Cressida belongs to Portia Group of moons , which also includes Bianca , Desdemona , Juliet , Portia , Rosalind , Cupid , Belinda and Perdita .

Cressida belongs to the Portia Group of satellites , which includes Bianca , Desdemona , Juliet , Portia , Rosalind , Cupid , Belinda and Perdita .


Icons are used in many places on a computer .


Argences is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

Argences is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in north-western France .


Ryder also received worldwide attention after her arrest on December 12 , 2001 for shoplifting from a Saks Fifth Avenue store in Beverly Hills , California .

On December 12 , 2001 , Ryder was arrested on shoplifting charges in Beverly Hills , California .


Although Ryder made her screen debut in Lucas ( 1986 ) , her first big role came in 1988 with Beetle Juice as Lydia Deetz , a Goth teenager .

She made her film debut in the 1986 film Lucas . Ryder 's first significant role came in Tim Burton 's Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) as a goth teenager , which won her critical and commercial recognition .


Lead ( II ) acetate is a chemical compound composed of lead and acetate ions .

Lead ( II ) acetate is a chemical compound , a white crystalline substance with a sweetish taste .


It is also known as sugar of lead , salt of Saturn , and Goulard 's powder . It is used to make other lead compounds .

Lead ( II ) acetate is also known as lead acetate , lead diacetate , plumbous acetate , sugar of lead , lead sugar , salt of Saturn , and Goulard 's powder ( after Thomas Goulard ) .


Theo Walcott ( born 16 March 1989 ) is a English football player . He plays for Arsenal and England national team .

Theo James Walcott ( born 16 March 1989 ) is an English footballer who plays for Arsenal and the England national team .


The Irwell flows through the city centres of Manchester and Salford , before joining the River Mersey near Irlam .

The Irwell flows through ( and separates ) the city centres of Manchester and Salford , before joining the River Mersey near Irlam .


The start of the river is at Irwell Springs on Deerplay Moor , about 1.5 m north of the town of Bacup , in the parish of Cliviger , Lancashire .

The river 's source is at Irwell Springs on Deerplay Moor , approximately 1.5 m north of Bacup , in the parish of Cliviger , Lancashire .


Villers-en-Pray Ã res is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


Yoshino ( å é ç '' ; - cho ) is a town found in Yoshino District , Nara Prefecture , Japan .

Yoshino is a town located in Yoshino District , Nara Prefecture , Japan .


Zora Neale Hurston ( January 7 , 1891 -- January 28 , 1960 ) was an American folklorist and author during the time of the Harlem Renaissance , best known for the 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God .

Zora Neale Hurston ( January 7 , 1891 -- January 28 , 1960 ) was an American folklorist , anthropologist , and author during the time of the Harlem Renaissance .


Kinetic energy is the energy which refers to moving objects . So you can think of Kinetic energy as the energy of movement , because it refers to any object that is moving at that present time .

Kinetic energy can be passed from one object to another .


However , heat , light , sound , mechanical energy , electrical , and other types of energy are also types of kinetic energy .

The chemical energy has been converted into kinetic energy , the energy of motion , but the process is not completely efficient and produces heat within the cyclist .


Kinetic energy is the energy which refers to moving objects .

Thus the kinetic energy of a tennis ball in flight is the kinetic energy due to its rotation , plus the kinetic energy due to its translation .


It features two new songs from Phil Collins and takes place during the song `` Son of Man '' from the first movie .

It features two new songs from Phil Collins and takes place during the song `` Son of Man '' from the first film .


Tarzan II is a direct-to-video midquel to the 1999 Disney animated movie Tarzan , released on June 14 , 2005 .

Tarzan II ( displayed with the title Tarzan II : The Legend Begins on the DVD cover ) is a 2005 direct-to-video midquel to the 1999 Walt Disney Feature Animation film Tarzan , released on June 14 , 2005 .


The movie tells the story of a young Tarzan 's adventure to discover who he really is .

The film tells the story of a young Tarzan 's adventure to discover who he really is .


It was dedicated to Dr. G. Robertson Sinclair , the organist of Hereford Cathedral .

; Dedication March No. 4 was completed on 7 June 1907 , and dedicated `` To my friend Dr. G. Robertson Sinclair , Hereford '' .


It was first performed on 24 August 1907 , in the Queen 's Hall , London , conducted by Elgar himself .

It was first performed on 24 August 1907 , in the Queen 's Hall , London , conducted by the composer .


'' March No. 5 in C '' , composed in 1930 , was dedicated to Percy Hull , a friend from Hereford .

; Dedication March No. 5 was composed in 1930 , much later than the others , and dedicated `` To my friend Dr. Percy C. Hull , Hereford '' .


In the United States the tune is sometimes known as `` Pomp and Circumstance '' or as `` The Graduation March '' , and is played as the processional tune at high school and college graduation ceremonies , .

In the United States , the Trio section `` Land of Hope and Glory '' of March No. 1 is sometimes known simply as `` Pomp and Circumstance '' or as `` The Graduation March '' , and is played as the processional tune at virtually all high school and college graduation ceremonies .


'' March No. 2 in A minor '' was dedicated to the composer Granville Bantock '' .

; Dedication March No. 2 was composed in 1901 and dedicated `` To my friend Granville Bantock '' .


It was dedicated `` To my friend Ivor Atkins '' .


Both marches were played two days later at a Promenade Concert in the Queen 's Hall London , conducted by Henry Wood .

Both marches were played two days later at a London Promenade Concert in the Queen 's Hall London , conducted by Henry Wood , with March No. 1 played second , and the audience '' ... rose and yelled . .


The `` Pomp and Circumstance Marches '' are a group of five marches for orchestra composed by Sir Edward Elgar .

39 are a series of marches for orchestra composed by Sir Edward Elgar .


Elgar dedicated each march to one of his musical friends .

39 , and each of the marches is dedicated to a particular musical friend of Elgar 's .


In Britain `` Land of Hope and Glory '' is sung every year at the Last Night of the Proms in the Royal Albert Hall as part of the Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 .

About the music commonly known as `` Pomp and Circumstance '' in the United States , see March No. 1 below .


Elgar dedicated it to Alfred Rodewald who conducted its first performance with the Liverpool Orchestra Society on 19 October 1901 .

; History The best known of the set , it had its premiere , along with the more reserved second March , played by the Liverpool Orchestral Society conducted by Alfred Rodewald , in Liverpool on 19 October 1901 .


Their full title is : `` Pomp and Circumstance Military Marches '' ) .

The `` Pomp and Circumstance Marches '' ( full title `` Pomp and Circumstance Military Marches '' ) , Op .


'' March No. 3 in C minor '' was finished in November 1904 and published in 1905 .

; Dedication March No. 3 was completed in November 1904 and published in 1905 .


Users may be blocked from changing Wikipedia by administrators to stop damage or disruption to Wikipedia .

Users may be blocked from editing by Wikipedia administrators to prevent damage or disruption to Wikipedia .


Also , if the reviewing administrator decides that the block was justified , she will not unblock you unless she is convinced that you understand what you are blocked for , and that you will not do it again .

Also , if the reviewing administrator concludes that the block was justified , you will not be unblocked unless the reviewing administrator is convinced that you understand what you are blocked for , and that you will not do it again .


Wikipedia policy on open proxies is clear : they are blocked for a long time without exception once identified .

Wikipedia policy on open proxies is clear : editing through them is blocked without exception once identified .


As a user requesting to be unblocked , it is your responsibility to tell clearly and briefly , in easily readable English , why your block violated Wikipedia 's blocking policy .

As a user requesting to be unblocked , it is your responsibility to explain clearly and briefly , in easily readable English , why your block violated Wikipedia 's blocking policy .


But if yours is the rare exception , you should try to make it as easy as possible for the reviewing administrator to see why .

If yours is the rare exception , you should try to make it as easy as possible for the reviewing administrator to see why .


Blocks are lifted if they are not ( or no longer ) needed to stop such damage or disruption .

Blocks are lifted if they are not ( or no longer ) necessary to prevent such damage or disruption .


They are usually one or more from among the following : Vandalism , sockpuppetry , spamming or having a bad username .

They are usually one or more from among the following : Vandalism , sockpuppetry , edit warring , violating the three-revert rule , spamming , editing with a conflict of interest or having a prohibited username .


To contest your block well , you must understand the reason for it .

To effectively contest your block , you must understand the reason for it .


Accusations of sockpuppetry result in many blocks and almost as many unblock requests , as Wikipedia policy calls for the sockpuppet account to be blocked indefinitely and the sockpuppeteer to be blocked for some length of time .

Accusations of sockpuppetry result in many blocks and almost as many unblock requests , as Wikipedia policy calls for the sockpuppet account to be blocked indefinitely and the sockpuppeteer to be blocked for some length of time ( possibly also indefinitely ) .


An account with a username that indicates that they are trying to be disruptive , uses hateful or obscene language or otherwise shows that the user has disruptive or provocative intent will be hard blocked , meaning that an unblock request will be required .

An account with a username that uses hateful or obscene language or otherwise indicates disruptive or provocative intent will be hard blocked , meaning that an unblock request will be required .


Sometimes readers who have never or rarely changed before , or not from that location , with no goal of making an account , click on `` change this page '' only to find that changing from their IP address is blocked , for something they did n't do .

Occasionally readers who have never or rarely edited before , or not from that location , with no intention of registering an account , click on edit only to find that editing from their IP address is blocked , for something they did n't do .


Even without the use of Checkuser , or with a result of `` unrelated '' , an account that makes the same changes as a different blocked account , has the same linguistic peculiarities and the same general interests may remain blocked .

Even without the use of the Checkuser tool , or with a result of `` unrelated '' , an account that makes the same edits as a different blocked account , has the same linguistic peculiarities and the same general interests may remain blocked under the `` quacks like a duck '' test .


Wikipedia admins can never be absolutely sure about sockpuppetry , and the most abusive users can be very sneaky in trying to stop detection .

Wikipedia admins can never be absolutely sure about sockpuppetry , and the most abusive users can be very devious in attempting to evade detection .


If you state in your request that the changes which led to your block were made by someone else who logged on to your account without your knowledge or permission , we will have to leave it blocked and request that you start over with a new account .

If you state in your request that the edits which led to your block were made by someone else ( for example , your little brother ) who accessed your account without your knowledge or permission , we will have to leave it blocked .


If your server has been blocked as an open proxy , you will probably need to change using another connection : in most cases , proxies are `` hard blocked '' , which stops even logged-in users from using the connection to change .

If your server has been blocked as an open proxy , you will probably need to edit via another connection : in most cases , proxies are `` hard blocked '' , which prevents even logged-in users from using the connection to edit .


Before you make an unblock request , you should read the policies and guidelines named in your block reason .

Before you make an unblock request , you should attentively read the policies and guidelines named in your block reason .


Accounts with usernames that violate the username policy are often blocked indefinitely , regardless of their changing behavior .

Accounts with usernames that do not conform to the username policy are often blocked indefinitely , regardless of their editing behavior .


Most administrators consider such an unblock request a sure sign of a sock account ( particularly one with very few changes otherwise ) and will decline on that basis .

Most administrators consider such an unblock request a sure sign of a sock account ( particularly one with very few edits otherwise ) and will decline on that basis .


If made repeatedly , they may also lead to your block being made longer or to your talk page being protected .

If made repeatedly , they may also lead to your block being extended or to your talk page being protected .


Second , he may leave a message explaining your block on your user talk page .

Second , the administrator may leave a message explaining your block on your user talk page .


Meatpuppets will be blocked indefinitely , too ... do n't change on behalf of someone else , no matter how well you may know them .

Meatpuppets will be blocked indefinitely , too ... do n't edit on behalf of someone else , no matter how well you may know them .


` Do not ' make an unblock request that includes a request for checkuser to `` prove your innocence '' . Those are rarely done that you 're better off not asking .

Do not make an unblock request that includes a request for checkuser to `` prove your innocence '' ... as indicated at Sockpuppet investigations those are so rarely done that you 're better off not asking ( besides , it is difficult to use it to prove that two editors are different people ) .


It may help with your unblock request if you understand how they are reviewed , and by who .

It may help with your unblock request if you understand how they are reviewed , and by whom .


In practice , almost all unblock requests are declined .

In practice , a high proportion of unblock requests are declined .


You are told about the block reason in two ways .

You are informed about the block reason in two ways .


Grand View is a city of Idaho in the United States .

Grand View is a city in Owyhee County , Idaho , United States .


In the Malay , the tapir is commonly referred to as `` cipan '' , `` tenuk '' or `` badak tampong '' .

In the Malay language , the tapir is commonly referred to as `` cipan '' , `` tenuk '' or `` badak tampong '' .


Woodside is a town in the London Borough of Croydon , England .

The station was served by the Woodside and South Croydon Railway .


Woodside Racecourse opened in 1866 on a park called Stroud Green Farm , it has now closed and is now the site of Ashburton Learning Village , closing in 1890 .

Woodside Racecourse opened in 1866 on nearby Stroud Green Farm , now the site of Ashburton Community School , closing in 1890 .


Woodside is close to South Norwood and Addiscombe .

Woodside is a neighborhood in the London Borough of Croydon located between Addiscombe and South Norwood .


Saint-Pierre-de-Mailloc is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

Saint-Pierre-de-Mailloc is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .


Sempy is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Sempy is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


Rudi VÃ ller ( born 13 April 1960 ) is a former German football player .

Rudolf ` Rudi ' VÃ ller ( born 13 April 1960 in Hanau , Hesse ) is a German former international football striker , and a former manager of the German national team .


Yuji Ito ( born 20 May 1965 ) is a former Japanese football player .

Yuji Ito ( born 20 May , 1965 ) is a former Japanese football player .


\/ \/ can delete this stub later if no one is using it importScript ( `` User : SEPTActaMTA8235\/dashes .

\/ \/ can delete this stub later if no one is using it importScript ( `` User : GregU\/dashes .


The earthquake caused at least one major landslide in Shizuoka . This landslide was one of the three largest in Japan and is called the Ohya Landslide .

At least one major landslide was triggered by the earthquake , the Ohya slide in Shizuoka .


In addition to the two earthquakes in 1854 , there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946 .

In addition to the two events in 1854 , there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946 .


It covered an area of 1.8 km2 with an estimated volume of 120 million m3 .

This landslide , one of the three largest in Japan , involved an area of 1.8 km2 , with an estimated volume of 120 million m3 .


In 1707 , the earthquakes were either at the same time , or close enough together so that writing from that time do not describe them separately .

In the 1707 event , the earthquakes were either simultaneous , or close enough in time , to not be distinguished by historical sources .


At Cape Muroto , KÅ chi , a cliff was raised up about 2.3 m in 1707 , but just 1.5 m in 1854 . In the Kawachi Plain area , the earthquake was around 6 -- 7 on the JMA scale .

The uplift at Cape Muroto , KÅ chi is estimated at 2.3 m in 1707 compared to 1.5 m in 1854 , the presence of an area of seismic intensity of 6 -- 7 on the JMA scale in Kawachi Plain , the degree of damage and inundations heights for the corresponding tsunami and records of tsunami at distant locations , such as Nagasaki and Jeju-do , South Korea .


29,000 houses were destroyed and more than 5,000 people were killed .

29,000 houses were destroyed and there were more than 5,000 casualties .


The southern coast of Honshu runs in the same direction as the Nankai Trough . This marks the place where the Philippine Sea Plate moves under the Eurasian Plate .

The southern coast of Honshu runs parallel to the Nankai Trough , which marks the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate .


Movement on this boundary causes many earthquakes ; some of them are megathrust earthquakes .

Movement on this convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes , some of them of megathrust type .


The great earthquake in 1707 may have changed pressure in the magma under Mount Fuji .

The great earthquake in 1707 may have caused changes in pressure in the magma chamber beneath Mount Fuji through a static stress change .


Changes in stress caused by large earthquakes may be enough to cause volcanic eruptions , when the magma system of the volcano is close to a critical state .

There is evidence that changes in stress caused by large earthquakes may be sufficient to trigger volcanic eruptions , assuming that the magma system involved is close to a critical state .


The Nankai megathrust has five parts ( A-E ) that can break one by one .

The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments ( A-E ) that can rupture independently , the segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1,300 years . Megathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs , with a relatively short time gap between them .


There were two other very large earthquakes : the 1854 Ansei-T Å kai and Ansei-Nankai earthquakes . The 1707 was stronger than both .

The magnitude of the 1707 event exceeded that of both the 1854 Ansei-T Å kai and Ansei-Nankai earthquakes , based on several observations .


Along the southwestern coast of KÅ chi , the average increase in sea level was 7.7 m. In some places it rose up to 10 m .

Along the southwestern coast of KÅ chi , run-up heights averaged 7.7 m with up to 10 m in places .


The 1707 HÅ ei earthquake happened at 14:00 local time on 28 October 1707 . It was the largest earthquake in Japanese history .

The 1707 HÅ ei earthquake , which occurred at 14:00 local time on October 28 , 1707 , was the largest in Japanese history until the 2011 TÅ hoku earthquake surpassed it .


Jean Carlo Witte ( born 24 September 1977 ) is a Brazilian football player .

Jean Carlo Witte ( born 24 September 1977 in Blumenau , Santa Catarina ) is a Brazilian football ( soccer ) defender .


The eggs are a yellowish color . They are laid in clusters on the host plant leaves .

The yellowish eggs are laid in clusters on the host plant leaves .


The wingspan ranges from 4.5 to 6.8 cm .


The Salt Marsh Caterpillar is highly variable in color . It ranges from pale yellow to dark brownish-black .

The larva , known as the Salt Marsh Caterpillar , is highly variable in color and ranges from pale yellow to dark brownish-black .


The head and thorax are white . The abdomen is yellow-orange with a row of black spots .

The head and thorax are white with the abdomen being yellow-orange with a row of black spots .


The fore wing ( the top wing ) is white with a variable amount of black spots ( some individuals do not have these spots ) .

The fore wing is white with a variable amount of black spots ( some individuals lack these spots ) .


The Salt Marsh Moth or Acrea Moth ( Estigmene acrea ) is a North American moth . It is in the family Arctiidae .

The Salt Marsh Moth or Acrea Moth ( Estigmene acrea ) is a North American moth in the family Arctiidae .


The hind wing ( the bottom wing ) is yellow-orange in males . It is white in females .

The hind wing is yellow-orange in males and white in females .


Michael Hordy ( born October 10 , 1956 in Thunder Bay , Ontario ) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player . During his career he played eleven games in the National Hockey League for the New York Islanders .

Michael Hordy ( born October 10 , 1956 in Thunder Bay , Ontario ) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player who played eleven games in the National Hockey League for the New York Islanders .


The province 's natural borders are Å wiÄ tokrzyskie Mountains ( GÃ ry Å wiÄ tokrzyskie ) on the north , Jura Krakowsko-Cz Ä stochowska ( a broad range of hills stretching from KrakÃ w to CzÄ stochowa ) on the west , and the Tatra , Pieniny and Beskidy Mountains on the south .

The province is bounded on the north by the Å wiÄ tokrzyskie Mountains ( GÃ ry Å wiÄ tokrzyskie ) , on the west by Jura Krakowsko-Cz Ä stochowska ( a broad range of hills stretching from KrakÃ w to CzÄ stochowa ) , and on the south by the Tatra , Pieniny and Beskidy Mountains .


The provinces and countries it is bordered by are the Silesian Voivodeship to the west , Å wiÄ tokrzyskie Voivodeship to the north , Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the east , and the country of Slovakia to the south .

Politically it is bordered by Silesian Voivodeship to the west , Å wiÄ tokrzyskie Voivodeship to the north , Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the east , and Slovakia to the south .


John Sidney McCain ( born August 29 , 1936 in the Panama Canal Zone ) is a United States Senator from Arizona .

John Sidney McCain III ( born August 29 , 1936 ) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona .


He was chosen by the Republican Party for the party 's candidate in the United States presidential election , 2008 .

He was the Republican nominee for president in the 2008 United States election .


Thomas and Johnston retired in 1978 , and both later enjoyed cameo appearances in the Brad Bird-directed films The Iron Giant ( Warner Bros. , 1999 ) and The Incredibles ( Pixar , 2004 ) .

Thomas , Johnston and Davis retired in 1978 , and Thomas and Johnston later enjoyed cameos in the Brad Bird-directed films The Iron Giant ( Warner Bros. , 1999 ) and The Incredibles ( Pixar , 2004 ) .


They were Milt Kahl , John Lounsbery , Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston , although Eric Larson and Wolfgang Reitherman were both working for Disney , but not as animators .

They were Milt Kahl , John Lounsbery , Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston , although Eric Larson was still working for Disney as a talent scout and trainer , Wolfgang Reitherman was by that point directing and producing films , and Marc Davis was helping to create Disney theme park attractions .


Disney 's Nine Old Men were a group of animators who were very important names for Disney . They made many important works of Disney , from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to The Fox and the Hound .

Disney 's Nine Old Men were the core animators ( some of whom later became directors ) at Walt Disney Productions who created some of Disney 's most famous works , from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs onward to The Rescuers .


Thomas died shortly after that , in 2004 , leaving Johnston as the last living `` Old Man . '' He died on April 14 , 2008 .

Thomas died shortly afterwards in 2004 , and Johnston ( who was by that point the last surviving `` Old Man '' ) died in 2008 .


The power unit used was a Napier Deltic T9-29 9 cylinder engine of 1,100 bhp driving an EE generator , which powered the four traction motors .

The power unit used was a Napier Deltic T9-29 9-cylinder engine of 1100 b driving an EE generator , which powered the four traction motors .


The British Rail Class 23 Bo-Bo Diesel-electric locomotives ( also called ` Baby Deltics ' ) were a ten strong class of locomotives built by the English Electric Company in 1959 .

The British Rail Class 23 were a class of ten Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotives built by the English Electric Company ( EE ) in 1959 .


Lilian Annette GarcÃ a ( born August 19 , 1966 ) is an American singer and ring announcer who was best known for being the former ring annonucer for World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) .

Lilian Annette GarcÃ a ( born August 19 , 1966 ) , is an American singer . She is best known as the former ring announcer for World Wrestling Entertainment 's ( WWE ) Raw brand .


Garcia released a album titled , Â Quiero Vivir ! .

GarcÃ a 's first album , Â Quiero Vivir !


A static charge will only remain when one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electrical flow .

Although charge exchange can happen whenever any two surfaces come into contact and separate , a static charge only remains when at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electrical flow ( an electrical insulator ) .


Pressure make charge separation Strong enough pressure make a separation of charge in certain types of materials like crystals and ceramics molecules .

Applied mechanical stress generates a separation of charge in certain types of crystals and ceramics molecules .


Static discharge is excess charge that is neutralized by a flow of charges from or to the surroundings .

The spark associated with static electricity is caused by electrostatic discharge , or simply static discharge , as excess charge is neutralized by a flow of charges from or to the surroundings .


Charges of the same the poles ( negative to negative or positive with positive ) are repelled and charges of the opposite polarity are attracted .

Charges of the same polarity are repelled and charges of the opposite polarity are attracted .


The effect is most occurred when the neutral object have a charges which can move freely . ) )

The effect is most pronounced when the neutral object is an electrical conductor as the charges are more free to move around .


Static electricity means the increase of electric charge on the surface of objects .

For the science of static charges see Electrostatics Static electricity refers to the build up of electric charge on the surface of objects .


The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because they can see , feel and even hear the spark . This spark happen when the excess charge is neutralized .

The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because we can feel , hear , and even see the spark as the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to a large electrical conductor ( for example , a path to ground ) , or a region with an excess charge of the opposite polarity ( positive or negative ) .


Charge make charge separation A charged objects can make neutral object have charge separation .

A charged object brought close to an electrically neutral object causes a separation of charge within the conductor .


Stans is the capital city of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland .

Stans is the capital of the canton of Nidwalden ( Nidwald ) in Switzerland .


The open-air assembly ( Landsgemeinde ) was held in Stans each year until 1997 .

The open-air assembly ( Landsgemeinde ) was held in Stans annually until its abolition in 1997 .


Historically , Malay has been written in various types of script . Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region , Malay was written using Pallava , Kawi and Rencong script and are still in use today by the Champa Malay in Vietnam and Cambodia .

The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods : Old Malay , the Transitional Period , the Malacca Period , Late Modern Malay , and modern Malay .


Rumi and Jawi are both official in Brunei .

Rumi and Jawi are co-official in Brunei .


But the Latin alphabet is still the most commonly used script in Malaysia , both for official and informal purposes .

The Latin alphabet , however , is still the most commonly used script in Malaysia , both for official and informal purposes .


Bahasa Melayu is the official language of Malaysia , Indonesia ( though they call it Bahasa Indonesia ) , and Brunei .

In Malaysia , the standard language is called Bahasa Malaysia `` Malaysian language '' . In Singapore , Brunei , southern Thailand , and the southern Philippines it is called Bahasa Melayu `` Malay language '' , and in Indonesia it has undergone series of standardizations and modifications to form what is now called as Bahasa Indonesia , `` Indonesian language '' , and furthermore designated as Bahasa Nasional `` National Language '' and Bahasa Persatuan\/Pemersatu `` Unifying Language\/Lingua Franca '' .


Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi script and to revive its use amongst Malays in Malaysia , and students taking Malay language examination in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi script .

Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi script in rural areas of Malaysia , and students taking Malay language examination in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi script .


Historically , Malay has been written in various types of script .

Historically , Malay has been written using various scripts .


Malay is normally written with the Latin alphabet called Rumi . But there is also a modified Arabic alphabet that is called Jawi .

Malay is normally written using Latin alphabet called Rumi , although a modified Arabic script called Jawi also exists .


Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region , Malay was written using Pallava , Kawi and Rencong script and are still in use today by the Champa Malay in Vietnam and Cambodia .

Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region , Malay was written using Pallava , Kawi and Rencong script and these are still in use today by the Champa Malay in Vietnam and Cambodia .


Rumi is official in Malaysia and Singapore , and the Indonesian language has a different official orthography that uses also the Latin script .

Rumi is official in Malaysia and Singapore , and Indonesian has a different official orthography also using the Latin script .


Gish is the debut album of the alternative rock group The Smashing Pumpkins . It was released on May 28 , 1991 .

Gish is the debut album by American alternative rock band The Smashing Pumpkins , released in May 1991 through Caroline Records .


In engineering mechanics , bending ( also known as flexure ) characterizes the behavior of a structural element subjected to a lateral load .

In engineering mechanics , bending ( also known as flexure ) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element .


Shueyville is a city of Iowa in the United States .

Shueyville is a city in Johnson County , Iowa , United States .


Scott Raynor ( May 23 , 1978 ) is an American drummer .

Scott William Raynor , Jr. ( born May 23 , 1978 ) is an American drummer best known for being a founding member of the band Blink-182 .


The album was recorded at the same time with Yoko Ono 's debut avant garde solo album Yoko Ono\/Plastic Ono Band at Ascot Sound Studios and Abbey Road Studios using the same musicians and production team , and had nearly the same cover artwork .

The album was recorded simultaneously with Yoko Ono 's debut avant garde solo album Yoko Ono\/Plastic Ono Band at Ascot Sound Studios and Abbey Road Studios using the same musicians and production team , and featured nearly identical cover artwork .


John Lennon\/Plastic Ono Band is generally considered one of Lennon 's best solo albums .

John Lennon\/Plastic Ono Band is generally considered one of Lennon 's finest solo albums and a landmark recording .


It was released in 1970 after Lennon released three experimental albums with Yoko Ono and Live Peace in Toronto 1969 , a live show in Toronto credited to The Plastic Ono Band .

It was released in 1970 after Lennon issued three experimental albums with Yoko Ono and Live Peace In Toronto 1969 , a live performance in Toronto credited to The Plastic Ono Band .


John Lennon\/Plastic Ono Band is the first solo album by English rock musician John Lennon .

John Lennon\/Plastic Ono Band is the debut solo album by English rock musician John Lennon .


John Lennon\/Plastic Ono Band is the first solo album by English rock musician John Lennon . It was released in 1970 after Lennon released three experimental albums with Yoko Ono and Live Peace in Toronto 1969 , a live show in Toronto credited to The Plastic Ono Band .

The `` Plastic Ono Band '' in the album 's title refers to the conceptual band Lennon and Ono had formed in 1969 of various supporting musicians they would use on their various solo albums .


Petri Pasanen ( born 24 September 1980 ) is a Finnish football player . He plays for Werder Bremen and Finland national team .

Petri Pasanen ( born 24 September 1980 in Lahti ) is a Finnish footballer who plays for Werder Bremen in the German Bundesliga .


The Hainish Cycle is the setting for a few science fiction books and stories that were written by Ursula K. Le Guin .

The Hainish Cycle consists of a number of science fiction novels and stories of Ursula K. Le Guin .


Yosemite Falls is a waterfall in Yosemite National Park , in California . It is the tallest measured waterfall in the United States .

Yosemite Falls is the highest measured waterfall in North America .


The sand there is fine and white with clean water .

The sand here is fine and white with clean water .


The beach is located on the mouth of Nhá t Lá '' River emptying into South China Sea .

The beach is located on the mouth of the Nhá t Lá '' River emptying into the South China Sea .


Rafael BenÃ tez ( born 16 April 1960 ) is a former Spanish football player .

Rafael `` Rafa '' BenÃ tez Maudes ( born 16 April 1960 ) is a football manager , and former player .


Mesnil-Saint-Loup is a commune of the Aube dÃ partement in the north-central part of France .

Mesnil-Saint-Loup is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France .


Kentikian is the current world champion with the boxing organizations WBA and WIBF in the flyweight weight class .

Kentikian won her first world championship fight in February 2007 , and she is the current World Boxing Association ( WBA ) , World Boxing Organization ( WBO ) and Women 's International Boxing Federation ( WIBF ) world flyweight champion , and is considered Top Female fighter pound for pound .


Susianna `` Susi '' Kentikian ( born September 11 , 1987 ) is a woman boxer from Germany .

Susianna `` Susi '' Levonovna Kentikian ( born Syuzanna Levonovna Kentikyan on September 11 , 1987 ) is an Armenian professional boxer now residing in Germany .


She was born in Yerevan , Armenian SSR , but she left the country together with her family when she was five years old , because of the Nagorno-Karabakh War .

She was born in Yerevan , Armenian SSR , but she left the country with her family at the age of five because of the Nagorno-Karabakh War .


Kentikian has lived in Hamburg since 1996 and has signed a contract with the Hamburg boxing promoter Spotlight Boxing .

Kentikian has lived in Hamburg since 1996 and began boxing when she was twelve years old . Following a successful amateur career , she turned professional in 2005 when she signed with the Hamburg boxing promoter Spotlight Boxing .


Animal Collective consists of Avey Tare ( David Portner ) , Panda Bear ( Noah Lennox ) , Deakin , also spelled as Deacon or Deaken ( Josh Dibb ) , and Geologist ( Brian Weitz ) .

Animal Collective consists of Avey Tare ( David Portner ) , Panda Bear ( Noah Lennox ) , Deakin ( Josh Dibb ) , and Geologist ( Brian Weitz ) .


Animal Collective is a band originally from Baltimore , Maryland , but are now based in New York City .

Animal Collective is a neo-psychedelic band originally from Baltimore , Maryland , currently based in New York City .


Joseph Banks Rhine ( September 29 , 1895 -- February 20 , 1980 ) ( usually known as J. B. Rhine ) was a pioneer of parapsychology .

Joseph Banks Rhine ( September 29 , 1895 -- February 20 , 1980 ) ( usually known as J. B. Rhine ) was a botanist who later developed an interest in parapsychology and psychology .


Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ( later His Royal Highness The Prince Consort ; August 26 1819 â `` December 14 1861 ) was the husband of Queen Victoria .

Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ( later The Prince Consort ; Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel ; 26 August 1819 â `` 14 December 1861 ) was the husband of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .


According to Kierkegaard , such a leap involves circular reasoning , because a leap is made by faith .

A leap of faith according to Kierkegaard involves circularity insofar as a leap is made by faith . In his book The Concept of Anxiety , he describes the core part of the leap of faith , the leap .


A Leap of faith commonly refers to believing something that can not be touched or proved by science , for which there is no evidence . Usually the term is attributed to SÃ ren Kierkegaard , even though he never really used it .

The phrase is commonly attributed to SÃ ren Kierkegaard ; however , he himself never used the term , as he referred to a leap as a leap to faith .


A leap of faith is commonly associated with religious belief because many religions consider faith to be an essential element of piety .

It is an act commonly associated with religious belief as many religions consider faith to be an essential element of piety .


Erquelinnes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut .

Erquelinnes is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut .


Commer is a commune of 1091 people ( 1999 ) . It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France .

Commer is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France .


The gesture was originally the idea of outfielder Ken Griffey , Jr. . He asked for Rachel Robinson 's permission to wear the number .

The gesture was originally the idea of outfielder Ken Griffey , Jr. , who sought Rachel Robinson 's permission to wear the number .


At Muir Tech , Robinson played several sports at the varsity level . Robinson lettered in four of them : football , basketball , track , and baseball .

At Muir Tech , Robinson played several sports at the varsity level and lettered in four of them : football , basketball , track , and baseball .


An event in July 1944 stopped Robinson 's military career .

An event on July 6 , 1944 derailed Robinson 's military career .


Mets owner Fred Wilpon announced that , along with Citigroup and the Jackie Robinson Foundation , the Mets will create a Jackie Robinson Museum and Learning Center . It will be located at the headquarters of the Jackie Robinson Foundation at One Hudson Square in lower Manhattan .

Mets owner Fred Wilpon announced that , in conjunction with Citigroup and the Jackie Robinson Foundation , the Mets will create a Jackie Robinson Museum and Learning Center , located at the headquarters of the Jackie Robinson Foundation at One Hudson Square in lower Manhattan .


Later that off-season , he toured South America with another team . His fiancÃ e Isum worked as a nurse in New York City while he was away .

Later that off-season , he briefly toured South America with another barnstorming team , while his fiancÃ e Isum pursued nursing opportunities in New York City .


In late January 1937 , the Pasadena Star-News newspaper wrote that Robinson `` for two years has been the outstanding athlete at Muir , starring in football , basketball , track , baseball and tennis . ''

In late January 1937 , the Pasadena Star-News newspaper reported that Robinson `` for two years has been the outstanding athlete at Muir , starring in football , basketball , track , baseball and tennis . ''


Toward the end of his PJC career , Frank Robinson ( to whom Robinson felt closest among his three brothers ) was killed in a motorcycle accident .

Toward the end of his PJC tenure , Frank Robinson ( to whom Robinson felt closest among his three brothers ) was killed in a motorcycle accident .


On the same day , with officials of the Royals and Dodgers present , Robinson signed his contract with the Royals .

On the same day , with representatives of the Royals and Dodgers present , Robinson formally signed his contract with the Royals .


Robinson was disappointed at the turn of events and wrote a letter to Rickey , whom he considered a father figure . In it he said , `` Regardless of what happens to me in the future , it all can be placed on what you have done and , believe me , I appreciate it . ''

Robinson was disappointed at the turn of events and wrote a sympathetic letter to Rickey , whom he considered a father figure , stating , `` Regardless of what happens to me in the future , it all can be placed on what you have done and , believe me , I appreciate it . ''


Robinson said about himself , `` I 'm not concerned with your liking or disliking me ... all I ask is that you respect me as a human being . ''

Assessing himself , Robinson said , `` I 'm not concerned with your liking or disliking me ... all I ask is that you respect me as a human being . ''


Any pre-1954 sacrifice flies by Robinson would be listed in the sacrifice hit ( SH ) category .

Any pre-1954 sacrifice flies by Robinson would be reflected in the sacrifice hit ( SH ) category .


( \*\* ) Note : Also , the intentional walk ( IBB ) category only became its own category beginning in 1955 .

b Likewise , the intentional walk ( IBB ) category only became a unique statistic beginning in 1955 .


Robinson 's interests began to shift toward the prospect of coaching a major league team .

Robinson 's interests began to shift toward the prospect of managing a major league team .


The experience with his son 's drug addiction turned Robinson , Sr. into someone who fought against drugs for the rest of his life .

The experience with his son 's drug addiction turned Robinson , Sr. into an avid anti-drug crusader toward the end of his life .


In DeLand , a day game was canceled , supposedly because of bad electrical lighting .

In DeLand , a scheduled day game was called off , ostensibly because of faulty electrical lighting .


The Boston Red Sox held a tryout at Fenway Park for Robinson and other black players on April 16 , 1945 .

The Boston Red Sox held a tryout at Fenway Park for Robinson and other black players on April 16 .


Toward the end of his career , he played about 2,000 innings at third base and about 1,175 innings in the outfield and did well at both .

Toward the end of his career , he played about 2,000 innings at third base and about 1,175 innings in the outfield , excelling at both .


That year , on the television show Youth Wants to Know , Robinson challenged the Yankees ' general manager , George Weiss , on the racial record of his team . The Yankees had yet to sign a black player .

That year , on the television show Youth Wants to Know , Robinson challenged the Yankees ' general manager , George Weiss , on the racial record of his team , which had yet to sign a black player .


In 1997 , a $ 325,000 bronze sculpture by artists Ralph Helmick , Stu Schecter , and John Outterbridge showing oversized nine-foot busts of Robinson and his brother Mack was put up at Garfield Avenue , across from the main entrance of Pasadena City Hall . A granite footprint lists multiple donors to the commission project , which was organized by the Robinson Memorial Foundation and supported by members of the Robinson family .

In 1997 , a $ 325,000 bronze sculpture ( equal to $ today ) by artists Ralph Helmick , Stu Schecter , and John Outterbridge depicting oversized nine-foot busts of Robinson and his brother Mack was erected at Garfield Avenue , across from the main entrance of Pasadena City Hall ; a granite footprint lists multiple donors to the commission project , which was organized by the Robinson Memorial Foundation and supported by members of the Robinson family .


He then supported Hubert Humphrey against Nixon in 1968 .

He subsequently supported Hubert Humphrey against Nixon in 1968 .


Eddie Stanky was playing second base for the Dodgers . So Robinson played his first major league season as a first baseman .

With Eddie Stanky entrenched at second base for the Dodgers , Robinson played his initial major league season as a first baseman .


Robinson made his Royals debut at Daytona Beach 's City Island Ballpark on March 17 , 1946 . It was an exhibition game against the Dodgers .

Robinson made his Royals debut at Daytona Beach 's City Island Ballpark on March 17 , 1946 , in an exhibition game against the team 's parent club , the Dodgers .


He also kept the Dodgers close to the lead for the 1951 pennant .

He also kept the Dodgers in contention for the 1951 pennant .


On June 4 , 1972 , the Dodgers retired his uniform number , 42 , along with those of Roy Campanella ( 39 ) and Sandy Koufax ( 32 ) .

On June 4 , 1972 , the Dodgers retired his uniform number , 42 , alongside those of Roy Campanella ( 39 ) and Sandy Koufax ( 32 ) .


Later in spring training , after some somewhat poor performances , Robinson was moved from shortstop to second base . This allowed him to make shorter throws to first base .

Later in spring training , after some less-than-stellar performances , Robinson was shifted from shortstop to second base , allowing him to make shorter throws to first base .


Afterward , Robinson played at first , second , and third bases , shortstop , and in the outfield , with Jim Gilliam , another black player , taking over everyday second base duties .

Afterward , Robinson played variously at first , second , and third bases , shortstop , and in the outfield , with Jim Gilliam , another black player , taking over everyday second base duties .


Robinson became the first player since the 1880s to openly break the major league baseball color line .

Robinson became the first player since 1880 to openly break the major league baseball color line .


Some , notably the St. Louis Cardinals , said they would strike if Robinson played .

Some , notably the St. Louis Cardinals , threatened to strike if Robinson played .


He was one of four African-Americans on the 1939 UCLA Bruins football team . The others were Woody Strode , Kenny Washington , and Ray Bartlett .

He was one of four black players on the 1939 UCLA Bruins football team ; the others were Woody Strode , Kenny Washington , and Ray Bartlett .


In Jacksonville , the stadium was locked without warning on game day . This was ordered by the city 's Parks and Public Property director .

In Jacksonville , the stadium was padlocked shut without warning on game day , by order of the city 's Parks and Public Property director .


With the track and field team , he won awards in the broad jump .

With the track and field squad , he won awards in the broad jump .


Because of his off-season events , Robinson went to training camp thirty pounds overweight .

Because of his off-season activities , Robinson reported to training camp 30 l overweight .


In 1964 , Robinson became one of six national directors for Nelson Rockefeller 's Republican presidential campaign . He later became special assistant for community affairs when Rockefeller was re-elected governor of New York in 1966 .

In 1964 , Robinson became one of six national directors for Nelson Rockefeller 's Republican presidential campaign and later became special assistant for community affairs when Rockefeller was re-elected governor of New York in 1966 .


Robinson left the tryout humiliated . More than fourteen years later , in July 1959 , the Red Sox became the last major league team to integrate its roster .

Robinson left the tryout humiliated , and more than fourteen years later , in July 1959 , the Red Sox became the last major league team to integrate its roster .


In 1938 , he was elected to the All-Southland Junior College Team for baseball . He was also selected as the region 's Most Valuable Player .

In 1938 , he was elected to the All-Southland Junior College Team for baseball and selected as the region 's Most Valuable Player .


Robinson was one of only two players during the span of 1947 â `` 56 to have at least 125 steals while having a slugging percentage over .425 ( Minnie MiÃ oso was the other ) .

Robinson was one of only two players during the span of 1947 â `` 56 to accumulate at least 125 steals while registering a slugging percentage over .425 ( Minnie MiÃ oso was the other ) .


Problems with heart disease and diabetes made Robinson weak . He was almost blind by middle age .

Complications of heart disease and diabetes weakened Robinson and made him almost blind by middle age .


Robinson was shocked : `` Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back ? ''

Robinson was aghast : `` Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back ? ''


Robinson 's major league debut brought an end to almost sixty years of segregation in professional baseball , known as the baseball color line .

Robinson 's major league debut brought an end to approximately sixty years of segregation in professional baseball , known as the baseball color line .


In 1946 , Robinson arrived at Daytona Beach , Florida , for spring training with the Montreal Royals of the Class AAA International League .

In 1946 , Robinson arrived at Daytona Beach , Florida , for spring training with the Montreal Royals of the Class AAA International League ( the designation of `` AAA '' for the highest level of minor league baseball was first used in the season ) .


He was the first African-American television analyst in Major League Baseball . He was also the first African-American vice-president of a major American company .

He was the first black television analyst in Major League Baseball , and the first black vice-president of a major American corporation .


The event motivated Jackie to pursue his athletic career at the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he could remain closer to Frank 's family .

The event motivated Jackie to pursue his athletic career at the nearby University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he could remain closer to Frank 's family .


After Robinson 's retirement from baseball , his wife , Rachel Robinson , went for a career in academic nursing . She became an assistant professor at the Yale School of Nursing and director of nursing at the Connecticut Mental Health Center .

After Robinson 's retirement from baseball , his wife , Rachel Robinson , pursued a career in academic nursing â `` she became an assistant professor at the Yale School of Nursing and director of nursing at the Connecticut Mental Health Center .


Bothered by a lot of disagreements with O'Malley , and with no hope of being re-appointed as President of the Dodgers , Rickey cashed out his one-quarter financial interest in the team . This left O'Malley in full control of the team .

Weary of constant disagreements with O'Malley , and with no hope of being re-appointed as President of the Dodgers , Rickey cashed out his one-quarter financial interest in the team , leaving O'Malley in full control of the franchise .


It honors Robinson with large quotations spanning the inner curve of the facade . It has a large statue of his number , 42 , which has become an attraction in itself .

It honors Robinson with large quotations spanning the inner curve of the facade and features a large freestanding statue of his number , 42 , which has become an attraction in itself .


In 1970 , Robinson started the Jackie Robinson Construction Company to build housing for low-income families .

In 1970 , Robinson established the Jackie Robinson Construction Company to build housing for low-income families .


The project had been delayed when the film 's producers did not listen to the demands of two Hollywood studios . The studios wanted the movie to scenes of Robinson being taught how to play baseball by a white man .

The project had been previously delayed when the film 's producers refused to accede to demands of two Hollywood studios that the movie include scenes of Robinson being tutored in baseball by a white man .


This shared military experience created a friendship between Robinson and Louis .

This common military experience spawned a personal friendship between Robinson and Louis .


Robinson 's continued success led to a string of death threats .

Robinson 's continued success spawned a string of death threats .


Summer 1949 had a distraction that Robinson did not want .

Summer 1949 brought an unwanted distraction for Robinson .


In 1999 , he was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team after his death .

In 1999 , he was posthumously named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team .


In Sanford , Florida , the police chief said he would cancel games if Robinson and Wright did not stop training there . Because of this , Robinson was sent back to Daytona Beach .

In Sanford , Florida , the police chief threatened to cancel games if Robinson and Wright did not cease training activities there ; as a result , Robinson was sent back to Daytona Beach .


While there , Robinson met an ex-player for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League . The player encouraged Robinson to write the Monarchs and ask for a tryout .

While there , Robinson met an ex-player for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League , who encouraged Robinson to write the Monarchs and ask for a tryout .


In the end , more than 200 players wore number 42 , including everyone on the Los Angeles Dodgers , New York Mets , Houston Astros , Philadelphia Phillies , St. Louis Cardinals , Milwaukee Brewers , and Pittsburgh Pirates .

Ultimately , more than 200 players wore number 42 , including the entire rosters of the Los Angeles Dodgers , New York Mets , Houston Astros , Philadelphia Phillies , St. Louis Cardinals , Milwaukee Brewers , and Pittsburgh Pirates .


Some Dodger players implied they would sit out rather than play alongside Robinson .

Some Dodger players insinuated they would sit out rather than play alongside Robinson .


On Sisler 's advice , Robinson spent hours at a batting tee , learning to hit the ball to right field .

At Sisler 's suggestion , Robinson spent hours at a batting tee , learning to hit the ball to right field .


None of the steals of home were double steals ( in which a player stealing home is helped by a player stealing another base at the same time ) .

None of the latter were double steals ( in which a player stealing home is assisted by a player stealing another base at the same time ) .


Even with the stands limited to management , Robinson was subjected to racial comments .

Even with the stands limited to management , Robinson was subjected to racial epithets .


After Robinson 's death , his widow founded the Jackie Robinson Foundation , of which she remains an officer as of 2010 .

After Robinson 's death , his widow founded the Jackie Robinson Foundation , of which she remains an officer as of 2009 .


Robinson received a two-year suspended sentence . The incident â `` along with other possible run-ins between Robinson and police â `` gave Robinson a reputation for getting upset in the face of racial problems .

Robinson received a two-year suspended sentence , but the incident â `` along with other rumored run-ins between Robinson and police â `` gave Robinson a reputation for combativeness in the face of racial antagonism .


He was the first black man to openly play in the major leagues since the 1880s . He had a big role in bringing an end to racial segregation in professional baseball .

As the first black man to play in the major leagues since the 1880s , he was instrumental in bringing an end to racial segregation in professional baseball , which had relegated black players to the Negro leagues for six decades .


Robinson was also taunted by opposing teams .

Robinson was also derided by opposing teams .


Jewish baseball star Hank Greenberg , who had to deal with racial slurs during his career , also encouraged Robinson .

Jewish baseball star Hank Greenberg , who had to deal with racial epithets during his career , also encouraged Robinson .


Despite the success of these two Robinsons and other black players , the number of African-American players in Major League Baseball has gone down since the 1970s .

Despite the success of these two Robinsons and other black players , the number of African-American players in Major League Baseball has declined since the 1970s .


Robinson 's Hollywood acting , however , did not sit well with Dodgers co-owner Walter O'Malley . He called Robinson `` Rickey 's prima donna '' .

Robinson 's Hollywood exploits , however , did not sit well with Dodgers co-owner Walter O'Malley , who referred to Robinson as `` Rickey 's prima donna '' .


In a famous three-hour discussion on August 28 , 1945 , Rickey asked Robinson if he could face the racial hatred without reacting angrily . This was a worry because of Robinson 's past arguments with law enforcement officials at PJC and in the military .

In a famous three-hour exchange on August 28 , 1945 , Rickey asked Robinson if he could face the racial animus without taking the bait and reacting angrily â `` a concern given Robinson 's prior arguments with law enforcement officials at PJC and in the military .


As a result , Robinson joined a neighborhood gang . However , his friend Carl Anderson made him leave it .

As a result , Robinson joined a neighborhood gang , but his friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to abandon it .


The Robinson family lived on a plot with two small houses at 121 Pepper Street in Pasadena .

The extended Robinson family established itself on a residential plot containing two small houses at 121 Pepper Street in Pasadena .


Robinson 's breaking of the baseball color line and his professional success symbolized these bigger changes and showed that the fight for equality was more than simply a political matter .

Robinson 's breaking of the baseball color line and his professional success symbolized these broader changes and demonstrated that the fight for equality was more than simply a political matter .


After the season , Robinson was traded by the Dodgers to the arch-rival New York Giants for Dick Littlefield and $ 35,000 cash .

After the season , Robinson was traded by the Dodgers to the arch-rival New York Giants for Dick Littlefield and $ 35,000 cash ( equal to $ today ) .


In the fall of 1946 , following the baseball season , Robinson returned home to California and briefly played professional basketball for the Los Angeles Red Devils .

In the fall of 1946 , following the baseball season , Robinson returned home to California and briefly played professional basketball for the short-lived Los Angeles Red Devils .


Robinson was not necessarily the best player in the Negro leagues . Black players Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson were upset when Robinson was selected first .

Robinson was not necessarily the best player in the Negro leagues , and black talents Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson were upset when Robinson was selected first .


In addition to his improved batting average , Robinson stole 37 bases that season , was second place in the league for both doubles and triples , and had 124 runs batted in with 122 runs scored .

In addition to his improved batting average , Robinson stole 37 bases that season , was second place in the league for both doubles and triples , and registered 124 runs batted in with 122 runs scored .


Before the 1951 season , O'Malley offered Robinson the job of manager of the Montreal Royals starting at the end of Robinson 's playing career .

Before the 1951 season , O'Malley reportedly offered Robinson the job of manager of the Montreal Royals , effective at the end of Robinson 's playing career .


After a short season , Robinson returned to California in December 1941 . There he tried for a career as running back for the Los Angeles Bulldogs of the Pacific Coast Football League .

After a short season , Robinson returned to California in December 1941 to pursue a career as running back for the Los Angeles Bulldogs of the Pacific Coast Football League .


After colliding with Robinson at first base on one occasion , Greenberg whispered a few words into Robinson 's ear . Robinson later said they were `` words of encouragement . ''

After colliding with Robinson at first base on one occasion , Greenberg whispered a few words into Robinson 's ear , which Robinson later characterized as `` words of encouragement . ''


The Dodgers moved into first place in the National League in late August 1948 for a short time , but they finished third at the end of the season . The Braves went on to win the league title and lose to the Cleveland Indians in the World Series .

The Dodgers briefly moved into first place in the National League in late August 1948 , but they ultimately finished third as the Braves went on to win the league title and lose to the Cleveland Indians in the World Series .


He played well for the Monarchs , but Robinson was upset with the experience .

Although he played well for the Monarchs , Robinson was frustrated with the experience .


Seeing that Robinson was good at sports , his older brothers Mack ( himself a good athlete and silver medal winner at the 1936 Summer Olympics ) and Frank inspired Jackie to follow his interest in sports .

Recognizing his athletic talents , Robinson 's older brothers Mack ( himself an accomplished athlete and silver medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics ) and Frank inspired Jackie to pursue his interest in sports .


Since Robinson had sold exclusive rights to any retirement story to Look magazine two years before . His retirement decision was revealed through the magazine , instead of through the Dodgers organization .

Since Robinson had sold exclusive rights to any retirement story to Look magazine two years previously , his retirement decision was revealed through the magazine , instead of through the Dodgers organization .


Since the Dodgers team did not own a spring training complex , the schedule was controlled by the towns in the area . Some of these towns did not allow any event involving Robinson or Johnny Wright , another black player whom Rickey had signed to the Dodgers in January .

Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility ( the Dodger-controlled spring training compound in Vero Beach known as `` Dodgertown '' did not open until spring 1948 ) , scheduling was subject to the whim of area localities , several of which turned down any event involving Robinson or Johnny Wright , another black player whom Rickey had signed to the Dodgers ' organization in January .


Robinson 's career is generally considered to mark the beginning of the postâ `` `` long ball '' era in baseball , in which a need for power-hitting was replaced with balanced offensive strategies that used footspeed to create runs through baserunning .

Robinson 's career is generally considered to mark the beginning of the postâ `` `` long ball '' era in baseball , in which a reliance on raw power-hitting gave way to balanced offensive strategies that used footspeed to create runs through aggressive baserunning .


That year , the Dodgers won the National League pennant , but lost in five games to the New York Yankees in the 1949 World Series .

Ultimately , the Dodgers won the National League pennant , but lost in five games to the New York Yankees in the 1949 World Series .


After Stanky was traded to the Boston Braves in March 1948 , Robinson took over second base . There he had a .980 fielding percentage for year ( second in the National League at the position behind Stanky ) .

Following Stanky 's trade to the Boston Braves in March 1948 , Robinson took over second base , where he logged a .980 fielding percentage that year ( second in the National League at the position , fractionally behind Stanky ) .


An event at PJC shown Robinson 's impatience with people he felt were racist . This character trait that would come up several times in his life .

An incident at PJC illustrated Robinson 's impatience with authority figures he perceived as racist â `` a character trait that would resurface repeatedly in his life .


Robinson then took an offer from his old friend and pastor Rev. Karl Downs to be the athletic director at Sam Huston College in Austin . The school was part of the Southwestern Athletic Conference at the time .

Robinson then accepted an offer from his old friend and pastor Rev. Karl Downs to be the athletic director at Sam Huston College in Austin , then of the Southwestern Athletic Conference .


Over ten seasons , he played in six World Series and helped in the Dodgers ' 1955 World Championship .

Over ten seasons , he played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers ' 1955 World Championship .


He also played in the 1945 Negro League All-Star Game ( where he had no hits in five at-bats ) .

He also appeared in the 1945 Negro League All-Star Game , going hitless in five at-bats .


Larry Doby ( who broke the color barrier in the American League on July 5 , 1947 ) and Satchel Paige played for the Cleveland Indians . The Dodgers had three other black players besides Robinson .

Larry Doby ( who broke the color barrier in the American League on July 5 , 1947 ) and Satchel Paige played for the Cleveland Indians , and the Dodgers had three other black players besides Robinson .


On January 25 , 1938 , he was arrested after he argued again his black friend being taken away by police .

On January 25 , 1938 , he was arrested after vocally disputing the detention of a black friend by police .


Robinson became the target of rough physical play by opponents ( particularly the Cardinals ) .

Robinson nonetheless became the target of rough physical play by opponents ( particularly the Cardinals ) .


Although his former unit , the 761st Tank Battalion , became the first black tank unit to see combat in World War II , Robinson 's court-martial stopped him from going with them . He never saw fighting action in the war .

Although his former unit , the 761st Tank Battalion , became the first black tank unit to see combat in World War II , Robinson 's court-martial proceedings prohibited him from being deployed overseas , thus he never saw combat action .


City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach , Florida â `` the baseball field that became the Dodgers ' spring training site in 1947 â `` was renamed Jackie Robinson Ballpark in 1989 .

City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach , Florida â `` the baseball field that became the Dodgers ' de facto spring training site in 1947 â `` was renamed Jackie Robinson Ballpark in 1989 .


Robinson 's being there upset people in racially sensitive Florida .

Robinson 's presence was controversial in racially charged Florida .


, reached number 13 on the charts . Count Basie recorded a famous version .

, reached number 13 on the charts ; Count Basie recorded a famous version .


He was selected for six consecutive All-Star Games from 1949 to 1954 . Robinson received the first MLB Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 .

He was selected for six consecutive All-Star Games from 1949 to 1954 , was the recipient of the inaugural MLB Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 , and won the National League Most Valuable Player Award in 1949 â `` the first black player so honored .


Robinson was born on January 31 , 1919 . His family were sharecroppers in Cairo , Georgia .

Robinson was born on January 31 , 1919 , into a family of sharecroppers in Cairo , Georgia , during a Spanish flu and smallpox epidemic .


In 1964 , he helped start , with Harlem businessman Dunbar McLaurin , Freedom National Bank â `` an African-American-owned and operated bank based in Harlem .

In 1964 , he helped found , with Harlem businessman Dunbar McLaurin , Freedom National Bank â `` a black-owned and operated commercial bank based in Harlem .


Baseball writer Bill James , in the The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract , ranked Robinson as the 32nd greatest player of all time based on his performance on the field . James noted that Robinson was one of the top players in the league throughout his career .

Baseball writer Bill James , in The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract , ranked Robinson as the 32nd greatest player of all time strictly on the basis of his performance on the field , noting that he was one of the top players in the league throughout his career .


The city 's Human Services Department owns the Jackie Robinson Center , a community outreach center that provides early diabetes detection and other services .

The city 's Human Services Department operates the Jackie Robinson Center , a community outreach center that provides early diabetes detection and other services .


Robinson Jr. eventually completed the treatment program at Daytop Village in Seymour , Connecticut . He became a counselor at the institution .

Robinson Jr. eventually completed the treatment program at Daytop Village in Seymour , Connecticut , and became a counselor at the institution .


Robinson 's funeral service on October 27 , 1972 , at New York City 's Riverside Church had 2,500 people come .

Robinson 's funeral service on October 27 , 1972 , at New York City 's Riverside Church attracted 2,500 admirers .


Any intentional walks issued to Robinson before that year would be listed in the walk ( BB ) category .

Any intentional walks issued to Robinson before that year would be reflected in the walk ( BB ) category .


Brookside Park , located next to the Rose Bowl , has a baseball field and stadium named Jackie Robinson Field .

Brookside Park , situated next to the Rose Bowl , features a baseball diamond and stadium named Jackie Robinson Field .


Even though it would be his future career , baseball was Robinson 's `` worst sport '' at UCLA . He hit .097 in his only season , although in his first game he went 4-for-4 and twice stole home .

Belying his future career , baseball was Robinson 's `` worst sport '' at UCLA ; he hit .097 in his only season , although in his first game he went 4-for-4 and twice stole home .


Although he often faced hatred while on road trips ( the Royals were forced to cancel a Southern tour , for example ) , the Montreal fans supported Robinson .

Although he often faced hostility while on road trips ( the Royals were forced to cancel a Southern exhibition tour , for example ) , the Montreal fan base enthusiastically supported Robinson .


Rickey was especially interested in making sure his eventual hire could put up with the racial abuse that he would receive .

Rickey was especially interested in making sure his eventual signee could withstand the inevitable racial abuse that would be directed at him .


Sportswriter Dick Young , whom Robinson called a `` bigot '' , said , `` If there was one flaw in Jackie , it was the common one .

Sportswriter Dick Young , whom Robinson had described as a `` bigot '' , said , `` If there was one flaw in Jackie , it was the common one .


On April 15 , 2008 , she announced that in 2010 the foundation will be opening a museum about Jackie in Lower Manhattan .

On April 15 , 2008 , she announced that in 2010 the foundation will be opening a museum devoted to Jackie in Lower Manhattan .


President Ronald Reagan awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26 , 1984 after Robinson 's death . On March 2 , 2005 , President George W. Bush gave Robinson 's widow the Congressional Gold Medal , the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress .

President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26 , 1984 , and on March 2 , 2005 , President George W. Bush gave Robinson 's widow the Congressional Gold Medal , the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress ; Robinson was only the second baseball player to receive the award , after Roberto Clemente .


In 1935 , Robinson graduated from Washington Junior High School . He then entered Muir Tech ( now called John Muir High School ) .

In 1935 , Robinson graduated from Washington Junior High School and enrolled at John Muir High School ( Muir Tech ) .


After receiving his commission , Robinson was moved to Fort Hood , Texas . There he joined the 761st `` Black Panthers '' Tank Battalion .

After receiving his commission , Robinson was reassigned to Fort Hood , Texas , where he joined the 761st `` Black Panthers '' Tank Battalion .


On October 23 , it was announced that Robinson would be assigned to the Royals for the 1946 season .

On October 23 , it was publicly announced that Robinson would be assigned to the Royals for the 1946 season .


Jack Roosevelt `` Jackie '' Robinson ( January 31 , 1919 â `` October 24 , 1972 ) was the first African-American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player of the modern times .

Jack Roosevelt `` Jackie '' Robinson ( January 31 , 1919 â `` October 24 , 1972 ) was the first black Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player of the modern era .


Robinson has also been honored by the United States Postal Service on three different postage stamps , in 1982 , 1999 , and 2000 .

Robinson has also been honored by the United States Postal Service on three separate postage stamps , in 1982 , 1999 , and 2000 .


Black fans began coming to see the Dodgers when they came to town , ignoring their Negro league teams .

Black fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town , abandoning their Negro league teams .


Robinson always considered his business career as advancing the cause of African-Americans in business .

Robinson always considered his business career as advancing the cause of black people in commerce and industry .


Whether fans supported or opposed it , Robinson 's being on the field helped attendance . More than one million people went to games that Robinson played in in 1946 .

Whether fans supported or opposed it , Robinson 's presence on the field was a boon to attendance ; more than one million people went to games involving Robinson in 1946 , an amazing figure by International League standards .


Robinson 's mother worked different odd jobs to support the family .

Robinson 's mother worked various odd jobs to support the family .


In 1953 , Robinson had 109 runs , a .329 batting average , and 17 steals , . He led the Dodgers to another National League pennant ( and another World Series loss to the Yankees , this time in six games ) .

In 1953 , Robinson had 109 runs , a .329 batting average , and 17 steals , leading the Dodgers to another National League pennant ( and another World Series loss to the Yankees , this time in six games ) .


Robinson 's performance soon rebounded .


This was a magazine that focused on Negro sports issues . Contributions to the magazine included an article on golf course segregation by Robinson 's old friend Joe Louis .

That year , he served as editor for Our Sports magazine , a periodical focusing on Negro sports issues ; contributions to the magazine included an article on golf course segregation by Robinson 's old friend Joe Louis .


While a big amount , this was less than Robinson made in the off-season . He had a vaudeville tour where he answered pre-set baseball questions , and a speaking tour of the South .

In February 1948 , he signed a $ 12,500 contract ( equal to $ today ) with the Dodgers ; while a significant amount , this was less than Robinson made in the off-season from a vaudeville tour , where he answered pre-set baseball questions , and a speaking tour of the South .


In the spring semester of 1941 , against his mother 's and Isum 's doubts , Robinson left college before graduation .

In the spring semester of 1941 , despite his mother 's and Isum 's reservations , Robinson left college just shy of graduation .


By that time , however , the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor had taken place . The attack made the United States enter World War II .

By that time , however , the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor had taken place , drawing the United States into World War II and ending Robinson 's nascent football career .


Robinson went on to lead the International League that season with a .349 batting average and .985 fielding percentage , . He was named the league 's Most Valuable Player .

Robinson proceeded to lead the International League that season with a .349 batting average and .985 fielding percentage , and he was named the league 's Most Valuable Player .


On April 15 , 1997 , Robinson 's jersey number , 42 , was retired by Major League Baseball .

On April 15 , 1997 , Robinson 's jersey number , 42 , was retired throughout Major League Baseball , the first time any jersey number had been retired throughout one of the four major American sports leagues .


With the game Robinson became the first African-American to openly play for a minor league team and against a major league team since the baseball color line had been put in place in the 1880s .

Robinson thus simultaneously became the first black player to openly play for a minor league team and against a major league team since the de facto baseball color line had been implemented in the 1880s .


O'Malley was quoted in the Montreal Standard as saying , `` Jackie told me that he would be both delighted and honored to tackle this managerial post . '' But , reports differed as to whether a position was ever formally offered .

O'Malley was quoted in the Montreal Standard as saying , `` Jackie told me that he would be both delighted and honored to tackle this managerial post '' â `` although reports differed as to whether a position was ever formally offered .


He scored more than 100 runs in six of his ten seasons ( averaging more than 110 runs from 1947 to 1953 ) , had a .311 career batting average , a .409 career on-base percentage , a .474 slugging percentage , and had more walks than strikeouts ( 740 to 291 ) .

He scored more than 100 runs in six of his ten seasons ( averaging more than 110 runs from 1947 to 1953 ) , had a .311 career batting average , a .409 career on-base percentage , a .474 slugging percentage , and substantially more walks than strikeouts ( 740 to 291 ) .


The New York Public School system has named a middle school after Robinson . Dorsey High School plays at a Los Angeles football stadium named after him .

The New York Public School system has named a middle school after Robinson , and Dorsey High School plays at a Los Angeles football stadium named after him .


He was not stopped , however , from talking about racial issues publicly .

He was not dissuaded , however , from addressing racial issues publicly .


In honor of his achievements on and off the field , Robinson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal after his death .

In recognition of his achievements on and off the field , Robinson was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal .


Robinson was among the 25 first members of UCLAâ s Athletics Hall of Fame in 1984 .

Robinson was among the 25 charter members of UCLAâ s Athletics Hall of Fame in 1984 .


On April 22 , 1947 , during a game between the Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies , Phillies players called Robinson a `` nigger '' from their dugout . They yelled that he should `` go back to the cotton fields '' .

On April 22 , 1947 , during a game between the Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies , Phillies players called Robinson a `` nigger '' from their dugout and yelled that he should `` go back to the cotton fields '' .


Robinson was also known for his activities outside of baseball .

Robinson was also known for his pursuits outside the baseball diamond .


While playing football at PJC , Robinson fractured his ankle . Issues from this would later delay his deployment status while in the military .

While playing football at PJC , Robinson suffered a fractured ankle , complications from which would eventually delay his deployment status while in the military .


The trade , however , was never completed . Unbeknownst to the Dodgers , Robinson had already agreed with the president of Chock full o ` Nuts to quit baseball and become an executive with the company .

The trade , however , was never completed ; unbeknownst to the Dodgers , Robinson had already agreed with the president of Chock full o ` Nuts to quit baseball and become an executive with the company .


Robinson showed both hitting ability and speed which was part of the new era .

Robinson exhibited the combination of hitting ability and speed which exemplified the new era .


Robinson made his final public appearance on October 15 , 1972 . He threw the ceremonial first pitch before Game 2 of the World Series .

He made his final public appearance on October 15 , 1972 , throwing the ceremonial first pitch before Game 2 of the World Series .


The following year , six days before the start of the 1947 season , the Dodgers brought Robinson up to the major leagues .

The following year , six days before the start of the 1947 season , the Dodgers called Robinson up to the major leagues .


The year saw the release of a film biography of Robinson 's life , The Jackie Robinson Story . Robinson played himself in the film and actress Ruby Dee played Rachael `` Rae '' ( Isum ) Robinson .

The year saw the release of a film biography of Robinson 's life , The Jackie Robinson Story , in which Robinson played himself , and actress Ruby Dee played Rachael `` Rae '' ( Isum ) Robinson .


During the season , Robinson tried for a possible major league interest .

During the season , Robinson pursued potential major league interest .


He lost the weight during training camp , but dieting left him weak while hitting .

He lost the weight during training camp , but dieting left him weak at the plate .


National League President Ford Frick and Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler said that any striking players would be suspended .

After the threat , National League President Ford Frick and Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler let it be known that any striking players would be suspended .


The teaching helped Robinson raise his batting average from .296 in 1948 to .342 in 1949 .

The tutelage helped Robinson raise his batting average from .296 in 1948 to .342 in 1949 .


While a senior at UCLA , Robinson met his future wife , Rachel Isum . She was a UCLA freshman who knew Robinson 's sports career at PJC .

While a senior at UCLA , Robinson met his future wife , Rachel Isum , a UCLA freshman who was familiar with Robinson 's athletic career at PJC .


By the time of the court-martial in August 1944 , the charges against Robinson had been reduced to two counts of insubordination ( going against someone in charge of him ) during questioning .

By the time of the court-martial in August 1944 , the charges against Robinson had been reduced to two counts of insubordination during questioning .


That September , he signed with Chet Brewer 's Kansas City Royals . This was a post-season barnstorming team in the California Winter League .

That September , he signed with Chet Brewer 's Kansas City Royals , a post-season barnstorming team in the California Winter League .


After protests by boxing champion Joe Louis ( then stationed at Fort Riley ) and the help of Truman Gibson ( then an assistant civilian aide to the Secretary of War ) , the men were accepted into OCS .

After protests by heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis ( then stationed at Fort Riley ) and the help of Truman Gibson ( then an assistant civilian aide to the Secretary of War ) , the men were accepted into OCS .


Later that year , after he complained about a lot of physical problems , his doctors diagnosed Robinson with diabetes . This disease had also affected his brothers .

Later that year , after he complained of numerous physical ailments , his doctors diagnosed Robinson with diabetes , a disease that also affected his brothers .


Robinson did not want to testify , but he eventually agreed to do so . He was afraid it might affect his career if he did not testify .

Robinson was reluctant to testify , but he eventually agreed to do so , fearing it might negatively affect his career if he declined .


He accepted a plaque honoring the twenty-fifth anniversary of his MLB debut , but also said , `` I 'm going to be tremendously more pleased and more proud when I look at that third base coaching line one day and see a black face managing in baseball . ''

He gratefully accepted a plaque honoring the twenty-fifth anniversary of his MLB debut , but also commented , `` I 'm going to be tremendously more pleased and more proud when I look at that third base coaching line one day and see a black face managing in baseball . ''


Between the tours , he had surgery on his right ankle .

Between the tours , he underwent surgery on his right ankle .


A statue by artist William Behrends , first displayed at KeySpan Park on November 1 , 2005 , shows this event by representing Reese with his arm around Robinson .

A statue by sculptor William Behrends , unveiled at KeySpan Park on November 1 , 2005 , commemorates this event by representing Reese with his arm around Robinson .


He had 197 stolen bases in total , including 19 steals of home .

He accumulated 197 stolen bases in total , including 19 steals of home .


Robinson 's rise to the major leagues met a generally positive , although mixed , reception from newspapers and white major league players .

Robinson 's promotion met a generally positive , although mixed , reception among newspapers and white major league players .


He was not allowed to stay with his teammates at the team hotel . Instead he lived at the home of a local black politician .

As he was not allowed to stay with his teammates at the team hotel , he lodged instead at the home of a local black politician .


Robinson received major support from several major league players .

Robinson received significant encouragement from several major league players .


By then , he had begun to show the effects of diabetes . He also lost interest in playing or managing professional baseball .

By then , he had begun to exhibit the effects of diabetes , and to lose interest in the prospect of playing or managing professional baseball .


Manager Leo Durocher told the team , `` I do not care if the guy is yellow or black , or if he has stripes like a fuckin ' zebra .

Manager Leo Durocher informed the team , `` I do not care if the guy is yellow or black , or if he has stripes like a fuckin ' zebra .


He enrolled in the Army in search of a disciplined environment . He served in the Vietnam War .

He enrolled in the Army in search of a disciplined environment , served in the Vietnam War , and was wounded in action on November 19 , 1965 .


Also in 1999 , he ranked number 44 on the Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players . He was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team as the top vote-getter among second basemen .

Also in 1999 , he ranked number 44 on the Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players , and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team as the top vote-getter among second basemen .


After supporting Richard Nixon in his 1960 presidential race against John F. Kennedy , Robinson later praised Kennedy for his views on civil rights .

After supporting Richard Nixon in his 1960 presidential race against John F. Kennedy , Robinson later praised Kennedy effusively for his stance on civil rights .


Once he received a seven-inch cut in his leg .

At one time , he received a seven-inch gash in his leg .


From 1957 to 1964 , Robinson was the vice president for personnel at Chock full o ` Nuts . He was the first black person to serve as vice president of a major American company .

From 1957 to 1964 , Robinson was the vice president for personnel at Chock full o ` Nuts ; he was the first black person to serve as vice president of a major American corporation .


The Dodgers tried Robinson in the outfield and as a third baseman . They did this because of his diminishing abilities and because Gilliam was established at second base .

The Dodgers tried Robinson in the outfield and as a third baseman , both because of his diminishing abilities and because Gilliam was established at second base .


On April 15 , 1947 , Robinson played his first major league game at Ebbets Field in front of a crowd of 26,623 spectators . More than 14,000 black fans attended the game .

On April 15 , 1947 , Robinson made his major league debut at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26,623 spectators , including more than 14,000 black patrons .


In the 1960s , he helped establish the Freedom National Bank , an African-American-owned\/controlled financial business based in Harlem , New York .

In the 1960s , he helped establish the Freedom National Bank , an African-American-owned financial institution based in Harlem , New York .


As at Muir Hugh School , most of Jackie 's teammates were white .

As at Muir High School , most of Jackie 's teammates were white .


After receiving her permission , Commissioner Bud Selig not only allowed Griffey to wear the number , but also gave an invitation to all major league teams to do the same .

After receiving her permission , Commissioner Bud Selig not only allowed Griffey to wear the number , but also extended an invitation to all major league teams to do the same .


MLB has honored Robinson many times since his death .

Major League Baseball has honored Robinson many times since his death .


He also scored four runs , drove in three , and stole two bases in the Royals ' 14 â `` 1 win .

He also scored four runs , drove in three , and stole two bases in the Royals ' 14 â `` 1 victory .


On April 18 , 1946 , Roosevelt Stadium hosted the Jersey City Giants ' season opener against the Montreal Royals . This game was the furst professional game for the Royals ' Jackie Robinson .

On April 18 , 1946 , Roosevelt Stadium hosted the Jersey City Giants ' season opener against the Montreal Royals , marking the professional debut of the Royals ' Jackie Robinson .


Although the team enjoyed success , 1955 was the worst year of Robinson 's individual career .

Although the team enjoyed ultimate success , 1955 was the worst year of Robinson 's individual career .


Also while at PJC , he was elected to the Lancers . They were a student-run police group who patrolled various school activities .

Also while at PJC , he was elected to the Lancers , a student-run police organization responsible for patrolling various school activities .


He called himself a political independent . But he held conservative thoughts on several issues , including the Vietnam War ( he once wrote Martin Luther King , Jr. to defend the Johnson Administration 's military policy ) .

He identified himself as a political independent although he held conservative opinions on several issues , including the Vietnam War ( he once wrote Martin Luther King , Jr. to defend the Johnson Administration 's military policy ) .


That year , Robinson was one of ten students named to the school 's Order of the Mast and Dagger ( Omicron Mu Delta ) . This was awarded to students performing `` outstanding service to the school and whose scholastic and citizenship record is worthy of recognition . ''

That year , Robinson was one of ten students named to the school 's Order of the Mast and Dagger ( Omicron Mu Delta ) , awarded to students performing `` outstanding service to the school and whose scholastic and citizenship record is worthy of recognition . ''


After he left the army , Robinson returned to his old football club , the Los Angeles Bulldogs for a short time .

After his discharge , Robinson briefly returned to his old football club , the Los Angeles Bulldogs .


Many of his former teammates and other famous black baseball players served as pallbearers . The Rev. Jesse Jackson gave the eulogy .

Many of his former teammates and other famous black baseball players served as pallbearers , and the Rev. Jesse Jackson gave the eulogy .


After receiving a vow from Robinson to `` turn the other cheek '' to racial taunts , Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $ 600 a month .

After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to `` turn the other cheek '' to racial antagonism , Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $ 600 a month , equal to $ today .


After Robinson 's commander in the 761st , Paul L. Bates , refused to allow this legal action , Robinson was moved to the 758th Battalion . The commander there quickly allowed Robinson to be charged with several offenses , including , among other charges , public drunkenness â `` even though Robinson did not drink .

After Robinson 's commander in the 761st , Paul L. Bates , refused to authorize the legal action , Robinson was summarily transferred to the 758th Battalion â `` where the commander quickly consented to charge Robinson with multiple offenses , including , among other charges , public drunkenness â `` even though Robinson did not drink .


He was a shortstop and leadoff hitter for the baseball team . He broke school broad jump records held by his brother , Mack .

He was a shortstop and leadoff hitter for the baseball team , and he broke school broad jump records held by his brother Mack .


Historical statistical analysis indicates Robinson was an outstanding fielder throughout his ten years in the major leagues and at almost every position he played .

Historical statistical analysis indicates Robinson was an outstanding fielder throughout his ten years in the major leagues and at virtually every position he played .


Robinson accepted a contract for $ 400 ( $ in dollars ) per month .

Robinson accepted a contract for $ 400 ( $ in dollars ) per month , a boon for him at the time .


The driver backed down . However , after reaching the end of the line , he got the military police , who took Robinson into custody .

The driver backed down , but after reaching the end of the line , summoned the military police , who took Robinson into custody .


Sisler taught Robinson to look for a fastball . His theory was that it is easier to then adjust to a slower curveball .

Sisler taught Robinson to anticipate a fastball , on the theory that it is easier to subsequently adjust to a slower curveball .


Rickey then became general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates .

Rickey shortly thereafter became general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates .


He had hoped to gain experience by coaching in the Puerto Rican Winter League . But , according to the New York Post , Commissioner Happy Chandler did not allow the request .

He had hoped to gain experience by managing in the Puerto Rican Winter League , but according to the New York Post , Commissioner Happy Chandler denied the request .


He also won a place on the Pomona baseball tournament all-star team . That team included future Hall of Famers Ted Williams and Bob Lemon .

In 1936 , Robinson won the junior boys singles championship in the annual Pacific Coast Negro Tennis Tournament and earned a place on the Pomona annual baseball tournament all-star team , which included future Hall of Famers Ted Williams and Bob Lemon .


Baseball fans also voted Robinson as the starting second baseman for the 1949 All-Star Game . This was the first All-Star Game to include black players .

Baseball fans also voted Robinson as the starting second baseman for the 1949 All-Star Game â `` the first All-Star Game to include black players .


Rickey 's offer allowed Robinson to leave the Monarchs and their long bus rides behind . He went home to Pasadena .

Rickey 's offer allowed Robinson to leave the Monarchs and their grueling bus rides behind , and he went home to Pasadena .


Robinson did not live long after his son .


He made Robinson keep the agreement a secret for the time being . Rickey committed to officially signing Robinson before November 1 , 1945 .

Although he required Robinson to keep the arrangement a secret for the time being , Rickey committed to formally signing Robinson before November 1 , 1945 .


Robinson 's oldest son , Jackie Robinson Jr. , had emotional trouble during his childhood . He entered special education at an early age .

Robinson 's eldest son , Jackie Robinson Jr. , had emotional trouble during his childhood and entered special education at an early age .


He was also a member of the tennis team .


Although Army policy had allowed black applicants to enter OCS since July 1941 , the applications of Robinson and his colleagues were delayed for several months .

Although the Army 's initial July 1941 guidelines for OCS had been drafted as race-neutral , practically speaking few black applicants were admitted into OCS until after subsequent directives by Army leadership . As a result , the applications of Robinson and his colleagues were delayed for several months .