and the issue of slavery demonstrated that colonial oppression was an unspoken assumption of English society during the early 19th century .


In one of her visits to London , the Prince Regent invited her to his home .

During one of her visits to London , the Prince Regent invited her to his home ; his librarian gave her a tour and mentioned that the Regent admired her novels and that `` if Miss Austen had any other Novel forthcoming , she was quite at liberty to dedicate it to the Prince '' .


Pride and Prejudice was enjoyed by Richard Sheridan , a person who wrote plays . He told a friend to '' ( b ) uy it immediately '' for it `` was one of the cleverest things '' he had ever read .

After reading Pride and Prejudice , playwright Richard Sheridan advised a friend to '' ( b ) uy it immediately '' for it `` was one of the cleverest things '' he had ever read .


George Henry Lewes was a philosopher and literary critic . He spoke about this theme in a series of articles in the 1840s and 1850s .

Philosopher and literary critic George Henry Lewes articulated this theme in a series of enthusiastic articles in the 1840s and 1850s .


Austen 's stories , though comic , focus on the way women depend on marriage to secure social standing and economic security .

Austen 's plots , though comic , highlight the way women depend on marriage to secure social standing and economic security .


Most people still thought of her as `` dear aunt Jane '' , the way she was first presented in the Memoir . Howells had made this picture of Austen famous by his essays in the Harper 's Magazine .

The image of her that dominated the popular imagination was still that first presented in the Memoir and made famous by Howells in his series of essays in Harper 's Magazine , that of `` dear aunt Jane '' .


The Big Bow-wow strain I can do myself like any now going , but the exquisite touch which renders ( makes ) ordinary commonplace things and characters interesting from the truth of the description and the sentiment is denied to me .

The Big Bow-wow strain I can do myself like any now going , but the exquisite touch which renders ordinary commonplace things and characters interesting from the truth of the description and the sentiment is denied to me .


Margaret Oliphant was another important writer whose criticism of Austen did not have much influence . She described Austen as `` armed with a ` fine vein of feminine cynicism , ' ` full of subtle power , keenness , finesse , and self-restraint ( control ) , ' with an ` exquisite sense ' of the ` ridiculous , ' ' a fine stinging yet soft-voiced contempt , ' whose works are very ` calm and cold and keen ' '' .

Another prominent writer whose Austen criticism was ignored , novelist Margaret Oliphant , described Austen in almost proto-feminist terms , as `` armed with a ` fine vein of feminine cynicism , ' ` full of subtle power , keenness , finesse , and self-restraint , ' blessed with an ` exquisite sense ' of the ` ridiculous , ' ' a fine stinging yet soft-voiced contempt , ' whose novels are ` so calm and cold and keen ' '' .


The EncyclopÃ dia Britannica 's changed the way they described Austen as she became more and more popular .

The EncyclopÃ dia Britannica 's changing entries on Austen illustrate her increasing popularity and status .


She wished to study all of Austen 's works , style , and techniques together .

She wished to examine all of Austen 's works together and to subject her style and techniques to methodical analysis .


He was asked by publisher John Murray to review Emma . Emma had come out in print ( without saying who the writer was ) in the March 1816 issue of the Quarterly Review .

Asked by publisher John Murray to review Emma , famed historical novelist Walter Scott wrote the longest and most thoughtful of these reviews , which was published anonymously in the March 1816 issue of the Quarterly Review .


The authors moved away from the sentimental tone of the Memoir . However , they did not go much beyond the family records and traditions they always had .

Although the authors moved away from the sentimental tone of the Memoir , they made little effort to go beyond the family records and traditions immediately available to them .


Austen was not democratic enough for Americans . Also , her books did not have the frontier themes that often came out in American literature .

Austen was not democratic enough for American tastes and her canvas did not explore the frontier themes that had come to define American literature .


He continued Lewes 's comparison to Shakespeare , and wrote that Austen :

Continuing Lewes 's comparison to Shakespeare , Simpson wrote that Austen :


Therefore , European readers more often thought of Walter Scott 's style as the English novel .

European readers therefore more readily associated Walter Scott 's style with the English novel .


When Sense and Sensibility ( 1811 ) , Pride and Prejudice ( 1813 ) , Mansfield Park ( 1814 ) and Emma ( 1815 ) came out in print , she became a successful writer .

With the release of Sense and Sensibility ( 1811 ) , Pride and Prejudice ( 1813 ) , Mansfield Park ( 1814 ) and Emma ( 1815 ) , she achieved success as a published writer .


No better criticism of Austen was put in print until the late nineteenth century . Whately and Scott had begun the Victorian era 's view of Austen .

No more significant , original Austen criticism was published until the late 19th century : Whately and Scott had set the tone for the Victorian era 's view of Austen .


At the time they were published , Austen 's works were thought fashionable by members of high society . However , they received only a few good reviews .

At the time they were published , Austen 's works were considered fashionable by members of high society but received few positive reviews .


D. W. Harding , adding to Farrer , wrote an essay called `` Regulated Hatred : An Aspect of the Work of Jane Austen '' .

D. W. Harding , following and expanding upon Farrer , argued in his essay `` Regulated Hatred : An Aspect of the Work of Jane Austen '' that Austen 's novels did not support the status quo but rather subverted it .


Austen 's books quickly became fashionable . Aristocrats who liked to set the fashion and taste of the day especially liked them .

Austen 's novels quickly became fashionable among opinion-makers , namely , those aristocrats who often dictated fashion and taste .


In the 1970s and 1980s , Austen studies was influenced by Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar 's The Madwoman in the Attic ( 1979 ) . The Madwoman in the Attic explores the `` explosive anger '' of nineteenth-century female English writers under their `` decorous ( proper ) surfaces '' .

In the 1970s and 1980s , Austen studies was influenced by Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar 's seminal The Madwoman in the Attic ( 1979 ) , which contrasts the `` decorous surfaces '' with the `` explosive anger '' of 19th-century female English writers .


Reviewers thought Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice were stories of virtue overcoming vice .

Reviewers reduced Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice to didactic tales of virtue prevailing over vice .


The 15-year-old daughter of the Prince Regent , Princess Charlotte Augusta , compared herself to Marianne Dashwood . She remarked , `` I think Marianne & me are very like in disposition , that certainly I am not so good , the same imprudence , & tc '' .

The fifteen-year-old daughter of the Prince Regent , Princess Charlotte Augusta , compared herself to one of the book 's heroines : `` I think Marianne & me are very like in disposition , that certainly I am not so good , the same imprudence , & tc '' .


In 1870 the first important Austen biography , A Memoir of Jane Austen , was written by Jane Austen 's nephew , James Edward Austen-Leigh and printed .

In 1870 , this changed with the publication of the first significant Austen biography , A Memoir of Jane Austen , which was written by Jane Austen 's nephew , James Edward Austen-Leigh .


However , this description is in direct contrast to the excitement Austen shows in her letters regarding publication and profit : Austen was a professional writer .


They began calling themselves Janeites . They wanted to show that they were different from the people who they thought did not understand Austen properly .

They referred to themselves as Janeites to distinguish themselves from the masses who , in their view , did not properly understand Austen .


As Southam says , `` for American literary nationalists Jane Austen 's cultivated scene was too pale , too constrained , too refined , too downright unheroic '' .

As Southam explains , `` for American literary nationalists Jane Austen 's cultivated scene was too pallid , too constrained , too refined , too downright unheroic '' .


Henrietta Ponsonby , Countess of Bessborough wrote about Sense and Sensibility in a letter to a friend . She said : `` it is a clever novel .

Lady Bessborough , sister to the notorious Georgiana , Duchess of Devonshire , commented on Sense and Sensibility in a letter to a friend : `` it is a clever novel .


For example , the French writer Isabelle de Montolieu translated several of Austen 's novels into the French sentimental novel .

For example , the French novelist Isabelle de Montolieu translated several of Austen 's novels into a genre in which Montolieu herself wrote : the French sentimental novel .


The reviewer for the British Critic felt that Austen 's great use of realism was proof of a limited imagination .

The reviewer for the British Critic felt that Austen 's exclusive dependence on realism was evidence of a deficient imagination .


`` The Novels of Jane Austen '' was put in print in Blackwood 's Magazine in 1859 . In there , Lewes praised Austen 's books for `` the economy of easy adaptation of means to ends , with no aid ( help ) from superfluous elements '' .

In `` The Novels of Jane Austen '' , published anonymously in Blackwood 's Magazine in 1859 , Lewes praised Austen 's novels for `` the economy of easy adaptation of means to ends , with no aid from superfluous elements '' and compared her to Shakespeare .


Austen 's works are noted for their realism , biting social commentary , and clever use of free indirect speech . They are also remarkable for their burlesque and irony .

Austen 's works are noted for their realism , biting social commentary , and masterful use of free indirect speech , burlesque and irony .


Mid-century revisionist views started to become popular , and scholars began studying Austen more sceptically .

In an outpouring of mid-century revisionist views , scholars approached Austen more sceptically .


The action begins ; the people speak , feel , and act ; everything that is said , felt , or done tends towards the entanglement or disentanglement of the plot ; and we are almost made actors as well as spectators ( viewers ) of the little drama . ''

The action begins ; the people speak , feel , and act ; everything that is said , felt , or done tends towards the entanglement or disentanglement of the plot ; and we are almost made actors as well as spectators of the little drama . ''


This included the epistolary novel ( novel in letters ) , which she tried and did not like . She wrote and revised three important novels and began a fourth .

During this period , she experimented with various literary forms , including the epistolary novel which she tried and then abandoned , and wrote and extensively revised three major novels and began a fourth .


Jane Austen lived her entire life as part of a large and close family . Her family was in the lower part of the English gentry .

Jane Austen lived her entire life as part of a large and close-knit family on the lower fringes of the English gentry .


Anne Milbanke , future wife of Lord Byron , wrote that `` I have finished the Novel called Pride and Prejudice , which I think a very superior ( good ) work . ''

Anne Milbanke , future wife of the Romantic poet Lord Byron , wrote that `` I have finished the Novel called Pride and Prejudice , which I think a very superior work . ''


Through her use of irony , Austen tried to protect herself as an artist and a person from the behavior and practices she disliked .

Through her use of irony , Austen attempted to protect her integrity as an artist and a person in the face of attitudes and practices she rejected .


Alistair M. Duckworth in The Improvement of the Estate : A Study of Jane Austen 's Novels ( 1971 ) argues that Austen used the concept of the `` estate '' to symbolise all that was important society , which should be conserved ( kept ) , improved , and passed down to future generations .

In a similar vein , Alistair M. Duckworth in The Improvement of the Estate : A Study of Jane Austen 's Novels ( 1971 ) argues that Austen used the concept of the `` estate '' to symbolise all that was important about contemporary English society , which should be conserved , improved , and passed down to future generations .


Lascelles included a short essay about her , a study of the books Austen read and their influence on her writing , and a study of Austen 's style and `` narrative art '' .

Lascelles included a short biographical essay ; an innovative analysis of the books Austen read and their effect on her writing ; and an extended analysis of Austen 's style and her `` narrative art '' .


This was followed by editions with pictures , collectors ' sets , and scholarly editions .

This was followed by a proliferation of elaborate illustrated editions , collectors ' sets , and scholarly editions .


American novelist Henry James liked Austen . Once he said she was as great as Shakespeare , Cervantes , and Henry Fielding -- `` the fine painters of life '' .

American novelist Henry James , one member of this literary elite , referred to Austen several times with approval and on one occasion ranked her with Shakespeare , Cervantes , and Henry Fielding as among `` the fine painters of life '' .


The way Americans thought about Austen was represented in an argument between William Dean Howells and Mark Twain .

By the turn of the century , the American response was represented by the debate between the American novelist and critic William Dean Howells and the writer and humorist Mark Twain .


He said : `` The reader 's pulse never throbs , his curiosity is never intense ( very strong ) ; but his interest never wanes ( stops ) for a moment .

Arguing that Austen lacked the ability to construct a plot , he still celebrated her dramatisations : `` The reader 's pulse never throbs , his curiosity is never intense ; but his interest never wanes for a moment .


It was based mostly on family papers and letters . It is described by Austen biographer Park Honan as `` accuracy , staid ( steady ) , reliability , and at times vivid and suggestive '' .

Based primarily on family papers and letters , it is described by Austen biographer Park Honan as `` accurate , staid , reliable , and at times vivid and suggestive '' .


The university English departments began developing in the first half of the twentieth century . As they grew , criticism of Austen split into remarkable high culture and popular culture trends .

With the growing professionalisation of university English departments in the first half of the 20th century , criticism of Austen became progressively more esoteric and , as a result , appreciation of Austen splintered into distinctive high culture and popular culture trends .


Southam calls it as a `` Janeite '' piece without the worship .

Southam describes it as a `` Janeite '' piece without the worship .


According to critic Ian Watt , they liked her '' to ordinary ( usual ) social experience '' .

Austen had many admiring readers during the 19th century , who , according to critic Ian Watt , appreciated her '' to ordinary social experience '' .


Johnson also places Austen in an eighteenth-century political tradition . However , she notes the influence Austen received from the political novels of the 1790s written by women .

Johnson similarly places Austen in an 18th-century political tradition , however , she outlines the debt Austen owes to the political novels of the 1790s written by women .


In 1917 , he published a long essay in the Quarterly Review . Jane Austen scholar A. Walton Litz called it the best single introduction to her works .

In an effort to avoid the sentimental image of the `` Aunt Jane '' tradition and approach Austen 's fiction from a fresh perspective , in 1917 British intellectual and travel writer Reginald Farrer published a lengthy essay in the Quarterly Review which Austen scholar A. Walton Litz calls the best single introduction to her fiction .


Austen refused the librarian 's suggestion after that to write a historical romance for the prince 's daughter 's marriage .

Austen turned down the librarian 's further hint to write a historical romance in honor of the prince 's daughter 's marriage .


This was written by Martin Mudrick , who saw Austen as lonely , defensive , and critical of her society . He carefully described the connection between Austen 's attitude towards the literature of her time and how she used irony to show the difference of how society was , and how she thought it could be .

Mudrick portrayed Austen as isolated , defensive , and critical of her society , and described in detail the relationship he saw between Austen 's attitude toward contemporary literature and her use of irony as a technique to contrast the realities of her society with what she felt they should be .


Richard Simpson , Margaret Oliphant , and Leslie Stephen were some of the best reviewers .

Among the most astute of these critics were Richard Simpson , Margaret Oliphant , and Leslie Stephen .


Austen 's works had been in print in the United States from 1832 . However , it was only after 1870 that Americans began seriously considering Austen 's works .

Although Austen 's novels had been published in the United States since 1832 , albeit in bowdlerised editions , it was not until after 1870 that there was a distinctive American response to Austen .


Also , when Julia Prewitt Brown 's Jane Austen 's Novels : Social Change and Literary Form ( 1979 ) , Margaret Kirkham 's Jane Austen : Feminism and Fiction ( 1983 ) , and Claudia L. Johnson 's Jane Austen : Women , Politics and the Novel ( 1988 ) were printed , scholars were no longer able to argue that Austen was firmly `` apolitical , or ' '' .

Moreover , with the publication of Julia Prewitt Brown 's Jane Austen 's Novels : Social Change and Literary Form ( 1979 ) , Margaret Kirkham 's Jane Austen : Feminism and Fiction ( 1983 ) , and Claudia L. Johnson 's Jane Austen : Women , Politics and the Novel ( 1988 ) , scholars were no longer able to easily argue that Austen was `` apolitical , or even unqualifiedly ` conservative ' '' .


An important British critic , F. R. Leavis , said in The Great Tradition ( 1948 ) that Austen was one of the great writers of English fiction . Ian Watt agreed , and helped shape the arguments about the genre of the novel .

These revisionist views , together with prominent British critic F. R. Leavis 's pronouncement in The Great Tradition ( 1948 ) that Austen was one of the great writers of English fiction , a view shared by Ian Watt , who helped shape the scholarly debate regarding the genre of the novel , did much to cement Austen 's reputation amongst academics .


The eighth edition ( 1854 ) called her `` an elegant novelist '' . The ninth edition ( 1875 ) praised her as `` one of the most distinguished ( remarkable ) modern British novelists '' .

The eighth edition ( 1854 ) described her as `` an elegant novelist '' while the ninth edition ( 1875 ) lauded her as `` one of the most distinguished modern British novelists '' .


However , Austen 's works were not exactly what her Romantic and Victorian British audience liked . They wished for `` powerful emotion ( be ) authenticated by an egregious display of sound and color in the writing '' .

However , Austen 's novels did not conform to certain strong Romantic and Victorian British preferences , which required that `` powerful emotion ( be ) authenticated by an egregious display of sound and color in the writing '' .


As Rajeswari Rajan notes , `` the idea of a political Austen is no longer seriously challenged '' .

As Rajeswari Rajan notes in her essay on recent Austen scholarship , `` the idea of a political Austen is no longer seriously challenged '' .


In 1905 , James said he did not like the public interest in Austen . He said it was more than Austen 's `` intrinsic merit ( worth ) and interest '' deserved .

In 1905 , James responded frustratingly to what he described as `` a beguiled infatuation '' with Austen , a rising tide of public interest that exceeded Austen 's `` intrinsic merit and interest '' .


The questions scholars now study include : `` the Revolution , war , nationalism , empire , class , ` improvement ' ( of the estate ) , the clergy , town versus ( against ) country , abolition , the professions , female emancipation ; whether her politics were Tory , Whig , or radical ; whether she was a conservative or a revolutionary , or occupied ( kept ) a reformist position between these extremes '' .

The questions scholars now investigate involve : `` the Revolution , war , nationalism , empire , class , ` improvement ' ( of the estate ) , the clergy , town versus country , abolition , the professions , female emancipation ; whether her politics were Tory , Whig , or radical ; whether she was a conservative or a revolutionary , or occupied a reformist position between these extremes '' .


Cultural Center or Cultural Centre is an organization , building or complex that promotes culture and arts .

A cultural center or cultural center is an organization , building or complex that promotes culture and arts .


Jumping can be distinguished from running , galloping and other gaits in which the entire body is temporarily airborne by the relatively long duration .

Jumping can be distinguished from running , galloping , and other gaits where the entire body is temporarily airborne by the relatively long duration of the aerial phase and high angle of initial launch .


In this classification system , five basic jumping forms are distinguished :

In this classification system , five basic jump forms are distinguished :


Jumping is a form of movement in which an organism propels itself through the air along a ballistic trajectory .

Jumping or leaping is a form of locomotion or movement in which an organism or non-living ( e.g. , robotic ) mechanical system propels itself through the air along a ballistic trajectory .


Some animals , such as the kangaroo , employ jumping as their primary form of locomotion , while others , such as frogs , use it only as a means to escape predators .

Some animals , such as the kangaroo , employ jumping ( commonly called hopping in this instance ) as their primary form of locomotion , while others , such as frogs , use it only as a means to escape predators .


The London Borough of Southwark is a London Borough .

The borough borders the City of London and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets to the north ( the River Thames forming the boundary ) , the London Borough of Lambeth to the west and the London Borough of Lewisham to the east . To the south are the London Borough of Bromley and the London Borough of Croydon .


The London Borough of Southwark is a London Borough . It is in south east London .

The London Borough of Southwark is a London borough in south east London , England .


Paulo Nunes ( born 30 October 1971 ) is a former Brazilian football player .

Paulo Nunes , ( born ArÃ lson de Paula Nunes on October 30 , 1971 , in Pontalina , GoiÃ s , Brazil ) is a former Brazilian football player .


Maquoketa is a city of Iowa in the United States .

Maquoketa is a city in Jackson county in the U.S. state of Iowa .


A chopstick rest is a piece of tableware . It is used to keep chopsticks away from the table and also to prevent used chopsticks from coming in contact with or rolling off tables .

A chopstick rest ( ç å å Chinese : kuaizi zuo ) is tableware , similar to a spoon rest , used to keep chopstick tips off the table and to prevent used chopsticks from contaminating or rolling off tables .


Chopstick rests are made in various shapes from clay , wood , glass , or precious stone such as jade .

Chopstick rests are found more commonly in restaurants than in homes . They come in various shapes and are made from clay , wood , glass , porcelain or precious stones such as jade .


To give your blessing to someone is to give permission to them .

A blessing can also be a request for permission , as in `` gaining your parents ' blessing '' would consist of having been granted consent .


Haruki Seto ( born 14 March 1978 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Geylang United .

Haruki Seto ( born March 14 , 1978 in Toyama , Japan ) is a Japanese football player who is playing for Singapore 's S League side Geylang United FC .


The season with the most Category 5 hurricanes was in 2005 , which had four . Category 5 hurricanes are very destructive and many Category 5 hurricanes get their names retired after the season .

No Category 5 hurricanes were observed officially before 1924 .


The season with the most Category 5 hurricanes was in 2005 , which had four .

Officially , the decade with the most Category 5 hurricanes is 2000 â `` 2009 , with eight Category 5 hurricanes having occurred : Isabel ( 2003 ) , Ivan ( 2004 ) , Emily ( 2005 ) , Katrina ( 2005 ) , Rita ( 2005 ) , Wilma ( 2005 ) , Dean ( 2007 ) , and Felix ( 2007 ) . The previous decade with the most Category 5 hurricanes was the 1960s , with six occurring between 1960 and 1969 .


Category 5 hurricanes are very destructive and many Category 5 hurricanes get their names retired after the season .

Only in 2005 have more than two Category 5 storms formed , and only in 2007 has more than one made landfall at Category 5 strength .


This page is a list of the Category 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean . Due to older technology , there may have been Category 5 hurricanes before 1900 .

All Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes except Dog , Easy , and Cleo have made landfall at some location at some strength .


There are no records of a Category 5 hurricane before 1900 . The season with the most Category 5 hurricanes was in 2005 , which had four .

Six Atlantic hurricanesâ '' Allen , Andrew , Isabel , Ivan , Dean and Felixâ '' have reached Category 5 intensity on more than one occasion ; that is , by reaching Category 5 intensity , weakening to a Category 4 or lower , and then becoming a Category 5 again .


In the United States , sepsis is the leading cause of death for ICU patients which do not have heart problems . Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows it is the tenth most common cause of death overall .

In the United States , sepsis is the second-leading cause of death in non-coronary ICU patients , and the tenth-most-common cause of death overall according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( the first being heart disease ) .


It is a major cause of death in intensive care units worldwide , with mortality rates that range from 20 % for sepsis to 40 % for severe sepsis to over 60 % for septic shock .

It is a major cause of death in intensive-care units worldwide , with mortality rates that range from 20 % for sepsis to 40 % for severe sepsis to ) 60 % for septic shock .


It occurs in 1 % -2 % of all hospitalizations and accounts for as much as 25 % of intensive care unit ( ICU ) bed utilization .

It occurs in 1 â `` 2 % of all hospitalizations and accounts for as much as 25 % of intensive-care unit ( ICU ) bed utilization .


Airolo is also a small ski-resort with 30km of ski slopes .

Airolo is also home to a small ski-resort with 30 k of prepared slopes .


Airolo is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .

Airolo ( AirÃ in its local dialect ) is a municipality in the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .


Papatoetoe is a suburb of Auckland , New Zealand .

Papatoetoe is a suburb in the Auckland conurbation in northern New Zealand .


It is in South Auckland , in the Manukau District .

One of the larger suburbs of the area commonly known as South Auckland , it is located to the northwest of central Manukau , and 18 kilometres southeast of Auckland city center .


However in 1833 the Governor was given complete control over all of British India and from then on was known as the Governor-General of India .

Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833 , and the official became known as the Governor-General of India .


The Governor-General of India was the head of the British administration in British India .

The Governor-General of India ( or , from 1858 to 1947 , the Viceroy and Governor-General of India ) was the head of the British administration in India , and later , after Indian independence , the representative of the monarch and de facto head of state .


In the beginning the officer had direct control only over Fort William , but supervised other British East India Company officials in India .

The officer had direct control only over Fort William , but supervised other British East India Company officials in India .


It was created in 1773 , with the title of `` Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William '' .

The office was created in 1773 , with the title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William .


The Capitol Hill Baptist Church is a Baptist church located on Capital Hill in Washington D.C. Mark Dever serves as the senior pastor of the church .

Capitol Hill Baptist Church is a Baptist church located on Capitol Hill in Washington , D.C. , a few blocks from the United States Capitol . Mark Dever serves as the senior pastor of the church .


It lived during age of the Lower Cretaceous .

It lived during the Aptian age of the Lower Cretaceous .


Hartford has a American Hockey League team called the Connecticut Whale , a rugby team called the Hartford Wanderers and a United Football League team called the Hartford Colonials . Hartford also used to have a National Hockey League team called the Hartford Whalers that played in the NHL from 1979 to 1997 .

Hartford also used to have a National League baseball team , the Hartford Dark Blues , back in the 1870s , and a NFL team , the Hartford Blues , for one season in 1926 .


It is only 24 miles from Springfield , Massachusetts . Hartford has the third most people in the state behind Bridgeport and New Haven .

It is located in Hartford County , and is the 2nd most populous city on the Connecticut River ( after Springfield , Massachusetts , the city center of which sits just 24 m north of Hartford 's city center . )


Hartford also used to have a National Hockey League team called the Hartford Whalers that played in the NHL from 1979 to 1997 .

Hartford was home to the NHL 's Hartford Whalers from 1979 to 1997 , before the team relocated to Raleigh , North Carolina and became the Carolina Hurricanes .


Malan Island is a mud volcano that is found in the Arabian Sea . It is three kilometers off the coast of Balochistan , Pakistan .

Malan Island is actually an offshore mud volcano located in the Arabian Sea , 3 kilometres off the coast of Balochistan , Pakistan .


It is approximately 166 feet above sea level .

It is approximately 166 f above sea level , and has a population of 5,708 .


It is known locally as Turra in the Doric dialect of Scots .

Turriff is known locally as Turra in the Doric dialect of Scots .


One of the two most common and visible forms of organ hypertrophy occurs in skeletal muscles in response to strength training or bodybuilding .

One of the two most common and visible forms of organ hypertrophy occurs in skeletal muscles in response to strength training ( known as muscle hypertrophy ) .


The common letters such as A , B , T , etc are worth one point . Unusual letters such as Q and Z are worth 10 points .

The number of points of each lettered tile is based on the letter 's frequency in standard English writing ; commonly used letters such as E or O are worth one point , while less common letters score higher , with Q and Z each worth 10 points .


Each player takes seven tiles from the bag ( without looking at what they are ) . The player puts these tiles on a rack in front of him so that he can see them , but the others can not see which letters he has .

If there are not enough tiles in the bag to do so , the player takes all of the remaining tiles .


There are also two blank tiles which can be used for any letter .

The game also has two blank tiles that are unmarked and carry no point value . The blank tiles can be used as substitutes for any letter ; once laid on the board , however , the choice is fixed .


There are websites where one can play Scrabble online .

Billed as the `` Official Home Version '' of the game show ( or officially as the `` TV Scrabble Home Game '' ) , game play bears more resemblance to the game show than it does to a traditional Scrabble game , although it does utilize a traditional Scrabble game board in play .


On Facebook , there is a version of Scrabble called Scrabulous .

The social networking site Facebook had offered an online variation of Scrabble called Scrabulous as a third-party application add-on .


There are several squares on the board where a player can get extra points . Some squares allow the player to count that letter twice ( light blue ) or three times ( dark blue ) , other squares allow him to count the whole word twice ( light red ) or three times ( dark red ) .

The board is marked with `` premium '' squares , which multiply the number of points awarded : dark red `` triple-word '' squares , pink `` double-word '' squares , dark blue `` triple-letter '' squares , and light blue `` double-letter '' squares ( In 2008 , Hasbro changed the colors of the premiums squares to orange for TW , red for DW , blue for DL , and green for TL ) .


The `` Colorado Secretary of State '' alone is authorized to affix the Great Seal of Colorado to any document whatsoever .

The Colorado Secretary of State alone is authorized to affix the Great Seal of Colorado to any document whatsoever .


The Seal of the State of Colorado is an adaptation of the `` Territorial Seal '' which was adopted by the `` First Territorial Assembly '' on November 6 , 1861 .

The Great Seal of the State of Colorado is an adaptation of the Territorial Seal which was adopted by the First Territorial Assembly on November 6 , 1861 .


The only changes made in the Territorial Seal design being the changing of the words , `` State of Colorado '' and the figures `` 1876 '' for the corresponding words on the territorial seal .

The only changes made in the Territorial Seal design being the substitution of the words , `` State of Colorado '' and the figures `` 1876 '' for the corresponding inscriptions on the territorial seal .


The first `` General Assembly '' of the State of Colorado approved the adoption of the state seal on March 15 , 1877 .

The first General Assembly of the State of Colorado approved the adoption of the state seal on March 15 , 1877 .


Carol II of Romania ( 15 October\/16 October 1893 -- 4 April 1953 ) was the king of Romania from June 8 , 1930 until September 6 , 1940 .

Carol II ( 15 October\/16 October 1893 -- 4 April 1953 ) reigned as King of Romania from 8 June 1930 until 6 September 1940 .


The 1985 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 , 1985 and ended on November 30 , 1985 .

The 1985 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 , 1985 , and lasted until November 30 , 1985 .


In the spring of 1986 the names Elena and Gloria were retired and replaced by Erika and Grace in 1991 .

The World Meteorological Organization retired two names in the spring of 1986 : Elena and Gloria . They were replaced in the 1991 season by Erika and Grace .


Ian Gillan is the lead singer for the heavy metal band Deep Purple . He was born on August 19 , 1945 .

Ian Gillan ( born 19 August 1945 in Hounslow , London ) is an English rock music vocalist and songwriter , best known as the lead singer and lyricist for Deep Purple .


Gillan is also noted for singing the part of Jesus on the original rock opera concept album Jesus Christ Superstar . Gillan later became lead singer of Black Sabbath .

During his career Gillan also fronted his own band , had a year-long stint as the vocalist for Black Sabbath , and sang the role of Jesus in the original recording of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar .


Takumi Shimohira ( born 6 October 1988 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Gamba Osaka .

Takumi Shimohira is a Japanese football player currently playing for Gamba Osaka .


St. Anger was released on June 5 , 2003 .


St. Anger is the 8th studio album by American thrash metal band Metallica .

St. Anger is the eighth studio album by the American heavy metal band Metallica .


Theon of Alexandria wrote a complex book on the astrolabe . But says that Ptolemy used an astrolabe to make the astronomy observations recorded in the Tetrabiblos .

Theon of Alexandria wrote a detailed treatise on the astrolabe , and argues that Ptolemy used an astrolabe to make the astronomical observations recorded in the Tetrabiblos .


An early astrolabe was made in the Hellenistic world in 150 BC . It is often attributed to Hipparchus .

An early astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in 150 BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus .


A marriage of the planisphere and dioptre , the astrolabe was a calculator able to work out many kinds of problems in astronomy .

A marriage of the planisphere and dioptra , the astrolabe was effectively an analog calculator capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy .


Bruce Lorne Campbell ( born June 22 , 1958 ) is an American television and movie actor , producer , writer and director .

Bruce Lorne Campbell ( born June 22 , 1958 ) is an American actor , producer , writer , and director .


He is currently starring as Sam Axe in Burn Notice on the USA Network .

He is currently starring as Sam Axe in TV series Burn Notice on the USA Network .


The Battle of Patay ( 18 June 1429 ) was an important battle in the Hundred Years ' War between the French and the English in north-central France .

The Battle of Patay ( 18 June 1429 ) was the culminating engagement of the Loire Campaign of the Hundred Years ' War between the French and English in north-central France .


A waste container ( known more commonly in British English as a dustbin , rubbish-bin or simply bin , and American English as a trash can ) is a container , usually made of plastic or metal , used to store refuse .

A waste container is a container for temporarily storing waste , and is usually made out of metal or plastic . Common terms are dustbin , rubbish bin , refuse bin , litter bin , garbage can , trash can , trash barrel , trash bin , skip , dumpster , waste basket , waste paper basket , waste receptacle , litter receptacle , container bin , wheelie bin , bin , and kitchen bin .


Cookies and Cream is a kind of ice cream flavor .

The `` Cookies and Cream '' ice cream uses sweet cream ice cream and chocolate wafer cookies of any type .


Cookies and Cream combined Cookies ( toasted biscuit which are made from wheat flour ) and Cream ( which is originated from milk fats or used to make better ice cream ) .

Cookies and Cream ( or Cookies ` n Cream ) is a variety of ice cream and milkshake based on flavoring from chocolate cookies .


It is one of two principal cities in the Sherman-Denison Metropolitan Statistical Area .

Denison is one of two principal cities in the Sherman-Denison Metropolitan Statistical Area .


The city of Denison was founded in 1872 in conjunction with the MKT or `` Katy '' depot It was named after the wealthy Katy vice President George DenisonBecause the town was made at the intersection of the MKT and the Red River ( both important conduits of transportation in the industrial era ) , it came to be an important commercial center in the 19th century American West .

It was named after the wealthy Ryan Greenwood vice president George Denison . Because the town was established at the intersection of the MKT and the Red River ( both important conduits of transportation in the industrial era ) , it came to be an important commercial center in the 19th century American West .


Saint - Ã tienne-de-Lisse is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France .

Saint - Ã tienne-de-Lisse is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France .


Adam McKay is an American writer , director , actor , and comedian .

Adam McKay ( born April 17 , 1968 ) is an American screenwriter , director , comedian , and actor .


In 1940 , Wright started the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation .

One of Wright 's sons , Frank Lloyd Wright Jr. , known as Lloyd Wright , was also a notable architect in Los Angeles .


It is home to the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture .

Now the home of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation and archives , it continues today as the site of the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture .


It looks after two Wright buildings , Taliesin in Wisconsin , and Taliesin West in Arizona .

The architect 's personal archives are located at Taliesin West in Scottsdale , Arizona .


Carlos Fuentes ( born November 11 , 1928 ) is a Mexican writer .

Carlos Fuentes MacÃ as ( born November 11 , 1928 ) is a Mexican writer and one of the best-known living novelists and essayists in the Spanish-speaking world .


This episode is the first full appearance of Kent Brockman , and Kelsey Grammer makes his first guest appearance on the show as the voice of `` Sideshow Bob . ''

This episode marks the first full-fledged appearance of Kent Brockman , and Kelsey Grammer makes his first guest appearance on the show as the voice of Sideshow Bob .


`` Krusty Gets Busted '' is the twelfth episode of The Simpsons first season , and first started on April 29 , 1990 .

`` Krusty Gets Busted '' is the twelfth episode of The Simpsons first season , and originally aired on April 29 , 1990 .


In this episode , Krusty the Clown , a well known TV comedian , is convicted of the robbery of the `` Kwik-E-Mart . ''

In the episode , Krusty the Clown , a famous TV comedian , is convicted of the armed robbery of the Kwik-E-Mart .


Bart and Lisa looked for clues and convinced that Krusty has been framed .

Bart and Lisa investigate , convinced that Krusty has been framed .


The episode was well liked by people , and it was the highest rated show on the Fox Network the week it started .

The episode was well received by critics , and it was the highest rated show on the Fox Network the week it aired .


Beckenried is a municipality of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland .

Beckenried is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland .


Earl Grey tea is a kind of tea that has a flavor and smell that comes bergamot orange , a citrus fruit . The tea was named after Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey , a British prime minister from the 1830s .

The Earl Grey blend is named after 2nd Earl Grey , British Prime Minister in the 1830s and author of the Reform Bill of 1832 , who reputedly received a gift , probably a diplomatic perquisite , of tea flavored with bergamot oil , taken from bergamot , a citrus fruit typical of Southeast Asia and grown commercially in Italy .


Twinings , a British tea company , uses a portrait of Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey on its Earl Grey package .

Twinings ' Earl Grey and Lady Grey packaging bears the official endorsement and signature of Richard Grey , 6th Earl Grey .


The name `` Earl Grey '' only used to be given to black tea , but now the name is used for other teas that have oil of bergamot , or a bergamot flavor .

Traditionally the term `` Earl Grey '' was applied only to black tea ; however , today the term is used for other teas that contain oil of bergamot , or a flavor .


Earl Grey tea is a kind of tea that has a flavor and smell that comes bergamot orange , a citrus fruit .

Earl Grey tea is a tea blend with a distinctive flavor and aroma derived from the addition of oil extracted from the rind of the bergamot orange , a fragrant citrus fruit .


His play during his first season resulted in the New York media and Rangers fans giving him the nickname `` King Henrik '' .

His dominating play during his rookie season resulted in the New York media and Rangers fans giving him the nickname `` King Henrik '' .


During the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino , Italy , he played on the Swedish team when they won their second Olympic Gold Medal .

During the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino , Italy , he led the Swedish men 's team to their second Olympic gold medal .


Henrik Lundqvist ( born March 2 , 1982 , in Ã re , Sweden ) is a Swedish ice hockey goaltender for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .

Henrik Lundqvist ( ; born 2 March 1982 ) is a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .


The square root of a perfect square is always an integer .

In mathematics , a square number , sometimes also called a perfect square , is an integer that is the square of an integer ; in other words , it is the product of some integer with itself .


The inch is the basic unit of length or distance in the English system . A man 's thumb is about an inch wide .

Given the etymology of the word `` inch '' , it would seem that the inch is a unit derived from the Foot unit , but this was probably only so in Latin and in Roman times .


As of 2004 , the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau is 3,391 .


Norwich City F.C. is an English football club based in Norwich , Norfolk .

Norwich City Football Club ( also known as The Canaries or `` The Yellows '' ) is an English Football League Championship Association Football club based in Norwich , Norfolk .


Schaffhausen has some well-known industrial companies ( Georg Fischer ) in piping systems , machine tools and automotives , one internationally-reputed watches manufacturer ( IWC ) , and drug industry ( Cilag , founded by Bernhard Joos ) .

Schaffhausen hosts some well-known industrial companies like Georg Fischer ( piping systems , machine tools and automotives ) , an internationally-reputed manufacturer of watches ( IWC ) , pharmaceutical industry ( Cilag , founded by Bernhard Joos ) and BB Biotech ( biotechnologies ) .


On April 1 , 1944 , Schaffhausen suffered a bombing raid by United States Army Air Forces aircraft which strayed from German airspace into neutral Switzerland .

On April 1 , 1944 , Schaffhausen suffered a bombing raid by United States Army Air Forces aircraft which strayed from German airspace into neutral Switzerland due to navigation errors .


While the United States immediately offered a million dollars in reparations , the raid occurred only a month after the Swiss Air Force had shot down an American bomber .

About a hundred civilians were killed ; the United States immediately offered a million dollars in reparations .


Montrevel-en-Bresse is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France .


Arlo Guthrie ( born 1947 ) is an American musician and songwriter , and is the son of folk music legend Woody Guthrie .

Arlo Davy Guthrie ( born July 10 , 1947 ) is an American folk singer . Like his father , Woody Guthrie , Arlo often sings songs of protest against social injustice .


Screenwriters Dan Harris and Michael Dougherty and composer John Ottman left with him .

He was joined by X2 screenwriters Dan Harris and Michael Dougherty , as well as John Ottman , composer and editor of the film .


Brett Ratner directed the movie . He took over when Bryan Singer decided to direct Superman Returns .

Director Brett Ratner took over when Bryan Singer dropped out to direct Superman Returns .


X-Men : The Last Stand is a 2006 movie .

X-Men : The Last Stand ( also known colloquially as X-Men 3 or X3 ) is a 2006 superhero film and the third in the X-Men series .


The movie is about a `` mutant cure '' and the resurrection of Jean Grey , who seemed to have died in X2 .

The Last Stand revolves around a `` mutant cure '' that causes serious repercussions among mutants and humans , and on the mysterious resurrection of Jean Grey .


The movie is partially based on two X-Men comic book stories : writer Chris Claremont 's and artist John Byrne 's `` Dark Phoenix Saga '' in The Uncanny X-Men ( 1980 ) and writer Joss Whedon 's and artist John Cassaday 's six-issue `` Gifted '' story in Astonishing X-Men ( 2004 ) .

The film is loosely based on two X-Men comic book story arcs : writer Chris Claremont 's and artist John Byrne 's `` The Dark Phoenix Saga '' and writer Joss Whedon 's and artist John Cassaday 's six-issue `` Gifted '' arc .


A group of mutant which are part of an underground network across the nation .

A group of mutant outcasts which exists as part of an underground network that stretches across the nation .


They also find Jean Grey and put her inside the Xavier Institute .

Xavier explains that when Jean sacrificed herself , she unleashed the powerful alternate personality she calls `` Phoenix '' . Wolverine is disgusted to learn that Xavier has kept Jean in check telepathically , but when Jean awakens , he realizes she is not the Jean Grey he knew .


Singer has said that , at the time he left , they had partially written a story for the movie which would have been only about Jean Grey 's resurrection . The story would also have a new villain Emma Frost , played by Sigourney Weaver .

Though Singer , Harris and Dougherty did not produce a completed script , Singer revealed that at the time of his departure they had partially written a story treatment focusing on Jean Grey 's resurrection , which would also introduce the villain Emma Frost , a role intended for Sigourney Weaver .


Professor Xavier tracks down Jean Grey . He and Wolverine and Storm go Jean 's old house to try to talk to her .

Wolverine is disgusted to learn that Xavier has kept Jean in check telepathically , but when Jean awakens , he realizes she is not the Jean Grey he knew .


The X-Men are a team of superheroes from the `` Xavier Institute '' , a school for mutants . They protect both humans and mutants and try to prevent a war between the two .

The X-Men are a special ops team from The Xavier Institute , charged with protecting both humans and mutants and trying to prevent a war between the two .


Bryan Singer , the director of the first two X-Men movies left early in the production of the movie to direct the movie Superman Returns .

Bryan Singer , the director of the first two X-Men films , left the project in July 2004 in favor of developing Superman Returns .


Jean appears to Cyclops , and as the two kiss , Jean changes and kills Cyclops .


Many bird species , especially seabirds , can also excrete salt via specialized nasal salt glands , the saline solution leaving through nostrils in the beak .

Many avian species , especially seabirds , can also excrete salt via specialized nasal salt glands , the saline solution leaving through nostrils in the beak .


Multicellular organisms use more complex methods .

Multicellular organisms utilize more complex excretory methods .


This allows efficient water retention and it can be stored more easily in the egg .

This is metabolically more expensive , but allows more efficient water retention and it can be stored more easily in the egg .


It contrasts with secretion , where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell .

It contrasts secretion , where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell .


Excretion is one of the most basic functions of life . It is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials .

Excretion is the process by which waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism .


Aquatic animals usually excrete ammonia directly into the water , as this compound is soluble and there is ample water available for dilution .

Aquatic animals usually excrete ammonia directly into the external environment , as this compound has high solubility and there is ample water available for dilution .


In terrestrial animals ammonia-like compounds are converted into other nitrogenous materials as there is less water in the environment , and ammonia itself is toxic .

In terrestrial animals ammonia-like compounds are converted into other nitrogenous materials as there is less water in the environment and ammonia itself is toxic .


Higher plants eliminate gases through the stomata on the surface of leaves .

Higher plants eliminate gases through the stomata , or pores , on the surface of leaves .


Reptiles and birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a white paste .

Birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a paste .


Howard Dwaine Dorough ( born August 22 , 1973 ) , also known as Howie D , is an American singer . He was a member of the boy band Backstreet Boys .

Howard Dwaine `` Howie '' Dorough ( born August 22 , 1973 ) is an American musician and the oldest member of the Backstreet Boys since Kevin Richardson left in 2006 .


Vence is a commune . It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France .

Vence is a commune set in the hills of the Alpes Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur region in southeastern France between Nice and Antibes .


The year 1703 ( MDCCIII ) started on a Monday , ( or a Thursday by the 11-day slower Julian calendar ) .

Year 1703 ( MDCCIII ) was a common year starting on Monday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar .


ValdemÄ rpils is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1917 .

ValdemÄ rpils is a town in northwestern Latvia , near Talsi .


Saint-Louis-de-Montferrand is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France .

Saint-Louis-de-Montferrand is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France .


He won the 2007 American League Rookie of the Year award .

Pedroia has won several awards in Major League Baseball , including the 2007 American League Rookie of the Year and the 2008 AL MVP award .


Dustin Luis Pedroia ( born August 17 , 1983 in Woodland , California ) is a Major League Baseball player for the Boston Red Sox .

Dustin Luis Pedroia ( born August 17 , 1983 , in Woodland , California ) is an American professional baseball second baseman with the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball .


Towards the end of the 15th century a style of polyphonic sacred music had been developed that can be heard in the masses of Johannes Ockeghem and Jacob Obrecht .

Towards the end of the 15th century , polyphonic sacred music ( as exemplified in the masses of Johannes Ockeghem and Jacob Obrecht ) had once again become more complex , in a manner that can perhaps be seen as correlating to the stunning detail in the painting at the time .


Ricardo Higa ( born 4 May 1973 ) is a former Brazilian-Japanese football player .

Ricardo Higa ( born 4 May 1973 ) is a former Brazilian-Japanese footballer .


In 1899 , the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement for Sudan set the border between the territories at the 22nd parallel . At that time , the United Kingdom ruled the area .

In 1899 , when the United Kingdom held hegemony in the area , the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement for Sudan set the border between the territories at the 22nd parallel .


At the same time , the Hala ` ib Triangle north of latitude 22 Â north , and northeast of the area , came under Sudanese administration . This was because the tribes of this area were based in Sudan .

At the same time , the Hala ` ib Triangle north of latitude 22 Â north , and northeast of the area , came under Sudanese administration , because the tribes of this area were based in Sudan .


As a result , both states claim the Hala ` ib Triangle . Neither state claims the much less valuable Bir Tawil area , which is only a tenth the size and is landlocked .

As a result , both states claim the Hala ` ib Triangle and neither claims the much less valuable Bir Tawil area , which is only a tenth the size and is landlocked .


In the east is Jabal á ajar az ZarqÄ ' . It has a height of 662 meters .

In the east is Jabal á ajar az ZarqÄ ' , with a height of 662 meters .


The area was ruled by the British Governor in Khartoum .

The area thus became the responsibility of the British Governor in Khartoum .


Egypt claims the original border from 1899 , the 22 Â north circle of latitude . This would place the Hala ` ib Triangle within Egypt and the Bir Tawil area within Sudan .

Egypt claims the original border from 1899 , the 22 Â north circle of latitude , which would place the Hala ` ib Triangle within Egypt and the Bir Tawil area within Sudan .


Their political boundary was set in 1899 . It was set as the 22 Â north circle of latitude .

It is the only area where the administrative boundary of 1902 between the two countries runs south of the political boundary of 1899 , which had been defined as the 22 Â north circle of latitude .


In the north of the area is the mountain Jabal Tawil ( Ø Ø Ù Ø Ù Ù Ù in Arabic , located at ) . It has a height of 459 meters .

In the north of the area is the mountain Jabal Tawil ( Ø Ø Ù Ø Ù Ù Ù in Arabic , located at ) , with a height of 459 meters .


As a result , Bir Tawil is one of the few land areas of the world which is not claimed by any state .

As a result Bir Tawil is one of the few land areas of the world which is not claimed by any state .


It is 95 k long in the north . It is between 26 k and 31 k wide north-to-south .

East-to-west , the area is between 46 k long in the south , and 95 k long in the north , and between 26 k and 31 k wide north-to-south , and 2060 k in size .


Sudan claims the administrative border of 1902 . This would put Hala ` ib within Sudan , and Bir Tawil within Egypt .

Sudan however claims the administrative border of 1902 , which would put Hala ` ib within Sudan , and Bir Tawil within Egypt .


It runs along the 22 Â north circle of latitude .

It is sometimes referred to as the Bir Tawil Triangle , despite the area 's quadrilateral shape , with the longer side in the north of the area running along the 22 Â north circle of latitude . It is the only area where the administrative boundary of 1902 between the two countries runs south of the political boundary of 1899 , which had been defined as the 22 Â north circle of latitude .


In the south is the Wadi Tawil ( Ù Ø Ø Ù Ø Ù Ù Ù in Arabic , also called Khawr AbÅ `` Bard , located at ) , near Nogaem Valley .

In the south is the Wadi Tawil ( Ù Ø Ø Ù Ø Ù Ù Ù in Arabic , also called Khawr AbÅ `` Bard , located at ) .


There is no basis in international law for Sudan or Egypt to claim both territories . It would also be difficult for any other state to claim the area .

There is no basis in international law for Sudan or Egypt to claim both territories , and it would be difficult if not impossible for any third state to claim the area , since it is accessible only through Sudan or Egypt .


The Bir Tawil area came under Egyptian administration in 1902 . This was because it was grazing land of the Ababda tribe based near Aswan , Egypt .

The Bir Tawil area came under Egyptian administration in 1902 , because it was grazing land of the Ababda tribe based near Aswan , Egypt .


Using this boundary , a triangle of land north of the parallel was placed under Sudanese administration . It was because its inhabitants were closer to Khartoum than Cairo , both geographically and culturally .

However , in 1902 the UK drew a separate `` administrative boundary , '' under which a triangle of land north of the parallel was placed under Sudanese administration , because its inhabitants were closer to Khartoum than Cairo , both geographically and culturally .


Bir Tawil or Bi ' r TawÄ `` l ( Ø Ù Ø Ø Ù Ù Ù in Arabic ; Bi ' r or Ø Ù Ø , meaning water well ) , is a small , 2060 k , area . It is along the border between Egypt and Sudan .

Bir Tawil or Bi ' r TawÄ `` l ( Ø Ù Ø Ø Ù Ù Ù in Arabic ; Bi ' r or Ø Ù Ø , meaning water well ) , is a 2060 k area along the border between Egypt and Sudan which is claimed by neither country .


It measured as a Level 6 disaster on the International Nuclear Event Scale ( the Chernobyl disaster is the only accident listed as more serious than this one ) .

It measured as a Level 6 disaster on the International Nuclear Event Scale , making it the second most serious nuclear accident ever recorded ( after the Chernobyl disaster ) .


The Kyshtym disaster was a radiation contamination disaster , which happened on 29 September , 1957 , in Mayak , a nuclear plant in Russia ( then a part of the Soviet Union ) .

The Kyshtym disaster was a radiation contamination incident that occurred on 29 September 1957 at Mayak , a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Russia ( then a part of the Soviet Union ) .


Berles-au-Bois is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Berles-au-Bois is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


WWF Capital Carnage was a United Kingdom exclusive professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) that took place on December 6 , 1998 at the London Arena in London , England .

WWF Capital Carnage was a UK-only professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) that took place on December 6 , 1998 at the London Arena in London , England .


Alfred Nobel created an annual award , the Nobel Peace Prize , for the person who had done the most to bring peace to the world .

According to Nobel 's will , the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who


Buddhists think that peace can be gotten once all suffering ends .

Buddhists believe that peace can be attained once all suffering ends .


A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to get ideals such as the ending of a particular war ( or all wars ) , minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation , often linked to the goal of achieving world peace .

A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war ( or all wars ) , minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation , often linked to the goal of achieving world peace .


Being `` at peace '' is considered by many to be healthy and the opposite of being stressed or anxious .

Being `` at peace '' is considered by many to be healthy homeostasis and the opposite of being stressed or anxious .


Many different theories of `` peace '' exist in the world of peace studies , which involves the study of conflict transformation .

Many different theories of `` peace '' exist in the world of peace studies , which involves the study of conflict transformation , disarmament , and cessation of violence .


To get rid of suffering and get this peace , they follow a set of teachings called the Four Noble Truths â '' a central tenet to their philosophy .

To eliminate suffering and achieve this peace , they follow a set of teachings called the Four Noble Truths â '' a central tenet to their philosophy .


Jesus Christ ( also called the `` Prince of Peace '' in the Book of Isaiah ) said : `` Peace I leave with you ; my peace I give you .

Jesus Christ ( also called the `` Prince of Peace '' in the Book of Isaiah according to Christian interpretation ) stated : `` Peace I leave with you ; my peace I give you .


Kawasaki Frontale is a football club which plays in Japan .

Kawasaki Frontale is a J. League Division 1 association football club .


Mozart wrote two piano concertos in a minor key , and one of them is in C minor , No. 24 , K. 491 .

Of the two piano concertos that Mozart wrote in a minor key , one of them is in C minor , No. 24 , K. 491 .


In the Baroque period , music in C minor was usually written with a two-flat key signature .

In the Baroque period , music in C minor was usually written with a two-flat key signature , and some modern editions of that repertoire retain that convention .


C minor has had the meaning of heroic struggle from Beethoven 's time . One of the most famous pieces in this key is his Symphony No. 5 .

C minor has been associated with heroic struggle since Beethoven 's time , with the quintessential work in the key being his Symphony No. 5 ; see Beethoven and C minor .


The fact that Brahms 's Symphony No. 1 is also in C minor helped it get its nickname as `` Beethoven 's Tenth '' ( Beethoven 's actual unfinished Symphony No. 10 in E flat major may have had a significant central C minor section in the first movement ) .

The fact that Brahms 's Symphony No. 1 is in C minor contributed to it being nicknamed `` Beethoven 's Tenth '' ( Beethoven 's actual unfinished Symphony No. 10 in E flat major may have had a significant central C minor section in the first movement ) .


Several of the major employers in the city are CMS Energy , which gives natural gas and electrical services to much of Michigan and has its international headquarters in the city , as well as Foote Hospital .

Three major private employers in the city are CMS Energy , which provides natural gas and electrical services to much of Michigan and has its international headquarters in the city , as well as Allegiance Health ( Formerly Foote Hospital ) and the Eaton Corporation .


It was started in 1829 . It is named after Democratic President Andrew Jackson .

It was founded in 1829 , and named after President Andrew Jackson .


Duff was born in Houston , Harris County , Texas .


Duff wrote or co-wrote several songs on two of her sister Hilary 's albums , Metamorphosis ( 2003 ) , Hilary Duff ( 2004 ) and the song , `` Gypsy Woman '' , on Hilary 's 4th album , Dignity .

In addition to singing , Duff has also wrote and co-wrote several songs for her sister Hilary 's studio albums , Metamorphosis and Hilary Duff , as well as the song `` Gypsy Woman '' , on Hilary 's third studio album , Dignity .


Her mother , Susan Duff , is a producer . Robert Erhard Duff , Haylie 's father , lives at the family home in Houston .

Her father , Robert Erhard ` Bob ' Duff , is a partner and owner in a chain of convenience stores with father John B. Duff and who resides at the family home in Houston to maintain the family 's business .


Haylie Katherine Duff ( born February 19 1985 ) is an American actress and singer .

Haylie Katherine Duff ( born February 19 , 1985 ) is an American actress and singer-songwriter .


She is the older sister of actress and singer Hilary Duff .


Ratchet & Clank : Going Commando ( Ratchet & Clank 2 : Locked and Loaded in Europe , Australia and New Zealand ) is a 3D platform\/shooter for the PlayStation 2 . It was developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony in 2003 .

Ratchet & Clank : Going Commando ( known as Ratchet & Clank 2 : Locked and Loaded in certain PAL regions ) is a 3D platformer\/shooter developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony .


It is the second game in the Ratchet & Clank series .

Released for the PlayStation 2 in 2003 , it is the second game in the Ratchet & Clank series , following Ratchet & Clank and preceding Ratchet & Clank : Up Your Arsenal .


Toe socks are socks that wrap each toe separate from the others .

A toe sock encases each toe individually the same way a finger is encased in a glove , while other socks have one compartment for the big toe and one for the rest , like a mitten ; most notably Japanese tabi . Both of these allow one to wear flip-flops with the socks .


In basketball , tube socks are worn , and in lacrosse , mid-calf socks are required . In football , knee socks are used .


Toe socks are socks that wrap each toe separate from the others . Socks can be worn on the feet .

Over-the-knee socks or socks that extend higher ( thigh-high socks ) are today considered female garments .


Socks can be worn on the feet . Socks come in an array of different colors .

Leg warmers , which are not typically socks , may be replaced with socks in cold climate .


She became Hadley 's friend . Then Pauline fell in love with Hemingway .

Of Hemingway 's marriage to Hadley , Meyers claims : `` With Hadley , Hemingway achieved everything he had hoped for with Agnes : the love of a beautiful woman , a comfortable income , a life in Europe . ''


Then Pauline fell in love with Hemingway .

In the late spring Hemingway and Pauline traveled to Kansas City where their son Patrick Hemingway was born on June 28 , 1928 . Pauline had a difficult delivery , which Hemingway fictionalized in A Farewell to Arms .


One was an American woman , Pauline Pfeiffer . She became Hadley 's friend .

In the spring of 1926 , Hadley became aware of his affair with Pauline Pfeiffer , although she endured Pauline 's presence in Pamplona that July .


Cultivation of the Valencia in Orange County had stopped by the mid-1990s because of rising property costs , which caused what remained of the Southern California orange industry to move to Florida .

Cultivation of the Valencia in Orange County had all but ceased by the mid-1990s due to rising property costs from urban sprawl , which drove most of what remained of the Southern California juice orange industry into Florida and Brazil .


The Valencia orange is an orange first made by the Californian agronomist William Wolfskill , on his farm in Santa Ana .

The Valencia Orange is a sweet orange first hybridized by California pioneer agronomist and land developer William Wolfskill , on his farm in Santa Ana , United States .


Those who have the formal power to create legislation are known as legislators , the judicial branch of government may have the formal power to interpret legislation .

Those who have the formal power to create legislation are known as legislators ; a judicial branch of government will have the formal power to interpret legislation ( see statutory interpretation ) ; the executive branch of government can act only within the powers and limits set by the law .


These other forms of law-making include referenda and constitutional conventions .

Such other forms of law-making include referendums , constitutional conventions , orders-in-council or regulations .


Under the doctrine of separation of powers , the law-making function is primarily the responsibility of the legislature .

The function and procedures are primarily the responsibility of the legislature .


However , there are situations where legislation is enacted by other means ( most commonly when constitutional law is enacted ) .

However , there are situations where legislation is made by other bodies or means , such as when constitutional law or secondary legislation is enacted .


Legislation is usually proposed by a member of the legislature ( e.g. a member of Congress or Parliament ) , or by the executive , then it is debated by members of the legislature and is often amended .

Legislation is usually proposed by a member of the legislature ( e.g. a member of Congress or Parliament ) , or by the executive , whereupon it is debated by members of the legislature and is often amended before passage .


Under the Westminster system , an item of legislation is known as an Act of Parliament .

Under the Westminster system , an item of primary legislation is known as an Act of Parliament after enactment .


The term `` legislation '' is sometimes used to describe these situations , but other times , the term is used to distinguish acts of the legislature from these other lawmaking forms .

The term legislation is sometimes used to include these situations , or the term primary legislation may be used to exclude these other forms .


Legislation ( or `` statutory law '' ) is law which has been created by a legislature or other governing body .

Legislation ( or `` statutory law '' ) is law which has been promulgated ( or `` enacted '' ) by a legislature or other governing body , or the process of making it .


Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill , which is typically also known as `` legislation '' while it remains under active consideration .

Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill , and may be broadly referred to as `` legislation '' while it remains under consideration to distinguish it from other business .


He was chosen as the goaltender of the Canadiens ' `` dream team '' in 1985 . He was inducted into the Quebec Sports Pantheon in 1994 .

Plante was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978 , was chosen as the goaltender of the Canadiens ' `` dream team '' in 1985 , and was inducted into the Quebec Sports Pantheon in 1994 .