Male hobbits do not have beards . Hobbits live longer compared to humans , and many hobbits reach the age of 100 .


The VfL OsnabrÃ 1\/4 ck is a football club which plays in Germany .

VfL OsnabrÃ 1\/4 ck is a German multi-sport club in OsnabrÃ 1\/4 ck , Lower Saxony .


The Laotian rock rat or kha-nyou ( Laonastes aenigmamus ) is a rodent species of the Khammouan area of Laos , first named in 2005 .

The Laotian rock rat or kha-nyou ( Laonastes aenigmamus ) , sometimes called the `` rat-squirrel '' , is a rodent species of the Khammouan region of Laos .


Saint-Laurent-M Ã doc is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France .

Saint-Laurent-M Ã doc is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France .


He identified that chromatin was correlated to threadlike structures in the cell nucleus -- the chromosomes ( meaning colored body ) .

He identified that chromatin was correlated to threadlike structures in the cell nucleusâ '' the chromosomes ( meaning colored body ) , which were thus named later on by German anamist Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz ( 1836 â `` 1921 ) .


His discovery of mitosis and chromosomes is considered one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times , and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology .

His discovery of mitosis and chromosomes is considered one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times , and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology ( together with August Weismann 's ( 1834 â `` 1914 ) discovery of meiosis , Theodor Schwann ( 1810 â `` 1882 ) and Matthias Schleiden 's ( 1804 â `` 1881 ) cell theory and Alfred Sturtevant 's ( 1866 â `` 1945 ) first genetic maps ) .


The Belgian scientist Edouard Van Beneden ( 1846 â `` 1910 ) had also observed them , independently .


Making use of dyes he was able to find a structure which he named chromatin .

Making use of aniline dyes he was able to find a structure which strongly absorbed basophilic dyes , which he named chromatin .


He studied mitosis , both in life and in stained preparations , using as the source of biological material the fins and gills of salamanders .

He studied mitosis both in vivo and in stained preparations , using as the source of biological material the fins and gills of salamanders .


Spam is a canned meat food made by the Hormel Foods Corporation . It is made from pork shoulder meat and ham .

A Hormel official once stated that the original meaning of the name `` Spam '' was `` Shoulder of Pork and Ham '' .


Spam is a canned meat food made by the Hormel Foods Corporation .

Spam ( officially trademarked as SPAM , possibly a portmanteau of `` Spiced Ham '' ) is a canned precooked meat product made by the Hormel Foods Corporation .


Monty Python created a skit about Spam in 1970 .

In 1970 , the Monty Python comedy group televised a sketch `` Spam '' in which almost every breakfast meal served in a restaurant included Spam .


It is made from pork shoulder meat and ham .

The labeled ingredients in the classic variety of Spam are chopped pork shoulder meat with ham meat added , salt , water , modified potato starch as a binder , and sodium nitrite as a preservative .


Spam Lite , a newer kind of Spam , is made with pork and chicken .

Varieties of Spam vary by region and include Spam Classic , Spam Hot & Spicy , Spam Less Sodium , Spam Lite , Spam Oven Roasted Turkey , Hickory Smoked , Spam with real Hormel Bacon , Spam with Cheese , and Spam Spread .


Yvon of the Yukon was a 26 minute Canadian animated cartoon that was about a French explorer named Yvon Ducharme , who became frozen in an ice block in the Yukon after being knocked overboard off his boat .

Yvon of the Yukon is about a French explorer , Yvon Ducharme , who became frozen in an ice block in the Yukon after being knocked off his boat .


The show follows the adventures of Yvon as he attempts to adjust to life in the Yukon .

The show follows the adventures of Yvon as he attempts to adjust to life in the Yukon whilst the residents of the town of Upyer Mukluk do the same .


Ramasse is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France .


Twelfth grade ( called Grade 12 in some places , also known as senior year in the United States and Australia ) is the last year of secondary education in the United States , as well as many other nations .

In Canada , the twelfth grade is referred to as Grade 12 . Grade 12 is the 13th year after kindergarten .


2009 marks the 20th anniversary of the half-hour series .

2009 marked the 20th anniversary of the half-hour series .


However , Gunsmokes episode count of 635 episodes far surpasses The Simpsons , which would not reach that mark until its approximate 29th season , under normal programming schedules .

However , Gunsmokes episode count of 635 episodes far surpasses The Simpsons .


Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 the show has broadcast 441 episodes and the twentieth season began airing on September 28 , 2008 .

Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 the show has broadcast 481 episodes and the twenty-second season began airing on September 26 , 2010 .


With its twentieth season ( 2008 â `` 2009 ) currently airing , the series is equal with Gunsmoke as the longest-running American primetime , scripted television series .

With its twenty-second season ( 2010 â `` 2011 ) currently airing , the series has surpassed Gunsmoke in seasons to claim the spot as the longest-running American prime-time scripted television series .


In May 2007 , The Simpsons reached their 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season .

In May 2007 , The Simpsons reached its 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season .


Muncq-Nieurlet is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Muncq-Nieurlet is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


When music for orchestra is in A major , the timpani are normally set to A and E a fifth apart . In most other keys , they are set a fourth apart .

For orchestral works in A major , the timpani are typically set to A and E a fifth apart , rather than a fourth apart as for most other keys .


A major ( or the key of A ) is a major scale with a base note of A. Its key signature has three sharps .


Mozart 's Clarinet Concerto and Clarinet Quintet are both in A major . Mozart used clarinets in A major often .

Mozart 's Clarinet Concerto and Clarinet Quintet are both in A major , and generally Mozart was more likely to use clarinets in A major than in any other key besides E-flat major .


Beethoven 's Symphony No. 7 , Bruckner 's Symphony No. 6 and Mendelssohn 's Symphony No. 4 are almost all the symphonies in this key in the Romantic era .

Beethoven 's Symphony No. 7 , Bruckner 's Symphony No. 6 and Mendelssohn 's Symphony No. 4 comprise a nearly complete list of symphonies in this key in the Romantic era .


The key of A-major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on needs both a flat and a natural accidental .

The key of A-major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on requires both a flat and a natural accidental .


Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor .


There are not as many symphonies in A major as in D major or G major , but more than other sharp keys .

Although not as rare in the symphonic literature as sharper keys , examples of symphonies in A major are not as numerous as for D major or G major .


Peter Cropper said that A major `` is the fullest sounding key for the violin . '' , when he was talking about Beethoven 's Kreutzer Sonata .

In connection to Beethoven 's Kreutzer Sonata , Peter Cropper said that A major `` is the fullest sounding key for the violin . ''


According to Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart , A major is a key that is good for `` declarations of innocent love , ... hope of seeing one 's beloved again when parting ; youthful cheerfulness and trust in God . ''

According to Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart , A major is a key suitable for `` declarations of innocent love , ... hope of seeing one 's beloved again when parting ; youthful cheerfulness and trust in God . ''


The Cumshots is a heavy metal band from Norway .

The Cumshots is a Death 'n' roll band from Norway .


As described on its official website , Halfway Home is an `` improvised half-hour series featuring the daily exploits of five ex-cons living together in a residential rehab facility . ''

On its official website , Halfway Home is described as an `` improvised half-hour show featuring the daily exploits of five ex-cons living together in a residential rehab facility '' ( the fictional Crenshaw Halfway House , in Los Angeles , California ) .


San Pietro in Montorio is a church in Rome , which includes in its courtyard The Tempietto ( a small commemorative martyrium ) built by Donato Bramante .

San Pietro in Montorio is a church in Rome , Italy , which includes in its courtyard The Tempietto ( a small commemorative martyrium ) built by Donato Bramante .


The Tempietto of San Pietro in Montorio is a small commemorative martyrium built by Donato Bramante , possibly as early as 1502 , in the courtyard of San Pietro in Montorio .

The so-called Tempietto ( Italian : `` small temple '' ) is a small commemorative martyrium built by Donato Bramante , possibly as early as 1502 , in the courtyard of San Pietro in Montorio .


Most digital media are based on turning analog data into digital data and vice-versa ( see digital recording , digital video , television versus digital television ) .

Most digital media are based on translating analog data into digital data and vice-versa ( see digital recording , digital video , television versus digital television ) .


The transformation of an Analog signal to Digital information by a Analog-to-digital converter is called sampling .

The transformation of an analog signal to digital information via an analog-to-digital converter is called sampling .


Digital media ( compared to analog media ) is electronic media that works on digital codes .

Digital media is a form of electronic media where data is stored in digital ( as opposed to analog ) form .


Electronic money is a digital equivalent of cash , stored on an electronic device or remotely at a server .

Electronic money ( also known as e-currency , e-money , electronic cash , electronic currency , digital money , digital cash , digital currency , cyber currency ) refers to money or scrip which is only exchanged electronically . Typically , this involves the use of computer networks , the internet and digital stored value systems .


This has caused many cartels that attempt to set product prices to be unsuccessful in the long term . Empirical studies of 20th century cartels have determined that the mean duration of discovered cartels is from 5 to 8 years .

One can distinguish private cartels from public cartels .


Less than 10 % of all cartels in the sample failed to raise market prices .

Fewer than 10 % of all cartels in the sample failed to raise market prices .


Private international cartels ( those with participants from two or more nations ) had an average price increase of 28 % . Domestic cartels averaged 18 % .

Private international cartels ( those with participants from two or more nations ) had an average price increase of 28 % , whereas domestic cartels averaged 18 % .


However , once a cartel is broken , the incentives to form the cartel return and the cartel may be re-formed .

There is a danger that once a cartel is broken , the incentives to form the cartel return and the cartel may be re-formed .


A survey was done of hundreds of published economic studies and legal decisions of antitrust authorities . It found that the median price increase achieved by cartels in the last 200 years is 25 % .

Several economic studies and legal decisions of antitrust authorities have found that the median price increase achieved by cartels in the last 200 years is around 25 % .


West Memphis is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America .

West Memphis is the largest city in Crittenden County , Arkansas , United States .


Vicovu de Sus is a town in northern Suceava County , Romania . It is on the border with the Ukraine .

Vicovu de Sus is a town in northern Suceava County , on the border with Ukraine .


Natural environment means all living and non-living things that are naturally on Earth .

The natural environment , encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof .


The resulting V8 JavaScript engine was designed for speed and introduces new features with that in mind such as hidden class transitions , dynamic code generation , and precise garbage collection .

The JavaScript virtual machine used by Chrome , the V8 JavaScript engine , has features such as dynamic code generation , hidden class transitions , and precise garbage collection .


; Tabs Tabs are the primary component of Chrome 's user interface and as such have been moved to the top of the window rather than below the controls ( similar to Opera ) .

Tabs are the primary component of Chrome 's user interface and as such , have been moved to the top of the window rather than below the controls .


Existing implementations were designed `` for small programs , where the performance and interactivity of the system were n't that important '' but web applications like Gmail `` are using the web browser to the fullest when it comes to DOM manipulations and Javascript '' .

According to Google , existing implementations were designed `` for small programs , where the performance and interactivity of the system were n't that important '' , but web applications such as Gmail `` are using the web browser to the fullest when it comes to DOM manipulations and JavaScript '' , and therefore would significantly benefit from a JavaScript engine that could work faster .


Each tab has its own set of controls , including the Omnibox URL box .

Each tab has its own set of controls , including the Omnibox .


; Omnibox The Omnibox is the URL box at the top of each tab , based on the one in Opera .

The Omnibox is the URL box at the top of each tab , which combines the functionality of both the Address bar and search box . If a user enters the URL of a site previously searched from , Chrome allows pressing Tab to search the site again directly from the Omnibox .


; Popups Popup windows `` are scoped to the tab they came from '' and will not appear outside the tab unless the user explicitly drags them out .

Popup windows are associated with the tab they came from and will not appear outside the tab unless the user explicitly drags them out .


This shows thumbnails of the eight most visited web sites along with the sites most often searched , recent bookmarks and recently closed tabs . This concept appeared first with Opera 's Speed Dial .

Originally , this showed thumbnails of the nine most visited web sites , along with frequent searches , recent bookmarks , and recently closed tabs ; similar to Internet Explorer and Firefox with Google Toolbar 6 , or Opera 's Speed Dial .


Google Chrome is an open source web browser made by Google .

Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google that uses the WebKit layout engine .


Tabs ( including their state ) can be seamlessly transferred between window containers by dragging .

Tabs ( including their state ) can be transferred seamlessly between window containers by dragging .


The name comes from the graphical user interface frame , or `` chrome '' , of web browsers .

The name is derived from the graphical user interface frame , or `` chrome '' , of web browsers .


The minimize , maximize and close window buttons are based on Windows Vista ; Gears Chrome includes Gears which adds developer features that may or may not become web standards , typically relating to the building of web applications ( including offline support ) .

The Windows version of Chrome includes Gears , which adds features for web developers typically relating to the building of web applications ( including offline support ) .


Following the principle of least privilege , each process is stripped of its rights and can compute but ca n't write files or read from sensitive areas ( eg documents , desktop ) , this is similar to `` Protected Mode '' that is used by Internet Explorer 7 on Windows Vista .

Following the principle of least privilege , each process is stripped of its rights and can compute , but can not write files or read from sensitive areas ( e.g. documents , desktop ) â '' this is similar to the `` Protected Mode '' used by Internet Explorer on Windows Vista and Windows 7 .


; Blacklists Chrome downloads updates of two blacklists ( one for phishing and one for malware ) and warns users when they try to visit a harmful site .

Chrome periodically retrieves updates of two blacklists ( one for phishing and one for malware ) , and warns users when they attempt to visit a harmful site .


; New Tab Page Chrome replaces the browser home page which is displayed when a new tab is created with a New Tab Page .

One of Chrome 's differentiating features is the New Tab Page , which can replace the browser home page and is displayed when a new tab is created .


; Sandboxing Each tab in Chrome is sandboxed to `` prevent malware from installing itself '' or `` using what happens in one tab to affect what happens in another '' .

Chrome will typically allocate each tab to fit into its own process to `` prevent malware from installing itself '' and prevent what happens in one tab from affecting what happens in another ; however , the actual process-allocation model is more complex .


Google then made the comic available on Google Books and their website and referenced it on its official blog along with an explanation for the early release .

Google subsequently made the comic available on Google Books and mentioned it on their official blog along with an explanation for the early release .


In the process of maintaining these blacklists , Google also notifies the owners of listed sites who may not be aware of the presence of the harmful software .

Google notifies the owners of listed sites who may not be aware of the presence of the harmful software .


; JavaScript The Javascript virtual machine was considered a sufficiently important project to be split off ( like Adobe\/Mozilla 's Tamarin ) and handled by a dedicated team in Denmark .

The JavaScript virtual machine was considered a sufficiently important project to be split off ( as was Adobe\/Mozilla 's Tamarin ) and handled by a separate team in Denmark coordinated by Lars Bak at Aarhus .


The release announcement was going to be made on 3 September 2008 , and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features of and reasons for the new browser .

The release announcement was originally scheduled for 3 September 2008 , and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features of and motivations for the new browser .


These often need to run at or above the security level of the browser itself .

These often must run at , or above , the security level of the browser itself .


; Plugins Plugins such as Adobe Flash Player are typically not standardised and as such can not be sandboxed like tabs .

Typically , plugins such as Adobe Flash Player are not standardized and as such , can not be sandboxed as tabs can be .


This subtle change is in contrast to many existing tabbed browsers which are based on windows containing tabs .

This subtle change contrasts with many existing tabbed browsers which are based on windows and contain tabs .


The open source project behind Google Chrome is known as Chromium .

In September 2008 , Google released a large portion of Chrome 's source code , including its V8 JavaScript engine , as an open source project entitled Chromium .


Copies that were for Europe were shipped early and German blogger Philipp Lenssen of Google Blogoscoped made a scanned copy of the 38-page comic available on his website after receiving it on 1 September 2008 .

Copies intended for Europe were shipped early and German blogger Philipp Lenssen of Google Blogoscoped made a scanned copy of the 38-page comic available on his website after receiving it on 1 September 2008 .


The Sandbox Team is said to have `` taken this existing process boundary and made it into a jail '' ; for example malicious software running in one tab is unable to sniff credit card numbers , interact with the mouse or tell `` Windows to run an executable on start-up '' and will be terminated when the tab is closed .

The Sandbox Team is said to have `` taken this existing process boundary and made it into a jail '' ; for example , malicious software running in one tab is supposed to be unable to sniff credit card numbers entered in another tab , interact with mouse inputs , or tell Windows to `` run an executable on start-up '' and it will be terminated when the tab is closed .


It is the home of the famed Sanctuary of Our Lady of LicheÅ hosting Our Lady of Sorrows , Queen of Poland .

LicheÅ Stary is the site of Poland 's largest church , Sanctuary of Our Lady of LicheÅ , completed in 2004 , which houses icon of the Virgin Mary called Our Lady of Sorrows , Queen of Poland .


It is often referred to as simply LicheÅ .

The village 's name means `` old LicheÅ '' ; it is often referred to as simply LicheÅ .


Dieter Burdenski ( born 26 November , 1950 ) is a former German football player .

Dieter Burdenski ( born 26 November 1950 in Bremen , Germany ) is a former German football player .


Most of the matter in the Universe may be in a form which can not be detected by present methods . This has been named dark matter .

Recent observations indicate that this expansion is accelerating because of dark energy , and that most of the matter in the universe may be in a form which can not be detected by present instruments , and so is not accounted for in the present models of the universe ; this has been named dark matter .


The word Universe comes from the Old French word Univers , which comes from the Latin word universum .

The word universe derives from the Old French word Univers , which in turn derives from the Latin word universum .


An easy way to think of this is a group of separate soap bubbles , in which people living on one soap bubble can not interact with those on other soap bubbles .

An easily visualized metaphor is a group of separate soap bubbles , in which observers living on one soap bubble can not interact with those on other soap bubbles , even in principle .


According to the general idea of relativity , some regions of space may never interact with ours even in the lifetime of the Universe , due to the finite speed of light and the ongoing expansion of space .

According to the general theory of relativity , some regions of space may never interact with ours even in the lifetime of the universe , due to the finite speed of light and the ongoing expansion of space .


However , on smaller length-scales , matter is observed to form ` clumps ' , many atoms are condensed into stars , most stars into galaxies , most galaxies into galaxy groups and clusters and , lastly , the largest-scale structures such as the Great Wall of galaxies .

However , on smaller length-scales , matter is observed to form `` clumps '' , i.e. , to cluster hierarchically ; many atoms are condensed into stars , most stars into galaxies , most galaxies into clusters , superclusters and , finally , the largest-scale structures such as the Great Wall of galaxies .


However , the universe may have more dimensions and its spacetime may have a multiply connected global topology .

Spacetime also appears to have a simply connected topology , at least on the length-scale of the observable universe . However , present observations can not exclude the possibilities that the universe has more dimensions and that its spacetime may have a multiply connected global topology , in analogy with the cylindrical or toroidal topologies of two-dimensional spaces .


Thus , a very rough estimate from these numbers would suggest there are around one sextillion ( 1021 ) stars in the observable universe ; though a 2003 study by Australian National University astronomers resulted in a figure of 70 sextillion ( 7 x 1022 ) .

Thus , a very rough estimate from these numbers would suggest there are around one sextillion ( 1021 ) stars in the observable universe ; though a 2010 study by astronomers resulted in a figure of 300 sextillion ( 3 ) .


It is worth emphasizing that those distant regions of space are taken to exist and be part of reality as much as we are ; yet we can never interact with them , even in principle .

It is worth emphasizing that those distant regions of space are taken to exist and be part of reality as much as we are ; yet we can never interact with them .


Later philosophers such as Lucretius , Averroes , Avicenna and Baruch Spinoza altered or refined these divisions . For example , Averroes and Spinoza have active principles governing the Universe which act on passive elements .

Later philosophers such as Lucretius , Averroes , Avicenna and Baruch Spinoza altered or refined these divisions ; for example , Averroes and Spinoza discern natura naturans ( the active principles governing the universe ) from natura naturata , the passive elements upon which the former act .


In Aristotle 's book The Physics , Aristotle divided Ï Î Ï Î Î 1\/2 ( everything ) into three roughly analogous elements : matter ( the stuff of which the Universe is made ) , form ( the arrangement of that matter in space ) and change ( how matter is created , destroyed or altered in its properties , and similarly , how form is altered ) .

In his book The Physics ( , from which we derive the word `` physics '' ) , Aristotle divided ( everything ) into three roughly analogous elements : matter ( the stuff of which the universe is made ) , form ( the arrangement of that matter in space ) and change ( how matter is created , destroyed or altered in its properties , and similarly , how form is altered ) .


The Universe seems to be governed throughout by the same physical laws and physical constants .

The universe appears to behave in a manner that regularly follows a set of physical laws and physical constants .


The idea of special relativity is thought to hold in all of the universe , provided that the spatial and temporal length scales are sufficiently short ; otherwise , general relativity must be applied .

The theory of special relativity is believed to hold throughout the universe , provided that the spatial and temporal length scales are sufficiently short ; otherwise , the more general theory of general relativity must be applied .


For example , radio messages sent from Earth may never reach some regions of space , even if the Universe would exist forever ; space may expand faster than light can traverse it .

For example , radio messages sent from Earth may never reach some regions of space , even if the universe would live forever ; space may expand faster than light can traverse it .


Several independent experimental measurements support the expansion of space and , more generally , the Big Bang idea .

Several independent experimental measurements support this theoretical expansion and , more generally , the Big Bang theory .


Nevertheless , its predictions appear to be consistent with observations , so there is no reason to adopt another theory .

Nevertheless , its cosmological predictions appear to be consistent with observations , so there is no compelling reason to adopt another theory .


Accurate predictions of the universe 's past and future require an accurate theory of gravitation .

Given gravitation 's predominance in shaping cosmological structures , accurate predictions of the universe 's past and future require an accurate theory of gravitation .


Typical galaxies range from dwarf galaxys with as few as ten million ( 107 ) stars up to giants with one trillion ( 1012 ) stars , all orbiting the galaxy 's center of mass. .

Typical galaxies range from dwarfs with as few as ten million ( 107 ) stars up to giants with one trillion ( 1012 ) stars , all orbiting the galaxy 's center of mass. .


We can not see space beyond the limitations of light ( or any electromagnetic radiation ) .

Since we can not observe space beyond the limitations of light ( or any electromagnetic radiation ) , it is uncertain whether the size of the universe is finite or infinite .


Independent estimates ( based on measurements such as radioactive dating ) agree , although they are less precise , ranging from 11 â `` 20 billion years to 13 â `` 15 billion years .

Independent estimates ( based on measurements such as radioactive dating ) agree , although they are less precise , ranging from 11 to 20 billion years to 13 â `` 15 billion years .


According to general relativity , space can get bigger faster than the speed of light , but we can view only part of the universe because of the speed of light .

According to general relativity , space can expand faster than the speed of light , although we can view only a small portion of the universe due to the limitation imposed by light speed .


The density of atoms is about a single hydrogen atom for every four cubic meters of volume .

Thus the density of atoms is on the order of a single hydrogen atom for every four cubic meters of volume .


The best good guess of the Universe 's age is 13.73 Â 0.12 billion years old , based on what was seen of the cosmic microwave background radiation .

The most precise estimate of the universe 's age is 13.73 Â 0.12 billion years old , based on observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation .


This refers to an early Greek model of the Universe . In that model , all matter was in rotating spheres centered on the Earth ; according to Aristotle , the rotation of the outermost sphere was responsible for the motion and change of everything within .

This Greek word refers to an early Greek model of the universe , in which all matter was contained within rotating spheres centered on the Earth ; according to Aristotle , the rotation of the outermost sphere was responsible for the motion and change of everything within .


The relative amounts of different chemical elements â '' especially the lightest atoms such as hydrogen , deuterium and helium â '' seem to be identical in all of the universe and throughout all of the history of it that we know of .

The relative fractions of different chemical elements â '' particularly the lightest atoms such as hydrogen , deuterium and helium â '' seem to be identical throughout the universe and throughout its observable history .


The properties of dark energy and dark matter are not known .

The properties of dark energy and dark matter are largely unknown .


The absence of net charge and momentum would follow if the universe were finite .

The absence of net charge and momentum would follow from accepted physical laws ( Gauss 's law and the non-divergence of the stress-energy-momentum pseudotensor , respectively ) , if the universe were finite .


Usually the Universe is thought to be everything that exists , has existed , and will exist .

More customarily , the universe is defined as everything that exists , has existed , and will exist .


The rate of this spatial expansion is accelerating , based on studies of Type Ia supernovae and other data .

The rate of this spatial expansion is accelerating , based on studies of Type Ia supernovae and corroborated by other data .


On the average , space is very nearly flat ( close to zero curvature ) , meaning that Euclidean geometry is experimentally true with high accuracy throughout most of the Universe .

On the average , space is observed to be very nearly flat ( close to zero curvature ) , meaning that Euclidean geometry is experimentally true with high accuracy throughout most of the Universe .


Earlier stages in the development of the universe can be seen at great distances . Observations suggest that the universe has been governed by the same physical laws and constants throughout most of its extent and history .

Observations of earlier stages in the development of the universe , which can be seen at great distances , suggest that the universe has been governed by the same physical laws and constants throughout most of its extent and history .


According to the prevailing theory , a slight imbalance of matter over antimatter was present in the universe 's creation , or developed very shortly thereafter .

According to the prevailing theory , a slight imbalance of matter over antimatter was present in the universe 's creation , or developed very shortly thereafter , possibly due to the CP violation that has been observed by particle physicists .


This all-embracing definition was not adopted by most later philosophers , but something similar is in quantum physics .

This all-embracing definition was not adopted by most later philosophers , but something not entirely dissimilar reappears in quantum physics , perhaps most obviously in the path-integral formulation of Feynman .


The best theory available is Albert Einstein 's general theory of relativity , which has passed all experimental tests so far .

The best theory available is Albert Einstein 's general theory of relativity , which has passed all experimental tests hitherto .


Physical laws were the rules governing the properties of matter , form and their changes .

Physical laws were conceived as the rules governing the properties of matter , form and their changes .


The universe is commonly defined as everything that exists . It includes all kinds of physical matter and energy , the planets , stars , galaxies , and all the contents of space .

The universe is commonly defined as the totality of everything that exists , including all physical matter and energy , the planets , stars , galaxies , and the contents of intergalactic space , although this usage may differ with the context ( see definitions , below ) .


There is no explanation for the particular values that physical constants appear to have throughout our Universe , such as Planck 's constant h or the gravitational constant G. Several conservation laws have been identified , such as the conservation of charge , conservation of momentum , conservation of angular momentum and conservation of energy .

There is no explanation for the particular values that physical constants appear to have throughout our universe , such as Planck 's constant h or the gravitational constant G. Several conservation laws have been identified , such as the conservation of charge , momentum , angular momentum and energy ; in many cases , these conservation laws can be related to symmetries or mathematical identities .


This getting bigger accounts for how Earth-bound pople can see the light from a galaxy 30 billion light years away , even if that light has traveled for only 13 billion years ; the very space between them has expanded .

This expansion accounts for how Earth-bound scientists can observe the light from a galaxy 30 billion light years away , even if that light has traveled for only 13 billion years ; the very space between them has expanded .


Although many scientists , including Einstein , had speculated that Î was zero , recent astronomical observations of type Ia supernovae have detected a large amount of dark energy that is accelerating the universe 's expansion .

Although many scientists , including Einstein , had speculated that Î was zero , recent astronomical observations of type Ia supernovae have detected a large amount of `` dark energy '' that is accelerating the universe 's expansion .


Other observations are not clearly answered by known physics .

Other observations are not answered definitively by known physics .


Preliminary studies suggest that this dark energy is related to a positive Î , although alternative theories can not be ruled out as yet .

Preliminary studies suggest that this dark energy corresponds to a positive Î , although alternative theories can not be ruled out as yet .


The most common term for `` Universe '' among the ancient Greek philosophers from Pythagoras onwards was Ï Î Ï Î Î 1\/2 ( The All ) , defined as all matter ( Ï Î Î Î '' Î Î 1\/2 ) and all space ( Ï Î Î Î Î 1\/2 Î Î 1\/2 ) .

Thus , the coordinates differences ( Î '' x , Î '' y , Î '' z ) and ( Î '' Î 3\/4 , Î '' Î , Î '' Î ) are not intrinsic to the rod , but merely reflect the reference frame used to describe it ; by contrast , the length L is an intrinsic property of the rod .


The universe seems to have much more matter than antimatter .

The universe seems to have much more matter than antimatter , an asymmetry possibly related to the observations of CP violation .


Einstein 's field equations include a cosmological constant ( Lamda : Î ) , that is related to an energy density of empty space .

Einstein 's field equations include a cosmological constant ( Î ) , that corresponds to an energy density of empty space .


It is possible to form space-times , each existing but not able to touch , move , or change ( interact with each other .

It is possible to conceive of disconnected space-times , each existing but unable to interact with one another .


The Universe appears to have a smooth space-time continuum made of three spatial dimensions and one temporal ( time ) dimension .

The universe appears to have a smooth space-time continuum consisting of three spatial dimensions and one temporal ( time ) dimension .


The Universe is huge and possibly infinite in volume .

The universe is immensely large and possibly infinite in volume .


The most used scientific model of the Universe is known as the Big Bang theory . The Universe expanded from a very hot , dense phase called the Planck epoch , in which all the matter and energy of the Universe was concentrated .

According to the prevailing scientific model of the universe , known as the Big Bang , the universe expanded from an extremely hot , dense phase called the Planck epoch , in which all the matter and energy of the observable universe was concentrated .


A different interpretation ( way to interpret ) of unvorsum is `` everything rotated as one '' or `` everything rotated by one '' .

An alternative interpretation of unvorsum is `` everything rotated as one '' or `` everything rotated by one '' .


This definition says that the Universe is made of two elements : space and time , together known as space-time or the vacuum ; and matter and different forms of energy and momentum occupying space-time .

According to this definition and our present understanding , the universe consists of three elements : space and time , collectively known as space-time or the vacuum ; matter and various forms of energy and momentum occupying space-time ; and the physical laws that govern the first two .


The matter that can be seen is spread throughout the universe , when averaged over distances longer than 300 million light-years .

The observable matter is spread uniformly ( homogeneously ) throughout the universe , when averaged over distances longer than 300 million light-years .


A similar definition of the term Universe is everything that exists at a single moment of time , such as the present or the beginning of time , as in the sentence `` The Universe was of size 0 '' .

A related definition of the term universe is everything that exists at a single moment of cosmological time , such as the present , as in the sentence `` The universe is now bathed uniformly in microwave radiation '' .


In a solar system , astronomers believe a planet must be in the habitable zone to have life . The circumstellar habitable zone is an area around a star where a planet would be able to have liquid water .

The habitable zone is the intersection of two regions that must both be favorable to life Exoplanets in the habitable zone .


The area in a solar system where life is most likely is called the circumstellar habitable zone ( CHZ ) . The places in a galaxy where life is most likely is called the galactic habitable zone ( GHZ ) .

Life is most likely to form within the circumstellar habitable zone ( CHZ ) within a solar system , and the galactic habitable zone ( GHZ ) of the larger galaxy ( though research on the latter point remains in its infancy ) .


The habitable zone may also be called the `` life zone '' , `` comfort zone '' , `` green belt '' or `` Goldilocks Zone '' ( because it 's neither too hot nor too cold , but `` just right '' ) .

The HZ may also be referred to as the `` life zone '' , `` Comfort Zone '' , `` Green Belt '' or `` Goldilocks Zone '' .


The Jutes were a Germanic people who are believed to have come from Jutland ( called Iutum in Latin ) in modern Denmark inclusive Southern Schleswig in Northern Germany and part of the Frisian coast .

They are believed to have originated from Jutland ( called Iutum in Latin ) in modern Denmark , Southern Schleswig ( South Jutland ) and part of the East Frisian coast .


Osmar Donizete CÃ cents ndido ( born 24 October 1968 ) is a former Brazilian football player .

Osmar Donizete CÃ cents ndido , best known as Donizete ( born 24 October 1968 in Brazil ) is a former Brazilian football player .


Personal property means property that consists of object that can be moved from one place to another .

Personal property may be classified in a variety of ways . Tangible personal property refers to any type of property that can generally be moved ( i.e. , it is not attached to real property or land ) , touched or felt .


There it is distinguished from real property , or real estate .

Personal property , roughly speaking , is private property that is moveable , as opposed to real property or real estate .


In the common law systems personal property may also be called chattels .

In the common law systems personal property may also be called chattels or personalty .


Cyberpunk is a kind of Science Fiction . The Cyberpunk genre began in the early 1980s .

Cyberpunk is a science fiction genre noted for its focus on `` high tech and low life . ''


Bruce Bethke made this word for his 1980 short story `` Cyberpunk '' by putting together two words : `` cybernetics '' and `` punk rock '' .

The name is a portmanteau of cybernetics and punk , and was originally coined by Bruce Bethke as the title of his short story `` Cyberpunk , '' published in 1983 .


He has played for Brazil national team .

He has played for Brazil national team at the 1930 FIFA World Cup finals .


Osvaldo Velloso de Barros ( born 25 August , 1908 ) is a former Brazilian football player .

Oswaldo de Barros Velloso ( born 25 August 1908 , date of death unknown ) was a Brazilian football player .


Jorge Valdano ( born 4 October 1955 ) is a former Argentine football player .

Jorge Alberto Francisco Valdano Castellanos ( born October 4 , 1955 in Las Parejas , Santa Fe Province ) is an Argentine former football player and the current General Manager of Real Madrid CF .


Henry II of France ( March 31 , 1519 â `` July 10 , 1559 ) was a King of France and a member of the house of Valois .

Henry II ( 31 March 1519 -- 10 July 1559 ) was King of France from 31 March 1547 , until his death in 1559 .


Messon is a commune of the Aube dÃ partement in the north-central part of France .

Messon is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France .


In the twentieth century , Fleetwood was a major deep-sea fishing port , but , since the 1970s , the fishing industry has declined .

For most of the 20th century , Fleetwood was a prominent deep-sea fishing port , but , since the 1970s , the fishing industry has declined precipitously and the town has undergone economic difficulties .


Fleetwood is also a seaside resort , serving as a quiet contrast to nearby Blackpool .


The town was the first planned place of the Victorian age .

The town was the first planned community of the Victorian era .


Fleetwood is a town within the Wyre district of Lancashire , England . It lies at the northwest corner of the Fylde .

Fleetwood is a town within the Wyre district of Lancashire , England , lying at the northwest corner of the Fylde .


Ubuntu Live USB Creator is an official tool to create Live USBs of Ubuntu from an iso image .

Ubuntu Live USB creator ( usb-creator ) is an official tool to create Live USBs of Ubuntu from the Live CD or from an iso image .


Menomblet is a commune . It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the VendÃ e department in the west of France .

Menomblet is a commune in the VendÃ e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France .


Ricotta is an Italian fresh whey cheese made from the whey of sheep 's milk or cow 's milk .

Ricotta is an Italian sheep milk or cream-cheese cow milk whey cheese .


Scientists have got new evidence , based on new and better ways of finding dates , using optically stimulated luminescence and Uranium-thorium dating of megafaunal bones . This suggests that humans were the main cause of the extinction of megafauna in Australia .

New evidence based on accurate optically stimulated luminescence and uranium-thorium dating of megafaunal remains suggests that humans were the ultimate cause of the extinction of megafauna in Australia .


Climate change , which made the country much drier during an Ice Age about 18,000 years ago , may have also have led to the extinction of the megafauna .

Increased aridity during peak glaciation ( about 18,000 years ago ) may have also contributed to the extinction of the megafauna .


The dates show that the last of the megafauna became extinct around the same time , about 47,000 years ago . This was the time in which humans first arrived in Australia .

The dates derived show that all forms of megafauna became extinct in the same rapid timeframe â '' approximately 47,000 years ago â '' the period of time in which humans first arrived in Australia .


Scientists have studied oxygen and carbon isotopes from teeth of megafauna . These show sudden , drastic , non-climate-related changes in plants , and in the diet of surviving marsupial animals , as well as the loss of megafaunal species .

The dates derived suggest the main mechanism for extinction was human burning of a landscape that was then much less fire-adapted ; analysis of oxygen and carbon isotopes from teeth of megafauna indicate sudden , drastic , non-climate-related changes in vegetation and the diet of surviving marsupial species , as well as the loss of megafaunal species .


It is possible when humans came to Australia ( around 48,000-60 ,000 years ago ) , and began hunting and using fire , they may have caused the extinction of the megafauna .

It is hypothesised that with the arrival of humans ( around 48,000-60 ,000 years ago ) , hunting and the use of fire to manage their environment may have contributed to the extinction of the megafauna .


These species became extinct during the Pleistocene ( 16,100 Â 100 - 50,000 years before present ) , but exact dates for their extinction have only been discovered recently .

Many of these species became extinct during the Pleistocene ( 16,100 Â 100 - 50,000 years before present ) .


Most are nocturnal and appear to feed on detritus ( rubbish ) .

Most are nocturnal and appear to feed on detritus .


They have long antennae ( 23 â `` 45 segments ) and long cerci ( appendages on the rear end ; 5 â `` 8 segments ) , but no wings .

They have long antennae ( 23 â `` 45 segments ) and long cerci ( 5 â `` 8 segments ) , but no wings .


IGN editor Travis Fahs commented that while he was not the most likable character , he has incredible confidence that overshadows his flaws and makes him an entertaining character .

IGN editor Travis Fahs commented that while he was not the most likeable character , he has incredible confidence that overshadows his flaws and makes him entertaining .


He also ranked seventh on GameDaily 's top 10 ugliest game characters list ; the authors referenced his snarling smile , moustache , and outfits .

He ranked seventh on GameDaily 's top 10 ugliest game characters list ; the authors referenced his snarling smile , moustache , and outfits .


RaÃ l Modesto Castro Ruz ( born June 3 , 1931 ) is the President of the Cuban Council of State and the head of state of Cuba .

RaÃ l Modesto Castro Ruz ( born 3 June 1931 ) is the current President of Cuba , and the President ( As Premier ) of the Council of Ministers of Cuba .


He is also Second Secretary of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba ( PCC ) , Commander in Chief ( Maximum General ) of the Armed Forces ( Army , Navy , and Air Force ) and is the younger brother of Fidel Castro .

The younger brother of Fidel Castro , he is also Second Secretary of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba ( PCC ) , and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces ( Army , Navy , and Air Force ) .


Al DiMeola ( born July 22 , 1954 ) is a Jazz fusion guitarist . He was born in Jersey City , New Jersey .

Al Di Meola ( born Al Laurence Dimeola July 22 , 1954 in Jersey City , New Jersey ) is an acclaimed American jazz fusion and Latin guitarist , composer , and record producer .


There are many museums with things from that time in Ljubljana .

It is the center of the City Municipality of Ljubljana .


University of Ljubljana is located in Ljubljana .

Finally , a line goes to Budapest The Slovenian Railways offers the possibility to buy Ljubljana daily or monthly city pass that can be used to travel in Ljubljana by train ( 15 stations ) . In the immediate vicinity to the Ljubljana railway station is located the Bus station Ljubljana , the Ljubljana central bus hub , operated by the company Avtobusna postaja Ljubljana .


Ljubljana is the capital of Slovenia and its largest city .


Herlin-le-Sec is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Herlin-le-Sec is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


Oakland Park is a city of Florida in the United States .

The City of Oakland Park is bisected by the Florida East Coast Railway , which runs parallel to Dixie Highway through downtown Oakland Park . The City of Oakland Park has put into place new zoning regulations intended to transform downtown Oakland Park into a mixed-use pedestrian community .


A GPS receiver can calculate its position many times in one second . A GPS receiver calculates its speed and direction by using its change in position and change in time .

A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth .


A GPS receiver can calculate its position many times in one second .

One of the most significant error sources is the GPS receiver 's clock . Because of the very large value of the speed of light , c , the estimated distances from the GPS receiver to the satellites , the pseudoranges , are very sensitive to errors in the GPS receiver clock ; for example an error of one microsecond ( 0.000 001 second ) corresponds to an error of 300 m. This suggests that an extremely accurate and expensive clock is required for the GPS receiver to work .


Garnerans is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France .


Wingfield is two miles west of the town of Trowbridge .

Wingfield is located two miles west of the town of Trowbridge .


While certainly affiliated with the `` House of Set , '' the Nephthys temple at Sepermeru and its apportioned lands ( several acres ) clearly were under administration distinct from the Set institution ( cf . ` Land Tenure in the Ramesside Period ' by S. Katary , 1989 ) .

While certainly affiliated with the `` House of Set , '' the Nephthys temple at Sepermeru and its apportioned lands ( several acres ) clearly were under administration distinct from the Set institution .


( Isis ) was married to Osiris . Isis and Nephthys had a strong relationship .

As sister of Isis and especially Osiris , Nephthys is a protective goddess who symbolizes the death experience , just as Isis represented the ( re - ) birth experience .


The basalt image originally was stationed at Medinet-Habu , as part of the cultic celebration of the Pharaonic `` Sed-Festival , '' but obviously was transferred at some point to Herakleopolis and the temple of Herishef therein .

The basalt image originally was stationed at Medinet-Habu , as part of the cultic celebration of the Pharaonic `` Sed-Festival , '' but was transferred at some point to Herakleopolis and the temple of Herishef .


The foundations of the Set and Nephthys temples at Sepermeru finally were discovered and identified in the 1980s , and the Nephthys temple was no mere chapelâ '' rather , it was a notable , self-sustaining temple complex within the Set enclosure ( cf . ` Les Deesses de l'Egypte Pharaonique ' , R. LaChaud , 1992 , Durocher-Champollion ) . Likewise , there can be little doubt that a cult of Nephthys existed in the temple and great town of Herakleopolis , north of Sepermeru .

The foundations of the Set and Nephthys temples at Sepermeru finally were discovered and identified in the 1980s , and the Nephthys temple was a self-sustaining temple complex within the Set enclosure .


Interestingly , yet another ( probably contemporaneous ) temple of Nephthys seems to have existed in the town of Punodjem .

Another temple of Nephthys seems to have existed in the town of Punodjem .


In any event , as `` Nephthys of Ramesses-Meriamun , '' the goddess and her shrine ( s ) were under the particular endorsement of Ramesses II .

As `` Nephthys of Ramesses-Meriamun , '' the goddess and her shrines were under the particular endorsement of Ramesses II .


Likewise , there can be little doubt that a cult of Nephthys existed in the temple and great town of Herakleopolis , north of Sepermeru .

There can be little doubt that a cult of Nephthys existed in the temple and great town of Herakleopolis , north of Sepermeru .


She was a series regular in Seasons 2-3 , appearing in several episodes at the beginning and end of season 4 , and was a special guest star in the final series episode in Season 6 , though these scenes were cut from the televised episode .

She was a series regular in Seasons 2-3 , appeared in several episodes at the beginning and end of season 4 , and was a special guest star in the final series episode in Season 6 , though these scenes were cut from the televised episode , but appear on the DVD extended cut release .


Meredith Monroe ( born December 30 , 1968 ) is an American actress She is best-known for her role as Andie McPhee on Dawson 's Creek from 1998 to 2000 .

Meredith Leigh Monroe ( born December 30 , 1968 ) , is an American actress who portrayed Andie McPhee on Dawson 's Creek from 1998 to 2000 .


A sewing machine is used to stitch fabric together with thread .

A sewing machine is a textile machine used to stitch fabric , cards and other material together with thread .


Some sewing machines are also used for embroidery .

Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies .


The following is a list of the characters from the Adventures in Odyssey radio program .

The following is a partial list of characters from the radio program Adventures in Odyssey .


To the north of Germany are the North Sea , the Baltic Sea , and the country of Denmark . To the east of Germany are the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic .

It is bordered to the north by the North Sea , Denmark , and the Baltic Sea ; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic ; to the south by Austria and Switzerland ; and to the west by France , Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands .


East Germany ) . During this time , the capital city of Berlin was divided into a west and an east part .

East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital , while West Germany chose Bonn .


Other small groups of people in Germany are Croats ( 0.2 million ) , Italians ( 0.6 million ) , Greeks ( 0.4 million ) , Russians , and Poles ( 0.3 million ) .

Around the world , German has approximately 100 million native speakers and also about 80 million non-native speakers . German is the main language of about 90 million people ( 18 % ) in the EU .


Other small groups of people in Germany are Croats ( 0.2 million ) , Italians ( 0.6 million ) , Greeks ( 0.4 million ) , Russians , and Poles ( 0.3 million ) . There are also some ethnic Germans who lived in the old Soviet Union ( 1.7 million ) , Poland ( 0.7 million ) , and Romania ( 0.3 million ) .

Large numbers of people with full or significant German ancestry are found in the United States ( 50 million ) , Brazil ( 5 million ) and Canada ( 3 million ) .


Oisy-le-Verger is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Oisy-le-Verger is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


In this second movie , the Great Wishing Star helps True Heart Bear and Noble Heart Horse start the Care Bear Family , as they try to save them and the Kingdom from a demon villain named Dark Heart . A camper named Christy makes a deal with the villain that makes her a success at anything she never did before , even cartwheels .

True Heart Bear and Noble Heart Horse lead the other Care Bears and Care Bear Cousins , as they come to the aid of Christy , a young camper who is tempted by an evil shape-shifting figure named Dark Heart .


Wimille is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Wimille is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


Gaillan-en-M Ã doc is a commune in the Aquitaine region in the Gironde department of southwest France .

Gaillan-en-M Ã doc is a commune in the Gironde department in south-western France .


Sleaford is a town in Lincolnshire , England . In 2001 there were 14,494 people living in Sleaford .

Local newspapers are The Sleaford Target , The Sleaford Citizen , and The Sleaford Standard .


Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .


48 St. George 1 , Gateway Newstands ( two locations ) Token Vending Machine 1966 Universityâ `` Spadina 116,840 Centre

48 St. George 1 Gateway Newstands ( two locations ) Token Vending Machine , Metropass Vending Machine 1966 Universityâ `` Spadina ( BD ) ( Combined ) Centre


6 Eglinton 1 , Cinnabon , Tesorro Pizza , Giant Booksale Co. , Gateway Newstands , treats bakery\/deli , batteries and gadgets , Second Cup , Great Canadian Bagel , Wewa Sportswear , D.K. Lotto Centre PLUS Fast , Dry Cleaners , Women 's Fashion Store 1 Token Vending Machine Metropass Vending Machine 1954

6 Eglinton 1 , Cinnabon , Tesorro Pizza , Giant Booksale Co. , Gateway Newstands , treats bakery\/deli , batteries and gadgets , Second Cup , Great Canadian Bagel , Wewa Sportswear , D.K. Lotto Centre PLUS Fast , Dry Cleaners , Women 's Fashion Store , Scotiabank , Token Vending Machine , Metropass Vending Machine 1954


23 St. George 1 , Gateway Newstands ( two locations ) Token Vending Machine 1963 Bloorâ `` Danforth 112,710 ( total 229,550 ) Centre

23 St. George 1 , Gateway Newstands ( two locations ) , Token Vending Machine , Metropass Vending Machine 1963 Bloorâ `` Danforth ( YUS ) ( Combined ) Centre


8 St. Clair 1 , McDonald 's , Gateway Newstands Token Vending Machine 1954

8 St. Clair 1 , McDonald 's , Gateway Newstands , Token Vending Machine , Metropass Vending Machine 1954


20 St. Patrick Gateway Newstands Token Vending Machine 1963

20 St. Patrick Gateway Newstands , Token Vending Machine , Metropass Vending Machine 1963


Surat the second capital of Gujarat is growing much as its neighboring metro Bombay and by 2020 it is estimated that Surat will be the largest city in Gujarat state and its urbanization will stretch from Kosamba in north to Billimora in south .


PrÃ defin is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

PrÃ defin is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


Crescent is a city of Oklahoma in the United States .

Crescent is a city in Logan County , Oklahoma , United States .


PÃ ault is a commune . It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the VendÃ e department in the west of France .

PÃ ault is a commune in the VendÃ e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France .


It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the VendÃ e department in the west of France .

Palluau is a commune in the VendÃ e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France .


Piazzogna is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .

Piazzogna is a former municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .


Fin Fang Foom is a supervillain that first appeared in 1961 in the # 89 issue of Strange Tales . He was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby .

The character first appears in Strange Tales # 89 ( Oct. 1961 ) , and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby .


For 1998 it received a number of minor , mostly mechanical improvements and was renamed the 9-3 ( in most markets ; in the US the name change was introduced for 1999 ) . As the 9-3 , the NG900 was produced through 2002 .


The Saab 900 was a car produced by Saab from 1978 through 1998 .

The Saab 900 was a car produced by Saab Automobile from 1978 until 1998 in two generations .


WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010 is a wrestling video game that 's published by THQ , It is available for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo DS , Wii and Xbox 360 systems .

WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010 ( also known as WWE SmackDown 10 : SmackDown vs. Raw 2010 ) , is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke 's , and published by THQ for the PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) , PlayStation 3 ( PS3 ) , PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) , Wii , Nintendo DS , and Xbox 360 systems .


Koksijde is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders .

Koksijde is a municipality located in the Flemish province of West Flanders on the North Sea coast , at the southwest side .


BÃ 1\/4 ttikon is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .

BÃ 1\/4 ttikon is a municipality in the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .


MonfrÃ ville is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

MonfrÃ ville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .


Belaying is a way to hold and control a rope for a person who is rock climbing .

The person climbing is said to be on belay when one of these belaying methods is being used . Belaying is a critical part of the climbing system .


A person on the ground who is belaying is called a belayer .

By using a correct belaying method , the belayer can hold the entire weight of the climber by using relatively little force , and can easily arrest even a long fall . By using a mixture of belaying angle and hand-grip on the rope , a climber can be lowered gently by the belayer to a safe point where climbing can be resumed .


If the climber falls , the device lets the belayer also hold the rope still , so the climber hangs in the air but does not hit the ground .

As the climber moves on the climb , the belayer must make sure that the climber has the right amount of rope by paying out or pulling in excess rope . If the climber falls , then they will free-fall the distance of the slack or unprotected rope before friction applied by the belayer will start to slow their descent .


The belayer can hold the whole weight of the climber by using only a little force , and can even stop a long fall .

When belaying for a partner who is significantly heavier , it is advisable for the belayer to create an anchor point for him - or herself before allowing the climber to lead a route . This will not prevent a fall but will prevent the falling climber from counter-balancing the belayer during a fall and causing a `` take off '' where the belayer is launched into the air or towards the rock .


The belayer usually puts the rope through a belay device , which lets the rope move through the device in one direction ( as the climber being belayed goes up ) .

The belayer should keep the rope locked off in the belay device whenever the climber is not moving .


Belaying is a way to hold and control a rope for a person who is rock climbing . A climber has to be attached to a rope so they do not fall very far .

Belaying refers to a variety of techniques used in climbing to exert friction on a climbing rope so that a falling climber does not fall very far .


The 2011 edition which will mark the returns of Austria , which last participated in 2007 , Italy , which last participated in 1997 , San Marino , which only took part in 2008 , and Hungary , which last participated in 2009 .

The 2011 edition which will see the returns of Austria , which last participated in 2007 , Italy , which last participated in 1997 , San Marino , which only took part in 2008 , and Hungary , which last participated in 2009 .


And it was decided that the existing rules will remain in place , and that the number of participants in the final will simply decreased from twenty-five to twenty-four .

At a Reference Group meeting in Belgrade it was decided that the existing rules will remain in place , and that the number of participants in the final will simply be lowered from twenty-five to twenty-four .


The 56 Annual Eurovision Song Contest will be held in DÃ 1\/4 sseldorf ( Germany ) , due to Germany 's first place with their singer Lena Meyer-Landrut with her song `` Satellite '' in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo ( Norway ) .

The Eurovision Song Contest 2011 will be the 56th annual Eurovision Song Contest . It will take place in DÃ 1\/4 sseldorf , Germany , following Germany 's win in the 2010 Contest with Lena Meyer-Landrut 's song `` Satellite '' .


On 16 December 2010 , NDR revealed the presenters of the 2011 edition : Anke Engelke , Judith Rakers , and Stefan Raab .

NDR revealed the presenters of contest on 16 December 2010 ; Anke Engelke , Judith Rakers , and Stefan Raab .


The five countries that are part of the `` Big Five '' , along with the host of the contest , automatically qualify for a place in the final .

The four countries that are part of the `` Big Four '' , along with the host of the contest , automatically qualify for a place in the final .


Eight cities showed interest of hosting the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 : Berlin , Hamburg , Hanover , Gelsenkirchen , DÃ 1\/4 sseldorf , Cologne , Frankfurt , Munich .

Eight of these cities continued to show interest in hosting the event including Berlin , Hamburg , Hanover , Gelsenkirchen , DÃ 1\/4 sseldorf , Cologne , Frankfurt and Munich .


It will be the third time that three people have hosted the contest after 1999 and 2010 .

It will be the third time three people have hosted the contest after 1999 and 2010 .


Germany has already held the Eurovision Song Contest .

The Eurovision Song Contest 2011 will be the 56th annual Eurovision Song Contest .


Countries has been drawn from each pot to determine if they will compete in either the first or second semi-final and like in 2010 , it will determine in which half of the semi-final they will perform , in order for delegations to know when rehearsals will begin for their respective countries .

Countries will be drawn from each pot to determine whether they will compete in either the first or second semi-final and as in 2010 , which half of the semi-final they will perform , in order for delegations to know when rehearsals will begin for their respective countries .


On 12 October 2010 , the German broadcaster , Norddeutscher Rundfunk ( NDR ) announced that the Esprit Arena of DÃ 1\/4 sseldorf as the venue of the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 .

The Esprit Arena in DÃ 1\/4 sseldorf was announced by German broadcaster NDR as venue for the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest on 12 October 2010 .


At a meeting in Belgrade , the EBU decided that the countries has to choose their artists and their songs before 14 March because the running draw for the Eurovision Song Contest will be held on March 15 .

At a meeting in Belgrade on 28 August 2010 , the EBU decided that each country must choose their artist and song before 14 March 2011 . On 15 March 2011 , the draw for the running order took place in the host city .


On 21 August 2010 , NDR announced that four of those cities had officially applied to host the 2011 Contest :

It was announced on 21 August 2010 by NDR that four of those cities had officially applied to host the 2011 Contest : Berlin , Hamburg , Hanover , and DÃ 1\/4 sseldorf .


To determine the semi-final running orders for the Eurovision Song Contest , participating nations were split into six pots on 17 January 2011 .

The draw to determine the semi-final running orders was held on Monday 17 January 2011 . Participating nations were split into six pots based on voting patterns up to 2010 .


On 31 December 2010 , the EBU confirmed the forty-three countries which will be competing fir the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest .

On 31 December 2010 , the EBU confirmed forty-three countries will be competing in the 2011 Contest .


Germany has already held the Eurovision Song Contest . The first in 1957 in Frankfurt am Main and the second in 1983 in Munich .

This will be the first Eurovision Song Contest held in Germany since reunification , with West Germany having previously hosted the contest in 1957 and 1983 .


The draw also determine in which semi-finals the members of the `` Big Five '' ( France , Germany , Spain , the United Kingdom and Italy ) will be able to vote .

The draw also determines which semi-final the `` Big Five '' countries ( France , Germany , Spain , the United Kingdom and Italy ) will vote in .


But Germany is both the host of the 2011 edition and a member from the `` Big Five '' .

For the 2011 Contest , Germany is both a `` Big Four '' country and the host , resulting in a vacant spot in the final .


His number ( # 5 ) is retired by the Kansas City Royals .

Brett 's # 5 was retired by the Royals on April 7 , 1997 . His number was the second number retired in Royals history , preceded by former Royals manager , the late Dick Howser ( # 10 ) , in 1987 .


Brett won the World Series with the Kansas City Royals in 1985 batting a .370 which included a four-hit performance in game 7 of the world series .

Brett then batted .370 in the World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals including a four-hit performance in Game 7 .


He raises money for the disease ALS ( amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ) or better known as Lou Gehrig 's Disease .

Brett has also continued to raise money for ALS ( amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ) , commonly known as Lou Gehrig 's Disease .


In aviation , flight attendants â '' also known as cabin crew , stewards , air hosts\/hostesses , or stewardesses , â '' are members of a cabin crew employed by airlines to ensure the safety and comfort of the passengers aboard commercial flights as well as on select business jet aircraft .

Flight attendants or cabin crew ( also known as stewards\/stewardesses or air hosts\/hostesses ) are members of an aircrew employed by airlines primarily to ensure the safety and comfort of passengers aboard commercial flights , on select business jet aircraft , and on some military aircraft .


The first three are Moscow , St. Petersburg , and Novosibirsk . Nizhny Novgorod had a population of 1,311,252 in 2002 , and one of 1,438,133 in 1989 .

Nizhny Novgorod , colloquially shortened to Nizhny , is the fourth largest city in Russia , ranking after Moscow , St. Petersburg , and Novosibirsk .


Nizhny Novgorod ( Russian : Ð Ð Ì Ð Ð 1\/2 Ð Ð Ð Ð 3\/4 Ì Ð Ð Ð 3\/4 Ñ Ð 3\/4 Ð , often shortened to Nizhny ) is the fourth largest city in Russia .

Russian Railways department - Gorkovskaya Railroad ( Ð `` Ð 3\/4 Ñ Ñ Ð Ð 3\/4 Ð Ñ Ð Ð Ñ Ð Ð Ð '' Ð Ð Ð 1\/2 Ð Ñ Ð Ð 3\/4 Ñ Ð 3\/4 Ð Ð ) , which operates some 5,700 km of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region ( of which some 1,200 are in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast ) , is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod .


Population : It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region , and also the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District .


A central government that makes policy and puts it into practice for the people at large is not how the Iroquois handle government .

A central government that develops policy and implements it for the people at large is not the Iroquois model of government .


However , after a series of successful operations against frontier settlements â `` led by the Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant , other war chiefs , and British allies â `` the future United States wanted revenge .

However , after a series of successful operations against frontier settlements â `` led by the Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant , other war chiefs , and British allies â `` the future United States reacted with vengeance .


When anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan studied the Grand Council in the 19th century , he thought it was a central government .

When anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan studied the Grand Council in the 19th century , he interpreted it as a central government .


Evidence from archaeology shows that Iroquois ancestors lived in the Finger Lakes region from at least 1000 AD .

Archaeological evidence shows that Iroquois ancestors lived in the Finger Lakes region from at least 1000 AD .


Today , the Iroquois live mostly in New York and Canada .

Today , the Iroquois live primarily in New York and Canada .


After the the Europeans arrived , many Iroquois became Christians , among them Kateri Tekakwitha , a young woman of Mohawk-Algonkin parents .

After the arrival of the Europeans , many Iroquois became Christians , among them Kateri Tekakwitha , a young woman of Mohawk-Algonkin parents .


According to this view , Iroquois political and diplomatic decisions are made on the local level , and are based on what the local communities think .

According to this view , Iroquois political and diplomatic decisions are made on the local level , and are based on assessments of community consensus .


The Iroquois , also known as the Haudenosaunee or the `` People of the Longhouse '' , are a group of several tribes of indigenous people of North America .

The Iroquois , also known as the Haudenosaunee or the `` People of the Longhouse '' , are an association of several tribes of indigenous people of North America .


This interpretation became influential , but some scholars have since argued that while the Grand Council served an important ceremonial role , it was not a government in the way that Morgan thought .

This interpretation became influential , but some scholars have since argued that while the Grand Council served an important ceremonial role , it was not a government in the sense that Morgan thought .


The first Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations , as it was made up of the Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Cayuga and Seneca .

The original Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations , as it was composed of the Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Cayuga and Seneca nations .


The Confederacy broke up after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War .

The Confederacy dissolved after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War .


When the soil eventually became less fertile , the Iroquois moved .

When the soil eventually lost its fertility , the Iroquois migrated .


Symbolically , the Mohawk guarded the eastern door , as they lived in the east closest to the Hudson River , and the Seneca guarded the western door of the `` tribal longhouse '' , the land they controlled in New York .

Symbolically , the Mohawk were the guardians of the eastern door , as they were located in the east closest to the Hudson , and the Seneca were the guardians of the western door of the `` tribal longhouse '' , the territory they controlled in New York .


Women could own property including homes , horses and farmed land , and when they married , they could keep their property without it being given to their husbands .

Individual women could hold property including dwellings , horses and farmed land , and their property before marriage stayed in their possession without being mixed with that of their husband 's .


This suggests that while the different Iroquoian tribes had the same historical and cultural origin , they came apart over a long enough time that their languages became different .

This suggests that while the different Iroquoian tribes had a common historical and cultural origin , they diverged as peoples over a sufficiently long time that their languages became different .


The Iroquois hoped that helping the British would also bring favors after the war .

The Iroquois hoped that aiding the British would also bring favors after the war .


There were about 30,000 tribal registrations among the Six Nations in the United States in 1995 .

Tribal registrations among the Six Nations in the United States in 1995 numbered about 30,000 in total .


In the 2000 census , 80,822 people in the United States said they were Iroquois , with 45,217 of them claiming only an Iroquois background .

In the 2000 census , 80,822 people in the United States claimed Iroquois ethnicity , with 45,217 of them claiming only Iroquois background .


When Americans and Canadians of European descent began to study Iroquois customs in the 18th and 19th centuries , they found that women assumed a position in Iroquois society that was about equal in power to that of the men .

When Americans and Canadians of European descent began to study Iroquois customs in the 18th and 19th centuries , they observed that women assumed a position in Iroquois society roughly equal in power to that of the men .


After the war , the ancient central fireplace of the League was made again at Buffalo Creek .

After the war , the ancient central fireplace of the League was reestablished at Buffalo Creek .


Important festivals were at the same time as the major events of the agricultural calendar , including a harvest festival of thanksgiving .

Key festivals coincided with the major events of the agricultural calendar , including a harvest festival of thanksgiving .


During the French and Indian War ( the North American part of the Seven Years ' War ) , the Iroquois took the side of the British against the French and their Algonquian allies , both of whom had been enemies of the Iroquois in the past .

During the French and Indian War ( North American part of the Seven Years ' War ) , the Iroquois sided with the British against the French and their Algonquian allies , both traditional enemies of the Iroquois .


Traditionally , the Iroquois were a mix of farmers , fishers , gatherers and hunters , although most of their food came from farming .

The Iroquois were a mix of farmers , fishers , gatherers and hunters , though their main diet came from farming .


As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown , they were given a large land grant on the Grand River in Ontario .

As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown , they were given a large land grant on the Grand River .


A woman choosing to divorce a husband who was not being a good husband was able to ask him to leave the dwelling , taking any of his possessions with him .

A woman choosing to divorce a shiftless or otherwise unsatisfactory husband was able to ask him to leave the dwelling , taking any of his possessions with him .


After the people who spoke Iroquoian came together as different tribes , which were mostly in what is now central and upstate New York , in the 16th century or earlier they came together in an group known today as the Iroquois League , or the `` League of Peace and Power '' .

After the Iroquoian-speaking peoples coalesced as distinct tribes , based mostly in present-day central and upstate New York , in the 16th century or earlier they came together in an association known today as the Iroquois League , or the `` League of Peace and Power '' .


Members of the League speak Iroquoian languages that are very different from those of other Iroquoian speakers .

Members of the League speak Iroquoian languages that are distinctly different from those of other Iroquoian speakers .


When Europeans first arrived in North America , the Iroquois lived in what is now the northeastern United States , mostly in what is today upstate New York , west of the Hudson River and through the Finger Lakes region .

When Europeans first arrived in North America , the Iroquois were based in what is now the northeastern United States , primarily in what is referred to today as upstate New York west of the Hudson River and through the Finger Lakes region .


The British government made the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the war , which said that white people could not live past the Appalachian Mountains , but this proclamation was largely ignored by the settlers , and the Iroquois agreed to move this line again at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 , where they sold the British all their remaining claim to the lands between the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers .

The British government issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the war , forbidding white settlements beyond the Appalachian Mountains , but this proclamation was largely ignored by the settlers , and the Iroquois agreed to adjust this line again at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix ( 1768 ) , whereby they sold the British Crown all their remaining claim to the lands between the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers .


The chief of a clan could be removed at any time by a council of the mothers of that clan , and the chief 's sister was responsible for nominating the next chief .

The chief of a clan could be removed at any time by a council of the mothers of that clan , and the chief 's sister was responsible for nominating his successor .


If a couple broke up , the woman kept the children .

If a couple separated , the woman kept the children .


The Iroquois League has also been called the Iroquois Confederacy .

The Iroquois League has also been known as the Iroquois Confederacy .


Some modern scholars now think the League and the Confederacy are different .

Some modern scholars now make a distinction between the League and the Confederacy .


The Onondaga , who lived in the center of Haudenosaunee territory , were keepers of the League 's ( both literal and figurative ) central flame .

The Onondaga , whose homeland was in the center of Haudenosaunee territory , were keepers of the League 's ( both literal and figurative ) central flame .


The women used men as runners to send word of their decisions , or a woman could appear at the men 's council to speak , presenting the view of the women .

The women used men as runners to send word of their decisions to concerned parties , or a woman could appear at the men 's council as an orator , presenting the view of the women .


According to their tradition , The Great Peacemaker came up with the name at the time the League was formed .

According to their tradition , The Great Peacemaker introduced the name at the time of the formation of the League .


The Iroquois call themselves the `` Haudenosaunee '' , which means `` People of the Longhouse , '' or more accurately , `` They Are Building a Long House . ''

The Iroquois refer to themselves as the `` Haudenosaunee '' , which means `` People of the Longhouse , '' or more accurately , `` They Are Building a Long House . ''


Fishing was also a big source of food because the Iroquois lived near a large river ( St. Lawerence River ) .

Fishing was also a significant source of food because the Iroquois were located near a large river ( St. Lawerence River ) .


It is difficult to figure out exactly how many Iroquois there are today .

The total number of Iroquois today is difficult to establish .


After coming together in the League , the Iroquois invaded the Ohio River Valley in present-day Kentucky to find more hunting grounds .

After becoming united in the League , the Iroquois invaded the Ohio River Valley in present-day Kentucky to seek additional hunting grounds .


The clans were matrilineal , which means that clan ties were traced through the mother 's line .

The clans were matrilineal , that is , clan ties were traced through the mother 's line .


During the American Revolution , many Tuscarora and the Oneida took the side of the colonists , while the Mohawk , Seneca , Onondaga and Cayuga remained loyal to Great Britain . This was the first major split among the Six Nations .

During the American Revolution , many Tuscarora and the Oneida sided with the colonists , while the Mohawk , Seneca , Onondaga and Cayuga remained loyal to Great Britain , thereby marking the first major split among the Six Nations .


Traditional Iroquois religious beliefs became somewhat more popular again in the second half of the 18th century by the teachings of the Iroquois prophet Handsome Lake .

Traditional religion was revived to some extent in the second half of the 18th century by the teachings of the Iroquois prophet Handsome Lake .


They brought a message , called the Great Law of Peace , to the fighting Iroquoian nations .

They brought a message , known as the Great Law of Peace , to the squabbling Iroquoian nations .


Once they stopped most of their fighting , the Iroquois fast became one of the strongest forces in 17th - and 18th-century northeastern North America .

Once they ceased most of their infighting , the Iroquois rapidly became one of the strongest forces in 17th - and 18th-century northeastern North America .


In 1855 , Minnie Myrtle saw that no Iroquois treaty came into effect unless it was approved by 75 % of the male voters and 75 % of the mothers of the nation .

In 1855 , Minnie Myrtle observed that no Iroquois treaty was binding unless it was ratified by 75 % of the male voters and 75 % of the mothers of the nation .


Civitavecchia is a city in the region of Lazio , Italy .

Civitavecchia is a town and comune of the province of Rome in the central Italian region of Lazio .


It is 80 km north of Rome . It has a sea port .

A sea port on the Tyrrhenian Sea , it is located 80 kilometers west-north-west of Rome , across the Mignone river .


When these rings were discovered by a team led by Edward Guinan , originally they thought that the rings may not be complete rings .

The first of these planetary rings was discovered in 1968 by a team led by Edward Guinan , but it was later thought that this ring might be incomplete .


After reviewing the documents , some historians now think that Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier .

After reviewing the documents , they suggest that `` Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune .


In England , Challis suggested the name Oceanus .

In England , Challis put forward the name Oceanus .


The largest , and the only one big enough to have the shape of a sphere is Triton , ( pronounced : Ë traÉ tÉ n ) discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself .

The largest by far , comprising more than 99.5 percent of the mass in orbit around Neptune and the only one massive enough to be spheroidal , is Triton , discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself .


From July to September 1989 , Voyager 2 discovered six new moons of Neptune .

From July to September 1989 , Voyager 2 discovered six new Neptunian moons .


The moon was credited for causing Neptune 's ring arcs when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989 .

This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs , but when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989 , it was found to have been caused by the moon .


French almanacs promptly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus and Leverrier for the new planet .

French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus , after that planet 's discoverer Sir William Herschel , and Leverrier for the new planet .


Comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets , scientists think the extreme course may be characteristic of flows in the interior of the planet and not the result of Uranus ' sideways rotational movement .

However , in comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets , scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets ' interiors .


A very small outward expansion to the Leverrier Ring has been named Lassell ; it is surrounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km .

A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell ; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57000 km .


NASA 's Voyager 2 probe made a quick flyby of the planet with its closest encounter on August 25 , 1989 , and was the last planet to have been visited by at least one spacecraft .

Voyager 2s closest approach to Neptune occurred on August 25 , 1989 . Since this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit , it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton , regardless of the consequences to the trajectory , similarly to what was done for Voyager 1s encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan .


Neptune can not be seen with naked eye alone , since Neptune 's normal brightness are between magnitudes +7.7 and +8.0 , which can be out-shined by Jupiter 's Galilean moons , the dwarf planet Ceres , and the asteroids 4 Vesta , 2 Pallas , 7 Iris , 3 Juno and 6 Hebe .

Neptune is never visible to the naked eye , having a brightness between magnitudes +7.7 and +8.0 , which can be outshone by Jupiter 's Galilean moons , the dwarf planet Ceres and the asteroids 4 Vesta , 2 Pallas , 7 Iris , 3 Juno and 6 Hebe .


But Galileo was not credited for the discovery since he thought Neptune was a `` fixed star '' instead of a planet . Because of Neptune 's slow movement across the sky , Galileo 's small telescope was not strong enough to detect Neptune as a planet .

On both occasions , Galileo mistook Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared very closeâ '' in conjunctionâ '' to Jupiter in the night sky ; hence , he is not credited with Neptune 's discovery .


A telescope or strong binoculars will show Neptune as a small blue dot , similar in appearance to Uranus .

A telescope or strong binoculars will resolve Neptune as a small blue disk , similar in appearance to Uranus .


At 10.243 kg , Neptune 's mass puts the planet between Earth and the largest gas giants ; Neptune has seventeen Earth masses but just 1\/18th the mass of Jupiter .

With a mass of 1.0243 kg , Neptune is an intermediate body between Earth and the larger gas giants : its mass is seventeen times that of the Earth but just 1\/19th that of Jupiter .


The pictures sent back to Earth from Voyager 2 in 1989 became the basis of a PBS all-night program called Neptune All Night .

The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all-night program , Neptune All Night .


It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous orbit , and is slowly moving into Neptune and will one day be torn apart when it passes the Roche limit .

It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous rotation , and it is slowly spiraling inward because of tidal acceleration and eventually will be torn apart , in about 3.6 billion years , when it reaches the Roche limit .


Shortly after its discovery , Neptune was temporarily called as `` the planet exterior to Uranus '' or as `` Le Verrier 's planet '' .

Shortly after its discovery , Neptune was referred to simply as `` the planet exterior to Uranus '' or as `` Le Verrier 's planet '' .


Uranus and Neptune are not exactly the same type of gas giants like to Jupiter and Saturn , but are rather ice giants , meaning they have a larger solid core and are also made of ices .

Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus , and both have compositions which differ from those of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn .


In 1989 , the Great Dark Spot , a cyclonic storm system the size of Eurasia , was discovered by NASA 's Voyager 2 spacecraft .

In 1989 , the Great Dark Spot , an anti-cyclonic storm system spanning 13000 Ã -- 6600 km , was discovered by NASA 's Voyager 2 spacecraft .


The Scooter is another storm , a white cloud group more south than the Great Dark Spot .

The Scooter is another storm , a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot .


Challis later found out that he had seen the planet twice in August , failing to recognize it owing to his careless approach to the work .

Challis later realized that he had observed the planet twice in August , failing to identify it owing to his casual approach to the work .


Neptune was then discovered that very night on September 23 , 1846 , within 1 Â of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be , and about 10 Â from Adams ' prediction .

The very evening of the day of receipt of Le Verrier 's letter on September 23 , 1846 , Neptune was discovered within 1 Â of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be , and about 12 Â from Adams ' prediction .


Neptune , is the eighth and last planet from the Sun in the Solar System .

Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun in our Solar System .


Some discovered planets that have similar masses like Neptune are often called as `` Neptunes '' . just as astronomers refer to various extra-solar `` Jupiters . ''

In the search for extrasolar planets Neptune has been used as a metonym : discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as `` Neptunes '' , just as astronomers refer to various extra-solar bodies as `` Jupiters '' .


It originally was completely dark , but as Voyager came closer to the planet , a bright core developed and is seen in most of the highest resolution images .

It initially was completely dark , but as Voyager 2 approached the planet , a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest-resolution images .


Although it is the second most massive Neptunian moon , it has only one quarter of one percent of the mass of Triton .

Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon , it is only one-quarter of one percent the mass of Triton .


Neptune 's blue color is much brighter compared to Uranus ' , which has a similar amount of methane , so there might be another reason why Neptune is blue .

As with Uranus , this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue , although Neptune 's vivid azure differs from Uranus 's milder cyan . Since Neptune 's atmospheric methane content is similar to that of Uranus , some unknown atmospheric constituent is thought to contribute to Neptune 's color .


Important absorption bands of methane happen at wavelengths above 600 nm , in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum .

Prominent absorption bands of methane occur at wavelengths above 600 nm , in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum .


Neptune 's planetary rings have a weird `` clumpy '' arrangement . Although the cause is currently unknown but some scientists think that it may be because of the gravitational contact with small moons that orbit near them .

These rings have a clumpy structure , the cause of which is not currently understood but which may be due to the gravitational interaction with small moons in orbit near them .


Struve gave support of that name on December 29 , 1846 , to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences .

Struve came out in favor of the name Neptune on December 29 , 1846 , to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences .


Neptune 's second known moon ( by order of distance ) , the odd moon Nereid , has one of the most unusual orbits of any satellite in the solar system .

Neptune 's second known satellite ( by order of discovery ) , the irregular moon Nereid , has one of the most eccentric orbits of any satellite in the solar system .


Like Uranus , the source of this heating is unknown , but the differences are larger : Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun , yet its internal energy is strong enough to create the fastest winds seen in the Solar System .

Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun , yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System .


Neptune also has similarities with Uranus in its magnetosphere , with a magnetic field strongly tilted comparative to its rotational axis at 47 Â and offset at least 0.55 radii ( about 13,500 kilometres ) from the planet 's physical center .

Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere , with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47 Â and offset at least 0.55 radii , or about 13500 km from the planet 's physical center .


Five new unusual moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004 .

Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004 .


Soon Neptune was internationally agreed among many people and was then the official name for the new planet .

Soon Neptune became the internationally accepted name .


This absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane gives Neptune its blue hue .

As with Uranus , this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue , although Neptune 's vivid azure differs from Uranus 's milder cyan .


Later , an international agreement decided that both Le Verrier and Adams together deserved credit .

Eventually an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit .


Triton is the coldest object that has been measured in the solar system , with temperatures of â ' 235 Â C ( 38 K , â ' 392 Â F ) .

In 1989 , Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the solar system , with estimated temperatures of â ' 235 Â .


Later images showed clouds that moved even faster than Scooter .

Subsequent images revealed even faster clouds .


However , on November 2 , 1994 , the Hubble Space Telescope did not see the Great Dark Spot on the planet .

Some five years later , however , on November 2 , 1994 , the Hubble Space Telescope did not see the Great Dark Spot on the planet .