text:
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\title{Disparities in Rural Indigenous Community Access to Healthcare in the
United States \thanks{Thanks to people and stuff}  }

\author{\Large Amanda Ricketts\vspace{0.05in} \newline\normalsize\emph{University of Oregon, Sociology}  }

\date{}

\usepackage{titlesec}

\titleformat*{\section}{\normalsize\bfseries}
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\usepackage{natbib}
\setcitestyle{aysep={}}
\bibliographystyle{./resources/ajs.bst}

%\renewcommand{\refname}{References}
%\makeatletter
%\renewcommand\bibsection{
%    \section*{{\normalsize{\refname}}}%
%}%
%\makeatother

\newtheorem{hypothesis}{Hypothesis}
\usepackage{setspace}

\makeatletter
\@ifpackageloaded{hyperref}{}{%
\ifxetex
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\hypersetup{breaklinks=true,
            bookmarks=true,
            pdfauthor={Amanda Ricketts (University of Oregon, Sociology)},
             pdfkeywords = {keywords},
            pdftitle={Disparities in Rural Indigenous Community Access to Healthcare in the
United States},
            colorlinks=true,
            citecolor=blue,
            urlcolor=blue,
            linkcolor=magenta,
            pdfborder={0 0 0}}
\urlstyle{same}  % don't use monospace font for urls

\usepackage{endnotes}

\newlength{\normalparindent}
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%prettier captions for figures and tables
%I am making the text of figure captions smaller but not table captions
\usepackage[labelfont=bf,labelsep=period]{caption}
\captionsetup[figure]{font=footnotesize}

\begin{document}

% \pagenumbering{arabic}% resets `page` counter to 1
%

% \maketitle

{% \usefont{T1}{pnc}{m}{n}
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\thispagestyle{plain}
{\fontsize{18}{20}\selectfont\raggedright
\maketitle  % title \par

}

{
   \vskip 13.5pt\relax \normalsize\fontsize{11}{12}
\textbf{\authorfont Amanda Ricketts} \hskip 15pt \emph{\small University of Oregon, Sociology}

}

}

\begin{abstract}

    \hbox{\vrule height .2pt width 39.14pc}

    \vskip 8.5pt % \small

\noindent This is a test abstract

\vskip 8.5pt \noindent \emph{Keywords}: keywords \par

    \hbox{\vrule height .2pt width 39.14pc}

\end{abstract}

\vskip 6.5pt

\noindent  \hypertarget{introduction}{%
\section{Introduction}\label{introduction}}

Healthcare in the United States, while not restricted in variety, poses
several barriers for individual access to its services. Private
healthcare insurance provides the socially desired increase in choice of
options, but often results in higher out of pocket costs and deductibles
(Doonan et al.~2015). As a result, only the wealthy few with little to
no health issues benefit. Medicare additionally provides significant
choice, ``but also entails significant out-of-pocket costs for its
seniors and disabled beneficiaries'' (Doonan et al.~2015, 755). Medicaid
promises to give recipients open choice to providers, but the federal
government allows states to secure waivers to instead provide a limited
network (Doonan et al.~2015). Widespread use of Multiplan networks adds
another node of complication to understanding access and coverage. This
apparent limitless quantity of options has not, however, resulted in an
increase in the quality of care recipients receive. As of 2011, ``just
under one-quarter of the inhabitants of the more developed regions lived
in rural areas,'' and while urban centers are generally assumed to be
``less-healthy due to higher levels of overcrowding, air pollution, and
stress,'' they are in fact more healthy than their rural counterparts
(Hughes 2019). Rural communities, specifically rural Indigenous
communities in the United States, have unprecedented health disparities
and limited regularity of healthcare (Kruse et al.~2016).

In this study, I aim to measure the association between race and access
to healthcare, which will be quantified in health insurance coverage.
Specifically, I am asking to what extent do Indigenous populations in
the United States have access to healthcare, and how is this correlated
with urban versus rural status and employment? Recent studies have
criticized the overall biomedical approach of healthcare in the United
States that has ``developed over the last two centuries from
heteropatriarchal assumptions of women as reproducers,'' but few have
solely focused on Indigenous communities in the United States and
analyzed urban versus rural status as a higher level effect (Gurr 2014,
39). This interaction additionally has not taken into consideration the
Indian Health System, or IHS, which ``is a nationwide network of
hospitals and clinics that services 1.9 million American Indians and
Alaskan Natives who belong to some 564 tribes across 35 states with only
\$4.4 billion'' (Kruse et al.~2016, 1). The IHS operates independently
with limited resources, and the population served by this network have
exacerbated rates of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and the
highest national rate of substance abuse (Kruse et al.~2016). Through
use of IPUMS census data, I will integrate these considerations into my
analysis of Indigenous access to healthcare.

\hypertarget{data-and-methods}{%
\section{Data and Methods}\label{data-and-methods}}

The data used in this study was sourced from IPUMS USA, an organization
that provides access to United States census data with enhanced
documentation. The data was accessed on May 5th via data extract
function on the organization's website. The sample includes 3,064
households and 6,405 individuals from 2017 to 2018, and it is
generalizable to the population of the United States. The data analysis
includes seven primary variables: age, narrowed from 18 to 65;
racecombo, which accounts for both race and ethnicity; marriage,
measured in either married or not married; employment, measured in
employed, non-employed, and not in labor force (NILF); anyhins, which
measures any health insurance coverage; metros, which addresses metro
status, measured as residence in a metro area, a non-metro area,
operationalized as rural, and mixed non-metro and metro status; and
finally, hins, which measures health insurance coverage through private,
IHS, public, and no coverage. Additional variables accounted for are
hhwt, cluster, strata, and perwt. These variables will be used to
account for clustering, stratification, and sampling weights. Future
analysis will include a consideration of design effects and models will
be weighted to account for proportions and cluster sampling. As such,
the following analysis is limited due to unequal proportions of race
representation in the studied data. Additionally, rurality cannot be
confirmed in the data, only non-Metro area residential status. Therefore
suburban and other non-rural areas have the propensity to be absorbed
into the non-Metro variable. The non-Hispanic American Indian Alaskan
Native variable is additionally unreliable due to non-representational
self-reporting; as a result, the results may be biased due to this.

\hypertarget{results}{%
\section{Results}\label{results}}

In the bar graph of metro area by race, I can see that a greater
proportion of NH AIAN reside in non-metro areas than both metro and
mixed areas. Whites are the majority in all residential areas, but
interestingly the greatest proportion of whites is found in non-metro
areas. In the Logit graph modeling the predicted probability of health
care coverage by race and age, I observe that an increase in the
predicted probability of health care coverage as age increases, but has
vastly different effects for race. In fact, a one year increase in age
beginning at age eighteen is associated with a 101.5\% increase in the
predicted probability health insurance coverage for whites, a 115.6\%
increase for Asian and Pacific Islanders, and only a 24\% increase for
American Indians and Alaskan Natives. AIAN have the lowest yearly
increase, 7.7\% below Hispanic individuals. In the predicted probability
of health care coverage by metro status and age graph, a one year
increase in age beginning at age eighteen is associated with a 102.0\%
increase in the predicted probability of health insurance coverage for
those in metro areas, a 71.2\% increase for mixed metro and non-metro
areas, and a 72.8\% increase in non-metro areas. Surprisingly, non-metro
areas have a slightly higher rate of predicted health insurance coverage
than mixed areas.

In the GLM Logit Model of Probability of Health Insurance Coverage by
Race and Metro Area, I can see that without holding any other
independent variables constant, non-Hispanic American Indians and
Alaskan Natives (NH AIAN) are predicted to be 4.2 times less likely to
have any health insurance coverage than whites. When holding constant
metro area, NH AIAN are 3.6 times less likely to have any health
insurance coverage than whites. When holding race constant, individuals
in non-metro, rural areas are 1.7 less likely to have any health
insurance coverage than their metro residing counterparts.
Interestingly, NH AIAN individuals in non-metro residential areas are
predicted to be 1.04 times more likely to have health insurance coverage
than non-metro whites. I hypothesize that this result is due to a higher
proportion of non-metro AIAN to metro residing AIAN than whites, and the
existence of the Indigenous-specific IHS health care system.

In the multinomial polytomous outcome model measuring the probability of
health insurance coverage by race, metro area, age, and employment,
holding all other variables constant, NH AIAN are predicted to have 3.2
times less health insurance coverage than whites. Hispanic individuals
are 3.5 times less likely, exceeding NH AIAN. Holding all other
variables constant, those who are not employed are predicted to be 1.9
times less likely to have health insurance coverage than employed
individuals. Additionally, holding all other variables constant, both
those in mixed metro areas and non-metro areas are predicted to be 1.6
times less likely to have health insurance coverage than metro area
residents. I therefore suggest than AIAN status is associated with a far
greater probability of having no health insurance than whites. Also,
non-metro and mixed metro status is associated with a far lower
probability of health insurance coverage than metro area residents.
Employment is additionally negatively correlated with health insurance
coverage.

\includegraphics{main_files/figure-latex/Boxplot Race and Metro Area-1.pdf}

\includegraphics{main_files/figure-latex/Logit Race and Age Graph-1.pdf}

\begin{verbatim}
##             (Intercept)                     age       racecomboNH Black
##               6.0747317               1.0156158               0.4835139
##       racecomboHispanic         racecomboNH API        racecomboNH AIAN
##               0.3173805               1.1558170               0.2409097
## racecomboNH Other/Multi
##               0.7221836
\end{verbatim}

\includegraphics{main_files/figure-latex/Logit Metro Status and Age Graph-1.pdf}

\begin{verbatim}
##    (Intercept)            age    metrosMixed metrosNotMetro
##      3.9783126      1.0197721      0.7115937      0.7284631
\end{verbatim}

\begin{table}
\caption{GLM Logit Model of Probability of Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Metro Area}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c}
\hline
 & Model 1 & Model 2 & Model 3 \\
\hline
(Intercept)                            & $2.460^{***}$  & $2.636^{***}$  & $2.620^{***}$  \\
                                       & $(0.002)$      & $(0.003)$      & $(0.003)$      \\
racecomboNH Black                      & $-0.755^{***}$ & $-0.828^{***}$ & $-0.762^{***}$ \\
                                       & $(0.005)$      & $(0.005)$      & $(0.006)$      \\
racecomboHispanic                      & $-1.214^{***}$ & $-1.334^{***}$ & $-1.321^{***}$ \\
                                       & $(0.004)$      & $(0.004)$      & $(0.004)$      \\
racecomboNH API                        & $0.099^{***}$  & $-0.047^{***}$ & $-0.023^{**}$  \\
                                       & $(0.008)$      & $(0.008)$      & $(0.009)$      \\
racecomboNH AIAN                       & $-1.445^{***}$ & $-1.291^{***}$ & $-1.321^{***}$ \\
                                       & $(0.012)$      & $(0.012)$      & $(0.021)$      \\
racecomboNH Other/Multi                & $-0.423^{***}$ & $-0.483^{***}$ & $-0.427^{***}$ \\
                                       & $(0.011)$      & $(0.011)$      & $(0.013)$      \\
metrosMixed                            &                & $-0.526^{***}$ & $-0.484^{***}$ \\
                                       &                & $(0.005)$      & $(0.006)$      \\
metrosNotMetro                         &                & $-0.503^{***}$ & $-0.462^{***}$ \\
                                       &                & $(0.005)$      & $(0.006)$      \\
racecomboNH Black:metrosMixed          &                &                & $-0.201^{***}$ \\
                                       &                &                & $(0.014)$      \\
racecomboHispanic:metrosMixed          &                &                & $-0.042^{**}$  \\
                                       &                &                & $(0.013)$      \\
racecomboNH API:metrosMixed            &                &                & $-0.110^{**}$  \\
                                       &                &                & $(0.038)$      \\
racecomboNH AIAN:metrosMixed           &                &                & $0.017$        \\
                                       &                &                & $(0.030)$      \\
racecomboNH Other/Multi:metrosMixed    &                &                & $-0.220^{***}$ \\
                                       &                &                & $(0.030)$      \\
racecomboNH Black:metrosNotMetro       &                &                & $-0.332^{***}$ \\
                                       &                &                & $(0.017)$      \\
racecomboHispanic:metrosNotMetro       &                &                & $0.037^{*}$    \\
                                       &                &                & $(0.016)$      \\
racecomboNH API:metrosNotMetro         &                &                & $-0.229^{***}$ \\
                                       &                &                & $(0.048)$      \\
racecomboNH AIAN:metrosNotMetro        &                &                & $0.038$        \\
                                       &                &                & $(0.030)$      \\
racecomboNH Other/Multi:metrosNotMetro &                &                & $-0.143^{***}$ \\
                                       &                &                & $(0.036)$      \\
\hline
AIC                                    & $2610689.014$  & $2593168.818$  & $2592572.703$  \\
BIC                                    & $2610768.123$  & $2593274.296$  & $2592810.030$  \\
Log Likelihood                         & $-1305338.507$ & $-1296576.409$ & $-1296268.352$ \\
Deviance                               & $2610677.014$  & $2593152.818$  & $2592536.703$  \\
Num. obs.                              & $3932629$      & $3932629$      & $3932629$      \\
\hline
\multicolumn{4}{l}{\scriptsize{$^{***}p<0.001$; $^{**}p<0.01$; $^{*}p<0.05$}}
\end{tabular}
\label{table:coefficients}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{verbatim}
## # weights:  11 (10 variable)
## initial  value 2725890.703668
## iter  10 value 1300164.537846
## final  value 1271124.884424
## converged
\end{verbatim}

\begin{verbatim}
##             (Intercept)       racecomboNH Black       racecomboHispanic
##                 2.14580                -0.71512                -1.24697
##         racecomboNH API        racecomboNH AIAN racecomboNH Other/Multi
##                 0.02825                -1.16993                -0.34171
##             metrosMixed          metrosNotMetro                     age
##                -0.49817                -0.47141                 0.01614
##   employmentNonemployed
##                -0.62757
\end{verbatim}

\hypertarget{conclusions}{%
\section{Conclusions}\label{conclusions}}

In this study, I aimed to measure the association between race and
access to healthcare by asking the extent to which Indigenous
populations in the United States have access to healthcare, and how this
relationship is correlated with urban versus rural status and
employment. I hypothesized than non-metro areas would have less access
to healthcare than urban areas due to health disparities and lack of
access in the United States. I also applied this negative correlation of
access to NH AIAN communities, which are proportionately more rural than
whites. I preliminarily found that AIAN status is associated with a far
greater probability of having no health insurance than whites. Also,
non-metro and mixed metro status is associated with a far lower


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domain: tex


text:
\hypertarget{sleave_8c}{}\section{src/sleave.c File Reference}
\label{sleave_8c}\index{src/sleave.\+c@{src/sleave.\+c}}

functions for sleave side

{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}linkutils.\+h\char`\"{}}\newline
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}sleave.\+h\char`\"{}}\newline
\subsection*{Functions}
\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
int \hyperlink{sleave_8c_ace791830a90bbe8370d300eecefedf48}{sleave\+Mode} (const char $\ast$user\+Name, const char $\ast$file\+Name)
\begin{DoxyCompactList}\small\item\em starts sleave mode \end{DoxyCompactList}\item
int \hyperlink{sleave_8c_a98bdf272210005a009a34dd042880f22}{send\+Broadcast} (int clnt\+Sock, const struct sockaddr\+\_\+in $\ast$clnt\+Sock\+Addr, const int $\ast$clnt\+Sock\+Addr\+Len, struct sockaddr\+\_\+in $\ast$srv\+Sock\+Addr, int srv\+Sock\+Addr\+Len)
\begin{DoxyCompactList}\small\item\em sends a broadcast message to all masters listening on the network. \end{DoxyCompactList}\item
int \hyperlink{sleave_8c_ab76401dd1285091b95c991839fee8d97}{srvs\+In\+Net} (const int udp\+Clnt\+Sock, \hyperlink{structsrv}{srv} $\ast$srvs)
\begin{DoxyCompactList}\small\item\em finds masters on the local network. \end{DoxyCompactList}\item
int \hyperlink{sleave_8c_af82c540c2ee8990f06fd1cc6c9f76969}{listing\+Srvs} (const struct \hyperlink{structsrv}{srv} $\ast$found\+Srvs, int found\+Srvs\+Len)
\begin{DoxyCompactList}\small\item\em list found masters on the local network. \end{DoxyCompactList}\item
int \hyperlink{sleave_8c_a8eb928d0ff6302e3c92af6dbf7da81b7}{open\+Connection} (int tcp\+Clnt\+Sock, struct sockaddr\+\_\+in $\ast$tcp\+Clnt\+Sock\+Addr, int tcp\+Clnt\+Sock\+Addr\+Len, int selected\+Server, \hyperlink{structsrv}{srv} $\ast$found\+Srvs)
\begin{DoxyCompactList}\small\item\em opens a T\+CP sleave socket connecting to master\textquotesingle{}s socket. \end{DoxyCompactList}\item
char \hyperlink{sleave_8c_ae1021a484246fdf5a36fb4b7e26f6400}{exists} (const char $\ast$file\+Name, char c)
\begin{DoxyCompactList}\small\item\em check if a file or folder exists. \end{DoxyCompactList}\item
int \hyperlink{sleave_8c_a24f88506fad7fd7d23488cd1e47cd9c3}{ask\+To\+Send\+File} (const int tcp\+Clnt\+Sock, const char $\ast$file\+Name, const char $\ast$name)
\begin{DoxyCompactList}\small\item\em asks to master to accept file. \end{DoxyCompactList}\item
int \hyperlink{sleave_8c_ad7fc7f62f282a73599f1304ec729d1ea}{send\+File} (const int tcp\+Clnt\+Sock, const char $\ast$file\+Name)
\begin{DoxyCompactList}\small\item\em sends file to master. \end{DoxyCompactList}\end{DoxyCompactItemize}

\subsection{Detailed Description}
functions for sleave side

\begin{DoxyAuthor}{Author}
Davide Talon (\href{mailto:talon.davide@gmail.com}{\tt talon.\+davide@gmail.\+com})
\end{DoxyAuthor}
\begin{DoxyVersion}{Version}
1.\+0
\end{DoxyVersion}
\begin{DoxySince}{Since}
1.\+0
\end{DoxySince}
\begin{DoxyCopyright}{Copyright}
Copyright (c) 2016-\/2017

Apache License, Version 2.\+0
\end{DoxyCopyright}

\subsection{Function Documentation}
\hypertarget{sleave_8c_a24f88506fad7fd7d23488cd1e47cd9c3}{}\label{sleave_8c_a24f88506fad7fd7d23488cd1e47cd9c3}
\index{sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}!ask\+To\+Send\+File@{ask\+To\+Send\+File}}
\index{ask\+To\+Send\+File@{ask\+To\+Send\+File}!sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}}
\subsubsection{\texorpdfstring{ask\+To\+Send\+File()}{askToSendFile()}}
{\footnotesize\ttfamily int ask\+To\+Send\+File (\begin{DoxyParamCaption}\item[{const int}]{tcp\+Clnt\+Sock,  }\item[{const char $\ast$}]{file\+Name,  }\item[{const char $\ast$}]{name }\end{DoxyParamCaption})}

asks to master to accept file.

\begin{DoxyParams}{Parameters}
{\em tcp\+Clnt\+Sock} & an integer specifying T\+CP sleave socket. \\
\hline
{\em $\ast$file\+Name} & a string with file\+Name to send. \\
\hline
{\em $\ast$name} & a string containing user name\\
\hline
\end{DoxyParams}
\begin{DoxyReturn}{Returns}
0 if no errors occours, -\/1 otherwise.
\end{DoxyReturn}
\begin{DoxyAuthor}{Author}
Davide Talon (\href{mailto:talon.davide@gmail.com}{\tt talon.\+davide@gmail.\+com})
\end{DoxyAuthor}
\begin{DoxyVersion}{Version}
1.\+0
\end{DoxyVersion}
\begin{DoxySince}{Since}
1.\+0
\end{DoxySince}
\hypertarget{sleave_8c_ae1021a484246fdf5a36fb4b7e26f6400}{}\label{sleave_8c_ae1021a484246fdf5a36fb4b7e26f6400}
\index{sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}!exists@{exists}}
\index{exists@{exists}!sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}}
\subsubsection{\texorpdfstring{exists()}{exists()}}
{\footnotesize\ttfamily char exists (\begin{DoxyParamCaption}\item[{const char $\ast$}]{file\+Name,  }\item[{char}]{c }\end{DoxyParamCaption})}

check if a file or folder exists.

\begin{DoxyParams}{Parameters}
{\em $\ast$file\+Name} & a string containing name of file to check. \\
\hline
{\em c} & a char that specify folder or file.\\
\hline
\end{DoxyParams}
\begin{DoxyReturn}{Returns}
\textquotesingle{}1\textquotesingle{} if file/folder exists, \textquotesingle{}0\textquotesingle{} otherwise.
\end{DoxyReturn}
\begin{DoxyAuthor}{Author}
Davide Talon (\href{mailto:talon.davide@gmail.com}{\tt talon.\+davide@gmail.\+com})
\end{DoxyAuthor}
\begin{DoxyVersion}{Version}
1.\+0
\end{DoxyVersion}
\begin{DoxySince}{Since}
1.\+0
\end{DoxySince}
\hypertarget{sleave_8c_af82c540c2ee8990f06fd1cc6c9f76969}{}\label{sleave_8c_af82c540c2ee8990f06fd1cc6c9f76969}
\index{sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}!listing\+Srvs@{listing\+Srvs}}
\index{listing\+Srvs@{listing\+Srvs}!sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}}
\subsubsection{\texorpdfstring{listing\+Srvs()}{listingSrvs()}}
{\footnotesize\ttfamily int listing\+Srvs (\begin{DoxyParamCaption}\item[{const struct \hyperlink{structsrv}{srv} $\ast$}]{found\+Srvs,  }\item[{int}]{found\+Srvs\+Len }\end{DoxyParamCaption})}

list found masters on the local network.

\begin{DoxyParams}{Parameters}
{\em $\ast$found\+Srvs} & a pointer to an array of srv struct. \\
\hline
{\em found\+Srvs\+Len} & an integer specifyng number of found servers.\\
\hline
\end{DoxyParams}
\begin{DoxyReturn}{Returns}
number of servers on the network, -\/1 if errors occours.
\end{DoxyReturn}
\begin{DoxyAuthor}{Author}
Davide Talon (\href{mailto:talon.davide@gmail.com}{\tt talon.\+davide@gmail.\+com})
\end{DoxyAuthor}
\begin{DoxyVersion}{Version}
1.\+0
\end{DoxyVersion}
\begin{DoxySince}{Since}
1.\+0
\end{DoxySince}
\hypertarget{sleave_8c_a8eb928d0ff6302e3c92af6dbf7da81b7}{}\label{sleave_8c_a8eb928d0ff6302e3c92af6dbf7da81b7}
\index{sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}!open\+Connection@{open\+Connection}}
\index{open\+Connection@{open\+Connection}!sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}}
\subsubsection{\texorpdfstring{open\+Connection()}{openConnection()}}
{\footnotesize\ttfamily int open\+Connection (\begin{DoxyParamCaption}\item[{int}]{tcp\+Clnt\+Sock,  }\item[{struct sockaddr\+\_\+in $\ast$}]{tcp\+Clnt\+Sock\+Addr,  }\item[{int}]{tcp\+Clnt\+Sock\+Addr\+Len,  }\item[{int}]{selected\+Server,  }\item[{\hyperlink{structsrv}{srv} $\ast$}]{found\+Srvs }\end{DoxyParamCaption})}

opens a T\+CP sleave socket connecting to master\textquotesingle{}s socket.

\begin{DoxyParams}{Parameters}
{\em tcp\+Clnt\+Sock} & an integer specifying T\+CP sleave socket. \\
\hline
{\em $\ast$tcp\+Clnt\+Sock\+Addr} & a pointer to sockaddr\+\_\+in struct with T\+CP sleave socket address. \\
\hline
{\em tcp\+Clnt\+Sock\+Addr\+Len} & an integer with T\+CP sleave socket size. \\
\hline
{\em selected\+Server} & an integer specifyng selected server \\
\hline
{\em $\ast$found\+Srvs} & a pointer to an array of srv struct.\\
\hline
\end{DoxyParams}
\begin{DoxyReturn}{Returns}
0 if no errors occours, -\/1 otherwise.
\end{DoxyReturn}
\begin{DoxyRefDesc}{Bug}
\item[\hyperlink{bug__bug000004}{Bug}]B\+I\+ND G\+ET A\+D\+D\+R\+ES A\+L\+R\+E\+DY IN U\+SE \end{DoxyRefDesc}
\begin{DoxyAuthor}{Author}
Davide Talon (\href{mailto:talon.davide@gmail.com}{\tt talon.\+davide@gmail.\+com})
\end{DoxyAuthor}
\begin{DoxyVersion}{Version}
1.\+0
\end{DoxyVersion}
\begin{DoxySince}{Since}
1.\+0
\end{DoxySince}
\hypertarget{sleave_8c_a98bdf272210005a009a34dd042880f22}{}\label{sleave_8c_a98bdf272210005a009a34dd042880f22}
\index{sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}!send\+Broadcast@{send\+Broadcast}}
\index{send\+Broadcast@{send\+Broadcast}!sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}}
\subsubsection{\texorpdfstring{send\+Broadcast()}{sendBroadcast()}}
{\footnotesize\ttfamily int send\+Broadcast (\begin{DoxyParamCaption}\item[{int}]{clnt\+Sock,  }\item[{const struct sockaddr\+\_\+in $\ast$}]{clnt\+Sock\+Addr,  }\item[{const int $\ast$}]{clnt\+Sock\+Addr\+Len,  }\item[{struct sockaddr\+\_\+in $\ast$}]{srv\+Sock\+Addr,  }\item[{int}]{srv\+Sock\+Addr\+Len }\end{DoxyParamCaption})}

sends a broadcast message to all masters listening on the network.

\begin{DoxyParams}{Parameters}
{\em clnt\+Sock} & an integer specifying U\+DP sleave socket. \\
\hline
{\em $\ast$clnt\+Sock\+Addr} & a pointer to sockaddr\+\_\+in struct with U\+DP sleave socket address. \\
\hline
{\em clnt\+Sock\+Addr\+Len} & an integer with U\+DP sleave socket size. \\
\hline
{\em $\ast$srv\+Sock\+Addr} & a pointer to sockaddr\+\_\+in struct with U\+DP master socket address. \\
\hline
{\em srv\+Sock\+Addr\+Len} & an integer with U\+DP master socket size.\\
\hline
\end{DoxyParams}
\begin{DoxyReturn}{Returns}
0 if no errors occours, -\/1 otherwise.
\end{DoxyReturn}
\begin{DoxyAuthor}{Author}
Davide Talon (\href{mailto:talon.davide@gmail.com}{\tt talon.\+davide@gmail.\+com})
\end{DoxyAuthor}
\begin{DoxyVersion}{Version}
1.\+0
\end{DoxyVersion}
\begin{DoxySince}{Since}
1.\+0
\end{DoxySince}
\hypertarget{sleave_8c_ad7fc7f62f282a73599f1304ec729d1ea}{}\label{sleave_8c_ad7fc7f62f282a73599f1304ec729d1ea}
\index{sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}!send\+File@{send\+File}}
\index{send\+File@{send\+File}!sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}}
\subsubsection{\texorpdfstring{send\+File()}{sendFile()}}
{\footnotesize\ttfamily int send\+File (\begin{DoxyParamCaption}\item[{const int}]{tcp\+Clnt\+Sock,  }\item[{const char $\ast$}]{file\+Name }\end{DoxyParamCaption})}

sends file to master.

\begin{DoxyParams}{Parameters}
{\em tcp\+Clnt\+Sock} & an integer specifying T\+CP sleave socket. \\
\hline
{\em $\ast$file\+Name} & a string with file\+Name to send.\\
\hline
\end{DoxyParams}
\begin{DoxyReturn}{Returns}
0 if no errors occours, -\/1 otherwise.
\end{DoxyReturn}
\begin{DoxyAuthor}{Author}
Davide Talon (\href{mailto:talon.davide@gmail.com}{\tt talon.\+davide@gmail.\+com})
\end{DoxyAuthor}
\begin{DoxyVersion}{Version}
1.\+0
\end{DoxyVersion}
\begin{DoxySince}{Since}
1.\+0
\end{DoxySince}
\hypertarget{sleave_8c_ace791830a90bbe8370d300eecefedf48}{}\label{sleave_8c_ace791830a90bbe8370d300eecefedf48}
\index{sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}!sleave\+Mode@{sleave\+Mode}}
\index{sleave\+Mode@{sleave\+Mode}!sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}}
\subsubsection{\texorpdfstring{sleave\+Mode()}{sleaveMode()}}
{\footnotesize\ttfamily int sleave\+Mode (\begin{DoxyParamCaption}\item[{const char $\ast$}]{user\+Name,  }\item[{const char $\ast$}]{file\+Name }\end{DoxyParamCaption})}

starts sleave mode

\begin{DoxyParams}{Parameters}
{\em $\ast$user\+Name} & a string with current username \\
\hline
{\em $\ast$file\+Name} & a string with file\+Name to send.\\
\hline
\end{DoxyParams}
\begin{DoxyReturn}{Returns}
0 if no errors occours, -\/1 otherwise.
\end{DoxyReturn}
\begin{DoxyAuthor}{Author}
Davide Talon (\href{mailto:talon.davide@gmail.com}{\tt talon.\+davide@gmail.\+com})
\end{DoxyAuthor}
\begin{DoxyVersion}{Version}
1.\+0
\end{DoxyVersion}
\begin{DoxySince}{Since}
1.\+0
\end{DoxySince}
\hypertarget{sleave_8c_ab76401dd1285091b95c991839fee8d97}{}\label{sleave_8c_ab76401dd1285091b95c991839fee8d97}
\index{sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}!srvs\+In\+Net@{srvs\+In\+Net}}
\index{srvs\+In\+Net@{srvs\+In\+Net}!sleave.\+c@{sleave.\+c}}
\subsubsection{\texorpdfstring{srvs\+In\+Net()}{srvsInNet()}}
{\footnotesize\ttfamily int srvs\+In\+Net (\begin{DoxyParamCaption}\item[{const int}]{udp\+Clnt\+Sock,  }\item[{\hyperlink{structsrv}{srv} $\ast$}]{srvs }\end{DoxyParamCaption})}

finds masters on the local network.

\begin{DoxyParams}{Parameters}
{\em udp\+Clnt\+Sock} & an integer specifying U\+DP sleave socket. \\
\hline
{\em $\ast$srvs} & a pointer to an array of srv struct.\\
\hline
\end{DoxyParams}
\begin{DoxyReturn}{Returns}
0 if no errors occours, -\/1 otherwise.
\end{DoxyReturn}
\begin{DoxyRefDesc}{Bug}
\item[\hyperlink{bug__bug000003}{Bug}]R\+E\+CV return errno=9 B\+E\+B\+A\+DF Bad file number \end{DoxyRefDesc}
\begin{DoxyAuthor}{Author}
Davide Talon (\href{mailto:talon.davide@gmail.com}{\tt talon.\+davide@gmail.\+com})
\end{DoxyAuthor}
\begin{DoxyVersion}{Version}
1.\+0
\end{DoxyVersion}
\begin{DoxySince}{Since}
1.\+0
\end{DoxySince}


text:
\hypertarget{class_parallelepiped_creator}{}\section{Parallelepiped\+Creator Class Reference}
\label{class_parallelepiped_creator}\index{Parallelepiped\+Creator@{Parallelepiped\+Creator}}
Inheritance diagram for Parallelepiped\+Creator\+:\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\leavevmode
\includegraphics[height=2.000000cm]{class_parallelepiped_creator}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\subsection*{Public Member Functions}
\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
\mbox{\Hypertarget{class_parallelepiped_creator_a90c756a533fe6590d1ea2cd236c4762f}\label{class_parallelepiped_creator_a90c756a533fe6590d1ea2cd236c4762f}}
{\bfseries Parallelepiped\+Creator} (double $\ast$lb, double $\ast$ub)
\item
\mbox{\Hypertarget{class_parallelepiped_creator_a12a54b7a1d66ac413c30327751d8ad47}\label{class_parallelepiped_creator_a12a54b7a1d66ac413c30327751d8ad47}}
void {\bfseries create} (string filename)
\end{DoxyCompactItemize}

The documentation for this class was generated from the following files\+:\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
creators/Parallelepiped\+Creator.\+h\item
creators/Parallelepiped\+Creator.\+cpp\end{DoxyCompactItemize}


text:
\documentclass[11pt]{article}

\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{enumerate}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{verbatim}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows}
\usepackage{fullpage}
\newcommand{\bigO}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}}

\title{\textbf{Algoritmen en Complexiteit HW 6}}
\author{Jelte Fennema (10183159)\\
		Jaap Koetsier (10440615)\\
        Abe Wiersma (10433120)}
\date{6 maart 2014}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{enumerate}
    \item
        original:
        $$((\neg x_1 \wedge x_5 \wedge \neg x_3)  \vee (x_2 \wedge x_5)  \vee (x_2 \wedge \neg x_4 \wedge x_1 \wedge x_3)) \wedge ((\neg x_4 \wedge x_1) \vee (\neg x_1 \wedge x_2 \wedge x_5) \vee (\neg x_1 \wedge x_3 \wedge x_1 \wedge \neg x_5))$$
        cnf:
        $$(\neg x_1 \vee \neg x_4) \wedge (x_1 \vee x_5) \wedge x_2 \wedge (x_3 \vee x_5)$$
        3-cnf:
        $$(\neg x_1 \vee \neg x_1 \vee \neg x_4) \wedge (x_1 \vee x_1 \vee x_5) \wedge (x_2 \vee x_2 \vee x_2) \wedge (x_3 \vee x_3 \vee x_5)$$
    \item
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item
                Een formule om dit probleem op te lossen is $k * n$ termen te
                nemen van alle variabelen met een $\land$ tussen die variabelen
                en een $\lor$ tussen de termen. In die termen negativeer je alle
                mogelijke combinaties van $k * (n-1)$ variabelen. Op die manier
                wordt er gekeken of er een combinatie van $k$ variabelen is die
                true zijn, terwijl de rest van de variablen false zijn.

            \item
                $$(v_1 \lor w_1) \land (v_2 \lor w_2) \land ... \land (v_k \lor w_k)$$

            \item
                Dit wordt vrij makkelijk gedaan door de eerste formule aan te
                passen en die te combineren met de tweede formule door middel
                van een $\land$.

                Er moeten 2 dingen aangepast worden. Allereerst is er geen $n$
                in deze vergelijking. Alleen een verzameling variabelen, in dit
                geval knopen, van groote $|V|$. Hier moeten ook weer termen van
                gemaakt worden van alle combinaties negaties, alleen in dit
                geval negativeer je $|V| - k$ van de variabelen.

                Verder moet nog aangepast worden dat waardes lager dan $k$ ook
                geaccepteerd worden. Dit kan simpelweg bereikt worden door de
                niet genegativeerde variabelen te verwijderen uit de termen.
                Op die manier wordt er alleen gecheckt dat er niet een combinate
                ware variabelen bestaat die groter is dan $k$.

            \item
                De reductie van VERTEX COVER naar SATISFIABILITY bewijst dat
                SATISFIABILITY minstens net zo moeilijk is als VERTEX COVER. In
                dit geval dus ook NP-volledig.

        \end{enumerate}
    \item
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item
                \begin{enumerate}[a]
                    \item Als er twee routes gevonden zijn voor beide chauffeurs is eenvoudig te controleren of deze inderdaad korter zijn dan $K_1$ en $K_2$ door de route langs te lopen en de afstanden tussen alle punten van de routes bij elkaar op te tellen.
                    \item We gaan $K_1$ en $K_2$ apart langs. We halen steeds \'{e}\'{e}n kant weg en trekken de desbetreffende waarde van $K$ af. We gaan door totdat er nog slechts \'{e}\'{e}n kant (twee knopen) overblijft. Als de overgebleven kant kleiner is dan de $K$ behorende bij dit pad, en dit geldt voor zowel $K_1$ als $K_2$, hebben we inderdaad een oplossing voor ons probleem.
                    \item Dit probleem is om te vormen in het travelling salesman problem. Als we een route gevonden hebben in de vorm van het TSP kunnen we de route die kleiner is dan $K_{1+2}$ daarna in twee\"{e}n delen zodat $K_1$ en $K_2$ aan de voorwaarden voldoen.
                \end{enumerate}
            \item
                \begin{enumerate}[a]
                    \item Als we een groep van $K$ personen gevonden hebben
                        maken we een lijst van de verenigingen waarvan de
                        personen lid zijn. Als alle verenigingen in de lijst
                        hoogstens één keer voorkomen hebben we een
                        oplossing voor ons probleem.

                    \item We maken een graaf $G$ met als knopen personen en
                        verenigingen. Iedere persoon is met kanten verbonden aan
                        de verenigingen waar deze lid van is. Subverenigingen en
                        verenigingen zijn hetzelfde verbonden.
                        Men zoekt een 2 leden waar een pad tussen is en haalt
                        het eerste lid uit de set. Het probleem wordt dan dus
                        gereduceerd van $(G, K)$ tot $(G - \{l\}, K)$.

                    \item
                        Het VERTEX COVER probleem is te reduceren tot een UNIONS
                        probleem door alle knopen als mensen te zien en alle
                        kanten als verenigingen. De mensen zitten dan in de
                        verenigingen van de edges waar ze niet aan vast liggen.

                \end{enumerate}
            \item
                \begin{enumerate}[a]
                    \item
                        Het certificaat is een set $V'$. Dit is dan te
                        controleren door alle knopen in $V'$ uit de set te
                        halen en dan te kijken of er nog cykels in de $G - V'$
                        zitten.

                    \item
                        Vind een cykel $C$ in $G$. Het probleem is dan te
                        reduceren voor elke knoop $v_{1...n}$ in $C$ dit $(G -
                        \{v\}, K - 1)$ te testen, als daar 1 van waar is dan is
                        het originele probleem ook op te lossen. Het
                        uiteindelijke gereduceerde probleem is dus $(G -
                        \{v_1\}, K - 1) \lor ... \lor (G - \{v_n\}, K - 1)$

                    \item
                        Het VERTEX COVER probleem is te reduceren tot een
                        FEEDBACK VERTEX SET probleem door $G$ uit te bereiden
                        met een knoop voor elke kant. Dan moeten er kanten
                        worden getrokken van de knopen voor de kanten naar de
                        knopen waar die kant mee verbonden is.

                \end{enumerate}
            \item
                \begin{enumerate}[a]
                    \item
                        Als er een oplossing gegeven wordt kun je door de
                        variabelen in te vullen de oplossing binnen polynomiale
                        tijd verifi\"{e}ren.

                    \item
                        We nemen de volledige vergelijkingen. We vervangen
                        \'{e}\'{e}n variabele voor $0$ en $1$. Als één van deze
                        nieuwe set vergelijkingen is op te lossen door 0 of 1 in
                        te vullen voor de overgebleven variabelen is het
                        originele probleem ook op te lossen. We reduceren
                        de vergelijkingen dus met één variabele.

                    \item
                        SATISFIABILITY is vrij makkelijk te reduceren naar dit
                        probleem. De set lineare vergelijkingen bestaat alleen
                        uit de formule $F=1$.

                \end{enumerate}

        \end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}

\end{document}


text:
\cleardoublepage
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\rhead{}
\thispagestyle{plain}
\begingroup
\let\clearpage\endgroup
\null\vspace{\stretch{1}}

\chapter*{\centering Postfazione}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Postfazione}

Lavorare a questa tesi è stato un'esperienza diversa da come me l'aspettassi: mi ha introdotto al mondo della ricerca e mi ha permesso di toccare con mano questa realtà, capendo quanti sforzi richieda e quanto sia complicato fare, giorno dopo giorno, piccoli passi avanti in qualsiasi ambito della conoscenza.

Per quanto questo lavoro sia stato molto più teorico che pratico, mi ha permesso di acquisire varie competenze importanti e di sperimentare un modo di lavorare che non avevo mai affrontato prima. Penso che la tematica trattata sia estremamente interessante, e spero che il percorso di Dottorato che sta portando avanti il mio co-relatore possa trarre giovamento dal mio piccolo contributo, portando novità in questo mondo che, al momento, non è ancora stato molto affrontato in letteratura.

Sono contento di aver lavorato a questa tesi e non avrei potuto chiedere di meglio per quanto riguarda il supporto dei miei relatori. Non posso che sperare in progressi in questo ramo della ricerca, e che i progressi fatti serviranno a migliorare effettivamente la vita di tutti noi, anche se solo in una minuscola parte.

\vspace{\stretch{2}} \null
\clearpage
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\thispagestyle{plain}
\rhead{}


text:
\section{Aufgabe 2 (Klassifikation)}

\subsection{Teiaufgabe A)}
\textbf{Suchen Sie in den drei in der Vorlesung vorgestellten Klassifikationssystemen nach einer
Batterie Monozelle 1,5V. Es handelt sich um eine Trockenbatterie („dry cell batterie“).
Geben Sie alle Stufen bis zum Ergebnis an.}

\subsubsection{UNSPSC}
Code: \textbf{26111705}

\begin{itemize}
  \item \textbf{26} Power Generation and Distribution Machinery and Accessories
  (Segment)
	\begin{itemize}
	  \item  \textbf{2611} Batteries and generators and kinetic power transmission
	  (Family)
	  \begin{itemize}
	    \item \textbf{261117} Batteries and cells and accessories (Class)
	    \begin{itemize}
	      \item  \textbf{26111705} Dry cell batteries (Commodity)
	      \end{itemize}
	   \end{itemize}
	\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection{ETIM}

\begin{itemize}
  \item  \textbf{EG000053} Batterie, Akku, Ladegerät, Netzkabel (Gruppe)
  \begin{itemize}
    \item \textbf{EC000356} Batterie - nicht wiederaufladbar (Klasse)
    \begin{itemize}
      \item  \textbf{EV000875} Mono (Merkmal)
      \end{itemize}
   \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection{eCl@ss}
Code: \textbf{27-05-04-02}
\begin{itemize}
  \item  \textbf{27} Elektro-, Automatisierungs- und Prozessleittechnik
  \begin{itemize}
    \item \textbf{27-05} Akkumulator, Batterie
    \begin{itemize}
      \item  \textbf{27-05-04} Gerätebatterie
      	\begin{itemize}
	      \item  \textbf{27-05-04-02} Gerätebatterie Knopfzelle (nicht wieder aufladbar)
	    \end{itemize}
    \end{itemize}
   \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\clearpage

\subsection{Teiaufgabe B)}
\textbf{Vergleichen Sie Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der drei Klassifikationssysteme (kurz!)}

Mit den hier aufgezeigten Klassifizierungssysteme, hat ein Unternehmen die
Möglichkeit, ihr Produkt eindeutig klassifizierbar zu machen. Das hat den
Vorteil, dass keine Missverständnisse zwischen den IT-Systeme der Untnernehmen
auftreten können, sofern der jeweilige Standard beherrscht wird.

Es gibt trotz vieler Bemühungen zur Harmonisierung durchaus Unterschiede
zwischen den Klassifikationssystemen: so ist ETIM \zB nur in der Elektrobranche
vertreten. UNSPSC bietet offenbar keine Möglichkeit der Zertifizierung, deckt dafür aber
wirklich alle Bereiche ab. Teilweise gibt es Unterschiede in der Mitgliedschaft
bzw. in der Möglichkeit Änderungen einzureichen.

Das zeigt uns auf, dass ein Unternehmen, welches über die Klassifizierung ihrer
Produkte nachdenkt, erst einmal Rechercheaufwand betreiben müssen, um für sie
das optimalste System zu finden. Dabei sollte man sich jedoch stark nach der
Branche richten, in der man vertreten ist.

\clearpage


text:
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text:
\hypertarget{subscription__request_8h}{}\section{lib/messages/spa/subscription\+\_\+request.h File Reference}
\label{subscription__request_8h}\index{lib/messages/spa/subscription\+\_\+request.\+h@{lib/messages/spa/subscription\+\_\+request.\+h}}
{\ttfamily \#include $<$messages/op\+\_\+codes.\+h$>$}\newline
{\ttfamily \#include $<$stdint.\+h$>$}\newline
{\ttfamily \#include $<$spa\+\_\+message.\+h$>$}\newline
\subsection*{Classes}
\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
struct \hyperlink{structSubscriptionRequest}{Subscription\+Request}
\end{DoxyCompactItemize}


text:
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text:
\subsubsection{Social features}
\label{sec:material_data_social_features}

One of the objectives of this research effort was to evaluate the performance of a trading strategy when it incorporates social media information. Building a mood index such as CNN's fear and greed \cite{cnn_fear_and_greed} is a research project on its own. In the past year, i.e. 2020, a lot of services like that one which specialize in cryptoassets were released appeared. They incorporate data from social networks (most of them use Twitter and Reddit which offer HTTP APIs and SDKs to easily integrate in different programming languages), search data (e.g. Google) and market data (e.g. recent operated volume). Mixing these data sources, they provide an indicator that tells whether the market is eager to take long or short positions against the asset they measure.

Because of the complexity of making an accurate indicator out of social media and the maturity of the provided services, instead of building my own index I have decided to incorporate date from two indexes:

\begin{itemize}
    \item Google Trends (\cite{google_trends_terms_of_use}): we have collected the trend of the keyword \emph{bitcoin} throughout time. The index goes from 0 (no interest at all) to 100 (high interest) and has a weekly sampling frequency.
    \item Alternative.me (\cite{alternative_me}): provides a combined index whose is range goes from 0 (extreme fear) to 100 (extreme greed) that indicates the mood of the audience that follows bitcoin. It also provides a categorical classification with five levels of the mood. This dataset contains daily data.
\end{itemize}

These two indexes are introduced and adjusted by time stamp to pair the other data entries.


text:
\documentclass[a4paper,11pt,twoside]{article}
\usepackage{jwm}

\shortauthors{Sarko and co.}
\running{Body Size Variations in Caribou}

\begin{document}
\articletype{Management and Conservation Article}

\title{Body Size Variations in Caribou Ecotypes and Relationships With Demography}

\author{BOB MORANE,\footnote{E-mail: bob.morane@sarko.gouv.fr}}
\affil{Université de Lyon, F-69\,000, Lyon ; Université Lyon 1 ; CNRS, UMR 5558,
  Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, F-69\,622, Villeurbanne,
  France.}

\author{JOHN DOE,\footnote{Present address: Northern Research Institute Tromsø,
    Postboks 6434 NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway.}}
\affil{Centre for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology; Norwegian
  University of Science and Technology; NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.}

\author{JOSEPH RATZINGER,}
\affil{Northern Research Institute Tromsø, Postboks 6434 NO-9294 Tromsø,
  Norway.}

\date{}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed non
  risus. Suspendisse lectus tortor, dignissim sit amet, adipiscing nec,
  ultricies sed, dolor. Cras elementum ultrices diam. Maecenas ligula massa,
  varius a, semper congue, euismod non, mi. Proin porttitor, orci nec nonummy
  molestie, enim est eleifend mi, non fermentum diam nisl sit amet erat. Duis
  semper. Duis arcu massa, scelerisque vitae, consequat in, pretium a,
  enim. Pellentesque congue. Ut in risus volutpat libero pharetra tempor. Cras
  vestibulum bibendum augue. Praesent egestas leo in pede. Praesent blandit odio
  eu enim. Pellentesque sed dui ut augue blandit sodales. Vestibulum ante ipsum
  primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Aliquam
  nibh. Mauris ac mauris sed pede pellentesque fermentum. Maecenas adipiscing
  ante non diam sodales hendrerit.
\end{abstract}

\begin{keywords}
politics, God, citizens, carbohydrates, \emph{Homo sapiens connardus}.
\end{keywords}

%\doublespacing

%
% Introduction starts here
%
\noindent Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed non
risus. Suspendisse lectus tortor, dignissim sit amet, adipiscing nec, ultricies
sed, dolor. Cras elementum ultrices diam. Maecenas ligula massa, varius a,
semper congue, euismod non, mi. Proin porttitor, orci nec nonummy molestie, enim
est eleifend mi, non fermentum diam nisl sit amet erat. Duis semper. Duis arcu
massa, scelerisque vitae, consequat in, pretium a, enim. Pellentesque congue. Ut
in risus volutpat libero pharetra tempor. Cras vestibulum bibendum
augue. Praesent egestas leo in pede. Praesent blandit odio eu enim. Pellentesque
sed dui ut augue blandit sodales. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci
luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Aliquam nibh. Mauris ac mauris sed
pede pellentesque fermentum. Maecenas adipiscing ante non diam sodales
hendrerit.

\section*{Material and methods} %Text is automatically converted to uppercase

\subsection*{Study area}

\citet{Fournier_1982} sed ut perspiciatis, unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem
accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam eaque ipsa, quae ab illo inventore
veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt, explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam
voluptatem, quia voluptas sit, aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni
dolores eos, qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt, neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem
ipsum, quia dolor sit, amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi
tempora incidunt, ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima
veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex
ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit, qui in ea voluptate velit
esse, quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum, qui dolorem eum fugiat, quo voluptas
nulla pariatur?

\citet{Hirzel_2003_PROC,Holand_1998,Looijen_1998_PhD} at vero eos et accusamus et iusto
odio dignissimos ducimus, qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti,
quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint, obcaecati cupiditate non provident,
similique sunt in culpa, qui officia deserunt mollitia animi, id est laborum et dolorum
fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum
soluta nobis est eligendi optio, cumque nihil impedit, quo minus id, quod maxime placeat,
facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus. Temporibus autem
quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet, ut et voluptates
repudiandae sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente
delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis
doloribus asperiores repellat.

\subsection*{Statistical analyses}

Sed ut perspiciatis, unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium
doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam eaque ipsa, quae ab illo inventore
veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt, explicabo. Nemo enim
ipsam voluptatem, quia voluptas sit, aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia
consequuntur magni dolores eos, qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt, neque
porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum, quia dolor sit, amet
\citep{Ray_2005_Bk,Looijen_1998_PhD}, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non
numquam eius modi tempora incidunt, ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat
voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis
suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel
eum iure reprehenderit, qui in ea voluptate velit esse, quam nihil molestiae
consequatur, vel illum, qui dolorem eum fugiat, quo voluptas nulla pariatur?

At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus, qui blanditiis praesentium
voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti, quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint,
obcaecati cupiditate non provident, similique sunt in culpa, qui officia deserunt mollitia
animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita
distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio, cumque nihil impedit,
quo minus id, quod maxime placeat, facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis
dolor repellendus \citep{Gibeau_1998}. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis
aut rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet, ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et molestiae non
recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis
voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat.

\section*{Results}

Hanc ego cum teneam sententiam, quid est cur verear, ne ad eam non possim accommodare
Torquatos nostros? quos tu paulo ante cum memoriter, tum etiam erga nos amice et benivole
collegisti, nec me tamen laudandis maioribus meis corrupisti nec segniorem ad respondendum
reddidisti. quorum facta quem ad modum, quaeso, interpretaris? sicine eos censes aut in
armatum hostem impetum fecisse aut in liberos atque in sanguinem suum tam crudelis fuisse,
nihil ut de utilitatibus, nihil ut de commodis suis cogitarent (see Fig.~\ref{Fig1})?
at id ne ferae quidem faciunt, ut ita ruant itaque turbent, ut earum motus et impetus quo
pertineant non intellegamus, tu tam egregios viros censes tantas res gessisse sine causa?
[35] Quae fuerit causa, mox videro; interea hoc tenebo, si ob aliquam causam ista, quae
sine dubio praeclara sunt, fecerint, virtutem iis per se ipsam causam non fuisse. --
Torquem detraxit hosti. -- Et quidem se texit, ne interiret. -- At magnum periculum
adiit. -- In oculis quidem exercitus. -- Quid ex eo est consecutus? -- Laudem et
caritatem, quae sunt vitae sine metu degendae praesidia firmissima. -- Filium morte
multavit. -- Si sine causa, nollem me ab eo ortum, tam inportuno tamque crudeli; sin, ut
dolore suo sanciret militaris imperii disciplinam exercitumque in gravissimo bello
animadversionis metu contineret, saluti prospexit civium, qua intellegebat contineri
suam. atque haec ratio late patet. [36] In quo enim maxime consuevit iactare vestra se
oratio, tua praesertim, qui studiose antiqua persequeris, claris et fortibus viris
commemorandis eorumque factis non emolumento aliquo, sed ipsius honestatis decore
laudandis, id totum evertitur eo delectu rerum, quem modo dixi, constituto, ut aut
voluptates omittantur maiorum voluptatum adipiscendarum causa aut dolores suscipiantur
maiorum dolorum effugiendorum gratia.

\section*{Discussion}

Sed de clarorum hominum factis illustribus et gloriosis satis hoc loco dictum sit. erit
enim iam de omnium virtutum cursu ad voluptatem proprius disserendi locus. nunc autem
explicabo, voluptas ipsa quae qualisque sit, ut tollatur error omnis imperitorum
intellegaturque ea, quae voluptaria, delicata, mollis habeatur disciplina, quam gravis,
quam continens, quam severa sit. Non enim hanc solam sequimur, quae suavitate aliqua
naturam ipsam movet et cum iucunditate quadam percipitur sensibus, sed maximam voluptatem
illam habemus, quae percipitur omni dolore detracto, nam quoniam, cum privamur dolore,
ipsa liberatione et vacuitate omnis molestiae gaudemus, omne autem id, quo gaudemus,
voluptas est, ut omne, quo offendimur, dolor, doloris omnis privatio recte nominata est
voluptas. ut enim, cum cibo et potione fames sitisque depulsa est, ipsa detractio
molestiae consecutionem affert voluptatis, sic in omni re doloris amotio successionem
efficit voluptatis (Fig.~\ref{Fig2}).

Itaque non placuit Epicuro medium esse se quiddam inter dolorem et voluptatem; illud enim
ipsum, quod quibusdam medium videretur, cum omni dolore careret, non modo voluptatem esse,
verum etiam summam voluptatem. quisquis enim sentit, quem ad modum sit affectus, eum
necesse est aut in voluptate esse aut in dolore. omnis autem privatione doloris putat
Epicurus terminari summam voluptatem, ut postea variari voluptas distinguique possit,
augeri amplificarique non possit.

At etiam Athenis, ut e patre audiebam facete et urbane Stoicos irridente, statua est in
Ceramico Chrysippi sedentis porrecta manu, quae manus significet illum in hae esse
rogatiuncula delectatum: 'Numquidnam manus tua sic affecta, quem ad modum affecta nunc
est, desiderat?' -- Nihil sane. -- 'At, si voluptas esset bonum, desideraret.' -- Ita
credo. -- 'Non est igitur voluptas bonum.' Hoc ne statuam quidem dicturam pater aiebat, si
loqui posset. conclusum est enim contra Cyrenaicos satis acute, nihil ad Epicurum. nam si
ea sola voluptas esset, quae quasi titillaret sensus, ut ita dicam, et ad eos cum
suavitate afflueret et illaberetur, nec manus esse contenta posset nec ulla pars vacuitate
doloris sine iucundo motu voluptatis. sin autem summa voluptas est, ut Epicuro placet,
nihil dolere, primum tibi recte, Chrysippe, concessum est nihil desiderare manum, cum ita
esset affecta, secundum non recte, si voluptas esset bonum, fuisse desideraturam. idcirco
enim non desideraret, quia, quod dolore caret, id in voluptate est.

\section*{Acknowledgments}

A lot of people are to thank here.

\newpage
\bibliography{BiblioExample}

\newpage
\section*{Table captions}

\noindent \textbf{Table~1.} A first table caption.

\bigskip

\noindent \textbf{Table~2.} A second table caption, longer than the first one that was
quite short. Indeed, it was supposed to be short, at the contrary of this one which is
much more informative than the previous one.

\newpage
\begin{table}[h!]
  \caption{}
  \label{TabVar}
  \begin{center}
    \begin{tabular}{p{3cm}p{10cm}}
      \hline
      \textbf{Name} & \textbf{Description} \\
      \hline
      Agri & Proportion of agricultural areas \\
      Alpine & Proportion of alpine areas \\
      Bare & Proportion of bare ground \\
      DEM & Mean elevation \\
      DEMslope & Mean slope \\
      \hline
    \end{tabular}
  \end{center}
\end{table}

\newpage
\begin{table}[h!]
  \caption{}
  \label{TabENFA}
  \begin{center}
    \begin{tabular}{lrrr}
      \hline
      \textbf{Name} & \textbf{Mar} & \textbf{Spe1} & \textbf{Spe2} \\
      \hline
      Agri & -0.050 & 0.026 & 0.173 \\
      Alpine & -0.874 & -0.139 & 0.184 \\
      Bare & -0.555 & -0.922 & 0.084 \\
      DEM & -0.796 & -0.100 & 0.095 \\
      DEMslope & -0.167 & -0.205 & 0.013 \\
      \hline
    \end{tabular}
  \end{center}
\end{table}

\newpage
\section*{Figure captions}

\noindent \textbf{Figure~1.} What a nice figure\dots

\bigskip

\noindent \textbf{Figure~2.} Even nicer!

\newpage
\begin{figure}[h!]
  \caption{}
  \label{Fig1}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=6cm]{Fig1}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

\newpage
\begin{figure}[h!]
  \caption{}
  \label{Fig2}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=6cm]{Fig2}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

\end{document}


text:
%!TEX root = project.tex

\chapter{Context}
The goal of our project is to create a system that allows users to play a video game using a mobile device, a computer or a virtual reality headset without distinction between the devices. A system that allows a user to pick up one of these devices and join a game that would contain multiple players using any combination of the previously mentioned devices.\newline

\section{Objectives}
\begin{itemize}
\item Create a kart style racing game in virtual reality.
\item Create a kart racing game on a desktop gaming system.
\item Port the desktop version of the game and modify it to be played on a mobile device.
\item Create a heterogeneous back-end system that allows players to login, find active games to join, and keep a scoring system as a leader-board and method of player progression. These systems must act independently of the game, this would in theory, allow another game or system to be quickly retro fitted to the system and still function.

\end{itemize}


text:
\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager}{}\section{S\+C\+Account\+Manager Class Reference}
\label{interface_s_c_account_manager}\index{S\+C\+Account\+Manager@{S\+C\+Account\+Manager}}
Inheritance diagram for S\+C\+Account\+Manager\+:\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\leavevmode
\includegraphics[height=2.000000cm]{interface_s_c_account_manager}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\subsection*{Instance Methods}
\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
(void) -\/ {\bfseries init\+With\+Client\+Credentials\+:and\+User\+Credentials\+:}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_af14f562bcdb49aab4005cd7257ea521e}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_af14f562bcdb49aab4005cd7257ea521e}

\item
(void) -\/ {\bfseries destroy}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_a375e07068334bb191586c8581113c7a6}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_a375e07068334bb191586c8581113c7a6}

\item
(void) -\/ {\bfseries request\+Token\+With\+Device\+Auth\+:}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_ab0d46412d9bceabc7aa9d6607d294f3a}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_ab0d46412d9bceabc7aa9d6607d294f3a}

\item
(void) -\/ \hyperlink{interface_s_c_account_manager_aadf9a65dda930b011861b333b66646bb}{token\+:}
\item
(void) -\/ \hyperlink{interface_s_c_account_manager_a4b9d44be000569b312c7e96f1df32d41}{refresh\+Access\+Token\+:}
\item
(void) -\/ {\bfseries kill\+Token}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_a106237494a81fab3b37f37e2fa858133}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_a106237494a81fab3b37f37e2fa858133}

\item
(void) -\/ {\bfseries test\+Invalidate\+Token}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_a8d8bc8406555a0da080582c1932447c4}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_a8d8bc8406555a0da080582c1932447c4}

\item
(void) -\/ {\bfseries stop\+Polling\+Token}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_a16696c42c3457976023b1c5a033669f1}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_a16696c42c3457976023b1c5a033669f1}

\item
(void) -\/ {\bfseries logout}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_a4ae46dd973cbd73055688bbca9df7552}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_a4ae46dd973cbd73055688bbca9df7552}

\item
(B\+O\+OL) -\/ \hyperlink{interface_s_c_account_manager_a10dabf89ed4f6d576721c75fc7963af0}{access\+Token\+Valid}
\item
(N\+S\+Time\+Interval) -\/ \hyperlink{interface_s_c_account_manager_a4b98c88dc7f7b5504aec11871634fe7c}{access\+Token\+Valid\+Until}
\end{DoxyCompactItemize}
\subsection*{Class Methods}
\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
(\hyperlink{interface_s_c_account_manager}{S\+C\+Account\+Manager} $\ast$) + \hyperlink{interface_s_c_account_manager_afd360a7ef855a4e3c237a0561340883f}{shared\+Manager}
\end{DoxyCompactItemize}
\subsection*{Properties}
\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
N\+S\+String $\ast$ {\bfseries access\+Token}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_aa245b5d895289a0abfe97a4737de8082}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_aa245b5d895289a0abfe97a4737de8082}

\item
N\+S\+String $\ast$ {\bfseries refresh\+Token}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_ab312530270fff19e8d68ce52efdbc17d}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_ab312530270fff19e8d68ce52efdbc17d}

\item
N\+S\+Date $\ast$ {\bfseries expires}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_afe5abe9821736b1ed012cd7583ee42e1}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_afe5abe9821736b1ed012cd7583ee42e1}

\item
B\+O\+OL {\bfseries logged\+In}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_a7b036c4414d7edc9acd2f63275d9ff07}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_a7b036c4414d7edc9acd2f63275d9ff07}

\item
B\+O\+OL {\bfseries always\+Remind\+Connecting}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_a1bf924720ad43fbef72dbe99105475ff}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_a1bf924720ad43fbef72dbe99105475ff}

\item
id$<$ \hyperlink{protocol_s_c_account_manager_delegate-p}{S\+C\+Account\+Manager\+Delegate} $>$ {\bfseries delegate}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_a5a5811ca451c47d533f2fba6e2077791}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_a5a5811ca451c47d533f2fba6e2077791}

\end{DoxyCompactItemize}

\subsection{Detailed Description}
The Account\+Manager is secucard wrapper for the Social Login but also regular Login. It kan hold Login information and alike

\subsection{Method Documentation}
\index{S\+C\+Account\+Manager@{S\+C\+Account\+Manager}!access\+Token\+Valid@{access\+Token\+Valid}}
\index{access\+Token\+Valid@{access\+Token\+Valid}!S\+C\+Account\+Manager@{S\+C\+Account\+Manager}}
\subsubsection[{\texorpdfstring{access\+Token\+Valid()}{accessTokenValid()}}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}-\/ (B\+O\+OL) access\+Token\+Valid
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
{}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_a10dabf89ed4f6d576721c75fc7963af0}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_a10dabf89ed4f6d576721c75fc7963af0}
checks if token is valid \index{S\+C\+Account\+Manager@{S\+C\+Account\+Manager}!access\+Token\+Valid\+Until@{access\+Token\+Valid\+Until}}
\index{access\+Token\+Valid\+Until@{access\+Token\+Valid\+Until}!S\+C\+Account\+Manager@{S\+C\+Account\+Manager}}
\subsubsection[{\texorpdfstring{access\+Token\+Valid\+Until()}{accessTokenValidUntil()}}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}-\/ (N\+S\+Time\+Interval) access\+Token\+Valid\+Until
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
{}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_a4b98c88dc7f7b5504aec11871634fe7c}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_a4b98c88dc7f7b5504aec11871634fe7c}
returns amount of seconds to become invalid \index{S\+C\+Account\+Manager@{S\+C\+Account\+Manager}!refresh\+Access\+Token\+:@{refresh\+Access\+Token\+:}}
\index{refresh\+Access\+Token\+:@{refresh\+Access\+Token\+:}!S\+C\+Account\+Manager@{S\+C\+Account\+Manager}}
\subsubsection[{\texorpdfstring{refresh\+Access\+Token\+:(void($^\wedge$handler)(\+N\+S\+String $\ast$token, Secu\+Error $\ast$error))}{refreshAccessToken:(void(^handler)(NSString *token, SecuError *error))}}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}-\/ (void) refresh\+Access\+Token\+:
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{(void($^\wedge$)(N\+S\+String $\ast$token, {\bf Secu\+Error} $\ast$error))}]{handler}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_a4b9d44be000569b312c7e96f1df32d41}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_a4b9d44be000569b312c7e96f1df32d41}
Refreshes an access token \index{S\+C\+Account\+Manager@{S\+C\+Account\+Manager}!shared\+Manager@{shared\+Manager}}
\index{shared\+Manager@{shared\+Manager}!S\+C\+Account\+Manager@{S\+C\+Account\+Manager}}
\subsubsection[{\texorpdfstring{shared\+Manager()}{sharedManager()}}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}+ ({\bf S\+C\+Account\+Manager} $\ast$) shared\+Manager
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
{}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_afd360a7ef855a4e3c237a0561340883f}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_afd360a7ef855a4e3c237a0561340883f}
Shared manager as singleton

\begin{DoxyReturn}{Returns}
the manager instance
\end{DoxyReturn}
\index{S\+C\+Account\+Manager@{S\+C\+Account\+Manager}!token\+:@{token\+:}}
\index{token\+:@{token\+:}!S\+C\+Account\+Manager@{S\+C\+Account\+Manager}}
\subsubsection[{\texorpdfstring{token\+:(void($^\wedge$handler)(\+N\+S\+String $\ast$token, Secu\+Error $\ast$error))}{token:(void(^handler)(NSString *token, SecuError *error))}}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}-\/ (void) token\+:
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{(void($^\wedge$)(N\+S\+String $\ast$token, {\bf Secu\+Error} $\ast$error))}]{handler}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
}\hypertarget{interface_s_c_account_manager_aadf9a65dda930b011861b333b66646bb}{}\label{interface_s_c_account_manager_aadf9a65dda930b011861b333b66646bb}
Check if token is valid

The documentation for this class was generated from the following files\+:\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
Pod/\+Classes/\+Manager/S\+C\+Account\+Manager.\+h\item
Pod/\+Classes/\+Manager/S\+C\+Account\+Manager.\+m\end{DoxyCompactItemize}


text:
\href{https://npmjs.com/package/webpack-dev-middleware}{\tt } \href{https://nodejs.org}{\tt } \href{https://david-dm.org/webpack/webpack-dev-middleware}{\tt } \href{https://travis-ci.org/webpack/webpack-dev-middleware}{\tt } \href{https://codecov.io/gh/webpack/webpack-dev-middleware}{\tt } \href{https://gitter.im/webpack/webpack}{\tt }

 \href{https://github.com/webpack/webpack}{\tt } \section*{webpack Dev Middleware}

It\textquotesingle{}s a simple wrapper middleware for webpack. It serves the files emitted from webpack over a connect server. This should be used for {\bfseries development only}.

It has a few advantages over bundling it as files\+:

\begin{DoxyItemize}
\item No files are written to disk, it handle the files in memory
\item If files changed in watch mode, the middleware no longer serves the old bundle, but delays requests until the compiling has finished. You don\textquotesingle{}t have to wait before refreshing the page after a file modification.
\item I may add some specific optimization in future releases.
\end{DoxyItemize}

\subsection*{Install}

\begin{DoxyCode}
npm install webpack-dev-middleware --save-dev
\end{DoxyCode}

\subsection*{Usage}

\begin{DoxyCode}
var webpackMiddleware = require("webpack-dev-middleware");
app.use(webpackMiddleware(...));
\end{DoxyCode}

Example usage\+:

\begin{DoxyCode}
app.use(webpackMiddleware(webpack(\{
    // webpack options
    // webpackMiddleware takes a Compiler object as first parameter
    // which is returned by webpack(...) without callback.
    entry: "...",
    output: \{
        path: "/"
        // no real path is required, just pass "/"
        // but it will work with other paths too.
    \}
\}), \{
    // publicPath is required, whereas all other options are optional

    noInfo: false,
    // display no info to console (only warnings and errors)

    quiet: false,
    // display nothing to the console

    lazy: true,
    // switch into lazy mode
    // that means no watching, but recompilation on every request

    watchOptions: \{
        aggregateTimeout: 300,
        poll: true
    \},
    // watch options (only lazy: false)

    publicPath: "/assets/",
    // public path to bind the middleware to
    // use the same as in webpack

    index: "index.html",
    // the index path for web server

    headers: \{ "X-Custom-Header": "yes" \},
    // custom headers

    mimeTypes: \{ "text/html": [ "phtml" ] \},
    // Add custom mime/extension mappings
    // https://github.com/broofa/node-mime#mimedefine
    // https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-middleware/pull/150

    stats: \{
        colors: true
    \},
    // options for formating the statistics

    reporter: null,
    // Provide a custom reporter to change the way how logs are shown.

    serverSideRender: false,
    // Turn off the server-side rendering mode. See Server-Side Rendering part for more info.
\}));
\end{DoxyCode}

\subsection*{Advanced A\+PI}

This part shows how you might interact with the middleware during runtime\+:

\begin{DoxyItemize}
\item {\ttfamily close(callback)} -\/ stop watching for file changes \`{}\`{}\`{}js var webpack\+Dev\+Middleware\+Instance = webpack\+Middleware(/$\ast$ see example usage $\ast$/); app.\+use(webpack\+Dev\+Middleware\+Instance); // After 10 seconds stop watching for file changes\+: set\+Timeout(function()\{ webpack\+Dev\+Middleware\+Instance.\+close(); \}, 10000); \`{}\`{}\`{}
\item {\ttfamily invalidate()} -\/ recompile the bundle -\/ e.\+g. after you changed the configuration \`{}\`{}\`{}js var compiler = webpack(/$\ast$ see example usage $\ast$/); var webpack\+Dev\+Middleware\+Instance = webpack\+Middleware(compiler); app.\+use(webpack\+Dev\+Middleware\+Instance); set\+Timeout(function()\{ // After a short delay the configuration is changed // in this example we will just add a banner plugin\+: compiler.\+apply(new webpack.\+Banner\+Plugin(\textquotesingle{}A new banner\textquotesingle{})); // Recompile the bundle with the banner plugin\+: webpack\+Dev\+Middleware\+Instance.\+invalidate(); \}, 1000); \`{}\`{}\`{}
\item {\ttfamily wait\+Until\+Valid(callback)} -\/ executes the {\ttfamily callback} if the bundle is valid or after it is valid again\+: \`{}\`{}\`{}js var webpack\+Dev\+Middleware\+Instance = webpack\+Middleware(/$\ast$ see example usage $\ast$/); app.\+use(webpack\+Dev\+Middleware\+Instance); webpack\+Dev\+Middleware\+Instance.\+wait\+Until\+Valid(function()\{ console.\+log(\textquotesingle{}Package is in a valid state\textquotesingle{}); \}); \`{}\`{}\`{}
\end{DoxyItemize}

\subsection*{Server-\/\+Side Rendering}

{\bfseries Note\+: this feature is experimental and may be removed or changed completely in the future.}

In order to develop a server-\/side rendering application, we need access to the \href{https://github.com/webpack/docs/wiki/node.js-api#stats}{\tt {\ttfamily stats}}, which is generated with the latest build.

In the server-\/side rendering mode, {\bfseries webpack-\/dev-\/middleware} would sets the {\ttfamily stat} to {\ttfamily res.\+locals.\+webpack\+Stats} before invoking the next middleware, where we can render pages and response to clients.

Notice that requests for bundle files would still be responded by {\bfseries webpack-\/dev-\/middleware} and all requests will be pending until the building process is finished in the server-\/side rendering mode.

\`{}\`{}\`{}javascript // This function makes server rendering of asset references consistent with different webpack chunk/entry confiugrations function normalize\+Assets(assets) \{ return Array.\+is\+Array(assets) ? assets \+: \mbox{[}assets\mbox{]} \}

app.\+use(webpack\+Middleware(compiler, \{ server\+Side\+Render\+: true \})

// The following middleware would not be invoked until the latest build is finished. app.\+use((req, res) =$>$ \{

const assets\+By\+Chunk\+Name = res.\+locals.\+webpack\+Stats.\+to\+Json().assets\+By\+Chunk\+Name

// then use {\ttfamily assets\+By\+Chunk\+Name} for server-\/sider rendering // For example, if you have only one main chunk\+:

res.\+send(\`{} $<$html$>$ $<$head$>$ $<$title$>$My App$<$/title$>$ \$\{ normalize\+Assets(assets\+By\+Chunk\+Name.\+main) .filter(path =$>$ path.\+ends\+With(\textquotesingle{}.css\textquotesingle{})) .map(path =$>$ {\ttfamily $<$link rel=\char`\"{}stylesheet\char`\"{} href=\char`\"{}\$\{path\}\char`\"{} /$>$}) .join(\textquotesingle{}~\newline
\textquotesingle{}) \} $<$/head$>$ $<$body$>$  \$\{ normalize\+Assets(assets\+By\+Chunk\+Name.\+main) .filter(path =$>$ path.\+ends\+With(\textquotesingle{}.js\textquotesingle{})) .map(path =$>$ {\ttfamily $<$script src=\char`\"{}\$\{path\}\char`\"{}$>$$<$/script$>$}) .join(\textquotesingle{}~\newline
\textquotesingle{}) \} $<$/body$>$ $<$/html$>$ ~\newline
 \`{})

\}) \`{}\`{}\`{}

\subsection*{Contributing}

Don\textquotesingle{}t hesitate to create a pull request. Every contribution is appreciated. In development you can start the tests by calling {\ttfamily npm test}.

\subsection*{Maintainers}

\tabulinesep=1mm
\begin{longtabu} spread 0pt [c]{*{0}{|X[-1]}|}
\hline
\end{longtabu}

$<$img width=\char`\"{}150 height=\char`\"{}150\char`\"{}
        src=\char`\"{}\href{https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/SpaceK33z?v=3}{\tt https\+://avatars.\+githubusercontent.\+com/\+Space\+K33z?v=3}"$>$ ~\newline
 \href{https://github.com/SpaceK33z}{\tt Kees Kluskens}

$<$tbody$>$

\subsection*{L\+I\+C\+E\+N\+SE}

\paragraph*{\href{./LICENSE}{\tt M\+IT}}


text:
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text:
%% LyX 2.3.1-1 created this file.  For more info, see http://www.lyx.org/.
%% Do not edit unless you really know what you are doing.
\documentclass[english]{extarticle}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[latin9]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,tmargin=2.54cm,bmargin=2.54cm,lmargin=2.54cm,rmargin=2.54cm}
\usepackage{bm}
\usepackage{esint}

\makeatletter
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% User specified LaTeX commands.
\setlength\parindent{0pt}

\makeatother

\usepackage{babel}
\begin{document}
{\LARGE{}Notes on the Taylor Green Vortex}{\LARGE\par}

Comparing Domain $(0,2\pi)^{3}$ to $(0,1)^{3}$

B.A. Wingate

\section{Introduction}

The Taylor Green vortex solution is used to compare/debug and test
DNS codes. The Sandia/LANL DNS code has a domain $(0,1)^{3}$ while
many DNS codes use the default domain $(0,2\pi)^{3}$ and this will
cause differences in the solution, such as the energy decay rate,
to occur. This document dicusses some of the details of this computation.
It has a companion sympy jupyter notebook titled \texttt{\textit{TaylorGreenExperiments.ipynb}}.

\section{In two-dimensions in $(0,2\pi)^{2}$ }

The equations we solve are,
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y} & = & -\frac{1}{\rho_{0}}\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}+\nu\left(\frac{\partial^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}}\right),\label{eq:nsu}\\
\frac{\partial v}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial v}{\partial y} & = & -\frac{1}{\rho_{0}}\frac{\partial p}{\partial y}+\nu\left(\frac{\partial^{2}v}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}v}{\partial y^{2}}\right),\label{eq:nsv}\\
\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y} & = & 0.\label{eq:divu}
\end{eqnarray}

On $\Omega\in(0,2\pi)^{3}$ with initial condition,
\begin{eqnarray*}
u(\bm{x},0) & = & \sin(x)\cos(y),\\
v(\bm{x},0) & = & -\cos(x)\sin(y).
\end{eqnarray*}
 This has the following exact solution,
\begin{eqnarray*}
u(\bm{x},t) & = & \sin(x)\cos(y)e^{-2\nu t},\\
v(\bm{x},t) & = & -\cos(x)\sin(y)e^{-2\nu t},\\
p(\bm{x},t) & = & -\left(\cos(2x)+\cos(2y)\right)e^{-4\nu t}.
\end{eqnarray*}
It is quite interesting to me to be reminded that the pressure has
to decay like twice the others because the others are nonlinear (it
is more like u.u). This therefore has the total energy per unit area
decay like,
\[
E=\frac{1}{\Omega}\frac{1}{2}\int_{\Omega}\left(u^{2}+v^{2}\right)d\Omega\quad\Omega\in(0,2\pi)^{2}
\]
 which gives,
\begin{eqnarray*}
E(t) & = & \frac{\pi^{2}}{4\pi^{2}}e^{-4\nu t}\quad\Omega\in(0,2\pi)^{3}\\
 & = & \frac{1}{4}e^{-4\nu t}
\end{eqnarray*}
We can also compute the intitial energy, $E(0),$
\begin{eqnarray*}
E(0) & = & \frac{1}{4\pi^{2}}\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sin^{2}(x)\cos^{2}(y)+\cos^{2}(x)\sin^{2}(y)\,dx\,dy\\
 & = & \frac{1}{4\pi^{2}}\frac{1}{2}(2\pi^{2})=\frac{1}{4}
\end{eqnarray*}

\section{In two-dimensions in $(0,1)^{2}$ }

The equations are the same as (\ref{eq:nsu})-(\ref{eq:divu}), but
these are the following changes,

On $\Omega\in(0,1)$ with initial condition,
\begin{eqnarray*}
u(\bm{x},0) & = & \sin(2\pi x)\cos(2\pi y),\\
v(\bm{x},0) & = & -\cos(2\pi x)\sin(2\pi y).
\end{eqnarray*}
 This has the following exact solution,
\begin{eqnarray*}
u(\bm{x},t) & = & \sin(2\pi x)\cos(2\pi y)e^{-2\nu(2\pi)^{2}t},\\
v(\bm{x},t) & = & -\cos(2\pi x)\sin(2\pi y)e^{-2\nu(2\pi)^{2}t},\\
p(\bm{x},t) & = & -\left(\cos(2\left(2\pi x\right))+\cos(2\left(2\pi y\right))\right)e^{-4\nu(2\pi)^{2}t}.
\end{eqnarray*}
 This therefore has the total energy decay like,
\[
E=\frac{1}{\Omega}\frac{1}{2}\int_{\Omega}\left(u^{2}+v^{2}\right)d\Omega\quad\Omega\in(0,1)^{2}
\]
 which gives,
\[
E(t)=\frac{1}{2}e^{-4\nu(2\pi)^{2}t}.
\]
 Computing the energy at $t=0$,
\begin{eqnarray*}
E(0) & = & \frac{1}{1}\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{1}\sin^{2}(2\pi x)\cos^{2}(2\pi y)+\cos^{2}(2\pi x)\sin^{2}(2\pi y)\,dx\,dy\\
 & = & \frac{1}{2}(\frac{1}{2})=\frac{1}{4}.
\end{eqnarray*}

\section{In three-dimensions in $(0,2\pi)^{3}$ }

The equations we solve are,
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial u}{\partial z} & = & -\frac{1}{\rho_{0}}\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}+\nu\left(\frac{\partial^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}u}{\partial z^{2}}\right),\label{eq:nsu-1}\\
\frac{\partial v}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial v}{\partial z} & = & -\frac{1}{\rho_{0}}\frac{\partial p}{\partial y}+\nu\left(\frac{\partial^{2}v}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}v}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}v}{\partial z^{2}}\right),\label{eq:nsv-1}\\
\frac{\partial w}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial w}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial w}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} & = & -\frac{1}{\rho_{0}}\frac{\partial p}{\partial z}+\nu\left(\frac{\partial^{2}w}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}w}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}w}{\partial z^{2}}\right),\\
\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} & = & 0.\label{eq:divu-1}
\end{eqnarray}
On $\Omega\in(0,2\pi)^{3}$ with initial condition,
\begin{eqnarray*}
u(\bm{x},0) & = & \sin(x)\cos(y)\cos(z),\\
v(\bm{x},0) & = & -\cos(x)\sin(y)\cos(z).\\
w(\bm{x},0) & = & 0.
\end{eqnarray*}

I think this has exact solution,
\begin{eqnarray*}
u(\bm{x},t) & = & \sin(x)\cos(y)\cos(z)e^{-3\nu t},\\
v(\bm{x},t) & = & -\cos(x)\sin(y)\cos(z)e^{-3\nu t},\\
w(\bm{x},t) & = & ?\\
p(\bm{x},t) & = & -\left(\cos(2x)+\cos(2y)\right)\left(\cos(z)\right)^{2}e^{-6\nu t}.
\end{eqnarray*}
 and therefor this has the following energy per unit volume,

\begin{eqnarray*}
E & = & \frac{1}{8\pi^{3}}\frac{1}{2}\int_{\Omega}\left(u^{2}+v^{2}+w^{2}\right)d\Omega\quad\Omega\in(0,2\pi)^{3}\\
 & \approx & \frac{1}{8\pi^{3}}\frac{1}{2}e^{-6\nu t}\int_{\Omega}\left(u^{2}+v^{2}+w^{2}\right)d\Omega\quad\Omega\in(0,2\pi)^{3}
\end{eqnarray*}

Computing the initial energy,
\begin{eqnarray*}
E(0) & = & \frac{1}{8\pi^{3}}\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sin^{2}(x)\cos^{2}(y)\cos^{2}(z)+\cos^{2}(x)\sin^{2}(y)\cos^{2}(z)\,dx\,dy\,dz\\
 & = & \frac{1}{8\pi^{3}}\frac{1}{2}\left(2\pi^{3}\right)=\frac{1}{8}
\end{eqnarray*}

\section{In three-dimensions in $(0,1)^{3}$ }

The equations we solve are,
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial u}{\partial z} & = & -\frac{1}{\rho_{0}}\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}+\nu\left(\frac{\partial^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}u}{\partial z^{2}}\right),\label{eq:nsu-1-1}\\
\frac{\partial v}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial v}{\partial z} & = & -\frac{1}{\rho_{0}}\frac{\partial p}{\partial y}+\nu\left(\frac{\partial^{2}v}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}v}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}v}{\partial z^{2}}\right),\label{eq:nsv-1-1}\\
\frac{\partial w}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial w}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial w}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} & = & -\frac{1}{\rho_{0}}\frac{\partial p}{\partial z}+\nu\left(\frac{\partial^{2}w}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}w}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}w}{\partial z^{2}}\right),\\
\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} & = & 0.\label{eq:divu-1-1}
\end{eqnarray}
On $\Omega\in(0,2\pi)^{3}$ with initial condition,
\begin{eqnarray*}
u(\bm{x},0) & = & \sin(2\pi x)\cos(2\pi y)\cos(2\pi z),\\
v(\bm{x},0) & = & -\cos(2\pi x)\sin(2\pi y)\cos(2\pi z).\\
w(\bm{x},0) & = & 0.
\end{eqnarray*}

I think this has exact solution,
\begin{eqnarray*}
u(\bm{x},t) & = & \sin(2\pi x)\cos(2\pi y)\cos(2\pi z)e^{-3\left(2\pi\right)^{2}\nu t},\\
v(\bm{x},t) & = & -\cos(2\pi x)\sin(2\pi y)\cos(2\pi z)e^{-3\left(2\pi\right)^{2}\nu t},\\
w(\bm{x},t) & = & ?\\
p(\bm{x},t) & = & -\left(\cos(2x2\pi)+\cos(2y2\pi)\right)\left(\cos(2\pi z)\right)^{2}e^{-6\left(2\pi\right)^{2}\nu t}.
\end{eqnarray*}
 and therefor this has the following energy,

\begin{eqnarray*}
E & = & \frac{1}{2}\int_{\Omega}\left(u^{2}+v^{2}+w^{2}\right)d\Omega\quad\Omega\in(0,2\pi)^{3}\\
 & \approx & \frac{1}{2}e^{-6\left(2\pi\right)^{2}\nu t}\int_{\Omega}\left(u^{2}+v^{2}+w^{2}\right)d\Omega\quad\Omega\in(0,2\pi)^{3}
\end{eqnarray*}
Computing the energy at $t=0,$
\begin{eqnarray*}
E(0) & = & \frac{1}{1}\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{1}\sin^{2}(2\pi x)\cos^{2}(2\pi y)\cos^{2}(2\pi z)+\cos^{2}(2\pi x)\sin^{2}(2\pi y)\cos^{2}(2\pi z)\,dx\,dy\,dz\\
 & = & \frac{1}{1}\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)=\frac{1}{8}
\end{eqnarray*}

\end{document}


text:
\subsection{Comptonization of the CMB}

If we define the planck spectrum to be

\begin{equation}
I(x) = {{2(k_B T)^3}\over{(hc)^2}}{{x^3}\over{e^x - 1}} = i_0\,i(x),
\end{equation}

then change in intensity due to inverse-Compton scattering of a
blackbody distribution of photons by an isotropic distribution of
electrons is given in the optically thin limit ($\tau \ll 1$) by:

\begin{equation}
\Delta i(x) \equiv {\Delta I(x)\over{i_0}} = \left\{j(x) - i(x)\right\}\tau
\label{eq:deltai}
\end{equation}

where

\begin{equation}
\tau = \sigma_T\integral{}{}{n_e}{\ell},
\end{equation}

is the optical depth, $i(x)\tau$ is the flux scattered to other frequencies and
$j(x)\tau$ is the flux scattered from other frequencies to $x =
h\nu/(kT)$.

It is useful to rewrite Eq.~\ref{eq:deltai} as

\begin{equation}
\Delta i(x) = \tilde{g}(x)\,\tilde{y},
\end{equation}

where

\begin{eqnarray}\nonumber
\tilde{y} &=& {{\sigma_T}\over{m_e c^2}}\integral{}{}{n_e k_B \tilde{T}_e}{\ell}\\\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}

and $\tilde{T}_e$ is defined by

\begin{equation}
k_B\tilde{T}_e = {{P_e}\over{n_e}}
\end{equation}

(in the case of a thermal distribution of electrons, $\tilde{T}_e \equiv T_e$).  Defining

\begin{equation}
\left<k_B\tilde{T}_e\right> = {{\integral{}{}{n_ek_B\tilde{T}_e}{\ell}}\over{\integral{}{}{n_e}{\ell}}}
\end{equation}

we have

\begin{equation}
\tilde{g}(x) = \left\{j(x) - i(x)\right\}{{m_e c^2}\over{\left<k_B\tilde{T}_e\right>}}
\label{eq:ggen}
\end{equation}

For a thermal distribution of electrons, $\left<k_B\tilde{T}_e\right>
\equiv k_B T_e$, and in the non-relativistic regime, we have

\begin{equation}
\tilde{g}(x) = {{x^4e^x}\over{(e^x-1)^2}}\left(x{{e^x+1}\over{e^x-1}} - 4\right) {{m_e c^2}\over{k_B T_e}},
\label{eq:komp}
\end{equation}

i.e., the standard non-relativistic solution to the Kompaneets
equation.  To make contact with Eq.~\ref{eq:ynu}, we can identify the
frequency dependence of the SZ temperature decrement in the
non-relativistic case as the central term of Eq.~\ref{eq:komp}:

\begin{equation}
f(x) = x{{e^x+1}\over{e^x-1}} - 4.
\label{eq:fnu}
\end{equation}

In general, though, for an arbitrary electron momentum
distribution $f_e(p)$, we have:

\begin{equation}
\left<k_B\tilde{T}_e\right> = \integral{0}{\infty}{f_e(p) {1\over{3}}pv(p)m_e c}{p},
\end{equation}

where $p = \beta_e\gamma_e$ is the normalized electron momentum. The
scattered spectrum is now given by

\begin{equation}
j(x) = \integral{0}{\infty}{P(t)i(x/t)}{t},
\end{equation}

where $P(t)$ is the probability that a photon is scattered to a
frequency $t = \nu^\prime/\nu$ times its original frequency.  The
photon redistribution function can be written as

\begin{equation}
P(t) = \integral{0}{\infty}{f_e(p)P(t;p)}{p},
\end{equation}

where $P(t;p)$ is the redistribution function for a mono-energetic
electron distribution, which in the Thomson regime ($h\nu \ll \gamma_e
m_e c^2$) has an analytic solution

\begin{eqnarray}\nonumber
P(t;p) = &-& {{3|1-t|}\over{32p^6t}} [1 + (10 + 8p^2 + 4p^4)t + t^2]\\\nonumber
         &+& {{3(1+t)}\over{8p^5}}\left[{{3+3p^2 + p^4}\over{\sqrt{1+p^2}}} - {{3+2p^2}\over{2p}}(2{\rm\,arcsinh(p)} - \left|\ln{t}\right|)\right],
\end{eqnarray}

where $P(t;p) = 0$ for $|\ln{t}| > 2{\,\rm arcsinh(p)}$.

\begin{figure}[th]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{figures/gx.png}\\
\end{center}
\caption{Comparison of the non-relativistic $\Delta I(x)$ computed with Eq.~\ref{eq:komp} (green) with the correct relativistic calculation using Eq.~\ref{eq:ggen}, for $T_e = 10, 20, 30~$keV.}
\label{fig:gx}
\end{figure}