agentlans/HuggingFaceFW-finewiki-sample · Datasets at Hugging Face

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# Rømerhus Rømerhus (formerly Hafniahus) is a building in Aarhus, Denmark in the historic Indre by neighborhood on Skt. Clemens Torv near Store Torv. The building was erected in 1895 by designs of the architect Sophus Frederik Kühnel in a historicist style drawing inspiration from the Italian Renaissance. Rømerhus is located on one of the busiest pedestrian streets in Aarhus and has through its existence primarily been used for commercial purposes. ## History Construction of Rømerhus was completed in 1895. Ownership at the time of construction is not known but the first tenants included the company Crome & Goldschmidts Fabriker which opened a small factory and store on the ground floor facing Skt. Clemens Torv. The company had been founded in Horsens in 1860 with prisoners from Horsens Straffeanstalt (Horsens Penitentiary) as the main source of labor. The store in Rømerhus was the first branch outside Horsens. Another tenant was Johannes Neye who opened a branch of his leather- and gallantry store NEYE in the building on the side facing Skt. Clemens Stræde and Skt. Clemens Torv. NEYE was up to 2015 the second-oldest store on the pedestrian shopping street Strøget, after the store Buus on the corner of Ryesgade and Sønder Allé. On 15 January 1918 Rømerhus was bought by the bank Jyllandsbanken which stayed in the building for 10 years until it left and sold it to the insurance company Hafnia for 625.000 kroner in 1928. The building was renamed to Hafniahus (Hafnia House). In 1984 Hafnia bought another property, the Regina building on Søndergade, which it also named Hafniahus. Having two buildings named Hafniahus proved confusing so after 56 years it was changed back to the original name Rømerhus. In 2011 the company Bestseller bought the building and contracted the architect firm E+N Arkitektur A/S for a large renovation project aimed at bringing Rømerhus back to its original state. ## Architecture Rømerhus is a four-winged building with a revivalist design drawing inspiration from French and Italian Renaissance architecture. The midsection of the building features a large dome which is thought to draw inspiration from Magasin du Nord's building in Copenhagen. The architect on the project was Sophus Frederik Kühnel who worked on some other significant historicist works in Aarhus such as Mejlborg from 1898 and Business- and Agricultural Bank of Jutland from 1900. The registered constructor on the project is the mason A.I. Petersen. The building is one of four large and notable corner buildings that was constructed to frame St. Clemens Bridge and Aarhus Municipal atlas notes it as the first city block structure in the city. It was built on difficult terrain with large height differences - there are six stories towards Åboulevarden but just 4 stories facing Skt. Clemens Torv. The Bestseller renovation starting in the 2015 aims to bring Rømerhus back to its original expression. Among other things this will entail putting a spire back on the dome, removing the bay windows and returning the color scheme to the original.	enwiki/52899255	enwiki	52,899,255	Rømerhus	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8merhus	2022-06-28T22:21:33	en	Q28450846	38,953	{{Short description\|Building in Aarhus, Denmark}} {{Infobox building \| name = Rømerhus \| image = Rømerhus, Aarhus.jpg \| image_alt = Rømerhus \| image_size = 180px \| caption = Rømerhus in 1982 \| architectural_style = [[Revivalism (architecture)\|Revivalism]], [[Italian Renaissance#Architecture\|Italian Renaissance]] \| location = [[Aarhus]], [[Denmark]] \| completion_date = 1895 \| architect = [[Sophus Frederik Kühnel]] }} '''Rømerhus''' (formerly ''Hafniahus'') is a building in [[Aarhus]], [[Denmark]] in the historic [[Indre by, Aarhus\|Indre by]] neighborhood on ''Skt. Clemens Torv'' near [[Store Torv]]. The building was erected in 1895 by designs of the architect [[Sophus Frederik Kühnel]] in a [[Revivalism (architecture)\|historicist style]] drawing inspiration from the [[Italian Renaissance#Architecture\|Italian Renaissance]]. Rømerhus is located on one of the busiest pedestrian streets in Aarhus and has through its existence primarily been used for commercial purposes.<ref name="stad">{{cite web\|url=http://aarhuswiki.dk/wiki/R%C3%B8merhus\|title=Rømerhus\|publisher=Aarhus City Archives\|language=Danish\|accessdate=15 January 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051414/http://aarhuswiki.dk/wiki/R%C3%B8merhus\|archive-date=18 January 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stift1">{{cite web\|url=http://stiften.dk/aarhus/Ombygningen-af-Roemerhus-traekker-ud/artikel/355416\|title=Ombygningen af Rømerhus trækker ud\|publisher=[[Århus Stiftstidende]]\|language=Danish\|accessdate=15 January 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052926/http://stiften.dk/aarhus/Milliontab-Fynsk-firma-i-strid-om-Roemerhus/artikel/313707\|archive-date=18 January 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> == History == Construction of Rømerhus was completed in 1895. Ownership at the time of construction is not known but the first tenants included the company ''Crome & Goldschmidts Fabriker'' which opened a small factory and store on the ground floor facing Skt. Clemens Torv. The company had been founded in [[Horsens]] in 1860 with prisoners from [[Horsens Statsfængsel\|Horsens Straffeanstalt]] (Horsens Penitentiary) as the main source of labor. The store in Rømerhus was the first branch outside Horsens. Another tenant was [[Neye (company)\|Johannes Neye]] who opened a branch of his leather- and gallantry store NEYE in the building on the side facing ''Skt. Clemens Stræde'' and ''Skt. Clemens Torv''. [[Neye (company)\|NEYE]] was up to 2015 the second-oldest store on the pedestrian shopping street ''Strøget'', after the store ''Buus'' on the corner of [[Ryesgade, Aarhus\|Ryesgade]] and ''Sønder Allé''.<ref name="stad"/> On 15 January 1918 Rømerhus was bought by the bank ''Jyllandsbanken'' which stayed in the building for 10 years until it left and sold it to the insurance company Hafnia for 625.000 [[Danish kroner\|kroner]] in 1928. The building was renamed to Hafniahus (Hafnia House). In 1984 Hafnia bought another property, the Regina building on [[Søndergade, Aarhus\|Søndergade]], which it also named Hafniahus. Having two buildings named Hafniahus proved confusing so after 56 years it was changed back to the original name Rømerhus. In 2011 the company [[Bestseller (company)\|Bestseller]] bought the building and contracted the architect firm E+N Arkitektur A/S for a large renovation project aimed at bringing Rømerhus back to its original state.<ref name="stad"/> == Architecture == Rømerhus is a four-winged building with a [[Revivalism (architecture)\|revivalist]] design drawing inspiration from [[French Renaissance architecture\|French]] and [[Italian Renaissance#Architecture\|Italian Renaissance]] architecture. The midsection of the building features a large dome which is thought to draw inspiration from [[Magasin du Nord]]'s building in [[Copenhagen]]. The architect on the project was [[Sophus Frederik Kühnel]] who worked on some other significant historicist works in Aarhus such as [[Mejlborg]] from 1898 and [[Business- and Agricultural Bank of Jutland]] from 1900. The registered constructor on the project is the mason A.I. Petersen. The building is one of four large and notable corner buildings that was constructed to frame ''St. Clemens Bridge'' and Aarhus Municipal atlas notes it as the first [[city block]] structure in the city. It was built on difficult terrain with large height differences - there are six stories towards [[Åboulevarden]] but just 4 stories facing ''Skt. Clemens Torv''.<ref name="db">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dagensbyggeri.dk/artikel/78529-til-tops-i-det-nye-romerhus\|title=Til tops i det nye Rømerhus\|publisher=DAgens Byggeri\|language=Danish\|accessdate=15 January 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118050817/http://www.dagensbyggeri.dk/artikel/78529-til-tops-i-det-nye-romerhus\|archive-date=18 January 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bestseller (company)\|Bestseller]] renovation starting in the 2015 aims to bring Rømerhus back to its original expression. Among other things this will entail putting a spire back on the dome, removing the [[bay window]]s and returning the color scheme to the original.<ref name="jp">{{cite web\|url=http://jyllands-posten.dk/aarhus/erhverv/article6464872.ece\|title=Rømerhus skal føres tilbage i tiden\|publisher=[[Jyllandsposten]]\|language=Danish\|accessdate=15 January 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051503/http://jyllands-posten.dk/aarhus/erhverv/article6464872.ece\|archive-date=18 January 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stift2">{{cite web\|url=http://stiften.dk/aarhus/Milliontab-Fynsk-firma-i-strid-om-Roemerhus/artikel/313707\|title=Milliontab: Fynsk firma i strid om Rømerhus\|publisher=[[Århus Stiftstidende]]\|language=Danish\|accessdate=15 January 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052929/http://stiften.dk/aarhus/Ombygningen-af-Roemerhus-traekker-ud/artikel/355416\|archive-date=18 January 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Architecture of Aarhus]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Coord\|56.1563\|10.2085\|region:DK_type:landmark\|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Romerhus}} [[Category:Houses completed in 1885]] [[Category:Historicist architecture in Aarhus]]	1,095,533,237	[{"title": "General information", "data": {"Architectural style": "Revivalism, Italian Renaissance", "Location": "Aarhus, Denmark", "Completed": "1895"}}, {"title": "Design and construction", "data": {"Architect(s)": "Sophus Frederik K\u00fchnel"}}]	false
# Maryculter House Maryculter House is a historic house in the village of Maryculter, or Kirkton of Maryculter, in the Lower Deeside area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. ## History Lying along both banks of the River Dee, the Lands of Culter originally included the parishes of Peterculter and Maryculter. These were in the jurisdiction of the monks of Kelso. However, about the year 1187, William the Lion granted the portion of the Culter lands on the south bank of the river to the Knights Templar. Between 1221 and 1236 Walter Byset, Lord of Aboyne, founded the Preceptory or College of the Knights Templar on the site of Maryculter House Hotel. The barrel-vaulted basement of the house is said to have formed part of the Preceptor's Lodging. The Templars also built a chapel. This became the parish church in 1535, was abandoned in 1782 and is now a fragmentary ruin, the only architectural feature surviving being the piscina built into the south wall. The chapel and surrounding graveyard are a Scheduled monument. The chapel was replaced as the parish church by Maryculter Trinity Church. The Templars were suppressed around 1309 but their lands and the parish church remained in the hands of the Knights Hospitaller until 1563/64. From 1535 to 1811 Maryculter House was first rented and then owned by the Menzies family of Pitfodels, Aberdeen, though another source says it was owned by the Lindsay family until 1726. In 1811, Maryculter was bought by General William Gordon of Fyvie, and the Gordon family owned the estate until the death of Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon in 1931 led to the sale of the property in 1935. The estate was broken up and the home-park was bought by the City of Aberdeen Boy Scouts' Association to create Templars' Park Scout Campsite. Alterations to the house took place in 1936. The building is now a hotel, previously the Deeside Hotel and now Maryculter House Hotel. It is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B Listed building. ## Bibliography - Nicol, Norman D (1999) Maryculter in the Eighteenth Century: Lairds, Kirk and People in a Lower Deeside Parish 57°05′23″N 2°15′32″W / 57.0897°N 2.2590°W	enwiki/13165919	enwiki	13,165,919	Maryculter House	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryculter_House	2024-02-10T05:05:23	en	Q16894720	53,715	{{Short description\|Historic house in Maryculter near Aberdeen in Scotland}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} [[Image:Maryculter House Hotel.jpg\|thumb\|Maryculter House]] '''Maryculter House''' is a historic house in the village of [[Maryculter]], or Kirkton of Maryculter, in the [[Lower Deeside]] area of [[Aberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]]. ==History== Lying along both banks of the [[River Dee (Aberdeenshire)\|River Dee]], the Lands of Culter originally included the parishes of [[Peterculter]] and Maryculter. These were in the jurisdiction of the monks of [[Kelso, Scottish Borders\|Kelso]].<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Boyd\|first1=EJ\|title=A brief history of the Knights of the Temple and of the Preceptory and Priory of St. George Aboyne 1794 - 1994\|url=http://www.compulink.co.uk/~craftings/200years.htm\|website=Craftings\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> However, about the year 1187, [[William the Lion]] granted the portion of the Culter lands on the south bank of the river to the [[Knights Templar]].<ref name="Hotel history">{{cite web\|title=Maryculter House and the Precatory of the Knights Templar\|url=http://www.maryculterhousehotel.com/perch/resources/history.pdf\|website=Maryculter House Hotel\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> Between 1221 and 1236 [[Walter Byset, Lord of Aboyne]], founded the [[Preceptory]] or College of the Knights Templar on the site of Maryculter House Hotel.<ref name="Hotel history"/><ref name="Aberdeenshire SMR">{{cite web\|title=Aberdeenshire SMR\|url=https://online.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/smrpub/master/detail.aspx?Authority=ASH&refno=NO89NW0006\|website=Aberdeenshire SMR\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="POWiS">{{cite web\|title=St Mary's Church, Maryculter\|url=http://www.scottishchurches.org.uk/sites/site/id/4071/name/St+Mary%27s+Church%2C+Maryculter+Maryculter+Grampian\|website=Places of Worship in Scotland\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> The barrel-vaulted basement of the house is said to have formed part of the [[Preceptor]]'s Lodging.<ref name="Hotel history"/> The Templars also built a chapel.<ref name="Hotel history"/> This became the parish church in 1535, was abandoned in 1782 and is now a fragmentary ruin, the only architectural feature surviving being the [[piscina]] built into the south wall.<ref name="POWiS"/><ref>{{cite web\|title=Maryculter, Church\|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/37103/maryculter-church\|website=Canmore\|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> The chapel and surrounding graveyard are a [[Scheduled monument]].<ref name="HES">{{Historic Environment Scotland\|num=SM10831\|desc=Maryculter House, church & burial ground 65m NNE of\|access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> The chapel was replaced as the parish church by [[Maryculter Trinity Church]]. The Templars were suppressed around 1309 but their lands and the parish church remained in the hands of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] until 1563/64.<ref name="Aberdeenshire SMR"/> From 1535 to 1811 Maryculter House was first rented and then owned by the Menzies family of [[Pitfodels]], [[Aberdeen]],<ref name="Hotel history"/><ref name="AV">{{cite web\|last1=Mitchell\|first1=Alex\|title=The Old Burghs Of Aberdeen – Part 4\|url=https://aberdeenvoice.com/2010/09/the-old-burghs-of-aberdeen-part-4/\|website=Aberdeen Voice\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> though another source says it was owned by the [[Clan Lindsay\|Lindsay family]] until 1726.<ref>{{cite web\|title=OS1/19/15/7\|url=https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/ordnance-survey-name-books/kincardineshire-os-name-books-1863/kincardineshire-volume-15/7\|website=Scotland's Places\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> In 1811, Maryculter was bought by [[William Gordon (British Army officer)\|General William Gordon]] of [[Fyvie]], and the Gordon family owned the estate until the death of [[Cosmo Duff-Gordon\|Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon]] in 1931 led to the sale of the property in 1935.<ref name="Hotel history"/><ref name="Gordon">{{cite web\|title=The Gordon family at Fyvie Castle\|url=http://www.fyviecastleonline.uk/page/gordon-lairds/\|website=Fyvie Castle Online\|access-date=25 November 2017}}{{dead link\|date=February 2024\|bot=medic}}</ref> The estate was broken up and the home-park was bought by the City of Aberdeen Boy Scouts' Association to create [[Templars' Park Scout Campsite]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Templars' Park\|url=http://www.templarspark.org.uk/\|website=Templars' Park\|publisher=Scouts Scotland\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> Alterations to the house took place in 1936.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Old Maryculter House\|url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=223429\|website=Dictionary of Scottish Architects\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> The building is now a hotel, previously the Deeside Hotel and now Maryculter House Hotel.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Watson\|first1=Adam\|title=Place Names in Much of North-East Scotland\|date=2013\|publisher=Paragon Publishing\|page=236\|isbn=9781782220695\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ku5Js_jj8L0C&pg=PA236\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Hotel history">{{cite web\|title=Maryculter House and the Precatory of the Knights Templar\|url=http://www.maryculterhousehotel.com/perch/resources/history.pdf\|website=Maryculter House Hotel\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> It is a [[Historic Environment Scotland]] Category B [[Listed building]].<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland\|num=LB16496\|desc=Old Maryculter House (now incorporated into Deeside Hotel)\|access-date=15 April 2019\|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://maryculterhouse.com Maryculter House Hotel website] * [https://whereismynextadventure.com/2014/03/09/a-city-a-river-a-kirkyard-a-castel Blog post about the house and graveyard] * [http://www.ancient-tree-hunt.org.uk/discoveries/newdiscoveries/2009/Maryculter+House+Sweet+Chestnut Maryculter House Sweet Chestnut] * [http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/4501 Details of film, Maryculter Calling, 1934] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7E_QtfwOoI Video footage of St Mary's Chapel] ==Bibliography== * Nicol, Norman D (1999) ''Maryculter in the Eighteenth Century: Lairds, Kirk and People in a Lower Deeside Parish'' {{coord\|57.0897\|-2.2590\|type:landmark_region:GB\|display=title}} [[Category:Category B listed buildings in Aberdeenshire]] [[Category:Houses in Aberdeenshire]] [[Category:Knights Hospitaller]]	1,205,665,043	[]	false
# Vought SB2U Vindicator The Vought SB2U Vindicator is an American carrier-based dive bomber developed for the United States Navy in the 1930s, the first monoplane in this role. Vindicators still remained in service at the time of the Battle of Midway, but by 1943, all had been withdrawn to training units. It was known as the Chesapeake in Royal Navy service. ## Design and development In 1934, the United States Navy issued a requirement for a new Scout Bomber for carrier use, and received proposals from six manufacturers. The specification was issued in two parts, one for a monoplane, and one for a biplane. Vought submitted designs in both categories, which would become the XSB2U-1 and XSB3U-1 respectively. The biplane was considered alongside the monoplane design as a hedge against the U.S. Navy's reluctance to pursue the modern configuration. The XSB2U-1 was of conventional low-wing monoplane configuration with a retractable conventional tailwheel landing gear, the pilot and tail gunner being seated in tandem under a long greenhouse-style canopy. The fuselage was of steel tube construction, covered with aluminum panels from the nose to the rear cockpit with a fabric-covered rear fuselage, while the folding cantilever wing was of all-metal construction. A Pratt & Whitney R-1535 Twin-Wasp Junior radial engine drove a two-blade constant-speed propeller, which was intended to act as a dive brake during a dive bombing attack. The use of propeller braking was not entirely successful, and in practice US Navy Vindicators lowered the aircraft's undercarriage to act as a speed brake and dived at shallower angles. A single 1,000 lb (450 kg) bomb could be carried on a swinging trapeze to allow it to clear the propeller in a steep dive, while further bombs could be carried under the wings to give a maximum bombload of 1,500 lb (680 kg). The SB2U was evaluated against the Brewster XSBA-1, Curtiss XSBC-3, Great Lakes XB2G-1, Grumman XSBF-1 and Northrop XBT-1. All but the Great Lakes and Grumman submissions were ordered into production. Designated XSB2U-1, one prototype was ordered on 15 October 1934 and was delivered on 15 April 1936. Accepted for operational evaluation on 2 July 1936, the prototype XSB2U-1, BuNo 9725, crashed on 20 August 1936. Its successful completion of trials led to further orders, with 56 SB2U-1s ordered on 26 October 1936, and a further 58 of a slightly modified version, the SB2U-2, on 6 October 1938. The SB2U-3 was a more heavily modified version, intended as a long-range scout bomber, capable of being fitted with a conventional wheeled undercarriage, for operations from aircraft carriers or land airbases, or with floats. To give the required increased range, the fuselage fuel tank fitted to the SB2U-1 and -2 was supplemented by integral wing tanks, while the aircraft's tail had an increased span. The prototype XSB2U-3, converted from the last SB2U-1, flew in February 1939, and after testing as both a landplane and floatplane, 57 SB2U-3s were ordered on 25 September 1939, mainly for the United States Marine Corps. The SB2U is prominently featured in the 1941 film Dive Bomber. There were 260 examples of all Vindicator variants produced, and a single surviving SB2U-2 is preserved at the National Naval Aviation Museum at NAS Pensacola, Florida. ## Operational history ### U.S. Navy Deliveries to the U.S. Navy began in December 1937, when four aircraft joined VB-3 aboard the aircraft carrier Saratoga, replacing Curtiss BFC-2 biplanes. As well as Saratoga, Vindicators served on the carriers Lexington, Ranger, and Wasp. Air Group Nine, destined for Essex, trained in Vindicators aboard the escort carrier Charger, but they transitioned to the Douglas SBD Dauntless before Essex joined the war. During the attack on Pearl Harbor, seven Vindicators from the U.S. squadron VMSB-231 were destroyed at Ewa Field. ### U.S. Marine Corps VMSB-231 and VMSB-241 were the only two USMC squadrons that fielded the Marine-specific SB2U-3 between March 1941 and September 1943. VMSB-241's Vindicators saw combat at the Battle of Midway in June 1942. Airmen with experience in more modern aircraft spoke disparagingly of SB2Us as "vibrators" or "wind indicators" in their later combat assignments. Captain Richard E. Fleming piloted a SB2U-3 Vindicator in an attack on the Japanese cruiser Mikuma on 5 June 1942, for which he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. ### French Navy On 22 February 1939, France placed an order for 20 V-156-Fs for the carrier-based squadrons of the Aéronautique Navale (French Naval Aviation), with an order for 20 more V-156-Fs following in May 1939. Based on the SB2U-2, the V-156-F incorporated specific French equipment, included 7.5 mm (0.30 in) Darne machine guns and French radios, while the aircraft were fitted with dive brakes, as tested and rejected by the US Navy. The aircraft were delivered to France in crates and reassembled at Orly, with the first example flying in France on 6 August 1939. On the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, the French Navy decided that its only aircraft carrier, Béarn was too slow for operational service, and the ship's squadrons disembarked for land-based service. By mid-October 1939, the first escadrille, AB 1, had reequipped with the V-156-F, while a second escadrille, AB 3, was formed in November 1939. In March–April 1940, AB 1's pilots carried out successful deck-landing training aboard Béarn, and were declared carrier qualified. On 10 May 1940, on the opening day of the German invasion of France, all 12 of AB 3's aircraft were destroyed in a German air raid on Boulogne airfield. AB 1 was ordered up to Northern France from Hyères as a replacement, sustaining heavy losses while attacking bridges and German ground targets in Northern France, including seven aircraft shot down by Messerschmitt Bf 109s during an attack on a bridge over the Sambre–Oise Canal on 20 May 1940, and later that month provided air cover for the Evacuation of Dunkirk. AB 3, which had had its losses replaced by V-156-Fs taken out of storage, was deployed against the Italians following the Italian invasion of France on 10 June and on 14 June, four V-156s attacked the Italian submarine Gondar, which was unharmed. By the time of the Armistice, there were only a handful of remaining Voughts in French hands, and the type was phased out of service. ### Royal Navy France had placed an order for a further 50 V-156-Fs in March 1940, with delivery planned from March 1941. Following the defeat of France, this order was taken over by the British government for use by the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, who named the aircraft the Chesapeake. The British required several modifications to the Chesapeake, including the additional fuel tank fitted to the SB2U-3, additional armor and heavier forward firing armament, with four rifle caliber machine guns replacing the single forward-firing Darne machine gun of the French aircraft. Fourteen Chesapeakes were used to equip a reformed 811 Naval Air Squadron on 14 July 1941 at RNAS Lee-on-Solent. The squadron, whose crews referred to the aircraft as the "cheesecake", intended to use them for anti-submarine patrols, and they were earmarked for the escort carrier HMS Archer. By the end of October that year, it had been decided that the Chesapeakes were underpowered for the planned duties and would not be able to lift a useful payload from the small escort carriers. Accordingly, they were withdrawn from 811 Squadron in November 1941 for use as training aircraft and the unit was re-equipped with the biplane Fairey Swordfish. ## Variants XSB2U-1 Single prototype, powered by a 750 hp (560 kW) R-1535-78 engine. SB2U-1 Initial production version powered by an 825 hp (615 kW) R-1535-96 engine, 54 built. SB2U-2 Same as SB2U-1 but with minor equipment changed, 58 built. XSB2U-3 Single prototype of the extended-range version with twin floats, converted from the SB2U-1. SB2U-3 Similar to the SB2U-2 but fitted with an 825 hp (615 kW) R-1535-102 engine, crew armor and two 0.5 in (12.7 mm) guns, 57 built V-156F-3 Export version for the French Navy, 40 built. V-156B-1 Export version similar to the SB2U-3 and powered by a 750 hp (560 kW) R-1535-SB4-G engine for the British Royal Navy. Designated Chesapeake Mk.I; 50 built. V-167 The V-156 company demonstrator was fitted with a more powerful Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engine and redesignated V-167. It remained a one-off. ## Operators France - French Navy Aéronavale United Kingdom - Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm - 811 Naval Air Squadron[29] United States - United States Navy - United States Marine Corps ## Surviving aircraft Only one known survivor exists today: - SB2U-2 Vindicator, Bureau Number 1383, is on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum at NAS Pensacola, Florida.[35] ## Specifications (SB2U-3) Data from The Annals of Sugar Baker Two Uncle General characteristics - Crew: 2 - Length: 33 ft 11+3⁄4 in (10.36 m) - Wingspan: 41 ft 10+7⁄8 in (12.77 m) - Height: 14 ft 3 in (4.34 m) (tail down, propeller vertical) - Wing area: 305.3 sq ft (28.36 m2) - Empty weight: 5,634 lb (2,556 kg) - Gross weight: 7,474 lb (3,390 kg) - Max takeoff weight: 9,421 lb (4,273 kg) - Fuel capacity: 370 US gal (310 imp gal; 1,400 L) internal fuel - Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney R-1535-02 Twin Wasp Jr 14-cylinder two-row air-cooled radial engine, 825 hp (615 kW) (take-off power) : 750 hp (560 kW) (continuous power) - Propellers: 2-bladed Hamilton Standard constant-speed propeller, 11 ft 0 in (3.35 m) diameter Performance - Maximum speed: 211 kn (243 mph, 391 km/h) at 9,500 ft (2,900 m) - Cruise speed: 132 kn (152 mph, 245 km/h) (range cruise) - Range: 970 nmi (1,120 mi, 1,800 km) (main and wing center-section tanks only), 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombload - Ferry range: 2,130 nmi (2,450 mi, 3,940 km) (max internal and external fuel) - Service ceiling: 23,600 ft (7,200 m) - Rate of climb: 1,070 ft/min (5.4 m/s) - Time to altitude: 17.5 min to 15,000 ft (4,600 m) Armament - Guns: - 1 × forward firing 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gun in starboard wing - 1 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine gun in flexible mount in rear cockpit - Bombs: - 1 × 1,000 lb (450 kg) or 500 lb (230 kg) bomb under fuselage - 2 × 100 lb (45 kg) and 8 × 30 lb (14 kg) bombs under wings	enwiki/982690	enwiki	982,690	Vought SB2U Vindicator	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_SB2U_Vindicator	2025-08-09T22:28:05	en	Q1076655	222,937	{{Short description\|US Navy dive bomber}} {{Use American English\|date=October 2024}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2024}} <!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. --> {{Infobox aircraft \|name= SB2U Vindicator \|image= File:Vought SB2U-3 Vindicator VS-1 1-S-16 (16140609435).jpg \|caption= \|type= [[Dive bomber]] \|national_origin= United States \|manufacturer= [[Vought]] \|first_flight= 4 January 1936 \|introduction= [[1937 in aviation\|1937]] \|retired= 1945 \|status= \|primary_user= [[United States Navy]] \|more_users= [[United States Marine Corps]] <br />[[French Navy]] <br />[[Royal Navy]] \|produced= \|number_built= 260 }} The '''Vought SB2U Vindicator''' is<!-- Do not change is to was because there is only one survivor at the National Museum of Naval Aviation --> an American [[Carrier-based aircraft\|carrier-based]] [[dive bomber]] developed for the [[United States Navy]] in the 1930s, the first [[monoplane]] in this role. Vindicators still remained in service at the time of the [[Battle of Midway]], but by 1943, all had been withdrawn to training units. It was known as the '''Chesapeake''' in [[Royal Navy]] service. ==Design and development== In 1934, the [[United States Navy]] issued a requirement for a new Scout Bomber for carrier use, and received proposals from six manufacturers. The specification was issued in two parts, one for a [[monoplane]], and one for a [[biplane]]. [[Vought]] submitted designs in both categories, which would become the '''XSB2U-1''' and [[Vought XSB3U\|XSB3U-1]] respectively. The biplane was considered alongside the monoplane design as a hedge against the U.S. Navy's reluctance to pursue the modern configuration.<ref name="McKillop">{{cite web\|last1=McKillop\|first1=Jack\|url=http://www.microworks.net/PACIFIC/aviation/sb2u_vindicator.htm\|title=Chance-Vought SB2U Vindicator\|website=microworks.net\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009020949/http://www.microworks.net/PACIFIC/aviation/sb2u_vindicator.htm\|archive-date=2007-10-09}}</ref> The XSB2U-1 was of conventional low-wing monoplane configuration with a retractable conventional tailwheel [[landing gear]], the pilot and tail gunner being seated in tandem under a long greenhouse-style canopy. The [[fuselage]] was of steel tube construction, covered with [[aluminum]] panels from the nose to the rear cockpit with a fabric-covered rear fuselage, while the folding cantilever wing was of all-metal construction. A [[Pratt & Whitney R-1535]] Twin-Wasp Junior [[radial engine]] drove a two-blade [[constant-speed propeller]], which was intended to act as a [[dive brake]] during a dive bombing attack. The use of propeller braking was not entirely successful, and in practice US Navy Vindicators lowered the aircraft's undercarriage to act as a speed brake and dived at shallower angles. A single {{cvt\|1000\|lb}} bomb could be carried on a swinging trapeze to allow it to clear the propeller in a steep dive, while further bombs could be carried under the wings to give a maximum bombload of {{cvt\|1500\|lb}}.<ref name="AE p2-3">Green and Swanborough 1978, pp. 2–3.</ref><ref name="Wixey p64-5">Wixey 2000, pp. 64–65.</ref> The SB2U was evaluated against the [[Brewster SBA\|Brewster XSBA-1]], [[Curtiss SBC\|Curtiss XSBC-3]], [[Great Lakes XB2G]]-1, [[Grumman XSBF]]-1 and [[Northrop BT\|Northrop XBT-1]]. All but the Great Lakes and Grumman submissions were ordered into production. Designated XSB2U-1, one prototype was ordered on 15 October 1934 and was delivered on 15 April 1936. Accepted for operational evaluation on 2 July 1936, the prototype XSB2U-1, BuNo ''9725'', crashed on 20 August 1936.<ref>Larkins, William T., "U.S. Navy Aircraft 1921-1941, U.S. Marine Corps Aircraft 1914-1959", Orion Books, New York, 1988, Library of Congress card number 88-17753, {{ISBN\|0-517-56920-5}}, page 196.</ref> Its successful completion of trials led to further orders,<ref name="McKillop"/> with 56 SB2U-1s ordered on 26 October 1936,<ref name="AE p3">Green and Swanborough 1978, p. 3.</ref> and a further 58 of a slightly modified version, the SB2U-2, on 6 October 1938.<ref name="AE p6">Green and Swanborough 1978, p. 6.</ref> The SB2U-3 was a more heavily modified version, intended as a long-range scout bomber, capable of being fitted with a conventional wheeled undercarriage, for operations from aircraft carriers or land airbases, or with floats. To give the required increased range, the fuselage fuel tank fitted to the SB2U-1 and -2 was supplemented by integral wing tanks, while the aircraft's tail had an increased span. The prototype XSB2U-3, converted from the last SB2U-1, flew in February 1939, and after testing as both a landplane and floatplane, 57 SB2U-3s were ordered on 25 September 1939, mainly for the United States Marine Corps.<ref name="AE p76">Green and Swanborough 1978, p. 76.</ref><ref name="Wixey p67-8">Wixey 2000, pp. 67–68.</ref> The SB2U is prominently featured in the 1941 film [[Dive Bomber (film)\|''Dive Bomber'']].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Jesse \|date=2020-10-15 \|title=The SB2U Vindicator: the Forgotten Bird in 24 Images - I Love WWII Planes \|url=https://www.ilovewwiiplanes.com/2020/10/15/sb2u/ \|access-date=2025-02-24 \|website=ilovewwiiplanes \|language=en}}</ref> There were 260 examples of all Vindicator variants produced,<ref>{{Cite web \|last= \|first= \|date=2020-12-04 \|title=Vought SB2U Vindicator (1936) \|url=https://naval-encyclopedia.com/naval-aviation/ww2/us/vought-sb2u-vindicator.php#google_vignette \|access-date=2025-03-02 \|website=Naval Encyclopedia \|language=en-US}}</ref> and a single surviving SB2U-2 is preserved at the [[National Naval Aviation Museum]] at NAS Pensacola, Florida.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=SB2U Vindicator \|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nnam/explore/collections/aircraft/s/sb2u-vindicator.html \|access-date=2025-03-02 \|website=National Naval Aviation Museum \|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Operational history== ===U.S. Navy=== [[File:SB2U-3 VMSB-231 Ewa 7Dec1941.jpg\|thumb\|SB2U destroyed at Pearl Harbor]] [[File:Convoy WS-12 en route to Cape Town, 1941.jpg\|thumb\|SB2U from {{USS\|Ranger\|CV-4\|2}} in November 1941.]] [[File:SB2U taking off from Midway Jun 1942.jpg\|thumb\|SB2U-3 of VMSB-241, MAG-21, takes off from Eastern Island shortly before the Battle of Midway.]] [[File:USS Wasp (CV-7) in at anchor in Casco Bay, Maine (USA), on 25 March 1942 (80-G-K-447).jpg\|thumb\|SB2U-3s on deck of {{USS\|Wasp\|CV-7\|2}} in June 1942.]] Deliveries to the U.S. Navy began in December 1937, when four aircraft joined [[VFA-14 (U.S. Navy)\|VB-3]] aboard the aircraft carrier {{USS\|Saratoga\|CV-3\|2}}, replacing [[Curtiss F11C Goshawk\|Curtiss BFC]]-2 biplanes. As well as ''Saratoga'', Vindicators served on the carriers {{USS\|Lexington\|CV-2\|2}}, {{USS\|Ranger\|CV-4\|2}}, and {{USS\|Wasp\|CV-7\|2}}.<ref name="AE p5-6">Green and Swanborough 1978, pp. 5–6.</ref> Air Group Nine, destined for {{USS\|Essex\|CV-9\|2}}, trained in Vindicators aboard the escort carrier {{USS\|Charger\|CVE-30\|2}}, but they transitioned to the [[Douglas SBD Dauntless]] before ''Essex'' joined the war.<ref name="McKillop"/> During the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], seven Vindicators from the U.S. squadron VMSB-231 were destroyed at [[Marine Corps Air Station Ewa\|Ewa Field]].<ref>Doll 1992, p. 5</ref> ===U.S. Marine Corps=== [[VMA-231\|VMSB-231]] and [[VMA-241\|VMSB-241]] were the only two USMC squadrons that fielded the Marine-specific SB2U-3 between March 1941 and September 1943. VMSB-241's Vindicators saw combat at the Battle of Midway in June 1942.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://midway1942.org/docs/usn_doc_18.shtml\|title=Midway 1942 : Documents : Commanding Officer Marine Scout-Bombing Squadron 241. Action report. June 12, 1942\|access-date=2013-06-20\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172622/http://midway1942.org/docs/usn_doc_18.shtml\|archive-date=2014-02-01}}</ref> Airmen with experience in more modern aircraft spoke disparagingly of SB2Us as "vibrators" or "wind indicators" in their later combat assignments.<ref name="Proceedings">O'Rourke, G.G, CAPT USN. "Of Hosenoses, Stoofs, and Lefthanded Spads". ''United States Naval Institute Proceedings'', July 1968.</ref><ref name="P2">Spangenburg, Walt, CAPT USN. "Comment and Discussion". ''United States Naval Institute Proceedings'', October 1968.</ref> Captain [[Richard E. Fleming]] piloted a SB2U-3 Vindicator in an attack on the [[Japanese cruiser Mikuma\|Japanese cruiser ''Mikuma'']] on 5 June 1942, for which he was posthumously awarded the [[Medal of Honor]].<ref name="Always Faithful">{{citation\|title=Always Faithful\|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/histories/naval-aviation/Naval%20Aviation%20News/2000/2003/may-june/always.pdf\|publisher=Naval Aviation News\|author=Hill Goodspeed\|date=May 2003\|access-date=2016-03-10}}</ref> ===French Navy=== On 22 February 1939, France placed an order for 20 V-156-Fs for the carrier-based squadrons of the ''[[Aéronautique Navale]]'' (French Naval Aviation), with an order for 20 more V-156-Fs following in May 1939.<ref name="AE p7">Green and Swanborough 1978, p.7.</ref><ref name="avn54p378">Ledet September 1997, pp. 37–38</ref> Based on the SB2U-2, the V-156-F incorporated specific French equipment, included {{cvt\|7.5\|mm}} [[Darne machine gun]]s and French radios, while the aircraft were fitted with dive brakes, as tested and rejected by the US Navy.<ref name="AE p7"/> The aircraft were delivered to France in crates and reassembled at [[Orly]], with the first example flying in France on 6 August 1939.<ref name="avn54p389">Ledet September 1997, pp. 38–39</ref> On the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] in September 1939, the French Navy decided that its only aircraft carrier, {{Ship\|French aircraft carrier\|Béarn\|\|2}} was too slow for operational service, and the ship's squadrons disembarked for land-based service.<ref name="fana297p42">Morareau February 1997, p. 42</ref> By mid-October 1939, the first ''[[escadrille]]'', AB 1, had reequipped with the V-156-F,<ref name="fana297p42"/> while a second ''escadrille'', AB 3, was formed in November 1939.<ref name="fana298p42">Morareau March 1997, p. 42</ref> In March–April 1940, AB 1's pilots carried out successful deck-landing training aboard ''Béarn'', and were declared carrier qualified.<ref name="fana297p45">Morareau February 1997, p. 45</ref><ref name="AE p8"/> On 10 May 1940, on the opening day of the [[Battle of France\|German invasion of France]], all 12 of AB 3's aircraft were destroyed in a German air raid on [[Boulogne-sur-Mer\|Boulogne]] airfield.<ref name="AE p8"/><ref name="fana298p44">Morareau March 1997, p. 44</ref> AB 1 was ordered up to Northern France from [[Hyères]] as a replacement, sustaining heavy losses while attacking bridges and German ground targets in Northern France, including seven aircraft shot down by [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]]s during an attack on a bridge over the [[Sambre–Oise Canal]] on 20 May 1940, and later that month provided air cover for the [[Evacuation of Dunkirk]].<ref name="AE p8"/> AB 3, which had had its losses replaced by V-156-Fs taken out of storage,<ref name="AE p8"/> was deployed against the Italians following the [[Italian invasion of France]] on 10 June and on 14 June, four V-156s attacked the {{ship\|Italian submarine\|Gondar}}, which was unharmed.<ref name="fana298p45">Morareau March 1997, p. 45</ref> By the time of the [[Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)\|Armistice]], there were only a handful of remaining Voughts in French hands, and the type was phased out of service.<ref name="fana297p54">Morareau February 1997, p. 54</ref> ===Royal Navy=== France had placed an order for a further 50 V-156-Fs in March 1940, with delivery planned from March 1941. Following the [[Second Armistice at Compiègne\|defeat of France]], this order was taken over by the British government for use by the [[Royal Navy]]'s [[Fleet Air Arm]], who named the aircraft the Chesapeake.<ref name="AE p8">Green and Swanborough 1978, p.8.</ref> The British required several modifications to the Chesapeake, including the additional fuel tank fitted to the SB2U-3,<ref name="AE p8"/> additional armor and heavier forward firing armament, with four rifle caliber machine guns replacing the single forward-firing [[Darne machine gun]] of the French aircraft.<ref name="AE p74">Green and Swanborough 1978, p.74.</ref> Fourteen Chesapeakes were used to equip a reformed [[811 Naval Air Squadron]] on 14 July 1941 at [[RNAS Lee-on-Solent (HMS Daedalus)\|RNAS Lee-on-Solent]].<ref name="Thetford Navy p340">Thetford 1978, p.340.</ref> The squadron, whose crews referred to the aircraft as the "cheesecake", intended to use them for [[Anti-submarine warfare\|anti-submarine]] patrols, and they were earmarked for the [[escort aircraft carrier\|escort carrier]] {{HMS\|Archer\|D78\|6}}.<ref>Moran 1978, p. 65</ref> By the end of October that year, it had been decided that the Chesapeakes were underpowered for the planned duties and would not be able to lift a useful payload from the small escort carriers. Accordingly, they were withdrawn from 811 Squadron in November 1941 for use as training aircraft and the unit was re-equipped with the biplane [[Fairey Swordfish]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2014-12-01 \|title=Historic Aircraft - No Vindication for the Vindicator \|url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2014/december/historic-aircraft-no-vindication-vindicator#:~:text=An%20additional%20order%20soon%20was,and%20a%20larger%20horizontal%20tail. \|access-date=2025-02-24 \|website=U.S. Naval Institute \|language=en}}</ref> ==Variants== ;XSB2U-1 :Single prototype, powered by a {{cvt\|750\|hp}} R-1535-78 engine. ;SB2U-1 :Initial production version powered by an {{cvt\|825\|hp}} R-1535-96 engine, 54 built. ;SB2U-2 :Same as SB2U-1 but with minor equipment changed, 58 built. ;XSB2U-3 :Single prototype of the extended-range version with twin floats, converted from the SB2U-1. ;SB2U-3 :Similar to the SB2U-2 but fitted with an {{cvt\|825\|hp}} R-1535-102 engine, crew armor and two {{cvt\|0.5\|in\|1}} guns, 57 built ;V-156F-3 :Export version for the French Navy, 40 built. ;V-156B-1 :Export version similar to the SB2U-3 and powered by a {{cvt\|750\|hp}} R-1535-SB4-G engine for the British Royal Navy. Designated '''Chesapeake Mk.I'''; 50 built. ;V-167 :The V-156 company demonstrator was fitted with a more powerful Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engine and redesignated V-167. It remained a one-off.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/products/html/sb2uquant.html\|title=SB2U Quantities\|website=Vought Heritage and Education Web Site\|access-date=2013-04-08\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529140912/http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/products/html/sb2uquant.html\|archive-date=2012-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/photo/html/pv-167_2.html\|title=Photo Gallery: V-167\|website=Vought Heritage and Education Web Site\|access-date=2013-04-08\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109021426/http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/photo/html/pv-167_2.html\|archive-date=2007-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://celticowboy.com/VCorsairs%20Photos.htm\|title=Archived copy\|access-date=2013-04-08\|archive-date=2014-02-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170131/http://celticowboy.com/VCorsairs%20Photos.htm\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Operators== [[File:Restored Vought SB2U-2 Vindicator at the U.S. National Naval Aviation Museum, Pensacola, Florida (USA), in 1999.jpg\|thumb\|SB2U-2 of VB-9 from the [[National Museum of Naval Aviation]]]] ;{{FRA}} [[French Navy]] [[Aéronavale]] ;{{UK}} [[Royal Navy]] [[Fleet Air Arm]] *[[811 Naval Air Squadron]]<ref name="Thetford Navy p340"/> ;{{USA}} [[United States Navy]] [[United States Marine Corps]] ==Surviving aircraft== Only one known survivor exists today: SB2U-2 Vindicator, Bureau Number ''1383'', is on display at the [[National Naval Aviation Museum]] at [[NAS Pensacola]], [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=sb2u_vindicator\|title=SB2U Vindicator/Bu. 1383\|website=National Naval Aviation Museum\|access-date=2012-04-09\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313071646/http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=sb2u_vindicator\|archive-date=2014-03-13}}</ref> ==Specifications (SB2U-3)== [[File:Vought SB2U-1 Vindicator.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Vought SB2U-1 Vindicator]] {{Aircraft specs \|ref=The Annals of Sugar Baker Two Uncle<ref name="AE p8,77">Green and Swanborough 1978, pp. 8, 77.</ref> \|prime units?=kts <!-- General characteristics --> \|genhide= \|crew=2 \|capacity= \|length ft=33 \|length in=11+3/4 \|length sigfig=4 \|span ft=41 \|span in=10+7/8 \|span sigfig=4 \|height m= \|height ft=14 \|height in=3 \|height note= (tail down, propeller vertical) \|wing area sqm= \|wing area sqft=305.3 \|wing area note= \|swept area sqm=<!-- swing-wings --> \|swept area sqft=<!-- swing-wings --> \|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> \|airfoil= \|empty weight kg= \|empty weight lb=5634 \|empty weight note= \|gross weight kg= \|gross weight lb=7474 \|gross weight note= \|max takeoff weight lb=9421 \|fuel capacity={{cvt\|370\|USgal\|impgal L}} internal fuel \|more general= <!-- Powerplant --> \|eng1 number=1 \|eng1 name=[[Pratt & Whitney R-1535]]-02 Twin Wasp Jr \|eng1 type=14-cylinder two-row air-cooled [[radial engine]] \|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines --> \|eng1 hp=825<!-- prop engines --> \|eng1 note= (take-off power) : {{cvt\|750\|hp\|kW}} (continuous power) \|prop blade number=2<!-- propeller aircraft --> \|prop name=Hamilton Standard [[constant-speed propeller]] \|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft --> \|prop dia ft=11<!-- propeller aircraft --> \|prop dia in=0<!-- propeller aircraft --> \|prop note= <!-- Performance --> \|perfhide= \|max speed kmh= \|max speed mph=243 \|max speed kts= \|max speed note=at {{cvt\|9500\|ft}} \|cruise speed kmh= \|cruise speed mph=152 \|cruise speed note=(range cruise) \|never exceed speed kmh= \|never exceed speed mph= \|never exceed speed kts= \|range km= \|range miles=1120 \|range note=(main and wing center-section tanks only), {{cvt\|1000\|lb}} bombload \|ferry range miles=2450 \|ferry range note=(max internal and external fuel) \|endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> \|ceiling m= \|ceiling ft=23600 \|climb rate ms= \|climb rate ftmin=1070 \|time to altitude=17.5 min to {{cvt\|15000\|ft}} <!-- Armament --> \|guns= <br /> 1 × forward firing {{cvt\|0.50\|in\|1}} [[M2 Browning machine gun]] in starboard wing 1 × {{cvt\|0.50\|in\|1}} machine gun in flexible mount in rear cockpit \|bombs= <br /> 1 × {{cvt\|1000\|lb}} ''or'' {{cvt\|500\|lb}} bomb under fuselage 2 × {{cvt\|100\|lb}} and 8 × {{cvt\|30\|lb}} bombs under wings \|rockets= \|missiles= \|hardpoints= \|hardpoint capacity= \|hardpoint rockets= \|hardpoint missiles= \|hardpoint bombs= \|hardpoint other= \|avionics= }} ==See also== {{Portal\|Aviation}} {{aircontent\| \|related= \|similar aircraft= [[Aichi D3A]] [[Blackburn Skua]] [[Breda Ba.65]] [[Brewster SBA]] [[Douglas SBD Dauntless]] [[Junkers Ju 87]] [[Loire-Nieuport LN.401]] [[Northrop BT]] \|lists= [[List of aircraft of World War II]] [[List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)]] \|see also= }} ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{cite book\|last1=Brown\|first1=Eric\|last2=Green\|first2=William\|last3=Swanborough\|first3=Gordon\|chapter=Vought Chesapeake\|title=Wings of the Navy, Flying Allied Carrier Aircraft of World War Two\|year=1980\|location=London\|publisher=Jane's Publishing Company\|pages=20–29\|isbn=0-7106-0002-X}} {{cite book\|last=Doll\|first=Tom\|title=SB2U Vindicator in Action (Aircraft No. 122)\|year=1992\|location=Carrollton, Texas\|publisher= Squadron/Signal Publications Inc.\|isbn=0-89747-274-8}} {{cite magazine\|last1=Green\|first1=William\|author-link1=William Green (author)\|first2=Gordon\|last2=Swanborough\|title=The Annals of Sugar Baker Two Uncle\|magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]]\|issue=Eight\|date=October 1978 – January 1979\|location= Bromley, UK\|publisher=Fine Scroll\|pages=1–8, 74–79}} {{cite magazine\|last1=Ledet\|first1=Michel\|title=Le Vought SB2U "Vindicator" (1ère partie)\|magazine=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire\|date=July 1997\|issue=52\|pages=22–29\|language=fr\|issn=1243-8650}} {{cite magazine\|last1=Ledet\|first1=Michel\|title=Le Vought SB2U "Vindicator" (2ème partie)\|magazine=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire\|date=August 1997\|issue=53\|pages=9–13\|language=fr\|issn=1243-8650}} {{cite magazine\|last1=Ledet\|first1=Michel\|title=Le Vought SB2U "Vindicator" (3ème partie)\|magazine=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire\|date=September 1997\|issue=54\|pages=37–41\|language=fr\|issn=1243-8650}} {{cite magazine\|last1=Ledet\|first1=Michel\|title=Le Vought SB2U "Vindicator" (4ème et dernière partie)\|magazine=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire\|date=October 1997\|issue=55\|pages=14–18\|language=fr\|issn=1243-8650}} {{cite book\|last=Mondey\|first=David\|title=The Hamlyn Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II\|year=1982\|location=London\|publisher=Chancellor Press\|isbn=1-85152-706-0}} {{Cite book \|last=Moran \|first=Gerard P. \|url=https://archive.org/details/aeroplanesvought0000mora/mode/2up?q=Archer \|title=Aeroplanes Vought, 1917-1977 \|publisher=Historical Aviation Album \|year=1978 \|isbn=978-0-911852-83-7 \|location=Temple City, California}} {{cite magazine\|last=Morareau\|first=Lucien\|title=Histoire de l'Aviation Embarquée en France, De la torpille... ...à la bombe (Deuxième partie)\|magazine=Le Fana de l'Aviation\|date=February 1997\|issue=327\|pages=42–54\|language=fr}} * {{cite magazine\|last=Morareau\|first=Lucien\|title=Histoire de l'Aviation Embarquée en France, De la torpille... ...à la bombe (Troisième partie et fin)\|magazine=Le Fana de l'Aviation\|date=March 1997\|issue=328\|pages=42–47\|language=fr}} {{cite magazine\|last1=Rivière\|first1=Pierre\|title=Les malheureux "Helldiver" français de 1940\|magazine=Le Fana de l'Aviation\|date=May 1983\|issue=162\|pages=27–29\|issn=0757-4169\|language=fr\|trans-title=The Unlucky French "Helldivers" of 1940}} {{cite book\|last=Taylor\|first= John W. R.\|author-link=John W. R. Taylor\|chapter=SB2U Vindicator\|title=Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present\|year=1969\|location=New York\|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons\|isbn=0-425-03633-2}} {{cite book\|last=Thetford\|first=Owen\|title=British Naval Aircraft since 1912\|year=1978\|edition=Fourth\|location=London\|publisher=Putnam\|isbn=0-370-30021-1}} {{cite magazine\|last=Wixey\|first=Ken\|title='Flying Fuel Cans': Vought's SB2U Vindicator\|magazine=Air Enthusiast\|issue=86\|date= March–April 2000\|location=Stamford, UK\|publisher=Key Publishing\|pages=62–69\|issn=0143-5450}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} [http://www.vought.org/products/html/sb2u.html SB2U page on Vought official website] [http://www.vought.org/products/html/v-156-f.html V-156F page on Vought official website] *[http://www.airtoaircombat.com/detail.asp?id=539 AirToAirCombat.Com: Vought SB2U-1 Vindicator] {{Vought aircraft}} {{USN scout aircraft}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Vought aircraft\|SB02U]] [[Category:1930s United States attack aircraft\|SBU2 Vindicator]] [[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]] [[Category:Low-wing aircraft]] [[Category:Carrier-based aircraft]] [[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1936]] [[Category:Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear]] [[Category:Single-engined piston aircraft]]	1,305,075,827	[{"title": "General information", "data": {"Type": "Dive bomber", "National origin": "United States", "Manufacturer": "Vought", "Primary users": "United States Navy United States Marine Corps \u00b7 French Navy \u00b7 Royal Navy", "Number built": "260"}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"Introduction date": "1937", "First flight": "4 January 1936", "Retired": "1945"}}]	false
# James Tuttiett James Edward Tuttiett (born October 1963) is a British businessman, who through his company, E&J Estates, owns the freehold of 40,000 residential properties in the UK. ## Early life James Edward Tuttiett was born in October 1963. ## Career Tuttiett founded E&J Estates in 1991. According to data from Companies House, Tuttiett is a director of 85 companies, and often the only director, that own the freehold of numerous large developments in UK cities including Newcastle, Birmingham, Leeds, Coventry and London. ## Personal life Tuttiett lives in a "listed property in an exclusive part of Hampshire near Winchester, surrounded by his own vineyard".	enwiki/54683536	enwiki	54,683,536	James Tuttiett	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tuttiett	2025-04-18T23:14:39	en	Q33830245	23,903	{{short description\|British businessman (born 1963)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} '''James Edward Tuttiett''' (born October 1963) is a British businessman, who through his company, E&J Estates, owns the freehold of 40,000 residential properties in the UK.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news\|last1=Collinson\|first1=Patrick\|title=Leasehold tycoon: man whose firms control 40,000 UK homes\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2017/jul/29/leasehold-tycoon-man-whose-firms-control-40000-uk-homes\|accessdate=29 July 2017\|work=The Guardian\|date=29 July 2017}}</ref> ==Early life== James Edward Tuttiett was born in October 1963.<ref name="beta.companieshouse.gov.uk">{{cite web\|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/NZKfP4HDdhbXUFbUrKryC99AkHU/appointments\|publisher=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk\|title=James Edward TUTTIETT - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)\|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> ==Career== Tuttiett founded E&J Estates in 1991.<ref name="eandjcapitalpartners">{{cite web\|url=http://www.eandjcapitalpartners.co.uk/the-team.html\|publisher=eandjcapitalpartners.co.uk\|title=The Team\|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> According to data from [[Companies House]], Tuttiett is a director of 85 companies, and often the only director, that own the freehold of numerous large developments in UK cities including Newcastle, Birmingham, Leeds, Coventry and London.<ref name="The Guardian"/><ref name="beta.companieshouse.gov.uk"/> ==Personal life== Tuttiett lives in a "listed property in an exclusive part of Hampshire near Winchester, surrounded by his own vineyard".<ref name="The Guardian" /> == See also == * [[Mike Greene (British entrepreneur)\|Mike Greene]], former business partner and Brexit Party candidate ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.eandjcapitalpartners.co.uk/the-team.html Tuttiett profile] at E&J Capital Partners {{DEFAULTSORT:Tuttiety, James}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:British businesspeople]] {{UK-business-bio-1960s-stub}}	1,286,290,361	[]	false
# Fuzzy electronics Fuzzy electronics is an electronic technology that uses fuzzy logic, instead of the two-state Boolean logic more commonly used in digital electronics. Fuzzy electronics is fuzzy logic implemented on dedicated hardware. This is to be compared with fuzzy logic implemented in software running on a conventional processor. Fuzzy electronics has a wide range of applications, including control systems and artificial intelligence. ## History The first fuzzy electronic circuit was built by Takeshi Yamakawa et al. in 1980 using discrete bipolar transistors. The first industrial fuzzy application was in a cement kiln in Denmark in 1982. The first VLSI fuzzy electronics was by Masaki Togai and Hiroyuki Watanabe in 1984. In 1987, Yamakawa built the first analog fuzzy controller. The first digital fuzzy processors came in 1988 by Togai (Russo, pp. 2–6). In the early 1990s, the first fuzzy logic chips were presented to the public. Two companies which are Omron and NEC have announced the development of dedicated fuzzy electronic hardware in the year 1991. Two years later, the Japanese Omron Cooperation has shown a working fuzzy chip during a technical fair. ## Bibliography - Ibrahim, Ahmad M. (1997). Introduction to Applied Fuzzy Electronics. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-206400-6. - Abraham Kandel, Gideon Langholz (eds), Fuzzy Hardware: Architectures and Applications, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 ISBN 1461540909. - Russo, Marco (1998). "Fuzzy Hardware Research from Historical Point of View". Fuzzy Hardware. pp. 1–25. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4090-8_1. ISBN 978-1-4613-6831-1.	enwiki/1958097	enwiki	1,958,097	Fuzzy electronics	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_electronics	2024-11-14T18:50:17	en	Q5511117	23,774	'''Fuzzy electronics''' is an [[electronics\|electronic]] technology that uses [[fuzzy logic]], instead of the two-state [[Boolean logic]] more commonly used in [[digital electronics]]. Fuzzy electronics is fuzzy logic implemented on dedicated hardware. This is to be compared with fuzzy logic implemented in software running on a conventional processor. Fuzzy electronics has a wide range of applications, including [[control system]]s and [[artificial intelligence]]. ==History== The first fuzzy electronic circuit was built by Takeshi Yamakawa ''et al.'' in 1980 using discrete bipolar transistors. The first industrial fuzzy application was in a cement kiln in Denmark in 1982. The first [[VLSI]] fuzzy electronics was by Masaki Togai and Hiroyuki Watanabe in 1984. In 1987, Yamakawa built the first analog fuzzy controller. The first digital fuzzy processors came in 1988 by Togai (Russo, pp. 2–6). In the early 1990s, the first fuzzy logic chips were presented to the public. Two companies which are Omron and NEC have announced the development of dedicated fuzzy [[electronic hardware]] in the year 1991.<ref>{{cite magazine \|title=Fuzzy plan with a purpose \|date=1991-10-14 \|magazine=Computerworld \|volume=25 \|issue=41 }}</ref> Two years later, the Japanese Omron Cooperation has shown a working fuzzy chip during a technical fair.<ref>{{cite magazine \|author=Ahmad Kushairi \|title=Omron showcases latest in fuzzy logic \|date=1993-12-26 \|magazine=New Straits Times }}</ref> == See also == * [[Defuzzification]] * [[Fuzzy set]] * [[Fuzzy set operations]] == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == {{cite book\|last1=Ibrahim \|first1=Ahmad M. \|title=Introduction to Applied Fuzzy Electronics \|date=1997 \|publisher=Prentice Hall \|isbn=0-13-206400-6}} Abraham Kandel, Gideon Langholz (eds), ''Fuzzy Hardware: Architectures and Applications'', Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 {{ISBN\|1461540909}}. *{{cite book \|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-4090-8_1 \|chapter=Fuzzy Hardware Research from Historical Point of View \|title=Fuzzy Hardware \|date=1998 \|last1=Russo \|first1=Marco \|pages=1–25 \|isbn=978-1-4613-6831-1 }} ==Further reading== Yamakawa, T.; Inoue, T.; Ueno, F.; Shirai, Y., "Implementation of Fuzzy Logic hardware systems-Three fundamental arithmetic circuits", ''Transactions of the Institute of Electronics and Communications Engineers'', vol. 63, 1980, pp. 720–721. * Togai, M.; Watanabe, H., [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0020025586900174 "A VLSI implementation of a fuzzy inference engine: towards an expert system on a chip"], ''Information Sciences'', vol. 38, iss. 2, April 1986, pp. 147–163 ==External links== * [http://www.articleworld.org/index.php/Fuzzy_electronics Applications of Fuzzy logic in electronics] [[Category:Fuzzy logic]] [[Category:Digital electronics]] [[Category:Electronic engineering]] {{electronics-stub}}	1,257,400,350	[]	false
# One Hour of Girl Power One Hour of Girl Power (also known as Spice—the Official Video—Vol. 1) is a VHS production by the Spice Girls released in the spring of 1997. It shows various performances and all the music videos filmed until that point, as well as behind the scenes of the videos. On iTunes, a five-minute abridged version of the video was released as a bonus track with the Greatest Hits album. ## Summary One Hour of Girl Power shows private footage of the pre-fame Spice Girls arriving at a hotel in the United States in 1995, where they are seen running through the corridors in their robes and playing around by the pool (briefly singing the then yet to be released 'Love Thing' a cappella). Included on the video are the promotional video clips for their debut single, "Wannabe", as well as those for the following singles, "Say You'll Be There", "2 Become 1", "Mama" and "Who Do You Think You Are". The videos are interspersed with behind the scenes footage of the making of the videos, and a running commentary by the band. The video for "Who Do You Think You Are" appears in an alternate version, interspersed with behind the scenes footage featuring the 'Sugar Lumps', a Spice Girls spoof group made up of British celebrities Dawn French, Jennifer Saunders, Kathy Burke, Lulu and actress Llewella Gideon. The complete Sugar Lumps version was made to promote Comic Relief (Who Do You Think You Are was the Comic Relief single for 1997). Footage of the girls on promotional tours in America, Hong Kong and the UK make up the rest of the documentary portion of the video. The presentation concludes with an edited version of the Spice Girls' classic performance at the 1997 BRIT Awards, presented by Ben Elton. ## Sales The video was very successful at the time of its release, selling almost 500,000 copies in the UK between April and June to become the best-selling pop video in the UK ever. The video peaked at number one on the UK Video Charts, and was the fifth best-selling video of 1997. It was also successful in many other countries such as Japan and the US. In the US, the video was the 20th best-selling video of 1998. ## Track listing \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Director(s) \| Length \| \| ------------- \| --------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Interviews and Footage with The Girls' Commentary" \| \| \| \| \| 2. \| "Wannabe" (music video) \| Spice Girls Matt Rowe Richard Stannard \| Johan Camitz \| 3:55 \| \| 3. \| "Say You'll Be There" (music video) \| Spice Girls Eliot Kennedy Jon B. \| Vaughan Arnell \| 3:52 \| \| 4. \| "2 Become 1" (music video) \| Spice Girls Matt Rowe Richard Stannard \| Big TV! \| 3:52 \| \| 5. \| "Mama" (music video) \| Spice Girls Matt Rowe Richard Stannard \| Big TV! \| 3:33 \| \| 6. \| "Who Do You Think You Are" (exclusive version[a]) \| Spice Girls Andy Watkins Paul Wilson \| \| 3:40 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 60:00 \| Notes - ^[a] 1997 Brit Awards performance. ## Certifications \| Region \| Certification \| Certified units/sales \| \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| --------------------- \| \| Canada (Music Canada) \| 8× Platinum \| 80,000^ \| \| France (SNEP) \| 3× Platinum \| 60,000* \| \| United Kingdom (BPI) \| 13× Platinum \| 650,000* \| \| * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. \| \| \|	enwiki/21409340	enwiki	21,409,340	One Hour of Girl Power	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hour_of_Girl_Power	2024-05-29T22:10:26	en	Q7092732	70,309	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox album \| name = One Hour of Girl Power \| type = video \| artist = [[Spice Girls]] \| cover = One Hour of Girl Power.jpg \| alt = \| released = 1997 \| recorded = 1995–1997 \| venue = \| studio = \| genre = [[Pop music\|Pop]] \| length = 60 minutes \| label = [[Virgin Records\|Virgin]] \| producer = \| prev_title = \| prev_year = \| next_title = [[Girl Power! Live in Istanbul]] \| next_year = 1997 }} '''''One Hour of Girl Power''''' (also known as '''''Spice—the Official Video—Vol. 1''''') is a [[VHS]] production by the [[Spice Girls]] released in the spring of 1997. It shows various performances and all the music videos filmed until that point, as well as behind the scenes of the videos. On [[iTunes]], a five-minute abridged version of the video was released as a bonus track with the ''[[Greatest Hits (Spice Girls album)\|Greatest Hits]]'' album. ==Summary== ''One Hour of Girl Power'' shows private footage of the pre-fame Spice Girls arriving at a hotel in the [[United States]] in 1995, where they are seen running through the corridors in their robes and playing around by the pool (briefly singing the then yet to be released 'Love Thing' a cappella). Included on the video are the promotional video clips for their debut single, "[[Wannabe (song)\|Wannabe]]", as well as those for the following singles, "[[Say You'll Be There]]", "[[2 Become 1]]", "[[Mama (Spice Girls song)\|Mama]]" and "[[Who Do You Think You Are (Spice Girls song)\|Who Do You Think You Are]]". The videos are interspersed with behind the scenes footage of the making of the videos, and a running commentary by the band. The video for "Who Do You Think You Are" appears in an alternate version, interspersed with behind the scenes footage featuring the 'Sugar Lumps', a Spice Girls spoof group made up of British celebrities [[Dawn French]], [[Jennifer Saunders]], [[Kathy Burke]], [[Lulu (singer)\|Lulu]] and actress Llewella Gideon. The complete Sugar Lumps version was made to promote [[Comic Relief]] (Who Do You Think You Are was the Comic Relief single for 1997). Footage of the girls on promotional tours in America, [[Hong Kong]] and the UK make up the rest of the documentary portion of the video. The presentation concludes with an edited version of the Spice Girls' classic performance at the [[1997 BRIT Awards]], presented by [[Ben Elton]]. ==Sales== The video was very successful at the time of its release, selling almost 500,000 copies in the UK between April and June to become the best-selling pop video in the UK ever.<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQoEAAAAMBAJ&q=spice+girls+fan+club+magazine+catalogue+products&pg=PA45\|title=Newsline: Music Video Shipments\|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|date=20 September 1997\|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> The video peaked at number one on the [[UK Video Charts]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/video-chart/19970511/12/\|title=Official Video Chart Top 100: 11 May 1997 - 17 May 1997 \|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]\|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref> and was the fifth best-selling video of 1997.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-video-chart/19970105/30012/\|title=End of Year Video Chart Top 100 - 1997 \|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]\|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6w4EAAAAMBAJ&q=spice+girls+movie+dvd+sales+billboard&pg=PA119\|page=119\|date=14 March 1998\|first=Sam\|last=Andrews\|title=The Scene From The U.K.: Video Turns A Corner, DVD Debut Delayed\|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|access-date=10 March 2017\|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> It was also successful in many other countries such as Japan and the US. In the US, the video was the 20th best-selling video of 1998.<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Fw0EAAAAMBAJ\|page=52\|title=The Year in Video: Top Video Sales \|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|first=Eileen\|last=Fitzpatrick\|date=9 January 1999 \|access-date=18 February 2017\|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> ==Track listing== {{Track listing \| headline = \| extra_column = Director(s) \| total_length = 60:00 \| title1 = Interviews and Footage with The Girls' Commentary \| note1 = \| writer1 = \| extra1 = \| length1 = \| title2 = [[Wannabe]] \| note2 = music video \| writer2 = {{hlist\|[[Spice Girls]]\|Matt Rowe\|[[Biffco\|Richard Stannard]]}} \| extra2 = [[Johan Camitz]] \| length2 = 3:55 \| title3 = [[Say You'll Be There]] \| note3 = music video \| writer3 = {{hlist\|Spice Girls\|[[Eliot Kennedy]]\|[[Jon B.]]}} \| extra3 = [[Vaughan Arnell]] \| length3 = 3:52 \| title4 = [[2 Become 1]] \| note4 = music video \| writer4 = {{hlist\|[[Spice Girls]]\|Matt Rowe\|[[Biffco\|Richard Stannard]]}} \| extra4 = [[Big TV!]] \| length4 = 3:52 \| title5 = [[Mama (Spice Girls song)\|Mama]] \| note5 = music video \| writer5 = {{hlist\|[[Spice Girls]]\|Matt Rowe\|[[Biffco\|Richard Stannard]]}} \| extra5 = [[Big TV!]] \| length5 = 3:33 \| title6 = [[Who Do You Think You Are (Spice Girls song)\|Who Do You Think You Are]] \| note6 = exclusive version{{ref\|a\|[a]}} \| writer6 = {{hlist\|[[Spice Girls]]\|[[Andy Watkins]]\|Paul Wilson}} \| length6 = 3:40 }} '''Notes''' * <sup>{{note\|a\|[a]}}</sup> [[1997 Brit Awards]] performance. ==Certifications== {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=Canada\|title=One Hour of Girl Power\|artist=Spice Girls\|type=video\|award=Platinum\|number=8\|relyear=1997\|certyear=1998\|access-date=2016-07-26}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=France\|artist=Spice Girls\|title=One Hour of Girl Power\|type=video\|award=Platinum\|number=3\|relyear=1998\|certyear=1998\|access-date=September 28, 2015\|certref=<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1998&type=19\|title=Certifications Video Triple Platine - année 1998\|publisher=Disque en France\|access-date=2010-04-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925055455/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1998&type=19\|archive-date=2012-09-25}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=United Kingdom\|title=Spice - The Official Video - Vol 1\|artist=Spice Girls\|type=video\|award=Platinum\|number=13\|relyear=1997\|certyear=2013\|certmonth=7\|id=11499-1952-5\|access-date=2016-07-26}} {{Certification Table Bottom}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Spice Girls}} [[Category:1997 video albums]] [[Category:Spice Girls video albums]] [[Category:Documentary films about women in music]]	1,226,321,019	[{"title": "Video by Spice Girls", "data": {"Released": "1997", "Recorded": "1995\u20131997", "Genre": "Pop", "Length": "60 minutes", "Label": "Virgin"}}, {"title": "Spice Girls", "data": {"Studio albums": "Spice Spiceworld Forever", "Compilation album": "Greatest Hits", "Video albums": "One Hour of Girl Power Girl Power! Live in Istanbul Live at Wembley Stadium", "Singles": "\" Wannabe \" \" Say You'll Be There \" \" 2 Become 1 \" \" Mama \" \" Who Do You Think You Are \" \" Spice Up Your Life \" \" Too Much \" \" Stop \" \" Viva Forever \" \" Goodbye \" \" Holler \" \" Let Love Lead the Way \" \" Headlines (Friendship Never Ends) \"", "Featured singles": "\" (How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World \" \" It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It) \"", "Promotional singles": "\" Step to Me \" \" Move Over \" \" Tell Me Why \"", "Concerts and tours": "Girl Power! Live in Istanbul Spiceworld Tour Christmas in Spiceworld Tour The Return of the Spice Girls Tour Spice World \u2013 2019 Tour", "Filmography": "Spice World Spice Girls in America: A Tour Story Giving You Everything", "Merchandise": "Merchandise and sponsorship deals Dolls Spice Cam Spice World (video game)", "Works about Spice Girls": "Raw Spice Seven Days That Shook the Spice Girls Spice Girls: How Girl Power Changed Britain Wannabe: How the Spice Girls Reinvented Pop Fame Spiceworld: The Exhibition Viva Forever! musical", "Associated people": "Michelle Stephenson Simon Fuller Simon Ellis", "Related articles": "Girl power Union Jack dress Spice Girls Present... The Best Girl Power Album... Ever! Spice Girls Ltd v Aprilia World Service BV \" Spicy \""}}]	false
# Popover (GUI) A popover is a container-type graphical control element that hovers over its parent window. It can contain various other graphical control elements such as checkboxes, radio buttons, or list boxes. Like any container-type graphical control element, it is meant to group elements that belong together. Popover graphical control elements were introduced in GTK+ 3.12. Apple included popovers in their human interface guidelines. Popovers are in use on the web. Bootstrap has a component to create popovers, similar to those found in iOS. When hovering a link in Wikipedia, by default, there is a popup of page preview that is in a way popover: it includes a button and it has more content than in tooltip.	enwiki/43195828	enwiki	43,195,828	Popover (GUI)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popover_(GUI)	2024-11-18T23:09:54	en	Q18343642	28,217	{{Short description\|User interface element}} [[File:Gedit 3.11.92.png\|thumb\|This popover belongs to the [[status bar]] of [[gedit]]. It contains two [[checkbox\|checkboxes]] and a [[radio button]].]] A '''popover''' is a container-type [[graphical control element]] that hovers over its parent window. It can contain various other graphical control elements such as [[checkbox\|checkboxes]], [[radio button]]s, or [[list box\|list boxes]]. Like any container-type graphical control element, it is meant to group elements that belong together. Popover graphical control elements were introduced in [[GTK+]] 3.12.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://blogs.gnome.org/mclasen/2014/01/22/and-now-popovers/ \|title=Popovers in GTK+ \|date=2014-01-22}}</ref> Apple included popovers in their [[human interface guidelines]].<ref>[https://developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/components/presentation/popovers/ Popovers], ''developer.apple.com''</ref> Popovers are in use on the web. [[Bootstrap (front-end framework)\|Bootstrap]] has a component to create popovers, similar to those found in iOS.<ref>[https://getbootstrap.com/docs/5.0/components/popovers/ Popovers]</ref> When hovering a link in Wikipedia, by default, there is a popup of [[Wikipedia:Page Previews\|page preview]] that is in a way popover: it includes a button and it has more content than in [[tooltip]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Graphical control elements}} [[Category:Graphical control elements]]	1,258,247,698	[]	false
# Cathayia lineata Cathayia lineata is a species of snout moth in the genus Cathayia. It was described by Turner in 1942, and is known from Queensland, Australia.	enwiki/33720023	enwiki	33,720,023	Cathayia lineata	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathayia_lineata	2025-08-02T04:37:24	en	Q5052155	20,834	{{Short description\|Species of moth}} {{Speciesbox \| image = \| image_caption = \| taxon = Cathayia lineata \| authority = (Turner, 1942)<ref name="Pyraloidea db">{{cite web \|url=http://globiz.pyraloidea.org/Pages/Reports/TaxonReport.aspx \|title=GlobIZ search \|website=Global Information System on Pyraloidea \|access-date=2011-09-29 }}</ref> \| synonyms = *''Dinopleura lineata'' <small>Turner, 1942</small> }} '''''Cathayia lineata''''' is a species of [[Pyralidae\|snout moth]] in the genus ''[[Cathayia]]''. It was described by Turner in 1942, and is known from [[Queensland]], [[Australia]].<ref name="Pyraloidea db"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q5052155}} [[Category:Moths described in 1942]] [[Category:Galleriini]] {{Galleriinae-stub}}	1,303,807,011	[{"title": "Scientific classification", "data": {"Kingdom": "Animalia", "Phylum": "Arthropoda", "Class": "Insecta", "Order": "Lepidoptera", "Family": "Pyralidae", "Genus": "Cathayia", "Species": "C. lineata"}}, {"title": "Binomial name", "data": {"Binomial name": "Cathayia lineata \u00b7 (Turner, 1942)"}}, {"title": "Synonyms", "data": {"Synonyms": "- Dinopleura lineata Turner, 1942"}}]	false
# 1994 Houston Oilers season The 1994 Houston Oilers season was the 35th season overall the Oilers played and their 25th with the National Football League (NFL), and was part of the 1994 NFL season. The Oilers missed the playoffs for the first time since 1986. Two notable losses the Oilers suffered were the trading of Warren Moon, the team’s longtime starting quarterback, to the Minnesota Vikings and the departure of defensive coordinator Buddy Ryan, who was hired to coach the Arizona Cardinals. With Moon being replaced by career backup Cody Carlson and the defense left without its leader, the 1994 Oilers went into a tailspin despite returning several of their explosive offensive players such as Ernest Givins and Haywood Jeffires. The team started out with only one win in their first ten games, which led to head coach Jack Pardee and offensive coordinator Kevin Gilbride being fired. Jeff Fisher, who had just joined the team that year as Ryan's replacement as defensive coordinator, was promoted to head coach. Carlson did not last the season as he suffered a series of injuries that proved to be career ending. Billy Joe Tolliver ended up making the most starts of any Oilers quarterback, losing all seven of his starts. Neither Tolliver, Carlson, or third quarterback Bucky Richardson threw for more than six touchdowns (Carlson only managed one in five starts) and Tolliver and Carlson threw more interceptions than touchdowns. Running back Gary Brown could not repeat his 1,000-yard total from the previous year, managing only 648. Givins, who had recorded nearly 900 receiving yards in 1993, fell to 521 in 1994 while seeing his receptions total drop to 35. Jeffires' numbers improved slightly, and he led the Oilers in receiving touchdowns with six, but he was not elected to the Pro Bowl as he had been in 1993. Slaughter, meanwhile, only caught two touchdowns, which was his lowest total to that point in his career. The offense finished last in the league in points scored and 26th in total yardage. The defense, which lost several of its key pieces from the previous season including its two leaders in sacks, also fell off. After giving up the fourth-lowest point total in 1993, the Oilers allowed a total of 352 points in 1994. Despite that, three players recorded at least six sacks with Lamar Lathon leading with 8.5. Darryll Lewis recorded five interceptions in his first full season as a starter, with fellow cornerback Cris Dishman getting four and returning one for a touchdown, and safety Marcus Robertson adding three of his own. The defense also managed to improve on their total yardage allowed from 1993, moving up from ninth in that category despite finishing near the bottom of the league in points allowed. When the season was over the Oilers stood at 2–14, tying their 1983 squad with the team’s fewest wins in a sixteen game season and the second-fewest overall, with the 1972, 1973, 1982 squads only winning once each season. The ten-game swing is the worst season-to-season drop in games won in NFL history, which would later be tied by the 2013 Houston Texans. Seven of their fourteen losses came by three points or fewer. Although the Oilers finished with the worst record that season, they did not receive the #1 pick in the 1995 NFL draft due to the entry of the expansion Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars into the league (under NFL rules, a new team is automatically granted the first pick in their first draft, unless they decide to give it up as the Panthers would do). However, the news was not all negative. With the high pick the Oilers chose Steve McNair, who would go on to become one of the franchise’s all-time great players. ## Offseason After having imploded in the playoffs against Kansas City in the 1993 playoffs, the Oilers traded longtime quarterback Warren Moon to Minnesota, leaving Cody Carlson as the starter for the 1994 season. Carlson, however, was severely injured early in the season and would eventually retire due to said injuries after the season. ### NFL draft \| 1994 Houston Oilers draft \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Round \| Pick \| Player \| Position \| College \| Notes \| \| 1 \| 26 \| Henry Ford \| Defensive tackle \| Arkansas \| \| \| 2 \| 60 \| Jeremy Nunley \| Defensive end \| Alabama \| \| \| 3 \| 101 \| Malcolm Floyd \| Wide receiver \| Fresno State \| \| \| 4 \| 119 \| Mike Davis \| Cornerback \| Cincinnati \| \| \| 4 \| 129 \| Sean Jackson \| Running back \| Florida State \| \| \| 5 \| 157 \| Roderick Lewis \| Tight end \| Arizona \| \| \| 5 \| 161 \| Jim Reid \| Offensive tackle \| Virginia \| \| \| 6 \| 187 \| Lee Gissendaner \| Wide receiver \| Northwestern \| \| \| 6 \| 194 \| Barron Wortham \| Linebacker \| UTEP \| \| \| 7 \| 220 \| Lemanski Hall \| Linebacker \| Alabama \| \| \| Made roster \| \| \| \| \| \| ## Regular season ### Schedule \| Week \| Date \| Opponent \| Result \| Record \| Venue \| Recap \| \| ------------------------------------------------ \| ------------ \| ---------------------- \| ----------- \| ------ \| ----------------------------- \| ----- \| \| 1 \| September 4 \| at Indianapolis Colts \| L 21–45 \| 0–1 \| RCA Dome \| Recap \| \| 2 \| September 11 \| at Dallas Cowboys \| L 17–20 \| 0–2 \| Texas Stadium \| Recap \| \| 3 \| September 18 \| Buffalo Bills \| L 7–15 \| 0–3 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 4 \| September 25 \| Cincinnati Bengals \| W 20–13 \| 1–3 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 5 \| October 3 \| at Pittsburgh Steelers \| L 14–30 \| 1–4 \| Three Rivers Stadium \| Recap \| \| 6 \| Bye \| Bye \| Bye \| Bye \| Bye \| Bye \| \| 7 \| October 13 \| Cleveland Browns \| L 8–11 \| 1–5 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 8 \| October 24 \| at Philadelphia Eagles \| L 6–21 \| 1–6 \| Veterans Stadium \| Recap \| \| 9 \| October 30 \| at Los Angeles Raiders \| L 14–17 \| 1–7 \| Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum \| Recap \| \| 10 \| November 6 \| Pittsburgh Steelers \| L 9–12 (OT) \| 1–8 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 11 \| November 13 \| at Cincinnati Bengals \| L 31–34 \| 1–9 \| Riverfront Stadium \| Recap \| \| 12 \| November 21 \| New York Giants \| L 10–13 \| 1–10 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 13 \| November 27 \| at Cleveland Browns \| L 10–34 \| 1–11 \| Cleveland Stadium \| Recap \| \| 14 \| December 4 \| Arizona Cardinals \| L 12–30 \| 1–12 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 15 \| December 11 \| Seattle Seahawks \| L 14–16 \| 1–13 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 16 \| December 18 \| at Kansas City Chiefs \| L 9–31 \| 1–14 \| Arrowhead Stadium \| Recap \| \| 17 \| December 24 \| New York Jets \| W 24–10 \| 2–14 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ### Game summaries #### Week 14 This ninth successive defeat for the Oilers has the unusual distinction of being the most recent NFL game as of 2019 during which both teams scored a safety, and one of only eight since at least 1940. ### Standings \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| \| view talk edit \| W \| L \| T \| PCT \| PF \| PA \| STK \| \| ----------------------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| \| (1) Pittsburgh Steelers \| 12 \| 4 \| 0 \| .750 \| 316 \| 234 \| L1 \| \| (4) Cleveland Browns \| 11 \| 5 \| 0 \| .688 \| 340 \| 204 \| W1 \| \| Cincinnati Bengals \| 3 \| 13 \| 0 \| .188 \| 276 \| 406 \| W1 \| \| Houston Oilers \| 2 \| 14 \| 0 \| .125 \| 226 \| 352 \| W1 \|	enwiki/19549288	enwiki	19,549,288	1994 Houston Oilers season	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Houston_Oilers_season	2025-05-18T09:14:39	en	Q4589485	152,563	{{short description\|35th season in franchise history}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=November 2013}} {{Infobox NFL team season \| team = Houston Oilers \| year = 1994 \| record = 2–14 \| division_place = 4th [[AFC North\|AFC Central]] \| general_manager = [[Floyd Reese]] \| owner = [[Bud Adams]] \| coach = [[Jack Pardee]] <small>(fired on November 14, 1-9 record)</small><br />[[Jeff Fisher]] <small>(interim; 1-5 record)</small> \| stadium = [[Reliant Astrodome\|Houston Astrodome]] \| playoffs = ''Did not qualify'' \| pro_bowlers = C [[Bruce Matthews (American football)\|Bruce Matthews]]<br />CB [[Darryll Lewis]] \| uniform = [[File:Houston oilers uniforms.png\|180px]] \| shortnavlink = Oilers seasons }} The '''1994 [[Houston Oilers]] season''' was the 35th season overall the Oilers played and their 25th with the [[National Football League]] (NFL), and was part of the [[1994 NFL season]].<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/oti/1994.htm 1994 Houston Oilers]</ref> The Oilers missed the playoffs for the first time since 1986. Two notable losses the Oilers suffered were the trading of [[Warren Moon]], the team’s longtime starting quarterback, to [[1994 Minnesota Vikings season\|the Minnesota Vikings]] and the departure of defensive coordinator [[Buddy Ryan]], who was hired to coach the [[Arizona Cardinals]]. With Moon being replaced by career backup [[Cody Carlson]] and the defense left without its leader, the 1994 Oilers went into a tailspin despite returning several of their explosive offensive players such as [[Ernest Givins]] and [[Haywood Jeffires]]. The team started out with only one win in their first ten games, which led to head coach [[Jack Pardee]] and offensive coordinator [[Kevin Gilbride]] being fired. [[Jeff Fisher]], who had just joined the team that year as Ryan's replacement as defensive coordinator, was promoted to head coach. Carlson did not last the season as he suffered a series of injuries that proved to be career ending. [[Billy Joe Tolliver]] ended up making the most starts of any Oilers quarterback, losing all seven of his starts. Neither Tolliver, Carlson, or third quarterback [[Bucky Richardson]] threw for more than six touchdowns (Carlson only managed one in five starts) and Tolliver and Carlson threw more interceptions than touchdowns. Running back Gary Brown could not repeat his 1,000-yard total from the previous year, managing only 648. Givins, who had recorded nearly 900 receiving yards in 1993, fell to 521 in 1994 while seeing his receptions total drop to 35. Jeffires' numbers improved slightly, and he led the Oilers in receiving touchdowns with six, but he was not elected to the Pro Bowl as he had been in 1993. Slaughter, meanwhile, only caught two touchdowns, which was his lowest total to that point in his career. The offense finished last in the league in points scored and 26th in total yardage. The defense, which lost several of its key pieces from the previous season including its two leaders in sacks, also fell off. After giving up the fourth-lowest point total in 1993, the Oilers allowed a total of 352 points in 1994. Despite that, three players recorded at least six sacks with [[Lamar Lathon]] leading with 8.5. [[Darryll Lewis]] recorded five interceptions in his first full season as a starter, with fellow cornerback [[Cris Dishman]] getting four and returning one for a touchdown, and safety [[Marcus Robertson]] adding three of his own. The defense also managed to improve on their total yardage allowed from 1993, moving up from ninth in that category despite finishing near the bottom of the league in points allowed. When the season was over the Oilers stood at 2–14, tying their [[1983 Houston Oilers season\|1983 squad]] with the team’s fewest wins in a sixteen game season and the second-fewest overall, with the [[1972 Houston Oilers season\|1972]], [[1973 Houston Oilers season\|1973]], [[1982 Houston Oilers season\|1982]] squads only winning once each season. The ten-game swing is the worst season-to-season drop in games won in NFL history, which would later be tied by the [[2013 Houston Texans season\|2013 Houston Texans]]. Seven of their fourteen losses came by three points or fewer. Although the Oilers finished with the worst record that season, they did not receive the #1 pick in the [[1995 NFL draft]] due to the entry of the expansion [[History of the Carolina Panthers\|Carolina Panthers]] and [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] into the league (under NFL rules, a new team is automatically granted the first pick in their first draft, unless they decide to give it up as the Panthers would do). However, the news was not all negative. With the high pick the Oilers chose [[Steve McNair]], who would go on to become one of the franchise’s all-time great players. ==Offseason== After having imploded in the playoffs against [[1993 Kansas City Chiefs season\|Kansas City]] in the [[1993–94 NFL playoffs#AFC: Kansas City Chiefs 28.2C Houston Oilers 20\|1993 playoffs]], the Oilers traded longtime [[quarterback]] [[Warren Moon]] to [[1994 Minnesota Vikings season\|Minnesota]], leaving [[Cody Carlson]] as the starter for the 1994 season. Carlson, however, was severely injured early in the season and would eventually retire due to said injuries after the season. ===NFL draft=== {{main\|1994 NFL draft}} {{NFL team draft start \| year = 1994 \| teamname = Houston Oilers }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 1 \| pick = 26 \| player = [[Henry Ford (defensive lineman)\|Henry Ford]] \| position = [[Defensive tackle]] \| college = [[Arkansas Razorbacks football\|Arkansas]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 2 \| pick = 60 \| player = [[Jeremy Nunley]] \| position = [[Defensive end]] \| college = [[Alabama Crimson Tide football\|Alabama]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 3 \| pick = 101 \| player = [[Malcolm Floyd]] \| position = [[Wide receiver]] \| college = [[Fresno State Bulldogs football\|Fresno State]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 4 \| pick = 119 \| player = [[Mike Davis (defensive back, born 1972)\|Mike Davis]] \| position = [[Cornerback]] \| college = [[Cincinnati Bearcats football\|Cincinnati]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 4 \| pick = 129 \| player = Sean Jackson \| position = [[Running back]] \| college = [[Florida State Seminoles football\|Florida State]] \| notes = }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 5 \| pick = 157 \| player = [[Roderick Lewis]] \| position = [[Tight end]] \| college = [[Arizona Wildcats football\|Arizona]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 5 \| pick = 161 \| player = Jim Reid \| position = [[Offensive tackle]] \| college = [[Virginia Cavaliers football\|Virginia]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 6 \| pick = 187 \| player = [[Lee Gissendaner]] \| position = [[Wide receiver]] \| college = [[Northwestern Wildcats football\|Northwestern]] \| notes = }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 6 \| pick = 194 \| player = [[Barron Wortham]] \| position = [[Linebacker]] \| college = [[UTEP Miners football\|UTEP]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 7 \| pick = 220 \| player = [[Lemanski Hall]] \| position = Linebacker \| college = Alabama \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft end \| probowl = no \| hof = no }} <ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/oti/1994_draft.htm \|title=1994 Houston Oilers draftees \|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com \|access-date=October 27, 2014 }}</ref> ==Personnel== ===Staff=== {{NFL final staff \| year = 1994 \| team = Houston Oilers \| front_office = * Owner/chairman of the board/president – [[Bud Adams]] * Executive vice-president/general manager – [[Floyd Reese]] * Vice-president of player personnel and scouting – [[Mike Holovak]] \| head_coach = * Head coach – [[Jack Pardee]] * Assistant head coach/offense – [[Kevin Gilbride]] \| offensive = * Offensive coordinator – [[Dick Coury]] * Running backs – [[Frank Novak (American football)\|Frank Novak]] * Receivers – [[Charlie Baggett]] * Offensive line – [[Bob Young (offensive lineman)\|Bob Young]] \| defensive = * Defensive coordinator – [[Jeff Fisher]] * Defensive line – [[Jim Stanley (American football)\|Jim Stanley]] * Linebackers – [[Gregg Williams]] * Defensive backs – [[Tom Bettis]] * Quality control – [[Frank Bush]] \| special_teams = * Special teams – Frank Novak \| strength = * Strength and Rehabilitation – Steve Watterson }} ===Roster=== {{NFL season roster \| year = 1994 \| team = Houston Oilers \| quarterbacks = {{NFLplayer\|14\|Cody Carlson}} {{NFLplayer\| 7\|Bucky Richardson}} {{NFLplayer\|11\|Billy Joe Tolliver}} {{NFLplayer\|10\|Lee Williamson\|d=American football}} \| running_backs = {{NFLplayer\|33\|Gary Brown\|d=running back}} {{NFLplayer\|47\|Le'Shai Maston\|FB}} {{NFLplayer\|37\|Todd McNair}} {{NFLplayer\|32\|Spencer Tillman}} {{NFLplayer\|44\|Lorenzo White}} \| wide_receivers = {{NFLplayer\|87\|Pat Coleman}} * {{player\|83}} ''[[Malcolm Floyd\|Malcolm Seabron]]'' {{NFLplayer\|81\|Ernest Givins}} {{NFLplayer\|82\|Travis Hannah}} {{NFLplayer\|80\|Haywood Jeffires}} {{NFLplayer\|84\|Webster Slaughter}} {{NFLplayer\|88\|Gary Wellman}} \| tight_ends = {{NFLplayer\|85\|Pat Carter}} {{NFLplayer\|49\|Roderick Lewis\|rookie=y}} {{NFLplayer\|48\|John Henry Mills}} \| offensive_linemen = {{NFLplayer\|77\|Kevin Donnalley\|G}} {{NFLplayer\|55\|John Flannery\|d=American football\|G}} {{NFLplayer\|72\|Brad Hopkins\|T}} {{NFLplayer\|74\|Bruce Matthews\|d=American football\|C}} {{NFLplayer\|64\|Erik Norgard\|G}} {{NFLplayer\|67\|Jim Reid\|d=offensive lineman\|rookie=y\|T}} {{NFLplayer\|75\|Bill Schultz\|d=American football\|G}} {{NFLplayer\|70\|Stan Thomas\|d=American football\|T}} {{NFLplayer\|73\|David Williams\|d=offensive lineman\|T}} \| defensive_linemen = {{NFLplayer\|79\|Ray Childress\|DT}} {{NFLplayer\|90\|Kenny Davidson\|d=American football\|DE}} {{NFLplayer\|92\|Henry Ford\|d=defensive lineman\|rookie=y\|DE}} {{NFLplayer\|57\|Lamar Lathon\|DE}} {{NFLplayer\|94\|Glenn Montgomery\|DT}} {{NFLplayer\|93\|Jeremy Nunley\|rookie=y\|DE}} {{NFLplayer\|68\|Tim Roberts\|d=American football\|DT}} \| linebackers = {{NFLplayer\|56\|Micheal Barrow\|OLB}} {{NFLplayer\|59\|Joe Bowden\|OLB}} {{NFLplayer\|53\|Brett Faryniarz\|OLB}} {{NFLplayer\|51\|Lemanski Hall\|rookie=y\|OLB}} {{NFLplayer\|50\|Eddie Robinson\|d3=Jr.\|OLB}} {{NFLplayer\|54\|Al Smith\|d=American football\|MLB}} {{NFLplayer\|52\|Barron Wortham\|rookie=y\|MLB}} \| defensive_back = {{NFLplayer\|22\|Tomur Barnes\|CB}} {{NFLplayer\|23\|Blaine Bishop\|SS}} {{NFLplayer\|30\|Mike Davis\|d=defensive back, born 1972\|rookie=y\|CB}} {{NFLplayer\|28\|Cris Dishman\|CB}} {{NFLplayer\|24\|Steve Jackson\|d=defensive back\|CB}} {{NFLplayer\|29\|Darryll Lewis\|CB}} {{NFLplayer\|25\|Bubba McDowell\|SS}} {{NFLplayer\|26\|Bo Orlando\|FS}} {{NFLplayer\|31\|Marcus Robertson\|FS}} \| special_teams = {{NFLplayer\|16\|Rich Camarillo\|P}} {{NFLplayer\| 3\|Al Del Greco\|K}} \| reserve_lists = {{NFLplayer\|89\|Reggie Brown\|d=wide receiver, born 1970\|WR\|IR}} {{NFLplayer\|41\|Sean Jackson\|d=American football\|rookie=y\|RB\|IR}} {{NFLplayer\|71\|Mike Teeter\|DE\|IR}} <small>53 active, 3 inactive, 2 practice squad</small> \| practice_squad = {{NFLplayer\|86\|Mario Bailey\|WR}} {{NFLplayer\|98\|Willie Jennings\|rookie=y\|DT}} }} <ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/oti/1994_roster.htm \|title=1994 Houston Oilers starters, roster, and players \|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com \|access-date=October 28, 2014 }}</ref> ==Regular season== ===Schedule=== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Week ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Date ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Opponent ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Result ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Record ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Venue ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Recap \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 1 \| September 4 \| at [[1994 Indianapolis Colts season\|Indianapolis Colts]] \| '''L''' 21–45 \| 0–1 \| [[RCA Dome]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409040clt.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 2 \| September 11 \| at [[1994 Dallas Cowboys season\|Dallas Cowboys]] \| '''L''' 17–20 \| 0–2 \| [[Texas Stadium]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409110dal.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 3 \| September 18 \| [[1994 Buffalo Bills season\|Buffalo Bills]] \| '''L''' 7–15 \| 0–3 \| [[Astrodome]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409180oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#cfc" ! 4 \| September 25 \| '''[[1994 Cincinnati Bengals season\|Cincinnati Bengals]]''' \| '''W''' 20–13 \| 1–3 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409250oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 5 \| {{dow tooltip\|October 3, 1994}} \| at '''[[1994 Pittsburgh Steelers season\|Pittsburgh Steelers]]''' \| '''L''' 14–30 \| 1–4 \| [[Three Rivers Stadium]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410030pit.htm Recap] \|- ! 6 \| colspan=6 \|''[[Bye (sports)\|Bye]]'' \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 7 \| {{dow tooltip\|October 13, 1994}} \| '''[[1994 Cleveland Browns season\|Cleveland Browns]]''' \| '''L''' 8–11 \| 1–5 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410130oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 8 \|{{dow tooltip\| October 24, 1994}} \| at [[1994 Philadelphia Eagles season\|Philadelphia Eagles]] \| '''L''' 6–21 \| 1–6 \| [[Veterans Stadium]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410240phi.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 9 \| October 30 \| at [[1994 Los Angeles Raiders season\|Los Angeles Raiders]] \| '''L''' 14–17 \| 1–7 \| [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410300rai.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 10 \| November 6 \| '''Pittsburgh Steelers''' \| '''L''' 9–12 {{Small\|(OT)}} \| 1–8 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411060oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 11 \| November 13 \| at '''Cincinnati Bengals''' \| '''L''' 31–34 \| 1–9 \| [[Riverfront Stadium]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411130cin.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 12 \| November 21 \| [[1994 New York Giants season\|New York Giants]] \| '''L''' 10–13 \| 1–10 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411210oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 13 \| November 27 \| at '''Cleveland Browns''' \| '''L''' 10–34 \| 1–11 \| [[Cleveland Stadium]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411270cle.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 14 \| December 4 \| [[1994 Arizona Cardinals season\|Arizona Cardinals]] \| '''L''' 12–30 \| 1–12 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412040oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 15 \| December 11 \| [[1994 Seattle Seahawks season\|Seattle Seahawks]] \| '''L''' 14–16 \| 1–13 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412110oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 16 \| December 18 \| at [[1994 Kansas City Chiefs season\|Kansas City Chiefs]] \| '''L''' 9–31 \| 1–14 \| [[Arrowhead Stadium]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412180kan.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#cfc" ! 17 \| {{dow tooltip\|December 24, 1994}} \| [[1994 New York Jets season\|New York Jets]] \| '''W''' 24–10 \| 2–14 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412240oti.htm Recap] \|-style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}" \|colspan="8"\| '''Note:''' Intra-division opponents are in '''bold''' text. \|} ===Game summaries=== ====Week 14==== {{AFB game box start \|Title= \|Visitor=Cardinals \|V1=0 \|V2=10 \|V3=0 \|V4=20 \|Host=Oilers \|H1=9 \|H2=3 \|H3=0 \|H4=0 \|Date=December 4 \|Location=[[Astrodome]], [[Houston, Texas\|Houston]], [[Texas]] \|StartTime=3:00 p.m. \|TimeZone=CST \|ElapsedTime= \|Attendance=39,821 \|Weather=played indoors, [[dome]]d stadium \|Referee=[[Red Cashion]] \|TVAnnouncers= \|TVStation=Fox }} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|FirstEntry=yes \|Quarter=Q1 \|Time=9:33 \|Team=HOU \|Event=Safety, [[Lamar Lathon]] tackled [[Jay Schroeder]] in end zone \|Score=HOU 2–0}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q1 \|Time=11:50 \|Team=HOU \|Event=[[Cris Dishman]] 36 yard interception return ([[Al Del Greco]] kick) \|Score=HOU 9–0}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q2 \|Time=2:59 \|Team=ARI \|Event=[[Larry Centers]] 1 yard rush ([[Greg Davis (placekicker)\|Greg Davis]] kick) \|Score=HOU 9–7}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q2 \|Time=10:45 \|Team=ARI \|Event=[[Greg Davis (placekicker)\|Greg Davis]] 25 yard field goal \|Score=ARI 10–9}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q2 \|Time=13:42 \|Team=HOU \|Event=[[Al Del Greco]] 34 yard field goal \|Score=HOU 12–10}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q4 \|Time=2:57 \|Team=ARI \|Event=[[Gary Clark (American football)\|Gary Clark]] 13 yard pass from [[Jay Schroeder]] ([[Ronald Moore (American football)\|Ronald Moore]] run) \|Score=ARI 18–12}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q4 \|Time= \|Team=ARI \|Event=[[Greg Davis (placekicker)\|Greg Davis]] 23 yard field goal \|Score=ARI 21–12}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q4 \|Time= \|Team=ARI \|Event=[[Larry Centers]] 4 yard rush ([[Greg Davis (placekicker)\|Greg Davis]] kick) \|Score=ARI 28–12}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q4 \|Time= \|Team=ARI \|Event=Safety, [[Eric Swann]] tackled [[Billy Joe Tolliver]] in end zone \|Score=ARI 30–12\|LastEntry=yes}} {{AFB game box end}} <ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412040oti.htm Arizona Cardinals at Houston Oilers – December 4th, 1994]. Retrieved 2018-Sep-10.</ref> {{Clear}} This ninth successive defeat for the Oilers has the unusual distinction of being the most recent NFL game as of [[2019 NFL season\|2019]] during which ''both'' teams scored a [[Safety (gridiron football score)\|safety]], and one of only eight since at least [[1940 NFL season\|1940]].<ref>''[[Pro-Football-Reference.com\|Pro Football Reference]]''; [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/tgl_finder.cgi?request=1&match=game&year_min=1940&year_max=2017&game_type=E&game_num_min=0&game_num_max=99&week_num_min=0&week_num_max=99&temperature_gtlt=lt&c1stat=safety_md_opp&c1comp=gte&c1val=1&c2stat=safety_md&c2comp=gte&c2val=1&c5val=1.0&order_by=game_date&order_by_asc=Y In a single game, from 1940 to 2017, requiring opp Safeties >= 1 and Safeties >= 1, sorted by ascending Date]</ref> ====Week 17==== {{Clear}} ===Standings=== {{1994 AFC Central standings}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/oti/1994.htm 1994 Houston Oilers] at [[Pro-Football-Reference.com]] {{Tennessee Titans}} {{Tennessee Titans seasons}} {{1994 NFL season by team}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1994 Houston Oilers Season}} [[Category:Houston Oilers seasons]] [[Category:1994 NFL season by team\|Houston Oilers]] [[Category:1994 in sports in Texas\|Houston]]	1,290,979,376	[{"title": "1994 Houston Oilers season", "data": {"Owner": "Bud Adams", "General manager": "Floyd Reese", "Head coach": "Jack Pardee (fired on November 14, 1-9 record) \u00b7 Jeff Fisher (interim; 1-5 record)", "Home stadium": "Houston Astrodome"}}, {"title": "Results", "data": {"Record": "2\u201314", "Division place": "4th AFC Central", "Playoffs": "Did not qualify", "Pro Bowlers": "C Bruce Matthews \u00b7 CB Darryll Lewis"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"\u2022 Cardinals": "0 \u00b7 10 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 20 \u00b7 30", "Oilers": "9 \u00b7 3 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 12", "Q1": ["9:33 \u00b7 HOU \u00b7 Safety, Lamar Lathon tackled Jay Schroeder in end zone \u00b7 HOU 2\u20130", "11:50 \u00b7 HOU \u00b7 Cris Dishman 36 yard interception return (Al Del Greco kick) \u00b7 HOU 9\u20130"], "Q2": ["2:59 \u00b7 ARI \u00b7 Larry Centers 1 yard rush (Greg Davis kick) \u00b7 HOU 9\u20137", "10:45 \u00b7 ARI \u00b7 Greg Davis 25 yard field goal \u00b7 ARI 10\u20139", "13:42 \u00b7 HOU \u00b7 Al Del Greco 34 yard field goal \u00b7 HOU 12\u201310"], "Q4": ["2:57 \u00b7 ARI \u00b7 Gary Clark 13 yard pass from Jay Schroeder (Ronald Moore run) \u00b7 ARI 18\u201312", "ARI \u00b7 Greg Davis 23 yard field goal \u00b7 ARI 21\u201312", "ARI \u00b7 Larry Centers 4 yard rush (Greg Davis kick) \u00b7 ARI 28\u201312", "ARI \u00b7 Safety, Eric Swann tackled Billy Joe Tolliver in end zone \u00b7 ARI 30\u201312"]}}]	false
# Pilot (The West Wing) "Pilot" is the first episode of the American serial drama The West Wing. The episode aired on September 22, 1999 on NBC. ## Plot The White House staff is being called into work early to deal with the press fallout after President Josiah Bartlet has crashed his bicycle into a tree. As the staff try to perform damage control, it is revealed that Deputy Chief of Staff Josh Lyman made a gaffe when, after provocation by Christian activist Mary Marsh on a recent televised debate, quipped "Lady, the God you pray to is too busy being indicted for tax fraud." Also, Deputy Communications Director Sam Seaborn spends an evening with Laurie (Lisa Edelstein), unaware that she's a call girl, and then tells Chief of Staff Leo McGarry's daughter, Mallory O'Brien, about it before he knows whose daughter she is. While Lyman and Marsh are discussing a proposed public debate on one of several religious wedge issues, President Bartlet enters and corrects one of the attendees on a theological point (namely, he quotes the First Commandment, settling a dispute on which one it is). He explains that he crashed his bicycle while distracted by anger after discovering that his granddaughter, after expressing herself as pro-choice during a magazine interview, was mailed a Raggedy Ann doll with a knife stuck in its throat. The doll was sent by an extremist group whose activities the attendees, to his displeasure, have not denounced. He tells them that not only will there be no debate, but that they will denounce the extremists publicly, and are barred from the White House until they do so. Bartlet implies to Lyman that he will be allowed to keep his job despite the gaffe. ## Reception In a retrospective, Brittany Frederick of CBR called it the best pilot in television history and giving it a 9/10 rating, citing the episode's character development and world-building. Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A-, explaining that the episode "had [him] hooked almost instantly." Screen Rant's Amelia Brantley harbored ambivalent feelings, praising the writing, and Allison Janney and Bradley Whitford's acting, while opining that the episode "hasn't aged well" in multiple aspects. Under the Media Research Center, L. Brent Bozell III critiqued the episode and wrote that he felt it had promoted anti-Catholicism. ## Awards - The pilot was nominated for an ASC award.[2] ### Emmy Awards Won - Outstanding Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series (recipients: Tony Fanning, Jon Hutman, and Ellen Totleben) - Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (recipient: Thomas Del Ruth, A.S.C.) - Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series (recipient: Thomas Schlamme) Nominated - Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series (nominee: Aaron Sorkin; "In Excelsis Deo," in the same category, won)	enwiki/4654279	enwiki	4,654,279	Pilot (The West Wing)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_(The_West_Wing)	2025-08-09T21:50:19	en	Q7194391	69,530	{{Use American English\|date=January 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox television episode \| series = [[The West Wing]] \| image = \| caption = \| season = 1 \| episode = 1 \| airdate = {{Start date\|1999\|09\|22}} \| production = 475151 \| writer = [[Aaron Sorkin]] \| director = [[Thomas Schlamme]] \| guests = [[Annie Corley]] as Mary Marsh [[Lisa Edelstein]] as Laurie [[Suzy Nakamura]] as Cathy [[Allison Smith (actress)\|Allison Smith]] as Mallory O'Brien [[Marc Grapey]] as Billy [[Janel Moloney]] as [[Donna Moss]] F. William Parker as Rev. Al Caldwell \|episode_list = List of The West Wing episodes \|season_article = The West Wing season 1 \| prev = \| next = [[The West Wing season 1#ep2\|Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc]] }} "'''Pilot'''" is the first episode of the American serial drama ''[[The West Wing]]''. The episode aired on September 22, 1999 on [[NBC]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Pilot Script from The West Wing \|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_1194332 \|access-date=2025-01-10 \|website=americanhistory.si.edu}}</ref> ==Plot== The [[White House]] staff is being called into work early to deal with the press fallout after [[President of the United States\|President]] [[Josiah Bartlet]] has crashed his bicycle into a tree. As the staff try to perform damage control, it is revealed that [[White House Deputy Chief of Staff\|Deputy Chief of Staff]] [[Josh Lyman]] made a [[gaffe]] when, after provocation by Christian activist Mary Marsh on a recent televised debate, quipped "Lady, the God you pray to is too busy being indicted for tax fraud." Also, Deputy [[White House Communications Director\|Communications Director]] [[Sam Seaborn]] spends an evening with Laurie ([[Lisa Edelstein]]), unaware that she's a [[call girl]], and then tells [[White House Chief of Staff\|Chief of Staff]] [[Leo McGarry]]'s daughter, Mallory O'Brien, about it before he knows whose daughter she is. While Lyman and Marsh are discussing a proposed public debate on one of several religious [[wedge issue]]s, President Bartlet enters and corrects one of the attendees on a theological point (namely, he quotes the First Commandment, settling a dispute on which one it is). He explains that he crashed his bicycle while distracted by anger after discovering that his granddaughter, after expressing herself as pro-choice during a magazine interview, was mailed a [[Raggedy Ann]] doll with a knife stuck in its throat. The doll was sent by an extremist group whose activities the attendees, to his displeasure, have not denounced. He tells them that not only will there be no debate, but that they will denounce the extremists publicly, and are barred from the White House until they do so. Bartlet implies to Lyman that he will be allowed to keep his job despite the gaffe. ==Reception== In a retrospective, Brittany Frederick of [[Comic Book Resources\|CBR]] called it the best [[Television pilot\|pilot]] in television history and giving it a 9/10 rating, citing the episode's character development and world-building.<ref name=":0" /> Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A-, explaining that the episode "had [him] hooked almost instantly."<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Heisler \|first=Steve \|date=June 1, 2009 \|title=The West Wing: "Pilot" \|url=https://www.avclub.com/the-west-wing-pilot-1798206332 \|access-date=2025-01-10 \|website=AV Club \|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Screen Rant]]'s Amelia Brantley harbored ambivalent feelings, praising the writing, and [[Allison Janney]] and [[Bradley Whitford]]'s acting, while opining that the episode "hasn't aged well" in multiple aspects.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Brantley \|first=Amelia \|date=2020-03-25 \|title=5 Reasons The West Wing's Pilot Is Perfect (& 5 It's Not) \|url=https://screenrant.com/west-wing-pilot-reasons-perfect-wrong/ \|access-date=2025-01-10 \|website=ScreenRant \|language=en}}</ref> Under the [[Media Research Center]], [[L. Brent Bozell III]] critiqued the episode and wrote that he felt it had promoted [[anti-Catholicism]].<ref>{{cite web \| last = Bozell \| first = L. Brent III \| title = Again, Faith Flogged in Prime Time \| publisher = [[Media Research Center]] \| date = 1999-10-06 \| url = http://www.mediaresearch.org/bozellcolumns/entertainmentcolumn/1999/col19991006.asp \| access-date = 2007-09-08 \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080119211135/http://www.mediaresearch.org/bozellcolumns/entertainmentcolumn/1999/col19991006.asp \| archive-date = 2008-01-19 }} (episode cited: "Pilot")</ref> ==Awards== The pilot was nominated for an [[American Society of Cinematographers\|ASC award]].<ref name=":0">[http://www.theasc.com/awards/history/1999.htm ASC awards]</ref> ===Emmy Awards=== ;Won: * Outstanding Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series (recipients: Tony Fanning, [[Jon Hutman]], and Ellen Totleben) * Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (recipient: [[Thomas Del Ruth]], A.S.C.) * Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series (recipient: [[Thomas Schlamme]]) ;Nominated: * Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series (nominee: [[Aaron Sorkin]]; "[[In Excelsis Deo]]," in the same category, won) ==References== <!--When adding a ref/ref, please be sure to conform to the style already used in this page. Thank you! --> {{reflist\|2}} ==External links== * {{IMDb episode\|0745667}} {{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200128102909/http://www.westwingepguide.com/S1/Episodes/1_PILOT.html "Pilot" West Wing Episode Guide]}} [https://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/West_Wing_Pilot.pdf West Wing Pilot Script] {{The West Wing}} {{EmmyAward DirectingDrama 1976–2000}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pilot (West Wing)}} [[Category:The West Wing season 1 episodes]] [[Category:Television episodes directed by Thomas Schlamme]] [[Category:Television episodes written by Aaron Sorkin]] [[Category:1990s American television series premieres\|West Wing, The]] [[Category:1999 American television episodes]] [[Category:Emmy Award–winning episodes]]	1,305,070,738	[{"title": "\"Pilot\"", "data": {"Episode no.": "Season 1 \u00b7 Episode 1", "Directed by": "Thomas Schlamme", "Written by": "Aaron Sorkin", "Production code": "475151", "Original air date": "September 22, 1999"}}, {"title": "Guest appearances", "data": {"Guest appearances": "- Annie Corley as Mary Marsh - Lisa Edelstein as Laurie - Suzy Nakamura as Cathy - Allison Smith as Mallory O'Brien - Marc Grapey as Billy - Janel Moloney as Donna Moss - F. William Parker as Rev. Al Caldwell"}}, {"title": "Episode chronology", "data": {"\u2190 Previous \u00b7 \u2014": "Next \u2192 \u00b7 \"Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc\""}}]	false
# Tam Tòa Church Tam Tòa Church (Vietnamese: Nhà thờ Tam Tòa) is a ruined Catholic church in Đồng Hới, central Vietnam. Built in the late 19th century, the church was destroyed by American bombing on February 11, 1965, during the Vietnam War. It has remained undisturbed as a war relic. ## History Tam Tòa parish is one of the oldest Catholic parishes in Vietnam with its roots dating back to the mid 17th century. There have been ongoing disputes between the government and the rebuilding of the church. The Diocese of Vinh and the Archdiocese of Huế have been trying to reclaim the church (what is left of it and its ground) since 1996 when it was taken back by the local government in an attempt to turn it into a war symbol of American aggression. Up until 1996, mass was celebrated weekly in front of the church's tower. In February 2009 after years of fruitless negotiation, 14 parish priests and Bishop Cao of Vinh Diocese decided to concelebrate mass on the property without obtaining permission. In July 2009 a rumor was spreading that the local government would build a tourist resort next to the church. Parishioners in response started building an altar and erecting a cross on the property. On July 21, the government sent in police to disperse the crowd gathering to continue its construction and protest. A dozen people were arrested and some were beaten by the police. The situation was made worse when the police attacked two priests from other parishes who went to Vinh Diocese to show support. The two are in critical condition. Some of the Vietnamese Catholics in Vietnam (about seven million, or 7% of the population) responded by holding vigil masses and silent protests all weekend long in central Vietnam. This is a direct challenge to the government. Even though the situation was viewed as conflict between the Catholic Church and the Vietnamese government by the rest of the country, the issue of confiscated land and the rights of land ownership have been a flashing point between government and the general public for years. Whether the Tam Tòa crisis will lead to changes in the government or force the government to take actions against those who challenge its authority remains to be seen.	enwiki/23919703	enwiki	23,919,703	Tam Tòa Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_T%C3%B2a_Church	2025-02-03T03:18:28	en	Q7680488	26,533	[[File:TamToa.jpg\|200px\|right\|thumb\|Ruins of Tam Tòa Church]] '''Tam Tòa Church''' ({{langx\|vi\|Nhà thờ Tam Tòa}}) is a ruined Catholic church in [[Đồng Hới]], central Vietnam. Built in the late 19th century, the church was destroyed by American bombing on February 11, 1965, during the [[Vietnam War]]. It has remained undisturbed as a war relic.<ref>[[Lonely Planet]] ''Vietnam'' -Nick Ray, Yu-Mei Balasingamchow - 2010 Page 204 "A landscaped riverside promenade runs beside the haunting Tam Toa Church, which was bombed in 1965. Only part of the front facade and a ...</ref> ==History== Tam Tòa parish is one of the oldest Catholic parishes in Vietnam with its roots dating back to the mid 17th century. There have been ongoing disputes between the government and the rebuilding of the church. The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vinh\|Diocese of Vinh]] and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Huế\|Archdiocese of Huế]] have been trying to reclaim the church (what is left of it and its ground) since 1996 when it was taken back by the local government in an attempt to turn it into a war symbol of American aggression. Up until 1996, mass was celebrated weekly in front of the church's tower. In February 2009 after years of fruitless negotiation, 14 parish priests and Bishop Cao of Vinh Diocese decided to concelebrate mass on the property without obtaining permission. In July 2009 a rumor was spreading that the local government would build a tourist resort next to the church. Parishioners in response started building an altar and erecting a cross on the property. On July 21, the government sent in police to disperse the crowd gathering to continue its construction and protest.<ref>Leonard Leo ''International Religious Freedom (2010): Annual Report'' Page 197 "... Quang Binh province after police destroyed a temporary church structure erected near the ruins of the historic Tam Toa Church in Vinh Diocese. ... Reportedly, not all Vietnamese government officials condoned the destruction of the crucifix."</ref> A dozen people were arrested and some were beaten by the police. The situation was made worse when the police attacked two priests from other parishes who went to Vinh Diocese to show support. The two are in critical condition. Some of the Vietnamese Catholics in Vietnam (about seven million, or 7% of the population) responded by holding vigil masses and silent protests all weekend long in central Vietnam. This is a direct challenge to the government.<ref>''International Religious Freedom (2010): Annual Report to Congress'' - Page 197 Leonard Leo "In July 2009, as many as 200000 Catholics peacefully protested in Quang Binh province after police destroyed a temporary church structure erected near the ruins of the historic Tam Toa Church in Vinh Diocese."</ref> Even though the situation was viewed{{By whom\|date=February 2010}} as conflict between the Catholic Church and the Vietnamese government by the rest of the country, the issue of confiscated land and the rights of land ownership have been a flashing point between government and the general public for years. Whether the Tam Tòa crisis will lead to changes in the government or force the government to take actions against those who challenge its authority remains to be seen. ==References== {{reflist}} {{coord missing\|Vietnam}} {{French Colonial Architecture in Vietnam}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tam Toa Church}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Quảng Bình province]] [[Category:Churches completed in 1886]] [[Category:19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Vietnam]] [[Category:French colonial architecture in Vietnam]]	1,273,596,222	[]	false
# Little Smoky Little Smoky is a hamlet in northwest Alberta, Canada within the Municipal District of Greenview No. 16. It is located on Highway 43, approximately 39 kilometres (24 mi) south of Valleyview and 47 kilometres (29 mi) northwest of Fox Creek. The hamlet is adjacent to the Little Smoky River. ## Demographics Little Smoky recorded a population of 28 in the 1991 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada. ## Services and amenities Little Smoky has a community hall, a motel, a playground, and an ice rink. The Waskahigan River Provincial Recreation Area is located across Highway 43. ## Infrastructure The hamlet has two locally significant rural roads near it: Little Smoky Road (formerly Highway 745), which connects the hamlet to Highway 665, and Simonette Road, which connects to Forestry Trunk Road (formerly Highway 734). The Little Smoky transfer station is located southwest of the hamlet on Range Road 221. The Greenview Regional Landfill was built northeast of Little Smoky on the corner of Township Road 672 and Range Road 210.	enwiki/20775896	enwiki	20,775,896	Little Smoky	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Smoky	2023-09-10T03:23:45	en	Q6651971	103,238	{{About\|\|the river\|Little Smoky River\|the Central Nevada Desert Basins\|Little Smoky Valley}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=September 2023}} {{Use Canadian English\|date=January 2023}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> \|name = Little Smoky \|other_name = \|native_name = \|nickname = \|settlement_type = [[Hamlet (place)\|Hamlet]] \|motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> \|image_skyline = \|imagesize = \|image_caption = \|image_flag = \|flag_size = \|image_seal = \|seal_size = \|image_shield = \|shield_size = \|city_logo = \|citylogo_size = \|image_map = \|mapsize = \|map_caption = \|image_map1 = \|mapsize1 = \|map_caption1 = \|image_dot_map = \|dot_mapsize = \|dot_map_caption = \|dot_x = \|dot_y = \|pushpin_map = Canada Alberta \|pushpin_label_position = none<!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> \|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Little Smoky in [[Alberta]] \|pushpin_mapsize = 220 <!-- Location ------------------> \|subdivision_type = Country \|subdivision_name = Canada \|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada\|Province]] \|subdivision_name1 = [[Alberta]] \|subdivision_type2 = [[List of census divisions of Alberta\|Census division]] \|subdivision_name2 = [[Division No. 18, Alberta\|No. 18]] \|subdivision_type3 = [[List of municipal districts in Alberta\|Municipal district]] \|subdivision_name3 = [[Municipal District of Greenview No. 16]] \|subdivision_type4 = \|subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> \|government_footnotes = \|government_type = [[Municipal incorporation\|Unincorporated]] \|leader_title = Governing body \|leader_name = [[Municipal District of Greenview No. 16]] Council \|leader_title1 = \|leader_name1 = \|leader_title2 = \|leader_name2 = \|leader_title3 = \|leader_name3 = \|leader_title4 = \|leader_name4 = \|established_title = \|established_date = \|established_title2 = <!--Incorporated--> \|established_date2 = \|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> \|established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> \|area_magnitude = \|unit_pref = \|area_footnotes = \|area_land_km2 = <!-- Population -----------------------> \|population_as_of = 1991 \|population_footnotes = <ref name=1991unincorporated>{{cite web \| url=https://archive.org/download/1991933061993engfra/1991933061993engfra.pdf \| title=91 Census: Unincorporated Places — Population and Dwelling Counts \| publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] \| date=June 1993 \| access-date=September 25, 2021}}</ref> \|population_note = \|population_total = 28 \|population_density_km2 = \|population_blank1_title = \|population_blank1 = \|population_density_blank1_km2 = \|population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> \|timezone = [[Mountain Time Zone\|MST]] \|utc_offset = −7 \|timezone_DST = MDT \|utc_offset_DST = −6 \|coordinates = {{coord\|54.7389\|-117.1797\|region:CA-AB\|display=inline,title}} \|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> \|elevation_m = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> \|postal_code_type = \|postal_code = \|area_code = \|blank_name = \|blank_info = \|blank1_name = Waterways \|blank1_info = [[Little Smoky River]], Waskahigan River, Iosegun River \|website = \|footnotes = }} '''Little Smoky''' is a [[hamlet (place)\|hamlet]] in northwest [[Alberta]], Canada within the [[Municipal District of Greenview No. 16]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca/documents/msb/2010-ruralmun.pdf \|title=Specialized and Rural Municipalities and Their Communities \|author=Alberta Municipal Affairs \|author-link=Alberta Municipal Affairs \|date=2010-04-01 \|access-date=2010-06-24 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229060335/http://municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca/documents/msb/2010-ruralmun.pdf \|archive-date=2012-02-29 }}</ref> It is located on [[Alberta Highway 43\|Highway 43]], approximately {{convert\|39\|km\|mi}} south of [[Valleyview, Alberta\|Valleyview]] and {{convert\|47\|km\|mi}} northwest of [[Fox Creek, Alberta\|Fox Creek]]. The hamlet is adjacent to the [[Little Smoky River]]. == Demographics == Little Smoky recorded a population of 28 in the [[1991 Canadian census\|1991 Census of Population]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]].<ref name=1991unincorporated/> == Services and amenities == Little Smoky has a [[community hall]], a [[motel]], a [[playground]], and an [[ice rink]]. The ''Waskahigan River Provincial Recreation Area'' is located across Highway 43. == Infrastructure == The hamlet has two locally significant rural roads near it: [[Little Smoky Road]] (formerly Highway 745), which connects the hamlet to [[Alberta Highway 665\|Highway 665]], and Simonette Road, which connects to [[Forestry Trunk Road]] (formerly [[Alberta Highway 734\|Highway 734]]). The Little Smoky transfer station is located southwest of the hamlet on Range Road 221. The Greenview Regional Landfill was built northeast of Little Smoky on the corner of Township Road 672 and Range Road 210. == See also == {{Commons category\|Little Smoky, Alberta}} [[List of communities in Alberta]] [[List of hamlets in Alberta]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Geographic location \| Centre = Little Smoky \| North = [[Valleyview, Alberta\|Valleyview]] \| Northeast = [[High Prairie]] \| East = [[Swan Hills, Alberta\|Swan Hills]] \| Southeast = [[Fox Creek, Alberta\|Fox Creek]] \| South = [[Hinton, Alberta\|Hinton]] \| Southwest = [[Grande Cache]] \| West = [[Musreau Lake (Alberta)\|Musreau Lake]] \| Northwest = [[Grande Prairie]] }} {{Alberta\|hamlets=yes}} [[Category:Municipal District of Greenview No. 16]] [[Category:Hamlets in Alberta]] {{NorthernAlberta-geo-stub}}	1,174,698,476	[{"title": "Little Smoky", "data": {"Country": "Canada", "Province": "Alberta", "Census division": "No. 18", "Municipal district": "Municipal District of Greenview No. 16"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 Type": "Unincorporated", "\u2022 Governing body": "Municipal District of Greenview No. 16 Council"}}, {"title": "Population (1991)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "28", "Time zone": "UTC\u22127 (MST)", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC\u22126 (MDT)", "Waterways": "Little Smoky River, Waskahigan River, Iosegun River"}}]	false
# Greenfield School (West Allis, Wisconsin) The Greenfield School in West Allis, Wisconsin was built as a two-room school in 1887, but in an elegant Romanesque Revival style unusual for such buildings. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. ## History The first settlers in the area arrived in the 1830s to form a community then called Honey Creek, named for 13 beehives along the stream. In 1835 they built a one-room log schoolhouse on the site of the current Greenfield School on land donated by Reuben Strong, starting out with seven students. In 1861 they replaced that log schoolhouse with a one-room red brick schoolhouse. In 1887 the red brick school was replaced by the current elaborate building. It was designed by Herman P. Schnetzky, a 1.5-story building with walls of load-bearing cream brick. Its style is Romanesque Revival, with hallmarks being the rough stone of the foundation and the round-arched windows and entry door. Also striking are the grouped windows in the gables, the parapets on the gable ends, and the square bell tower with flared eaves. The new school had two classrooms instead of one. At this time, people were becoming aware of some of the shortcomings of one-room schools, and the two rooms let the teachers split the elementary grades by age to provide more age-appropriate instruction. Soon they split the rooms again to make four classrooms. A few years later, the school added a high school program, with the students studying physics, history, algebra, geometry, grammar, rhetoric, physiology, English history, the Constitution, arithmetic, and some studying bookkeeping and botany. The first high school students graduated in 1897. The building functioned as a school until 1923. After closing, it served as the School District Maintenance Department. Later it was used as a greenhouse, a Civil Defense office, and temporarily as offices of a hospital. About 1966 it was taken over by the West Allis Historical Society, restored, and put into use as the West Allis Historical Museum.	enwiki/34953179	enwiki	34,953,179	Greenfield School (West Allis, Wisconsin)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield_School_(West_Allis,_Wisconsin)	2025-07-24T03:35:20	en	Q5603988	39,857	{{Use American English\|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox NRHP \| name = Greenfield School \| image = Greenfield-School Apr09.jpg \| caption = Greenfield School \| location = 8405 W. National Ave.<br>[[West Allis, Wisconsin]] \| coordinates = {{coord\|43\|0\|41\|N\|88\|1\|3\|W\|display=inline,title}} \| locmapin = Wisconsin#USA \| built = {{Start date\|1887}} \| architect = Herman P. Schnetzky \| architecture = Romanesque \| area = less than one acre \| refnum = 06000207<ref name="nris">{{NRISref\|version=2010a}}</ref> \| added = March 29, 2006 }} The '''Greenfield School''' in West Allis, Wisconsin was built as a two-room school in 1887, but in an elegant [[Romanesque Revival]] style unusual for such buildings. It was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://landmarkhunter.com/131572-greenfield-school/\|title=Greenfield School\|publisher=Landmark Hunter.com\|accessdate=2012-03-03}}</ref><ref name=whs>{{cite web\|title=Greenfield School\|url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Property/HI27252\|publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society\|accessdate=2018-10-07}}</ref> ==History== The first settlers in the area arrived in the 1830s to form a community then called Honey Creek, named for 13 beehives along the stream. In 1835 they built a one-room log schoolhouse on the site of the current Greenfield School on land donated by Reuben Strong, starting out with seven students. In 1861 they replaced that log schoolhouse with a one-room red brick schoolhouse.<ref name=nrhpdoc>{{cite web\|url={{NRHP url\|id=06000207}}\|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Greenfield School\|publisher=[[National Park Service]]\|author=Daniel O'Keefe\|date=2005-08-01\|accessdate=2018-10-07}} With {{NRHP url\|id=06000207\|photos=y\|title=six photos}}.</ref> In 1887 the red brick school was replaced by the current elaborate building. It was designed by Herman P. Schnetzky, a 1.5-story building with walls of load-bearing cream brick. Its style is Romanesque Revival, with hallmarks being the rough stone of the foundation and the round-arched windows and entry door. Also striking are the grouped windows in the gables, the [[parapets]] on the gable ends, and the square bell tower with flared eaves.<ref name=nrhpdoc/> The new school had two classrooms instead of one.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMBYRK_Greenfield_School_West_Allis_WI\|title=Greenfield School - West Allis, WI\|publisher=Waymarking.com\|accessdate=2012-03-03}}</ref> At this time, people were becoming aware of some of the shortcomings of one-room schools, and the two rooms let the teachers split the [[elementary school\|elementary grades]] by age to provide more age-appropriate instruction. Soon they split the rooms again to make four classrooms. A few years later, the school added a [[high school]] program, with the students studying physics, history, algebra, geometry, grammar, [[rhetoric]], physiology, English history, the [[United States Constitution\|Constitution]], arithmetic, and some studying bookkeeping and botany. The first high school students graduated in 1897.<ref name=nrhpdoc/> The building functioned as a school until 1923. After closing, it served as the School District Maintenance Department. Later it was used as a greenhouse, a Civil Defense office, and temporarily as offices of a hospital. About 1966 it was taken over by the West Allis Historical Society, restored, and put into use as the '''West Allis Historical Museum'''.<ref name=nrhpdoc/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130721100717/http://www.westallishistory.org/ West Allis Historical Society] [[Category:School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin]] [[Category:Defunct schools in Wisconsin]] [[Category:Schools in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]] [[Category:Museums in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]] [[Category:School buildings completed in 1887]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]]	1,302,221,827	[{"title": "", "data": {"Location": "8405 W. National Ave. \u00b7 West Allis, Wisconsin", "Coordinates": "43\u00b00\u203241\u2033N 88\u00b01\u20323\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff43.01139\u00b0N 88.01750\u00b0W", "Area": "less than one acre", "Built": "1887", "Architect": "Herman P. Schnetzky", "Architectural style": "Romanesque", "NRHP reference No.": "06000207", "Added to NRHP": "March 29, 2006"}}]	false
# Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers Captain at sea Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers (21 October 1772 – 26 July 1806) was a Dutch naval officer who served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. As an officer in the Dutch States Navy, he served in the Dutch East Indies from 1789 to 1792 prior to the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars. Continuing to serve in the Batavian Navy, Aalbers returned to the East Indies in 1803 as part of a squadron under Vice-admiral Pieter Hartsinck. In late July 1806, he led a Dutch convoy which was defeated by the Royal Navy in the action of 26 July 1806, with Aalbers dying of wounds sustained during the battle. ## Early life Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers was born on 21 October 1772 in Terborg, Gelderland. His parents were Berend Aalbers and Barta Meijerink Aalbers. He joined the Dutch States Navy in the late 1780s and in spring 1789 captained the brig Zwaluw as part of a squadron under Captain at sea A. H. C. van Staringh which set sail for the Dutch East Indies, arriving there in December. Over the course of the next year, Aalbers participated in military operations against the Bone State and helped to prevent an anti-Dutch rebellion from breaking out in Surakarta. He continued to serve in the Spice Islands until 1792, when Aalbers returned to Holland with van Staringh's squadron; as Zwaluw was by now too weak to make the return voyage, Aalbers sailed on board the ship Merkuur instead. He continued to serve in the Dutch navy when it was transformed into the Batavian Navy in 1795. ## Napoleonic Wars and death In 1803, Aalbers again returned to the Dutch East Indies as part of a squadron under Vice-admiral Pieter Hartsinck, captaining the 36-gun frigate Pallas. Promoted to captain at sea in 1804, he continued to serve in the East Indies when the Batavian navy was transformed into the navy of the Kingdom of Holland in mid-1806. In June of that year, Royal Navy forces under Rear-admiral Edward Pellew, having received information on Hartsinck's squadron and fearing that it could attack British trade routes in the region, began a campaign to destroy it. In late July, Aalbers led a convoy from the Maluku Islands which consisted of Pallas and the 24-gun corvette William under Captain at Sea P. Feteris acting as escorts for two East Indiamen, Victoria and Batavier. On 25 July, the convoy was spotted passing the Selayar Strait by lookouts from two nearby British warships, the 32-gun frigate HMS Greyhound under Captain Edward Elphinstone and the 18-gun brig-sloop HMS Harrier under Commander Edward Troubridge. Elphinstone immediately started to chase the Dutch convoy, with Aalbers responding by forming a line of battle and retaining close formation as his ships passed the Dutch-controlled ports of Bonthain and Balacomba on the Celebes coast. At around 21:00, Aalbers ordered his convoy to anchor 7 nmi (8.1 mi; 13 km) offshore and prepare for the British attack. Elphinstone, fearing Victoria might be a ship of the line, halted his advance and Greyhound and Harrier stopped to observe the Dutch convoy during the night, maintaining a position 2 nmi (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) windward of Aalbers' ships. At dawn, Greyhound's lookouts were able to ascertain that Victoria was a large merchantman rather than a warship and Elphinstone resumed the attack. Aalbers ordered his convoy to set sail shortly afterwards, his ships tacking away from the shore in line of battle ready for the British. However, in doing so Pallas drew ahead of the next ship in the line, creating a gap through which a British attack could be directed. At 05:00, Elphinstone raised French colours in an effort to confuse the Dutch and indicated that he wished to speak with Aalbers, who was not fooled; when Elphinstone opened fire on Pallas at close range at 05:30, the Dutch frigate immediately responded in kind. With the frigates engaged, Harrier cut between Pallas and Victoria, Troubridge ordering his ship's carronades to fire at Victoria and his men to fire muskets at Pallas's crew. Greyhound took advantage of the confusion Harrier's attack had created, passing Pallas's bow and raking her. As Pallas's damage and casualties mounted, Harrier joined the attack; a wounded Aalbers passed control over the ship to one of his lieutenants. Gunfire from the Dutch frigate gradually slackened, and finally stopped at 06:10 when she struck her colours from the ship's mast with over 40 casualties from a crew of 250, 50 of whom were inexperienced native recruits. The British also captured Victoria and Batavier, with William escaping. All three captured ships were taken over by British prize crews and brought to Port Cornwallis on South Andaman Island. Eight members of Pallas's crew were killed and a further 32 were wounded, including Aalbers and three lieutenants. Six of the Dutch wounded later died of their injuries, including Aalbers. British losses by contrast were light, with one man killed and eight wounded on Greyhound and just three wounded on Harrier. The Royal Navy subsequently took Pallas into service as HMS Makassar, and by the end of 1807 had all but destroyed Hartsinck's squadron. ### Citations 1. 1 2 3 4 5 Ministry of the Interior 1807, p. 1583. 2. ↑ Das 2016, pp. 176–177. 3. 1 2 3 4 James 2002, p. 251. 4. 1 2 3 Clowes 2022, pp. 386–387. 5. ↑ Syrett & Dinardo 1994. ### Bibliography - Clowes, William Laird (2022) [1900]. The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900. Vol. 5. Legare Street Press. ISBN 978-1-0-1607-0720. - Das, Amita (2016). Defending British India Against Napoleon: The Foreign Policy of Governor-General Lord Minto, 1807-13. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-7-8327-1290. - James, William (2002) [1827]. The Naval History of Great Britain During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Vol. 4. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8-1170-0238. - Ministry of the Interior (1807). Staatsalmanak voor het Koningrijk der Nederlanden. Vol. 1. Van Cleef & Belinfante. - Syrett, David; Dinardo, Richard L. (1994). Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, 1660-1815. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-8-5928-1222.	enwiki/79524687	enwiki	79,524,687	Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Sebastiaan_Aalbers	2025-05-08T16:16:29	en	Q133462424	53,231	{{Short description\|Dutch naval officer (1772–1806)}} {{Infobox military person \| name=Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers \| birth_place = [[Terborg]], [[Gelderland]] \| birth_date = {{birth date\|df=yes\|1772\|10\|21}} \| death_place = Off [[Sulawesi\|Celebes]], [[Java Sea]] \| death_date = {{death date and age\|df=yes\|1806\|7\|26\|1772\|10\|21}} \| allegiance = [[Dutch Republic]] <br /> [[Batavian Republic]] <br /> [[Kingdom of Holland]] \| branch = [[Dutch States Navy]] <br /> [[Batavian Navy]] <br /> [[Navy of the Kingdom of Holland]] \| serviceyears = 1780s–1806 \| rank = [[Captain (naval)#Netherlands\|Captain at sea]] \| commands = ''Zwaluw'' <br /> [[HMS Celebes (1806)\|''Pallas'']] \| battles = {{tree list}} * [[French Revolutionary Wars]] * [[Napoleonic Wars]] [[Java campaign of 1806–1807]] * [[Action of 26 July 1806]] {{tree list/end}} }} [[Captain (naval)#Netherlands\|Captain at sea]] '''Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers''' (21 October 1772 – 26 July 1806) was a Dutch naval officer who served in the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]]. As an officer in the [[Dutch States Navy]], he served in the [[Dutch East Indies]] from 1789 to 1792 prior to the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]. Continuing to serve in the [[Batavian Navy]], Aalbers returned to the East Indies in 1803 as part of a squadron under [[Vice admiral\|Vice-admiral]] [[Pieter Hartsinck]]. In late July 1806, he led a Dutch convoy which was defeated by the [[Royal Navy]] in the [[action of 26 July 1806]], with Aalbers dying of wounds sustained during the battle. ==Early life== Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers was born on 21 October 1772 in [[Terborg]], [[Gelderland]]. His parents were Berend Aalbers and Barta Meijerink Aalbers. He joined the [[Dutch States Navy]] in the late 1780s and in spring 1789 captained the [[brig]] ''Zwaluw'' as part of a squadron under [[Captain (naval)#Netherlands\|Captain at sea]] [[A. H. C. van Staringh]] which set sail for the [[Dutch East Indies]], arriving there in December.{{sfn\|Ministry of the Interior\|1807\|p=1583}} Over the course of the next year, Aalbers participated in military operations against the [[Bone State]] and helped to prevent an anti-Dutch rebellion from breaking out in [[Surakarta]]. He continued to serve in the [[Maluku Islands\|Spice Islands]] until 1792, when Aalbers returned to Holland with van Staringh's squadron; as ''Zwaluw'' was by now too weak to make the return voyage, Aalbers sailed on board the ship ''Merkuur'' instead. He continued to serve in the Dutch navy when it was transformed into the [[Batavian Navy]] in 1795.{{sfn\|Ministry of the Interior\|1807\|p=1583}} ==Napoleonic Wars and death== [[File:Thomas Buttersworth - Funchal Roadstead, H.M.S. Blenheim with Greyhound and Harrier Outward Bound, 1805 NYR 2012.jpg\|thumb\|{{HMS\|Harrier\|1804\|6}} (first from left) off [[Funchal]], 1805]] In 1803, Aalbers again returned to the Dutch East Indies as part of a squadron under [[Vice admiral\|Vice-admiral]] [[Pieter Hartsinck]], captaining the 36-gun frigate [[HMS Celebes (1806)\|''Pallas'']]. Promoted to captain at sea in 1804, he continued to serve in the East Indies when the Batavian navy was transformed into the [[navy of the Kingdom of Holland]] in mid-1806.{{sfn\|Ministry of the Interior\|1807\|p=1583}} In June of that year, [[Royal Navy]] forces under [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)\|Rear-admiral]] [[Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth\|Edward Pellew]], having received information on Hartsinck's squadron and fearing that it could attack British trade routes in the region, began [[Java campaign of 1806–1807\|a campaign]] to destroy it.{{sfn\|Das\|2016\|pp=176–177}} In late July, Aalbers led a convoy from the Maluku Islands which consisted of ''Pallas'' and the 24-gun [[corvette]] ''William'' under Captain at Sea [[P. Feteris]] acting as escorts for two [[East Indiaman\|East Indiamen]], ''Victoria'' and ''Batavier''.{{sfn\|Ministry of the Interior\|1807\|p=1583}}{{sfn\|James\|2002\|p=251}} On 25 July, the convoy [[Action of 26 July 1806\|was spotted]] passing the [[Selayar Strait]] by lookouts from two nearby British warships, the 32-gun frigate [[HMS Greyhound (1783)\|HMS ''Greyhound'']] under Captain [[Edward Elphinstone]] and the 18-gun [[Sloop-of-war#Brig sloop\|brig-sloop]] {{HMS\|Harrier\|1804\|6}} under Commander [[Edward Troubridge]]. Elphinstone immediately started to chase the Dutch convoy, with Aalbers responding by forming a [[line of battle]] and retaining close formation as his ships passed the Dutch-controlled ports of [[Bantaeng Regency\|Bonthain]] and [[Bulukumba Regency\|Balacomba]] on the [[Sulawesi\|Celebes]] coast. At around 21:00, Aalbers ordered his convoy to anchor {{convert\|7\|nmi\|mi km\|lk=on\|abbr=on}} offshore and prepare for the British attack. Elphinstone, fearing ''Victoria'' might be a [[ship of the line]], halted his advance and ''Greyhound'' and ''Harrier'' stopped to observe the Dutch convoy during the night, maintaining a position {{convert\|2\|nmi\|mi km\|abbr=on}} windward of Aalbers' ships.{{sfn\|James\|2002\|p=251}}{{sfn\|Clowes\|2022\|pp=386–387}} At dawn, ''Greyhound''{{'}}s lookouts were able to ascertain that ''Victoria'' was a large merchantman rather than a warship and Elphinstone resumed the attack. Aalbers ordered his convoy to set sail shortly afterwards, his ships tacking away from the shore in line of battle ready for the British. However, in doing so ''Pallas'' drew ahead of the next ship in the line, creating a gap through which a British attack could be directed. At 05:00, Elphinstone raised French colours in an effort to confuse the Dutch and indicated that he wished to speak with Aalbers, who was not fooled; when Elphinstone opened fire on ''Pallas'' at close range at 05:30, the Dutch frigate immediately responded in kind. With the frigates engaged, ''Harrier'' cut between ''Pallas'' and ''Victoria'', Troubridge ordering his ship's [[carronade]]s to fire at ''Victoria'' and his men to fire muskets at ''Pallas''{{'}}s crew. ''Greyhound'' took advantage of the confusion ''Harrier''{{'}}s attack had created, passing ''Pallas''{{'}}s bow and [[Raking fire\|raking]] her.{{sfn\|James\|2002\|p=251}}{{sfn\|Clowes\|2022\|pp=386–387}} As ''Pallas''{{'}}s damage and casualties mounted, ''Harrier'' joined the attack; a wounded Aalbers passed control over the ship to one of his lieutenants.{{sfn\|Ministry of the Interior\|1807\|p=1583}} Gunfire from the Dutch frigate gradually slackened, and finally stopped at 06:10 when she [[Striking the colors\|struck her colours]] from the ship's mast with over 40 casualties from a crew of 250, 50 of whom were inexperienced native recruits. The British also captured ''Victoria'' and ''Batavier'', with ''William'' escaping. All three captured ships were taken over by British [[prize crew]]s and brought to [[Port Blair\|Port Cornwallis]] on [[South Andaman Island]]. Eight members of ''Pallas''{{'}}s crew were killed and a further 32 were wounded, including Aalbers and three lieutenants. Six of the Dutch wounded later died of their injuries, including Aalbers.{{sfn\|Syrett\|Dinardo\|1994}} British losses by contrast were light, with one man killed and eight wounded on ''Greyhound'' and just three wounded on ''Harrier''. The Royal Navy subsequently took ''Pallas'' into service as HMS ''Makassar'', and by the end of 1807 had all but destroyed Hartsinck's squadron.{{sfn\|James\|2002\|p=251}}{{sfn\|Clowes\|2022\|pp=386–387}} ==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist\|30em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin\|30em\|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book\|first=William Laird\|last=Clowes\|author-link=William Laird Clowes\|year=2022\|orig-year=1900\|title=The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900\|volume=5\|publisher=Legare Street Press\|isbn=978-1-0-1607-0720}} * {{Cite book\|first=Amita\|last=Das\|title=Defending British India Against Napoleon: The Foreign Policy of Governor-General Lord Minto, 1807-13\|year=2016\|publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer]]\|isbn=978-1-7-8327-1290}} * {{cite book\|first=William\|last=James\|author-link=William James (naval historian)\|title=The Naval History of Great Britain During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars\|year=2002\|orig-year=1827\|volume=4\|publisher=[[Stackpole Books]]\|isbn=978-0-8-1170-0238}} * {{Cite book\|author=Ministry of the Interior\|author-link=Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations\|title=Staatsalmanak voor het Koningrijk der Nederlanden\|year=1807\|volume=1\|publisher=Van Cleef & Belinfante}} * {{Cite book\|first1=David\|last1=Syrett\|author-link1=David Syrett\|first2=Richard L.\|last2=Dinardo\|title=Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, 1660-1815\|year=1994\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|isbn=978-1-8-5928-1222}} {{refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aalbers, Nicolaas Sebastiaan}} [[Category:1772 births]] [[Category:1806 deaths]] [[Category:18th-century Dutch military personnel]] [[Category:Dutch military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars]] [[Category:Dutch military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]] [[Category:People from Oude IJsselstreek]]	1,289,434,405	[{"title": "Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers", "data": {"Born": "21 October 1772 \u00b7 Terborg, Gelderland", "Died": "26 July 1806 (aged 33) \u00b7 Off Celebes, Java Sea", "Allegiance": "Dutch Republic \u00b7 Batavian Republic \u00b7 Kingdom of Holland", "Service / branch": "Dutch States Navy \u00b7 Batavian Navy \u00b7 Navy of the Kingdom of Holland", "Years of service": "1780s\u20131806", "Rank": "Captain at sea", "Commands": "Zwaluw \u00b7 Pallas", "Battles / wars": "- French Revolutionary Wars - Napoleonic Wars - Java campaign of 1806\u20131807 - Action of 26 July 1806"}}]	false
# Sidney Sager Sidney Sager (17 May 1917 – 3 December 2002) was an English composer, conductor and trombonist, best known for his music for television and radio. ## Biography ### Early life Born into a Jewish family in London's East End, he joined the British Army at the age of 14 as a band boy, and as a result of his natural ability was sponsored by the Army to study at the Royal College of Music. He is the younger brother of Terry Burns (born Mark Sager) the medical inventor and picture restorer. There is also a half-brother, Edward Tunnicliff (born Edward Sager), who now lives in North Norfolk. Sidney Sager's musical career was interrupted by the Second World War, during which he fought with the British Expeditionary Force in France and was evacuated from Dunkirk. Following a brief spell in England he was transferred to North Africa, where he served until the end of hostilities. He returned to civilian life as a musician, playing brass for some time for the Royal Opera at Covent Garden. ### Conductor During the 1950s he studied composition and conducting in Geneva, and shortly after his return to the UK moved to Bristol, where he conducted the BBC West of England Light Orchestra and founded the Paragon, the city's first symphony orchestra, which subsequently reformed as Bristol Sinfonia. ### Composer Sager was involved for many years with the BBC Wildlife Unit at Bristol, although he also wrote scores for drama on television and radio. He is perhaps best known for the music he wrote for children's drama while Director of Music at HTV West from 1976 to 1992. ### Television work - Expedition ins Unbekannte (1958) TV series by Hans Hass (West Germany) - Saturday Playhouse (TV Series); Haul for the Shore (1959), Devonshire Cream (1960) - Play for Today TV series; The Fishing Party (1972), Shakespeare or Bust (1973), Three for the Fancy (1974) - Children of the Stones (1977) TV series - King of the Castle (1977) TV series - Into the Labyrinth (1981) TV series One of the most well-remembered programmes he scored was The Best of Friends, starring John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, and Patrick McGoohan as Sydney Cockerell, Laurentia McLachlan, and George Bernard Shaw respectively. This work was scored for string quintet modelled after Schubert. He also composed orchestral, band and choral works for festivals, often with children's themes (much like his television scores). In 1960 he wrote the score for Delilah The Sensitive Cow, a story written and narrated by his friend Johnny Morris, the television presenter, which was released as a record by Decca. #### Children of the Stones For Children of the Stones, Sager's combination of A cappella vocalizations fixated on a single, repeated Icelandic word ("Hadave"), along with its dissonant wordless counterpoint, made this score unique among children's programming. The vocals were provided by the Ambrosian Singers, featuring Lynda Richardson on the solo soprano line. The vocals were supplemented by electric guitar, bass guitar and percussion. The main theme of Children of the Stones is written on the acoustic scale, ambiguously fluctuating between a tonality of C and D major. A signature two-chord harmonic progression, Em9 to G/C, is heard throughout the seven-part series at key dramatic points. A secondary theme is treated in canon and is diegetic music, representing a hymn sung by the spellbound villagers in the story. This theme is later echoed in the guitar and bass when the main child protagonist, Matt, uses his latent psychometric abilities. The secondary theme also concludes the series in a light jazz arrangement, establishing a lighter tone before the final twist is revealed. The musical texture was the suggestion of producer Peter Graham Scott, who, while driving to Avebury to begin filming, had heard music by Krzysztof Penderecki on the radio. ### Marriage and children Sidney Sager married Naomi Burgess, who he met while working at the BBC in 1964. They have one child, Daniel.	enwiki/9545670	enwiki	9,545,670	Sidney Sager	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Sager	2025-04-03T06:06:09	en	Q7509324	22,614	{{Short description\|English composer 1917–2002}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} '''Sidney Sager''' (17 May 1917 – 3 December 2002) was an English [[composer]], [[conducting\|conductor]] and [[trombone\|trombonist]], best known for his music for television and radio.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141027113440/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article2087619.ece ''The Times'' obituary, 18 Dec 2002]. Thetimes.co.uk, Accessed 27 October 2014</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141027120228/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba067aef6 BFI]. Web.archive.org, Accessed 27 October 2014</ref> ==Biography== === Early life === Born into a [[Jew]]ish family in [[London]]'s [[East End]], he joined the [[British Army]] at the age of 14 as a band boy, and as a result of his natural ability was sponsored by the Army to study at the [[Royal College of Music]]. He is the younger brother of Terry Burns (born Mark Sager) the medical inventor and picture restorer. There is also a half-brother, Edward Tunnicliff (born Edward Sager), who now lives in North Norfolk. Sidney Sager's musical career was interrupted by the [[Second World War]], during which he fought with the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)\|British Expeditionary Force]] in [[France]] and was evacuated from [[Dunkirk]]. Following a brief spell in England he was transferred to North Africa, where he served until the end of hostilities. He returned to civilian life as a musician, playing brass for some time for the [[Royal Opera, London\|Royal Opera]] at [[Royal Opera House\|Covent Garden]]. === Conductor === During the 1950s he studied composition and conducting in [[Geneva]], and shortly after his return to the UK moved to [[Bristol]], where he conducted the [[BBC]] West of England Light Orchestra and founded the Paragon, the city's first symphony orchestra, which subsequently reformed as Bristol Sinfonia.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/garlands/167.htm \|title=A 167th garland of British light music composers \|accessdate=3 November 2009\|last=Scowcroft \|first=Philip L. \|website=Musicweb-international.com}}</ref> === Composer === Sager was involved for many years with the BBC Wildlife Unit at Bristol, although he also wrote scores for drama on television and radio. He is perhaps best known for the music he wrote for children's drama while Director of Music at [[HTV West]] from 1976 to 1992. ===Television work=== * ''Expedition ins Unbekannte'' (1958) TV series by [[Hans Hass]] (West Germany) [[Saturday Playhouse]] (TV Series); Haul for the Shore (1959), Devonshire Cream (1960) ''[[Play for Today]]'' TV series; The Fishing Party (1972), Shakespeare or Bust (1973), Three for the Fancy (1974) ''[[Children of the Stones]]'' (1977) TV series ''[[King of the Castle (TV series)\|King of the Castle]]'' (1977) TV series ''[[Into the Labyrinth (TV series)\|Into the Labyrinth]]'' (1981) TV series One of the most well-remembered programmes he scored was ''The Best of Friends'', starring [[John Gielgud]], [[Wendy Hiller]], and [[Patrick McGoohan]] as [[Sydney Cockerell]], [[Laurentia McLachlan]], and [[George Bernard Shaw]] respectively. This work was scored for string quintet modelled after [[Schubert]]. He also composed orchestral, band and choral works for festivals, often with children's themes (much like his television scores). In 1960 he wrote the score for Delilah The Sensitive Cow,<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.45cat.com/record/dfe6617\|title=Johnny Morris - Delilah The Sensitive Cow - Part 1\|accessdate=27 July 2020\|website=45cat.com}}</ref> a story written and narrated by his friend [[Johnny Morris (television presenter)\|Johnny Morris]], the television presenter, which was released as a record by Decca. ====Children of the Stones==== For ''Children of the Stones'', Sager's combination of [[A cappella]] vocalizations fixated on a single, repeated Icelandic word ("Hadave"), along with its dissonant wordless [[counterpoint]], made this score unique among children's programming. The vocals were provided by the [[Ambrosian Singers]], featuring Lynda Richardson on the solo soprano line. The vocals were supplemented by electric guitar, bass guitar and percussion. The main theme of ''Children of the Stones'' is written on the [[acoustic scale]], ambiguously fluctuating between a tonality of [[C major\|C]] and [[D major]]. A signature two-chord harmonic progression, Em9 to G/C, is heard throughout the seven-part series at key dramatic points. A secondary theme is treated in canon and is [[diegesis\|diegetic]] music, representing a hymn sung by the spellbound villagers in the story. This theme is later echoed in the guitar and bass when the main child protagonist, Matt, uses his latent [[psychometric]] abilities. The secondary theme also concludes the series in a light jazz arrangement, establishing a lighter tone before the final twist is revealed. The musical texture was the suggestion of producer [[Peter Graham Scott]], who, while driving to [[Avebury]] to begin filming, had heard music by [[Krzysztof Penderecki]] on the radio. === Marriage and children === Sidney Sager married Naomi Burgess, who he met while working at the BBC in 1964. They have one child, Daniel. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{IMDb name\|nm0756108}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sager, Sidney}} [[Category:1917 births]] [[Category:2002 deaths]] [[Category:English composers]] [[Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Music]] [[Category:Composers from London]] [[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]] [[Category:20th-century British Army personnel]]	1,283,715,026	[]	false
# Benefit of the Doubt (1967 film) Benefit of the Doubt (also known as US) is a 1967 documentary by Peter Whitehead. It covers Peter Brook's anti-Vietnam protest play US, with the Royal Shakespeare Company. It was filmed at London's Aldwych Theatre and features Peter Brook, Michael Kustow, Michael Williams and Glenda Jackson. Brook also adapted US as a film, Tell Me Lies (1968). ## Cast - Peter Brook - Michael Kustow - Michael Williams - Glenda Jackson	enwiki/6135161	enwiki	6,135,161	Benefit of the Doubt (1967 film)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_of_the_Doubt_(1967_film)	2025-03-13T21:57:17	en	Q4887452	34,260	{{Short description\|1967 British film by Peter Whitehead}} {{see also\|precautionary principle}} {{see Wiktionary\|\|benefit of the doubt\|phrase}}{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2025}} {{Use British English\|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox film \| name = Benefit of the Doubt \| image = BenefitOfTheDoubt.jpg \| caption = Screenshot \| director = [[Peter Lorrimer Whitehead\|Peter Whitehead]] \| producer = \| writer = \| narrator = \| starring = [[Peter Brook]]<br />[[Michael Kustow]]<br />[[Michael Williams (actor)\|Michael Williams]]<br />[[Glenda Jackson]] \| music = \| cinematography = \| editing = \| distributor = \| released = {{Film date\|1967}} \| runtime = 60 minutes \| country = United Kingdom \| language = English \| budget = }} '''''Benefit of the Doubt''''' (also known as '''''US''''') is a 1967 documentary by Peter Whitehead.<ref name="BFIsearch">{{Cite web \|title=Benefit of the Doubt \|url=https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150117292 \|access-date=12 August 2024 \|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> It covers [[Peter Brook]]'s anti-Vietnam protest play ''[[US (play)\|US]]'', with the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]]. It was filmed at London's [[Aldwych Theatre]] and features Peter Brook, [[Michael Kustow]], [[Michael Williams (actor)\|Michael Williams]] and [[Glenda Jackson]]. Brook also adapted ''US'' as a film, ''[[Tell Me Lies (film)\|Tell Me Lies]]'' (1968).<ref name=BFI>{{cite web\|title=Benefit of the Doubt (1967)\|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1379869/index.html\|publisher=British Film Institute\|accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref> ==Cast== * [[Peter Brook]] * Michael Kustow * [[Michael Williams (actor)\|Michael Williams]] * [[Glenda Jackson]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{IMDb title\|id=0061396\|title=Benefit of the Doubt}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070502053456/http://s120937152.websitehome.co.uk/pw/html/benefit.html Film's entry on Peter Whitehead's website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Benefit of the Doubt}} [[Category:1967 films]] [[Category:British documentary films]] [[Category:1967 documentary films]] [[Category:Documentary films about theatre]] [[Category:Documentary films about the Vietnam War]] [[Category:1960s English-language films]] [[Category:1960s British films]] [[Category:English-language documentary films]] {{art-documentary-film-stub}} {{1960s-UK-film-stub}} {{1960s-documentary-film-stub}}	1,280,316,356	[{"title": "Benefit of the Doubt", "data": {"Directed by": "Peter Whitehead", "Starring": "Peter Brook \u00b7 Michael Kustow \u00b7 Michael Williams \u00b7 Glenda Jackson", "Release date": "- 1967", "Running time": "60 minutes", "Country": "United Kingdom", "Language": "English"}}]	false
# William Dawson (New Zealand politician) William Dawson (January 1852 – 27 July 1923) was a 19th-century Liberal Party Member of Parliament in Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. ## Early life Dawson was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in January 1852. He followed his father into the profession as a brewer. ## Political career \| Years \| Term \| Electorate \| Electorate \| Party \| Party \| \| ------- \| ---- \| --------------- \| --------------- \| ----- \| ------- \| \| 1890–93 \| 11th \| Dunedin Suburbs \| Dunedin Suburbs \| \| Liberal \| He was first elected to Dunedin City Council in 1885. Two years later, he was elected Mayor of Dunedin for one term. In 1892, he was again elected onto the city council. He represented the Dunedin Suburbs electorate in Parliament from 1890 to 1893, when he retired.	enwiki/28283482	enwiki	28,283,482	William Dawson (New Zealand politician)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dawson_(New_Zealand_politician)	2025-07-07T00:22:55	en	Q8007680	38,294	{{Short description\|New Zealand politician}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2025}} {{Use New Zealand English\|date=August 2014}} {{Infobox officeholder \|honorific-prefix = \|name = William Dawson \|honorific-suffix = \|image = William Dawson.jpg \|caption = \|office2 = 16th [[Mayor of Dunedin]] \|term_start2 = 1887 \|term_end2 = 1888 \|predecessor2 = [[Richard Henry Leary]] \|successor2 = [[Hugh Gourley]] \|constituency_MP3 = [[Dunedin Suburbs (New Zealand electorate)\|Dunedin Suburbs]] \|parliament3 = New Zealand \|term_start3 = 1890 \|term_end3 = 1893 \|birth_date = January 1852 \|birth_place = [[Aberdeen]], Scotland \|death_date = 27 July 1923 \|death_place = [[Wellington]], New Zealand \|spouse = \|children = Three \|relations = \|party = [[New Zealand Liberal Party\|Liberal]] \|religion = \|profession = }} '''William Dawson''' (January 1852 – 27 July 1923) was a 19th-century [[New Zealand Liberal Party\|Liberal Party]] Member of Parliament in [[Dunedin]], [[Otago]], New Zealand. ==Early life== Dawson was born in [[Aberdeen]], Scotland, in January 1852. He followed his father into the profession as a brewer.<ref name="NZETC Dawson">{{cite book \|title=The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Otago & Southland Provincial Districts \|year=1905 \|url= https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1-d2-d6-d2.html#name-427776-mention \|publisher=[[The Cyclopedia of New Zealand]] \|author=Cyclopedia Company Limited \|access-date= 5 October 2010 \|location=Christchurch \|chapter= Ex-Members}}</ref> ==Political career== {{NZ parlbox header\|nolist=true\|align=left}} {{NZ parlbox\|start={{NZ election link year\|1890}}\|end=93\|term=11th\|electorate={{NZ electorate link\|Dunedin Suburbs}}\|party=New Zealand Liberal Party}} {{End}} He was first elected to [[Dunedin City Council]] in 1885. Two years later, he was elected [[Mayor of Dunedin]] for one term. In 1892, he was again elected onto the city council.<ref name="NZETC Dawson (DCC)">{{cite book \|title=The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Otago & Southland Provincial Districts \|year=1905 \|url= https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1-d2-d10-d76.html#name-427776-mention \|publisher=[[The Cyclopedia of New Zealand]] \|author=Cyclopedia Company Limited \|access-date= 5 October 2010 \|location=Christchurch \|chapter= Mr. William Dawson, J.P}}</ref> He represented the {{NZ electorate link\|Dunedin Suburbs}} electorate in Parliament from {{NZ election link year\|1890}} to 1893, when he retired.<ref name=Wilson>{{cite book \|last= Wilson \|first= James Oakley \|title= New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 \|edition= 4th \|orig-date= First ed. published 1913 \|year= 1985 \|publisher=V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer \|location= Wellington \|oclc=154283103 \|page=192}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef\|before=[[Richard Henry Leary]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=[[Mayor of Dunedin]]\|years=1887–1888}} {{s-aft\|after=[[Hugh Gourley]]}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dawson, William}} [[Category:1852 births]] [[Category:1923 deaths]] [[Category:Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives]] [[Category:Mayors of Dunedin]] [[Category:New Zealand Liberal Party MPs]] [[Category:New Zealand MPs for Dunedin electorates]] [[Category:19th-century New Zealand politicians]] {{NewZealand-Liberal-politician-stub}} {{NewZealand-mayor-stub}}	1,299,188,665	[{"title": "16th Mayor of Dunedin", "data": {"16th Mayor of Dunedin": "In office \u00b7 1887\u20131888", "Preceded by": "Richard Henry Leary", "Succeeded by": "Hugh Gourley"}}, {"title": "Member of the New Zealand Parliament \u00b7 for Dunedin Suburbs", "data": {"Member of the New Zealand Parliament \u00b7 for Dunedin Suburbs": "In office \u00b7 1890\u20131893"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "January 1852 \u00b7 Aberdeen, Scotland", "Died": "27 July 1923 \u00b7 Wellington, New Zealand", "Political party": "Liberal", "Children": "Three"}}]	false
# Smolary, Gniezno County Smolary [smɔˈlarɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzemeszno, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.	enwiki/20975148	enwiki	20,975,148	Smolary, Gniezno County	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolary,_Gniezno_County	2025-08-15T09:26:40	en	Q7546235	40,793	{{Other places\|Smolary (disambiguation){{!}}Smolary}} {{Infobox settlement \| name = Smolary \| settlement_type = Village \| total_type =   \| image_skyline = \| image_caption = \| image_flag = \| image_shield = \| image_map = \| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states\|Country]] \| subdivision_name = {{POL}} \| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland\|Voivodeship]] \| subdivision_name1 = [[Greater Poland Voivodeship\|Greater Poland]] \| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat\|County]] \| subdivision_name2 = [[Gniezno County\|Gniezno]] \| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]] \| subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Trzemeszno\|Trzemeszno]] \| pushpin_map = Poland \| coordinates = {{coord\|52\|37\|N\|17\|45\|E\|region:PL\|display=title,inline}} \| elevation_m = \| population_total = \| website = }} '''Smolary''' {{IPAc-pl\|s\|m\|o\|'\|l\|a\|r\|y}} is a [[village]] in the administrative district of [[Gmina Trzemeszno]], within [[Gniezno County]], [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]], in west-central [[Poland]].{{TERYT}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Gmina Trzemeszno}} [[Category:Villages in Gniezno County]] {{Gniezno-geo-stub}}	1,305,998,802	[{"title": "Smolary", "data": {"Country": "Poland", "Voivodeship": "Greater Poland", "County": "Gniezno", "Gmina": "Trzemeszno"}}]	false
# Hermann, Freiherr von Soden Baron Hermann von Soden (16 August 1852 – 15 January 1914) was a German Biblical scholar, minister, professor of divinity, and textual theorist. ## Life Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 16, 1852, Soden was educated at the University of Tübingen. In 1881 he was appointed as the minister at Dresden-Striesen and in 1887 he became minister of the Jerusalem Church in Berlin. In 1889 he also became a privatdozent, a form of tutor, in the University of Berlin, and four years later was appointed as an extraordinary professor of divinity. He fought for a more presbyterian and democratic constitution in the congregations of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces. His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof II der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. II of the congregations of the Jerusalem's Church and the New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of the Hallesches Tor. Soden introduced a new notation of manuscripts and also developed a new theory of textual history. He believed that in the 4th century there were in existence three recensions of the text of the New Testament, which he distinguished as K, H and I. After establishing the text of I, H and K, Soden reconstructed a hypothetical text, I-H-K, which he believed to have been their ancestor. He then tried to show that this text was known to all the writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Soden died in a railway accident in Berlin on January 15, 1914. His descendant Wolfram von Soden became a noted Assyriologist. ## Works His most important book is Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte (4 vols., Berlin: Glaue, 1902-1910); certainly the most important work on the text of the New Testament which had been published since Westcott and Hort's The New Testament in the Original Greek. Other works include: - Der Brief des Apostels Paulus an die Philipper, Freiburg i. Br., 1880. - Hebräerbrief, Briefe des Petrus, Jakobus, Judas, Freiburg i. Br., 1890. - Und was thut die evangelische Kirche? Erwogen angesichts der Reichstagswahlen, zumal in unseren Großstädten, 3rd. ed., Berlin: Nauck, 1890 (a pamphlet written during the campaign for the Reichstag election) - Die Briefe an die Kolosser, Epheser, Philemon; die Pastoralbriefe, Freiburg i. Br., 1891. - "Untersuchungen über neutestamentliche Schriften" in Protestantisches Jahrbuch für theologische Studien und Schriftkommentar, 1895–1897. - Palästina und seine Geschichte, sechs volkstümliche Vorträge, Leipzig, 1899. - Die wichtigsten Fragen im Leben Jesu, Ferienkurs-Vorträge Berlin, 1904. - Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte. 4 volumes, Berlin, 1902–1913. - Urchristliche Literaturgeschichte, die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, Berlin: Duncker, 1905. - Hat Jesus gelebt? Aus den geschichtlichen Urkunden beantwortet von Hermann von Soden, Berlin, 1910. He contributed to the 1903 Encyclopaedia Biblica and to the "Hand-Commentar zum Neuen Testament", several editions, started in 1855 by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann and Hans von Soden	enwiki/2145370	enwiki	2,145,370	Hermann, Freiherr von Soden	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann,_Freiherr_von_Soden	2025-05-15T21:32:25	en	Q119398	35,176	{{Short description\|German Biblical scholar}} [[File:Hermann von Soden.jpg\|thumb\|Hermann von Soden]] '''Baron Hermann von Soden''' (16 August 1852 – 15 January 1914) was a German [[Biblical scholar]], minister, professor of divinity, and textual theorist. ==Life== Born in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], on August 16, 1852, Soden was educated at the [[University of Tübingen]]. In 1881 he was appointed as the [[Minister (Christianity)\|minister]] at [[Dresden]]-[[Striesen]] and in 1887 he became minister of the [[Jerusalem's Church\|Jerusalem Church]] in [[Berlin]]. In 1889 he also became a ''[[privatdozent]]'', a form of tutor, in the [[Humboldt University of Berlin\|University of Berlin]], and four years later was appointed as an extraordinary professor of [[divinity]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911\|inline=y\|wstitle=Soden, Hermann, Freiherr von\|volume=25\|pages=339–340\|first=Kirsopp\|last=Lake\|author-link=Kirsopp Lake}}</ref> He fought for a more [[Presbyterianism\|presbyterian]] and democratic constitution in the congregations of the [[Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces]]. His grave is preserved in the [[Protestant]] ''Friedhof II der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde'' (Cemetery No. II of the congregations of the [[Jerusalem's Church]] and the [[Deutscher Dom\|New Church]]) in [[Kreuzberg\|Berlin-Kreuzberg]], south of the [[Hallesches Tor (Berlin U-Bahn)\|Hallesches Tor]]. Soden introduced a new notation of manuscripts and also developed a new theory of textual history. He believed that in the 4th century there were in existence three recensions of the text of the [[New Testament]], which he distinguished as ''K'', ''H'' and ''I''. After establishing the text of ''I'', ''H'' and ''K'', Soden reconstructed a hypothetical text, ''I-H-K'', which he believed to have been their ancestor. He then tried to show that this text was known to all the writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries.<ref name="EB1911"/> Soden died in a railway accident in [[Berlin]] on January 15, 1914. His descendant [[Wolfram von Soden]] became a noted Assyriologist. ==Works== His most important book is ''Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte'' (4 vols., Berlin: Glaue, 1902-1910); certainly the most important work on the text of the [[New Testament]] which had been published since Westcott and Hort's ''[[The New Testament in the Original Greek]]''.<ref name="EB1911"/> Other works include: * ''Der Brief des Apostels Paulus an die Philipper'', Freiburg i. Br., 1880. * ''Hebräerbrief, Briefe des Petrus, Jakobus, Judas'', Freiburg i. Br., 1890. * ''Und was thut die evangelische Kirche? Erwogen angesichts der Reichstagswahlen, zumal in unseren Großstädten'', 3rd. ed., Berlin: Nauck, 1890 (a pamphlet written during the campaign for the [[Reichstag (German Empire)\|Reichstag]] election) * ''Die Briefe an die Kolosser, Epheser, Philemon; die Pastoralbriefe'', Freiburg i. Br., 1891. * "Untersuchungen über neutestamentliche Schriften" in ''Protestantisches Jahrbuch für theologische Studien und Schriftkommentar'', 1895–1897. * [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL12438539W/Pal%C3%A4stina_und_seine_Geschichte_sechs_volkst%C3%BCmliche_Vortr%C3%A4ge_.. ''Palästina und seine Geschichte, sechs volkstümliche Vorträge''], Leipzig, 1899. * ''Die wichtigsten Fragen im Leben Jesu'', Ferienkurs-Vorträge Berlin, 1904. * ''Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte''. 4 volumes, Berlin, 1902–1913. * ''Urchristliche Literaturgeschichte, die Schriften des Neuen Testaments'', Berlin: Duncker, 1905. * ''Hat Jesus gelebt? Aus den geschichtlichen Urkunden beantwortet von Hermann von Soden'', Berlin, 1910. He contributed to the 1903 ''[[Encyclopaedia Biblica]]'' and to the "Hand-Commentar zum Neuen Testament", several editions, started in 1855 by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann and Hans von Soden ==References== {{reflist}} == External links == * {{BBKL\|s/soden_he\|band=10\|autor=Klaus-Gunther Wesseling\|artikel=Soden, Hermann Freiherr von\|spalten=722-727}} * [https://archive.org/details/VonSoden1-1/mode/2up Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 1] at the [[Internet Archive]]. * [https://printedbooks.csntm.org/PrintedBook/Group/DieSchriftendesneuenTestamentsvol1 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 1] at the [[CSNTM]]. * [https://archive.org/details/VonSoden2 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 2] at the [[Internet Archive]]. * [https://printedbooks.csntm.org/PrintedBook/Group/DieSchriftendesneuenTestamentsvol2 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 2] at the [[CSNTM]]. * [https://archive.org/details/dieschriftendesn0003sode Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 3] at the [[Internet Archive]]. * [https://printedbooks.csntm.org/PrintedBook/Group/DieSchriftendesneuenTestamentsvol3 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 3] at the [[CSNTM]]. * [https://printedbooks.csntm.org/PrintedBook/Group/DieSchriftendesneuenTestamentsvol4 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 4] at the [[CSNTM]]. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soden, Hermann, Freiherr von}} [[Category:1852 births]] [[Category:1914 deaths]] [[Category:Educators from Cincinnati]] [[Category:19th-century German scholars]] [[Category:19th-century German Protestant theologians]] [[Category:20th-century German Protestant theologians]] [[Category:German biblical scholars]] [[Category:New Testament scholars]] [[Category:Religious leaders from Ohio]] [[Category:German male non-fiction writers]] [[Category:German barons]] [[Category:19th-century German male writers]] [[Category:Railway accident deaths in Germany]]	1,290,609,492	[]	false
# Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses The Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses are two neighboring houses at 450 and 456 Woodland Road in Highland Park, Illinois. The earlier house at 450 Woodland was built in 1923–1925, while the later house was built in 1930. John S. Van Bergen, a prominent Chicago architect who designed several other homes in Highland Park, designed both houses in the Prairie School style. The house at 450 Woodland is a cottage-style building with a stucco exterior and wood detail work. The house at 456 Woodland is a brick building with an entrance pavilion, a balcony, and overhanging eaves. The houses were added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 29, 1982.	enwiki/62726863	enwiki	62,726,863	Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Frank_Geyso_Houses	2025-07-29T11:20:44	en	Q85786845	64,591	{{short description\|Historic houses in Illinois, United States}} {{Use American English\|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=February 2025}} {{Infobox NRHP \| name = Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses \| nrhp_type = \| image = Frank Geyso House.JPG \| caption = 450 Woodland Road \| location = 450 and 456 Woodland Rd., [[Highland Park, Illinois]] \| coordinates = {{coord\|42\|09\|41\|N\|87\|46\|39\|W\|region:US_type:landmark\|name=Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses\|display=inline,title}} \| locmapin = Chicago#Illinois#USA \| built = 1923-25, 1930 \| architect = John S. Van Bergen \| architecture = Prairie School \| added = September 29, 1982 \| area = {{convert\|1\|acre}} \| mpsub = [https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/64000175.pdf Highland Park MRA] \| refnum = 82002561<ref name="nris">{{NRISref\|version=2013a}}</ref> }} The '''Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses''' are two neighboring houses at 450 and 456 Woodland Road in [[Highland Park, Illinois]]. The earlier house at 450 Woodland was built in 1923–1925, while the later house was built in 1930. [[John S. Van Bergen]], a prominent [[Chicago]] architect who designed several other homes in Highland Park, designed both houses in the [[Prairie School]] style. The house at 450 Woodland is a cottage-style building with a [[stucco]] exterior and wood detail work. The house at 456 Woodland is a brick building with an entrance pavilion, a balcony, and overhanging [[eaves]].<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Benjamin \|first1=Susan S. \|last2=Cook \|first2=Nancy W. \|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Highland Park Multiple Resource Area \|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/64000175.pdf \|publisher=[[National Park Service]] \|access-date=January 2, 2020 \|date=September 1981}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Cook \|first1=Nancy W. \|title=Highland Park Multiple Resource Inventory Sheet: Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses \|url=http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/201322.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103025350/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/201322.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2020-01-03 \|publisher=[[Illinois Historic Preservation Division]] \|access-date=January 2, 2020 \|date=September 1981}}</ref> The houses were added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on September 29, 1982.<ref name="nris"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{National Register of Historic Places}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Geyso, Mrs. Frank, Houses}} [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Lake County, Illinois]] [[Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois]] [[Category:Houses in Lake County, Illinois]] [[Category:Prairie School architecture in Illinois]] [[Category:Highland Park, Illinois]] {{LakeCountyIL-NRHP-stub}}	1,303,158,875	[{"title": "", "data": {"Location": "450 and 456 Woodland Rd., Highland Park, Illinois", "Coordinates": "42\u00b009\u203241\u2033N 87\u00b046\u203239\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff42.16139\u00b0N 87.77750\u00b0W", "Area": "1 acre (0.40 ha)", "Built": "1923-25, 1930", "Architect": "John S. Van Bergen", "Architectural style": "Prairie School", "MPS": "Highland Park MRA", "NRHP reference No.": "82002561", "Added to NRHP": "September 29, 1982"}}]	false
# Agnew Burlie Agnew Burlie (1 July 1906 – 24 January 1952) was a Canadian boxer. He competed in the men's featherweight event at the 1924 Summer Olympics.	enwiki/58984999	enwiki	58,984,999	Agnew Burlie	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnew_Burlie	2025-04-24T22:40:45	en	Q58331985	23,481	{{Short description\|Canadian boxer (1906–1952)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox sportsperson \| name = Agnew Burlie \| full_name = \| image = \| caption = \| nationality = Canadian \| sport = [[Boxing]] \| birth_date = 1 July 1906 \| birth_place = Dundee, Scotland \| death_date = {{death date and age\|1952\|1\|24\|1906\|7\|1\|df=yes}} \| death_place = Toronto, Ontario, Canada }} '''Agnew Burlie''' (1 July 1906 – 24 January 1952) was a Canadian [[boxing\|boxer]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/1147 \|title=Agnew Burlie \|publisher=Olympedia \|access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref> He competed in the [[Boxing at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's featherweight\|men's featherweight]] event at the [[1924 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference \|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bu/agnew-burlie-1.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418075109/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bu/agnew-burlie-1.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=18 April 2020 \|title=Agnew Burlie Olympic Results \|accessdate=6 November 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{sports links}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Burlie, Agnew}} [[Category:1906 births]] [[Category:1952 deaths]] [[Category:Canadian male boxers]] [[Category:Olympic boxers for Canada]] [[Category:Boxers at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Dundee]] [[Category:Featherweight boxers]] [[Category:20th-century Canadian sportsmen]] {{Canada-boxing-bio-stub}}	1,287,239,088	[{"title": "Agnew Burlie", "data": {"Nationality": "Canadian", "Born": "1 July 1906 \u00b7 Dundee, Scotland", "Died": "24 January 1952 (aged 45) \u00b7 Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}}, {"title": "Sport", "data": {"Sport": "Boxing"}}]	false
# Valérie Perrin Valérie Perrin (born 19 January 1967, in Remiremont) is a French novelist, screenwriter, and photographer. She is best known as the author of the novels Les Oubliés du dimanche (2015), and Changer l'eau des fleurs (2018), and for screenwriting on the films Salaud, on t'aime (2014), Un plus une (2015), and Everyone's Life (2017). Her works have been translated into over 30 languages. ## Life and career Perrin was born 19 January 1967 in Remiremont, France, and grew up in Burgundy in a family of footballers. She moved to Paris in 1986, working odd jobs before settling with Claude Lelouch, whom she had met in 2006 after writing him a letter. She began screenwriting when she collaborated with Lelouch for 2014 French drama Salaud, on t'aime. She would go on to collaborate with him for the screenplays of Un plus une (2015) and Everyone's Life (2017). After having worked on Salaud, on t'aime, Perrin published her first novel Les Oubliés du dimanche, published by Éditions Albin Michel in 2015 and Le Livre de Poche in 2017. The book was a success, being awarded a Booksellers Choice Award, a Chronos Award, the National Lion's Prize for Literature, the Prix du Premier Roman in 2016. Perrin's following novel, Changer l'eau des fleurs, was published in 2018 by Albin Michel and Les Livres de Poche in 2019. In 2020, it was translated into English by Hildegarde Serle for Europa Editions, where the novel became an international success. Her novel Trois, was published in 2021. She married Lelouch in a civil ceremony in Paris in 2023. ## Literary work ### Novels - Les Oubliés du dimanche, Éditions Albin Michel (2015), Le Livre de Poche (2017), Europa Editions (2023) - Changer l'eau des fleurs, Éditions Albin Michel (2018), Les Livres de Poche (2019), Europa Editions (2020) - Trois, Éditions Albin Michel (2021), Les Livres de Poche (2022), Europa Editions (2022) - Tata, Edition Albin Michel (2024) ### Short stories - 24 hours together (with Wilfried N'sondé and Brigitte Giraud), Editións ActuSF, 2019 ### Screenplays - Salaud, on t'aime (2014) - Un plus une (2015) - Everyone's Life (2017) ## Awards - Forgotten on Sunday - National Lion's Prize for Literature, 2016[6] - Chronos award, 2016[6] - Poulet-Malassis Prize, 2016[6] - Fresh Water for Flowers - Maison de la Presse, 2018[13] - Les Livres de Poche Reader's Prize, 2019	enwiki/74657185	enwiki	74,657,185	Valérie Perrin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_Perrin	2025-07-25T19:41:49	en	Q71314286	67,110	{{Short description\|French novelist and screenwriter (born 1967)}} <!-- Note: The following pages were redirects to [[Valérie_Perrin]] before draftification: [[Draft:Valérie Perrin]] --> {{Infobox writer \| name = Valérie Perrin \| image = Valérie Perrin 2021.jpg \| birth_date = {{Birthdate and age\|1967\|01\|19}} \| birth_place = [[Remiremont]], [[France]] \| spouse = {{Marriage\|[[Claude Lelouch]]\|2023}} \| occupation = Novelist, screenwriter, photographer \| notable_works = ''Les Oubliés du dimanche'' (2015), ''Changer l'eau des fleurs'' (2018) \| awards = {{ubl\|Bookseller's Choice Award (2015)\|Prix du premier roman de Chambéry (2016)\|Prix Maison de la Presse (2018)\|Paperback Readers Prize (2020)}} }} '''Valérie Perrin''' (born 19 January 1967, in [[Remiremont]]) is a French novelist, screenwriter, and photographer. She is best known as the author of the novels ''Les Oubliés du dimanche'' (2015), and ''Changer l'eau des fleurs'' (2018), and for screenwriting on the films ''[[Salaud, on t'aime]]'' (2014), ''[[Un plus une]]'' (2015), and ''[[Everyone's Life]]'' (2017). Her works have been translated into over 30 languages. == Life and career == Perrin was born 19 January 1967 in [[Remiremont]], [[France]], and grew up in [[Burgundy]] in a family of footballers. She moved to [[Paris]] in 1986, working odd jobs before settling with [[Claude Lelouch]], whom she had met in 2006 after writing him a letter.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Valérie Perrin : "Pour Claude Lelouch, j'ai tout quitté !" \|url=https://www.public.fr/News/Valerie-Perrin-Pour-Claude-Lelouch-j-ai-tout-quitte-1725659 \|access-date=9 October 2023 \|work=Public.fr \|date=3 February 2019 \|language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine \|last=Liger \|first=Baptiste \|date=April 2021 \|title=Un Coer Simple \|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/424bd89e74b6617ac8b808ec98ae6d60/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=5001983 \|magazine=Lire \|page=53 \|access-date=22 August 2023 \|language=fr}}</ref> She began screenwriting when she collaborated with Lelouch for 2014 French drama ''[[Salaud, on t'aime]]''. She would go on to collaborate with him for the screenplays of ''[[Un plus une]]'' (2015) and ''[[Everyone's Life]]'' (2017).<ref name=":2">{{Cite news \|last=Gary \|first=Nicholas \|date=28 July 2020 \|title=Valérie Perrin: "I write while playing with my reader, while thinking of him." \|url=https://actualitte.com/article/6390/les-mots-en-boite/valerie-perrin-j-ecris-en-jouant-avec-mon-lecteur-en-pensant-a-lui \|access-date=21 August 2023 \|website=Actualitte}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Reboulleau \|first1=Laetitia \|title=Couple mythique : Claude Lelouch et Valérie Perrin, l'amour envers et contre tous \|url=https://fr.style.yahoo.com/claude-lelouch-couple-valerie-perrin-infidelite-113756523.html?guccounter=1 \|access-date=9 October 2023 \|work=Yahoo! Style \|date=19 January 2022 \|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Valérie Perrin e Claude Lelouch, un amore nato grazie al cinema \|url=https://libreriamo.it/storie/valerie-perrin-claude-lelouch-amore/ \|access-date=9 October 2023 \|work=Libreri Amo \|date=28 July 2021 \|language=it-IT}}</ref> After having worked on ''Salaud, on t'aime'', Perrin published her first novel ''Les Oubliés du dimanche'', published by [[Éditions Albin Michel]] in 2015 and [[Le Livre de Poche]] in 2017. The book was a success, being awarded a Booksellers Choice Award, a Chronos Award, the National Lion's Prize for Literature, the [[Prix du Premier Roman]] in 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news \|last=Lemoine \|first=Christophe \|date=20 September 2019 \|title=Valérie Perrin's second novel on the winners of the Pocket Book Readers' Prize \|url=https://actu.fr/normandie/deauville_14220/le-deuxieme-roman-valerie-perrin-palmares-prix-lecteurs-livre-poche_27416338.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823120705/https://actu.fr/normandie/deauville_14220/le-deuxieme-roman-valerie-perrin-palmares-prix-lecteurs-livre-poche_27416338.html \|archive-date=23 August 2023 \|access-date=22 August 2023 \|work=Actu.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=La biographie de Valérie Perrin \|url=https://www.gala.fr/stars_et_gotha/valerie_perrin \|access-date=9 October 2023 \|work=Gala.fr \|publisher=Prisma Média \|date=22 June 2023 \|language=fr}}</ref> Perrin's following novel, ''Changer l'eau des fleurs'', was published in 2018 by Albin Michel and Les Livres de Poche in 2019.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Littérature - Valérie Perrin, une Gueugnonnaise qui change l'eau des fleurs à Guillaume Musso \|url=https://linformateurdebourgogne.com/litterature-valerie-perrin-une-gueugnonnaise-qui-change-leau-des-fleurs-a-guillaume-musso/ \|access-date=9 October 2023 \|work=L'infoRmateur de Bourgogne \|date=28 August 2019 \|language=fr-FR}}</ref> In 2020, it was translated into English by Hildegarde Serle for [[Europa Editions]], where the novel became an international success.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Ginori \|first1=Anais \|title=Valérie Perrin: "Ora il mio bestseller diventa una serie tv" \|url=https://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2021/07/01/news/vale_rie_perrin_ora_il_mio_bestseller_diventa_una_serie_tv_-308512542/ \|access-date=9 October 2023 \|work=La Repubblica \|date=1 July 2021 \|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Knowles \|first=Madeleine \|title=Time Passing: A Conversation with Valérie Perrin \|url=https://www.nbmagazine.co.uk/editorialarchive/valerie-perrin \|access-date=22 August 2023 \|work=NB Magazine}}</ref> Her novel ''Trois'', was published in 2021.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Bajos \|first1=Sandrine \|title=Livres : Valérie Perrin réussit la passe de «Trois» \|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/livres/livres-valerie-perrin-reussit-la-passe-de-trois-09-04-2021-Y22KZ5UXDNFEDAY43D3LMMY3UQ.php \|access-date=9 October 2023 \|work=Le Parisien \|date=9 April 2021 \|language=fr-FR}}</ref> She married Lelouch in a civil ceremony in Paris in 2023.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Minucci \|first1=Emanuela \|title=Parigi, Claude Lelouch e Valérie Perrin sposi: il regista e la scrittrice hanno detto sì \|url=https://www.lastampa.it/cultura/2023/06/18/news/lelouch_perrin_sposi_parigi-12864942/ \|access-date=9 October 2023 \|work=La Stampa \|date=18 June 2023 \|language=it}}</ref> == Literary work == === Novels === ''Les Oubliés du dimanche'', [[Éditions Albin Michel]] (2015), [[Le Livre de Poche]] (2017), [[Europa Editions]] (2023) * ''Changer l'eau des fleurs'', Éditions Albin Michel (2018), Les Livres de Poche (2019), Europa Editions (2020) * ''Trois'', Éditions Albin Michel (2021), Les Livres de Poche (2022), Europa Editions (2022) * ''Tata'', Edition Albin Michel (2024) === Short stories === * ''24 hours together'' (with [[Wilfried N'sondé]] and [[Brigitte Giraud]]), [[Editións ActuSF]], 2019 === Screenplays === * ''[[Salaud, on t'aime]]'' (2014) * ''[[Un plus une]]'' (2015) * ''[[Everyone's Life]]'' (2017) == Awards == * '''''Forgotten on Sunday''''' National Lion's Prize for Literature, 2016<ref name=":1" /> Chronos award, 2016<ref name=":1" /> ** Poulet-Malassis Prize, 2016<ref name=":1" /> * '''''Fresh Water for Flowers''''' Maison de la Presse, 2018<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Solym \|first=Clement \|date=30 May 2018 \|title=The Maison de la Presse 2018 Prize goes to Valérie Perrin \|url=https://actualitte.com/article/18975/prix-litteraires/le-prix-maison-de-la-presse-2018-revient-a-valerie-perrin \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823122419/https://actualitte.com/article/18975/prix-litteraires/le-prix-maison-de-la-presse-2018-revient-a-valerie-perrin \|archive-date=23 August 2023 \|access-date=23 August 2023 \|work=Actualitte \|language=fr}}</ref> Les Livres de Poche Reader's Prize, 2019 == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Perrin, Valérie}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:French novelists]] [[Category:French women novelists]] [[Category:French writers]] [[Category:French screenwriters]] [[Category:French women screenwriters]] [[Category:French photographers]] [[Category:French women photographers]] [[Category:People from Remiremont]]	1,302,495,928	[{"title": "Val\u00e9rie Perrin", "data": {"Born": "January 19, 1967 \u00b7 Remiremont, France", "Occupation": "Novelist, screenwriter, photographer", "Notable works": "Les Oubli\u00e9s du dimanche (2015), Changer l'eau des fleurs (2018)", "Notable awards": "- Bookseller's Choice Award (2015) - Prix du premier roman de Chamb\u00e9ry (2016) - Prix Maison de la Presse (2018) - Paperback Readers Prize (2020)", "Spouse": "Claude Lelouch \u200b(m. 2023)\u200b"}}]	false
# Sørøya Sørøya (Norwegian) or Sállan (Northern Sami) is Norway's fourth largest island in terms of area and the largest in Finnmark county. The 811-square-kilometre (313 sq mi) island is divided between Hasvik Municipality and Hammerfest Municipality. It is often claimed to be "one of the most beautiful" of the islands in Norway. In 2018, the population of the island was 1,100. The island is very rocky and mountainous. The highest point on the island is the 659-metre (2,162 ft) tall mountain Komagaksla on the southern shore of the island. The coastline is very jagged and has numerous fjords that cut inland from the open ocean. The island is surrounded by the Norwegian Sea on the north and the Sørøysundet strait to the south. Across the Sørøysundet to the south are three large islands: Stjernøya, Seiland and Kvaløya. The island of Sørøya has no bridge or tunnel access, only a regular ferry route from the village of Hasvik to the village of Øksfjord on the mainland. Hasvik Airport is located on the southern tip of the island. Most settlements on the island are along the southwestern shore in Hasvik, but there are scattered settlements in other areas of the island as well. The northeastern part of the island in Hammerfest has some settlements as well with some roads, but the roads are not all connected to each other. There is no upper secondary school on the island. ## World War II During World War II, a guerrilla group operated on the island, fighting against the occupying German forces. On 15 February 1945, less than three months before the end of World War II in Europe, 525 Norwegian civilians were evacuated from Sørøya by four British Royal Navy destroyers and brought to safety in Scotland via Murmansk in the Soviet Union. The rescue operation was code named Operation Open Door. Later in February and March, fighting between Norwegian volunteers and German soldiers resulted in six dead Norwegians and fourteen captured, while between 30 and 100 German soldiers were killed.	enwiki/6419720	enwiki	6,419,720	Sørøya	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r%C3%B8ya	2025-08-17T22:04:39	en	Q3286995	49,826	{{Short description\|Island in Finnmark, Norway}} {{Infobox islands \|name = {{native name list\|tag1=no\|name1=Sørøya\|tag2=se\|name2=Sállan}} \|native_name = \|native_name_link = \|sobriquet = \|image_name = Sørøya, Nórsko, 2013 - panoramio.jpg \|image_size = \|image_caption = View of the island \|image_alt = \|location = [[Finnmark]], [[Norway]] \|coordinates = {{coord\|70\|35\|N\|22\|44\|E\|display=inline,title\|region:NO_type:isle}} \|archipelago = \|area_km2 = 811 \|rank = 4th largest in Norway \|length_km = 64.3 \|width_km = 23.3 \|coastline_km = \|elevation_m = 659 \|highest_mount = [[Komagaksla]] \|country = Norway \|country_admin_divisions_title = County \|country_admin_divisions = [[Finnmark]] \|country_admin_divisions_title_1 = Municipalities \|country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Hammerfest Municipality]] and [[Hasvik Municipality]] \|population = 1,100<ref name="SNL">{{cite web \|title=Sørøya - Finnmark \|last=Askheim \|first=Svein \|date=2009-02-15 \|work=Store Norske Leksikon \|url=https://snl.no/Sørøya_-_Finnmark }}</ref> \|population_as_of = 2015 \|density_km2 = 1.3 \|density_footnotes = }} {{native name\|no\|'''Sørøya'''}} or {{native name\|se\|'''Sállan'''}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://stadnamn.kartverket.no/fakta/140319\|title=Informasjon om stadnamn\|website=Norgeskart\|publisher=[[Norwegian Mapping Authority\|Kartverket]]\|language=no\|accessdate=2024-06-28}}</ref> is [[List of islands of Norway by area\|Norway's fourth largest island in terms of area]] and the largest in [[Finnmark]] county. The {{convert\|811\|km2\|adj=on}}<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web\|url=http://www.ssb.no/aarbok/kart/i.html \|title=Statistisk årbok 2009: Geografisk oversikt \|language=no \|publisher=Ssb.no \|accessdate=2019-05-15}}</ref> island is divided between [[Hasvik Municipality]] and [[Hammerfest Municipality]]. It is often claimed to be "one of the most beautiful" of the islands in Norway.{{by whom\|date=September 2020}} In 2018, the population of the island was 1,100.<ref name="SNL"></ref> [[File:Hespervika, Sørøya, Nórsko, 2013.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Scene in the North West of Sørøya]] The island is very rocky and mountainous. The highest point on the island is the {{convert\|659\|m\|adj=on}} tall mountain [[Komagaksla]] on the southern shore of the island. The coastline is very jagged and has numerous [[fjord]]s that cut inland from the open ocean. The island is surrounded by the [[Norwegian Sea]] on the north and the [[Sørøysundet]] strait to the south. Across the Sørøysundet to the south are three large islands: [[Stjernøya]], [[Seiland]] and [[Kvaløya, Finnmark\|Kvaløya]]. The island of Sørøya has no bridge or tunnel access, only a regular ferry route from the village of [[Hasvik (village)\|Hasvik]] to the village of [[Øksfjord]] on the mainland. [[Hasvik Airport]] is located on the southern tip of the island. Most settlements on the island are along the southwestern shore in Hasvik, but there are scattered settlements in other areas of the island as well. The northeastern part of the island in Hammerfest has some settlements as well with some roads, but the roads are not all connected to each other. There is no [[Education in Norway#Upper secondary school (Videregående skole, Grades VG1-VG3, ages 16–19)\|upper secondary school]] on the island.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Flukten fra Øya \|lang=no \|trans-title=Escape From The Island \|first1=Thea \|last1=Rosef \|first2=Hanna Kristin \|last2=Hjardar \|date=2020-10-17 \|newspaper=[[Verdens Gang]] \|url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/7KlkPK/flukten-fra-oeya \|url-access=registration \|access-date=2020-10-17}}</ref> ==World War II== During [[World War II]], a guerrilla group operated on the island, fighting against the occupying German forces.<ref name=Teens>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nrk.no/fordypning/ungdomsgeriljaen-mot-tyskerne-1.7580543\|first=Rune\|last=Ytreberg\|date=2011-04-11\|title=Norske tenåringssoldater kjempet mot tyskerne\|trans-title=Norwegian teenage soldiers fought against the Germans\|publisher=nrk.no\|language=Norwegian\|accessdate=2018-06-18}}</ref> On 15 February 1945, less than three months before the [[end of World War II in Europe]], 525 Norwegian civilians were evacuated from Sørøya by four British [[Royal Navy]] [[destroyer]]s and brought to safety in [[Scotland]] via [[Murmansk]] in the [[Soviet Union]]. The rescue operation was code named ''Operation Open Door''. Later in February and March, fighting between Norwegian volunteers and German soldiers resulted in six dead Norwegians and fourteen captured, while between 30 and 100 German soldiers were killed.<ref name=Teens/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category-inline}} [https://www.google.com/maps/@70.5760737,23.7574297,101545m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en Google Earth view] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soeroeya}} [[Category:Islands of Finnmark]] [[Category:Hammerfest Municipality]] [[Category:Hasvik Municipality]]	1,306,463,442	[{"title": "Geography", "data": {"Location": "Finnmark, Norway", "Coordinates": "70\u00b035\u2032N 22\u00b044\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff70.583\u00b0N 22.733\u00b0E", "Area": "811 km2 (313 sq mi)", "Area rank": "4th largest in Norway", "Length": "64.3 km (39.95 mi)", "Width": "23.3 km (14.48 mi)", "Highest elevation": "659 m (2162 ft)", "Highest point": "Komagaksla"}}, {"title": "Administration", "data": {"Administration": "Norway", "County": "Finnmark", "Municipalities": "Hammerfest Municipality and Hasvik Municipality"}}, {"title": "Demographics", "data": {"Population": "1,100 (2015)", "Pop. density": "1.3/km2 (3.4/sq mi)"}}]	false
# Henry Chauncey Henry Chauncey (February 9, 1905 – December 3, 2002) was a founder and the first president of the Educational Testing Service (ETS). As a Harvard University administrator, he helped popularize the use of the Scholastic Aptitude Test in college admissions. ## Early life and education Chauncey was born in Brooklyn, New York to the Reverend Egisto Fabbri Chauncey and Edith Lockwood Taft Chauncey. Although Chauncey's father was an Episcopalian, he came from a long Puritan lineage; his ancestors on his father's side included Charles Chauncy, president of Harvard College from 1654 to 1671. The Chaunceys originally descended from Norman nobility that participated in William the Conqueror's 1066 conquest of England. In 1913, the Chaunceys moved to Columbus, Ohio when Egisto became the rector of Trinity Episcopal Church. By this time the family had lost much of its old wealth. Chauncey returned to the East Coast when he won a scholarship to Groton School, his father's old boarding school. Groton had recently begun offering scholarships by competitive examination, but its exams bore little resemblance to modern standardized tests. Sample questions from the 1921 exam included "Name month and year when United States broke diplomatic relations with Germany", "Name three animals that hibernate", and "How is vinegar made?" Since his parents could not afford to send him to Harvard, Chauncey returned to Columbus after high school and spent his freshman year at Ohio State University, where he studied psychology under Herbert Toops, an early proponent of standardized testing. He transferred to Harvard after Groton's headmaster arranged for Wall Street financier Clarence Dillon to subsidize his Harvard tuition. An excellent athlete, Chauncey lettered in football and baseball at Harvard (he declined an offer to turn professional with the Boston Braves) and was elected class president. He graduated from Harvard in 1928. ## Career ### Background Chauncey's year at Ohio State proved formative for his career, as that year, Professor Toops convinced the university to allow him to administer a "psychological examination" to the incoming freshmen. Toops hoped that the exam would be predictive of freshman grades, which (at least for Chauncey) it was. For Chauncey, this ignited a lifelong interest in "the application of objective tests to college admission." After transferring to Harvard, Chauncey continued studying the emerging science of testing under Philip Rulon. He was particularly fascinated by a Carnegie Foundation study that found that standardized testing was only weakly correlated with a student's real-life level of education, suggesting that "students' educational achievement could be scientifically measured across a long range of schools." After graduating from college, Chauncey taught at Penn Charter School for a year. Harvard president A. Lawrence Lowell then gave him a job as the assistant faculty dean and head of the scholarship committee. Lowell strongly opposed any strict reliance on objective criteria in college admissions. Although he had reformed Harvard's entrance examination process to encourage public school students to apply, he soon realized that his reforms had drastically increased the number of Jewish students at Harvard and began looking for ways to limit Jewish enrollment (see Jewish quota). He implemented subjective policies such as applicant interviews, teacher recommendations, and character references, which gave Harvard's admissions office discretion to choose well-born gentile students over academically superior Jewish students. ### Introduction of the SAT Lowell died in 1933 and was succeeded by James Bryant Conant, who was more interested than Lowell in improving the academic quality of the undergraduate student body. Conant provided Chauncey with a financial aid budget and encouraged him to "figure out a way to select the scholarship students." This was an initially daunting task, since Harvard traditionally drew most of its students from a select group of feeder schools with whom Harvard had a close relationship. He was unsure how to evaluate report cards from schools across the country, which might have tougher or more relaxed standards than the traditional feeder schools. After evaluating several proposals, Chauncey selected Carl Brigham's Scholastic Aptitude Test, which had been introduced on an experimental basis in 1926 but had not gained significant traction with college admissions offices. By 1936 Harvard required all scholarship applicants to take the SAT, and by 1937 other colleges, including Yale, Princeton, and Columbia, agreed to accept the SAT. Even so, the SAT was not a national exam. Before World War II, the SAT was never administered to more than 18,000 people in a single year. Chauncey broadened his testing efforts during World War II, when the military used standardized tests to grant intellectually promising students draft deferments so that they could spend some time in college and then enter the military at higher grades. Conant released Chauncey to the Pentagon to help the war effort. In April 1943, Chauncey successfully administered a standardized test to 325,000 young men. ### Expansion of the SAT After the war, Chauncey left Harvard to join the College Entrance Examination Board. He then established the Educational Testing Service in 1947, with funding from Devereux Josephs of the Carnegie Corporation. He led the organization until his retirement in 1970. Before the war, the adoption of the SAT had not significantly altered the composition of Harvard's student body. Financial aid was limited (as Chauncey's own experience as a Harvard undergraduate illustrated), and even top universities "were for the most part willing to accept any boys who could pass the [entrance examinations of the period] and whose fathers could pay the tuition." In 1940, Harvard accepted 76 out of 77 applicants from the St. Grottlesex schools. During Chauncey's years at ETS, the SAT evolved from an Ivy League scholarship examination into a national allocator of student talent. The postwar government expanded the pool of students who could afford college by backing student loans (Higher Education Act of 1965) and providing G.I. Bill funding for veterans. As such, many more college admissions offices were facing the same problem that Chauncey had faced at Harvard: how to evaluate students from around the country. University admissions became significantly more competitive, pressuring out many students from the Ivy League's traditional feeder schools: a 1969 study of 14 private feeder high schools found that while 52% of their alumni matriculated to Harvard, Yale, and Princeton in 1953, the figure had more than halved to 25% by 1967. Educational historian Nicholas Lemann wrote that Chauncey "work[ed] ceaselessly to replace the elite he grew up in with a new elite that he probably wouldn't have been in." Chauncey was not inflexible about the use of standardized testing. At ETS, Chauncey periodically considered supplementing the SAT with a wider battery of personality and psychological tests, which were not implemented. In addition, according to Chauncey's son Sam (who later became an admissions officer at Yale), Chauncey acknowledged that the SAT did not perfectly gauge intellectual promise since students from more privileged socioeconomic backgrounds tended to perform better on the test. Chauncey also felt that in contrast to the 1930s and 1940s, improving data about individual high schools across the country made it easier for admissions offices to evaluate report cards from a diverse range of secondary schools without recourse to a standardized test.	enwiki/51277741	enwiki	51,277,741	Henry Chauncey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Chauncey	2025-05-28T18:16:25	en	Q26243398	84,420	{{Short description\|American educational administrator (1905-2002)}} {{distinguish\|Henry Chauncy}} '''Henry Chauncey''' (February 9, 1905 – December 3, 2002) was a founder and the first president of the [[Educational Testing Service]] (ETS). As a [[Harvard University]] administrator, he helped popularize the use of the [[SAT\|Scholastic Aptitude Test]] in [[College admissions in the United States\|college admissions]]. == Early life and education == Chauncey was born in [[Brooklyn\|Brooklyn, New York]] to the Reverend Egisto Fabbri Chauncey and Edith Lockwood Taft Chauncey.<ref name=":2">{{cite news \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/04/nyregion/henry-chauncey-dies-at-97-shaped-admission-testing-for-the-nation-s-colleges.html \|title=Henry Chauncey Dies at 97; Shaped Admission Testing For the Nation's Colleges \|newspaper=New York Times \|date=December 4, 2002 \|last=Lewin \|first=Tamar }}</ref> Although Chauncey's father was an [[Episcopal Church (United States)\|Episcopalian]], he came from a long [[Puritans\|Puritan]] lineage; his ancestors on his father's side included [[Charles Chauncy]], president of [[Harvard College]] from 1654 to 1671.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|title=SAT Father, Harvard Advisor Dies at 97 \|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2002/12/6/sat-father-harvard-advisor-dies-at/ \|access-date=2024-02-29 \|website=The Harvard Crimson}}</ref> The Chaunceys originally descended from [[Anglo-Normans\|Norman nobility]] that participated in [[William the Conqueror]]'s [[Norman Conquest\|1066 conquest of England]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Lassila \|first=Kathrin Day \|date=March 2024 \|title=From France to Yale \|url=https://yalealumnimagazine.org/articles/5854-from-france-to-yale \|access-date=2024-10-27 \|website=yalealumnimagazine.org \|language=en}}</ref> In 1913, the Chaunceys moved to [[Columbus, Ohio]] when Egisto became the rector of [[Trinity Episcopal Church (Columbus, Ohio)\|Trinity Episcopal Church]].<ref>{{Cite news \|date=November 29, 1913 \|title=Personal Mention \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsGBzfOESLQC \|access-date=2024-02-29 \|work=The Living Church \|pages=167}}</ref> By this time the family had lost much of its old wealth.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web \|last=Kabaservice \|first=Geoffrey \|date=2022-02-02 \|title=A Veteran Administrator’s Perspective on Higher Education, with Sam Chauncey \|url=https://www.niskanencenter.org/a-veteran-administrators-perspective-on-higher-education-with-sam-chauncey/ \|access-date=2024-10-27 \|website=Niskanen Center \|language=en}}</ref> Chauncey returned to the East Coast when he won a scholarship to [[Groton School]], his father's old boarding school.<ref>{{Cite book \|last= \|first= \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsonAAAAYAAJ \|title=Harvard College Class of 1899 - Secretary's Fourth Report \|date=1914 \|publisher=Harvard University \|pages=64 \|language=en}}</ref> Groton had recently begun offering scholarships by competitive examination,<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sargent \|first=Porter \|title=A Handbook of American Private Schools \|publisher=Plimpton Press \|year=1926 \|edition=10th \|location=Norwood, MA \|pages=118}}</ref> but its exams bore little resemblance to modern standardized tests. Sample questions from the 1921 exam included "Name month and year when United States broke diplomatic relations with Germany", "Name three animals that hibernate", and "How is vinegar made?"<ref>{{Cite news \|date=1921-05-18 \|title=Submits Counter Test for Edison \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/05/18/archives/submits-counter-test-for-edison-college-man-who-flunked-suggests.html \|access-date=2024-11-04 \|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Since his parents could not afford to send him to Harvard, Chauncey returned to Columbus after high school and spent his freshman year at [[Ohio State University]], where he studied psychology under Herbert Toops, an early proponent of standardized testing. He transferred to Harvard after Groton's headmaster arranged for Wall Street financier [[Clarence Dillon]] to subsidize his Harvard tuition.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Lemann \|first=Nicholas \|title=The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy \|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] \|year=2000 \|edition=Revised \|location=New York \|pages=16}}</ref> An excellent athlete, Chauncey lettered in football and baseball at Harvard (he declined an offer to turn professional with the [[Boston Braves]]) and was elected class president.<ref name=":0" /> He graduated from Harvard in 1928.<ref name=":0" /> == Career == {{See also\|History of the SAT}} === Background === Chauncey's year at Ohio State proved formative for his career, as that year, Professor Toops convinced the university to allow him to administer a "psychological examination" to the incoming freshmen.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Bleeds Scarlet and Gray: Herbert A. Toops {{!}} From Woody's Couch \|url=https://library.osu.edu/site/archives/2012/02/10/bleeds-scarlet-and-gray-herbert-a-toops/ \|access-date=2024-02-29 \|website=The Ohio State University Libraries \|language=en-US}}</ref> Toops hoped that the exam would be predictive of freshman grades, which (at least for Chauncey) it was.<ref>Lemann, p. 18.</ref> For Chauncey, this ignited a lifelong interest in "the application of objective tests to college admission."<ref name=":1">Lemann, p. 20.</ref> After transferring to Harvard, Chauncey continued studying the emerging science of testing under Philip Rulon.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news \|last=Lemann \|first=Nicholas \|date=1995-09-01 \|title=The Structure of Success in America \|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1995/09/the-structure-of-success-in-america/376452/ \|access-date=2024-10-27 \|work=The Atlantic \|language=en \|issn=2151-9463}}</ref> He was particularly fascinated by a [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching\|Carnegie Foundation]] study that found that standardized testing was only weakly correlated with a student's real-life level of education, suggesting that "students' educational achievement could be scientifically measured across a long range of schools."<ref name=":3" /> After graduating from college, Chauncey taught at [[William Penn Charter School\|Penn Charter School]] for a year. Harvard president [[A. Lawrence Lowell]] then gave him a job as the assistant faculty dean and head of the scholarship committee.<ref name=":1" /> Lowell strongly opposed any strict reliance on objective criteria in college admissions. Although he had reformed Harvard's entrance examination process to encourage public school students to apply,<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Karabel \|first=Jerome \|title=The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton \|publisher=[[Mariner Books]] \|year=2006 \|edition=Revised \|location=New York \|pages=50}}</ref> he soon realized that his reforms had drastically increased the number of Jewish students at Harvard and began looking for ways to limit Jewish enrollment (see ''[[Jewish quota]]'').<ref>{{Cite news \|date=1922-06-17 \|title=LOWELL TELLS JEWS LIMIT AT COLLEGES MIGHT HELP THEM; Says It Might Tend to Combat the Increasing Tendency to Anti-Semitism. \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/06/17/archives/lowell-tells-jews-limit-at-colleges-might-help-them-says-it-might.html \|access-date=2024-02-29 \|work=The New York Times \|language=en-US \|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He implemented subjective policies such as applicant interviews, teacher recommendations, and character references, which gave Harvard's admissions office discretion to choose well-born gentile students over academically superior Jewish students.<ref>Karabel, pp. 96, 102-03, 108.</ref> === Introduction of the SAT === Lowell died in 1933 and was succeeded by [[James B. Conant\|James Bryant Conant]], who was more interested than Lowell in improving the academic quality of the undergraduate student body.<ref name=":02" /> Conant provided Chauncey with a financial aid budget and encouraged him to "figure out a way to select the scholarship students."<ref name=":3" /> This was an initially daunting task, since Harvard traditionally drew most of its students from a select group of feeder schools with whom Harvard had a close relationship. He was unsure how to evaluate report cards from schools across the country, which might have tougher or more relaxed standards than the traditional feeder schools.<ref name=":02" /> After evaluating several proposals, Chauncey selected [[Carl Brigham]]'s [[SAT\|Scholastic Aptitude Test]], which had been introduced on an experimental basis in 1926 but had not gained significant traction with college admissions offices. By 1936 Harvard required all scholarship applicants to take the SAT, and by 1937 other colleges, including Yale, Princeton, and Columbia, agreed to accept the SAT. Even so, the SAT was not a national exam. Before [[World War II]], the SAT was never administered to more than 18,000 people in a single year.<ref name=":3" /> Chauncey broadened his testing efforts during World War II, when the military used standardized tests to grant intellectually promising students draft deferments so that they could spend some time in college and then enter the military at higher grades. Conant released Chauncey to the Pentagon to help the war effort. In April 1943, Chauncey successfully administered a standardized test to 325,000 young men.<ref name=":3" /> === Expansion of the SAT === After the war, Chauncey left Harvard to join the [[College Board\|College Entrance Examination Board]]. He then established the [[Educational Testing Service]] in 1947, with funding from Devereux Josephs of the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York\|Carnegie Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Toch \|first=Thomas \|date=1999-12-01 \|title=The Meritocracy's Caste System: What's Good and Bad about the SAT \|url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-meritocracys-caste-system-whats-good-and-bad-about-the-sat/ \|access-date=2024-11-05 \|website=Brookings \|language=en-US}}</ref> He led the organization until his retirement in 1970.<ref name=":2" /> Before the war, the adoption of the SAT had not significantly altered the composition of Harvard's student body. Financial aid was limited (as Chauncey's own experience as a Harvard undergraduate illustrated), and even top universities "were for the most part willing to accept any boys who could pass the [entrance examinations of the period] and whose fathers could pay the tuition."<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hall \|first=Edward Tuck \|title=Saint Mark's School: A Centennial History \|publisher=Stinehour Press \|year=1967 \|location=Lunenberg, VT \|pages=18}}</ref> In 1940, Harvard accepted 76 out of 77 applicants from the [[Saint Grottlesex\|St. Grottlesex]] schools.<ref>Karabel, p. 174.</ref> During Chauncey's years at ETS, the SAT evolved from an Ivy League scholarship examination into a national allocator of student talent. The postwar government expanded the pool of students who could afford college by backing [[Student loans in the United States\|student loans]] ([[Higher Education Act of 1965]]) and providing [[G.I. Bill]] funding for veterans.<ref>Karabel, p. 258.</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web \|date=December 1999 \|title=The Birth of a New Institution \|url=http://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_12/admissions.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016120418/http://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_12/admissions.html \|archive-date=2023-10-16 \|access-date=2023-10-23 \|website=Yale Alumni Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Higher Education Act \|url=https://www.lbjlibrary.org/news-and-press/media-kits/higher-education-act \|access-date=2024-10-07 \|website=LBJ Library \|language=en}}</ref> As such, many more college admissions offices were facing the same problem that Chauncey had faced at Harvard: how to evaluate students from around the country. University admissions became significantly more competitive, pressuring out many students from the Ivy League's traditional feeder schools: a 1969 study of 14 private feeder high schools found that while 52% of their alumni matriculated to Harvard, Yale, and Princeton in 1953, the figure had more than halved to 25% by 1967.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal \|last=Gordon \|first=Michael \|date=1969 \|title=Changing Patterns of Upper-Class Prep School College Placements \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1388210 \|journal=The Pacific Sociological Review \|volume=12 \|issue=1 \|pages=24 \|doi=10.2307/1388210 \|issn=0030-8919 \|jstor=1388210\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Educational historian [[Nicholas Lemann]] wrote that Chauncey "work[ed] ceaselessly to replace the elite he grew up in with a new elite that he probably wouldn't have been in."<ref name=":2" /> Chauncey was not inflexible about the use of standardized testing. At ETS, Chauncey periodically considered supplementing the SAT with a wider battery of personality and psychological tests, which were not implemented.<ref name=":2" /> In addition, according to Chauncey's son [[Sam Chauncey\|Sam]] (who later became an admissions officer at [[Yale University\|Yale]]), Chauncey acknowledged that the SAT did not perfectly gauge intellectual promise since students from more privileged socioeconomic backgrounds tended to perform better on the test. Chauncey also felt that in contrast to the 1930s and 1940s, improving data about individual high schools across the country made it easier for admissions offices to evaluate report cards from a diverse range of secondary schools without recourse to a standardized test.<ref name=":02" /> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book \|last=Lemann \|first=Nicholas \|title=The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy \|date=1999 \|publisher=Farrar, Straus, and Giroux \|location=New York}} * {{cite book \|last=Norbert \|first=Elliot \|title=Henry Chauncey: An American Life \|date=2014 \|publisher=Peter Lang Publishing \|location=New York}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chauncey, Henry}} [[Category:1905 births]] [[Category:2002 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American educators]] [[Category:Harvard College alumni]]	1,292,768,741	[]	false
# Goki Dam Goki Dam, is an earthfill and gravity dam on Goki river near Darwha, Yavatmal district in state of Maharashtra in India. ## Specifications The height of the dam above lowest foundation is 23.06 m (75.7 ft) while the length is 1,572 m (5,157 ft). The volume content is 658 km3 (158 cu mi) and gross storage capacity is 50,220.00 km3 (12,048.42 cu mi). ## Purpose - Irrigation - Water supply	enwiki/29344265	enwiki	29,344,265	Goki Dam	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goki_Dam	2021-03-28T20:42:59	en	Q5578070	28,427	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2017}} {{Use Indian English\|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox dam \| name = Goki Dam \| image = \| image_caption = \| name_official = Goki Dam D01438 \| dam_crosses = Goki river \| location = Darwha \| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams\|Earthfill]]<br>[[Dam#Gravity dams\|Gravity]] \| dam_length = {{convert\|1572\|m\|abbr=on}} \| dam_height = {{convert\|23.06\|m\|abbr=on}} \| dam_width_base = \| dam_width_crest = \| dam_volume = {{convert\|658\|km3\|abbr=on}} \| spillway_type = \| spillway_capacity = \| construction_began = \| opening = 1981<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Goki_D01438 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412235236/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Goki_D01438 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=12 April 2013 \|title=Goki D01438 \|accessdate=28 February 2013 }}</ref> \| cost = \| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]] \| res_name = \| res_capacity_total = {{convert\|42710\|km3\|abbr=on}} \| res_catchment = \| res_surface = {{convert\|11360\|km2\|abbr=on}} \| res_max_depth = \| plant_operator = \| plant_turbines = \| plant_capacity = \| plant_annual_gen = \| plant_commission = \| plant_decommission = \| location_map = India Maharashtra \| location_map_caption = \| location_map_size = \| coordinates = {{coord\|20.3008416\|77.9177856\|type:landmark\|display=inline,title}} \| website = \| extra = }} '''Goki Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams\|earthfill]] and [[dam#Gravity dams\|gravity]] dam on Goki river near [[Darwha]], [[Yavatmal district]] in state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]]. ==Specifications== The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert\|23.06\|m\|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert\|1572\|m\|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert\|658\|km3\|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert\|50220.00\|km3\|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf \|date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> ==Purpose== * Irrigation * Water supply ==See also== * [[Dams in Maharashtra]] * [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Dams in Yavatmal district]] [[Category:Dams completed in 1981]] [[Category:1981 establishments in Maharashtra]]	1,014,740,011	[{"title": "Goki Dam", "data": {"Official name": "Goki Dam D01438", "Location": "Darwha", "Coordinates": "20\u00b018\u203203\u2033N 77\u00b055\u203204\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff20.3008416\u00b0N 77.9177856\u00b0E", "Opening date": "1981", "Owner(s)": "Government of Maharashtra, India"}}, {"title": "Dam and spillways", "data": {"Type of dam": "Earthfill \u00b7 Gravity", "Impounds": "Goki river", "Height": "23.06 m (75.7 ft)", "Length": "1,572 m (5,157 ft)", "Dam volume": "658 km3 (158 cu mi)"}}, {"title": "Reservoir", "data": {"Total capacity": "42,710 km3 (10,250 cu mi)", "Surface area": "11,360 km2 (4,390 sq mi)"}}]	false
# David L. Birch David L. Birch (born 1937) is an American economist studying small businesses. Birch was working as a director at MIT in 1979 when he published his report The Job Generation Process, in which he showed that, contrary to the prevailing conventional wisdom, most new jobs in the US are created by small and new companies. This study caught the attention of politicians at home and abroad. Birch followed in 1987 with the book Job creation in America : how our smallest companies put the most people to work. Birch's work has been heavily criticized but is nevertheless considered groundbreaking as it opened the field for the study of small businesses, which had been so far disregarded by economists.	enwiki/52899419	enwiki	52,899,419	David L. Birch	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Birch	2025-06-27T14:22:15	en	Q28377743	23,687	{{Short description\|American economist}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=June 2025}} '''David L. Birch''' (born 1937) is an American [[economist]] studying small businesses. Birch was working as a director at [[MIT]] in 1979 when he published his report ''The Job Generation Process'', in which he showed that, contrary to the prevailing conventional wisdom, most new jobs in the US are created by small and new companies. This study caught the attention of politicians at home and abroad. Birch followed in 1987 with the book ''Job creation in America : how our smallest companies put the most people to work''. Birch's work has been heavily criticized but is nevertheless considered groundbreaking as it opened the field for the study of small businesses, which had been so far disregarded by economists.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Landström \|first=Hans \|date=2005 \|title=Pioneers in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research \|location=New York \|publisher=Springer \|chapter=6. David Birch}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|last=Case \|first=John \|date=1989 \|title=The Disciples of David Birch \|newspaper=[[Inc. (magazine)\|Inc.]] }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Birch, David L.}} [[Category:1937 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American economists]] {{US-economist-stub}}	1,297,640,194	[]	false
# Ōokayama Station Ōokayama Station (大岡山駅, Ōokayama-eki) is a railway station in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan. The station is right on the border between the wards of Meguro and Ōta. The station is facing the main campus of the Tokyo Institute of Technology. Connected to the station is the Tokyu Hospital. ## Lines This station is served by the Tōkyū Ōimachi Line and Tōkyū Meguro Line. ## Station layout This station consists of two island platforms serving four tracks. All platforms are underground and are connected by a surface building. \| 1 \| ■ Tōkyū Meguro Line \| Den-en-chōfu, Musashi-Kosugi, Hiyoshi, Shin-Yokohama, and Futamatagawa \| \| 2 \| ■ Tōkyū Ōimachi Line \| Jiyūgaoka, Futako-Tamagawa, Mizonokuchi (Den-en-toshi Line) Saginuma, Chuo-Rinkan \| \| 3 \| ■ Tōkyū Ōimachi Line \| Hatanodai, Oimachi \| \| 4 \| ■ Tōkyū Meguro Line \| Musashi-Koyama, Meguro (Tokyo Metro Namboku Line) Akabane-Iwabuchi, (Saitama Rapid Railway Line) Urawa-Misono (Toei Mita Line) Nishi-Takashimadaira \| ## Surrounding area - Tokyo Institute of Technology[3] - Ōokayama Kitaguchi Shopping Street[4]	enwiki/9288430	enwiki	9,288,430	Ōokayama Station	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cokayama_Station	2025-04-27T19:39:47	en	Q843724	78,666	{{For\|the major railway station in Okayama Prefecture\|Okayama Station}} {{short description\|Railway station in Tokyo, Japan}} {{Infobox station \| name = {{TQSN\|MG\|06\|50}} {{TQSN\|OM\|08\|50}}<br />Ōokayama Station \| native_name = 大岡山駅 \| native_name_lang = ja \| type = \| image = Tokyu_Oookayama_sta_002.jpg \| alt = \| caption = \| other_name = \| address = 3-27-1 Kita-senzoku, [[Ōta, Tokyo\|Ōta Ward]], [[Tokyo]] \| country = Japan \| coordinates = \| operator = {{ric\|Tokyu\|name=y}} \| line = {{Plainlist\| {{TQLS\|MG\|18}} {{lnl\|Tokyu\|MG}} {{TQLS\|OM\|18}} {{lnl\|Tokyu\|OM}} }} \| platforms = 2 [[island platforms]] \| tracks = 4 \| connections = \| structure = Underground \| code = MG06, OM08 \| opened = {{start date and age\|1927\|07\|06\|df=y}} \| closed = \| former = \| passengers = \| pass_year = \|map_dot_label={{PAGENAME}} \|map_type=Japan Tokyo city#Japan Tokyo Bay and Boso Peninsula#Japan Tokyo#Japan \| services = {{Adjstn\|system=Tokyu\|line=MG \|note-mid={{SLL\|Express\|c=red\|t=#FFF}}\|left=Den-en-chōfu\|right=Musashi-Koyama\|note-left={{TQSN\|MG\|08\|25}}\|note-right={{TQSN\|MG\|03\|25}} \|note-mid2={{SLL\|Local\|c=blue\|t=#FFF}}\|left2=Okusawa\|right2=Senzoku\|note-left2={{TQSN\|MG\|07\|30}}\|note-right2={{TQSN\|MG\|05\|30}} \|line5=OM\|note-mid5={{SLL\|Express\|c=red\|t=#FFF}}\|left5=Jiyūgaoka\|right5=Hatanodai\|note-left5={{TQSN\|OM\|10\|25}}\|note-right5={{TQSN\|OM\|06\|25}} \|note-mid6={{SLL\|Local\|c=blue\|t=#FFF}}{{SLL\|Local\|c=green\|t=#FFF}}\|left6=Midorigaoka\|right6=Kita-senzoku\|note-left6={{TQSN\|OM\|09\|30}}\|note-right6={{TQSN\|OM\|07\|30}} }} }} {{Nihongo\|'''Ōokayama Station'''\|大岡山駅\|Ōokayama-eki}} is a railway station in [[Ōta, Tokyo]], Japan. The station is right on the border between the wards of [[Meguro-ku, Tokyo\|Meguro]] and Ōta. The station is facing the main campus of the [[Tokyo Institute of Technology]].<ref name="TokyuMap"/> Connected to the station is the Tokyu Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://centerforactivedesign.org/tokyuhospital\|title=The Healing Environment at Tokyu Hospital\|website=centerforactivedesign.org\|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref> ==Lines== This station is served by the [[Tōkyū Ōimachi Line]] and [[Tōkyū Meguro Line]]. ==Station layout== This station consists of two [[island platform]]s serving four tracks. All platforms are underground and are connected by a surface building.<ref name="TokyuMap">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.tokyu.co.jp/global/english/station/ookayama.html\|title=Ōokayama｜Meguro Line｜Route｜Tokyu Corporation\|website=Tokyu Corporation\|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref> {{Ja-rail-line\|pfn=1\|first=2\|name=Tōkyū Meguro Line\|col=#{{rcr\|Tokyu\|MG}}\|dir=Den-en-chōfu, Musashi-Kosugi, Hiyoshi, Shin-Yokohama, and Futamatagawa}} {{Ja-rail-line\|pfn=2\|name=Tōkyū Ōimachi Line\|col=#{{rcr\|Tokyu\|OM}}\|dir=Jiyūgaoka, Futako-Tamagawa, Mizonokuchi<br />([[Tokyu Den-en-toshi Line\|Den-en-toshi Line]]) Saginuma, Chuo-Rinkan}} {{Ja-rail-line\|pfn=3\|nidx=Tōkyū Ōimachi Line\|col=#{{rcr\|Tokyu\|OM}}\|dir=Hatanodai, Oimachi}} {{Ja-rail-line\|pfn=4\|first=3\|nidx=Tōkyū Meguro Line\|col=#{{rcr\|Tokyu\|MG}}\|dir=Musashi-Koyama, Meguro<br />([[Tokyo Metro Namboku Line]]) Akabane-Iwabuchi, ([[Saitama Rapid Railway Line]]) Urawa-Misono<br />([[Toei Mita Line]]) Nishi-Takashimadaira}} ==Surrounding area== * [[Tokyo Institute of Technology]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.titech.ac.jp/english/public-relations/about/campus-maps/ookayama \| title=Ookayama Campus }}</ref> * [[Ōokayama Kitaguchi Shopping Street]]<ref>{{Cite web \| title=大岡山北口商店街 \| url=http://www.oookayama.or.jp/ \| access-date=2025-04-27 \| website=www.oookayama.or.jp}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Tokyu Oimachi Line}} {{Tokyu Meguro Line}} {{Coord\|35\|36\|26\|N\|139\|41\|08\|E\|display=title\|region:JP-13_type:railwaystation}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ookayama Station}} [[Category:Railway stations in Japan opened in 1927]] [[Category:Railway stations in Tokyo]] {{Tokyo-railstation-stub}}	1,287,680,980	[{"title": "General information", "data": {"Location": "3-27-1 Kita-senzoku, \u014cta Ward, Tokyo \u00b7 Japan", "Operated by": "T\u014dky\u016b Railways", "Line(s)": "- MG Meguro Line - OM \u014cimachi Line", "Platforms": "2 island platforms", "Tracks": "4"}}, {"title": "Construction", "data": {"Structure type": "Underground"}}, {"title": "Other information", "data": {"Station code": "MG06, OM08"}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"Opened": "6 July 1927"}}, {"title": "Services", "data": {"Preceding station": "T\u014dky\u016b Railways \u00b7 Following station", "Den-en-ch\u014dfuMG08towards Hiyoshi": "Meguro LineExpress \u00b7 Musashi-KoyamaMG03towards Meguro", "OkusawaMG07towards Hiyoshi": "Meguro LineLocal \u00b7 SenzokuMG05towards Meguro", "Jiy\u016bgaokaOM10towards Mizonokuchi": "\u014cimachi LineExpress \u00b7 HatanodaiOM06towards \u014cimachi", "MidorigaokaOM09towards Mizonokuchi": "\u014cimachi LineLocal \u00b7 Kita-senzokuOM07towards \u014cimachi"}}]	false
# Enarthromyces Enarthromyces is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Enarthromyces indicus.	enwiki/22490687	enwiki	22,490,687	Enarthromyces	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enarthromyces	2021-02-24T22:47:43	en	Q5375248	26,500	{{Short description\|Genus of fungi}} {{Taxobox \| image = \| image_caption = \| regnum = [[Fungi]] \| divisio = [[Ascomycota]] \| classis = [[Laboulbeniomycetes]] \| ordo = [[Laboulbeniales]] \| familia = [[Laboulbeniaceae]] \| genus = '''''Enarthromyces''''' \| genus_authority = [[Roland Thaxter\|Thaxt.]] \| type_species = '''''Enarthromyces indicus''''' \| type_species_authority = Thaxt. }} '''''Enarthromyces''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] in the family [[Laboulbeniaceae]].<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. \|date=December 2007 \|title=Outline of Ascomycota – 2007 \|journal=Myconet \|volume=13 \|pages=1–58 \|url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp \|publisher=The Field Museum, Department of Botany \|location=Chicago, USA \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318003134/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp \|archivedate=2009-03-18 }}</ref> This is a [[monotypic]] genus, containing the single species '''''Enarthromyces indicus'''''. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *''[http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=1775 Enarthromyces]'' at [[Index Fungorum]] {{Taxonbar\|from=Q5375248}} [[Category:Laboulbeniomycetes]] [[Category:Monotypic Laboulbeniomycetes genera]] {{ascomycota-stub}}	1,008,761,297	[{"title": "Scientific classification", "data": {"Kingdom": "Fungi", "Division": "Ascomycota", "Class": "Laboulbeniomycetes", "Order": "Laboulbeniales", "Family": "Laboulbeniaceae", "Genus": "Enarthromyces \u00b7 Thaxt."}}, {"title": "Type species", "data": {"Type species": "Enarthromyces indicus \u00b7 Thaxt."}}]	false
# Romani hip-hop Romani hip hop is a musical genre from Eastern Europe, formed through a fusion of hip hop with Romani melodies and lyrics. Artists include Kmetoband and Gipsy.cz. The Turkish Romani hip hop group Tahribad-ı İsyan was founded in Istanbul's Sulukule neighbourhood, a historically Roma area.	enwiki/12628765	enwiki	12,628,765	Romani hip-hop	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_hip-hop	2025-03-14T11:52:22	en	Q7362864	73,733	{{Short description\|Musical genre from Eastern Europe}} '''Romani hip hop''' is a musical genre from [[Eastern Europe]], formed through a fusion of [[hip hop music\|hip hop]] with [[Romani music\|Romani]] melodies and lyrics.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Miszczynski \|first1=Milosz \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huQ6DgAAQBAJ \|title=Hip Hop at Europe's Edge: Music, Agency, and Social Change \|last2=Helbig \|first2=Adriana \|date=2017-03-27 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0-253-02321-6 \|pages=216–223 \|language=en}}</ref> Artists include [[Kmetoband]] and [[Gipsy.cz]]. The Turkish Romani hip hop group Tahribad-ı İsyan was founded in Istanbul's [[Sulukule]] neighbourhood, a historically Roma area.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Langford \|first=Martha \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQolDwAAQBAJ \|title=Narratives Unfolding: National Art Histories in an Unfinished World \|date=2017-07-18 \|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP \|isbn=978-0-7735-5081-0 \|pages=55 \|language=en}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Romani music]] * [[Romani people]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Hip hop}} {{Romani topics}} [[Category:Hip-hop genres]] [[Category:Romani music]] {{Hiphop-stub}}	1,280,399,272	[]	false
# 2023 World Para Swimming Championships – Women's 150 metre individual medley The women's 150m individual medley events at the 2023 World Para Swimming Championships will be held at the Manchester Aquatics Centre between 31 July and 6 August. ## Medalists \| Event \| Gold \| Silver \| Bronze \| \| ----- \| ---------------------------- \| ------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------ \| \| SM3 \| Tanja Scholz · Germany \| Marta Fernandez Infante · Spain \| Ellie Challis · Great Britain \| \| SM4 \| Kat Swanepoel · South Africa \| Gina Böttcher · Germany \| Patricia Pereira dos Santos · Brazil \|	enwiki/74501981	enwiki	74,501,981	2023 World Para Swimming Championships – Women's 150 metre individual medley	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_World_Para_Swimming_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_150_metre_individual_medley	2023-10-20T00:01:20	en	Q121494217	37,304	{{Short description\|none}} {{one source\|date=August 2023}} {{Main\|2023 World Para Swimming Championships}} {{2023 World Para Swimming Championships}} The '''women's 150m individual medley''' events at the '''[[2023 World Para Swimming Championships]]''' will be held at the [[Manchester Aquatics Centre]] between 31 July and 6 August.<ref>https://www.paralympic.org/static/info/sw7g23/eng/sw/SWR173A_SW7G23SWW519101ENG.htm</ref> ==Medalists== {\| {{MedalistTable\|type=Event}} \|- \|SM3 \|{{flagmedalist\|[[Tanja Scholz]]\|GER}} \|{{flagmedalist\|[[Marta Fernández Infante\|Marta Fernandez Infante]]\|ESP}} \|{{flagmedalist\|[[Ellie Challis]]\|GBR}} \|- \|SM4 \|{{flagmedalist\|[[Kat Swanepoel]]\|RSA}} \|{{flagmedalist\|[[Gina Böttcher]]\|GER}} \|{{flagmedalist\|[[Patricia Pereira dos Santos]]\|BRA}} \|} ==Results== <!-- ===SM3=== ;Heats {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" \|- ! Rank !! Heat !! Lane !! Name !! Nation !! Result !! Notes \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| data-sort-value="9:99.99" \| \|\| \|} ;Final {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" \|- ! Rank !! Name !! Nation !! Result !! Notes \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|} ===SM4=== ;Heats {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" \|- ! Rank !! Heat !! Lane !! Name !! Nation !! Result !! Notes \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| \|\| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|} ;Final {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" \|- ! Rank !! Name !! Nation !! Result !! Notes \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| align="left" \| \|\| \|\| \|} --> ==References== {{reflist\|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2023 World Para Swimming Championships - Women's 150 metre individual medley}} [[Category:2023 World Para Swimming Championships]] [[Category:2023 in women's swimming]]	1,180,966,181	[]	false
# Smith Memorial Playground & Playhouse Smith Memorial Playground & Playhouse is a free young children's playground near North 33rd Street and Oxford Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, within the borders of Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia magazine awarded it Best Playground of Philly in 2006 and 2008, calling it "a city treasure." The playground was highlighted during a May 2024 episode of the Abbott Elementary television show. ## Renovations Established in 1899 by the wills of Richard and Sarah Smith and designed by architect James H. Windrim, it occupies nearly 61⁄2 acres, and is visited by more than 1000 children per day. From 2003 to 2005, the playground was closed while a citizen's non-profit group began a rejuvenation of its play equipment and landscape, as well as a renovation of its 24,000 sq ft (2,200 m2) Playhouse for very young children. The Playhouse underwent an extensive renovation in 2021 to offer additional unique indoor play spaces. ### Playhouse The playhouse is for children 5 and under, with any baby who can play welcome, but accompanied by at least one adult 18 or older. ### Playground In July 2005, the Ann Newman Giant Wooden Slide was reopened, and in August 2006 a new complex of swings called "Swing City" was opened. By 2009, an area about three football fields in size had been redone, and the outside of the Playhouse preserved. On July 31, 2019, a statue inspired by Ora Washington, titled "MVP", was added to the playground. The Giant Slide is 40 feet (12 m) long, 12 feet (3.7 m) wide, 10 feet (3.0 m) high, and 12 children can use it at once. The playground is for children 10 and under, accompanied by at least one adult 18 or older. There is a special play area for very young children.	enwiki/24716700	enwiki	24,716,700	Smith Memorial Playground & Playhouse	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Memorial_Playground_%26_Playhouse	2024-05-16T15:44:53	en	Q7545221	60,734	{{Infobox historic site \| name = Smith Memorial Playhouse \| image = Phila SmithPlaygroundl12.JPG \| image_size = 250 \| caption = Smith Playhouse \| locmapin = Pennsylvania#USA \| coordinates = {{coord\|39\|58\|54\|N\|75\|11\|44\|W\|display=inline,title}} \| location = [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] \| area = \| built = \| architect = \| architecture = \| governing_body = \| owner = \| designation1 = Philadelphia Register of Historic Places \| designation1_offname = \| designation1_date = \| designation1_number = }} '''Smith Memorial Playground & Playhouse''' is a free young children's playground near North 33rd Street and Oxford Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, within the borders of [[Fairmount Park]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.philly.com/community/50044577.html\|title=Free play at Smith Playhouse\|last=Treacy\|first=Michelle S.\|date=6 July 2009\|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer\|accessdate=2009-11-15}} {{Dead link\|date=October 2010\|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> [[Philadelphia (magazine)\|''Philadelphia'' magazine]] awarded it Best Playground of Philly in 2006 and 2008, calling it "a city treasure."<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.phillymag.com/best_of/detail/best_of_philly_2008_playground/ \|title=Best of Philly 2008: Playground \|work=Phillymag \|accessdate=13 February 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113120830/http://www.phillymag.com/best_of/detail/best_of_philly_2008_playground/ \|archivedate=13 January 2010 }}</ref> The playground was highlighted during a May 2024 episode of the [[Abbott Elementary]] television show.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Dobrin \|first1=Peter \|title=‘Abbott Elementary’ takes a field trip to what might be Philly’s best-kept secret \|url=https://www.inquirer.com/arts/abbott-elementary-quinta-brunson-smith-memorial-playground-20240515.html?query=abbott%20elementary \|website=www.inquirer.com \|publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer \|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> ==Renovations== Established in 1899 by the wills of Richard and Sarah Smith and designed by architect [[James H. Windrim]], it occupies nearly 6{{frac\|1\|2}} acres,<ref name=fodor>{{cite web\|url=http://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/pennsylvania/philadelphia/review-428715.html\|title=Smith Memorial Playground and Playhouse\|work=Fodor's\|publisher=Random House, Inc.\|accessdate=13 February 2010}}</ref> and is visited by more than 1000 children per day.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.recmanagement.com/200701fp01.php\|title=Passing the Test of Time: Smith Memorial Playground & Playhouse in Philadelphia\|last=Anderson\|first=Kelli\|date=January 2007\|work=Recreation Management\|accessdate=13 February 2010}}</ref> From 2003 to 2005, the playground was closed while a citizen's non-profit group began a rejuvenation of its play equipment and landscape, as well as a renovation of its {{convert\|24000\|sqft\|m2\|abbr=on}} Playhouse for very young children. The Playhouse underwent an extensive renovation in 2021 to offer additional unique indoor play spaces.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Saffron \|first=Inga \|title=Newly renovated Fairmount Park playhouse offers kids serious fun as an antidote to screen time {{!}} Inga Saffron \|url=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/fairmount-park-smith-playhouse-screen-time-kids-20211128.html \|access-date=2022-04-06 \|website=inquirer.com \|language=en}}</ref> ===Playhouse=== The playhouse is for children 5 and under, with any baby who can play welcome, but accompanied by at least one adult 18 or older. ===Playground=== [[Image:Phila SmithPlaygroundl20.JPG\|thumb\|220px\|right\|Smith Playground]] In July 2005, the Ann Newman Giant Wooden Slide was reopened,<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-134031499/historic-slide-reopens-today.html\|title=Historic slide reopens today with new generation of rides\|last=Salisbury\|first=Stephan\|date=14 July 2005\|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer\|accessdate=13 February 2010}}</ref> and in August 2006 a new complex of swings called "Swing City" was opened.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmtpi/is_200608/ai_n16967942/\|title=Smith Memorial Playground\|date=August 2006\|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer\|accessdate=13 February 2010}} {{Dead link\|date=September 2010\|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> By 2009, an area about three football fields in size had been redone, and the outside of the Playhouse preserved.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/15032/ \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070623105856/http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/15032/ \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=23 June 2007 \|title=Playground Still Flourishes as a 'Safe Haven' for Urban Kids \|last=Mostovy-Eisenberg \|first=Michelle \|date=10 January 2008 \|work=Jewish Exponent \|accessdate=2009-11-15 }}</ref> On July 31, 2019, a statue inspired by [[Ora Washington]], titled "MVP", was added to the playground.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://whyy.org/articles/it-looks-like-me-new-south-philly-statue-meant-to-inspire-young-women-and-girls/\|title=One-of-a-kind statue unveiled at Smith Playground in South Philly\|website=Whyy.org\|access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref> The Giant Slide is {{convert\|40\|ft\|m}} long, {{convert\|12\|ft\|m}} wide, {{convert\|10\|ft\|m}} high, and 12 children can use it at once.<ref name=fodor/> The playground is for children 10 and under, accompanied by at least one adult 18 or older. There is a special play area for very young children. ==See also== * [[List of houses in Fairmount Park]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category\|Smith Memorial Playground & Playhouse}} * {{official website\|http://www.smithkidsplayplace.org}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxH4IPxPscQ 2006–2007 Smith Memorial Playground and Play House]. Film by students from [[Drexel University]] for the Great Philadelphia Filmmakers Tripod Initiative. {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith Memorial Playground and Playhouse}} [[Category:Organizations based in Philadelphia]] [[Category:Playgrounds in the United States]] [[Category:Organizations established in 1899]] [[Category:Philadelphia Register of Historic Places]] [[Category:East Fairmount Park]] [[Category:Houses in Fairmount Park]]	1,224,155,622	[{"title": "Smith Memorial Playhouse", "data": {"Location": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania", "Coordinates": "39\u00b058\u203254\u2033N 75\u00b011\u203244\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff39.98167\u00b0N 75.19556\u00b0W"}}, {"title": "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places", "data": {"Philadelphia Register of Historic Places": "Location of Smith Memorial Playhouse in PennsylvaniaSmith Memorial Playground & Playhouse (the United States)"}}]	false
# Natural trumpet A natural trumpet is a valveless brass instrument that is able to play the notes of the harmonic series. ## History See: Clarion The natural trumpet was used as a military instrument to facilitate communication (e.g. break camp, retreat, etc.). Even before the late Baroque period the natural trumpet had been accepted into Western art music. There is evidence, for example, of extensive use of trumpet ensembles in Venetian ceremonial music of the 16th century. Although neither Andrea nor Giovanni Gabrieli wrote music specifically for the trumpet, they would have been very familiar with its technical possibilities. Later, talented players such as the early baroque composer Girolamo Fantini demonstrated that by playing in the extreme upper register and "lipping" the notes of the 11th and 13th harmonics (that is, flattening or sharpening those impure harmonics into tune with the embouchure), it was possible to play diatonic major and minor scales (and, hence, actual melodies rather than arpeggios) on a natural trumpet. The most talented players were even able to produce certain chromatic notes outside the harmonic series by this process (such as lipping a natural C down to B), although these notes were mostly used as brief passing tones. (In Germany, this technique was called Heruntertreiben, literally "driving down".) Other "impure" harmonics (such as the 7th and 14th – B♭ on an instrument pitched in C – which are very flat) were avoided by most composers, but were sometimes deliberately used, for example, where their unusual sonic qualities would complement the accompanying text in a sacred work. Baroque composers – such as Antonio Vivaldi, Georg Philipp Telemann, George Frideric Handel and Johann Sebastian Bach – made frequent use of trumpets in sacred, orchestral, and even solo works. Many of these trumpet parts are technically quite difficult to play on a natural instrument, and were often written with a specific virtuoso performer in mind, such as Gottfried Reiche (Bach's chief trumpeter and the subject of a famous painting of the era) or Valentine Snow, for whom Handel composed some of his more noted trumpet parts. Indeed, highly skilled trumpeters were a prized commodity in the era, held in high esteem and avidly sought after by musical patrons. The vast majority of baroque trumpet parts were written for a natural instrument pitched in C or D, although there were occasional exceptions. J. S. Bach, for example, calls for a trumpet in B♭ in his Cantatas Nos. 5 and 90, trumpets in E♭ in the first version of his Magnificat and, most famously, the solo trumpet in high F in his Brandenburg Concerto No. 2. In the 18th century various attempts were made to overcome the limitations in the notes available to natural trumpets. As early as the time of Bach, crooks (additional lengths of tubing) were introduced between the mouthpiece and the body which lowered the pitch of the instrument and allowed it to be used in a variety of keys. In the latter part of the 18th century side holes covered with keys and a sliding mechanism were tried. Later Anton Weidinger, court trumpeter in Vienna, invented a 5-key trumpet. These experiments were not completely successful, however, since side holes, which work well on instruments with a conical bore, such as cornets and bugles, cause a muffled sound in those with a cylindrical bore. Natural trumpets continued to be used through the Classical era and even into the early Romantic period. But changing musical styles along with a growing lack of sufficiently capable players spelled an end to the high, florid, complicated parts typical of Baroque music. A few transitional composers, such as Michael Haydn, Leopold Mozart and Johann Molter, wrote concerti for natural trumpets in the early Classical era. In fact, it could be argued that the concertos of Haydn and Molter represent the zenith of the natural trumpet in terms of technical demands, containing as they do some of the highest notes ever penned for the trumpet in symphonic works (in the case of Haydn, a G above high C – the 24th harmonic on a natural instrument). However, for many decades following, most orchestral trumpet writing consisted of basic harmonic support (what many trumpeters derisively refer to as "thumps and bumps") and fanfare-like passages, with very little in the way of melody. There were a few notable exceptions, such as Mozart's Symphony No. 39 in E♭ major, where the trumpets intone the main theme of the opening movement; Haydn's Symphony No. 103 in E-flat major ("Drum Roll"), where the trumpets often outline the melody in all four movements; or Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in which the trumpets double the melody of the famous "Ode to Joy" in the finale of the work. After the brief attempt at developing a keyed trumpet, the instrument for which Joseph Haydn and Johann Nepomuk Hummel wrote their famous concerti, the development of the more versatile valve trumpet (c. 1815) spelled the eventual demise of the natural trumpet in Western music, until its resurrection in the 20th century. Throughout the first half of the 19th century, the valveless, natural trumpet and the valved trumpet (also the cornet) vied for position in the orchestra, with the valved trumpet establishing a permanent position only in the second half. Even as late as 1843, for example, Wagner was writing for valveless trumpets in his opera The Flying Dutchman. In modern-day performances of Baroque and Classical works by period orchestras, the trumpets used are usually altered copies of natural instruments of the period, with the addition of anachronistic nodal "tone holes" (also called "venting holes") used to more easily and accurately correct the intonation of the instrument and the use of altered copies of mouthpieces or baroque inspired modern ones. (There is a growing consensus to refer to these instruments as "baroque trumpets" to distinguish them from pure "natural trumpets".) The use of finger holes on reconstructions of natural trumpets is traceable to Otto Steinkopf, who early in the 20th century discovered holes on a few museum originals. However, it appears that these holes were usually placed at antinodes, and thus designed to prevent the note from sounding, rather than allowing it to be played in tune. While modern reconstructions with nodal finger holes may not be completely authentic in comparison with the originals, they nevertheless allow a close approximation of the sound of the natural trumpet (and its ability to more easily blend with other instruments in an ensemble) without the "quirks" of intonation to which modern ears are unaccustomed. Though such vented instruments have been the norm in period orchestras for decades, in recent years ensembles such as La Petite Bande and soloists such as Jean-François Madeuf have been performing and recording using pure natural trumpets. In conventional (non-period) orchestras, the highest baroque trumpet parts are usually played on the modern piccolo trumpet, an instrument that provides firm support of range, attack and intonation, while producing a brighter sound – very different from the natural trumpet the composers had in mind. The natural trumpet is differentiated from another valveless brass instrument, the bugle, in that it is nearly twice the length. This places the higher harmonics (from the 8th harmonic up, which are closer together in pitch) in a playable range, enabling the performance of diatonic melodies. The bugle, by contrast, is only useful for performing simple fanfares and military calls (such as "Taps") in a lower range (normally only utilizing the 2nd through 6th harmonics), based on the notes of a major triad (for example, the notes B♭, D, and F on a bugle pitched in B♭). ### Period instruments Some of the finest surviving examples of pre-Baroque and Baroque era trumpets date back as far as the 1580s, and were made by Anton Schnitzer of Nuremberg. Other notable trumpet makers include the Hainlein family of Nuremberg, the Haas family of Nuremberg, the Ehe family of Nuremberg, and William Bull of London. All of these instrument makers built what are now called natural trumpets. During the period, however, these instruments were simply called trumpets, not "natural trumpets", as a valved instrument had yet to be developed. ## Modern replicas In the second half of the 20th century as historically-informed performance came into fashion, modern instrument makers began building instruments based on historical instruments. Among the pioneers were Meinl & Lauber, Adolf Egger, Robert Barclay, Frank Tomes. Makers active as of 2021 include Matthew Parker, Graham Nicholson, Markus Raquet, Geert Jan van der Heide, Cristian Bosc, Rainer Egger, Bernhard (Ewald) Meinl, Tony Esparis, Nikolai Mänttäri, Nathaniel Wood, and Gunther Cogen. ## Construction The natural trumpet has a mouthpiece, which is inserted into the receiver. The receiver is attached to the long tubing, called the first yard, with a short connector, called a ferrule. The first yard is connected with a ferrule to the first bow, followed by another ferrule and the second yard. The second yard is attached with a ferrule to the second bow. On the baroque trumpet, the vent holes are located at the top of the second yard, and possibly on the second bow. After the second bow are the bellpipe, the ball, the bell, garland, and bezel. The bellpipe and first yard are separated by a wood block, and over that there is a cord for binding. ## Players Notable living players of the natural trumpet include Don Smithers and Jean-François Madeuf. Living players of the Baroque trumpet include Robert Farley, Anna Freeman, Alison Balsom, Crispian Steele-Perkins, Friedemann Immer, Niklas Eklund, David Blackadder, Will Wroth and John Thiessen.	enwiki/1982094	enwiki	1,982,094	Natural trumpet	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_trumpet	2025-05-06T07:37:59	en	Q1662735	76,094	{{Short description\|Early form of trumpet preceding the invention of keys or valves}} {{Infobox instrument \|name = Natural trumpet \|names = \|image = Natural Trumpet in D MET DP-12679-012.jpg \|image_capt = Natural trumpet in D, Germany 1790 \|classification = [[Brass instrument]] \|hornbostel_sachs = 423.121 \| hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Natural trumpets]] – There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips; end-blown trumpets – The mouth-hole faces the axis of the trumpet. \|range = \|related =[[Clarion (instrument)\|Clarion]], [[Bugle]] \|musicians = \|builders = \|articles = }} A '''natural trumpet''' is a [[Brass instrument#Valves\|valveless]] [[brass instrument]] that is able to play the notes of the [[harmonic series (music)\|harmonic series]]. ==History== :''See: [[Clarion (instrument)\|Clarion]]'' The natural trumpet was used as a military instrument to facilitate communication (e.g. break camp, retreat, etc.). Even before the late [[Baroque]] period the natural trumpet had been accepted into Western art music. There is evidence, for example, of extensive use of [[trumpet]] ensembles in Venetian ceremonial music of the 16th century. Although neither [[Andrea Gabrieli\|Andrea]] nor [[Giovanni Gabrieli]] wrote music specifically for the [[trumpet]], they would have been very familiar with its technical possibilities.{{citation needed\|date=August 2014}} Later, talented players such as the early baroque composer [[Girolamo Fantini]] demonstrated that by playing in the extreme upper register and "lipping" the notes of the 11th and 13th harmonics (that is, flattening or sharpening those impure harmonics into tune with the [[embouchure]]), it was possible to play diatonic major and minor scales (and, hence, actual [[melody\|melodies]] rather than [[arpeggio]]s) on a natural trumpet. The most talented players were even able to produce certain [[chromatic]] notes outside the harmonic series by this process (such as lipping a natural C down to B), although these notes were mostly used as brief passing tones. (In Germany, this technique was called ''Heruntertreiben'', literally "driving down".) Other "impure" harmonics (such as the 7th and 14th – B{{music\|b}} on an instrument pitched in C – which are very flat) were avoided by most composers, but were sometimes deliberately used, for example, where their unusual sonic qualities would complement the accompanying text in a sacred work. [[File:Harmseries 1.svg\|thumb\|400px\|left\|The commonly used range (from the 3rd to the 16th harmonic) of the harmonic series for a natural trumpet pitched in C. In practice, lower harmonics were never used, and intervals above the 16th harmonic only occasionally called for. Notes that are filled-in are inherently flat and must be lipped up, with the exception of the 11th harmonic, which is lipped down to produce an F and up to produce an F{{music\|#}}. Chromatic notes not in the natural series are produced by lipping the upper adjacent harmonic down a semitone.]] Baroque composers – such as [[Antonio Vivaldi]], [[Georg Philipp Telemann]], [[George Frideric Handel]] and [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] – made frequent use of trumpets in sacred, orchestral, and even solo works. Many of these trumpet parts are technically quite difficult to play on a natural instrument, and were often written with a specific virtuoso performer in mind, such as [[Gottfried Reiche]] (Bach's chief trumpeter and the subject of a famous painting of the era) or [[Valentine Snow]], for whom Handel composed some of his more noted trumpet parts. Indeed, highly skilled trumpeters were a prized commodity in the era, held in high esteem and avidly sought after by musical patrons. The vast majority of baroque trumpet parts were written for a natural instrument pitched in C or D, although there were occasional exceptions. J. S. Bach, for example, calls for a trumpet in B{{music\|flat}} in his Cantatas Nos. 5 and 90, trumpets in E{{music\|flat}} in the first version of his Magnificat and, most famously, the solo trumpet in high F in his [[Brandenburg concertos#Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, BWV 1047\|Brandenburg Concerto No. 2]]. In the 18th century various attempts were made to overcome the limitations in the notes available to natural trumpets. As early as the time of Bach, [[Crook (music)\|crooks]] (additional lengths of tubing) were introduced between the mouthpiece and the body which lowered the pitch of the instrument and allowed it to be used in a variety of keys. In the latter part of the 18th century side holes covered with keys and a sliding mechanism were tried. Later [[Anton Weidinger]], court trumpeter in Vienna, invented a 5-key trumpet. These experiments were not completely successful, however, since side holes, which work well on instruments with a conical bore, such as [[cornet]]s and [[bugle]]s, cause a muffled sound in those with a cylindrical bore.<ref>Apel, Willi, ed. (1969). ''Harvard Dictionary of Music'' (2nd ed.), p. 874. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. {{ISBN\|0-674-37501-7}}.</ref> Natural trumpets continued to be used through the [[Classical music era\|Classical]] era and even into the early [[romantic music\|Romantic]] period. But changing musical styles along with a growing lack of sufficiently capable players spelled an end to the high, florid, complicated parts typical of [[Baroque music]]. A few transitional composers, such as [[Michael Haydn]], [[Leopold Mozart]] and [[Johann Molter]], wrote concerti for natural trumpets in the early Classical era. In fact, it could be argued that the concertos of Haydn and Molter represent the zenith of the natural trumpet in terms of technical demands, containing as they do some of the highest notes ever penned for the trumpet in symphonic works (in the case of Haydn, a G above high C – the 24th harmonic on a natural instrument). However, for many decades following, most orchestral trumpet writing consisted of basic harmonic support (what many trumpeters derisively refer to as "thumps and bumps") and fanfare-like passages, with very little in the way of melody. There were a few notable exceptions, such as [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\|Mozart]]'s [[Symphony No. 39 (Mozart)\|Symphony No. 39]] in E{{music\|flat}} major, where the trumpets intone the main theme of the opening movement; [[Joseph Haydn\|Haydn]]'s [[Symphony No. 103 (Haydn)\|Symphony No. 103]] in E-flat major ("Drum Roll"), where the trumpets often outline the melody in all four movements; or [[Ludwig van Beethoven\|Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)\|Symphony No. 9]] in which the trumpets double the melody of the famous "Ode to Joy" in the finale of the work. After the brief attempt at developing a [[keyed trumpet]], the instrument for which [[Joseph Haydn]] and [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel]] wrote their famous concerti, the development of the more versatile [[trumpet\|valve trumpet]] (c. 1815) spelled the eventual demise of the natural trumpet in Western music, until its resurrection in the 20th century. Throughout the first half of the 19th century, the valveless, natural trumpet and the valved trumpet (also the [[cornet]]) vied for position in the orchestra, with the valved trumpet establishing a permanent position only in the second half. Even as late as 1843, for example, [[Richard Wagner\|Wagner]] was writing for valveless trumpets in his opera ''[[The Flying Dutchman (opera)\|The Flying Dutchman]]''. In modern-day performances of Baroque and Classical works by period orchestras, the trumpets used are usually altered copies of natural instruments of the period, with the addition of anachronistic nodal "tone holes" (also called "venting holes") used to more easily and accurately correct the [[Intonation (music)\|intonation]] of the instrument and the use of altered copies of mouthpieces or baroque inspired modern ones. (There is a growing consensus to refer to these instruments as "[[baroque trumpet]]s" to distinguish them from pure "natural trumpets".) The use of finger holes on reconstructions of natural trumpets is traceable to Otto Steinkopf, who early in the 20th century discovered holes on a few museum originals. However, it appears that these holes were usually placed at ''antinodes'', and thus designed to prevent the note from sounding, rather than allowing it to be played in tune. While modern reconstructions with nodal finger holes may not be completely authentic in comparison with the originals, they nevertheless allow a close approximation of the sound of the natural trumpet (and its ability to more easily blend with other instruments in an ensemble) without the "quirks" of intonation to which modern ears are unaccustomed. Though such vented instruments have been the norm in period orchestras for decades, in recent years ensembles such as [[La Petite Bande]] and soloists such as Jean-François Madeuf have been performing and recording using pure natural trumpets. In conventional (non-period) orchestras, the highest baroque trumpet parts are usually played on the modern [[piccolo trumpet]], an instrument that provides firm support of range, attack and intonation, while producing a brighter sound – very different from the natural trumpet the composers had in mind. The natural trumpet is differentiated from another valveless brass instrument, the bugle, in that it is nearly twice the length. This places the higher harmonics (from the 8th harmonic up, which are closer together in pitch) in a playable range, enabling the performance of diatonic melodies. The bugle, by contrast, is only useful for performing simple fanfares and military calls (such as "[[Taps (bugle call)\|Taps]]") in a lower range (normally only utilizing the 2nd through 6th harmonics), based on the notes of a [[Major chord\|major triad]] (for example, the notes B{{music\|flat}}, D, and F on a bugle pitched in B{{music\|flat}}). ===Period instruments=== Some of the finest surviving examples of pre-Baroque and Baroque era trumpets date back as far as the 1580s, and were made by Anton Schnitzer of [[Nuremberg]].<ref name="Barclay 1992">Barclay, Robert. 1992. ''The Art of the Trumpet-Maker''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> Other notable trumpet makers include the Hainlein family of Nuremberg, the Haas family of Nuremberg, the Ehe family of Nuremberg, and William Bull of [[London]].<ref name="Bate 1978">Bate, Philip. 1978. ''Instruments of the Orchestra: The Trumpet and Trombone''. London: Ernest Benn.</ref> All of these instrument makers built what are now called natural trumpets.{{when\|date=November 2022}} During the period, however, these instruments were simply called trumpets, not "natural trumpets", as a valved instrument had yet to be developed. ==Modern replicas== In the second half of the 20th century as historically-informed performance came into fashion, modern instrument makers began building instruments based on historical instruments. Among the pioneers were Meinl & Lauber, Adolf Egger, Robert Barclay, Frank Tomes. Makers active as of 2021 include Matthew Parker, Graham Nicholson, Markus Raquet, Geert Jan van der Heide, Cristian Bosc, Rainer Egger, Bernhard (Ewald) Meinl, Tony Esparis, Nikolai Mänttäri, Nathaniel Wood, and Gunther Cogen. {{citation needed\|date=March 2015}} ==Construction== The natural trumpet has a [[Mouthpiece (brass)\|mouthpiece]], which is inserted into the receiver. The receiver is attached to the long tubing, called the first yard, with a short connector, called a [[ferrule]]. The first yard is connected with a ferrule to the first bow, followed by another ferrule and the second yard. The second yard is attached with a ferrule to the second bow. On the baroque trumpet, the vent holes are located at the top of the second yard, and possibly on the second bow. After the second bow are the bellpipe, the ball, the bell, garland, and bezel. The bellpipe and first yard are separated by a wood block, and over that there is a cord for binding.<ref name="Barclay 1992"/> ==Players== Notable living players of the natural trumpet include [[Don Smithers]] and [[Jean-François Madeuf]]. Living players of the Baroque trumpet include Robert Farley, [[Anna Freeman]], [[Alison Balsom]], [[Crispian Steele-Perkins]], {{Interlanguage link\|Friedemann Immer\|de}}, [[Niklas Eklund]], [[David Blackadder]], Will Wroth and John Thiessen.<ref>Wilcox, Beverly (May 20, 2008). [https://www.sfcv.org/reviews/miracle-nodal-vent Miracle of the Nodal Vent]. ''San Francisco Classical Voice''. Retrieved March 6, 2015.</ref> ==See also== [[History of primitive, ancient Western and non-Western trumpets]] [[Birch trumpet]] [[Natural horn]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== [http://www.euchmi.ed.ac.uk/ujia.html Photos, discussion, and sound samples of a natural trumpet from 1760 (from the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, search page for "natural trumpet")] [https://www.academia.edu/2627765/The_European_Folk_Music_Scale_A_New_Theory Early Trumpet History and Connection to the Baroque-Era Natural Trumpet] [https://www.academia.edu/35544469/The_Provenience_Predominance_and_Persistence_of_the_Melodic_Natural_Scale_and_Triadic_Harmony_in_Early_Europe_formed_from_Indo-European_Herding_Instruments The origin of triads and heroic fanfares in the diatonic scale] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEJ-xcblCMo Jean-Francois Maduef performing the 3rd movement from ''Brandenburg Concerto No.2 in F'' on a natural trumpet in a live concert] {{Brass instruments}}{{Natural horns}} {{Trumpets}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Natural Trumpet}} [[Category:Natural horns and trumpets\| ]] [[Category:Baroque instruments]] [[Category:Orchestral instruments]]	1,289,063,188	[{"title": "Natural trumpet", "data": {"Classification": "Brass instrument", "Hornbostel\u2013Sachs classification": "423.121 \u00b7 (Natural trumpets \u2013 There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips; end-blown trumpets \u2013 The mouth-hole faces the axis of the trumpet.)"}}, {"title": "Related instruments", "data": {"Related instruments": "Clarion, Bugle"}}]	false
# Ultraphobic \| Review scores \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| ------------- \| ------------- \| \| Allmusic \| [ 1 ] \| \| Q \| [ 2 ] \| Ultraphobic is the fourth studio album by American glam metal band Warrant. Released on March 7, 1995, on CMC International, after the apparent breakup of the band, the record was regarded as the band's "comeback" album. It is the first album to feature former Kingdom Come and Wild Horses members Rick Steier and James Kottak who came in to replace original band members Joey Allen and Steven Sweet. ## Production and marketing Warrant began recording Ultraphobic in November 1994 with producer Beau Hill. The band supported the release of the record with a national tour beginning in Dallas, Texas. A music video was made for the first single "Family Picnic" with a strong message against family violence and for the second single "Stronger Now", which ended up becoming Lane's best song because it was therapeutic to him. "Followed" was released as the third single of the album. ## Musical style Ultraphobic saw Warrant acknowledging the grunge phenomenon with a record that openly admitted to a Seattle influence, although it was still a natural progression from the hard edged Dog Eat Dog. It is vaguely similar to Danger Danger's Dawn, which was also released in 1995. In particular, the record represented an experimentation with the grunge sounds which had by this time become popular, and which, ironically, had contributed to the band's commercial demise. In songs such as "Undertow" and "Followed", the band attempted to mix pop metal sounds with the alternative stylings of Seattle bands such as Alice in Chains and Soundgarden. ## Lyrics Many of the lyrics on Ultraphobic were inspired by Jani Lane's divorce from Bobbie Brown, the video model who appeared in the "Cherry Pie" music video. ## Track listing \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Length \| \| ------------- \| -------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Undertow" \| Jani Lane, Rick Steier \| 3:12 \| \| 2. \| "Followed" \| Beau Hill, Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon \| 3:41 \| \| 3. \| "Family Picnic" \| Beau Hill, James Kottak, Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon \| 4:43 \| \| 4. \| "Sum of One" \| Jani Lane \| 3:37 \| \| 5. \| "Chameleon" \| Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon, Rick Steier \| 5:23 \| \| 6. \| "Crawl Space" \| Jani Lane, Rick Steier \| 2:38 \| \| 7. \| "Live Inside of You" \| Erik Turner, James Kottak, Jani Lane, Rick Steier \| 3:17 \| \| 8. \| "High" \| Jani Lane, M. Tanner, Rick Steier \| 4:02 \| \| 9. \| "Ride #2" \| Erik Turner, Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon \| 5:07 \| \| 10. \| "Ultraphobic" \| James Kottak, Jani Lane, Rick Steier \| 3:25 \| \| 11. \| "Stronger Now" \| Jani Lane \| 3:57 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 43:03 \| ## Personnel - Jani Lane – lead vocals - Erik Turner – rhythm guitar - Jerry Dixon – bass guitar - Rick Steier – lead guitar - James Kottak – drums Additional personnel - Dave White – keyboards Production - Beau Hill – mixing - Mixed at Enterprise Studios, Burbank, California - Mastered at Sterling Sound, New York City ## Charts \| Chart (1995) \| Peak position \| \| ---------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) \| 10 \|	enwiki/2842155	enwiki	2,842,155	Ultraphobic	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraphobic	2025-07-27T15:53:30	en	Q4003276	63,990	{{Use mdy dates\|date=September 2022}} {{Infobox album \| name = Ultraphobic \| type = studio \| artist = [[Warrant (American band)\|Warrant]] \| cover = Warrantultra.jpg \| alt = \| released = March 7, 1995 \| recorded = 1994 \| venue = \| studio = [[Extasy Records#Extasy Recording Studios\|One on One]] (Los Angeles) The Complex (Los Angeles) \| genre = [[Alternative metal]] [[hard rock]] \| length = 43:03 \| label = [[CMC International]] \| producer = [[Beau Hill]] \| prev_title = [[Dog Eat Dog (Warrant album)\|Dog Eat Dog]] \| prev_year = 1992 \| next_title = [[The Best of Warrant]] \| next_year = 1996 \| misc = {{Singles \| name = Ultraphobic \| type = studio \| single1 = Family Picnic \| single1date = 1995 \| single2 = Stronger Now \| single2date = 1995 \| single3 = Followed \| single3date = 1995 }} }} {{Album ratings \| rev1 = [[Allmusic]] \| rev1Score = {{Rating\|3\|5}} <ref>{{AllMusic\|class=album\|id=r229270}}</ref> \| rev2 = ''[[Q (magazine)\|Q]]'' \| rev2Score = {{Rating\|3\|5}} <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cduniverse.com/productinfo.asp?pid=1076801&style=music \|title=Warrant – Ultraphobic CD Album \|publisher=[[CD Universe]] \|access-date=February 1, 2013}}</ref> }} '''''Ultraphobic''''' is the fourth studio album by American [[glam metal]] band [[Warrant (American band)\|Warrant]]. Released on March 7, 1995, on CMC International, after the apparent breakup of the band, the record was regarded as the band's "comeback" album. It is the first album to feature former [[Kingdom Come (German band)\|Kingdom Come]] and [[Wild Horses (US rock band)\|Wild Horses]] members [[Rick Steier]] and [[James Kottak]] who came in to replace original band members Joey Allen and Steven Sweet.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sleazeroxx.com/bands/warrant/ultraphobic.shtml\|title=Warrant – Ultaphobic details\|publisher=Sleaze Roxx\|year=2008\|access-date=May 20, 2012\|archive-date=March 16, 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316100739/http://www.sleazeroxx.com/bands/warrant/ultraphobic.shtml\|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Production and marketing == Warrant began recording ''Ultraphobic'' in November 1994 with producer [[Beau Hill]]. The band supported the release of the record with a national tour beginning in [[Dallas, Texas]]. A music video was made for the first single "Family Picnic" with a strong message against family violence and for the second single "Stronger Now",<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://sleazeroxx.com/reviews/warrant-ultraphobic-2/\|title=Warrant – Ultaphobic videos\|publisher=Sleaze Roxx\|year=2020}}</ref> which ended up becoming Lane's best song because it was therapeutic to him.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://chaospin.com/tragic-life-jani-lane/\|title=The Tragic Life and Sad Ending to the Life of Jani Lane\|publisher=Chaospin\|year=2021}}</ref> "Followed" was released as the third single of the album. == Musical style == ''Ultraphobic'' saw Warrant acknowledging the [[grunge]] phenomenon with a record that openly admitted to a [[Seattle music scene\|Seattle influence]], although it was still a natural progression from the hard edged ''[[Dog Eat Dog (Warrant album)\|Dog Eat Dog]]''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.musicmight.com/artist/united+states/california/los+angeles/warrant\|title=Warrant biography\|publisher=Music Might\|year=2009\|access-date=\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102125322/http://www.musicmight.com/artist/united+states/california/los+angeles/warrant\|archive-date=November 2, 2012}}</ref> It is vaguely similar to [[Danger Danger]]'s ''[[Dawn (Danger Danger album)\|Dawn]]'', which was also released in 1995. In particular, the record represented an experimentation with the grunge sounds which had by this time become popular, and which, ironically, had contributed to the band's commercial demise. In songs such as "Undertow" and "Followed", the band attempted to mix pop metal sounds with the alternative stylings of Seattle bands such as [[Alice in Chains]] and [[Soundgarden]]. == Lyrics == Many of the lyrics on ''Ultraphobic'' were inspired by Jani Lane's divorce from [[Bobbie Brown]], the video model who appeared in the "Cherry Pie" music video.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.noecho.net/features/warrants-ultraphobic-album-is-an-underrated-hard-rock-gem\|title=Warrant's Ultraphobic Album is an Underrated Hard Rock Gem\|publisher=No Echo\|year=2016}}</ref> == Track listing == {{tracklist \| title1 = Undertow \| writer1 = Jani Lane, Rick Steier \| length1 = 3:12 \| title2 = Followed \| writer2 = Beau Hill, Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon \| length2 = 3:41 \| title3 = Family Picnic \| writer3 = Beau Hill, James Kottak, Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon \| length3 = 4:43 \| title4 = Sum of One \| writer4 = Jani Lane \| length4 = 3:37 \| title5 = Chameleon \| writer5 = Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon, Rick Steier \| length5 = 5:23 \| title6 = Crawl Space \| writer6 = Jani Lane, Rick Steier \| length6 = 2:38 \| title7 = Live Inside of You \| writer7 = Erik Turner, James Kottak, Jani Lane, Rick Steier \| length7 = 3:17 \| title8 = High \| writer8 = Jani Lane, M. Tanner, Rick Steier \| length8 = 4:02 \| title9 = Ride #2 \| writer9 = Erik Turner, Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon \| length9 = 5:07 \| title10 = Ultraphobic \| writer10 = James Kottak, Jani Lane, Rick Steier \| length10 = 3:25 \| title11 = Stronger Now \| writer11 = Jani Lane \| length11 = 3:57 \| total_length = 43:03 }} == Personnel == [[Jani Lane]] – lead vocals Erik Turner – rhythm guitar Jerry Dixon – bass guitar [[Rick Steier]] – lead guitar [[James Kottak]] – drums ;Additional personnel Dave White – keyboards ;Production Beau Hill – mixing Mixed at Enterprise Studios, Burbank, California Mastered at [[Sterling Sound]], New York City == Charts == {\| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" \|- ! Chart (1995) ! Peak<br/>position \|- {{Album chart\|UKRock\|10\|date=19950305\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=October 1, 2023}} \|} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == [http://www.warrantweb.net/ Warrant Official Site] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070713054340/http://musicbox.sonybmg.com/warrant Classic Warrant Videos on Sony BMG MusicBox] {{Warrant}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Warrant (American band) albums]] [[Category:1995 albums]] [[Category:Albums produced by Beau Hill]] [[Category:CMC International albums]]	1,302,813,388	[{"title": "Studio album by Warrant", "data": {"Released": "March 7, 1995", "Recorded": "1994", "Studio": "- One on One (Los Angeles) - The Complex (Los Angeles)", "Genre": "Alternative metal hard rock", "Length": "43:03", "Label": "CMC International", "Producer": "Beau Hill"}}, {"title": "Warrant chronology", "data": {"Dog Eat Dog \u00b7 (1992)": "Ultraphobic \u00b7 (1995) \u00b7 The Best of Warrant \u00b7 (1996)"}}, {"title": "Singles from Ultraphobic", "data": {"Singles from Ultraphobic": "1. \"Family Picnic\" \u00b7 Released: 1995 2. \"Stronger Now\" \u00b7 Released: 1995 3. \"Followed\" \u00b7 Released: 1995"}}, {"title": "Warrant", "data": {"Studio albums": "Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich (1989) Cherry Pie (1990) Dog Eat Dog (1992) Ultraphobic (1995) Belly to Belly (1996) Greatest & Latest (1999) Under the Influence (2001) Born Again (2006) Rockaholic (2011) Louder Harder Faster (2017)", "Compilations": "The Best of Warrant (1996) Rocking Tall (1996) Then and Now (2004)", "Live albums": "Warrant Live 86\u201397 (1997) Warrant Live Extended Versions (2005) Warrant 10 Live! (2014)", "Videos": "Warrant: Live - Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich Cherry Pie: Quality You Can Taste Born Again: Delvis Video Diaries", "Singles": "\" Down Boys \" \" Heaven \" \" Big Talk \" \" Sometimes She Cries \" \" Cherry Pie \" \" I Saw Red \" \" Uncle Tom's Cabin \" \" Blind Faith \" \" We Will Rock You \" \" Machine Gun \" \" The Bitter Pill \" \" Heaven '99' \" \" Cherry Pie '99 \" \" I Think I'll Just Stay Here and Drink \"", "Related articles": "Discography List of Warrant members Back Down to One Saints of the Underground Love the Sin, Hate the Sinner"}}]	false
# Douglas L. Coleman Douglas L. Coleman (October 6, 1931 - April 16, 2014) was a scientist and professor emeritus at the Jackson Laboratory, in Bar Harbor, Maine. His work predicted that there exists a hormone that can cause mice to feel full, and that a mutation in the gene encoding this hormone can lead to obesity. The gene and corresponding hormone were discovered about 20 years later by Jeffrey M. Friedman, Rudolph Leibel, and their research teams at Rockefeller University, which Friedman named leptin. ## Early life and education Coleman was born in Stratford, Ontario, Canada in 1931. He was the first in his family to finish high school. He obtained his BSc from McMaster University in 1954. At the encouragement of a biochemistry professor at McMaster, Coleman attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison for a PhD, which he obtained in 1958. ## Career After receiving his PhD, Coleman did not continue in academia or entered the industry, as was common at the time. Instead, he became an associate staff scientist at the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory (now Jackson Laboratory) in Bar Harbor, Maine. Initially planning to stay one to two years, Coleman ended up spending his entire career at the Jackson Laboratory. He was promoted to a staff scientist at Jackson Laboratory in 1961 and became a senior staff scientist in 1968. He was the assistant director of research from 1968 to 1970 and interim director between 1975 and 1976. Coleman retired in 1991 at the age of 62. ## Research Before Coleman's experiments, there was evidence that the hypothalamus was a master regulator of energy balance by responding to a factor that traveled in blood. When Coleman joined the Jackson Laboratory, only one obese mouse strain existed. This strain contained a mutation, called ob (for obese), at both copies of the DNA at chromosome 6, and so was designated ob/ob. In 1966, Coleman and his colleagues reported a second obese mouse strain that looked very similar to ob/ob mice but had another mutation. The mutation occurred in chromosome 4 and was called db (for diabetes). A major difference between the two strains was that the db/db mice had severe diabetes while the ob/ob mice only mild diabetes. Importantly, only mice that were homozygous with the ob or db mutation (meaning they had the mutation at both copies of the DNA) were obese. This meant in these two strains, obesity was an autosomal recessive trait. Coleman wondered if there existed a biological molecule that caused obesity and was produced in a db/db but not normal mice, or, conversely, if there existed a molecule that prevented obesity in normal mice. Aware of previous parabiosis experiments by William Hervey from the University of Cambridge, who surgically joined the blood vessels of normal rats with rats that had injuries at the hypothalamus, Coleman performed similar experiments on normal, ob/ob and db/db mice. He first joined db/db mice to normal ones, and found that normal mice dramatically ate less, had a large decrease in plasma glucose and insulin levels, and eventually died, while db/db mice were unaffected and kept gaining fat and weight. He then joined ob/ob mice with normal mice, and observed a completely different scenario: normal mice had no changes but ob/ob mice ate less and lost weight. When Coleman ended the union, ob/ob mice gained weight and became obese again. Lastly, when ob/ob and db/db mice were surgically joined together, db/db mice kept gaining weight whereas ob/ob mice significantly reduced their food intake and weight and died. His findings led Coleman to conclude that ob/ob mice lacked a circulating factor that regulates food intake and weight, and that db/db mice overproduced this factor but could not respond to it. When db/db mice was joined to ob/ob or normal mice, however, this factor traveled through blood to the other mouse and reduced their eating and weight. Connecting these results to contemporary understanding, he also hypothesized that the hypothalamus contained the area that responded to the circulating factor. About 20 years later, the genes where ob and db mutations occurred were identified by Jeffrey M. Friedman, Rudolph Leibel (both from Rockefeller University) and Louis Tartaglia (from Millennium Pharmaceuticals, now acquired by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company and renamed Takeda Oncology). The ob gene is now known as LEP and the protein hormone it encodes leptin, a name that Friedman coined. The db gene has been confirmed to be a receptor for the leptin protein, and was renamed LEPR. ## Personal life, philanthropy, and death Coleman met his wife, Beverly J. Benallick, during his undergraduate years at McMaster University, where Benallick was the only female chemistry major at the time. Benallick passed away in 2009. After retirement, Coleman was involved in forest management, land protection, and nature conservation. He created recreational trails in his 20-hectare woodland for the public and especially students, and also helped his wife found a wildlife garden for people not able to walk the woodland. He was a director and president of the Frenchman Bay Conservancy, and a longtime member of the Lamoine Planning Board. He established two USD $100,000 funds at the Jackson Laboratory: the Douglas Coleman Research Fund to support early-career scientists studying obesity and diabetes, and the Beverly Coleman Memorial Fund to support young students and educational programmes. Coleman died in Lamoine, Maine on April 16, 2014. ## Honors and awards - Member of the National Academy of Sciences (1998)[18] - Canada Gairdner International Award (2005)[19] - Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine (2009)[20] - Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (2010)[21] - BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2012)[22] - King Faisal International Prize in Medicine (now King Faisal Prize in Medicine) (2013)[23][24]	enwiki/25136748	enwiki	25,136,748	Douglas L. Coleman	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_L._Coleman	2025-05-23T20:32:16	en	Q127122	136,919	{{Short description\|Canadian-American physiologist and biochemist}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=September 2023}} {{Use American English\|date=October 2023}} {{Infobox scientist \| name = Douglas L. Coleman \| image = \| birth_name = Douglas Leonard Coleman<ref name="lancet">{{cite journal \|last1=Watts \|first1=Geoff \|title=Douglas Leonard Coleman \|journal=[[The Lancet]] \|date=2014 \|volume=383 \|issue=9933 \|page=1966 \|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60946-6 \|pmid=24936629 \|s2cid=39828635 \|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2960946-6/fulltext \|access-date=October 2, 2023 \|archive-date=October 2, 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002141104/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2960946-6/fulltext\|doi-access=free }}</ref> \| birth_date = {{birth date\|1931\|10\|6}} \| birth_place = [[Stratford, Ontario\|Stratford]], [[Ontario]] <br/> [[Canada]]<ref name="jax">{{cite news \|last1=Peterson \|first1=Joyce \|title=Douglas L. Coleman, Ph.D., Jackson Laboratory Professor Emeritus, 1931-2014 \|url=https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/2014/April/douglas-l-coleman-phd-jackson-laboratory-professor-emeritus-1931-2014 \|access-date=October 2, 2023 \|publisher=[[Jackson Laboratory]] \|date=April 16, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002141437/https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/2014/April/douglas-l-coleman-phd-jackson-laboratory-professor-emeritus-1931-2014 \|archive-date=October 2, 2023}}</ref> \| death_date = {{death date and age\|2014\|04\|16\|1931\|10\|6}} \| death_place = [[Lamoine, Maine\|Lamoine]], [[Maine]] <br/> [[United States]]<ref name="jax"/> \| fields = [[Physiology]] <br/> [[Biochemistry]] \| workplaces = [[Jackson Laboratory]] \| education = [[McMaster University]] ([[Bachelor of Science\|BSc]]) <br/> [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy\|PhD]]) \| alma_mater = \| doctoral_advisor = Carl August Baumann \| doctoral_students = \| thesis_title = Studies on the saturation of sterols by intestinal bacteria \| thesis_year = 1958 \| thesis_url = https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999873583502121 \| known_for = Prediction of the existence of [[leptin]] \| awards = [[Canada Gairdner International Award]] <br/> [[Shaw Prize\|Shaw Prize in Life science and Medicine]] <br/> [[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] <br/> [[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] <br/> [[King Faisal Prize\|King Faisal International Prize in Medicine]] \| spouse = {{marriage\|Beverly J. Benallick\|<!--unknown-->\|2009\|end=died}} \| children = 3 }} '''Douglas L. Coleman''' (October 6, 1931 - April 16, 2014) was a scientist and [[professor]] [[emeritus]] at the [[Jackson Laboratory]], in [[Bar Harbor, Maine\|Bar Harbor]], [[Maine]]. His work predicted that there exists a [[hormone]] that can cause mice to feel [[Satiety\|full]], and that a [[mutation]] in the [[gene]] encoding this hormone can lead to obesity.<ref name="natmed">{{cite journal \|last1=Coleman \|first1=Douglas L. \|title=A historical perspective on leptin \|journal=[[Nature Medicine]] \|date=2010 \|volume=16 \|issue=10 \|pages=1097–1099 \|doi=10.1038/nm1010-1097 \|pmid=20930752 \|s2cid=21890417 \|url=https://laskerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2010_b_coleman.pdf \|access-date=October 4, 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004081207/https://laskerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2010_b_coleman.pdf \|archive-date=October 4, 2023}}</ref> The gene and corresponding hormone were discovered about 20 years later by [[Jeffrey M. Friedman]], [[Rudolph Leibel]], and their research teams at [[Rockefeller University]], which Friedman named [[leptin]].<ref name="cell">{{cite journal \|last1=Flier \|first1=Jeffrey S. \|last2=Maratos-Flier \|first2=Eleftheria \|title=Lasker lauds leptin \|journal=[[Cell (journal)\|Cell]] \|date=2010 \|volume=143 \|issue=1 \|pages=9–12 \|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.021 \|pmid=20887884 \|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Early life and education == Coleman was born in [[Stratford, Ontario\|Stratford]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] in 1931. He was the first in his family to finish [[Secondary school\|high school]].<ref name="diabetologia">{{cite journal \|first1=Thomas R. \|last1=Coleman \|title=Douglas L. Coleman, 1931–2014 \|journal=[[Diabetologia]] \|date=2014 \|volume=57 \|issue=12 \|pages=2429–2430 \|doi=10.1007/s00125-014-3393-7 \|pmid=25287710 \|pmc=4218972 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> He obtained his [[Bachelor of Science\|BSc]] from [[McMaster University]] in 1954. At the encouragement of a [[biochemistry]] professor at McMaster,<ref name="natmed"/> Coleman attended the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] for a [[Doctor of Philosophy\|PhD]], which he obtained in 1958. == Career == After receiving his [[Doctor of Philosophy\|PhD]], Coleman did not continue in academia or entered the industry, as was common at the time. Instead, he became an associate staff scientist at the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory (now [[Jackson Laboratory]]) in [[Bar Harbor, Maine\|Bar Harbor]], [[Maine]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Neill \|first1=Ushma S. \|title=Leaping for leptin: the 2010 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award goes to Douglas Coleman and Jeffrey M. Friedman \|journal=[[Journal of Clinical Investigation]] \|date=2010 \|volume=120 \|issue=10 \|pages=3413–3418 \|doi=10.1172/JCI45094 \|pmc=2947251 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> Initially planning to stay one to two years, Coleman ended up spending his entire career at the Jackson Laboratory.<ref name="autobio">{{cite web \|title=Autobiography of Douglas L Coleman \|url=https://www.shawprize.org/autobiography/douglas-l-coleman/ \|publisher=[[Shaw Prize]] \|access-date=October 6, 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006160312/https://www.shawprize.org/autobiography/douglas-l-coleman/ \|archive-date=October 6, 2023}}</ref> He was promoted to a staff scientist at Jackson Laboratory in 1961 and became a senior staff scientist in 1968. He was the assistant director of research from 1968 to 1970 and interim director between 1975 and 1976.<ref name="jax"/> Coleman retired in 1991<ref name="autobio"/> at the age of 62.<ref name="nature">{{cite journal \|last1=Friedman \|first1=Jeffrey \|author1-link=Jeffrey M. Friedman \|title=Douglas Coleman (1931–2014) \|journal=[[Nature (journal)\|Nature]] \|date=2014 \|volume=509 \|issue=7502 \|page=564 \|doi=10.1038/509564a \|pmid=24870535 \|bibcode=2014Natur.509..564F \|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Research == Before Coleman's experiments, there was evidence that the [[hypothalamus]] was a master regulator of [[Energy homeostasis\|energy balance]] by responding to a factor that traveled in [[blood]].<ref name="cell"/><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Fève \|first1=Bruno \|last2=Bastard \|first2=Jean-Philippe \|title=From the conceptual basis to the discovery of leptin \|journal=[[Biochimie]] \|date=2012 \|volume=94 \|issue=10 \|pages=2065–2068 \|doi=10.1016/j.biochi.2012.06.028 \|pmid=22771464 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0300908412002635 \|access-date=October 11, 2023\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> When Coleman joined the [[Jackson Laboratory]], only one [[Obesity\|obese]] [[Laboratory mouse\|mouse]] strain existed. This strain contained a [[mutation]], called ''ob'' (for obese), at both copies of the [[DNA]] at [[chromosome 6]], and so was designated ''ob/ob''.<ref name="natmed"/> In 1966, Coleman and his colleagues reported a second obese mouse strain that looked very similar to ''ob/ob'' mice but had another mutation. The mutation occurred in [[chromosome 4]] and was called ''db'' (for diabetes).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Hummel \|first1=Katharine P. \|last2=Dickie \|first2=Margaret M. \|last3=Coleman \|first3=Douglas L. \|title=Diabetes, a New Mutation in the Mouse \|journal=[[Science (journal)\|Science]] \|date=1966 \|volume=153 \|issue=3740 \|pages=1127–1128 \|doi=10.1126/science.153.3740.1127 \|pmid=5918576 \|bibcode=1966Sci...153.1127H \|s2cid=8718770 \|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.153.3740.1127 \|access-date=October 11, 2023\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A major difference between the two strains was that the ''db/db'' mice had severe diabetes while the ''ob/ob'' mice only mild diabetes. Importantly, only mice that were [[Zygosity#Homozygous\|homozygous]] with the ''ob'' or ''db'' mutation (meaning they had the mutation at both copies of the DNA) were obese. This meant in these two strains, obesity was an [[Genetic disorder#Autosomal recessive\|autosomal recessive]] trait. Coleman wondered if there existed a biological molecule that caused obesity and was produced in a ''db/db'' but not normal mice, or, conversely, if there existed a molecule that prevented obesity in normal mice. Aware of previous [[parabiosis]] experiments by William Hervey from the [[University of Cambridge]], who surgically joined the [[blood vessel]]s of normal [[Laboratory rat\|rats]] with rats that had injuries at the hypothalamus, Coleman performed similar experiments on normal, ''ob/ob'' and ''db/db'' mice. He first joined ''db/db'' mice to normal ones, and found that normal mice dramatically ate less, had a large decrease in [[Blood sugar level\|plasma glucose]] and [[insulin]] levels, and eventually died, while ''db/db'' mice were unaffected and kept gaining [[Adipose tissue\|fat]] and weight.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Coleman \|first1=D. L. \|last2=Hummel \|first2=K. P. \|title=Effects of parabiosis of normal with genetically diabetic mice \|journal=[[American Journal of Physiology]] \|date=1969 \|volume=217 \|issue=5 \|pages=1298–1304 \|doi=10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.217.5.1298 \|pmid=5346292 \|url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.217.5.1298 \|access-date=October 12, 2023\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He then joined ''ob/ob'' mice with normal mice, and observed a completely different scenario: normal mice had no changes but ''ob/ob'' mice ate less and lost weight. When Coleman ended the union, ''ob/ob'' mice gained weight and became obese again. Lastly, when ''ob/ob'' and ''db/db'' mice were surgically joined together, ''db/db'' mice kept gaining weight whereas ''ob/ob'' mice significantly reduced their [[Eating\|food intake]] and weight and died.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Coleman \|first1=D. L. \|title=Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice \|journal=[[Diabetologia]] \|date=1973 \|volume=9 \|issue=4 \|pages=294–298 \|pmid=4767369 \|doi=10.1007/BF01221857 \|access-date=October 12, 2023 \|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01221857.pdf \|doi-access=free \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012083024/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01221857.pdf \|archive-date=October 12, 2023}}</ref> His findings led Coleman to conclude that ''ob/ob'' mice lacked a [[Circulatory system\|circulating]] factor that regulates food intake and weight, and that ''db/db'' mice overproduced this factor but could not respond to it. When ''db/db'' mice was joined to ''ob/ob'' or normal mice, however, this factor traveled through [[blood]] to the other mouse and reduced their [[eating]] and weight.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Coleman \|first1=D. L. \|title=Obese and diabetes: Two mutant genes causing diabetes-obesity syndromes in mice \|journal=Diabetologia \|date=1978 \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=141–148 \|doi=10.1007/BF00429772 \|pmid=350680 \|doi-access=free \|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00429772.pdf \|access-date=October 11, 2023 \|archive-date=October 11, 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011064125/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00429772.pdf}}</ref> Connecting these results to contemporary understanding, he also hypothesized that the hypothalamus contained the area that responded to the circulating factor. About 20 years later, the [[gene]]s where ''ob'' and ''db'' mutations occurred were identified by [[Jeffrey M. Friedman]], [[Rudolph Leibel]] (both from [[Rockefeller University]]) and [[Louis Tartaglia]] (from [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], now acquired by [[Takeda Pharmaceutical Company]] and renamed [[Takeda Oncology]]).<ref name="cell"/> The ''ob'' gene is now known as [[leptin\|LEP]] and the [[protein]] [[hormone]] it encodes [[leptin]], a name that Friedman coined. The ''db'' gene has been confirmed to be a [[Receptor (biochemistry)\|receptor]] for the leptin protein, and was renamed [[Leptin receptor\|LEPR]].<ref>{{cite journal \|first1=David W. \|last1=White \|first2=Karen K. \|last2=Kuropatwinski \|first3=Rene \|last3=Devos \|first4=Heinz \|last4=Baumann \|first5=Louis A. \|last5=Tartaglia \|authorlink5=Louis Tartaglia \|title=Leptin receptor (OB-R) signaling. Cytoplasmic domain mutational analysis and evidence for receptor homo-oligomerization \|journal=[[Journal of Biological Chemistry]] \|date=1997 \|volume=272 \|issue=7 \|pages=4065–4071 \|doi=10.1074/jbc.272.7.4065 \|pmid=9020115 \|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Personal life, philanthropy, and death == Coleman met his wife, Beverly J. Benallick, during his [[Undergraduate education\|undergraduate]] years at [[McMaster University]], where Benallick was the only female [[chemistry]] major at the time.<ref name="diabetologia"/> Benallick passed away in 2009.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Beverly Coleman \|url=https://obituaries.bangordailynews.com/obituary/beverly-coleman-804159631 \|access-date=October 6, 2023 \|work=[[Bangor Daily News]] \|date=April 25, 2009 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006155902/https://obituaries.bangordailynews.com/obituary/beverly-coleman-804159631 \|archive-date=October 6, 2023}}</ref> After retirement, Coleman was involved in [[forest management]], land protection, and nature conservation. He created recreational trails in his 20-hectare [[woodland]] for the public and especially students, and also helped his wife found a wildlife garden for people not able to walk the woodland. He was a director and president of the [[Frenchman Bay]] Conservancy, and a longtime member of the [[Lamoine, Maine\|Lamoine]] Planning Board.<ref name="jax"/> He established two [[United States dollar\|USD]] $100,000 funds at the [[Jackson Laboratory]]: the Douglas Coleman Research Fund to support early-career scientists studying [[obesity]] and [[diabetes]], and the Beverly Coleman Memorial Fund to support young students and educational programmes.<ref name="jax"/> Coleman died in [[Lamoine, Maine\|Lamoine]], [[Maine]] on April 16, 2014.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Altman \|first1=Lawrence K. \|title=Douglas L. Coleman, 82, Dies; Found a Genetic Cause of Obesity \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/26/us/douglas-l-coleman-82-dies-found-a-genetic-cause-of-obesity.html \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|date=April 25, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015142241/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/26/us/douglas-l-coleman-82-dies-found-a-genetic-cause-of-obesity.html \|archive-date=October 15, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Douglas L. Coleman \|url=https://www.ellsworthamerican.com/obituaries/douglas-l-coleman/article_625bcc30-0ccc-51da-bd8b-4d3f4693f7ae.html \|access-date=October 15, 2023 \|work=[[The Ellsworth American]] \|date=April 17, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015142319/https://www.ellsworthamerican.com/obituaries/douglas-l-coleman/article_625bcc30-0ccc-51da-bd8b-4d3f4693f7ae.html \|archive-date=October 15, 2023}}</ref> == Honors and awards == * [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences\|Member]] of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (1998)<ref>{{cite web \|title=Douglas L. Coleman \|url=https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/3005913.html \|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] \|access-date=October 10, 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010140534/https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/3005913.html \|archive-date=October 10, 2023}}</ref> * [[Canada Gairdner International Award]] (2005)<ref>{{cite web \|title=Douglas Coleman \|url=https://www.gairdner.org/winner/douglas-coleman \|publisher=[[Gairdner Foundation]] \|access-date=October 10, 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010140826/https://www.gairdner.org/winner/douglas-coleman \|archive-date=October 10, 2023}}</ref> * [[Shaw Prize\|Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine]] (2009)<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Prize in Life Science & Medicine 2009 \|url=https://www.shawprize.org/laureates/2009-life-science-medicine/ \|publisher=Shaw Prize \|access-date=October 10, 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010141301/https://www.shawprize.org/laureates/2009-life-science-medicine/ \|archive-date=October 10, 2023}}</ref> * [[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] (2010)<ref>{{cite web \|title=2010 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award \|url=https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/leptin-a-hormone-that-regulates-appetite-and-body-weight/ \|publisher=[[Lasker Award]] \|access-date=October 7, 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007161442/https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/leptin-a-hormone-that-regulates-appetite-and-body-weight/ \|archive-date=October 7, 2023}}</ref> * [[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] (2012)<ref>{{cite web \|title=Douglas L. Coleman \|url=https://www.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es/galardonados/douglas-l-coleman-2/ \|publisher=[[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] \|access-date=October 14, 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014150103/https://www.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es/galardonados/douglas-l-coleman-2/ \|archive-date=October 14, 2023}}</ref> * [[King Faisal Prize\|King Faisal International Prize in Medicine]] (now [[King Faisal Prize\|King Faisal Prize in Medicine]]) (2013)<ref>{{cite news \|title=Jackson Laboratory professor emeritus Douglas Coleman wins BBVA, King Faisal awards \|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/571637 \|access-date=October 14, 2023 \|date=January 29, 2013 \|work=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science#EurekAlert!\|EurekAlert!]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014150849/https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/571637 \|archive-date=October 14, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Shypula \|first1=Brian \|title=Douglas Coleman's research found biological basis for some forms of obesity in humans \|url=https://www.stratfordbeaconherald.com/2013/02/11/douglas-colemans-research-found-biological-basis-for-some-forms-of-obesity-in-humans \|access-date=October 14, 2023 \|work=[[The Beacon Herald]] \|date=February 11, 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014151422/https://www.stratfordbeaconherald.com/2013/02/11/douglas-colemans-research-found-biological-basis-for-some-forms-of-obesity-in-humans \|archive-date=October 14, 2023}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Shaw Prize}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coleman, Douglas L.}} [[Category:Canadian emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:Canadian biochemists]] [[Category:American biochemists]] [[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:2014 deaths]] [[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] [[Category:McMaster University alumni]] [[Category:Scientists from Ontario]] [[Category:People from Stratford, Ontario]]	1,291,857,834	[{"title": "Douglas L. Coleman", "data": {"Born": "Douglas Leonard Coleman \u00b7 October 6, 1931 \u00b7 Stratford, Ontario \u00b7 Canada", "Died": "April 16, 2014 (aged 82) \u00b7 Lamoine, Maine \u00b7 United States", "Education": "McMaster University (BSc) \u00b7 University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison (PhD)", "Known for": "Prediction of the existence of leptin", "Spouse": "Beverly J. Benallick \u200b (died 2009)\u200b", "Children": "3", "Awards": "Canada Gairdner International Award \u00b7 Shaw Prize in Life science and Medicine \u00b7 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research \u00b7 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award \u00b7 King Faisal International Prize in Medicine", "Fields": "Physiology \u00b7 Biochemistry", "Institutions": "Jackson Laboratory", "Thesis": "Studies on the saturation of sterols by intestinal bacteria (1958)", "Doctoral advisor": "Carl August Baumann"}}]	false
# 2008–09 Football League Two The Football League 2008–09, known as the Coca-Cola Football League for sponsorship reasons, was the 17th season under its current league division format. It began in August 2008 and concluded in May 2009, with the promotion play-off finals. The Football League is contested through three Divisions. The third division of these is League Two. The winner, runner up and third-placed team of League Two will be automatically promoted to Football League One and they will be joined by the winner of the League Two playoff. The bottom two teams in the league will be relegated from the Football League to the Conference National for the 2009–10 season. Before the season started, Luton Town, Rotherham United and AFC Bournemouth were all docked points for the League Two season for, in all cases, financial problems and additionally, in the case of Luton, for criminal matters regarding transfers of players. Bournemouth and Rotherham both started on −17 points while Luton had to begin on −30 points. On 25 January, Darlington were docked ten points after going into administration. ## Changes from last season ### From League Two Promoted to League One - Milton Keynes Dons - Peterborough United - Hereford United - Stockport County Relegated to Conference National - Wrexham - Mansfield Town ### To League Two Relegated from League One - Bournemouth - Gillingham - Port Vale - Luton Town Promoted from Conference National - Aldershot Town - Exeter City ## League table \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| Promotion, qualification or relegation \| \| --- \| --------------------- \| --- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| --- \| --- \| -------------------------------------- \| \| 1 \| Brentford (C, P) \| 46 \| 23 \| 16 \| 7 \| 65 \| 36 \| +29 \| 85 \| Promotion to Football League One \| \| 2 \| Exeter City (P) \| 46 \| 22 \| 13 \| 11 \| 65 \| 50 \| +15 \| 79 \| Promotion to Football League One \| \| 3 \| Wycombe Wanderers (P) \| 46 \| 20 \| 18 \| 8 \| 54 \| 33 \| +21 \| 78 \| Promotion to Football League One \| \| 4 \| Bury \| 46 \| 21 \| 15 \| 10 \| 63 \| 43 \| +20 \| 78 \| Qualification for League Two play-offs \| \| 5 \| Gillingham (O, P) \| 46 \| 21 \| 12 \| 13 \| 58 \| 55 \| +3 \| 75 \| Qualification for League Two play-offs \| \| 6 \| Rochdale \| 46 \| 19 \| 13 \| 14 \| 70 \| 59 \| +11 \| 70 \| Qualification for League Two play-offs \| \| 7 \| Shrewsbury Town \| 46 \| 17 \| 18 \| 11 \| 61 \| 44 \| +17 \| 69 \| Qualification for League Two play-offs \| \| 8 \| Dagenham & Redbridge \| 46 \| 19 \| 11 \| 16 \| 77 \| 53 \| +24 \| 68 \| \| \| 9 \| Bradford City \| 46 \| 18 \| 13 \| 15 \| 66 \| 55 \| +11 \| 67 \| \| \| 10 \| Chesterfield \| 46 \| 16 \| 15 \| 15 \| 62 \| 57 \| +5 \| 63 \| \| \| 11 \| Morecambe \| 46 \| 15 \| 18 \| 13 \| 53 \| 56 \| −3 \| 63 \| \| \| 12 \| Darlington \| 46 \| 20 \| 12 \| 14 \| 61 \| 44 \| +17 \| 62 \| \| \| 13 \| Lincoln City \| 46 \| 14 \| 17 \| 15 \| 53 \| 52 \| +1 \| 59 \| \| \| 14 \| Rotherham United \| 46 \| 21 \| 12 \| 13 \| 60 \| 46 \| +14 \| 58 \| \| \| 15 \| Aldershot Town \| 46 \| 14 \| 12 \| 20 \| 59 \| 80 \| −21 \| 54 \| \| \| 16 \| Accrington Stanley \| 46 \| 13 \| 11 \| 22 \| 42 \| 59 \| −17 \| 50 \| \| \| 17 \| Barnet \| 46 \| 11 \| 15 \| 20 \| 56 \| 74 \| −18 \| 48 \| \| \| 18 \| Port Vale \| 46 \| 13 \| 9 \| 24 \| 44 \| 66 \| −22 \| 48 \| \| \| 19 \| Notts County \| 46 \| 11 \| 14 \| 21 \| 49 \| 69 \| −20 \| 47 \| \| \| 20 \| Macclesfield Town \| 46 \| 13 \| 8 \| 25 \| 45 \| 77 \| −32 \| 47 \| \| \| 21 \| Bournemouth \| 46 \| 17 \| 12 \| 17 \| 59 \| 51 \| +8 \| 46 \| \| \| 22 \| Grimsby Town \| 46 \| 9 \| 14 \| 23 \| 51 \| 69 \| −18 \| 41 \| \| \| 23 \| Chester City (R) \| 46 \| 8 \| 13 \| 25 \| 43 \| 81 \| −38 \| 37 \| Relegated to Conference National \| \| 24 \| Luton Town (R) \| 46 \| 13 \| 17 \| 16 \| 58 \| 65 \| −7 \| 26 \| Relegated to Conference National \| 1. ↑ Darlington deducted 10 points for entering administration.[1] 2. ↑ Rotherham United deducted 17 points for leaving administration without a Company Voluntary Agreement.[2] 3. ↑ Bournemouth deducted 17 points for leaving administration without a Company Voluntary Agreement.[3] 4. ↑ Luton Town deducted 30 points; 20 points for leaving administration without a Company Voluntary Agreement, and 10 points for making illegal payments to agents.[4] ### Play-offs \| \| Semifinals \| Semifinals \| Semifinals \| Semifinals \| Semifinals \| \| \| Final at Wembley \| Final at Wembley \| Final at Wembley \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7 \| Shrewsbury Town \| 0 \| 1 (4) \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7 \| Shrewsbury Town \| 0 \| 1 (4) \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| Bury \| 1 \| 0 (3) \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| Bury \| 1 \| 0 (3) \| 1 \| \| Shrewsbury Town \| Shrewsbury Town \| 0 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Shrewsbury Town \| Shrewsbury Town \| 0 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Gillingham \| Gillingham \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6 \| Rochdale \| Gillingham \| Gillingham \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| 6 \| Rochdale \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| 5 \| Gillingham \| 0 \| 2 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ## Stadia and locations \| Team \| Stadium \| Capacity \| \| -------------------- \| -------------------- \| -------- \| \| Darlington \| The Darlington Arena \| 25,294* \| \| Bradford City \| Valley Parade \| 25,136 \| \| Rotherham United \| Don Valley Stadium \| 25,000 \| \| Port Vale \| Vale Park \| 22,356 \| \| Notts County \| Meadow Lane \| 19,588 \| \| Brentford \| Griffin Park \| 12,763 \| \| Bury \| Gigg Lane \| 11,840 \| \| Gillingham \| Priestfield Stadium \| 11,582 \| \| Bournemouth \| Dean Court \| 10,700 \| \| Luton Town \| Kenilworth Road \| 10,260 \| \| Rochdale \| Spotland Stadium \| 10,249 \| \| Lincoln City \| Sincil Bank \| 10,127 \| \| Wycombe Wanderers \| Adams Park \| 10,000 \| \| Shrewsbury Town \| New Meadow \| 9,875 \| \| Grimsby Town \| Blundell Park \| 9,106 \| \| Exeter City \| St James Park \| 9,036 \| \| Chesterfield \| Saltergate \| 8,504 \| \| Aldershot Town \| Recreation Ground \| 7,100 \| \| Morecambe \| Christie Park \| 6,400 \| \| Macclesfield Town \| Moss Rose \| 6,335 \| \| Dagenham & Redbridge \| Victoria Road \| 6,000 \| \| Barnet \| Underhill Stadium \| 5,568 \| \| Chester City \| Deva Stadium \| 5,376 \| \| Accrington Stanley \| Crown Ground \| 5,057 \| *Capacity limited to 6,000 because of planning regulations ## Results \| Home \ Away \| ACC \| ALD \| BAR \| BOU \| BRA \| BRE \| BRY \| CHE \| CHF \| D&R \| DAR \| EXE \| GIL \| GRI \| LIN \| LUT \| MAC \| MOR \| NTC \| PTV \| ROC \| ROT \| SHR \| WYC \| \| -------------------- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Accrington Stanley \| \| 0–1 \| 1–1 \| 3–0 \| 2–3 \| 1–1 \| 1–2 \| 0–1 \| 1–0 \| 0–0 \| 1–0 \| 2–1 \| 0–2 \| 3–1 \| 0–2 \| 0–0 \| 2–0 \| 1–0 \| 1–1 \| 2–0 \| 1–3 \| 1–3 \| 2–1 \| 0–1 \| \| Aldershot Town \| 3–1 \| \| 1–1 \| 1–1 \| 3–2 \| 1–1 \| 3–3 \| 2–2 \| 1–1 \| 1–2 \| 2–1 \| 1–0 \| 2–1 \| 2–2 \| 2–0 \| 2–1 \| 1–1 \| 0–2 \| 2–2 \| 1–0 \| 2–4 \| 0–1 \| 0–0 \| 3–2 \| \| Barnet \| 2–1 \| 0–3 \| \| 1–0 \| 4–1 \| 0–1 \| 1–2 \| 3–1 \| 1–3 \| 1–1 \| 0–1 \| 0–1 \| 2–2 \| 3–3 \| 3–2 \| 1–1 \| 1–3 \| 1–1 \| 0–4 \| 1–2 \| 2–1 \| 2–0 \| 0–0 \| 1–1 \| \| Bournemouth \| 1–0 \| 2–0 \| 0–2 \| \| 4–1 \| 0–1 \| 2–0 \| 1–0 \| 1–1 \| 2–1 \| 3–1 \| 0–1 \| 1–1 \| 2–1 \| 0–1 \| 1–1 \| 0–1 \| 0–0 \| 0–1 \| 0–0 \| 4–0 \| 0–0 \| 1–0 \| 3–1 \| \| Bradford City \| 1–1 \| 5–0 \| 3–3 \| 1–3 \| \| 1–1 \| 1–0 \| 0–0 \| 3–2 \| 1–1 \| 0–0 \| 4–1 \| 2–2 \| 2–0 \| 1–1 \| 1–1 \| 1–0 \| 4–0 \| 2–1 \| 0–1 \| 2–0 \| 3–0 \| 0–0 \| 1–0 \| \| Brentford \| 3–0 \| 3–0 \| 1–0 \| 2–0 \| 2–1 \| \| 1–0 \| 3–0 \| 0–1 \| 2–1 \| 1–1 \| 1–1 \| 1–1 \| 4–0 \| 1–1 \| 2–0 \| 1–0 \| 3–1 \| 1–1 \| 2–0 \| 1–2 \| 0–0 \| 1–1 \| 3–3 \| \| Bury \| 1–0 \| 2–1 \| 1–0 \| 1–0 \| 1–0 \| 1–0 \| \| 1–1 \| 1–2 \| 2–2 \| 2–2 \| 0–1 \| 4–0 \| 0–2 \| 3–1 \| 1–2 \| 3–0 \| 2–1 \| 2–0 \| 3–0 \| 2–1 \| 1–2 \| 2–1 \| 0–0 \| \| Chester City \| 2–0 \| 0–1 \| 5–1 \| 0–2 \| 0–0 \| 3–0 \| 1–1 \| \| 1–3 \| 2–2 \| 1–2 \| 0–0 \| 0–1 \| 1–1 \| 0–2 \| 2–2 \| 0–2 \| 1–2 \| 2–0 \| 1–2 \| 0–2 \| 1–5 \| 1–1 \| 0–2 \| \| Chesterfield \| 1–1 \| 5–1 \| 1–1 \| 1–0 \| 0–2 \| 0–1 \| 1–3 \| 1–1 \| \| 1–1 \| 0–0 \| 2–1 \| 0–1 \| 2–1 \| 1–1 \| 2–2 \| 2–4 \| 1–2 \| 3–1 \| 2–1 \| 3–0 \| 1–0 \| 2–2 \| 0–1 \| \| Dagenham & Redbridge \| 0–0 \| 3–1 \| 2–0 \| 0–1 \| 3–0 \| 3–1 \| 1–3 \| 6–0 \| 3–0 \| \| 0–1 \| 1–2 \| 2–0 \| 4–0 \| 0–3 \| 2–1 \| 2–1 \| 0–2 \| 6–1 \| 1–1 \| 3–2 \| 1–1 \| 1–2 \| 0–1 \| \| Darlington \| 3–0 \| 2–0 \| 2–2 \| 2–1 \| 2–1 \| 1–3 \| 2–2 \| 1–2 \| 0–0 \| 3–0 \| \| 1–1 \| 1–2 \| 1–0 \| 2–0 \| 5–1 \| 1–2 \| 0–0 \| 1–0 \| 2–1 \| 1–2 \| 1–0 \| 1–1 \| 1–2 \| \| Exeter City \| 2–1 \| 3–2 \| 2–1 \| 1–3 \| 1–0 \| 0–2 \| 0–0 \| 2–0 \| 1–6 \| 2–1 \| 2–0 \| \| 3–0 \| 0–0 \| 2–1 \| 0–1 \| 4–0 \| 2–2 \| 2–2 \| 1–0 \| 4–1 \| 1–1 \| 0–1 \| 1–0 \| \| Gillingham \| 1–0 \| 4–4 \| 0–2 \| 1–0 \| 0–2 \| 1–1 \| 0–0 \| 2–0 \| 2–1 \| 2–1 \| 1–0 \| 1–0 \| \| 3–0 \| 1–2 \| 0–1 \| 3–1 \| 5–0 \| 2–2 \| 1–0 \| 1–1 \| 4–0 \| 2–2 \| 1–1 \| \| Grimsby Town \| 0–1 \| 1–0 \| 0–1 \| 3–3 \| 1–3 \| 0–1 \| 1–2 \| 1–3 \| 0–1 \| 1–1 \| 1–2 \| 2–2 \| 3–0 \| \| 5–1 \| 2–2 \| 0–0 \| 2–3 \| 0–1 \| 3–0 \| 0–0 \| 3–0 \| 1–0 \| 1–1 \| \| Lincoln City \| 5–1 \| 0–2 \| 2–0 \| 3–3 \| 0–0 \| 2–2 \| 1–1 \| 1–1 \| 3–1 \| 1–3 \| 0–1 \| 0–1 \| 2–0 \| 1–1 \| \| 0–0 \| 1–0 \| 1–1 \| 1–1 \| 0–1 \| 1–1 \| 0–1 \| 0–0 \| 1–0 \| \| Luton Town \| 1–2 \| 3–1 \| 3–1 \| 3–3 \| 3–3 \| 0–1 \| 1–2 \| 1–1 \| 0–0 \| 2–1 \| 1–2 \| 1–2 \| 0–0 \| 2–1 \| 3–2 \| \| 1–0 \| 1–1 \| 1–1 \| 1–3 \| 1–1 \| 2–4 \| 3–1 \| 0–1 \| \| Macclesfield Town \| 0–2 \| 4–2 \| 2–1 \| 0–2 \| 0–2 \| 2–0 \| 1–1 \| 3–1 \| 1–1 \| 0–4 \| 0–6 \| 1–4 \| 0–1 \| 1–0 \| 1–2 \| 2–1 \| \| 0–1 \| 1–1 \| 0–2 \| 0–1 \| 1–2 \| 3–0 \| 0–0 \| \| Morecambe \| 1–1 \| 2–0 \| 2–1 \| 0–4 \| 2–1 \| 2–0 \| 0–0 \| 3–1 \| 2–2 \| 1–2 \| 1–0 \| 1–1 \| 0–1 \| 1–1 \| 1–1 \| 1–2 \| 4–1 \| \| 1–0 \| 1–1 \| 1–1 \| 1–3 \| 1–0 \| 0–0 \| \| Notts County \| 1–1 \| 2–1 \| 2–0 \| 1–1 \| 3–1 \| 1–1 \| 0–1 \| 1–2 \| 0–1 \| 0–3 \| 0–0 \| 2–1 \| 0–1 \| 0–2 \| 0–1 \| 0–2 \| 1–1 \| 1–0 \| \| 4–2 \| 1–2 \| 0–3 \| 2–2 \| 0–2 \| \| Port Vale \| 0–2 \| 0–0 \| 0–0 \| 3–1 \| 0–2 \| 0–3 \| 1–1 \| 3–0 \| 0–1 \| 0–1 \| 3–1 \| 1–3 \| 1–3 \| 2–1 \| 0–1 \| 1–3 \| 1–4 \| 2–1 \| 1–2 \| \| 2–1 \| 0–0 \| 1–1 \| 1–1 \| \| Rochdale \| 3–1 \| 3–1 \| 3–1 \| 1–1 \| 3–0 \| 1–2 \| 1–1 \| 6–1 \| 2–1 \| 0–2 \| 0–2 \| 2–2 \| 0–1 \| 2–0 \| 2–2 \| 2–0 \| 1–1 \| 1–1 \| 3–0 \| 1–0 \| \| 1–2 \| 2–1 \| 0–1 \| \| Rotherham United \| 0–0 \| 1–2 \| 3–4 \| 1–0 \| 0–2 \| 0–0 \| 1–1 \| 3–1 \| 3–0 \| 1–1 \| 0–1 \| 0–1 \| 2–0 \| 4–1 \| 1–0 \| 1–0 \| 2–0 \| 3–2 \| 2–1 \| 1–0 \| 2–2 \| \| 1–2 \| 0–0 \| \| Shrewsbury Town \| 2–0 \| 1–0 \| 2–2 \| 4–1 \| 2–0 \| 1–3 \| 1–0 \| 1–0 \| 2–1 \| 2–1 \| 1–0 \| 1–1 \| 7–0 \| 1–1 \| 0–0 \| 3–0 \| 4–0 \| 0–0 \| 3–2 \| 1–2 \| 1–1 \| 1–0 \| \| 0–1 \| \| Wycombe Wanderers \| 2–1 \| 3–0 \| 1–1 \| 3–1 \| 1–0 \| 0–0 \| 2–1 \| 2–0 \| 1–1 \| 2–1 \| 1–1 \| 1–1 \| 1–0 \| 0–1 \| 1–0 \| 0–0 \| 4–0 \| 1–1 \| 1–2 \| 4–2 \| 0–1 \| 0–0 \| 1–1 \| \| ## Top scorers \| Pos \| Player \| Team \| Goals \| \| --- \| ----------------- \| -------------------- \| ----- \| \| 1 \| Simeon Jackson \| Gillingham \| 20 \| \| 1 \| Grant Holt \| Shrewsbury Town \| 20 \| \| 1 \| Jack Lester \| Chesterfield \| 20 \| \| 4 \| Adam Le Fondre \| Rochdale \| 17 \| \| 4 \| John O'Flynn \| Barnet \| 17 \| \| 4 \| Reuben Reid \| Rotherham United \| 17 \| \| 7 \| Charlie MacDonald \| Brentford \| 16 \| \| 8 \| Andy Bishop \| Bury \| 15 \| \| 8 \| Peter Thorne \| Bradford City \| 15 \| \| 10 \| Paul Benson \| Dagenham & Redbridge \| 14 \| \| 10 \| Ryan Lowe \| Chester City \| 14 \| \| 10 \| Brett Pitman \| Bournemouth \| 14 \| \| 10 \| Jamie Ward \| Chesterfield \| 14 \| ## Monthly awards \| Month \| Manager of the Month \| Manager of the Month \| Player of the Month \| Player of the Month \| Notes \| \| Month \| Manager \| Club \| Player \| Club \| Notes \| \| --------- \| -------------------- \| -------------------- \| ------------------- \| -------------------- \| ------------- \| \| August \| Mark Robins \| Rotherham United \| Solomon Taiwo \| Dagenham & Redbridge \| [ 6 ] [ 7 ] \| \| September \| Alan Knill \| Bury \| Matthew Gill \| Exeter City \| [ 8 ] [ 9 ] \| \| October \| Peter Jackson \| Lincoln City \| Jamie Ward \| Chesterfield \| [ 10 ] [ 11 ] \| \| November \| Peter Taylor \| Wycombe Wanderers \| Grant Holt \| Shrewsbury Town \| [ 12 ] [ 13 ] \| \| December \| John Still \| Dagenham & Redbridge \| Marcus Bean \| Brentford \| [ 14 ] [ 15 ] \| \| January \| Alan Knill \| Bury \| Dany N'Guessan \| Lincoln City \| [ 16 ] [ 17 ] \| \| February \| Sammy McIlroy \| Morecambe \| Charlie MacDonald \| Brentford \| [ 18 ] [ 19 ] \| \| March \| Lee Richardson \| Chesterfield \| Reuben Reid \| Rotherham United \| [ 20 ] [ 21 ] \| \| April \| Andy Scott \| Brentford \| Sam Saunders \| Dagenham & Redbridge \| [ 22 ] [ 23 ] \| ## Key events 25 February 2009 – Darlington are docked 10 points by the FA for entering administration 2 May 2009 – Brentford crowned Champions of League 2 after 3–1 win at Darlington. ## Managerial changes \| Team \| Outgoing manager \| Manner of departure \| Date of vacancy \| Replaced by \| Date of appointment \| Position in table \| \| ------------ \| ---------------- \| ------------------- \| ----------------- \| ----------- \| ------------------- \| ----------------- \| \| Bournemouth \| Kevin Bond \| Contract terminated \| 1 September 2008 \| Jimmy Quinn \| 2 September 2008 \| 23rd \| \| Grimsby Town \| Alan Buckley \| Contract terminated \| 15 September 2008 \| Mike Newell \| 6 October 2008 \| 20th \| \| Port Vale \| Lee Sinnott \| Mutual consent \| 22 September 2008 \| Dean Glover \| 6 October 2008 \| 16th \| \| Chester City \| Simon Davies \| Contract terminated \| 11 November 2008 \| Mark Wright \| 14 November 2008 \| 19th \| \| Barnet \| Paul Fairclough \| Resigned \| 28 December 2008 \| Ian Hendon \| 21 April 2009 \| 16th \| \| Bournemouth \| Jimmy Quinn \| Contract terminated \| 31 December 2008 \| Eddie Howe \| 31 December 2008 \| 23rd \|	enwiki/18795125	enwiki	18,795,125	2008–09 Football League Two	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Football_League_Two	2025-04-16T11:45:38	en	Q1010682	323,984	{{EngvarB\|date=April 2014}} {{Infobox football league season \| competition=[[Football League Two]] \| season=[[2008–09 in English football\|2008–09]] \| winners= [[Brentford F.C.\|Brentford]] \| promoted= [[Brentford F.C.\|Brentford]]<br />[[Exeter City F.C.\|Exeter City]]<br>[[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.\|Wycombe Wanderers]]<br>[[Gillingham F.C.\|Gillingham]] \| relegated= [[Chester City F.C.\|Chester City]]<br>[[Luton Town F.C.\|Luton Town]] \| matches=557 \| total goals= \| league topscorer=[[Grant Holt]]<br>[[Simeon Jackson]] (20) \| biggest home win= \| biggest away win= \| highest scoring= <!-- NOTE: Possible entries for the following parameters require a source! --> \| longest wins=7 games \| longest unbeaten= \| longest losses= \| highest attendance= \| lowest attendance= \| average attendance= \| prevseason=[[2007–08 Football League Two\|2007–08]] \| nextseason=[[2009–10 Football League Two\|2009–10]] }} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2014}} '''The Football League 2008–09''', known as the '''Coca-Cola Football League''' for sponsorship reasons, was the 17th season under its current league division format. It began in August 2008 and concluded in May 2009, with the promotion play-off finals. [[The Football League]] is contested through three Divisions. The third division of these is [[Football League Two\|League Two]]. The winner, runner up and third-placed team of League Two will be automatically promoted to [[Football League One]] and they will be joined by the winner of the League Two playoff. The bottom two teams in the league will be relegated from the Football League to the [[Football Conference\|Conference National]] for the [[2009–10 in English football\|2009–10 season]]. Before the season started, [[Luton Town F.C.\|Luton Town]], [[Rotherham United F.C.\|Rotherham United]] and [[AFC Bournemouth]] were all docked points for the League Two season for, in all cases, financial problems and additionally, in the case of Luton, for criminal matters regarding transfers of players. Bournemouth and Rotherham both started on −17 points while Luton had to begin on −30 points. On 25 January, [[Darlington F.C.\|Darlington]] were docked ten points after going into administration. ==Changes from last season== ===From League Two=== '''Promoted to League One''' * [[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\|Milton Keynes Dons]] * [[Peterborough United F.C.\|Peterborough United]] * [[Hereford United F.C.\|Hereford United]] * [[Stockport County F.C.\|Stockport County]] '''Relegated to Conference National''' * [[Wrexham F.C.\|Wrexham]] * [[Mansfield Town F.C.\|Mansfield Town]] ===To League Two=== '''Relegated from League One''' * [[AFC Bournemouth\|Bournemouth]] * [[Gillingham F.C.\|Gillingham]] * [[Port Vale F.C.\|Port Vale]] * [[Luton Town F.C.\|Luton Town]] '''Promoted from Conference National''' * [[Aldershot Town F.C.\|Aldershot Town]] * [[Exeter City F.C.\|Exeter City]] ==League table== <onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table\|main\|style=football \|update=complete \|show_limit=5 \|team1=BRE\|name_BRE=[[Brentford F.C.\|Brentford]] \|team2=EXE\|name_EXE=[[Exeter City F.C.\|Exeter City]] \|team3=WYC\|name_WYC=[[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.\|Wycombe Wanderers]] \|team4=BRY\|name_BRY=[[Bury F.C.\|Bury]] \|team5=GIL\|name_GIL=[[Gillingham F.C.\|Gillingham]] \|team6=ROC\|name_ROC=[[Rochdale A.F.C.\|Rochdale]] \|team7=SHR\|name_SHR=[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.\|Shrewsbury Town]] \|team8=D&R\|name_D&R=[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.\|Dagenham & Redbridge]] \|team9=BRA\|name_BRA=[[Bradford City A.F.C.\|Bradford City]] \|team10=CHF\|name_CHF=[[Chesterfield F.C.\|Chesterfield]] \|team11=MOR\|name_MOR=[[Morecambe F.C.\|Morecambe]] \|team12=DAR\|name_DAR=[[Darlington F.C.\|Darlington]] \|team13=LIN\|name_LIN=[[Lincoln City F.C.\|Lincoln City]] \|team14=ROT\|name_ROT=[[Rotherham United F.C.\|Rotherham United]] \|team15=ALD\|name_ALD=[[Aldershot Town F.C.\|Aldershot Town]] \|team16=ACC\|name_ACC=[[Accrington Stanley F.C.\|Accrington Stanley]] \|team17=BAR\|name_BAR=[[Barnet F.C.\|Barnet]] \|team18=PTV\|name_PTV=[[Port Vale F.C.\|Port Vale]] \|team19=NTC\|name_NTC=[[Notts County F.C.\|Notts County]] \|team20=MAC\|name_MAC=[[Macclesfield Town F.C.\|Macclesfield Town]] \|team21=BOU\|name_BOU=[[A.F.C. Bournemouth\|Bournemouth]] \|team22=GRI\|name_GRI=[[Grimsby Town F.C.\|Grimsby Town]] \|team23=CHE\|name_CHE=[[Chester City F.C.\|Chester City]] \|team24=LUT\|name_LUT=[[Luton Town F.C.\|Luton Town]] \|win_BRE=23\|draw_BRE=16\|loss_BRE=7\|gf_BRE=65\|ga_BRE=36\|status_BRE=C,P \|win_EXE=22\|draw_EXE=13\|loss_EXE=11\|gf_EXE=65\|ga_EXE=50\|status_EXE=P \|win_WYC=20\|draw_WYC=18\|loss_WYC=8\|gf_WYC=54\|ga_WYC=33\|status_WYC=P \|win_BRY=21\|draw_BRY=15\|loss_BRY=10\|gf_BRY=63\|ga_BRY=43 \|win_GIL=21\|draw_GIL=12\|loss_GIL=13\|gf_GIL=58\|ga_GIL=55\|status_GIL=O,P \|win_ROC=19\|draw_ROC=13\|loss_ROC=14\|gf_ROC=70\|ga_ROC=59 \|win_SHR=17\|draw_SHR=18\|loss_SHR=11\|gf_SHR=61\|ga_SHR=44 \|win_D&R=19\|draw_D&R=11\|loss_D&R=16\|gf_D&R=77\|ga_D&R=53 \|win_BRA=18\|draw_BRA=13\|loss_BRA=15\|gf_BRA=66\|ga_BRA=55 \|win_CHF=16\|draw_CHF=15\|loss_CHF=15\|gf_CHF=62\|ga_CHF=57 \|win_MOR=15\|draw_MOR=18\|loss_MOR=13\|gf_MOR=53\|ga_MOR=56 \|win_DAR=20\|draw_DAR=12\|loss_DAR=14\|gf_DAR=61\|ga_DAR=44\|adjust_points_DAR=-10 \|win_LIN=14\|draw_LIN=17\|loss_LIN=15\|gf_LIN=53\|ga_LIN=52 \|win_ROT=21\|draw_ROT=12\|loss_ROT=13\|gf_ROT=60\|ga_ROT=46\|adjust_points_ROT=-17 \|win_ALD=14\|draw_ALD=12\|loss_ALD=20\|gf_ALD=59\|ga_ALD=80 \|win_ACC=13\|draw_ACC=11\|loss_ACC=22\|gf_ACC=42\|ga_ACC=59 \|win_BAR=11\|draw_BAR=15\|loss_BAR=20\|gf_BAR=56\|ga_BAR=74 \|win_PTV=13\|draw_PTV=9\|loss_PTV=24\|gf_PTV=44\|ga_PTV=66 \|win_NTC=11\|draw_NTC=14\|loss_NTC=21\|gf_NTC=49\|ga_NTC=69 \|win_MAC=13\|draw_MAC=8\|loss_MAC=25\|gf_MAC=45\|ga_MAC=77 \|win_BOU=17\|draw_BOU=12\|loss_BOU=17\|gf_BOU=59\|ga_BOU=51\|adjust_points_BOU=-17 \|win_GRI=9\|draw_GRI=14\|loss_GRI=23\|gf_GRI=51\|ga_GRI=69 \|win_CHE=8\|draw_CHE=13\|loss_CHE=25\|gf_CHE=43\|ga_CHE=81\|status_CHE=R \|win_LUT=13\|draw_LUT=17\|loss_LUT=16\|gf_LUT=58\|ga_LUT=65\|adjust_points_LUT=-30\|status_LUT=R \|hth_DAR=Darlington deducted 10 points for entering administration.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/LatestNewsDetail/0,,10794~1569989,00.html \|title=Darlington in administration \|date=25 February 2009 \|access-date=25 February 2009 \|publisher=[[The Football League]] \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228043914/http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/LatestNewsDetail/0%2C%2C10794~1569989%2C00.html \|archive-date=28 February 2009 }}</ref> \|hth_ROT=Rotherham United deducted 17 points for leaving administration without a Company Voluntary Agreement.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rotherham_utd/7543195.stm \|title=Rotherham set to lose 17 points \|date=6 August 2008 \|access-date=6 August 2008 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> \|hth_BOU=Bournemouth deducted 17 points for leaving administration without a Company Voluntary Agreement.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bournemouth/7547284.stm \|title= Bournemouth face 17-point penalty \|date=7 August 2008 \|access-date=7 August 2008 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> \|hth_LUT=Luton Town deducted 30 points; 20 points for leaving administration without a Company Voluntary Agreement, and 10 points for making illegal payments to agents.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/luton_town/7500435.stm \|title= Luton to face 30-point deduction \|date=10 July 2008 \|access-date=10 July 2008 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> \|res_col_header=PQR \|col_P=green1\|text_P=Promotion to [[2009–10 Football League One\|Football League One]] \|result1=P\|result2=P\|result3=P \|col_PP=yellow1\|text_PP=Qualification for League Two play-offs \|result4=PP\|result5=PP\|result6=PP\|result7=PP \|col_R=red1\|text_R=Relegated to [[2009–10 Football Conference#Conference National\|Conference National]] \|result23=R\|result24=R \|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored. \|source=[http://www.football-league.premiumtv.co.uk/page/DivisionalLeagueTable/0,,10794~20077,00.html The Football League] }}</onlyinclude> ===Play-offs=== {{4TeamBracket \| sets=2/1 \| aggregate=y \| nowrap=y \| RD1=Semifinals \| RD2=Final at [[Wembley Stadium\|Wembley]] \| RD1-seed1=7 \| RD1-team1='''[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.\|Shrewsbury Town]]''' \| RD1-score1-1= 0 \| RD1-score1-2= 1 (4) \| RD1-score1-agg='''1''' \| RD1-seed2=4 \| RD1-team2=[[Bury F.C.\|Bury]] \| RD1-score2-1= 1 \| RD1-score2-2= 0 (3) \| RD1-score2-agg=1 \| RD1-seed3=6 \| RD1-team3=[[Rochdale F.C.\|Rochdale]] \| RD1-score3-1= 0 \| RD1-score3-2= 1 \| RD1-score3-agg= 1 \| RD1-seed4=5 \| RD1-team4='''[[Gillingham F.C.\|Gillingham]]''' \| RD1-score4-1= 0 \| RD1-score4-2= 2 \| RD1-score4-agg= 2 \| RD2-seed1= \| RD2-team1=[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.\|Shrewsbury Town]] \| RD2-score1= 0 \| RD2-seed2= \| RD2-team2=[[Gillingham F.C.\|Gillingham]] \| RD2-score2= 1 }} ==Stadia and locations== {{location map+ \|UK England\|float=right \|width=395 \|caption=Locations of the League Two 2008–09 teams \|places= {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=53.765356 \|long=-2.370911 \|label=[[Accrington Stanley F.C.\|Accrington]]\|position=left}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=51.248386 \|long=-0.754789 \|label=[[Aldershot Town F.C.\|Aldershot]]\|position=bottom}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=51.646158 \|long=-0.191733 \|label=<br />[[Barnet F.C.\|Barnet]]\|position=top}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=50.735278 \|long=-1.838333 \|label=[[AFC Bournemouth\|Bournemouth]]\|position=bottom}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=53.804222 \|long=-1.759022 \|label=<br />[[Bradford City A.F.C.\|Bradford]]\|position=top}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=51.488183 \|long=-0.302639 \|label=<br />[[Brentford F.C.\|Brentford]]\|position=left}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=53.580506 \|long=-2.294822 \|label=[[Bury F.C.\|Bury]]\|position=right}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=53.189181 \|long=-2.923814 \|label=[[Chester City F.C.\|Chester]]\|position=left}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=53.2394 \|long=-1.435458 \|label=[[Chesterfield F.C.\|Chesterfield]]\|position=top}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=51.5478 \|long=0.159867 \|label=[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.\|Dag & Red]]\|position=right}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=54.508425 \|long=-1.534394 \|label=[[Darlington F.C.\|Darlington]]\|position=right}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=50.730714 \|long=-3.52115 \|label=[[Exeter City F.C.\|Exeter]]\|position=bottom}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=51.38425 \|long=0.560753 \|label=<br />[[Gillingham F.C.\|Gillingham]]\|position=right}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=53.570225 \|long=-0.046497 \|label=[[Grimsby Town F.C.\|Grimsby]]\|position=right}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=53.218289 \|long=-0.540811 \|label=[[Lincoln City F.C.\|Lincoln]]\|position=right}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=51.884189 \|long=-0.431672 \|label=[[Luton Town F.C.\|Luton]]\|position=right}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=53.242781 \|long=-2.127136 \|label=<br />[[Macclesfield Town F.C.\|Macclesfield]]\|position=right}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=54.067519 \|long=-2.847081 \|label=[[Morecambe F.C.\|Morecambe]]\|position=right}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=52.9425 \|long=-1.137222 \|label=[[Notts County F.C.\|Notts County]]\|position=bottom}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=53.049722 \|long=-2.1925 \|label=<br />[[Port Vale F.C.\|Port Vale]]\|position=left}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=53.620844 \|long=-2.180033 \|label=[[Rochdale F.C.\|Rochdale]]\|position=left}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=53.396064 \|long=-1.425798 \|label=[[Rotherham United F.C.\|Rotherham]]\|position=left}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=52.688489 \|long=-2.749297 \|label=[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.\|Shrewsbury]]\|position=left}} {{location map~ \|UK England\|lat=51.630578 \|long=-0.800242 \|label=[[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.\|Wycombe]]\|position=left}} }} {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Team ! Stadium ! Capacity \|- \| [[Darlington F.C.\|Darlington]] \|\| [[The Darlington Arena]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 25,294<nowiki></nowiki> \|- \| [[Bradford City A.F.C.\|Bradford City]] \|\| [[Valley Parade]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 25,136 \|- \| [[Rotherham United F.C.\|Rotherham United]] \|\| [[Don Valley Stadium]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 25,000 \|- \| [[Port Vale F.C.\|Port Vale]] \|\| [[Vale Park]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 22,356 \|- \| [[Notts County F.C.\|Notts County]] \|\| [[Meadow Lane]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 19,588 \|- \| [[Brentford F.C.\|Brentford]] \|\| [[Griffin Park]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 12,763 \|- \| [[Bury F.C.\|Bury]] \|\| [[Gigg Lane]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 11,840 \|- \| [[Gillingham F.C.\|Gillingham]] \|\| [[Priestfield Stadium]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 11,582 \|- \| [[AFC Bournemouth\|Bournemouth]] \|\| [[Dean Court]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 10,700 \|- \| [[Luton Town F.C.\|Luton Town]] \|\| [[Kenilworth Road]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 10,260 \|- \| [[Rochdale A.F.C.\|Rochdale]] \|\| [[Spotland Stadium]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 10,249 \|- \| [[Lincoln City F.C.\|Lincoln City]] \|\| [[Sincil Bank]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 10,127 \|- \| [[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.\|Wycombe Wanderers]] \|\| [[Adams Park]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 10,000 \|- \| [[Shrewsbury Town F.C.\|Shrewsbury Town]] \|\| [[New Meadow]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 9,875 \|- \| [[Grimsby Town F.C.\|Grimsby Town]] \|\| [[Blundell Park]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 9,106 \|- \| [[Exeter City F.C.\|Exeter City]] \|\| [[St James Park, Exeter\|St James Park]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 9,036 \|- \| [[Chesterfield F.C.\|Chesterfield]] \|\| [[Saltergate]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 8,504 \|- \| [[Aldershot Town F.C.\|Aldershot Town]] \|\| [[Recreation Ground (Aldershot)\|Recreation Ground]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 7,100 \|- \| [[Morecambe F.C.\|Morecambe]] \|\| [[Christie Park (stadium)\|Christie Park]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 6,400 \|- \| [[Macclesfield Town F.C.\|Macclesfield Town]] \|\| [[Moss Rose]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 6,335 \|- \| [[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.\|Dagenham & Redbridge]] \|\| [[Victoria Road (stadium)\|Victoria Road]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 6,000 \|- \| [[Barnet F.C.\|Barnet]] \|\| [[Underhill Stadium]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 5,568 \|- \| [[Chester City F.C.\|Chester City]] \|\| [[Deva Stadium]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 5,376 \|- \| [[Accrington Stanley F.C.\|Accrington Stanley]] \|\| [[Crown Ground]] \|\| style="text-align:center;"\| 5,057 \|} <nowiki></nowiki>Capacity limited to 6,000 because of planning regulations<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/2309598.club_nears_backing_for_its_first_concert/ \|title=Club nears backing for its first concert \|date=2 May 2008 \|access-date=10 August 2008 \|publisher=The Northern Echo \|first=Paul \|last=Cook}}</ref> ==Results== {{#invoke:Sports results\|main \|matches_style=FBR\|solid_cell=grey \|team1=ACC\|team2=ALD\|team3=BAR\|team4=BOU\|team5=BRA \|team6=BRE\|team7=BRY\|team8=CHE\|team9=CHF\|team10=D&R \|team11=DAR\|team12=EXE\|team13=GIL\|team14=GRI\|team15=LIN \|team16=LUT\|team17=MAC\|team18=MOR\|team19=NTC\|team20=PTV \|team21=ROC\|team22=ROT\|team23=SHR\|team24=WYC \|name_ACC=[[Accrington Stanley F.C.\|Accrington Stanley]] \|match_ACC_ALD=0–1 \|match_ACC_BAR=1–1 \|match_ACC_BOU=3–0 \|match_ACC_BRA=2–3 \|match_ACC_BRE=1–1 \|match_ACC_BRY=1–2 \|match_ACC_CHE=0–1 \|match_ACC_CHF=1–0 \|match_ACC_D&R=0–0 \|match_ACC_DAR=1–0 \|match_ACC_EXE=2–1 \|match_ACC_GIL=0–2 \|match_ACC_GRI=3–1 \|match_ACC_LIN=0–2 \|match_ACC_LUT=0–0 \|match_ACC_MAC=2–0 \|match_ACC_MOR=1–0 \|match_ACC_NTC=1–1 \|match_ACC_PTV=2–0 \|match_ACC_ROC=1–3 \|match_ACC_ROT=1–3 \|match_ACC_SHR=2–1 \|match_ACC_WYC=0–1 \|name_ALD=[[Aldershot Town F.C.\|Aldershot Town]] \|match_ALD_ACC=3–1 \|match_ALD_BAR=1–1 \|match_ALD_BOU=1–1 \|match_ALD_BRA=3–2 \|match_ALD_BRE=1–1 \|match_ALD_BRY=3–3 \|match_ALD_CHE=2–2 \|match_ALD_CHF=1–1 \|match_ALD_D&R=1–2 \|match_ALD_DAR=2–1 \|match_ALD_EXE=1–0 \|match_ALD_GIL=2–1 \|match_ALD_GRI=2–2 \|match_ALD_LIN=2–0 \|match_ALD_LUT=2–1 \|match_ALD_MAC=1–1 \|match_ALD_MOR=0–2 \|match_ALD_NTC=2–2 \|match_ALD_PTV=1–0 \|match_ALD_ROC=2–4 \|match_ALD_ROT=0–1 \|match_ALD_SHR=0–0 \|match_ALD_WYC=3–2 \|name_BAR=[[Barnet F.C.\|Barnet]] \|match_BAR_ACC=2–1 \|match_BAR_ALD=0–3 \|match_BAR_BOU=1–0 \|match_BAR_BRA=4–1 \|match_BAR_BRE=0–1 \|match_BAR_BRY=1–2 \|match_BAR_CHE=3–1 \|match_BAR_CHF=1–3 \|match_BAR_D&R=1–1 \|match_BAR_DAR=0–1 \|match_BAR_EXE=0–1 \|match_BAR_GIL=2–2 \|match_BAR_GRI=3–3 \|match_BAR_LIN=3–2 \|match_BAR_LUT=1–1 \|match_BAR_MAC=1–3 \|match_BAR_MOR=1–1 \|match_BAR_NTC=0–4 \|match_BAR_PTV=1–2 \|match_BAR_ROC=2–1 \|match_BAR_ROT=2–0 \|match_BAR_SHR=0–0 \|match_BAR_WYC=1–1 \|name_BOU=[[AFC Bournemouth\|Bournemouth]] \|match_BOU_ACC=1–0 \|match_BOU_ALD=2–0 \|match_BOU_BAR=0–2 \|match_BOU_BRA=4–1 \|match_BOU_BRE=0–1 \|match_BOU_BRY=2–0 \|match_BOU_CHE=1–0 \|match_BOU_CHF=1–1 \|match_BOU_D&R=2–1 \|match_BOU_DAR=3–1 \|match_BOU_EXE=0–1 \|match_BOU_GIL=1–1 \|match_BOU_GRI=2–1 \|match_BOU_LIN=0–1 \|match_BOU_LUT=1–1 \|match_BOU_MAC=0–1 \|match_BOU_MOR=0–0 \|match_BOU_NTC=0–1 \|match_BOU_PTV=0–0 \|match_BOU_ROC=4–0 \|match_BOU_ROT=0–0 \|match_BOU_SHR=1–0 \|match_BOU_WYC=3–1 \|name_BRA=[[Bradford City A.F.C.\|Bradford City]] \|match_BRA_ACC=1–1 \|match_BRA_ALD=5–0 \|match_BRA_BAR=3–3 \|match_BRA_BOU=1–3 \|match_BRA_BRE=1–1 \|match_BRA_BRY=1–0 \|match_BRA_CHE=0–0 \|match_BRA_CHF=3–2 \|match_BRA_D&R=1–1 \|match_BRA_DAR=0–0 \|match_BRA_EXE=4–1 \|match_BRA_GIL=2–2 \|match_BRA_GRI=2–0 \|match_BRA_LIN=1–1 \|match_BRA_LUT=1–1 \|match_BRA_MAC=1–0 \|match_BRA_MOR=4–0 \|match_BRA_NTC=2–1 \|match_BRA_PTV=0–1 \|match_BRA_ROC=2–0 \|match_BRA_ROT=3–0 \|match_BRA_SHR=0–0 \|match_BRA_WYC=1–0 \|name_BRE=[[Brentford F.C.\|Brentford]] \|match_BRE_ACC=3–0 \|match_BRE_ALD=3–0 \|match_BRE_BAR=1–0 \|match_BRE_BOU=2–0 \|match_BRE_BRA=2–1 \|match_BRE_BRY=1–0 \|match_BRE_CHE=3–0 \|match_BRE_CHF=0–1 \|match_BRE_D&R=2–1 \|match_BRE_DAR=1–1 \|match_BRE_EXE=1–1 \|match_BRE_GIL=1–1 \|match_BRE_GRI=4–0 \|match_BRE_LIN=1–1 \|match_BRE_LUT=2–0 \|match_BRE_MAC=1–0 \|match_BRE_MOR=3–1 \|match_BRE_NTC=1–1 \|match_BRE_PTV=2–0 \|match_BRE_ROC=1–2 \|match_BRE_ROT=0–0 \|match_BRE_SHR=1–1 \|match_BRE_WYC=3–3 \|name_BRY=[[Bury F.C.\|Bury]] \|match_BRY_ACC=1–0 \|match_BRY_ALD=2–1 \|match_BRY_BAR=1–0 \|match_BRY_BOU=1–0 \|match_BRY_BRA=1–0 \|match_BRY_BRE=1–0 \|match_BRY_CHE=1–1 \|match_BRY_CHF=1–2 \|match_BRY_D&R=2–2 \|match_BRY_DAR=2–2 \|match_BRY_EXE=0–1 \|match_BRY_GIL=4–0 \|match_BRY_GRI=0–2 \|match_BRY_LIN=3–1 \|match_BRY_LUT=1–2 \|match_BRY_MAC=3–0 \|match_BRY_MOR=2–1 \|match_BRY_NTC=2–0 \|match_BRY_PTV=3–0 \|match_BRY_ROC=2–1 \|match_BRY_ROT=1–2 \|match_BRY_SHR=2–1 \|match_BRY_WYC=0–0 \|name_CHE=[[Chester City F.C.\|Chester City]] \|match_CHE_ACC=2–0 \|match_CHE_ALD=0–1 \|match_CHE_BAR=5–1 \|match_CHE_BOU=0–2 \|match_CHE_BRA=0–0 \|match_CHE_BRE=3–0 \|match_CHE_BRY=1–1 \|match_CHE_CHF=1–3 \|match_CHE_D&R=2–2 \|match_CHE_DAR=1–2 \|match_CHE_EXE=0–0 \|match_CHE_GIL=0–1 \|match_CHE_GRI=1–1 \|match_CHE_LIN=0–2 \|match_CHE_LUT=2–2 \|match_CHE_MAC=0–2 \|match_CHE_MOR=1–2 \|match_CHE_NTC=2–0 \|match_CHE_PTV=1–2 \|match_CHE_ROC=0–2 \|match_CHE_ROT=1–5 \|match_CHE_SHR=1–1 \|match_CHE_WYC=0–2 \|name_CHF=[[Chesterfield F.C.\|Chesterfield]] \|match_CHF_ACC=1–1 \|match_CHF_ALD=5–1 \|match_CHF_BAR=1–1 \|match_CHF_BOU=1–0 \|match_CHF_BRA=0–2 \|match_CHF_BRE=0–1 \|match_CHF_BRY=1–3 \|match_CHF_CHE=1–1 \|match_CHF_D&R=1–1 \|match_CHF_DAR=0–0 \|match_CHF_EXE=2–1 \|match_CHF_GIL=0–1 \|match_CHF_GRI=2–1 \|match_CHF_LIN=1–1 \|match_CHF_LUT=2–2 \|match_CHF_MAC=2–4 \|match_CHF_MOR=1–2 \|match_CHF_NTC=3–1 \|match_CHF_PTV=2–1 \|match_CHF_ROC=3–0 \|match_CHF_ROT=1–0 \|match_CHF_SHR=2–2 \|match_CHF_WYC=0–1 \|name_D&R=[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.\|Dagenham & Redbridge]] \|match_D&R_ACC=0–0 \|match_D&R_ALD=3–1 \|match_D&R_BAR=2–0 \|match_D&R_BOU=0–1 \|match_D&R_BRA=3–0 \|match_D&R_BRE=3–1 \|match_D&R_BRY=1–3 \|match_D&R_CHE=6–0 \|match_D&R_CHF=3–0 \|match_D&R_DAR=0–1 \|match_D&R_EXE=1–2 \|match_D&R_GIL=2–0 \|match_D&R_GRI=4–0 \|match_D&R_LIN=0–3 \|match_D&R_LUT=2–1 \|match_D&R_MAC=2–1 \|match_D&R_MOR=0–2 \|match_D&R_NTC=6–1 \|match_D&R_PTV=1–1 \|match_D&R_ROC=3–2 \|match_D&R_ROT=1–1 \|match_D&R_SHR=1–2 \|match_D&R_WYC=0–1 \|name_DAR=[[Darlington F.C.\|Darlington]] \|match_DAR_ACC=3–0 \|match_DAR_ALD=2–0 \|match_DAR_BAR=2–2 \|match_DAR_BOU=2–1 \|match_DAR_BRA=2–1 \|match_DAR_BRE=1–3 \|match_DAR_BRY=2–2 \|match_DAR_CHE=1–2 \|match_DAR_CHF=0–0 \|match_DAR_D&R=3–0 \|match_DAR_EXE=1–1 \|match_DAR_GIL=1–2 \|match_DAR_GRI=1–0 \|match_DAR_LIN=2–0 \|match_DAR_LUT=5–1 \|match_DAR_MAC=1–2 \|match_DAR_MOR=0–0 \|match_DAR_NTC=1–0 \|match_DAR_PTV=2–1 \|match_DAR_ROC=1–2 \|match_DAR_ROT=1–0 \|match_DAR_SHR=1–1 \|match_DAR_WYC=1–2 \|name_EXE=[[Exeter City F.C.\|Exeter City]] \|match_EXE_ACC=2–1 \|match_EXE_ALD=3–2 \|match_EXE_BAR=2–1 \|match_EXE_BOU=1–3 \|match_EXE_BRA=1–0 \|match_EXE_BRE=0–2 \|match_EXE_BRY=0–0 \|match_EXE_CHE=2–0 \|match_EXE_CHF=1–6 \|match_EXE_D&R=2–1 \|match_EXE_DAR=2–0 \|match_EXE_GIL=3–0 \|match_EXE_GRI=0–0 \|match_EXE_LIN=2–1 \|match_EXE_LUT=0–1 \|match_EXE_MAC=4–0 \|match_EXE_MOR=2–2 \|match_EXE_NTC=2–2 \|match_EXE_PTV=1–0 \|match_EXE_ROC=4–1 \|match_EXE_ROT=1–1 \|match_EXE_SHR=0–1 \|match_EXE_WYC=1–0 \|name_GIL=[[Gillingham F.C.\|Gillingham]] \|match_GIL_ACC=1–0 \|match_GIL_ALD=4–4 \|match_GIL_BAR=0–2 \|match_GIL_BOU=1–0 \|match_GIL_BRA=0–2 \|match_GIL_BRE=1–1 \|match_GIL_BRY=0–0 \|match_GIL_CHE=2–0 \|match_GIL_CHF=2–1 \|match_GIL_D&R=2–1 \|match_GIL_DAR=1–0 \|match_GIL_EXE=1–0 \|match_GIL_GRI=3–0 \|match_GIL_LIN=1–2 \|match_GIL_LUT=0–1 \|match_GIL_MAC=3–1 \|match_GIL_MOR=5–0 \|match_GIL_NTC=2–2 \|match_GIL_PTV=1–0 \|match_GIL_ROC=1–1 \|match_GIL_ROT=4–0 \|match_GIL_SHR=2–2 \|match_GIL_WYC=1–1 \|name_GRI=[[Grimsby Town F.C.\|Grimsby Town]] \|match_GRI_ACC=0–1 \|match_GRI_ALD=1–0 \|match_GRI_BAR=0–1 \|match_GRI_BOU=3–3 \|match_GRI_BRA=1–3 \|match_GRI_BRE=0–1 \|match_GRI_BRY=1–2 \|match_GRI_CHE=1–3 \|match_GRI_CHF=0–1 \|match_GRI_D&R=1–1 \|match_GRI_DAR=1–2 \|match_GRI_EXE=2–2 \|match_GRI_GIL=3–0 \|match_GRI_LIN=5–1 \|match_GRI_LUT=2–2 \|match_GRI_MAC=0–0 \|match_GRI_MOR=2–3 \|match_GRI_NTC=0–1 \|match_GRI_PTV=3–0 \|match_GRI_ROC=0–0 \|match_GRI_ROT=3–0 \|match_GRI_SHR=1–0 \|match_GRI_WYC=1–1 \|name_LIN=[[Lincoln City F.C.\|Lincoln City]] \|match_LIN_ACC=5–1 \|match_LIN_ALD=0–2 \|match_LIN_BAR=2–0 \|match_LIN_BOU=3–3 \|match_LIN_BRA=0–0 \|match_LIN_BRE=2–2 \|match_LIN_BRY=1–1 \|match_LIN_CHE=1–1 \|match_LIN_CHF=3–1 \|match_LIN_D&R=1–3 \|match_LIN_DAR=0–1 \|match_LIN_EXE=0–1 \|match_LIN_GIL=2–0 \|match_LIN_GRI=1–1 \|match_LIN_LUT=0–0 \|match_LIN_MAC=1–0 \|match_LIN_MOR=1–1 \|match_LIN_NTC=1–1 \|match_LIN_PTV=0–1 \|match_LIN_ROC=1–1 \|match_LIN_ROT=0–1 \|match_LIN_SHR=0–0 \|match_LIN_WYC=1–0 \|name_LUT=[[Luton Town F.C.\|Luton Town]] \|match_LUT_ACC=1–2 \|match_LUT_ALD=3–1 \|match_LUT_BAR=3–1 \|match_LUT_BOU=3–3 \|match_LUT_BRA=3–3 \|match_LUT_BRE=0–1 \|match_LUT_BRY=1–2 \|match_LUT_CHE=1–1 \|match_LUT_CHF=0–0 \|match_LUT_D&R=2–1 \|match_LUT_DAR=1–2 \|match_LUT_EXE=1–2 \|match_LUT_GIL=0–0 \|match_LUT_GRI=2–1 \|match_LUT_LIN=3–2 \|match_LUT_MAC=1–0 \|match_LUT_MOR=1–1 \|match_LUT_NTC=1–1 \|match_LUT_PTV=1–3 \|match_LUT_ROC=1–1 \|match_LUT_ROT=2–4 \|match_LUT_SHR=3–1 \|match_LUT_WYC=0–1 \|name_MAC=[[Macclesfield Town F.C.\|Macclesfield Town]] \|match_MAC_ACC=0–2 \|match_MAC_ALD=4–2 \|match_MAC_BAR=2–1 \|match_MAC_BOU=0–2 \|match_MAC_BRA=0–2 \|match_MAC_BRE=2–0 \|match_MAC_BRY=1–1 \|match_MAC_CHE=3–1 \|match_MAC_CHF=1–1 \|match_MAC_D&R=0–4 \|match_MAC_DAR=0–6 \|match_MAC_EXE=1–4 \|match_MAC_GIL=0–1 \|match_MAC_GRI=1–0 \|match_MAC_LIN=1–2 \|match_MAC_LUT=2–1 \|match_MAC_MOR=0–1 \|match_MAC_NTC=1–1 \|match_MAC_PTV=0–2 \|match_MAC_ROC=0–1 \|match_MAC_ROT=1–2 \|match_MAC_SHR=3–0 \|match_MAC_WYC=0–0 \|name_MOR=[[Morecambe F.C.\|Morecambe]] \|match_MOR_ACC=1–1 \|match_MOR_ALD=2–0 \|match_MOR_BAR=2–1 \|match_MOR_BOU=0–4 \|match_MOR_BRA=2–1 \|match_MOR_BRE=2–0 \|match_MOR_BRY=0–0 \|match_MOR_CHE=3–1 \|match_MOR_CHF=2–2 \|match_MOR_D&R=1–2 \|match_MOR_DAR=1–0 \|match_MOR_EXE=1–1 \|match_MOR_GIL=0–1 \|match_MOR_GRI=1–1 \|match_MOR_LIN=1–1 \|match_MOR_LUT=1–2 \|match_MOR_MAC=4–1 \|match_MOR_NTC=1–0 \|match_MOR_PTV=1–1 \|match_MOR_ROC=1–1 \|match_MOR_ROT=1–3 \|match_MOR_SHR=1–0 \|match_MOR_WYC=0–0 \|name_NTC=[[Notts County F.C.\|Notts County]] \|match_NTC_ACC=1–1 \|match_NTC_ALD=2–1 \|match_NTC_BAR=2–0 \|match_NTC_BOU=1–1 \|match_NTC_BRA=3–1 \|match_NTC_BRE=1–1 \|match_NTC_BRY=0–1 \|match_NTC_CHE=1–2 \|match_NTC_CHF=0–1 \|match_NTC_D&R=0–3 \|match_NTC_DAR=0–0 \|match_NTC_EXE=2–1 \|match_NTC_GIL=0–1 \|match_NTC_GRI=0–2 \|match_NTC_LIN=0–1 \|match_NTC_LUT=0–2 \|match_NTC_MAC=1–1 \|match_NTC_MOR=1–0 \|match_NTC_PTV=4–2 \|match_NTC_ROC=1–2 \|match_NTC_ROT=0–3 \|match_NTC_SHR=2–2 \|match_NTC_WYC=0–2 \|name_PTV=[[Port Vale F.C.\|Port Vale]] \|match_PTV_ACC=0–2 \|match_PTV_ALD=0–0 \|match_PTV_BAR=0–0 \|match_PTV_BOU=3–1 \|match_PTV_BRA=0–2 \|match_PTV_BRE=0–3 \|match_PTV_BRY=1–1 \|match_PTV_CHE=3–0 \|match_PTV_CHF=0–1 \|match_PTV_D&R=0–1 \|match_PTV_DAR=3–1 \|match_PTV_EXE=1–3 \|match_PTV_GIL=1–3 \|match_PTV_GRI=2–1 \|match_PTV_LIN=0–1 \|match_PTV_LUT=1–3 \|match_PTV_MAC=1–4 \|match_PTV_MOR=2–1 \|match_PTV_NTC=1–2 \|match_PTV_ROC=2–1 \|match_PTV_ROT=0–0 \|match_PTV_SHR=1–1 \|match_PTV_WYC=1–1 \|name_ROC=[[Rochdale A.F.C.\|Rochdale]] \|match_ROC_ACC=3–1 \|match_ROC_ALD=3–1 \|match_ROC_BAR=3–1 \|match_ROC_BOU=1–1 \|match_ROC_BRA=3–0 \|match_ROC_BRE=1–2 \|match_ROC_BRY=1–1 \|match_ROC_CHE=6–1 \|match_ROC_CHF=2–1 \|match_ROC_D&R=0–2 \|match_ROC_DAR=0–2 \|match_ROC_EXE=2–2 \|match_ROC_GIL=0–1 \|match_ROC_GRI=2–0 \|match_ROC_LIN=2–2 \|match_ROC_LUT=2–0 \|match_ROC_MAC=1–1 \|match_ROC_MOR=1–1 \|match_ROC_NTC=3–0 \|match_ROC_PTV=1–0 \|match_ROC_ROT=1–2 \|match_ROC_SHR=2–1 \|match_ROC_WYC=0–1 \|name_ROT=[[Rotherham United F.C.\|Rotherham United]] \|match_ROT_ACC=0–0 \|match_ROT_ALD=1–2 \|match_ROT_BAR=3–4 \|match_ROT_BOU=1–0 \|match_ROT_BRA=0–2 \|match_ROT_BRE=0–0 \|match_ROT_BRY=1–1 \|match_ROT_CHE=3–1 \|match_ROT_CHF=3–0 \|match_ROT_D&R=1–1 \|match_ROT_DAR=0–1 \|match_ROT_EXE=0–1 \|match_ROT_GIL=2–0 \|match_ROT_GRI=4–1 \|match_ROT_LIN=1–0 \|match_ROT_LUT=1–0 \|match_ROT_MAC=2–0 \|match_ROT_MOR=3–2 \|match_ROT_NTC=2–1 \|match_ROT_PTV=1–0 \|match_ROT_ROC=2–2 \|match_ROT_SHR=1–2 \|match_ROT_WYC=0–0 \|name_SHR=[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.\|Shrewsbury Town]] \|match_SHR_ACC=2–0 \|match_SHR_ALD=1–0 \|match_SHR_BAR=2–2 \|match_SHR_BOU=4–1 \|match_SHR_BRA=2–0 \|match_SHR_BRE=1–3 \|match_SHR_BRY=1–0 \|match_SHR_CHE=1–0 \|match_SHR_CHF=2–1 \|match_SHR_D&R=2–1 \|match_SHR_DAR=1–0 \|match_SHR_EXE=1–1 \|match_SHR_GIL=7–0 \|match_SHR_GRI=1–1 \|match_SHR_LIN=0–0 \|match_SHR_LUT=3–0 \|match_SHR_MAC=4–0 \|match_SHR_MOR=0–0 \|match_SHR_NTC=3–2 \|match_SHR_PTV=1–2 \|match_SHR_ROC=1–1 \|match_SHR_ROT=1–0 \|match_SHR_WYC=0–1 \|name_WYC=[[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.\|Wycombe Wanderers]] \|match_WYC_ACC=2–1 \|match_WYC_ALD=3–0 \|match_WYC_BAR=1–1 \|match_WYC_BOU=3–1 \|match_WYC_BRA=1–0 \|match_WYC_BRE=0–0 \|match_WYC_BRY=2–1 \|match_WYC_CHE=2–0 \|match_WYC_CHF=1–1 \|match_WYC_D&R=2–1 \|match_WYC_DAR=1–1 \|match_WYC_EXE=1–1 \|match_WYC_GIL=1–0 \|match_WYC_GRI=0–1 \|match_WYC_LIN=1–0 \|match_WYC_LUT=0–0 \|match_WYC_MAC=4–0 \|match_WYC_MOR=1–1 \|match_WYC_NTC=1–2 \|match_WYC_PTV=4–2 \|match_WYC_ROC=0–1 \|match_WYC_ROT=0–0 \|match_WYC_SHR=1–1 \|update=complete \|source=[http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/ResultsLast7Days/0,,10794,00.html The Football League] }} ==Top scorers== {\| class="wikitable" \|- !Pos!!Player!!Team!!Goals \|- !rowspan="3"\|1 \|[[Simeon Jackson]] \|[[Gillingham F.C.\|Gillingham]] !rowspan="3"\|20 \|- \|[[Grant Holt]] \|[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.\|Shrewsbury Town]] \|- \|[[Jack Lester]] \|[[Chesterfield F.C.\|Chesterfield]] \|- !rowspan="3"\|4 \|[[Adam Le Fondre]] \|[[Rochdale A.F.C.\|Rochdale]] !rowspan="3"\|17 \|- \|[[John O'Flynn]] \|[[Barnet F.C.\|Barnet]] \|- \|[[Reuben Reid]] \|[[Rotherham United F.C.\|Rotherham United]] \|- !7 \|[[Charlie MacDonald]] \|[[Brentford F.C.\|Brentford]] !16 \|- !rowspan="2"\|8 \|[[Andy Bishop]] \|[[Bury F.C.\|Bury]] !rowspan="2"\|15 \|- \|[[Peter Thorne (English footballer)\|Peter Thorne]] \|[[Bradford City A.F.C.\|Bradford City]] \|- !rowspan="4"\|10 \|[[Paul Benson]] \|[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.\|Dagenham & Redbridge]] !rowspan="4"\|14 \|- \|[[Ryan Lowe]] \|[[Chester City F.C.\|Chester City]] \|- \|[[Brett Pitman]] \|[[AFC Bournemouth\|Bournemouth]] \|- \|[[Jamie Ward]] \|[[Chesterfield F.C.\|Chesterfield]] \|} ==Monthly awards== {\| class="wikitable" \|- !rowspan="2"\|Month !colspan="2"\|Manager of the Month !colspan="2"\|Player of the Month !rowspan="2"\|Notes \|- !width=21%\|Manager !width=21%\|Club !width=21%\|Player !width=21%\|Club \|- !August \|[[Mark Robins]] \|[[Rotherham United F.C.\|Rotherham United]] \|[[Solomon Taiwo]] \|[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.\|Dagenham & Redbridge]] \| style="text-align:center;"\|<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rotherham_utd/7598316.stm \|title=Millers boss nets monthly award \|date=2 October 2008 \|access-date=2 October 2008 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.setantasports.com/en/Sport/News/Football/2008/09/08/Football-League-Powerade-awards-announced/?facets/sport-space/football/great-britain-locale/Coca-Cola-Football-League-Two/ \|title=Player of the Month Awards announced \|date=8 September 2008 \|access-date=18 November 2008 \|publisher=Setanta Sports}}{{dead link\|date=April 2010}}</ref> \|- !September \|[[Alan Knill]] \|[[Bury F.C.\|Bury]] \|[[Matthew Gill]] \|[[Exeter City F.C.\|Exeter City]] \| style="text-align:center;"\|<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bury/7648637.stm \|title=Bury's Knill scoops monthly award \|date=2 October 2008 \|access-date=2 October 2008 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/e/exeter_city/7658691.stm \|title=Gill is named Player of the Month \|date=8 October 2008 \|access-date=18 November 2008 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> \|- !October \|[[Peter Jackson (footballer, born 1961)\|Peter Jackson]] \|[[Lincoln City F.C.\|Lincoln City]] \|[[Jamie Ward]] \|[[Chesterfield F.C.\|Chesterfield]] \| style="text-align:center;"\|<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/lincoln_city/7713775.stm \|title=Jackson wins manager of the month \|date=6 November 2008 \|access-date=6 November 2008 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/News/LeagueTwoNewsDetail/0,,10794~1447567,00.html \|title=Ward wins League 2 award \|access-date=18 November 2008 \|publisher=The Football League \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324063920/http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/News/LeagueTwoNewsDetail/0,,10794~1447567,00.html \|archive-date=24 March 2009 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all }}</ref> \|- !November \|[[Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953)\|Peter Taylor]] \|[[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.\|Wycombe Wanderers]] \|[[Grant Holt]] \|[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.\|Shrewsbury Town]] \| style="text-align:center;"\|<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wycombe_wanderers/7765116.stm \|title=November honour for Wycombe boss \|date=4 December 2008 \|access-date=4 December 2008 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/shrewsbury/7774030.stm \|title=Team success won my award – Holt \|date=9 December 2008 \|access-date=16 December 2008 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> \|- !December \|[[John Still (footballer)\|John Still]] \|[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.\|Dagenham & Redbridge]] \|[[Marcus Bean]] \|[[Brentford F.C.\|Brentford]] \|<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/7807109.stm \|title=Reading boss scoops monthly award \|date=1 January 2009 \|access-date=2 January 2009 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7826263.stm \|title=Reading's Hunt wins monthly award \|date=13 January 2009 \|access-date=13 January 2009 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> \|- !January \|[[Alan Knill]] \|[[Bury F.C.\|Bury]] \|[[Dany N'Guessan]] \|[[Lincoln City F.C.\|Lincoln City]] \|<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bury/7872435.stm \|title=Bury boss earns League Two honour \|date=5 February 2009 \|access-date=5 February 2009 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/g/gillingham/7870885.stm \|title=N'Guessan is player of the month \|date=10 February 2009 \|access-date=10 February 2009 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> \|- !February \|[[Sammy McIlroy]] \|[[Morecambe F.C.\|Morecambe]] \|\|[[Charlie MacDonald]] \|[[Brentford F.C.\|Brentford]] \|<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7926410.stm \|title=Coventry boss wins monthly award \|date=5 March 2009 \|access-date=7 March 2009 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/League2PlayeroftheMonth/0,,10794~1585282,00.html \|title=MacDonald the pick of League 2 \|date=9 March 2009 \|publisher=Football League \|access-date=3 April 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427032415/http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/League2PlayeroftheMonth/0%2C%2C10794~1585282%2C00.html \|archive-date=27 April 2009 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all }}</ref> \|- !March \|[[Lee Richardson (footballer)\|Lee Richardson]] \|[[Chesterfield F.C.\|Chesterfield]] \|\|[[Reuben Reid]] \|[[Rotherham United F.C.\|Rotherham United]] \|<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/News/LeagueTwoNewsDetail/0,,10794~1610424,00.html \|title=WINNERS ANNOUNCED \|date=2 April 2009 \|access-date=22 April 2009 \|publisher=The Football League }}{{Dead link\|date=September 2018 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.darlington-fc.net/page/NewsDetail/0,,10339~1615484,00.html\|title=Powerade Player-of-the-Month awards\|date=7 April 2009\|access-date=22 May 2009\|publisher=darlington-fc.net\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704213143/http://www.darlington-fc.net/page/NewsDetail/0,,10339~1615484,00.html\|archive-date=4 July 2010\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> \|- !April \|[[Andy Scott (footballer, born 1972)\|Andy Scott]] \|[[Brentford F.C.\|Brentford]] \|\|[[Sam Saunders (footballer)\|Sam Saunders]] \|[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.\|Dagenham & Redbridge]] \|<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/07052009/58/league-bees-boss-scott-wins-april-award.html\|title=League Two – Bees boss Scott wins April award\|date=7 May 2009 \|access-date=22 May 2009 \|publisher=Yahoo! Eurosport UK}} {{Dead link\|date=September 2010\|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/LatestNewsDetail/0,,10794~1651790,00.html \|title=Powerade winners announced \|date=4 May 2009 \|access-date=22 May 2009 \|publisher=Football League \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526142528/http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/LatestNewsDetail/0%2C%2C10794~1651790%2C00.html \|archive-date=26 May 2009 }}</ref> \|} ==Key events== 25 February 2009 – Darlington are docked 10 points by the FA for entering administration 2 May 2009 – Brentford crowned Champions of League 2 after 3–1 win at Darlington. ==Managerial changes== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Team ! Outgoing manager ! Manner of departure ! Date of vacancy ! Replaced by ! Date of appointment ! Position in table \|- \| [[AFC Bournemouth\|Bournemouth]] \| [[Kevin Bond (English footballer)\|Kevin Bond]] \| Contract terminated \| 1 September 2008<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/bournemouth/7592896.stm \|title=Bond sacked as Bournemouth boss\|work=BBC Sport\|date=1 September 2008 \|access-date=3 September 2008}}</ref> \| [[Jimmy Quinn (Northern Irish footballer)\|Jimmy Quinn]] \| 2 September 2008<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/bournemouth/7593850.stm \|title=Bournemouth name Quinn as manager \|work=BBC Sport \|date=2 September 2008 \|access-date=3 September 2008 }}</ref> \| 23rd \|- \| [[Grimsby Town F.C.\|Grimsby Town]] \| [[Alan Buckley]] \| Contract terminated \| 15 September 2008<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.grimsby-townfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10417~1393011,00.html \|title=GTFC Statement \|publisher=Grimsby Town official website \|date=15 September 2008 \|access-date=15 September 2008 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918015859/http://www.grimsby-townfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10417~1393011,00.html \|archive-date=18 September 2008 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> \| [[Mike Newell (footballer)\|Mike Newell]] \| 6 October 2008<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/g/grimsby_town/7654352.stm \|title=Newell takes over as Grimsby boss \|work=BBC Sport \|date=6 October 2008 \|access-date=7 October 2008}}</ref> \| 20th \|- \| [[Port Vale F.C.\|Port Vale]] \| [[Lee Sinnott]] \| Mutual consent \| 22 September 2008<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/p/port_vale/7629851.stm \|title= Sinnott parts company with Vale \|work=BBC Sport \|date=22 September 2008 \|access-date=23 September 2008}}</ref> \| [[Dean Glover]] \| 6 October 2008<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/port_vale/7653984.stm \|title=Glover named new Port Vale boss \|work=BBC Sport \|date=6 October 2008 \|access-date=30 October 2008}}</ref> \| 16th \|- \| [[Chester City F.C.\|Chester City]] \| [[Simon Davies (footballer, born 1974)\|Simon Davies]] \| Contract terminated \| 11 November 2008<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chester/7721512.stm \|title=Chester part company with Davies \|work=BBC Sport \|date=11 November 2008 \|access-date=11 November 2008 }}</ref> \| [[Mark Wright (footballer, born 1963)\|Mark Wright]] \| 14 November 2008<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chester/7730031.stm \|title=Chester reappoint Wright as boss \|work=BBC Sport \|date=14 November 2008 \|access-date=15 November 2008}}</ref> \| 19th \|- \| [[Barnet F.C.\|Barnet]] \| [[Paul Fairclough]] \| Resigned \| 28 December 2008<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/barnet/7801204.stm \|title=Fairclough stands down at Barnet \|date=27 December 2008 \|access-date=27 December 2008 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> \| [[Ian Hendon]] \| 21 April 2009<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/barnet/8012466.stm \|title=Barnet appoint Hendon as manager \|work=BBC Sport \|date=22 April 2009 \|access-date=22 April 2009}}</ref> \| 16th \|- \| [[AFC Bournemouth\|Bournemouth]] \| [[Jimmy Quinn (Northern Irish footballer)\|Jimmy Quinn]] \| Contract terminated \| 31 December 2008<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bournemouth/7806809.stm \|title=Quinn parts company with Cherries \|date=1 January 2009 \|access-date=1 January 2009 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> \| [[Eddie Howe]] \| 31 December 2008<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bournemouth/7837089.stm \|title=Cherries appoint Howe for season \|date=19 January 2009 \|access-date=19 January 2009 \|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> \| 23rd \|} ==See also== [[2008–09 Football League]] [[2008–09 in English football]] [[2008–09 Aldershot Town F.C. season]] [[2008–09 Bradford City A.F.C. season]] [[2008–09 Grimsby Town F.C. season]] [[2008–09 Luton Town F.C. season]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{commons category}} {{2008–09 in English football}} {{Football League Two seasons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2008-09 Football League Two}} [[Category:2008–09 Football League Two\| ]] [[Category:EFL League Two seasons]] [[Category:2008–09 Football League\|3]] [[Category:2008–09 in English football leagues\|4]] [[Category:2008–09 in European fourth-tier association football leagues\|Eng]]	1,285,891,218	[{"title": "Football League Two", "data": {"Season": "2008\u201309", "Champions": "Brentford", "Promoted": "Brentford \u00b7 Exeter City \u00b7 Wycombe Wanderers \u00b7 Gillingham", "Relegated": "Chester City \u00b7 Luton Town", "Matches played": "557", "Top goalscorer": "Grant Holt \u00b7 Simeon Jackson (20)", "Longest winning run": "7 games"}}]	false
# Eryk Kobza Eryk Kobza (born November 23, 2001) is a Canadian professional soccer player who plays as a center back for Canadian Premier League club Cavalry FC. ## Early life Kobza began playing youth soccer at age five with North Vancouver FC. In 2012, he joined the Vancouver Whitecaps Academy, before joining Mountain United FC in 2013. In 2014, he returned to the Whitecaps academy. In March 2016, he was named the Whitecaps FC Youth Player of the Month. ## University career In 2019, he began attending the University of Calgary, where he played for the men's soccer team. He made his collegiate debut and first start in the season opener on August 24, 2019 against the Mount Royal Cougars. He scored his first goals on September 13, netting a brace in a 3–2 victory over the UFV Cascades, including the first goal just 20 seconds into the match. That season, he helped the team reach the men’s soccer National Championship for the first time in 40 years, as well as earning the school's male Rookie of the Year honours (across all sports), and was also named to the Canada West All-Rookie Team. In 2022, he was named team captain. On October 16, 2022, he scored another brace in a 3–2 win over the Saskatchewan Huskies. At the end of the 2022 season, he was named a Canada West Second Team All-Star. ## Club career In August 2020, he signed with Sokół Ostróda in the Polish II liga. He made his debut on September 19 against Olimpia Grudziądz, in a substitute appearance. In the next match on September 26, he scored his first goal in a 2–0 victory over Znicz Pruszków. On January 6, 2021, it was announced that he had terminated his contract with the club by mutual consent. In late January 2021, he signed with Podlasie Biała Podlaska in the III liga. At the 2023 CPL-U Sports Draft, Kobza was selected in the second round (14th overall) by Cavalry FC. In April 2023, he signed a U Sports developmental contract with the club. He scored his first CPL goal on July 8, in a 2–1 victory over Pacific FC. In July 2023, Kobza signed a professional deal with Cavalry until the end of the 2025 season, with a club option for 2026. ## International career Kobza was born in Canada to Polish parents. In February 2016, he was called up to a training camp with the Canada U15 team. ## Career statistics As of match played August 9, 2025 \| Club \| Season \| League \| League \| League \| Playoffs \| Playoffs \| Domestic Cup \| Domestic Cup \| Continental \| Continental \| Total \| Total \| \| Club \| Season \| Division \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| \| ----------------------- \| ------------ \| ----------------------- \| ------ \| ------ \| -------- \| -------- \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| Sokół Ostróda \| 2020–21 \| II liga \| 6 \| 1 \| — \| — \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 6 \| 1 \| \| Podlasie Biała Podlaska \| 2020–21 \| III liga, group IV \| 20 \| 1 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 20 \| 1 \| \| Cavalry FC \| 2023 \| Canadian Premier League \| 26 \| 2 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 29 \| 2 \| \| Cavalry FC \| 2024 \| Canadian Premier League \| 18 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 25 \| 0 \| \| Cavalry FC \| 2025 \| Canadian Premier League \| 9 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 12 \| 0 \| \| Cavalry FC \| Total \| Total \| 53 \| 2 \| 5 \| 0 \| 4 \| 0 \| 4 \| 0 \| 66 \| 2 \| \| Career total \| Career total \| Career total \| 79 \| 4 \| 5 \| 0 \| 4 \| 0 \| 4 \| 0 \| 92 \| 4 \|	enwiki/73576746	enwiki	73,576,746	Eryk Kobza	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryk_Kobza	2025-08-10T13:35:58	en	Q117772419	114,461	{{Short description\|Canadian soccer player (born 2001)}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox football biography \|name = Eryk Kobza \|image = \|image_size = \|caption = \|fullname = \|birth_date = {{birth date and age\|2001\|11\|23\|mf=yes}} \|birth_place = [[North Vancouver (city)\|North Vancouver, British Columbia]], Canada \|height = {{height\|ft=6\|in=3}} \|position = [[Center Back]] \|currentclub = [[Cavalry FC]] \|clubnumber = 24 \|youthyears1 = 2007–2012 \|youthclubs1 = North Vancouver FC \|youthyears2 = 2012–2013 \|youthclubs2 = [[Whitecaps FC Academy\|Vancouver Whitecaps]] \|youthyears3 = 2013–2014 \|youthclubs3 = Mountain United FC \|youthyears4 = 2014–2019 \|youthclubs4 = [[Whitecaps FC Academy\|Vancouver Whitecaps]] \|collegeyears1 = 2019–2022 \|college1 = [[Calgary Dinos]] \|collegecaps1 = 41 \|collegegoals1 = 7 \|years1 = 2020–2021 \|clubs1 = [[Sokół Ostróda]] \|caps1 = 6 \|goals1 = 1 \|years2 = 2021 \|clubs2 = [[Podlasie Biała Podlaska]] \|caps2 = 20 \|goals2 = 1 \|years3 = 2023– \|clubs3 = [[Cavalry FC]] \|caps3 = 53 \|goals3 = 2 \|club-update = August 9, 2025 }} '''Eryk Kobza''' (born November 23, 2001) is a Canadian professional [[association football\|soccer]] player who plays as a [[center back]] for [[Canadian Premier League]] club [[Cavalry FC]]. ==Early life== Kobza began playing youth soccer at age five with North Vancouver FC.<ref name=canada>{{Canada Soccer player\|id=5620}}</ref> In 2012, he joined the [[Vancouver Whitecaps Academy]], before joining Mountain United FC in 2013.<ref name=caps>{{cite web\|title=Eryk Kobza VWFC profile\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=September 5, 2015\|url=http://www.whitecapsfc.com/youth/eliteteams/residency/eryk-kobza\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905203444/http://www.whitecapsfc.com/youth/eliteteams/residency/eryk-kobza\|work=[[Vancouver Whitecaps FC]]}}</ref> In 2014, he returned to the Whitecaps academy.<ref name=caps /> In March 2016, he was named the Whitecaps FC Youth Player of the Month.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.whitecapsfc.com/news/whitecaps-fc-player-month-presented-coldwell-banker\|title=Morales voted as Whitecaps FC Player of the Month, presented by Coldwell Banker\|date=April 1, 2016\|work=[[Vancouver Whitecaps FC]]}}</ref> ==University career== In 2019, he began attending the [[University of Calgary]], where he played for the [[Calgary Dinos\|men's soccer team]]. He made his collegiate debut and first start in the season opener on August 24, 2019 against the [[Mount Royal Cougars]].<ref name=dino>{{cite web\|url=https://godinos.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/eryk-kobza/13522\|title=Eryk Kobza Calgary Dinos profile\|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> He scored his first goals on September 13, netting a brace in a 3–2 victory over the [[UFV Cascades]], including the first goal just 20 seconds into the match.<ref name=dino/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://godinos.com/news/2019/9/14/mens-soccer-kobza-dinos-rally-for-3-2-win-over-cascades.aspx\|title=Kobza, Dinos rally for 3-2 win over Cascades\|date=September 14, 2019\|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> That season, he helped the team reach the men’s soccer National Championship for the first time in 40 years,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://onesoccer.ca/a/i-feel-really-comfortable-here-versatile-eryk-kobza-making-the-most-of-his-opportunity-in-rookie-season-for-league-leading-cavalry\|title="I feel really comfortable here": Versatile Eryk Kobza making the most of his opportunity in rookie season for league-leading Cavalry\|date=September 15, 2023\|first=Adam\|last=Palermo\|work=[[OneSoccer]]}}</ref> as well as earning the school's male Rookie of the Year honours (across all sports),<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://godinos.com/news/2020/4/8/athletics-news-notd-guy-kobza-named-bill-popplewell-rookies-of-the-year.aspx\|title=NOTD: Guy, Kobza named Bill Popplewell Rookies of the Year\|date=April 8, 2020\|first=Ben\|last=Matchett\|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> and was also named to the [[Canada West Universities Athletic Association\|Canada West]] All-Rookie Team.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://godinos.com/news/2019/10/24/mens-soccer-three-dinos-honoured-by-canada-west.aspx\|title=Three Dinos honoured by Canada West\|date=October 24, 2019\|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> In 2022, he was named team captain.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://saitjournalism.ca/thepress/2023/03/10/get-to-know-calgary-calvarys-new-draftee-eryk-kobza/\|title=Get to know Calgary Calvary’s new draftee, Eryk Kobza\|date=March 10, 2023\|work=SAIT Journalism\|first=Craig\|last=MacDonald}}</ref> On October 16, 2022, he scored another brace in a 3–2 win over the [[Saskatchewan Huskies]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://godinos.com/news/2022/10/16/mens-soccer-kobza-delivers-three-points-for-dinos.aspx\|title=Kobza delivers three points for Dinos\|date=October 16, 2022\|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> At the end of the 2022 season, he was named a Canada West Second Team All-Star.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://godinos.com/news/2022/10/27/mens-soccer-kobza-omoreniye-named-cw-all-stars.aspx\|title=Kobza, Omoreniye named CW All Stars\|date=October 27, 2022\|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> ==Club career== In August 2020, he signed with [[Sokół Ostróda]] in the Polish [[II liga]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://godinos.com/news/2020/10/29/mens-soccer-family-roots-send-kobza-to-poland.aspx\|title=Family roots send Kobza to Poland\|date=October 29, 2020\|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]\|first=Lance\|last=Doucet}}</ref> He made his debut on September 19 against [[Olimpia Grudziądz]], in a substitute appearance.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://sokolostroda.com/pogrom-w-grudziadzu-sokol-rozbil-olimpie/\|title=Pogrom w grudziądzu! Sokół rozbił Olimpię\|trans-title=Porgue in grudziądz! The Sokół destroyed Olympia\|language=pl\|date=September 19, 2020\|work=[[Sokół Ostróda]]}}</ref> In the next match on September 26, he scored his first goal in a 2–0 victory over [[Znicz Pruszków]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://sokolostroda.com/znicz-zgaszony-w-ostrodzie/\|title=Znicz zgaszony w Ostródzie!\|language=pl\|trans-title=Znicz is turned out in Ostróda!\|work=[[Sokół Ostróda]]\|date=September 26, 2020}}</ref> On January 6, 2021, it was announced that he had terminated his contract with the club by mutual consent.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://sokolostroda.com/eryk-kobza-odchodzi-z-sokola/\|title=Eryk Kobza odchodzi z Sokoła\|trans-title=Eryk Kobza leaves Sokół\|language=pl\|date=January 6, 2021\|work=[[Sokół Ostróda]]}}</ref> In late January 2021, he signed with [[Podlasie Biała Podlaska]] in the [[III liga]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://bialasiedzieje.pl/sport/eryk-kobza-zawodnikiem-podlasia/XzctKPyfeIvEhJzujPND\|title=Eryk Kobza zawodnikiem Podlasia!\|trans-title=Eryk Kobza is a player of Podlasie!\|language=pl\|date=January 29, 2021\|first=Mateusz\|last=Połynka\|work=Biała się dzieje}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/309/news3096401-Eryk-Kobza-w-Podlasiu-Biala-Podlaska.html\|title=Eryk Kobza w Podlasiu Biała Podlaska\|trans-title=Eryk Kobza in Podlasie Biała Podlaska\|work=90minut\|language=pl}}</ref> At the [[2023 CPL-U Sports Draft]], Kobza was selected in the second round (14th overall) by [[Cavalry FC]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://cavalryfc.canpl.ca/article/cavalry-fc-select-william-omoreniye-and-eryk-kobza-in-2023-cpl-u-sports-draft\|title=Cavalry FC Select William Omoreniye and Eryk Kobza in 2023 CPL–U SPORTS Draft\|date=December 15, 2022\|work=[[Cavalry FC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://calgarysun.com/sports/soccer/calgary-cavalry/cavalry-keeps-it-close-to-home-in-drafting-dinos-omoreniye-kobza\|title=Cavalry keeps it close to home in drafting Dinos Omoreniye, Kobza\|first=Tim\|last=Prahl\|date=December 15, 2022\|work=[[Calgary Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://godinos.com/news/2022/12/15/mens-soccer-kobza-omoreniye-selected-in-cpl-draft.aspx\|title=Kobza, Omoreniye selected in CPL Draft\|date=December 15, 2022\|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> In April 2023, he signed a U Sports developmental contract with the club.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://cavalryfc.canpl.ca/article/cavalry-fc-signs-four-youth-players-to-developmental-contracts\|title=Cavalry FC Signs Four Youth Players to Developmental Contracts\|date=April 14, 2023\|work=[[Cavalry FC]]}}</ref> He scored his first CPL goal on July 8, in a 2–1 victory over [[Pacific FC]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://calgarysun.com/sports/first-goals-for-kobza-aird-lift-cavalry-to-third-straight-victory\|title=First goals for Kobza, Aird lift Cavalry to third straight victory\|date=July 8, 2023\|work=[[Calgary Sun]]\|first=Todd\|last=Saelhof}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://canpl.ca/article/i-didnt-think-it-was-going-to-go-this-well-cavalry-fcs-eryk-kobza-a-true-cpl-u-sports-draft-success-story\|title=‘I didn’t think it was going to go this well’: Cavalry FC’s Eryk Kobza a true CPL-U SPORTS Draft success story\|first=Mitchell\|last=Tierney\|date=December 12, 2023\|work=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> In July 2023, Kobza signed a professional deal with Cavalry until the end of the 2025 season, with a club option for 2026.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://calgarysun.com/sports/versatile-cavalry-youngster-eryk-kobza-earns-pro-contract-with-terrific-first-year-effort\|title='Versatile' Cavalry youngster Eryk Kobza earns pro contract with 'terrific' first-year effort\|website=[[Calgary Sun]]\|first=Todd\|last=Saelhof\|date=July 28, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://cavalryfc.canpl.ca/article/eryk-kobza\|title=Cavalry FC Signs Eryk Kobza to Professional Contract\|date=July 28, 2023\|work=[[Cavalry FC]]}}</ref> ==International career== Kobza was born in Canada to Polish parents.<ref name=canada/> In February 2016, he was called up to a training camp with the Canada U15 team.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.whitecapsfc.com/youth/post/2016/02/07/18-whitecaps-fc-residency-players-called-canada-soccer-camp\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108104919/https://www.whitecapsfc.com/youth/post/2016/02/07/18-whitecaps-fc-residency-players-called-canada-soccer-camp\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=November 8, 2020\|date=February 7, 2016\|title=18 Whitecaps FC Residency players called up to Canada Soccer camp\|work=[[Vancouver Whitecaps FC]]}}</ref> ==Career statistics== {{updated\|match played August 9, 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway\|eryk-kobza/512572}}</ref> {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" \|- !rowspan="2"\|Club !rowspan="2"\|Season !colspan="3"\|League !colspan="2"\|Playoffs !colspan="2"\|Domestic Cup !colspan="2"\|Continental !colspan="2"\|Total \|- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals \|- \|[[Sokół Ostróda]] \|[[2020–21 II liga\|2020–21]] \|[[II liga]] \|6\|\|1\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|6\|\|1 \|- \|[[Podlasie Biała Podlaska]] \|[[2020–21 III liga\|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://kieleckapilka.pl/plyr.php?plyrid=38104\|title=Eryk Kobza Stats\|work=Kielecka Piłka\|language=pl}}</ref> \|[[III liga, group IV]] \|20\|\|1\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|20\|\|1 \|- \|rowspan="4"\|[[Cavalry FC]] \|[[2023 Cavalry FC season\|2023]] \|rowspan="3"\|[[Canadian Premier League]] \|26\|\|2\|\|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|29\|\|2 \|- \|[[2024 Cavalry FC season\|2024]] \|18\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|3\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|25\|\|0 \|- \|[[2025 Cavalry FC season\|2025]] \|9\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|12\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !53!!2!!5!!0!!4!!0!!4!!0!!66!!2 \|- !colspan="3"\|Career total !79!!4!!5!!0!!4!!0!!4!!0!!92!!4 \|} ==External links== *{{soccerway\|eryk-kobza/512572}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Cavalry FC squad}} {{2023 CPL–U Sports Draft}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kobza, Eryk}} [[Category:2001 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Soccer players from North Vancouver]] [[Category:Men's association football midfielders]] [[Category:Canadian men's soccer players]] [[Category:Canadian people of Polish descent]] [[Category:Whitecaps FC Academy players]] [[Category:II liga players]] [[Category:III liga players]] [[Category:Canadian Premier League players]] [[Category:Calgary Dinos men's soccer players]] [[Category:Sokół Ostróda players]] [[Category:Podlasie Biała Podlaska players]] [[Category:Cavalry FC draft picks]] [[Category:Cavalry FC players]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian sportsmen]] [[Category:University and college men's soccer players in Canada]]	1,305,171,883	[{"title": "Eryk Kobza", "data": {"Date of birth": "November 23, 2001", "Place of birth": "North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada", "Height": "6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)", "Position(s)": "Center Back"}}, {"title": "Team information", "data": {"Current team": "Cavalry FC", "Number": "24"}}, {"title": "Youth career", "data": {"2007\u20132012": "North Vancouver FC", "2012\u20132013": "Vancouver Whitecaps", "2013\u20132014": "Mountain United FC", "2014\u20132019": "Vancouver Whitecaps"}}, {"title": "College career", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2019\u20132022": "Calgary Dinos \u00b7 41 \u00b7 (7)"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2020\u20132021": "Sok\u00f3\u0142 Ostr\u00f3da \u00b7 6 \u00b7 (1)", "2021": "Podlasie Bia\u0142a Podlaska \u00b7 20 \u00b7 (1)", "2023\u2013": "Cavalry FC \u00b7 53 \u00b7 (2)"}}]	false
# Þuríður Sturludóttir Þuríður Sturludóttir (1199–1238; Modern Icelandic: [ˈθʏːrˌiːðʏr ˈstʏ(r)tlʏˌtouhtɪr̥]; Old Norse: Þuríðr Sturludóttir [ˈθurˌiːðz̠ ˈsturloˌdoːtːez̠]) was daughter of Icelandic chieftain Sturla Sighvatsson and Sólveig Sæmundsdóttir. Mother of Jón korpur Hrafnsson in whom the warring clans of Haraldur hárfagri (Harald Fairhair) and Egill Skallagrímsson were genetically united in Iceland in 1255. The bloodline of Þuríður Sturludóttir from Haraldur hárfagri Hálfdánarson: - Haraldur “Hárfagri” Hálfdánarson (850) – King in Norway - Sigurður “Hrísi” Haraldsson (880) - Hálfdán Sigurðsson (930) - Sigurður “Sýr” Hálfdánarson (970) - Haraldur “Harðráði” Sigurðsson (1047) – King in Norway - Ólafur “Kyrri” Haraldsson (1066) – King in Norway - Magnús “Berfættur” Ólafsson (1090) – King in Norway - Þóra Magnúsdóttir (1100) - Jón Loftsson (1124–1197) - Sæmundur Jónsson (1154–1222) - Sólveig Sæmundsdóttir (1200–1244) - Þuríður Sturludóttir (1228–1288) ## Sources - Islendingabók (Book of Icelanders): http://www.islendingabok.is - Konungasögur (Kings' sagas) - Egils saga Skallagrímssonar (Egils saga)	enwiki/5334402	enwiki	5,334,402	Þuríður Sturludóttir	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eur%C3%AD%C3%B0ur_Sturlud%C3%B3ttir	2025-01-17T14:45:23	en	Q8079565	7,603	{{icelandic name\|Þuríður}} '''Þuríður Sturludóttir''' (1199–1238; [[Modern Icelandic]]: {{IPA\|is\|ˈθʏːrˌiːðʏr ˈstʏ(r)tlʏˌtouhtɪr̥\|}}; [[Old Norse]]: {{lang\|non\|Þuríð'''r''' Sturludóttir}} {{IPA\|non\|ˈθurˌiːðz̠ ˈsturloˌdoːtːez̠\|}}) was daughter of [[Iceland]]ic chieftain [[Sturla Sighvatsson]] and [[Sólveig Sæmundsdóttir]]. Mother of [[Jón korpur Hrafnsson]] in whom the warring clans of Haraldur hárfagri ([[Harald Fairhair]]) and [[Egill Skallagrímsson]] were genetically united in Iceland in 1255. The bloodline of Þuríður Sturludóttir from Haraldur hárfagri Hálfdánarson: * '''Haraldur “Hárfagri” Hálfdánarson''' (850) – King in Norway * Sigurður “Hrísi” Haraldsson (880) * Hálfdán Sigurðsson (930) * Sigurður “Sýr” Hálfdánarson (970) * Haraldur “Harðráði” Sigurðsson (1047) – King in Norway * Ólafur “Kyrri” Haraldsson (1066) – King in Norway * Magnús “Berfættur” Ólafsson (1090) – King in Norway * [[Þóra Magnúsdóttir]] (1100) * [[Jón Loftsson]] (1124–1197) * Sæmundur Jónsson (1154–1222) * Sólveig Sæmundsdóttir (1200–1244) * '''Þuríður Sturludóttir (1228–1288)''' ==Sources== Islendingabók (Book of Icelanders): http://www.islendingabok.is Konungasögur ([[Kings' sagas]]) *Egils saga Skallagrímssonar ([[Egils saga]]) {{DEFAULTSORT:Thuridur Sturludottir}} [[Category:1199 births]] [[Category:1238 deaths]] [[Category:13th-century Icelandic people\|Thuridur Sturludottir]] [[Category:13th-century Icelandic women]]	1,270,019,306	[]	false
# Bruno Giacomelli Bruno Giacomelli (Italian pronunciation: [ˈbruno dʒakoˈmɛlli]; born 10 September 1952) is an Italian former racing driver, who competed in Formula One between 1977 and 1990. Giacomelli won one of the two 1976 British Formula 3 Championships and the 1978 Formula Two championship. From 1977 to 1983, Giacomelli participated in 82 Formula One Grands Prix for McLaren, Alfa Romeo and Toleman, debuting at the 1977 Italian Grand Prix. He achieved one podium, and scored a total of 14 championship points. He returned to Formula One in 1990 with Life, infamously failing to qualify in each of his 12 attempts driving the F190, prior to the team's withdrawal after the Spanish Grand Prix. ## Early career Giacomelli began his career in Formula Italia, which he won in 1975. In 1976, he graduated to Formula Three where he competed with March and finished runner up in his first season, to Rupert Keegan, in the B.A.R.C Championship and won the B.R.D.C. title. He also led from start to finish in a March-Toyota in the 1976 Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three support race. His average speed was 74.84 miles per hour. Giacomelli moved into Formula Two in 1977, working in close association with Robin Herd and the March factory. He retired from the Formula Two Pau Grand Prix in May 1977, after his car made contact with one driven by Jacques Laffite. However, he managed to score three F2 wins in 1977 (at Vallelunga, Mugello and Donington Park) and finished fifth in the championship. He also made his Formula One World Championship debut in 1977 in a third works McLaren M23-Cosworth at the 1977 Italian Grand Prix at Monza, retiring with an engine problem which caused him to spin off. Giacomelli dominated the following F2 season. Apart from a third-place finish in the Mugello Grand Prix in May 1978 and a second-place in Vallelunga, Giacomelli won eight of the twelve races and won the title, beating the runner up Marc Surer by 29 points. Giacomelli became the first Italian to win the European Formula Two Championship. ## Formula One After his sole F1 race in 1977, Giacomelli entered five races in 1978 for McLaren, when his Formula Two commitments allowed. He achieved his best finish, of seventh place, in the 1978 British Grand Prix. After winning the European F2 title, he switched to Alfa Romeo for their return to building F1 cars in 1979. Alfa only entered their 177 and 179 cars in a handful of events that year, and Giacomelli could only achieve a best of 17th place in the 1979 French Grand Prix. However, the following year the team looked more promising. Giacomelli earned a surprise 6th place qualifying position for Alfa Romeo at Brands Hatch for the 1980 British Grand Prix. Giacomelli posted a third-place qualifying time for the 1980 Italian Grand Prix at Imola. Three of his six mechanics sustained injuries on the Friday before the race, when their helicopter crashed en route to the track. He won the pole position for the 1980 United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, New York in his Alfa Romeo. Giacomelli improved on his opening day time by 1.25 seconds, with a time of 1 minute 33.29 seconds over the 3.37 mile track. However, despite these flashes of speed Giacomelli only managed to finish three of the season's fourteen races due to crashes or mechanical breakdowns; although two of his finishes were fifth places at the season-opening 1980 Argentine Grand Prix and the 1980 German Grand Prix, thus netting him four points and placing him 16th in the Drivers' Championship. In 1981, the car was somewhat more reliable, with Giacomelli being a classified finisher in eight of the season's 15 races - however he struggled to achieve good results until the end of the year, with a fourth and a third in the season-ending Canadian and Caesars Palace Grands Prix respectively - the latter was Giacomelli's only podium finish in F1, and he achieved his best-ever championship finish by ending up 15th in the drivers' standings. For 1982 Alfa introduced their new Alfa Romeo 182 to replace the ageing 179, however, the new chassis proved to be unreliable in the first half of the season. In the second half, it was reliable enough to allow Giacomelli to finish all but two of the races, however, the year only yielded one points finish for him, with a fifth in Germany. Giacomelli was eliminated at the start of the 1982 Belgian Grand Prix at Zolder when his Alfa Romeo collided with the two ATS cars of Eliseo Salazar and Manfred Winkelhock. Alfa recruited Mauro Baldi to partner Andrea de Cesaris for the 1983 Formula One season and Giacomelli joined Toleman. Giacomelli was outperformed by his teammate Derek Warwick, though he did manage to pick up a final F1 point at the 1983 European Grand Prix at Brands Hatch. Giacomelli was the test driver for the Leyton House March team in 1988 and 1989, as well as in 1990 in its Leyton House incarnation. He was offered a test driver position with McLaren for 1990 but turned it down. In 1990, Giacomelli returned to F1 with the Life outfit, taking over from Gary Brabham (who left the team two races into the season). The car, saddled with an ineffectual and fragile W12 engine, struggled to get within 20 seconds of the pole time at many circuits and Giacomelli failed to even get out of pre-qualifying at any of the 12 Grands Prix he contested with the team. At the Portuguese Grand Prix the team reverted to a more conventional Judd V8 engine, but the car had not been adapted for the new engine and the team were unable to properly fit the engine cover, leading to them pulling out of the event without completing a single lap. When Giacomelli was able to drive the Judd-powered car in Spain he found himself 18 seconds off the pace despite the new engine. With money in short supply and few hopes of improving their desperately noncompetitive package the team folded before the final two races of the season, ending Giacomelli's F1 career. ## CART He made 11 starts in CART in 1984 and 1985, 10 of which were for Patrick Racing. His best finish was a 5th place on the Meadowlands street course in 1985. He attempted but failed to qualify for the 1984 Indianapolis 500. ## Racing record ### Career summary \| Season \| Series \| Team \| Races \| Wins \| Poles \| F/Laps \| Podiums \| Points \| Position \| \| ------ \| ----------------------------------------- \| ----------------------------------- \| ----- \| ---- \| ----- \| ------ \| ------- \| ------ \| -------- \| \| 1974 \| Formula Italia \| \| ? \| 1 \| ? \| ? \| ? \| 0 \| NC \| \| 1975 \| Formula Italia \| Cevenini \| ? \| 5 \| ? \| ? \| ? \| 45 \| 1st \| \| 1976 \| BARC BP Super Visco British Formula Three \| March Engineering \| 12 \| 5 \| 5 \| 4 \| 9 \| 71 \| 2nd \| \| 1976 \| BRDC Shellsport British Formula Three \| March Engineering \| 5 \| 2 \| 5 \| ? \| 5 \| 79 \| 1st \| \| 1976 \| FIA European Formula 3 Championship \| March Engineering \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| NC \| \| 1977 \| European Formula Two \| AFMP Euroracing / March Engineering \| 13 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 32 \| 4th \| \| 1977 \| CASC Formula Atlantic \| Ecurie Canada \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| NC \| \| 1977 \| Formula One \| Marlboro Team McLaren \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| NC \| \| 1978 \| European Formula Two \| Polifac BMW Junior Team \| 12 \| 8 \| 8 \| 6 \| 10 \| 78 \| 1st \| \| 1978 \| Formula One \| Marlboro Team McLaren \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| NC \| \| 1978 \| Japanese Formula Two \| \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| NC \| \| 1979 \| BMW M1 Procar Championship \| Osella Squadra Corse \| 8 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 6 \| 19th \| \| 1979 \| Formula One \| Autodelta \| 4 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| NC \| \| 1980 \| Formula One \| Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo \| 14 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 4 \| 16th \| \| 1981 \| Formula One \| Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo \| 15 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 7 \| 15th \| \| 1982 \| Formula One \| Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo \| 16 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 22nd \| \| 1983 \| Formula One \| Candy Toleman Motorsport \| 14 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 19th \| \| 1984 \| CART PPG Indy Car World Series \| Theodore Racing \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 5 \| 32nd \| \| 1984 \| CART PPG Indy Car World Series \| Patrick Racing \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 5 \| 32nd \| \| 1985 \| CART PPG Indy Car World Series \| Patrick Racing \| 9 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 32 \| 19th \| \| 1985 \| World Sportscar Championship \| Porsche Kremer Racing \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| NC‡ \| \| 1986 \| World Sportscar Championship \| Sponsor Guest Team \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 10 \| 44th \| \| 1986 \| World Sportscar Championship \| Porsche Kremer Racing \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 10 \| 44th \| \| 1987 \| World Touring Car Championship \| Pro Team Italia/Imberti \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 42 \| 31st \| \| 1987 \| World Sportscar Championship \| Britten – Lloyd Racing \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| NC \| \| 1987 \| World Sportscar Championship \| Mussato Action Car \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| NC \| \| 1988 \| World Sportscar Championship \| Porsche Kremer Racing \| 4 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 20 \| 37th \| \| 1988 \| All-Japan Sports Prototype Championship \| Leyton House Racing \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 30 \| 10th \| \| 1988 \| 24 Hours of Le Mans \| Kenwood Kremer Racing \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| N/A \| 9th \| \| 1989 \| World Sportscar Championship \| Mussato Action Car \| 4 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| NC \| \| 1989 \| World Sportscar Championship \| Porsche Kremer Racing \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| NC \| \| 1989 \| 24 Hours of Le Mans \| Porsche Kremer Racing \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| N/A \| DNF \| \| 1990 \| World Sportscar Championship \| Spice Engineering \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 6 \| 17th \| \| 1990 \| 24 Hours of Le Mans \| Richard Lloyd Racing \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| N/A \| 11th \| \| 1990 \| All-Japan Sports Prototype Championship \| Davey Racing \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| NC \| \| 1990 \| Formula One \| Life Racing Engines \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| NC \| \| 1995 \| BPR Global GT Series \| Freisinger Motorsport \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 15 \| 115th \| ‡ Not eligible for Championship points. ### Complete European Formula Two Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Entrant \| Chassis \| Engine \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| Pos. \| Pts \| \| ---- \| ----------------------- \| ---------- \| ------ \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ------- \| ----- \| ------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ------ \| ------ \| ----- \| ---- \| --- \| \| 1977 \| AFMP Euroracing \| March 772 \| Hart \| SIL Ret \| THR Ret \| HOC Ret \| NÜR 6 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4th \| 32 \| \| 1977 \| March Engineering \| March 772P \| BMW \| \| \| \| \| VLL 1 \| PAU Ret \| MUG 1 \| ROU Ret \| NOG 4 \| PER 7 \| MIS 10 \| EST 14 \| \| 4th \| 32 \| \| 1977 \| March Engineering \| March 782 \| BMW \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| DON 1 \| 4th \| 32 \| \| 1978 \| Polifac BMW Junior Team \| March 782 \| BMW \| THR 1 \| HOC 1 \| NÜR Ret \| PAU 1 \| MUG 3 \| VLL 2 \| ROU 1 \| DON Ret \| NOG 1 \| PER 1 \| MIS 1 \| HOC 1 \| \| 1st \| 78 \| ### Complete Formula One results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) \| Year \| Entrant \| Chassis \| Engine \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| WDC \| Pts \| \| ---- \| ------------------------ \| --------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------- \| ------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| ------- \| ------ \| --- \| ---- \| --- \| \| 1977 \| Marlboro Team McLaren \| McLaren M23 \| Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 \| ARG \| BRA \| RSA \| USW \| ESP \| MON \| BEL \| SWE \| FRA \| GBR \| GER \| AUT \| NED \| ITA Ret \| USA \| CAN \| JPN \| NC \| 0 \| \| 1978 \| Marlboro Team McLaren \| McLaren M26 \| Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 \| ARG \| BRA \| RSA \| USW \| MON \| BEL 8 \| ESP \| SWE \| FRA Ret \| GBR 7 \| GER \| AUT \| NED Ret \| ITA 14 \| USA \| CAN \| \| NC \| 0 \| \| 1979 \| Autodelta \| Alfa Romeo 177 \| Alfa Romeo 115-12 3.0 F12 \| ARG \| BRA \| RSA \| USW \| ESP \| BEL Ret \| MON \| FRA 17 \| GBR \| GER \| AUT \| NED \| \| \| \| \| \| NC \| 0 \| \| 1979 \| Autodelta \| Alfa Romeo 179 \| Alfa Romeo 1260 3.0 V12 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ITA Ret \| CAN \| USA Ret \| \| \| NC \| 0 \| \| 1980 \| Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo \| Alfa Romeo 179 \| Alfa Romeo 1260 3.0 V12 \| ARG 5 \| BRA 13 \| RSA Ret \| USW Ret \| BEL Ret \| MON Ret \| FRA Ret \| GBR Ret \| GER 5 \| AUT Ret \| NED Ret \| ITA Ret \| CAN Ret \| USA Ret \| \| \| \| 16th \| 4 \| \| 1981 \| Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo \| Alfa Romeo 179C \| Alfa Romeo 1260 3.0 V12 \| USW Ret \| BRA NC \| ARG 10 \| SMR Ret \| BEL 9 \| MON Ret \| ESP 10 \| \| \| \| \| \| ITA 8 \| CAN 4 \| CPL 3 \| \| \| 15th \| 7 \| \| 1981 \| Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo \| Alfa Romeo 179B \| Alfa Romeo 1260 3.0 V12 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| FRA 15 \| GBR Ret \| GER 15 \| AUT Ret \| NED Ret \| \| \| \| \| \| 15th \| 7 \| \| 1982 \| Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo \| Alfa Romeo 179D \| Alfa Romeo 1260 3.0 V12 \| RSA 11 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 22nd \| 2 \| \| 1982 \| Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo \| Alfa Romeo 182 \| Alfa Romeo 1260 3.0 V12 \| \| BRA Ret \| USW Ret \| SMR Ret \| BEL Ret \| MON Ret \| DET Ret \| CAN Ret \| NED 11 \| GBR 7 \| FRA 9 \| GER 5 \| AUT Ret \| SUI 12 \| ITA Ret \| CPL 10 \| \| 22nd \| 2 \| \| 1983 \| Candy Toleman Motorsport \| Toleman TG183B \| Hart 415T 1.5 L4t \| BRA Ret \| USW Ret \| FRA 13 \| SMR Ret \| MON DNQ \| BEL 8 \| DET 9 \| CAN Ret \| GBR Ret \| GER Ret \| AUT Ret \| NED 13 \| ITA 7 \| EUR 6 \| RSA Ret \| \| \| 19th \| 1 \| \| 1990 \| Life Racing Engines \| Life F190 \| Life F35 3.5 W12 \| USA \| BRA \| SMR DNPQ \| MON DNPQ \| CAN DNPQ \| MEX DNPQ \| FRA DNPQ \| GBR DNPQ \| GER DNPQ \| HUN DNPQ \| BEL DNPQ \| ITA DNPQ \| \| \| \| \| \| NC \| 0 \| \| 1990 \| Life Racing Engines \| Life F190 \| Judd CV 3.5 V8 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| POR DNPQ \| ESP DNPQ \| JPN \| AUS \| \| NC \| 0 \| ### Complete BMW M1 Procar results (key) \| Year \| Entrant \| Car \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| Pos. \| Pts \| \| ---- \| -------------------- \| ------ \| ------- \| ------- \| ------ \| ------- \| ----- \| ----- \| --- \| ------- \| ---- \| --- \| \| 1979 \| Osella Squadra Corse \| BMW M1 \| ZOL Ret \| MON Ret \| DIJ 10 \| SIL Ret \| HOC 8 \| ÖST 9 \| ZAN \| MNZ Ret \| 19th \| 6 \| ### American Open-Wheel racing (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) #### CART PPG Indy Car World Series \| Year \| Team \| No. \| Chassis \| Engine \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| Pos. \| Pts \| Ref \| \| ---- \| --------------- \| --- \| ------------ \| ---------------- \| ------ \| ------- \| -------- \| ------ \| ----- \| ------ \| --- \| ------ \| --- \| ----- \| ------ \| --- \| ----- \| --- \| ------ \| --- \| ---- \| --- \| ------ \| \| 1984 \| Theodore Racing \| 44 \| Theodore T83 \| Cosworth DFX V8t \| LBH 27 \| PHX DNS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 32nd \| 5 \| [ 10 ] \| \| 1984 \| Theodore Racing \| 44 \| Theodore T84 \| Cosworth DFX V8t \| \| \| INDY DNQ \| MIL \| POR \| MEA \| CLE \| MCH \| ROA \| POC \| MDO \| SAN \| MCH \| PHX \| \| \| 32nd \| 5 \| [ 10 ] \| \| 1984 \| Patrick Racing \| 40 \| March 84C \| Cosworth DFX V8t \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| LAG 8 \| CPL \| 32nd \| 5 \| [ 10 ] \| \| 1985 \| Patrick Racing \| 20 \| March 85C \| Cosworth DFX V8t \| LBH 18 \| INDY \| MIL \| POR 10 \| MEA 5 \| CLE 10 \| MCH \| ROA 22 \| POC \| MDO 6 \| SAN 16 \| MCH \| LAG 6 \| PHX \| MIA 14 \| \| 19th \| 32 \| [ 11 ] \| ### Complete World Endurance/World Sports Protype Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Entrant \| Class \| Car \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| Pos. \| Pts \| \| ---- \| ---------------------- \| ----- \| ---------------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ----- \| ------ \| --- \| ---- \| --- \| \| 1985 \| Porsche Kremer Racing \| C1 \| Porsche 956B \| MUG \| MNZ 8 \| SIL \| LMS \| HOC \| MOS \| SPA \| BRH \| FUJ \| SHA \| \| NC \| 0‡ \| \| 1986 \| Sponsor Guest Team \| C1 \| Lancia LC2 \| MNZ \| SIL \| LMS \| NOR Ret \| BRH Ret \| JER \| NÜR \| \| \| \| \| 44th \| 10 \| \| 1986 \| Porsche Kremer Racing \| C1 \| Porsche 962C \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| SPA 12 \| FUJ 4 \| \| \| 44th \| 10 \| \| 1987 \| Britten – Lloyd Racing \| C1 \| Porsche 962C GTi \| JAR \| JER \| MNZ Ret \| SIL \| LMS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| NC \| 0 \| \| 1987 \| Mussato Action Car \| C1 \| Lancia LC2 \| \| \| \| \| \| NOR DSQ \| BRH \| NÜR \| SPA \| FUJ \| \| NC \| 0 \| \| 1988 \| Porsche Kremer Racing \| C1 \| Porsche 962C \| JER \| JAR \| MNZ 6 \| SIL \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 37th \| 20 \| \| 1988 \| Porsche Kremer Racing \| C1 \| Porsche 962-CK6 \| \| \| \| \| LMS 9 \| BRN \| BRH \| NÜR 10 \| SPA \| FUJ 16 \| SAN \| 37th \| 20 \| \| 1989 \| Porsche Kremer Racing \| C1 \| Porsche 962-CK6 \| SUZ Ret \| DIJ 18 \| JAR \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| NC \| 0 \| \| 1989 \| Mussato Action Car \| C1 \| Lancia LC2 \| \| \| \| BRH Ret \| NÜR NC \| DON Ret \| SPA DSQ \| MEX Ret \| \| \| \| NC \| 0 \| \| 1990 \| Spice Engineering \| C \| Spice SE90C \| SUZ Ret \| \| SIL 3 \| SPA \| DIJ \| NÜR \| DON 5 \| CGV \| MEX \| \| \| 17th \| 6 \| \| 1990 \| Team Lee-Davey \| C \| Porsche 962C \| \| MNZ DSQ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 17th \| 6 \| ‡ Not eligible for Championship points ### 24 Hours of Le Mans results \| Year \| Team \| Co-Drivers \| Car \| Class \| Laps \| Pos. \| Class Pos. \| \| ------- \| --------------------- \| ------------------------------------ \| -------------- \| ----- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---------- \| \| 1988 \| Kenwood Kremer Racing \| Kunimitsu Takahashi Hideki Okada \| Porsche 962CK6 \| C1 \| 370 \| 9th \| 9th \| \| 1989 \| Porsche Kremer Racing \| Kunimitsu Takahashi Giovanni Lavaggi \| Porsche 962C \| C1 \| 303 \| DNF \| DNF \| \| 1990 \| Richard Lloyd Racing \| John Watson Allen Berg \| Porsche 962C \| C1 \| 335 \| 11th \| 11th \| \| Source: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ### Complete World Touring Car Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Entrant \| Car \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| Pos. \| Pts \| \| ---- \| --------------- \| ---------------- \| ------ \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| --- \| ------ \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| ---- \| --- \| \| 1987 \| Pro Team Italia \| Maserati Biturbo \| MNZ 17 \| JAR DNS \| DIJ Ret \| NÜR Ret \| SPA \| BRN 24 \| SIL \| BAT \| CLD \| WEL \| FUJ \| 31st \| 43 \|	enwiki/1219697	enwiki	1,219,697	Bruno Giacomelli	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Giacomelli	2025-08-05T04:06:35	en	Q173112	243,838	{{short description\|Italian racing driver (born 1952)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} {{BLP sources\|date=August 2025}} {{Infobox person \| name = Bruno Giacomelli \| image = Bruno Giacomelli 1982.jpg \| caption = Giacomelli in 1982 \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1952\|9\|10\|df=y}} \| birth_place = [[Poncarale]], [[Province of Brescia\|Brescia]], Italy \| module = {{Infobox F1 driver\|embed=yes \| nationality = {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Formula One drivers from Italy\|Italian]] \| Years = {{F1\|1977}}–{{F1\|1983}}, {{F1\|1990}} \| Team(s) = [[Team McLaren\|McLaren]], [[Alfa Romeo (Formula One)\|Alfa Romeo]], [[Toleman]], [[Life Racing Engines\|Life]] \| Races = 82 (69 starts) \| Championships = 0 \| Wins = 0 \| Podiums = 1 \| Points = 14 \| Poles = 1 \| Fastest laps = 0 \| First race = [[1977 Italian Grand Prix]] \| Last race = [[1990 Spanish Grand Prix]] }} \| module2 = {{infobox racing driver\|embed=yes \| last series = [[World Sportscar Championship]] career \| years active = [[1985 World Sportscar Championship\|1985]]–[[1990 World Sportscar Championship\|1990]] \| teams = [[Porsche in motorsport\|Porsche]], [[Lancia]], [[Richard Lloyd Racing\|RLR]], [[Spice Engineering\|Spice]] \| starts = 22 \| championships = 0 \| wins = 0 \| podiums = 1 \| poles = 0 \| fastest laps = 0 }} \| module3 = {{infobox Le Mans driver\|embed=yes \| Years = {{24hLM\|1988}}–{{24hLM\|1990}} \| Team(s) = [[Porsche in motorsport\|Porsche]], [[Richard Lloyd Racing\|RLR]] \| Best Finish = 9th <small>({{24hLM\|1988}})</small> \| Class Wins = 0 }} }} '''Bruno Giacomelli''' ({{IPA\|it\|ˈbruno dʒakoˈmɛlli}}; born 10 September 1952) is an Italian former [[racing driver]], who competed in [[Formula One]] between {{F1\|1977}} and {{F1\|1990}}.{{efn\|The exact years Giacomelli competed in [[Formula One]]: {{F1\|1977}}–{{F1\|1983}}, {{F1\|1990}}.}} Giacomelli won one of the two [[1976 British Formula 3 season\|1976]] [[British Formula 3 Championship]]s and the {{F2\|1978}} [[Formula Two]] championship. From {{F1\|1977}} to {{F1\|1983}}, Giacomelli participated in 82 [[Formula One Grands Prix]] for [[Team McLaren\|McLaren]], [[Alfa Romeo (Formula One)\|Alfa Romeo]] and [[Toleman]], debuting at the [[1977 Italian Grand Prix]]. He achieved one podium, and scored a total of 14 championship points. He returned to Formula One in {{F1\|1990}} with [[Life Racing Engines\|Life]], infamously failing to qualify in each of his 12 attempts driving the [[Life F190\|F190]], prior to the team's withdrawal after the {{F1GP\|1990\|Spanish}}. ==Early career== Giacomelli began his career in Formula Italia, which he won in 1975. In 1976, he graduated to [[Formula Three]] where he competed with [[March Engineering\|March]] and finished runner up in his first season, to [[Rupert Keegan]],<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book\|last=Small\|first=Steve\|title=The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who\|publisher=Guinness\|date=1994\|page=156\|ISBN=0851127029}}</ref> in the [[1976 British Formula 3 season#B.A.R.C. BP Super Visco British F3 Championship\|B.A.R.C Championship]] and won the [[1976 British Formula 3 season#B.R.D.C. Shellsport British F3 Championship\|B.R.D.C.]] title. He also led from start to finish in a March-[[Toyota in motorsports\|Toyota]] in the 1976 [[Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three support race]]. His average speed was 74.84 miles per hour.<ref>''Auto Racing'', Syracuse Herald-Journal, May 30, 1976, Page 72.</ref> Giacomelli moved into [[Formula Two]] in 1977, working in close association with [[Robin Herd]] and the March factory.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He retired from the Formula Two [[Pau Grand Prix]] in May 1977, after his car made contact with one driven by [[Jacques Laffite]]. However, he managed to score three F2 wins in 1977<ref name="ReferenceA"/> (at [[Vallelunga]], [[Mugello Circuit\|Mugello]] and [[Donington Park]]) and finished fifth in the [[1977 European Formula Two season\|championship]]. He also made his [[Formula One]] World Championship debut in 1977 in a third works [[McLaren]] [[McLaren M23\|M23]]-[[Cosworth]] at the [[1977 Italian Grand Prix]] at [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|Monza]], retiring with an engine problem which caused him to spin off.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Giacomelli dominated the [[1978 European Formula Two season\|following F2 season]]. Apart from a third-place finish in the [[Mugello Circuit\|Mugello Grand Prix]] in May 1978<ref>''Auto Racing'', Syracuse Herald Journal, May 29, 1978, Page 21.</ref> and a second-place in [[Vallelunga]], Giacomelli won eight of the twelve races<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and won the title, beating the runner up [[Marc Surer]] by 29 points.<ref>''Sports Briefs'', Syracuse Herald Journal, June 19, 1978, Page 25.</ref> Giacomelli became the first Italian to win the [[European Formula Two Championship]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> ==Formula One== After his sole F1 race in {{f1\|1977}}, Giacomelli entered five races in {{f1\|1978}} for McLaren, when his Formula Two commitments allowed. He achieved his best finish, of seventh place, in the [[1978 British Grand Prix]]. After winning the European F2 title, he switched to [[Alfa Romeo in motorsport\|Alfa Romeo]] for their return to building F1 cars in {{f1\|1979}}. Alfa only entered their [[Alfa Romeo 177\|177]] and [[Alfa Romeo 179\|179]] cars in a handful of events that year, and Giacomelli could only achieve a best of 17th place in the [[1979 French Grand Prix]]. [[File:1979-05 Bruno Giacomelli - Zolder - Alfa Romeo - Formel 1.jpg\|left\|thumb\|Giacomelli driving for [[Autodelta\|Alfa Romeo]] at the [[1979 Belgian Grand Prix]].]] However, the [[1980 Formula One season\|following year]] the team looked more promising. Giacomelli earned a surprise 6th place qualifying position for [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Alfa Romeo]] at [[Brands Hatch]] for the [[1980 British Grand Prix]].<ref>''French teams dominate'', Syracuse Herald Journal, July 13, 1980, Page 46.</ref> Giacomelli posted a third-place qualifying time for the [[1980 Italian Grand Prix]] at [[Imola]]. Three of his six mechanics sustained injuries on the Friday before the race, when their helicopter crashed en route to the track.<ref>''Andretti May Drive for a New Team'', [[Syracuse Post Standard]], Page 15.</ref> He won the pole position for the [[1980 United States Grand Prix]] at [[Watkins Glen, New York]] in his Alfa Romeo. Giacomelli improved on his opening day time by 1.25 seconds, with a time of 1 minute 33.29 seconds over the 3.37 mile track.<ref>''Formula Ones Go crazy at the Glen'', Syracuse Herald-American, October 5, 1980, Page D13.</ref> However, despite these flashes of speed Giacomelli only managed to finish three of the season's fourteen races due to crashes or mechanical breakdowns; although two of his finishes were fifth places at the season-opening [[1980 Argentine Grand Prix]] and the [[1980 German Grand Prix]], thus netting him four points and placing him 16th in the Drivers' Championship. In {{f1\|1981}}, the car was somewhat more reliable, with Giacomelli being a classified finisher in eight of the season's 15 races - however he struggled to achieve good results until the end of the year, with a fourth and a third in the season-ending [[1981 Canadian Grand Prix\|Canadian]] and [[1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix\|Caesars Palace]] Grands Prix respectively - the latter was Giacomelli's only podium finish in F1, and he achieved his best-ever championship finish by ending up 15th in the drivers' standings. For [[1982 Formula One season\|1982]] Alfa introduced their new [[Alfa Romeo 182]] to replace the ageing 179, however, the new chassis proved to be unreliable in the first half of the season. In the second half, it was reliable enough to allow Giacomelli to finish all but two of the races, however, the year only yielded one points finish for him, with a fifth in [[1982 German Grand Prix\|Germany]]. Giacomelli was eliminated at the start of the [[1982 Belgian Grand Prix]] at [[Zolder]] when his Alfa Romeo collided with the two [[ATS (wheels)\|ATS]] cars of [[Eliseo Salazar]] and [[Manfred Winkelhock]].<ref>''Watson Wins Grand Prix'', Syracuse Post Standard, May 10, 1982, Page 25.</ref> Alfa recruited [[Mauro Baldi]] to partner [[Andrea de Cesaris]] for the [[1983 Formula One season]] and Giacomelli joined [[Toleman]]. Giacomelli was outperformed by his teammate [[Derek Warwick]], though he did manage to pick up a final F1 point at the [[1983 European Grand Prix]] at [[Brands Hatch]]. Giacomelli was the test driver for the [[March Engineering\|Leyton House March]] team in 1988 and 1989, as well as in 1990 in its [[Leyton House]] incarnation. He was offered a test driver position with [[McLaren]] for 1990 but turned it down. In 1990, Giacomelli returned to F1 with the [[Life Racing Engines\|Life]] outfit, taking over from [[Gary Brabham]] (who left the team two races into the season). The car, saddled with an ineffectual and fragile W12 engine, struggled to get within 20 seconds of the pole time at many circuits and Giacomelli failed to even get out of pre-qualifying at any of the 12 Grands Prix he contested with the team. At the Portuguese Grand Prix the team reverted to a more conventional Judd V8 engine, but the car had not been adapted for the new engine and the team were unable to properly fit the engine cover,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://f1rejects.com/teams/life/profile.html \|title=Life - Profile \|publisher=f1rejects.com \|date=2001-01-13 \|access-date=2011-11-20 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926220936/http://f1rejects.com/teams/life/profile.html \|archive-date=September 26, 2011 }}</ref> leading to them pulling out of the event without completing a single lap. When Giacomelli was able to drive the Judd-powered car in Spain he found himself 18 seconds off the pace despite the new engine. With money in short supply and few hopes of improving their desperately noncompetitive package the team folded before the final two races of the season, ending Giacomelli's F1 career. ==CART== He made 11 starts in [[Champ Car\|CART]] in 1984 and 1985, 10 of which were for [[Patrick Racing]]. His best finish was a 5th place on the [[Meadowlands Sports Complex\|Meadowlands]] street course in 1985. He attempted but failed to qualify for the [[1984 Indianapolis 500]].{{clear}} ==Racing record== ===Career summary=== {{Incomplete list\|date=December 2021}} {\|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center" !Season !Series !Team !Races !Wins !Poles !F/Laps !Podiums !Points !Position \|- !1974 \|align=left\|Formula Italia \|align=left\| \|? \|1 \|? \|? \|? \|0 \|NC \|- !1975 \|align=left\|Formula Italia \|align=left\|Cevenini \|? \|5 \|? \|? \|? \|45 \|style="background:#FFFFBF"\|'''1st''' \|- !rowspan=3\|1976 \|align=left nowrap\|[[1976 British Formula Three season#B.A.R.C. BP Super Visco British F3 Championship\|BARC BP Super Visco British Formula Three]] \|rowspan="3" style="text-align:left"\|[[March Engineering]] \|12 \|5 \|5 \|4 \|9 \|71 \|style="background:#DFDFDF"\|'''2nd''' \|- \|align=left\|[[1976 British Formula Three season#B.R.D.C. Shellsport British F3 Championship\|BRDC Shellsport British Formula Three]] \|5 \|2 \|5 \|? \|5 \|79 \|style="background:#FFFFBF"\|'''1st''' \|- \|align=left\|[[1976 FIA European Formula 3 Championship\|FIA European Formula 3 Championship]] \|1 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|NC \|- !rowspan=3\|1977 \|align=left\|[[1977 European Formula Two Championship\|European Formula Two]] \|align=left nowrap\|[[Alfa Romeo in Formula One#Autodelta, Marlboro and Benetton Team Alfa Romeo (1979–1985)\|AFMP Euroracing]] / [[March Engineering]] \|13 \|3 \|3 \|3 \|3 \|32 \|4th \|- \|align=left\|[[1977 Formula Atlantic season\|CASC Formula Atlantic]] \|align=left\|Ecurie Canada \|1 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|NC \|- \|align=left\|[[1977 Formula One season\|Formula One]] \|align=left\|[[Marlboro]] [[McLaren\|Team McLaren]] \|1 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|NC \|- !rowspan=3\|1978 \|align=left\|[[1978 European Formula Two Championship\|European Formula Two]] \|align=left\|[[BMW in motorsport\|Polifac BMW Junior Team]] \|12 \|8 \|8 \|6 \|10 \|78 \|style="background:#FFFFBF"\|'''1st''' \|- \|align=left\|[[1978 Formula One season\|Formula One]] \|align=left\|[[Marlboro]] [[McLaren\|Team McLaren]] \|5 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|NC \|- \|align=left\|[[Super Formula Championship\|Japanese Formula Two]] \|align=left\| \|1 \|0 \|1 \|1 \|0 \|0 \|NC \|- !rowspan=2\|1979 \|align=left\|[[1979 BMW M1 Procar Championship\|BMW M1 Procar Championship]] \|align=left\|[[Osella\|Osella Squadra Corse]] \|8 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|1 \|6 \|19th \|- \|align=left\|[[1979 Formula One season\|Formula One]] \|align=left\|[[Autodelta]] \|4 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|NC \|- !1980 \|align=left\|[[1980 Formula One season\|Formula One]] \|align=left\|[[Marlboro]] [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Team Alfa Romeo]] \|14 \|0 \|1 \|0 \|0 \|4 \|16th \|- !1981 \|align=left\|[[1981 Formula One season\|Formula One]] \|align=left\|[[Marlboro]] [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Team Alfa Romeo]] \|15 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|1 \|7 \|15th \|- !1982 \|align=left\|[[1982 Formula One World Championship\|Formula One]] \|align=left\|[[Marlboro]] [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Team Alfa Romeo]] \|16 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|2 \|22nd \|- !1983 \|align=left\|[[1983 Formula One World Championship\|Formula One]] \|align=left\|[[Candy (company)\|Candy]] [[Toleman\|Toleman Motorsport]] \|14 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|1 \|19th \|- !rowspan=2\|1984 \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left"\|[[1984 CART PPG Indy Car World Series\|CART PPG Indy Car World Series]] \|align=left\|[[Theodore Racing]] \|1 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|rowspan=2\|5 \|rowspan=2\|32nd \|- \|align=left\|[[Patrick Racing]] \|1 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|- !rowspan=2\|1985 \|align=left\|[[1985 CART PPG Indy Car World Series\|CART PPG Indy Car World Series]] \|align=left\|[[Patrick Racing]] \|9 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|32 \|19th \|- \|align=left\|[[1985 World Sportscar Championship\|World Sportscar Championship]] \|align=left\|[[Kremer Racing\|Porsche Kremer Racing]] \|1 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|NC‡ \|- !rowspan=2\|1986 \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left"\|[[1986 World Sportscar Championship\|World Sportscar Championship]] \|align=left\|Sponsor Guest Team \|2 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|rowspan=2\|10 \|rowspan=2\|44th \|- \|align=left\|[[Kremer Racing\|Porsche Kremer Racing]] \|2 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|- !rowspan=3\|1987 \|align=left\|[[1987 World Touring Car Championship\|World Touring Car Championship]] \|align=left\|Pro Team Italia/Imberti \|5 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|42 \|31st \|- \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left"\|[[1987 World Sportscar Championship\|World Sportscar Championship]] \|align=left\|[[Richard Lloyd Racing\|Britten – Lloyd Racing]] \|1 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|rowspan=2\|0 \|rowspan=2\|NC \|- \|align=left\|Mussato Action Car \|1 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|- !rowspan=3\|1988 \|align=left\|[[1988 World Sportscar Championship\|World Sportscar Championship]] \|align=left\|[[Kremer Racing\|Porsche Kremer Racing]] \|4 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|20 \|37th \|- \|align=left\|[[1988 All Japan Sports Prototype Car Endurance Championship\|All-Japan Sports Prototype Championship]] \|align=left\|Leyton House Racing \|2 \|1 \|0 \|0 \|1 \|30 \|10th \|- \|align=left\|[[1988 24 Hours of Le Mans\|24 Hours of Le Mans]] \|align=left\|[[Kenwood Corporation\|Kenwood]] [[Kremer Racing]] \|1 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|N/A \|9th \|- !rowspan=3\|1989 \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left"\|[[1989 World Sportscar Championship\|World Sportscar Championship]] \|align=left\|Mussato Action Car \|4 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|rowspan=2\|0 \|rowspan=2\|NC \|- \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left"\|[[Kremer Racing\|Porsche Kremer Racing]] \|2 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|- \|align=left\|[[1989 24 Hours of Le Mans\|24 Hours of Le Mans]] \|1 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|N/A \|DNF \|- !rowspan=4\|1990 \|align=left\|[[1990 World Sportscar Championship\|World Sportscar Championship]] \|align=left\|[[Spice Engineering]] \|3 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|1 \|6 \|17th \|- \|align=left\|[[1990 24 Hours of Le Mans\|24 Hours of Le Mans]] \|align=left\|[[Richard Lloyd Racing]] \|1 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|N/A \|11th \|- \|align=left\|[[1990 All Japan Sports Prototype Car Endurance Championship\|All-Japan Sports Prototype Championship]] \|align=left\|Davey Racing \|1 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|NC \|- \|align=left\|[[1990 Formula One World Championship\|Formula One]] \|align=left\|[[Life Racing Engines]] \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|NC \|- !1995 \|align=left\|[[1995 BPR Global GT Series\|BPR Global GT Series]] \|align=left\|[[Freisinger Motorsport]] \|3 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|0 \|15 \|115th \|- \|} <sup>‡</sup> Not eligible for Championship points. ===Complete European Formula Two Championship results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" \|- ! Year ! Entrant ! Chassis ! Engine ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! {{Tooltip\|Pos.\|Championship position}} ! Pts \|- \|rowspan=3\| {{F2\|1977}} ! nowrap\| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One#Return to Formula One, 1979–1985\|AFMP Euroracing]] ! nowrap\| [[March Engineering\|March 772]] ! nowrap\| [[Brian Hart Ltd.\|Hart]] \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[Silverstone Circuit\|SIL]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[Thruxton Circuit\|THR]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[Hockenheimring\|HOC]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#dfffdf;"\| [[Eifelrennen\|NÜR]]<br /><small>{{tooltip\|6\|Received 2 championship poins as Jochen Mass who finished ahead was ineligible for points}}</small> \|colspan=9\| !rowspan=3\| 4th !rowspan=3\| 32 \|- !rowspan=2 nowrap\| [[March Engineering]] ! nowrap\| [[March Engineering\|March 772P]] !rowspan=2 nowrap\| [[BMW in motorsport\|BMW]] \|colspan=4\| \|style="background:#ffffbf;"\| '''''[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit\|VLL]]'''''<br />{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[Pau Grand Prix\|PAU]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#ffffbf;"\| [[Mugello Circuit\|MUG]]<br />{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[Rouen-Les-Essarts\|ROU]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#dfffdf;"\| [[Circuit Paul Armagnac\|NOG]]<br />{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Autodromo di Pergusa\|PER]]<br />{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| '''''[[Misano Circuit\|MIS]]'''''<br />{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST]]<br />{{small\|14}} \| \|- ! nowrap\| [[March Engineering\|March 782]] \|colspan=12\| \|style="background:#ffffbf;"\| '''''[[Donington Park\|DON]]'''''<br />{{small\|1}} \|- \| {{F2\|1978}} ! nowrap\| [[BMW in motorsport\|Polifac BMW Junior Team]] ! nowrap\| [[March Engineering\|March 782]] ! nowrap\| [[BMW in motorsport\|BMW]] \|style="background:#ffffbf;"\| '''''[[Thruxton Circuit\|THR]]'''''<br />{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#ffffbf;"\| '''''[[Hockenheimring\|HOC]]'''''<br />{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| '''[[Eifelrennen\|NÜR]]'''<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#ffffbf;"\| ''[[Pau Grand Prix\|PAU]]''<br />{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#ffdf9f;"\| '''[[Mugello Circuit\|MUG]]'''<br />{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#dfdfdf;"\| '''''[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit\|VLL]]'''''<br />{{small\|2}} \|style="background:#ffffbf;"\| '''[[Rouen-Les-Essarts\|ROU]]'''<br />{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| '''[[Donington Park\|DON]]'''<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#ffffbf;"\| '''''[[Circuit Paul Armagnac\|NOG]]'''''<br />{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#ffffbf;"\| [[Autodromo di Pergusa\|PER]]<br />{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#ffffbf;"\| ''[[Misano World Circuit\|MIS]]''<br />{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#ffffbf;"\| [[Hockenheimring\|HOC]]<br />{{small\|1}} \| \|style="background:#ffffbf;"\| '''1st''' \|style="background:#ffffbf;"\| '''78''' \|} ===Complete Formula One results=== ([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 2\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" \|- ! Year ! Entrant ! Chassis ! Engine ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! {{Tooltip\|WDC\|World Drivers' Championship}} ! [[List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems\|Pts]] \|- \| [[1977 Formula One season\|1977]] ! nowrap\| [[Marlboro (cigarette)\|Marlboro]] [[McLaren\|Team McLaren]] ! nowrap\| [[McLaren]] [[McLaren M23\|M23]] ! nowrap\| [[Cosworth DFV\|Ford Cosworth DFV]] 3.0 [[V8 engine\|V8]] \| [[1977 Argentine Grand Prix\|ARG]] \| [[1977 Brazilian Grand Prix\|BRA]] \| [[1977 South African Grand Prix\|RSA]] \| [[1977 United States Grand Prix West\|USW]] \| [[1977 Spanish Grand Prix\|ESP]] \| [[1977 Monaco Grand Prix\|MON]] \| [[1977 Belgian Grand Prix\|BEL]] \| [[1977 Swedish Grand Prix\|SWE]] \| [[1977 French Grand Prix\|FRA]] \| [[1977 British Grand Prix\|GBR]] \| [[1977 German Grand Prix\|GER]] \| [[1977 Austrian Grand Prix\|AUT]] \| [[1977 Dutch Grand Prix\|NED]] \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1977 Italian Grand Prix\|ITA]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \| [[1977 United States Grand Prix\|USA]] \| [[1977 Canadian Grand Prix\|CAN]] \| [[1977 Japanese Grand Prix\|JPN]] ! NC ! 0 \|- \| [[1978 Formula One season\|1978]] ! nowrap\| [[Marlboro (cigarette)\|Marlboro]] [[McLaren\|Team McLaren]] ! nowrap\| [[McLaren]] [[McLaren M26\|M26]] ! nowrap\| [[Cosworth DFV\|Ford Cosworth DFV]] 3.0 [[V8 engine\|V8]] \| [[1978 Argentine Grand Prix\|ARG]] \| [[1978 Brazilian Grand Prix\|BRA]] \| [[1978 South African Grand Prix\|RSA]] \| [[1978 United States Grand Prix West\|USW]] \| [[1978 Monaco Grand Prix\|MON]] \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1978 Belgian Grand Prix\|BEL]]<br />{{small\|8}} \| [[1978 Spanish Grand Prix\|ESP]] \| [[1978 Swedish Grand Prix\|SWE]] \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1978 French Grand Prix\|FRA]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1978 British Grand Prix\|GBR]]<br />{{small\|7}} \| [[1978 German Grand Prix\|GER]] \| [[1978 Austrian Grand Prix\|AUT]] \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1978 Dutch Grand Prix\|NED]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1978 Italian Grand Prix\|ITA]]<br />{{small\|14}} \| [[1978 United States Grand Prix\|USA]] \| [[1978 Canadian Grand Prix\|CAN]] \| ! NC ! 0 \|- \|rowspan=2\| [[1979 Formula One season\|1979]] !rowspan=2\| [[Autodelta]] ! nowrap\| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 177\|177]] ! nowrap\| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 12-cylinder engine\|115-12]] 3.0 [[Flat-12\|F12]] \| [[1979 Argentine Grand Prix\|ARG]] \| [[1979 Brazilian Grand Prix\|BRA]] \| [[1979 South African Grand Prix\|RSA]] \| [[1979 United States Grand Prix West\|USW]] \| [[1979 Spanish Grand Prix\|ESP]] \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1979 Belgian Grand Prix\|BEL]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \| [[1979 Monaco Grand Prix\|MON]] \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1979 French Grand Prix\|FRA]]<br />{{small\|17}} \| [[1979 British Grand Prix\|GBR]] \| [[1979 German Grand Prix\|GER]] \| [[1979 Austrian Grand Prix\|AUT]] \| [[1979 Dutch Grand Prix\|NED]] \|colspan=5\| !rowspan=2\| NC !rowspan=2\| 0 \|- ! nowrap\| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 179\|179]] ! nowrap\| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 12-cylinder engine\|1260]] 3.0 [[V12 engine\|V12]] \|colspan=12\| \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1979 Italian Grand Prix\|ITA]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \| [[1979 Canadian Grand Prix\|CAN]] \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1979 United States Grand Prix\|USA]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|colspan=2\| \|- \| [[1980 Formula One season\|1980]] ! nowrap\| [[Marlboro (cigarette)\|Marlboro]] [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Team Alfa Romeo]] ! nowrap\| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 179\|179]] ! nowrap\| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 12-cylinder engine\|1260]] 3.0 [[V12 engine\|V12]] \|style="background:#dfffdf;"\| [[1980 Argentine Grand Prix\|ARG]]<br />{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1980 Brazilian Grand Prix\|BRA]]<br />{{small\|13}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1980 South African Grand Prix\|RSA]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1980 United States Grand Prix West\|USW]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1980 Belgian Grand Prix\|BEL]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1980 Monaco Grand Prix\|MON]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1980 French Grand Prix\|FRA]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1980 British Grand Prix\|GBR]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#dfffdf;"\| [[1980 German Grand Prix\|GER]]<br />{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1980 Austrian Grand Prix\|AUT]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1980 Dutch Grand Prix\|NED]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1980 Italian Grand Prix\|ITA]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1980 Canadian Grand Prix\|CAN]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| '''[[1980 United States Grand Prix\|USA]]'''<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|colspan=3\| ! 16th ! 4 \|- \|rowspan=2\| [[1981 Formula One season\|1981]] !rowspan=2 nowrap\| [[Marlboro (cigarette)\|Marlboro]] [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Team Alfa Romeo]] ! nowrap\| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 179\|179C]] !rowspan=2 nowrap\| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 12-cylinder engine\|1260]] 3.0 [[V12 engine\|V12]] \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1981 United States Grand Prix West\|USW]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1981 Brazilian Grand Prix\|BRA]]<br />{{small\|NC}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1981 Argentine Grand Prix\|ARG]]<br />{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1981 San Marino Grand Prix\|SMR]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1981 Belgian Grand Prix\|BEL]]<br />{{small\|9}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1981 Monaco Grand Prix\|MON]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1981 Spanish Grand Prix\|ESP]]<br />{{small\|10}} \|colspan=5\| \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1981 Italian Grand Prix\|ITA]]<br />{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#dfffdf;"\| [[1981 Canadian Grand Prix\|CAN]]<br />{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#ffdf9f;"\| [[1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix\|CPL]]<br />{{small\|3}} \|colspan=2\| !rowspan=2\| 15th !rowspan=2\| 7 \|- ! nowrap\| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 179\|179B]] \|colspan=7\| \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1981 French Grand Prix\|FRA]]<br />{{small\|15}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1981 British Grand Prix\|GBR]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1981 German Grand Prix\|GER]]<br />{{small\|15}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1981 Austrian Grand Prix\|AUT]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1981 Dutch Grand Prix\|NED]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|colspan=5\| \|- \|rowspan=2\| [[1982 Formula One season\|1982]] !rowspan=2 nowrap\| [[Marlboro (cigarette)\|Marlboro]] [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Team Alfa Romeo]] ! nowrap\| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 179\|179D]] !rowspan=2 nowrap\| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 12-cylinder engine\|1260]] 3.0 [[V12 engine\|V12]] \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1982 South African Grand Prix\|RSA]]<br />{{small\|11}} \|colspan=16\| !rowspan=2\| 22nd !rowspan=2\| 2 \|- ! nowrap\| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One\|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 182\|182]] \| \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1982 Brazilian Grand Prix\|BRA]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1982 United States Grand Prix West\|USW]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1982 San Marino Grand Prix\|SMR]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1982 Belgian Grand Prix\|BEL]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1982 Monaco Grand Prix\|MON]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1982 Detroit Grand Prix\|DET]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1982 Canadian Grand Prix\|CAN]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1982 Dutch Grand Prix\|NED]]<br />{{small\|11}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1982 British Grand Prix\|GBR]]<br />{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1982 French Grand Prix\|FRA]]<br />{{small\|9}} \|style="background:#dfffdf;"\| [[1982 German Grand Prix\|GER]]<br />{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1982 Austrian Grand Prix\|AUT]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1982 Swiss Grand Prix\|SUI]]<br />{{small\|12}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1982 Italian Grand Prix\|ITA]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1982 Caesars Palace Grand Prix\|CPL]]<br />{{small\|10}} \| \|- \| [[1983 Formula One season\|1983]] ! nowrap\| [[Candy (company)\|Candy]] [[Toleman\|Toleman Motorsport]] ! nowrap\| [[Toleman]] [[Toleman TG183\|TG183B]] ! nowrap\| [[Hart Racing Engines\|Hart]] [[Hart 415T engine\|415T]] 1.5 [[Inline-four engine\|L4]][[Turbocharger\|t]] \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1983 Brazilian Grand Prix\|BRA]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1983 United States Grand Prix West\|USW]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1983 French Grand Prix\|FRA]]<br />{{small\|13}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1983 San Marino Grand Prix\|SMR]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#ffcfcf;"\| [[1983 Monaco Grand Prix\|MON]]<br />{{small\|DNQ}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1983 Belgian Grand Prix\|BEL]]<br />{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1983 Detroit Grand Prix\|DET]]<br />{{small\|9}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1983 Canadian Grand Prix\|CAN]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1983 British Grand Prix\|GBR]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1983 German Grand Prix\|GER]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1983 Austrian Grand Prix\|AUT]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1983 Dutch Grand Prix\|NED]]<br />{{small\|13}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[1983 Italian Grand Prix\|ITA]]<br />{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#dfffdf;"\| [[1983 European Grand Prix\|EUR]]<br />{{small\|6}} \|style="background:#efcfff;"\| [[1983 South African Grand Prix\|RSA]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|colspan=2\| ! 19th ! 1 \|- \|rowspan=2\| [[1990 Formula One season\|1990]] !rowspan=2 nowrap\| [[Life Racing Engines]] !rowspan=2 nowrap\| [[Life Racing Engines\|Life]] [[Life F190\|F190]] ! nowrap\| [[Life Racing Engines\|Life F35]] 3.5 [[W12 engine\|W12]] \| [[1990 United States Grand Prix\|USA]] \| [[1990 Brazilian Grand Prix\|BRA]] \|style="background:#ffcfcf;"\| [[1990 San Marino Grand Prix\|SMR]]<br />{{small\|DNPQ}} \|style="background:#ffcfcf;"\| [[1990 Monaco Grand Prix\|MON]]<br />{{small\|DNPQ}} \|style="background:#ffcfcf;"\| [[1990 Canadian Grand Prix\|CAN]]<br />{{small\|DNPQ}} \|style="background:#ffcfcf;"\| [[1990 Mexican Grand Prix\|MEX]]<br />{{small\|DNPQ}} \|style="background:#ffcfcf;"\| [[1990 French Grand Prix\|FRA]]<br />{{small\|DNPQ}} \|style="background:#ffcfcf;"\| [[1990 British Grand Prix\|GBR]]<br />{{small\|DNPQ}} \|style="background:#ffcfcf;"\| [[1990 German Grand Prix\|GER]]<br />{{small\|DNPQ}} \|style="background:#ffcfcf;"\| [[1990 Hungarian Grand Prix\|HUN]]<br />{{small\|DNPQ}} \|style="background:#ffcfcf;"\| [[1990 Belgian Grand Prix\|BEL]]<br />{{small\|DNPQ}} \|style="background:#ffcfcf;"\| [[1990 Italian Grand Prix\|ITA]]<br />{{small\|DNPQ}} \|colspan=5\| !rowspan=2\| NC !rowspan=2\| 0 \|- ! nowrap\| [[Judd (engine)#CV\|Judd CV]] 3.5 [[V8 engine\|V8]] \|colspan=12\| \|style="background:#ffcfcf;"\| [[1990 Portuguese Grand Prix\|POR]]<br />{{small\|DNPQ}} \|style="background:#ffcfcf;"\| [[1990 Spanish Grand Prix\|ESP]]<br />{{small\|DNPQ}} \| [[1990 Japanese Grand Prix\|JPN]] \| [[1990 Australian Grand Prix\|AUS]] \| \|} ===Complete BMW M1 Procar results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" ! Year ! Entrant ! Car ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! {{Tooltip\|Pos.\|Championship position}} ! Pts \|- \| [[1979 BMW M1 Procar Championship\|1979]] ! nowrap\| [[Osella\|Osella Squadra Corse]] ! nowrap\| [[BMW M1]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit Zolder\|ZOL]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Monaco\|MON]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Dijon-Prenois\|DIJ]]<br />{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Silverstone Circuit\|SIL]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Hockenheimring\|HOC]]<br />{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Österreichring\|ÖST]]<br />{{small\|9}} \| [[Circuit Park Zandvoort\|ZAN]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|MNZ]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} ! 19th ! 6 \|} ===American Open-Wheel racing=== ([[Template:American Open Wheel driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) ====CART PPG Indy Car World Series==== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" ! Year ! Team ! No. ! Chassis ! Engine ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! {{Tooltip\|Pos.\|Championship position}} ! Pts ! Ref \|- \|rowspan=3\| [[1984 IndyCar season\|1984]] !rowspan=2 nowrap\| [[Theodore Racing]] !rowspan=2\| 44 !nowrap\| [[Theodore Racing\|Theodore]] T83 !rowspan=3 nowrap\| [[Cosworth]] [[Cosworth DFV#DFX\|DFX]] [[V8 engine\|V8]][[Turbocharger\|t]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Grand Prix of Long Beach\|LBH]]<br />{{small\|27}} \|style="background:#FFFFFF;"\| [[XM Satellite Radio Indy 200\|PHX]]<br />{{small\|DNS}} \|colspan=14\| !rowspan=3 style="background:#cfcfff;"\| 32nd !rowspan=3 style="background:#cfcfff;"\| 5 !rowspan=3\| <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://racing-reference.info/drivdet/giacobr01/1984/R\|title=Bruno Giacomelli – 1984 CART Results\|work=Racing-Reference\|publisher=NASCAR Digital Media, LLC\|access-date=August 17, 2023}}</ref> \|- ! nowrap\| [[Theodore Racing\|Theodore]] T84 \|colspan=2\| \|style="background:#FFCFCF;"\| [[1984 Indianapolis 500\|INDY]]<br />{{small\|DNQ}} \| [[Milwaukee IndyFest\|MIL]] \| [[Grand Prix of Portland\|POR]] \| [[Meadowlands Grand Prix\|MEA]] \| [[Grand Prix of Cleveland\|CLE]] \| [[Firestone Indy 400\|MCH]] \| [[Champ Car Grand Prix of Road America\|ROA]] \| [[Pocono IndyCar 400\|POC]] \| [[Honda Indy 200\|MDO]] \| [[Grand Prix of Montreal\|SAN]] \| [[Firestone Indy 400\|MCH]] \| [[XM Satellite Radio Indy 200\|PHX]] \|colspan=2\| \|- ! nowrap\| [[Patrick Racing]] ! 40 ! nowrap\| [[March Engineering\|March]] 84C \|colspan=14\| \|style="background:#CFEAFF;"\| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca\|LAG]]<br />{{small\|8}} \| [[Caesars Palace Grand Prix\|CPL]] \|- \| [[1985 IndyCar season\|1985]] ! nowrap\| [[Patrick Racing]] ! 20 ! nowrap\| [[March Engineering\|March]] 85C ! nowrap\| [[Cosworth]] [[Cosworth DFV#DFX\|DFX]] [[V8 engine\|V8]][[Turbocharger\|t]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Grand Prix of Long Beach\|LBH]]<br />{{small\|18}} \| [[1985 Indianapolis 500\|INDY]] \| [[Milwaukee IndyFest\|MIL]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Grand Prix of Portland\|POR]]<br />{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Meadowlands Grand Prix\|MEA]]<br />{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#CFEAFF;"\| [[Grand Prix of Cleveland\|CLE]]<br />{{small\|10}} \| [[Firestone Indy 400\|MCH]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Champ Car Grand Prix of Road America\|ROA]]<br />{{small\|22}} \| [[Pocono IndyCar 400\|POC]] \|style="background:#CFEAFF;"\| [[Honda Indy 200\|MDO]]<br />{{small\|6}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Grand Prix of Montreal\|SAN]]<br />{{small\|16}} \| [[Firestone Indy 400\|MCH]] \|style="background:#CFEAFF;"\| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca\|LAG]]<br />{{small\|6}} \| [[XM Satellite Radio Indy 200\|PHX]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Tamiami Park\|MIA]]<br />{{small\|14}} \| !style="background:#cfcfff;"\| 19th !style="background:#cfcfff;"\| 32 !<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://racing-reference.info/drivdet/giacobr01/1985/R\|title=Bruno Giacomelli – 1985 CART Results\|work=Racing-Reference\|publisher=NASCAR Digital Media, LLC\|access-date=August 17, 2023}}</ref> \|} ===Complete World Endurance/World Sports Protype Championship results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" ! Year ! Entrant ! Class ! Car ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! {{Tooltip\|Pos.\|Championship position}} ! Pts \|- \| [[1985 World Sportscar Championship season\|1985]] ! nowrap\| [[Porsche Kremer Racing]] ! C1 ! nowrap\| [[Porsche 956B]] \| [[1985 1000 km of Mugello\|MUG]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[1985 1000 km of Monza\|MNZ]]<br />{{small\|8}} \| [[1985 1000 km of Silverstone\|SIL]] \| [[1985 24 Hours of Le Mans\|LMS]] \| [[1985 1000 km of Hockenheim\|HOC]] \| [[1985 1000 km of Mosport\|MOS]] \| [[1985 1000 km of Spa\|SPA]] \| [[1985 1000 km of Brands Hatch\|BRH]] \| [[1985 1000 km of Fuji\|FUJ]] \| [[1985 800 km of Selangor\|SHA]] \| ! NC ! 0{{smallsup\|‡}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| [[1986 World Sportscar Championship season\|1986]] ! nowrap\| Sponsor Guest Team !rowspan=2\| C1 ! nowrap\| [[Lancia LC2]] \| [[1986 360 km of Monza\|MNZ]] \| [[1986 1000 km of Silverstone\|SIL]] \| [[1986 24 Hours of Le Mans\|LMS]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[1986 100 Miles of Norisring\|NOR]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[1986 1000 km of Brands Hatch\|BRH]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \| [[1986 360 km of Jerez\|JER]] \| [[1986 1000 km of Nürburgring\|NÜR]] \|colspan=4\| !rowspan=2\| 44th !rowspan=2\| 10 \|- ! nowrap\| [[Porsche Kremer Racing]] ! nowrap\| [[Porsche 962C]] \|colspan=7\| \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[1986 1000 km of Spa\|SPA]]<br />{{small\|12}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[1986 1000 km of Fuji\|FUJ]]<br />{{small\|4}} \|colspan=2\| \|- \|rowspan=2\| [[1987 World Sportscar Championship season\|1987]] ! nowrap\| [[Richard Lloyd Racing\|Britten – Lloyd Racing]] !rowspan=2\| C1 ! [[Porsche 962C\|Porsche 962C GTi]] \| [[1987 360 km of Jarama\|JAR]] \| [[1987 1000 km of Jerez\|JER]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[1987 1000 km of Monza\|MNZ]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \| [[1987 1000 km of Silverstone\|SIL]] \| [[1987 24 Hours of Le Mans\|LMS]] \|colspan=6\| !rowspan=2\| NC !rowspan=2\| 0 \|- ! nowrap\| Mussato Action Car ! nowrap\| [[Lancia LC2]] \|colspan=5\| \|style="background:#000; color:#fff;"\| [[1987 200 Miles of Norisring\|<span style="color:white;">NOR</span>]]<br />{{small\|DSQ}} \| [[1987 1000 km of Brands Hatch\|BRH]] \| [[1987 1000 km of Nürburgring\|NÜR]] \| [[1987 1000 km of Spa\|SPA]] \| [[1987 1000 km of Fuji\|FUJ]] \| \|- \|rowspan=2\| [[1988 World Sportscar Championship season\|1988]] !rowspan=2 nowrap\| [[Porsche Kremer Racing]] !rowspan=2\| C1 ! nowrap\| [[Porsche 962C]] \| [[1988 800 km of Jerez\|JER]] \| [[1988 360 km of Jarama\|JAR]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[1988 1000 km of Monza\|MNZ]]<br />{{small\|6}} \| [[1988 1000 km of Silverstone\|SIL]] \|colspan=7\| !rowspan=2\| 37th !rowspan=2\| 20 \|- ! nowrap\| [[Porsche 962C\|Porsche 962-CK6]] \|colspan=4\| \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[1988 24 Hours of Le Mans\|LMS]]<br />{{small\|9}} \| [[1988 360 km of Brno\|BRN]] \| [[1988 1000 km of Brands Hatch\|BRH]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[1988 1000 km of Nürburgring\|NÜR]]<br />{{small\|10}} \| [[1988 1000 km of Spa\|SPA]] \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[1988 1000 km of Fuji\|FUJ]]<br />{{small\|16}} \| [[1988 360 km of Sandown Park\|SAN]] \|- \|rowspan=2\| [[1989 World Sportscar Championship season\|1989]] ! nowrap\| [[Porsche Kremer Racing]] !rowspan=2\| C1 ! nowrap\| [[Porsche 962C\|Porsche 962-CK6]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[1989 480 km of Suzuka\|SUZ]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[1989 480 km of Dijon\|DIJ]]<br />{{small\|18}} \| [[1989 480 km of Jarama\|JAR]] \|colspan=8\| !rowspan=2\| NC !rowspan=2\| 0 \|- ! nowrap\| Mussato Action Car ! nowrap\| [[Lancia LC2]] \|colspan=3\| \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[1989 480 km of Brands Hatch\|BRH]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[1989 480 km of Nürburgring\|NÜR]]<br />{{small\|NC}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[1989 480 km of Donington\|DON]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#000; color:#fff;"\| [[1989 480 km of Spa\|<span style="color:white;">SPA</span>]]<br />{{small\|DSQ}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[1989 480 km of Mexico\|MEX]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|colspan=3\| \|- \|rowspan=2\| [[1990 World Sportscar Championship season\|1990]] ! nowrap\| [[Spice Engineering]] !rowspan=2\| C ! nowrap\| [[Spice Engineering\|Spice SE90C]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[1990 480 km of Suzuka\|SUZ]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \| \|style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| [[1990 480 km of Silverstone\|SIL]]<br />{{small\|3}} \| [[1990 480 km of Spa\|SPA]] \| [[1990 480 km of Dijon\|DIJ]] \| [[1990 480 km of Nürburgring\|NÜR]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[1990 480 km of Donington\|DON]]<br />{{small\|5}} \| [[1990 480 km of Montreal\|CGV]] \| [[1990 480 km of Mexico City\|MEX]] \|colspan=2\| !rowspan=2\| 17th !rowspan=2\| 6 \|- ! nowrap\| Team Lee-Davey ! nowrap\| [[Porsche 962C]] \| \|style="background:#000; color:#fff;"\| [[1990 480 km of Monza\|<span style="color:white;">MNZ</span>]]<br />{{small\|DSQ}} \|colspan=9\| \|} {{smallsup\|‡}} Not eligible for Championship points ===24 Hours of Le Mans results=== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" \|- ! Year ! Team ! Co-Drivers ! Car ! Class ! Laps ! {{Tooltip\|Pos.\|Overall Position}} ! {{Tooltip\|Class<br />Pos.\|Class Position}} \|- ! [[1988 24 Hours of Le Mans\|1988]] \|align="left" nowrap\| {{flagicon\|DEU}} [[Kenwood Electronics\|Kenwood]] [[Kremer Racing]] \|align="left" nowrap\| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Kunimitsu Takahashi]]<br />{{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Hideki Okada (racing driver)\|Hideki Okada]] \|align="left" nowrap\| [[Porsche 962]]CK6 \| C1 \| 370 \| 9th \| 9th \|- ! [[1989 24 Hours of Le Mans\|1989]] \|align="left" nowrap\| {{flagicon\|DEU}} [[Porsche]] [[Kremer Racing]] \|align="left" nowrap\| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Kunimitsu Takahashi]]<br />{{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Giovanni Lavaggi]] \|align="left" nowrap\| [[Porsche 962]]C \| C1 \| 303 \| DNF \| DNF \|- ! [[1990 24 Hours of Le Mans\|1990]] \|align="left" nowrap\| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Richard Lloyd Racing]] \|align="left" nowrap\| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[John Watson (racing driver)\|John Watson]]<br />{{flagicon\|CAN}} [[Allen Berg]] \|align="left" nowrap\| [[Porsche 962]]C \| C1 \| 335 \| 11th \| 11th \|- !colspan="8"\|{{center\|{{small\|Source:<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.racingsportscars.com/driver/Bruno-Giacomelli-I.html\|title=Bruno Giacomelli, Italy\|work=racingsportscars.com\|access-date=September 22, 2017}}</ref>}}}} \|} ===Complete World Touring Car Championship results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" \|- ! Year ! Entrant ! Car ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! {{Tooltip\|Pos.\|Championship position}} ! Pts \|- \| [[1987 WTCC season\|1987]] ! nowrap\| Pro Team Italia ! nowrap\| [[Maserati Biturbo]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[1987 Monza 500\|MNZ]]<br />{{small\|17}} \|style="background:#FFFFFF;"\| [[1987 Jarama 4 Hours\|JAR]]<br />{{small\|DNS}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[1987 Burgundy 500\|DIJ]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[1987 Nürburgring Touring Car Grand Prix\|NÜR]]<br />{{small\|Ret}} \| [[1987 Spa 24 Hour\|SPA]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[1987 Grand Prix Brno\|BRN]]<br />{{small\|24}} \| [[1987 RAC Tourist Trophy\|SIL]] \| [[1987 James Hardie 1000\|BAT]] \| [[1987 Bob Jane T-Marts 500\|CLD]] \| [[1987 Wellington 500\|WEL]] \| [[1987 Fuji InterTEC 500\|FUJ]] ! 31st ! 43 \|} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box \| before = [[Renzo Zorzi]] \| title = [[List of Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three support race winners\|Monaco Formula Three <br />Race Winner]]\| after = [[Didier Pironi]]\| years = 1976}} {{succession box\|title= [[British Formula 3 Championship]]<br />[[British Racing Drivers' Club\|BRDC]] Series Champion \|before=None \|after= [[Stephen South]]\|years= 1976}} {{succession box \| before = [[René Arnoux]] \| title = [[European Formula Two Championship\|European Formula Two]]<br />Champion \| years=1978 \| after=[[Marc Surer]]}} {{s-end}} {{British F3 champions}} {{Toleman}} {{Patrick Racing}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Giacomelli, Bruno}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Sportspeople from the Province of Brescia]] [[Category:Italian racing drivers]] [[Category:Italian Formula One drivers]] [[Category:Alfa Romeo Formula One drivers]] [[Category:McLaren Formula One drivers]] [[Category:Toleman Formula One drivers]] [[Category:Life Racing Engines Formula One drivers]] [[Category:European Formula Two Championship drivers]] [[Category:British Formula Three Championship drivers]] [[Category:World Touring Car Championship drivers]] [[Category:Champ Car drivers]] [[Category:24 Hours of Le Mans drivers]] [[Category:World Sportscar Championship drivers]]	1,304,289,871	[{"title": "Bruno Giacomelli", "data": {"Born": "10 September 1952 \u00b7 Poncarale, Brescia, Italy"}}, {"title": "Formula One World Championship career", "data": {"Nationality": "Italian", "Active years": "1977\u20131983, 1990", "Teams": "McLaren, Alfa Romeo, Toleman, Life", "Entries": "82 (69 starts)", "Championships": "0", "Wins": "0", "Podiums": "1", "Career points": "14", "Pole positions": "1", "Fastest laps": "0", "First entry": "1977 Italian Grand Prix", "Last entry": "1990 Spanish Grand Prix"}}, {"title": "World Sportscar Championship career", "data": {"Years active": "1985\u20131990", "Teams": "Porsche, Lancia, RLR, Spice", "Starts": "22", "Championships": "0", "Wins": "0", "Podiums": "1", "Poles": "0", "Fastest laps": "0"}}, {"title": "24 Hours of Le Mans career", "data": {"Years": "1988\u20131990", "Teams": "Porsche, RLR", "Best finish": "9th (1988)", "Class wins": "0"}}]	false
# Marching Sound Machine The Sound Machine is the official marching band of North Carolina Central University. The Sound Machine performs pre-game and halftime shows at all North Carolina Central home games and travels to most away games. ## History The history of the North Carolina Central's Marching Band dates back to the 1930s when Dr. Stephen Junius Wright, an assistant professor of education at the then North Carolina College in Durham, was asked to organize the first marching band. The inaugural band was believed to have about 25 musicians. In 1958, Dr. Richard Henry Lee Jones, became the fifth band director to lead the program. Jones is credited for growing the band to around 120 members and gaining both national and local recognition for their performances. In 1960, the band performed at the inauguration for then Governor of North Carolina, Terry Sanford. The following year, the band performed during halftime of the New York Giants-Dallas Cowboys football game in front of 56,000 fans at Yankee Stadium. Following the tenure of Dr. Jones, a number of succeeding directors carried on the legacy of the band program, including Ms. Robyn Reaves who in 1997 became the first female band director in the CIAA. In 2001, Mr. Jorim Reid was named band director. Reid was responsible for a number of changes to the program, including the introduction of marching techniques commonly found in corp style marching. Under Reid's leadership the Marching Sound Machine increased to around 200 members, and made a number of national appearances including six appearances at the Honda Battle of the Bands in Atlanta, Georgia and participation in the 122nd Rose Parade in Pasadena, California. In 2015, Mr. Thurman D. Hollins assumed leadership as director of bands. ## Leadership Directly overseeing the Sound Machine is Mr. Jovan Alexander Wilson. Jovan Alexander Wilson is a 2017 graduate of Delaware State University in Dover, DE, where he received baccalaureate degrees: one in Music Performance with a focus in Trumpet Studies and another Music Education. As a professional, Wilson has also completed a master level degree in education (M.Ed.) from National University, where he studied Leadership in Higher Education & completed a second masters degree in Music and Music education (MMME) from the Longy School of Music at Bard College in Instrumental Conducting. Wilson is a doctoral candidate, graduating with his Doctorate Degree (D.M.A.) from the Winter’s Conservatory of Music at William Carey University in Music Education with a focus in Wind Ensemble Conducting. ## Composition The Marching Sound Machine contains numerous woodwind, brass, percussion, and auxiliary members, divided into section which are run by their respective section leaders. woodwind instruments include clarinets, piccolos, and saxophones sections. The brass instruments consists of the trumpet, mellophone, trombone, baritone, and sousaphone sections. The percussion section contains snare, tenor and bass drums; in addition to cymbal players. Members of the band's auxiliary units include the drum majors, Color guard, and dancers ## Marching style As is the style commonly found in HBCU bands, The Sound Machine utilizes a variation of the high step marching style. This involves the lifting of the knee with legs directly in front, thighs parallel to the ground, and toes pointed downward. When the leg is elevated, there should be a 90-degree angle with the body and the thigh, and a 90-degree angle with the thigh and the shin. The leg is then lowered, and this is repeated with the other leg. This is informally referred to as the "chair step". ## Notable Performances - 1960 Inauguration of the Governor of North Carolina - 1961 New York Giants vs Dallas Cowboys Halftime in Yankee Stadium - 2005 Honda Battle of the Bands - 2006 Honda Battle of the Bands - 2007 Honda Battle of the Bands - 2008 Honda Battle of the Bands - 2009 Honda Battle of the Bands - 2010 Honda Battle of the Bands - 2011 Rose Parade	enwiki/48842589	enwiki	48,842,589	Marching Sound Machine	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_Sound_Machine	2025-04-12T18:10:06	en	Q22095930	82,095	{{Short description\|Marching Band of North Carolina Central University}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox college marching band \| band name=NCCU Sound Machine Marching Band \| logo= \| image=UNC vs Central 2024 - 026 - Marching Sound Machine.jpg \| caption=Drumline of the marching band in 2024 \| school=[[North Carolina Central University]] \| location=[[Durham, North Carolina]] \| conference=[[Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference\|MEAC]] \| founded=1938 \| director= Jovan Alexander Wilson \| assistant director= Kynan J. Hudson \| members=210 \| fight song= NCCU Fight Song \| uniform= \| website= }}The '''Sound Machine''' is the official marching band of [[North Carolina Central University]]. The Sound Machine performs pre-game and halftime shows at all [[North Carolina Central Eagles football\|North Carolina Central]] home games and travels to most away games. == History == The history of the North Carolina Central's Marching Band dates back to the 1930s when Dr. Stephen Junius Wright, an assistant professor of education at the then North Carolina College in Durham, was asked to organize the first marching band. The inaugural band was believed to have about 25 musicians.<ref name=History>{{cite web\|title=Brief History of the North Carolina Central University Marching Band and Band Directors\|url=http://nccusmbc.tripod.com/BandHistory.pdf\|website=nccusmbc.tripod.com\|publisher=NCCU Sound Machine Booster Club\|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref> In 1958, Dr. Richard Henry Lee Jones, became the fifth band director to lead the program. Jones is credited for growing the band to around 120 members and gaining both national and local recognition for their performances. In 1960, the band performed at the inauguration for then [[Governor of North Carolina]], [[Terry Sanford]]. The following year, the band performed during halftime of the [[New York Giants]]-[[Dallas Cowboys]] football game in front of 56,000 fans at [[Yankee Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Dr. Richard Henry Lee Jones – NCCU Director of Bands (1958 -1967)\|url=http://nccusmbc.tripod.com/Richard_Jones.pdf\|website=nccusmbc.tripod.com\|publisher=NCCU Sound Machine Booster Club\|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref> Following the tenure of Dr. Jones, a number of succeeding directors carried on the legacy of the band program, including Ms. Robyn Reaves who in 1997 became the first female band director in the [[Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference\|CIAA]].<ref name=History/> In 2001, Mr. Jorim Reid was named band director. Reid was responsible for a number of changes to the program, including the introduction of marching techniques commonly found in corp style marching. Under Reid's leadership the Marching Sound Machine increased to around 200 members, and made a number of national appearances including six appearances at the [[Honda Battle of the Bands]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]] and participation in the 122nd [[Rose Parade]] in [[Pasadena, California]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Queen City Battle of the Bands- NCCU\|url=http://www.queencitybattleofthebands.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=204\|website=queencitybattleofthebands.com\|publisher=Queen City BOTB\|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref> In 2015, Mr. Thurman D. Hollins assumed leadership as director of bands. == Leadership == Directly overseeing the Sound Machine is Mr. Jovan Alexander Wilson. Jovan Alexander Wilson is a 2017 graduate of Delaware State University in Dover, DE, where he received baccalaureate degrees: one in Music Performance with a focus in Trumpet Studies and another Music Education. As a professional, Wilson has also completed a master level degree in education (M.Ed.) from National University, where he studied Leadership in Higher Education & completed a second masters degree in Music and Music education (MMME) from the Longy School of Music at Bard College in Instrumental Conducting. Wilson is a doctoral candidate, graduating with his Doctorate Degree (D.M.A.) from the Winter’s Conservatory of Music at William Carey University in Music Education with a focus in Wind Ensemble Conducting. == Composition == The Marching Sound Machine contains numerous [[woodwind]], [[brass]], [[percussion]], and auxiliary members, divided into section which are run by their respective section leaders. [[woodwind instrument]]s include [[clarinet]]s, [[piccolo]]s, and [[saxophone]]s sections. The [[brass instrument]]s consists of the [[trumpet]], [[mellophone]], [[trombone]], [[baritone]], and [[sousaphone]] sections. The [[Percussion instrument\|percussion]] section contains [[Snare drums\|snare]], [[tenor drums\|tenor]] and [[bass drums]]; in addition to [[Cymbals\|cymbal]] players. Members of the band's auxiliary units include the [[Drum major (marching band)\|drum major]]s, [[Color guard]], and [[dancer]]s == Marching style == As is the style commonly found in [[HBCU band]]s, The Sound Machine utilizes a variation of the high step marching style. This involves the lifting of the knee with legs directly in front, thighs parallel to the ground, and toes pointed downward. When the leg is elevated, there should be a 90-degree angle with the body and the thigh, and a 90-degree angle with the thigh and the shin. The leg is then lowered, and this is repeated with the other leg. This is informally referred to as the "chair step". ==Notable Performances == * 1960 Inauguration of the [[Governor of North Carolina]] * 1961 [[New York Giants]] vs [[Dallas Cowboys]] Halftime in [[Yankee Stadium]] * 2005 [[Honda Battle of the Bands]] * 2006 Honda Battle of the Bands * 2007 Honda Battle of the Bands * 2008 Honda Battle of the Bands * 2009 Honda Battle of the Bands * 2010 Honda Battle of the Bands * 2011 [[Rose Parade]] == References == {{reflist}} {{North Carolina Central University}} {{North Carolina Central Eagles football navbox}} {{Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference Marching Bands \|state=autocollapse}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marching Sound Machine}} [[Category:North Carolina Central University]] [[Category:North Carolina Central Eagles football]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 1938]] [[Category:Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference marching bands]] [[Category:1938 establishments in North Carolina]]	1,285,270,308	[{"title": "NCCU Sound Machine Marching Band", "data": {"School": "North Carolina Central University", "Location": "Durham, North Carolina", "Conference": "MEAC", "Founded": "1938", "Director": "Jovan Alexander Wilson", "Assistant Director": "Kynan J. Hudson", "Members": "210", "Fight song": "\"NCCU Fight Song\""}}]	false
# Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal \| Review scores \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| ------------- \| ------------- \| \| Allmusic \| [ 1 ] \| Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal is a live album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded live on location at the Spotlite Club in Washington, DC on September 5–6, 1958 and released on Argo in 1959. It includes additional selections from the engagement where Ahmad Jamal Trio Volume IV was recorded, and the complete recordings from these shows were released on 2007's Complete Live at the Spotlight Club 1958 on the Gambit label. The original release was a 2-LP set. Pianist Keith Jarrett has said this album changed his life. ## Reception AllMusic rates the album 3 out of 5 stars. ## Track listing All compositions by Ahmad Jamal except as indicated 1. "This Can't Be Love" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) 2. "Autumn Leaves" (Joseph Kosma, Johnny Mercer, Jacques Prévert) 3. "Ahmad's Blues" 4. "Old Devil Moon" (E.Y. "Yip" Harburg, Burton Lane) 5. "Serelitus" 6. "It Could Happen to You" (Johnny Burke, James Van Heusen) 7. "Ivy" (Hoagy Carmichael) 8. "Tater Pie" (Irving Ashby) 9. "Let's Fall in Love" (Harold Arlen, Ted Koehler) 10. "Aki and Ukthay (Brother & Sister)" 11. "You Don't Know What Love Is" (Gene DePaul, Don Raye) 12. "I Didn't Know What Time It Was" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) 13. "So Beats My Heart for You" (Pat Ballard, Charles Henderson, Tom Waring) 14. "Gal in Calico" (Leo Robin, Arthur Schwartz) 15. "Our Delight" (Tadd Dameron) ## Personnel - Ahmad Jamal – piano - Israel Crosby – double bass - Vernel Fournier – drums	enwiki/52384005	enwiki	52,384,005	Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_of_Ahmad_Jamal	2025-05-19T04:55:28	en	Q28405853	56,034	{{more citations needed\|date=April 2017}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox album \| name = Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal \| type = Live album \| artist = [[Ahmad Jamal]] \| cover = File:Album_cover_for_Portait_Of_Ahmad_Jamal_by_Ahmad_Jamal.jpg \| alt = \| released = 1959 \| recorded = September 5–6, 1958<br /><small>The Spotlight Club, DC</small> \| venue = \| studio = \| genre = [[Jazz]] \| length = \| label = [[Argo Records\|Argo]] <br /><small>LPS-638</small> \| producer = \| chronology = [[Ahmad Jamal]] \| prev_title = [[Ahmad Jamal Trio Volume IV]] \| prev_year = 1958 \| next_title = [[Jamal at the Penthouse]] \| next_year = 1959 }} {{Music ratings \| rev1 = ''[[Allmusic]]'' \| rev1Score = {{rating\|2\|5}}<ref name ="Allmusic">[http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-portfolio-of-ahmad-jamal-mw0000382571 Allmusic Review] accessed November 25, 2016</ref> }} '''''Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal''''' is a live album by American [[jazz]] [[Jazz piano\|pianist]] [[Ahmad Jamal]] featuring performances recorded live on location at the Spotlite Club in Washington, DC on September 5–6, 1958 and released on [[Argo Records\|Argo]] in 1959.<ref name="Ahmad Jamal Discography">[http://www.ahmadjamal.com/about/discography Ahmad Jamal discography] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221201651/http://www.ahmadjamal.com/about/discography \|date=2017-02-21 }} accessed November 25, 2016</ref> It includes additional selections from the engagement where [[Ahmad Jamal Trio Volume IV]] was recorded, and the complete recordings from these shows were released on 2007's [[Complete Live at the Spotlight Club 1958]] on the Gambit label. The original release was a 2-LP set. Pianist [[Keith Jarrett]] has said this album changed his life.<ref name="Keith Jarrett: Alone in a Crowded Room">{{cite web \|url=https://jazztimes.com/features/keith-jarrett-alone-in-a-crowded-room/ \|title=Keith Jarrett: Alone in a Crowded Room \|website=jazztimes.com \|access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref> ==Reception== AllMusic rates the album 3 out of 5 stars.<ref name="Allmusic"/> ==Track listing== :''All compositions by Ahmad Jamal except as indicated'' # "[[This Can't Be Love (song)\|This Can't Be Love]]" ([[Lorenz Hart]], [[Richard Rodgers]]) # "[[Autumn Leaves (1945 song)\|Autumn Leaves]]" ([[Joseph Kosma]], [[Johnny Mercer]], [[Jacques Prévert]]) # "Ahmad's Blues" # "[[Old Devil Moon]]" ([[E.Y. "Yip" Harburg]], [[Burton Lane]]) # "Serelitus" # "[[It Could Happen to You (song)\|It Could Happen to You]]" ([[Johnny Burke (lyricist)\|Johnny Burke]], [[James Van Heusen]]) # "[[Ivy]]" ([[Hoagy Carmichael]]) # "Tater Pie" ([[Irving Ashby]]) # "[[Let's Fall in Love]]" ([[Harold Arlen]], [[Ted Koehler]]) # "Aki and Ukthay (Brother & Sister)" # "[[You Don't Know What Love Is]]" ([[Gene DePaul]], [[Don Raye]]) # "[[I Didn't Know What Time It Was]]" ([[Lorenz Hart]], [[Richard Rodgers]]) # "So Beats My Heart for You" ([[Pat Ballard]], [[Charles E. Henderson\|Charles Henderson]], [[Tom Waring]]) # "Gal in Calico" ([[Leo Robin]], [[Arthur Schwartz]]) # "[[Our Delight]]" ([[Tadd Dameron]]) ==Personnel== * Ahmad Jamal – piano * [[Israel Crosby]] – [[double bass]] * [[Vernel Fournier]] – [[drums]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Ahmad Jamal}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ahmad Jamal live albums]] [[Category:1958 live albums]] [[Category:Argo Records live albums]] {{1950s-jazz-album-stub}}	1,291,113,404	[{"title": "Live album by Ahmad Jamal", "data": {"Released": "1959", "Recorded": "September 5\u20136, 1958 \u00b7 The Spotlight Club, DC", "Genre": "Jazz", "Label": "Argo \u00b7 LPS-638"}}, {"title": "Ahmad Jamal chronology", "data": {"Ahmad Jamal Trio Volume IV \u00b7 (1958)": "Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal \u00b7 (1959) \u00b7 Jamal at the Penthouse \u00b7 (1959)"}}, {"title": "Ahmad Jamal", "data": {"Studio albums": "Ahmad Jamal Plays (1955) The Ahmad Jamal Trio (1955) Count 'Em 88 (1956) Ahmad's Blues (1958) The Piano Scene of Ahmad Jamal (1959) Jamal at the Penthouse (1959) Happy Moods (1960) Listen to the Ahmad Jamal Quintet (1960) Macanudo (1962) The Roar of the Greasepaint (1965) Extensions (1965) Rhapsody (1966) Heat Wave (1966) Cry Young (1967) The Bright, the Blue and the Beautiful (1968) Tranquility (1968) The Awakening (1970) Ahmad Jamal '73 (1973) Jamalca (1974) Jamal Plays Jamal (1974) Genetic Walk (1975) Steppin' Out with a Dream (1976) One (1978) Intervals (1980) Night Song (1980) Digital Works (1985) Rossiter Road (1986) Crystal (1987) Pittsburgh (1989) I Remember Duke, Hoagy & Strayhorn (1994) The Essence Part One (1995) Big Byrd: The Essence Part 2 (1995) Nature: The Essence Part Three (1997) Picture Perfect (2001) Ballades (2019)", "Live albums": "Ahmad Jamal Trio Volume IV (1958) At the Pershing: But Not for Me (1958) At the Pershing, Vol. 2 (1958) Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal (1958) Ahmad Jamal's Alhambra (1961) All of You (1961) Ahmad Jamal at the Blackhawk (1962) Poinciana (1963) Naked City Theme (1964) Ahmad Jamal at the Top: Poinciana Revisited (1968) Freeflight (1971) Outertimeinnerspace (1972) Recorded Live at Oil Can Harry's (1976) Live at Bubba's (1980) In Concert (1981) American Classical Music (1982) Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival 1985 (1985) Live! At Blues Alley (1991) Live in Paris 1992 (1992) Chicago Revisited: Live at Joe Segal's Jazz Showcase (1992) Live in Paris 1996 (1996) Ahmad Jamal with the Assai Quartet (1998) Complete Live at the Pershing Lounge 1958 (2007) Complete Live at the Spotlite Club 1958 (2007)", "Compilations": "Standard Eyes (1967)"}}]	false
# Seishun Heavy Rotation Seishun Heavy Rotation (青春ヘビーローテーション, Seishun Hebī Rōtēshon; lit. "The Springtime of My Life") is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Ai Minase. It began serialization in Shogakukan's Sho-Comi manga magazine in February 2020. ## Characters Nao Kosaka (小坂奈緒, Kosaka Nao) Voiced by: Nao Tōyama (voice comic) Keiji Haruna (榛名圭司, Haruna Keiji) Voiced by: Ryōhei Kimura (voice comic) Mizuno-senpai (水野先輩) Voiced by: Takahiro Sakurai (voice comic) Tsugumi Furusawa (古沢つぐみ, Furusawa Tsugumi) Voiced by: Mariko Honda (voice comic) ## Publication Written and illustrated by Ai Minase, Seishun Heavy Rotation began serialization in Shogakukan's Sho-Comi manga magazine on February 5, 2020. The series went on hiatus on February 10, 2023, and resumed serialization on June 20, 2023. The series' chapters have been compiled into seventeen tankōbon volumes as of July 2025. ### Volumes \| No. \| Release date \| ISBN \| \| --- \| ------------------ \| ----------------- \| \| 1 \| July 27, 2020 \| 978-4-09-871129-1 \| \| 2 \| July 27, 2020 \| 978-4-09-871131-4 \| \| 3 \| September 25, 2020 \| 978-4-09-871184-0 \| \| 4 \| December 25, 2020 \| 978-4-09-871222-9 \| \| 5 \| April 26, 2021 \| 978-4-09-871331-8 \| \| 6 \| July 26, 2021 \| 978-4-09-871444-5 \| \| 7 \| October 26, 2021 \| 978-4-09-871540-4 \| \| 8 \| January 26, 2022 \| 978-4-09-871612-8 \| \| 9 \| April 26, 2022 \| 978-4-09-871677-7 \| \| 10 \| July 26, 2022 \| 978-4-09-871735-4 \| \| 11 \| November 25, 2022 \| 978-4-09-871826-9 \| \| 12 \| September 26, 2023 \| 978-4-09-872064-4 \| \| 13 \| February 26, 2024 \| 978-4-09-872467-3 \| \| 14 \| June 26, 2024 \| 978-4-09-872632-5 \| \| 15 \| October 24, 2024 \| 978-4-09-872777-3 \| \| 16 \| March 26, 2025 \| 978-4-09-873004-9 \| \| 17 \| July 25, 2025 \| 978-4-09-873138-1 \| ## Reception The series was nominated for the 67th and 68th Shogakukan Manga Award in the shōjo category in 2022 and 2023, respectively.	enwiki/74641021	enwiki	74,641,021	Seishun Heavy Rotation	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seishun_Heavy_Rotation	2025-07-24T17:50:13	en	Q122227102	109,343	{{Short description\|Manga Series (2020)}} {{Infobox animanga/Header \| name = Seishun Heavy Rotation \| image = Seishun Heavy Rotation volume 1 cover.jpg \| caption = First ''[[tankōbon]]'' volume cover \| ja_kanji = 青春ヘビーローテーション \| ja_romaji = Seishun Hebī Rōtēshon \| genre = <!-- Note: Use and cite reliable sources to identify genre/s, not personal interpretation. Please don't include more than three genres (per [[MOS:A&M]]). --> \| creator = }} {{Infobox animanga/Print \| type = manga \| author = Ai Minase \| illustrator = \| publisher = [[Shogakukan]] \| publisher_en = \| demographic = ''[[Shōjo manga\|Shōjo]]'' \| imprint = Flower Comics \| magazine = [[Sho-Comi]] \| first = February 5, 2020 \| last = \| volumes = 17 \| volume_list = }} {{Infobox animanga/Footer}} {{Nihongo\|'''''Seishun Heavy Rotation'''''\|青春ヘビーローテーション\|Seishun Hebī Rōtēshon\|lit. "The Springtime of My Life"}} is a Japanese [[manga]] series written and illustrated by Ai Minase. It began serialization in [[Shogakukan]]'s ''[[Sho-Comi]]'' manga magazine in February 2020. ==Characters== ;{{Nihongo\|Nao Kosaka\|小坂奈緒\|Kosaka Nao}} :{{voiced by\|[[Nao Tōyama]] (voice comic)}}<ref name="voice comic">{{cite web\|script-title=ja:木村良平・東山奈央ら出演「青春ヘビーローテーション」ボイスコミックがSho-Comiに\|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/415160\|website=[[Natalie (website)\|Comic Natalie]]\|publisher=Natasha, Inc.\|date=February 5, 2021\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> ;{{Nihongo\|Keiji Haruna\|榛名圭司\|Haruna Keiji}} :{{voiced by\|[[Ryōhei Kimura]] (voice comic)}}<ref name="voice comic"/> ;{{Nihongo\|Mizuno-senpai\|水野先輩}} :{{voiced by\|[[Takahiro Sakurai]] (voice comic)}}<ref name="voice comic"/> ;{{Nihongo\|Tsugumi Furusawa\|古沢つぐみ\|Furusawa Tsugumi}} :{{voiced by\|[[Mariko Honda]] (voice comic)}}<ref name="voice comic"/> ==Publication== Written and illustrated by Ai Minase, ''Seishun Heavy Rotation'' began serialization in [[Shogakukan]]'s ''[[Sho-Comi]]'' manga magazine on February 5, 2020.<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:全力JKが難攻不落なイケメン王子に恋…？水瀬藍の新連載がSho-Comiで開幕\|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/366017\|website=[[Natalie (website)\|Comic Natalie]]\|publisher=Natasha, Inc.\|date=February 5, 2020\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> The series went on hiatus on February 10, 2023,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://sho-comi.com/11042/\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション休載のお知らせ\|website=sho-comi.com\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=August 24, 2023\|date=February 10, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> and resumed serialization on June 20, 2023.<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:かわいいものを“食べたくなる”少女が急接近したのは…Sho-Comiで新鋭の新連載\|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/529575\|website=[[Natalie (website)\|Comic Natalie]]\|publisher=Natasha, Inc.\|access-date=August 24, 2023 \|date=June 20, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> The series' chapters have been compiled into seventeen ''[[tankōbon]]'' volumes as of July 2025.<ref name="vol17"/> ===Volumes=== {{Graphic novel list/header \| OneLanguage = yes \| Width = 72% }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 1 \| RelDate = July 27, 2020<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098711291\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-871129-1 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 2 \| RelDate = July 27, 2020<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション２\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098711314 \|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-871131-4 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 3 \| RelDate = September 25, 2020<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション３\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098711840\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-871184-0 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 4 \| RelDate = December 25, 2020<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション４\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098712229\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-871222-9 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 5 \| RelDate = April 26, 2021<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション５\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098713318\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-871331-8 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 6 \| RelDate = July 26, 2021<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション６\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098714445\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-871444-5 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 7 \| RelDate = October 26, 2021<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション７\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098715404\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-871540-4 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 8 \| RelDate = January 26, 2022<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション８\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098716128\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-871612-8 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 9 \| RelDate = April 26, 2022<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション９\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098716777\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-871677-7 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 10 \| RelDate = July 26, 2022<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１０\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098717354\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-871735-4 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 11 \| RelDate = November 25, 2022<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１１\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098718269\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-871826-9 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 12 \| RelDate = September 26, 2023<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１２\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098720644\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=August 25, 2023\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-872064-4 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 13 \| RelDate = February 26, 2024<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１３\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098724673\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=February 3, 2024\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-872467-3 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 14 \| RelDate = June 26, 2024<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１４\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098726325\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=May 20, 2024\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-872632-5 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 15 \| RelDate = October 24, 2024<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１５\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098727773\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=October 30, 2024\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-872777-3 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 16 \| RelDate = March 26, 2025<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１６\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098730049\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=April 15, 2025\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-873004-9 }} {{Graphic novel list \| VolumeNumber = 17 \| RelDate = July 25, 2025<ref name="vol17">{{cite web\|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１７\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098731381\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=July 12, 2025\|lang=ja}}</ref> \| ISBN = 978-4-09-873138-1 }} {{Graphic novel list/footer}} ==Reception== The series was nominated for the 67th and 68th [[Shogakukan Manga Award]] in the ''shōjo'' category in 2022 and 2023, respectively.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Mateo\|first=Alex\|title=Komi Can't Communicate, My Love Mix-Up!, Do not say mystery Manga Win 67th Shogakukan Manga Awards\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-01-18/komi-cant-communicate-my-love-mix-up-do-not-say-mystery-manga-win-67th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.181657\|website=Anime News Network\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|date=January 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Hodgkins\|first=Crystalyn\|title=Chi, Blood on the Tracks, Sakamoto Days, More Nominated for 68th Shogakukan Manga Awards\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-12-02/chi-blood-on-the-tracks-sakamoto-days-more-nominated-for-68th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.192490\|website=Anime News Network\|access-date=August 23, 2023\|date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Official website\|https://sho-comi.com/category/minase_ai_003/\|Official manga website}} {{in lang\|ja}} {{ann\|manga\|26958}} {{Sho-Comi}} [[Category:2020 manga]] [[Category:Romantic comedy anime and manga]] [[Category:Anime and manga set in schools]] [[Category:Shogakukan manga]] [[Category:Shōjo manga]]	1,302,321,172	[{"title": "\u9752\u6625\u30d8\u30d3\u30fc\u30ed\u30fc\u30c6\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3 \u00b7 (Seishun Heb\u012b R\u014dt\u0113shon)", "data": {"\u9752\u6625\u30d8\u30d3\u30fc\u30ed\u30fc\u30c6\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3 \u00b7 (Seishun Heb\u012b R\u014dt\u0113shon)": "Manga", "Written by": "Ai Minase", "Published by": "Shogakukan", "Imprint": "Flower Comics", "Magazine": "Sho-Comi", "Original run": "February 5, 2020 \u2013 present", "Volumes": "17"}}]	false
# Malcolm Wallop Malcolm Wallop (February 27, 1933 – September 14, 2011) was an American rancher and politician. He served as a United States Senator from Wyoming from 1977 to 1995. He was a member of the Republican Party. ## Early years Wallop was born at Doctors Hospital in Manhattan, New York City, on February 27, 1933. He was the second son of Jean Moore Wallop and the Hon. Oliver Malcolm Wallop. His paternal grandfather, Wyoming cattle rancher Oliver Henry Wallop, immigrated to the United States from England in the late 19th century and inherited the Earldom of Portsmouth. His maternal great-grandfather was American lawyer, jurist, financier and industrialist William Henry Moore. Wallop attended public schools in Big Horn, Wyoming. He then attended the Cate School in Carpenteria, California. He graduated from the Cate School in Santa Barbara, California. He then attended Yale University where he was a member of St. Anthony Hall. Following his graduation from Yale with a B.A. in 1954, Malcolm Wallop served in the U.S. Army as a first lieutenant from 1955 to 1957. ## Career After his discharge from the Army, Wallop began cattle ranching in Wyoming. He entered politics in 1969 as a successful candidate for the Wyoming House of Representatives. He served two terms, from 1969 to 1972, followed by one term in the Wyoming State Senate from 1973 to 1976. In 1974, Wallop sought the Republican gubernatorial nomination, but was defeated in the primaries. ### Senate In 1976 Wallop successfully unseated three-term Democratic U.S. Senator Gale W. McGee, winning 55 percent of the vote to win a seat in the United States Senate. He made a campaign pledge to serve only two terms, although he went on to serve three. During his Senate tenure, Wallop supported strong national security, tax reform (including reductions in estate and gift taxes), and other elements of Reagan conservatism. While in the Senate, Wallop served on the Senate Judiciary Committee, Energy and Natural Resources Committee, and Select Committee on Intelligence. From 1981 to 1983, he served as chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Ethics. In his first term, Wallop authored the legislation that established the Congressional Award program to recognize outstanding volunteerism among America's youth. The 1977 Wallop Amendment to the Surface Mining Control Act was hailed by property rights advocates for forcing the federal government to compensate property owners whose ability to mine was undercut by regulation. Three years later, Wallop successfully amended the Clean Water Act to protect states' interests. His bill to cut inheritance and gift taxes in 1981 was a key component of President Ronald Reagan's tax reform package and is remembered as one of the most substantive changes to tax policy that decade, and four years earlier, Wallop was partially responsible for phasing out President Jimmy Carter's windfall profits tax. In 1977, Wallop was one of nine Senators to vote against the Senate adopting a stringent code of ethics intended to assist with the restoration of public confidence in Congress. In 1982, Wallop was re-elected by a 14-point margin over Democrat Rodger McDaniel, a Wyoming state legislator. In his second term, Wallop supported the 1983 Strategic Defense Initiative, a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack from nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles. In 1988, Wallop won his final term by just 1,322 votes over his opponent, Democratic state senator John Vinich. Wallop's last term was characterized largely by his participation in the foreign policy and trade debates of the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was a member of the Helsinki Commission and traveled extensively in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union as an arms control negotiator. Wallop was also a strong advocate of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and U.S. participation in the World Trade Organization. From 1990 to 1994, he was the ranking Republican member of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, and in 1992, was a key force behind passage of the far-reaching Energy Policy Act. In 1994, Wallop opted out of a race for a fourth term. He was succeeded by Republican Craig Thomas. Upon his retirement from the Senate, The Economist wrote of Wallop: "Although his detractors have steadily grown in number, even Democrats grudgingly admitted to liking his candor and his willingness to be stupendously politically incorrect." ### Post-Senate career After his retirement from the Senate in January 1995, Wallop founded the Frontiers of Freedom Institute, a Virginia-based non-profit group that lobbies for constitutionally limited government and a strong national defense. In 1996, Wallop served as General Chairman and Executive Director of the Steve Forbes presidential campaign, which succeeded in winning primary victories in Delaware and Arizona. ## Publications - Wallop, Malcolm. "The Environment: Air, Water & Public Lands," In A Changing America: Conservatives View the 80s from the United States Senate, edited by Paul Laxalt and Richard S. Williamson, pp. 133–56. South Bend, Ind.: Regnery/Gateway, 1980. - Wallop, Malcolm, and Angelo Codevilla. The Arms Control Delusion. San Francisco: ICS Press, 1987 ## Honors - In 2010, the University of Wyoming established the Malcolm Wallop Fund for Conversations on Democracy to support speaker and workshops for students.[11] - The University of Wyoming houses Wallop's papers in its American Heritage Center.[11][2] ## Personal life Wallop was married four times: He married Vail Stebbins in 1956. They had three sons and one daughter before divorcing in 1965. He married Judith Warren in 1967; divorced in 1981. Next, he married French Carter Gamble Goodwyn in 1984; they divorced in 2001. Finally, he married Isabel Brooke Thomasson Ferguson in 2005. His sister, Jean, married Henry Herbert, 7th Earl of Carnarvon in 1956. Lord Carnarvon was a childhood friend of Queen Elizabeth II and was in 1969 appointed her horse racing manager. Queen Elizabeth II was a house guest of Wallop at Canyon Ranch in Big Horn, Wyoming, in 1984 during the Queen's visit to the United States with Lord and Lady Carnarvon (née Jean Wallop, the Senator's sister). Wallop's nephew is George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon, whose family seat in England, Highclere Castle, has achieved prominence as a filming location for the ITV television series Downton Abbey. Wallop died at his home near Big Horn on September 14, 2011, at the age of 78.	enwiki/1566604	enwiki	1,566,604	Malcolm Wallop	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Wallop	2025-08-11T16:23:04	en	Q984376	102,336	{{short description\|US Senator from Wyoming (1933-2011)}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder \| image = malcolmwallop.JPG \| jr/sr = United States Senator \| state = [[Wyoming]] \| term_start = January 3, 1977 \| term_end = January 3, 1995 \| predecessor = [[Gale W. McGee]] \| successor = [[Craig L. Thomas]] \| birth_date = {{birth date\|1933\|2\|27}} \| birth_place = New York City, New York, U.S. \| death_date = {{death date and age\|2011\|9\|14\|1933\|2\|27}} \| death_place = [[Sheridan County, Wyoming]], U.S. \| party = [[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican]] \| spouse = {{ubl \|{{marriage\|Vail Stebbins\|1956\|1965\|end=div}} \|{{marriage\|Judith Warren\|1967\|1981\|end=div}} \|{{marriage\|French Carter Gamble Goodwyn\|1984\|2001\|end=div}} \|{{marriage\|Isabel Thomasson Ferguson\|2005}}}} \| children = 4 \| relatives = [[Jean Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon\|Jean Herbert]] (sister)<br>[[Oliver Wallop, 8th Earl of Portsmouth\|Oliver Wallop]] (grandfather) \| education = [[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts\|BA]]) }} '''Malcolm Wallop''' (February 27, 1933 – September 14, 2011) was an American rancher and politician. He served as a [[United States Senate\|United States Senator]] from [[Wyoming]] from 1977 to 1995.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web \|title=Malcolm Wallop \|url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/w000092 \|access-date=June 3, 2022 \|website=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican Party]].<ref name=":2" /> ==Early years== Wallop was born at [[Doctors Hospital (Manhattan)\|Doctors Hospital]] in [[Manhattan]], New York City, on February 27, 1933.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|title=Malcolm Wallop papers - Archives West \|url=https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv582607 \|access-date=June 3, 2022 \|website=archiveswest.orbiscascade.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/02/28/119090887.html?pageNumber=16\|title = Son Born to Mrs. O.M. Wallop.\|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]\|date = February 28, 1933\|accessdate = September 2, 2024\|page = 16\|url-access = subscription}}</ref> He was the second son of Jean Moore Wallop and the Hon. Oliver Malcolm Wallop.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Conqueror 39 \|url=http://www.william1.co.uk/w39.html \|access-date=October 11, 2015 \|work=william1.co.uk}}</ref> His paternal grandfather, Wyoming cattle rancher [[Oliver Wallop, 8th Earl of Portsmouth\|Oliver Henry Wallop]], immigrated to the United States from England in the late 19th century and inherited [[Earl of Portsmouth\|the Earldom of Portsmouth]].<ref name="NYTobit" /> His maternal great-grandfather was American lawyer, jurist, financier and industrialist [[William Henry Moore (judge)\|William Henry Moore]]. Wallop attended public schools in [[Big Horn, Wyoming]].<ref name=":0" /> He then attended the [[Cate School]] in [[Carpinteria, California\|Carpenteria, California]].<ref name=":0" /> He graduated from the [[Cate School]] in [[Santa Barbara, California\|Santa Barbara]], California. He then attended [[Yale University]] where he was a member of [[St. Anthony Hall]]. Following his graduation from Yale with a B.A. in 1954, Malcolm Wallop served in the [[U.S. Army]] as a [[first lieutenant]] from 1955 to 1957.<ref name="ffbio" /><ref name=":0" /> == Career == After his discharge from the Army, Wallop began cattle ranching in Wyoming.<ref name=":0" /> He entered politics in 1969 as a successful candidate for the [[Wyoming House of Representatives]]. He served two terms, from 1969 to 1972, followed by one term in the [[Wyoming State Senate]] from 1973 to 1976.<ref name="ffbio" /><ref name="NYTobit" /><ref name=":0" /> In 1974, Wallop sought the Republican [[gubernatorial]] nomination, but was defeated in the primaries.<ref name="NYTobit" /> === Senate === In 1976 Wallop successfully unseated three-term Democratic U.S. Senator [[Gale W. McGee]], winning 55 percent of the vote to win a seat in the [[United States Senate]].<ref name="NYTobit" /> He made a campaign pledge to serve only two terms, although he went on to serve three. During his Senate tenure, Wallop supported strong [[national security]], [[tax reform#United States\|tax reform]] (including reductions in estate and gift taxes), and other elements of [[Reagan administration\|Reagan conservatism]].<ref name="NYTobit">{{cite news \|last=Fox \|first=Margalit \|date=September 15, 2011 \|title=Malcolm Wallop, Senator From Wyoming, Dies at 78 \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/16/us/malcolm-wallop-ex-senator-of-wyoming-dies-at-78.html?_r=1 \|newspaper=New York Times \|location=New York \|access-date=January 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube\|JiW2PjGQjrA}}</ref> While in the Senate, Wallop served on the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]], [[Energy and Natural Resources Committee]], and [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence\|Select Committee on Intelligence]]. From 1981 to 1983, he served as chairman of the [[Senate Ethics Committee\|Senate Select Committee on Ethics]].<ref name=NYTobit/> In his first term, Wallop authored the legislation that established the [[Congressional Award]] program to recognize outstanding volunteerism among America's youth. The 1977 Wallop Amendment to the [[Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977\|Surface Mining Control Act]] was hailed by property rights advocates for forcing the federal government to compensate property owners whose ability to mine was undercut by regulation. Three years later, Wallop successfully amended the [[Clean Water Act]] to protect states' interests.{{Citation needed\|date=September 2011}} His bill to cut inheritance and gift taxes in 1981 was a key component of President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s tax reform package and is remembered as one of the most substantive changes to tax policy that decade, and four years earlier, Wallop was partially responsible for phasing out President [[Jimmy Carter]]'s [[windfall profits tax]].<ref name="NYTobit" /> In 1977, Wallop was one of nine Senators to vote against the Senate adopting a stringent code of ethics intended to assist with the restoration of public confidence in Congress.<ref>{{cite news \|date=April 2, 1977 \|title=Senate, 86-9, Adopts a Strict Ethics Code to Build Confidence. \|newspaper=New York Times \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/02/archives/long-island-opinion-senate-869-adopts-a-strict-ethics-code-to-build.html}}</ref> In 1982, Wallop was re-elected by a 14-point margin over Democrat [[Rodger McDaniel]], a Wyoming state legislator. In his second term, Wallop supported the 1983 [[Strategic Defense Initiative]],<ref name=NYTobit/> a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack from nuclear [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]]s.<ref>Baucom, Donald R. [https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/milestone.htm "Missile Defense Milestones"] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023546/http://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/milestone.htm \|date=March 6, 2016 }}. [[Federation of American Scientists]]. Accessed January 11, 2016</ref> In 1988, Wallop won his final term by just 1,322 votes over his opponent, Democratic state senator [[John Vinich]].{{Citation needed\|date=September 2011}} Wallop's last term was characterized largely by his participation in the foreign policy and trade debates of the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was a member of the [[Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe\|Helsinki Commission]] and traveled extensively in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union as an arms control negotiator. Wallop was also a strong advocate of the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT) and U.S. participation in the [[World Trade Organization]]. From 1990 to 1994, he was the ranking Republican member of the Senate [[Energy and Natural Resources Committee]], and in 1992, was a key force behind passage of the far-reaching [[Energy Policy Act of 1992\|Energy Policy Act]]. In 1994, Wallop opted out of a race for a fourth term. He was succeeded by Republican [[Craig L. Thomas\|Craig Thomas]]. Upon his retirement from the Senate, ''The Economist'' wrote of Wallop: "Although his detractors have steadily grown in number, even Democrats grudgingly admitted to liking his candor and his willingness to be stupendously politically incorrect."<ref name=NYTobit/> === Post-Senate career === After his retirement from the Senate in January 1995, Wallop founded the '''Frontiers of Freedom Institute''', a Virginia-based non-profit group that lobbies for [[constitutionally limited government]] and a strong national defense.<ref name="ffbio">[http://www.ff.org/?s=Senator+Malcolm+Wallop+bio Senator Malcolm Wallop bio]. Frontiers of Freedom. ff.org. Accessed January 11, 2016</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=November 1, 1995 \|title=Frontier Freedom: An Interview with Malcolm Wallop \|url=https://reason.com/1995/11/01/frontier-freedom/ \|access-date=June 3, 2022 \|website=Reason.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1996, Wallop served as General Chairman and Executive Director of the [[Steve Forbes]] [[1996 United States presidential election\|presidential campaign]], which succeeded in winning primary victories in [[Delaware]] and [[Arizona]].<ref name="ffbio"/> == Publications == Wallop, Malcolm. "The Environment: Air, Water & Public Lands," In ''A Changing America: Conservatives View the 80s from the United States Senate'', edited by Paul Laxalt and Richard S. Williamson, pp. 133–56. South Bend, Ind.: Regnery/Gateway, 1980. Wallop, Malcolm, and [[Angelo Codevilla]]. ''The Arms Control Delusion.'' San Francisco: ICS Press, 1987 == Honors == * In 2010, the [[University of Wyoming]] established the Malcolm Wallop Fund for Conversations on Democracy to support speaker and workshops for students.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|last= \|date=September 19, 2011 \|title=University Preserves Legacy of Late Senator Wallop \|url=https://ahcwyo.org/2011/09/19/university-preserves-legacy-of-late-senator-wallop/ \|access-date=June 3, 2022 \|website=American Heritage Center (AHC) #AlwaysArchiving \|language=en-US}}</ref> * The University of Wyoming houses Wallop's papers in its American Heritage Center.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> ==Personal life== Wallop was married four times:<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8856442/Malcolm-Wallop.html \|title=Malcolm Wallop\| newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]] \|date=October 29, 2011 \|access-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref> He married Vail Stebbins in 1956. They had three sons and one daughter before divorcing in 1965. He married Judith Warren in 1967; divorced in 1981. Next, he married French Carter Gamble Goodwyn in 1984; they divorced in 2001. Finally, he married Isabel Brooke Thomasson Ferguson in 2005. His sister, [[Jean Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon\|Jean]], married [[Henry Herbert, 7th Earl of Carnarvon]] in 1956. Lord Carnarvon was a childhood friend of [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and was in 1969 appointed her [[horse racing]] manager.<ref>"''[[Time Magazine]]'' October 22, 1984</ref> Queen Elizabeth II was a house guest of Wallop at Canyon Ranch in Big Horn, Wyoming, in 1984 during the Queen's visit to the United States with Lord and Lady Carnarvon (''née'' Jean Wallop, the Senator's sister).<ref>"Ranch's Royal Guest Arrives for Weekend", AP, The New York Times, October 13, 1984.[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/13/us/ranch-s-royal-guest-arrives-for-weekend.html]</ref> Wallop's nephew is [[George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon]], whose family seat in England, [[Highclere Castle]], has achieved prominence as a filming location for the [[ITV (TV network)\|ITV]] television series ''[[Downton Abbey]]''.<ref>Pickett, Mary - "Downton Abbey" Close to Wyoming Rancher's Heart", Billings Gazette, January 11, 2013.[http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/wyoming/downton-abbey-close-to-wyoming-rancher-s-heart/article_338c1aa8-5c51-53e6-8d0e-a93dbf1b9841.html]</ref> Wallop died at his home near Big Horn on September 14, 2011, at the age of 78.<ref name="NYTobit" /><ref>{{cite news\|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/malcolm-wallop-three-term-republican-senator-from-wyoming-dies-at-78/2011/09/15/gIQAVUlMVK_story.html\|title = Malcolm Wallop, three-term Republican senator from Wyoming, dies at 78\|last = Moen\|first = Bob\|date = September 15, 2011\|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]\|url-access = limited\|accessdate = September 2, 2024}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist\|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.ff.org/ Frontiers of Freedom Institute] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060604045221/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/w000092/ Voting record maintained by the Washington Post] * [https://archive.org/details/WyomingSenatorMalcolmWallopMemorialService Audio of Malcolm Wallop's Memorial Service] * {{C-SPAN\|6078}} * [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv582607?q=08011 Malcolm Wallop papers] at the [https://www.uwyo.edu/ahc/ American Heritage Center] {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef\|before=[[John S. Wold]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=[[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican]] nominee for [[List of United States Senators from Wyoming\|U.S. Senator]] from [[Wyoming]]<br>([[Classes of United States Senators\|Class 1]])\|years=[[1976 United States Senate election in Wyoming\|1976]], [[1982 United States Senate election in Wyoming\|1982]], [[1988 United States Senate election in Wyoming\|1988]]}} {{s-aft\|after=[[Craig L. Thomas]]}} \|- {{s-bef\|before=[[Jim McClure (politician)\|Jim McClure]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=Chair of the Senate Republican Steering Committee\|years=1989–1995}} {{s-aft\|after=[[Larry Craig]]}} \|- {{s-par\|us-sen}} {{s-bef\|before=[[Craig L. Thomas]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=[[List of United States senators from Wyoming\|U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Wyoming]]\|years=1977–1995\|alongside=[[Clifford Hansen]], [[Alan Simpson (American politician)\|Alan Simpson]]}} {{s-aft\|after=[[Gale McGee]]}} \|- {{s-bef\|before=[[Harrison Schmitt]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=Vice Chair of the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics\|Senate Ethics Committee]]\|years=1979–1981}} {{s-aft\|after=[[Howell Heflin]]}} \|- {{s-bef\|before=[[Howell Heflin]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=Chair of the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics\|Senate Ethics Committee]]\|years=1981–1983}} {{s-aft\|after=[[Ted Stevens]]}} \|- {{s-bef\|before=[[Jim McClure (politician)\|Jim McClure]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=Ranking Member of the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources\|Senate Energy Committee]]\|years=1991–1995}} {{s-aft\|after=[[J. Bennett Johnston]]}} {{s-end}} {{USSenWY}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wallop, Malcolm}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2011 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century members of the Wyoming Legislature]] [[Category:20th-century United States senators]] [[Category:20th-century Wyoming politicians]] [[Category:American people of English descent]] [[Category:Candidates in the 1974 United States elections]] [[Category:Military personnel from New York City]] [[Category:Moore family]] [[Category:People from Big Horn, Wyoming]] [[Category:Politicians from New York City]] [[Category:Ranchers from Wyoming]] [[Category:Republican Party members of the Wyoming House of Representatives]] [[Category:Republican Party United States senators from Wyoming]] [[Category:Republican Party Wyoming state senators]] [[Category:Wallop family\|Malcolm]] [[Category:Writers from Wyoming]]	1,305,361,174	[{"title": "United States Senator \u00b7 from Wyoming", "data": {"United States Senator \u00b7 from Wyoming": "In office \u00b7 January 3, 1977 \u2013 January 3, 1995", "Preceded by": "Gale W. McGee", "Succeeded by": "Craig L. Thomas"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "February 27, 1933 \u00b7 New York City, New York, U.S.", "Died": "September 14, 2011 (aged 78) \u00b7 Sheridan County, Wyoming, U.S.", "Political party": "Republican", "Spouses": "- Vail Stebbins \u200b (m. 1956; div. 1965)\u200b - Judith Warren \u200b (m. 1967; div. 1981)\u200b - French Carter Gamble Goodwyn \u200b (m. 1984; div. 2001)\u200b - Isabel Thomasson Ferguson \u200b (m. 2005)\u200b", "Children": "4", "Relatives": "Jean Herbert (sister) \u00b7 Oliver Wallop (grandfather)", "Education": "Yale University (BA)"}}]	false
# Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election The following is the official canvassing of votes by the Congress of the Philippines for the 2016 Philippine presidential and vice presidential election. The canvassing started on May 25, 2016 and ended 2 days later. This was the fastest congressional canvassing process in Philippine electoral history since 1998 until 2022. The Congress is mandated to declare a winner 30 days after the elections (June 8). ## Process After voters had finished voting, the counting machines will then count the votes received by each candidate in each position. For positions elected on a national basis (president, vice president, senators and party-list representatives), the counting machine will then print an election return for that precinct, and will transmit the results to the municipal/city board of canvassers, Congress, Commission on Elections, the citizen's arm authorized by the commission, political parties, and others. The city or municipality will then tally the votes for all positions and will issue two documents at its conclusion: a statement of votes where the votes obtained by candidates in each precinct in a city/municipality is stated; and a certificate of canvass (COC), a document in electronic and printed form containing the total votes in figures obtained by each candidate in the city or municipality. The city or municipal COC will either be sent electronically to Congress (if the city is an Independent city with its own legislative district) or to the provincial board of canvassers in which the process is repeated; this time the provincial COC will be sent to Congress. Congress, sitting as the National Board of Canvassers, will canvass the votes to determine who among the candidates are elected president and vice president. In theory, all of the votes from the election returns when added must be equal to the votes canvassed by Congress coming from the city/provincial COCs. The provincial/city board of canvassers will send an electronically transmitted COC to the Congress' Consolidation and Canvassing System (CCS) server, which was activated minutes after voting closed on May 9. Meanwhile, the manually counted and physically delivered COCs from the provincial and/or city board of canvassers will be sent first to the Senate then it will be brought to the Batasang Pambansa Complex, the home of the House of Representatives upon the convening of both the Senate and the House of Representatives in a joint session. The canvassing committee will tabulate the results of each COC in the order they were received electronically in the Consolidation and Canvassing System (CCS) and physically delivered to Congress for manually prepared COCs with no electronic transmission. The committee will then compare the electronically received COC from the physically delivered COC for any discrepancy. In cases of discrepancies, Congress may summon the chairperson of the provincial/city board of canvassers from where city/province the COC came from. For overseas absentee voting COCs, the board of canvassers may be contacted through any forms of communication deemed safe and reliable by the committee. After all of the COCs were canvassed, the joint committee will furnish a report to be approved by majority vote by both House and Senate voting separately. ## Members of the canvassing committee Instead of the whole Congress canvassing the votes, a committee comprised evenly between the Senate and the House of Representatives will canvass the votes at the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City, the home of the House of Representatives. Senator Aquilino Pimentel III and House Majority Leader Neptali Gonzales II will co-chair the proceedings instead of Senate President Franklin Drilon and the House Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. Previously, the Senate President and the House Speaker played this role. The composition of the joint congressional canvassing committee was announced on May 24, 2016. \| Senate \| Position \| House of Representatives \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------- \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Aquilino Pimentel III (PDP–Laban) \| Co-chairpersons \| House Majority Leader Neptali Gonzales II (Mandaluyong, Liberal) \| \| - Senate President pro tempore Ralph Recto (Liberal) - Senate Minority Leader Juan Ponce Enrile (UNA) - Sonny Angara (LDP) - TG Guingona (Liberal) - Sergio Osmeña III (independent) - Tito Sotto (NPC) \| Members \| - Elpidio Barzaga, Jr. (Cavite, NUP) - Silvestre Bello III (Party-list, 1-BAP) - Fredenil Castro (Capiz, NUP) - Romero Quimbo (Marikina, Liberal) - Rufus Rodriguez (Cagayan de Oro, CDP) - Reynaldo Umali (Oriental Mindoro, Liberal) \| \| - Cynthia Villar (Nacionalista) - JV Ejercito (UNA) \| Alternates \| - House Minority Leader Ronaldo Zamora (San Juan, Nacionalista) - Rolando Andaya, Jr. (Camarines Sur, NPC) - Ibarra Gutierrez (Party-list, Akbayan) - Oscar Rodriguez (Pampanga, Liberal) \| Members of Congress who ran for president (Grace Poe and Miriam Defensor Santiago) and vice president (Alan Peter Cayetano, Francis Escudero, Gregorio Honasan, Bongbong Marcos, Leni Robredo and Antonio Trillanes) are banned from attending the proceedings. Each political party is entitled to two lawyers who may file motions before Congress. All presidential candidates and 4 vice presidential candidates (except Honasan and Trillanes) have lawyers for the canvassing period. ## Proceedings \| Date \| Scheduled start \| Actual start \| Ended \| COCs canvassed \| \| ------ \| --------------- \| ------------ \| ---------- \| -------------- \| \| May 25 \| 2:00 p.m. \| 2:57 p.m. \| 9:30 p.m. \| 45 \| \| May 26 \| 2:00 p.m. \| 2:27 p.m. \| 10:00 p.m. \| 68 \| \| May 27 \| 2:00 p.m. \| 2:30 p.m. \| 7:16 p.m. \| 53 \| ### May 25 On May 25, before the start of canvassing, Didagen Dilangalen, lawyer of Bongbong Marcos, requested for separate canvassing of presidential and vice presidential results. This motion was made for an early proclamation of presumptive president Rodrigo Duterte and for more thorough examination of the tight vice presidential race. The joint committee rejected his motion and proceeded on canvassing on a per certificate of canvass (COC) basis. Davao del Sur's COC was first canvassed. Discrepancies of COCs of Davao del Norte, Ilocos Sur and Laguna were found and their results were deferred. The Provincial Board of Canvassers of these provinces were summoned to address these issues. The committee have admitted for canvassing a total of 45 COCs from 20 provinces, 15 cities, 1 district and 9 countries. ### May 26 On May 26, the camp of Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte urged Bongbong Marcos to convince his running mate, Miriam Defensor Santiago to concede in the presidential race so that it would hasten the canvassing and the proclamation of Duterte as the President. Discrepancies of COCs of Antique were found and their results were deferred, while the canvassing of COCs from Kuwait and Canada were suspended since the physically delivered COCs were not yet delivered to Congress and their respective electronically transmitted COCs are only available. The Certificate of Canvass for Iloilo City was not found inside the ballot boxes sent to Congress and ordered the chairperson of the Iloilo City Board of Canvassers to appear on May 27. The COCs for Davao del Norte, Ilocos Sur and Laguna were admitted to the canvass after their respective PBOC chairpersons appeared to the committee and explained the discrepancies. In total, the joint committee admitted to canvass 69 CoCs from 54 provinces, 8 cities, and 6 countries. ### May 27 The committee first resumed consideration for the canvassing the COCs for Antique, Kuwait, and Iloilo City. The Antique COC was admitted for canvassing after the chairman of the provincial board of canvassers appeared before the joint committee to explain the discrepancies. The COC from Kuwait has been delivered by Comelec representatives before the joint committee convened. The COC for Iloilo City were canvassed after the chairperson of its city board of canvassers located the COC inside the ballot box that were sent to Congress. For the COC from Canada, the Comelec representative explained that the physical COC was only shipped on May 26 and it will take about three to five days before it will be delivered to Congress. However, they have a certified true copy of the COC, which Comelec received via e-mail. This was also the case for the COC from Austria. The committee finished the canvassing of all electronically transmitted and manually prepared COCs (including the local absentee and detainee voting COCs) in three days, the fastest canvassing of results for President and Vice President in Philippine election history. ## Presidential election Based on the official canvass of the Congress of the Philippines. \| Candidate \| Candidate \| Party \| Votes \| % \| \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| ---------- \| ------ \| \| \| Rodrigo Duterte \| PDP–Laban \| 16,601,997 \| 39.02 \| \| \| Mar Roxas \| Liberal Party \| 9,978,175 \| 23.45 \| \| \| Grace Poe \| Independent \| 9,100,991 \| 21.39 \| \| \| Jejomar Binay \| United Nationalist Alliance \| 5,416,140 \| 12.73 \| \| \| Miriam Defensor Santiago \| People's Reform Party \| 1,455,532 \| 3.42 \| \| Total \| Total \| Total \| 42,552,835 \| 100.00 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Valid votes \| Valid votes \| Valid votes \| 42,552,835 \| 94.61 \| \| Invalid/blank votes \| Invalid/blank votes \| Invalid/blank votes \| 2,426,316 \| 5.39 \| \| Total votes \| Total votes \| Total votes \| 44,979,151 \| 100.00 \| \| Registered voters/turnout \| Registered voters/turnout \| Registered voters/turnout \| 55,739,911 \| 80.69 \| \| Source: Congress \| \| \| \| \| 1. ↑ Includes 25,779 votes for Roy Señeres (Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka) who withdrew and died after the ballots were printed. \| Province/City \| Duterte \| Roxas \| Poe \| Binay \| Defensor Santiago \| Señeres* \| \| ------------------- \| ---------- \| --------- \| --------- \| ----------------- \| ----------------- \| -------- \| \| Province/City \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Abra \| 24,120 \| 11,050 \| 37,029 \| 50,245 \| 7,411 \| 77 \| \| Agusan del Norte \| 195,814 \| 76,267 \| 53,879 \| 11,559 \| 2,135 \| 154 \| \| Agusan del Sur \| 115,869 \| 150,613 \| 13,847 \| 7,329 \| 968 \| 195 \| \| Aklan \| 52,481 \| 134,763 \| 53,360 \| 30,996 \| 6,407 \| 190 \| \| Albay \| 80,361 \| 221,778 \| 221,578 \| 63,144 \| 15,595 \| 599 \| \| Antique \| 45,520 \| 102,311 \| 61,572 \| 31,675 \| 8,538 \| 293 \| \| Apayao \| 7,056 \| 8,215 \| 10,439 \| 22,239 \| 1,529 \| 36 \| \| Aurora \| 19,149 \| 16,029 \| 33,776 \| 27,290 \| 2,699 \| 63 \| \| Bacolod \| 69,871 \| 106,268 \| 32,443 \| 6,597 \| 10,296 \| 132 \| \| Baguio \| 37,768 \| 15,731 \| 24,569 \| 9,079 \| 26,735 \| 96 \| \| Basilan \| 95,625 \| 56,881 \| 15,512 \| 9,747 \| 581 \| 48 \| \| Bataan \| 145,902 \| 42,504 \| 144,540 \| 50,640 \| 17,133 \| 132 \| \| Batanes \| 1,107 \| 3,690 \| 2,984 \| 1,181 \| 175 \| 3 \| \| Batangas \| 336,974 \| 215,266 \| 334,379 \| 294,510 \| 42,921 \| 425 \| \| Benguet \| 30,948 \| 39,374 \| 54,543 \| 13,437 \| 27,648 \| 16 \| \| Biliran \| 30,712 \| 21,060 \| 10,901 \| 14,885 \| 1,038 \| 84 \| \| Bohol \| 315,596 \| 203,628 \| 68,912 \| 42,917 \| 6,191 \| 441 \| \| Bukidnon \| 345,677 \| 129,057 \| 88,551 \| 24,053 \| 4,359 \| 500 \| \| Bulacan \| 506,046 \| 187,710 \| 418,962 \| 157,788 \| 61,121 \| 658 \| \| Cagayan \| 89,180 \| 64,765 \| 100,623 \| 228,041 \| 16,577 \| 338 \| \| Cagayan de Oro \| 164,446 \| 27,416 \| 34,509 \| 17,354 \| 2,833 \| 102 \| \| Caloocan \| 232,918 \| 69,143 \| 116,128 \| 59,070 \| 28,010 \| 269 \| \| Camarines Norte \| 40,000 \| 64,444 \| 114,239 \| 18,555 \| 4,308 \| 233 \| \| Camarines Sur \| 98,236 \| 305,670 \| 276,855 \| 97,232 \| 13,439 \| 591 \| \| Camiguin \| 11,285 \| 35,613 \| 625 \| 326 \| 109 \| 13 \| \| Capiz \| 35,443 \| 274,023 \| 22,702 \| 19,322 \| 4,740 \| 302 \| \| Catanduanes \| 20,486 \| 39,353 \| 58,612 \| 20,621 \| 2,711 \| 179 \| \| Cavite \| 557,812 \| 232,427 \| 297,681 \| 196,228 \| 70,325 \| 538 \| \| Cebu \| 762,559 \| 459,089 \| 192,235 \| 70,867 \| 19,386 \| 1,023 \| \| Cebu City \| 296,246 \| 90,420 \| 52,169 \| 51,002 \| 13,512 \| 226 \| \| Compostela Valley \| 255,555 \| 55,184 \| 17,758 \| 5,889 \| 1,095 \| 133 \| \| Cotabato \| 397,096 \| 69,490 \| 35,109 \| 22,137 \| 2,347 \| 196 \| \| Davao City \| 614,192 \| 7,546 \| 9,053 \| 3,329 \| 1,671 \| 64 \| \| Davao del Norte \| 398,192 \| 13,654 \| 12,545 \| 4,803 \| 1,171 \| 111 \| \| Davao del Sur \| 269,660 \| 12,714 \| 8,264 \| 3,013 \| 750 \| 74 \| \| Davao Occidental \| 94,373 \| 6,371 \| 6,341 \| 2,138 \| 275 \| 42 \| \| Davao Oriental \| 208,059 \| 22,676 \| 13,460 \| 5,788 \| 997 \| 142 \| \| Dinagat Islands \| 33,395 \| 11,935 \| 3,557 \| 3,838 \| 205 \| 19 \| \| Eastern Samar \| 46,298 \| 80,824 \| 72,778 \| 29,073 \| 3,501 \| 226 \| \| Guimaras \| 9,059 \| 50,507 \| 11,939 \| 12,527 \| 2,654 \| 56 \| \| Ifugao \| 11,685 \| 25,452 \| 25,629 \| 21,263 \| 4,606 \| 76 \| \| Iligan \| 85,901 \| 16,618 \| 12,464 \| 4,331 \| 1,047 \| 41 \| \| Ilocos Norte \| 103,394 \| 13,162 \| 61,012 \| 66,007 \| 64,375 \| 253 \| \| Ilocos Sur \| 86,364 \| 52,868 \| 89,925 \| 66,460 \| 44,857 \| 223 \| \| Iloilo \| 107,364 \| 543,001 \| 137,393 \| 31,647 \| 44,940 \| 607 \| \| Iloilo City \| 39,680 \| 119,972 \| 31,159 \| 6,141 \| 15,011 \| 150 \| \| Isabela \| 119,259 \| 68,473 \| 139,637 \| 372,371 \| 16,008 \| 332 \| \| Kalinga \| 13,361 \| 13,142 \| 26,746 \| 38,517 \| 4,703 \| 63 \| \| La Union \| 85,988 \| 39,523 \| 111,253 \| 106,449 \| 36,301 \| 220 \| \| Laguna \| 454,593 \| 175,922 \| 386,241 \| 180,338 \| 64,478 \| 607 \| \| Lanao del Norte \| 126,052 \| 69,375 \| 25,835 \| 17,239 \| 1,073 \| 137 \| \| Lanao del Sur \| 303,184 \| 44,801 \| 15,809 \| 13,635 \| 815 \| 71 \| \| Lapu-Lapu \| 83,283 \| 44,676 \| 15,951 \| 3,719 \| 2,663 \| 112 \| \| Las Piñas \| 104,387 \| 28,923 \| 52,983 \| 17,654 \| 16,589 \| 108 \| \| Leyte \| 332,306 \| 222,276 \| 128,643 \| 190,865 \| 16,382 \| 724 \| \| Maguindanao \| 255,031 \| 117,851 \| 22,006 \| 63,569 \| 964 \| 115 \| \| Makati \| 89,047 \| 40,067 \| 25,661 \| 133,367 \| 21,291 \| 87 \| \| Malabon \| 66,125 \| 20,147 \| 39,862 \| 15,384 \| 8,545 \| 103 \| \| Mandaluyong \| 63,860 \| 22,069 \| 28,731 \| 26,330 \| 11,777 \| 54 \| \| Manila \| 325,050 \| 88,047 \| 180,170 \| 96,997 \| 58,535 \| 366 \| \| Marikina \| 76,393 \| 35,559 \| 39,209 \| 11,550 \| 15,448 \| 67 \| \| Marinduque \| 22,352 \| 26,164 \| 45,125 \| 15,387 \| 2,133 \| 102 \| \| Masbate \| 64,086 \| 150,128 \| 78,587 \| 41,954 \| 3,433 \| 517 \| \| Misamis Occidental \| 109,812 \| 137,015 \| 18,616 \| 8,785 \| 1,658 \| 182 \| \| Misamis Oriental \| 237,184 \| 99,402 \| 68,238 \| 35,480 \| 3,103 \| 264 \| \| Mountain Province \| 9,111 \| 18,973 \| 22,553 \| 15,122 \| 7,965 \| 60 \| \| Muntinlupa \| 94,012 \| 35,651 \| 44,123 \| 33,221 \| 13,062 \| 83 \| \| Navotas \| 35,890 \| 6,820 \| 18,974 \| 34,428 \| 4,066 \| 36 \| \| Negros Occidental \| 190,196 \| 579,810 \| 222,440 \| 39,786 \| 20,100 \| 1,200 \| \| Negros Oriental \| 173,968 \| 248,099 \| 86,406 \| 48,474 \| 9,162 \| 748 \| \| Northern Samar \| 42,157 \| 100,436 \| 74,021 \| 67,655 \| 3,600 \| 338 \| \| Nueva Ecija \| 275,136 \| 148,269 \| 326,715 \| 221,135 \| 26,946 \| 438 \| \| Nueva Vizcaya \| 40,656 \| 24,374 \| 60,468 \| 58,773 \| 8,296 \| 109 \| \| Occidental Mindoro \| 38,701 \| 72,644 \| 36,171 \| 37,886 \| 2,024 \| 116 \| \| Oriental Mindoro \| 70,560 \| 104,554 \| 104,772 \| 60,246 \| 5,266 \| 197 \| \| Palawan \| 104,410 \| 168,592 \| 126,181 \| 30,392 \| 6,838 \| 432 \| \| Pampanga \| 433,969 \| 141,715 \| 238,866 \| 159,753 \| 46,827 \| 535 \| \| Pangasinan \| 346,081 \| 204,081 \| 572,249 \| 210,876 \| 52,258 \| 913 \| \| Parañaque \| 99,940 \| 41,625 \| 42,879 \| 27,055 \| 15,166 \| 120 \| \| Pasay \| 81,472 \| 26,119 \| 30,185 \| 44,232 \| 12,295 \| 85 \| \| Pasig \| 136,007 \| 50,175 \| 75,880 \| 31,529 \| 23,993 \| 141 \| \| Quezon \| 184,950 \| 205,791 \| 305,814 \| 175,002 \| 21,768 \| 553 \| \| Quezon City \| 415,671 \| 164,012 \| 168,432 \| 82,438 \| 66,982 \| 457 \| \| Quirino \| 14,750 \| 21,008 \| 17,290 \| 22,978 \| 2,197 \| 41 \| \| Rizal \| 415,816 \| 134,038 \| 259,998 \| 150,030 \| 56,164 \| 483 \| \| Romblon \| 26,134 \| 56,369 \| 31,736 \| 17,868 \| 1,842 \| 86 \| \| Samar \| 68,206 \| 129,660 \| 115,582 \| 64,575 \| 5,030 \| 289 \| \| San Juan \| 25,922 \| 9,061 \| 11,508 \| 5,833 \| 4,837 \| 34 \| \| Sarangani \| 141,511 \| 22,972 \| 16,983 \| 27,084 \| 883 \| 112 \| \| Siquijor \| 16,252 \| 26,626 \| 5,256 \| 6,778 \| 623 \| 44 \| \| Sorsogon \| 44,560 \| 108,068 \| 143,420 \| 42,636 \| 5,716 \| 373 \| \| South Cotabato \| 349,904 \| 121,170 \| 64,115 \| 31,512 \| 5,265 \| 215 \| \| Southern Leyte \| 93,625 \| 73,499 \| 20,007 \| 15,955 \| 1,933 \| 149 \| \| Sultan Kudarat \| 174,317 \| 59,212 \| 29,464 \| 18,240 \| 1,651 \| 133 \| \| Sulu \| 197,559 \| 26,443 \| 9,455 \| 23,666 \| 389 \| 35 \| \| Surigao del Norte \| 148,387 \| 59,778 \| 38,706 \| 8,667 \| 1,547 \| 172 \| \| Surigao del Sur \| 186,077 \| 58,673 \| 30,947 \| 8,660 \| 1,444 \| 164 \| \| Taguig–Pateros \| 166,834 \| 25,330 \| 42,473 \| 33,454 \| 16,272 \| 114 \| \| Tarlac \| 159,187 \| 194,974 \| 185,918 \| 47,177 \| 17,675 \| 356 \| \| Tawi-Tawi \| 69,344 \| 26,413 \| 12,398 \| 18,957 \| 331 \| 51 \| \| Valenzuela \| 113,745 \| 30,845 \| 80,671 \| 20,361 \| 17,045 \| 106 \| \| Zambales \| 103,274 \| 67,366 \| 132,705 \| 37,309 \| 21,217 \| 202 \| \| Zamboanga City \| 107,565 \| 43,031 \| 84,728 \| 22,201 \| 7,068 \| 221 \| \| Zamboanga del Norte \| 174,548 \| 175,008 \| 53,122 \| 40,806 \| 2,563 \| 394 \| \| Zamboanga del Sur \| 141,065 \| 81,348 \| 149,570 \| 20,058 \| 3,073 \| 381 \| \| Zamboanga Sibugay \| 115,173 \| 84,151 \| 34,385 \| 14,291 \| 1,422 \| 194 \| \| Absentee voters \| 318,528 \| 51,300 \| 27,582 \| 13,138 \| 37,900 \| 118 \| \| Total \| 16,601,997 \| 9,978,175 \| 9,100,991 \| 5,416,140 \| 1,455,532 \| 25,779 \| \| Province/City \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Duterte \| Roxas \| Poe \| Binay \| Defensor Santiago \| Señeres* \| \| withdrew from the race but is included in the ballot; all votes cast for him are spoiled. ### Absentee voters \| Country \| Duterte \| Roxas \| Poe \| Binay \| Defensor Santiago \| Señeres \| \| ----------------------------- \| ------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ----------------- \| ----------------- \| -------- \| \| Country \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Local absentee voters \| 10,283 \| 1,419 \| 1,628 \| 4,375 \| 1,253 \| 2 \| \| Detainee voters \| 387 \| 331 \| 896 \| 549 \| 26 \| 4 \| \| Argentina \| 41 \| 12 \| 11 \| 2 \| 4 \| 0 \| \| Australia \| 1,889 \| 768 \| 266 \| 57 \| 291 \| 1 \| \| Austria \| 561 \| 167 \| 65 \| 18 \| 76 \| 0 \| \| Bahrain \| 5,413 \| 712 \| 405 \| 169 \| 509 \| 3 \| \| Bangladesh \| 168 \| 48 \| 18 \| 9 \| 31 \| 0 \| \| Belgium \| 729 \| 229 \| 100 \| 20 \| 93 \| 0 \| \| Brazil \| 201 \| 22 \| 12 \| 9 \| 18 \| 0 \| \| Brunei \| 3,147 \| 339 \| 228 \| 65 \| 331 \| 0 \| \| Cambodia \| 715 \| 123 \| 54 \| 14 \| 102 \| 0 \| \| Canada \| 15,643 \| 2,681 \| 1,582 \| 397 \| 2,227 \| 7 \| \| Chile \| 196 \| 15 \| 11 \| 6 \| 46 \| 0 \| \| China \| 34,004 \| 4,927 \| 3,173 \| 1,252 \| 7,573 \| 12 \| \| Czech Republic \| 183 \| 26 \| 5 \| 3 \| 30 \| 0 \| \| East Timor \| 299 \| 46 \| 26 \| 6 \| 43 \| 2 \| \| Egypt \| 715 \| 88 \| 62 \| 29 \| 68 \| 0 \| \| France \| 1,123 \| 354 \| 149 \| 25 \| 151 \| 0 \| \| Germany \| 1,206 \| 281 \| 174 \| 63 \| 176 \| 2 \| \| Greece & Cyprus \| 1,470 \| 253 \| 274 \| 108 \| 343 \| 2 \| \| Guam \| 1,490 \| 1,030 \| 515 \| 95 \| 164 \| 0 \| \| Hungary \| 185 \| 8 \| 21 \| 5 \| 46 \| 0 \| \| India \| 42 \| 11 \| 3 \| 3 \| 5 \| 0 \| \| Indonesia \| 951 \| 287 \| 68 \| 27 \| 199 \| 0 \| \| Iran \| 62 \| 9 \| 12 \| 3 \| 7 \| 0 \| \| Israel \| 4,431 \| 323 \| 250 \| 99 \| 629 \| 2 \| \| Italy \| 9,249 \| 1,859 \| 1,276 \| 322 \| 1,209 \| 6 \| \| Japan \| 11,216 \| 1,274 \| 829 \| 269 \| 1,080 \| 9 \| \| Jordan \| 1,516 \| 147 \| 168 \| 45 \| 164 \| 0 \| \| Kenya \| 292 \| 37 \| 44 \| 12 \| 32 \| 0 \| \| Kuwait \| 9,747 \| 1,021 \| 598 \| 224 \| 580 \| 3 \| \| Laos \| 455 \| 43 \| 15 \| 21 \| 79 \| 0 \| \| Lebanon \| 3,039 \| 271 \| 359 \| 135 \| 326 \| 2 \| \| Malaysia \| 2,275 \| 210 \| 122 \| 62 \| 383 \| 3 \| \| Mexico \| 179 \| 40 \| 7 \| 5 \| 27 \| 0 \| \| Myanmar \| 127 \| 51 \| 11 \| 6 \| 29 \| 0 \| \| Netherlands \| 573 \| 103 \| 55 \| 9 \| 72 \| 0 \| \| New Zealand \| 2,269 \| 264 \| 119 \| 34 \| 243 \| 0 \| \| Nigeria \| 255 \| 38 \| 15 \| 5 \| 27 \| 0 \| \| Norway \| 1,314 \| 144 \| 79 \| 15 \| 152 \| 0 \| \| Oman \| 2,779 \| 436 \| 217 \| 67 \| 284 \| 0 \| \| Pakistan \| 184 \| 24 \| 9 \| 6 \| 20 \| 0 \| \| Papua New Guinea \| 588 \| 225 \| 65 \| 22 \| 60 \| 1 \| \| Poland \| 120 \| 25 \| 6 \| 3 \| 20 \| 0 \| \| Portugal \| 343 \| 31 \| 32 \| 19 \| 26 \| 0 \| \| Qatar \| 12,475 \| 1,333 \| 558 \| 250 \| 997 \| 2 \| \| Russia \| 753 \| 61 \| 41 \| 11 \| 134 \| 1 \| \| Saudi Arabia \| 35,713 \| 4,890 \| 2,515 \| 934 \| 2,589 \| 11 \| \| Singapore \| 30,389 \| 3,746 \| 1,276 \| 424 \| 3,587 \| 7 \| \| South Africa \| 217 \| 40 \| 13 \| 13 \| 28 \| 0 \| \| South Korea \| 2,915 \| 160 \| 84 \| 28 \| 274 \| 0 \| \| Spain \| 4,170 \| 531 \| 452 \| 131 \| 610 \| 1 \| \| Switzerland \| 1,729 \| 588 \| 224 \| 68 \| 291 \| 1 \| \| Taiwan \| 11,544 \| 343 \| 319 \| 122 \| 725 \| 1 \| \| Thailand \| 2,604 \| 342 \| 93 \| 40 \| 384 \| 1 \| \| Turkey \| 492 \| 50 \| 37 \| 9 \| 69 \| 0 \| \| United Arab Emirates \| 51,879 \| 3,985 \| 1,708 \| 786 \| 3,483 \| 9 \| \| United Kingdom \| 6,451 \| 1,491 \| 685 \| 192 \| 1,060 \| 3 \| \| United States of America \| 24,789 \| 12,820 \| 5,480 \| 1,423 \| 4,339 \| 20 \| \| Vatican City \| 74 \| 98 \| 43 \| 12 \| 20 \| 0 \| \| Vietnam, Maldives & Sri Lanka \| 280 \| 70 \| 20 \| 6 \| 56 \| 0 \| \| Total \| 318,528 \| 51,300 \| 27,582 \| 13,138 \| 37,900 \| 118 \| \| Country \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Duterte \| Roxas \| Poe \| Binay \| Defensor Santiago \| Señeres* \| \| *withdrew from the race but is included in the ballot; all votes cast for him are spoiled. ## Vice presidential election Based on the official canvass of the Congress of the Philippines. \| Candidate \| Candidate \| Party \| Votes \| % \| \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| ---------- \| ------ \| \| \| Leni Robredo \| Liberal Party \| 14,418,817 \| 35.11 \| \| \| Bongbong Marcos \| Independent \| 14,155,344 \| 34.47 \| \| \| Alan Peter Cayetano \| Independent \| 5,903,379 \| 14.38 \| \| \| Francis Escudero \| Independent \| 4,931,962 \| 12.01 \| \| \| Antonio Trillanes \| Independent \| 868,501 \| 2.11 \| \| \| Gregorio Honasan \| United Nationalist Alliance \| 788,881 \| 1.92 \| \| Total \| Total \| Total \| 41,066,884 \| 100.00 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Valid votes \| Valid votes \| Valid votes \| 41,066,884 \| 91.30 \| \| Invalid/blank votes \| Invalid/blank votes \| Invalid/blank votes \| 3,912,267 \| 8.70 \| \| Total votes \| Total votes \| Total votes \| 44,979,151 \| 100.00 \| \| Registered voters/turnout \| Registered voters/turnout \| Registered voters/turnout \| 55,739,911 \| 80.69 \| \| Source: Congress \| \| \| \| \| 1. ↑ Running mate of Miriam Defensor Santiago (People's Reform Party) 2. 1 2 3 Nacionalista Party member running as an independent 3. ↑ Running mate of Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban) 4. ↑ Running mate of Grace Poe (independent) 5. ↑ Supporting Grace Poe (independent) \| Province/City \| Robredo \| Marcos \| Cayetano \| Escudero \| Trillanes \| Honasan \| \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Province/City \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Abra \| 5,457 \| 112,694 \| 1,754 \| 4,212 \| 689 \| 1,470 \| \| Agusan del Norte \| 116,063 \| 82,696 \| 86,548 \| 28,313 \| 3,676 \| 4,004 \| \| Agusan del Sur \| 151,451 \| 48,494 \| 51,594 \| 18,595 \| 3,435 \| 4,162 \| \| Aklan \| 148,280 \| 51,395 \| 19,225 \| 34,428 \| 8,411 \| 5,373 \| \| Albay \| 380,745 \| 42,324 \| 23,713 \| 117,113 \| 17,095 \| 7,434 \| \| Antique \| 119,055 \| 44,663 \| 17,002 \| 33,578 \| 15,011 \| 5,722 \| \| Apayao \| 2,762 \| 40,846 \| 876 \| 1,979 \| 566 \| 904 \| \| Aurora \| 27,029 \| 42,600 \| 4,479 \| 16,684 \| 2,698 \| 3,453 \| \| Basilan \| 77,321 \| 32,326 \| 31,868 \| 16,488 \| 3,412 \| 4,104 \| \| Bataan \| 84,241 \| 184,670 \| 27,632 \| 80,197 \| 7,121 \| 6741 \| \| Batanes \| 4,566 \| 1,079 \| 416 \| 2,236 \| 116 \| 380 \| \| Batangas \| 514,608 \| 261,499 \| 110,448 \| 233,406 \| 34,984 \| 36,358 \| \| Benguet • Baguio \| 33,413 21,341 \| 95,927 76,009 \| 7,326 5,965 \| 17,275 6,990 \| 5,675 2,235 \| 2,893 1,048 \| \| Biliran \| 18,231 \| 33,440 \| 8,901 \| 7,668 \| 1,072 \| 1,901 \| \| Bohol \| 276,486 \| 80,593 \| 171,234 \| 54,789 \| 10,843 \| 9,964 \| \| Bukidnon \| 218,585 \| 131,468 \| 121,455 \| 56,841 \| 12,669 \| 11,171 \| \| Bulacan \| 366,079 \| 556,480 \| 121,108 \| 226,311 \| 22,442 \| 16,921 \| \| Cagayan \| 54,971 \| 383,657 \| 10,140 \| 24,795 \| 5,662 \| 6,993 \| \| Camarines Norte \| 132,757 \| 25,899 \| 9,405 \| 60,208 \| 5,405 \| 3,182 \| \| Camarines Sur \| 664,190 \| 41,219 \| 14,933 \| 37,122 \| 11,468 \| 7,223 \| \| Camiguin \| 38,030 \| 2,148 \| 5,498 \| 666 \| 185 \| 161 \| \| Capiz \| 253,290 \| 43,684 \| 12,197 \| 19,977 \| 11,009 \| 3,678 \| \| Catanduanes \| 72,964 \| 12,894 \| 5,981 \| 39,551 \| 2,626 \| 2,896 \| \| Cavite \| 404,241 \| 556,785 \| 142,511 \| 193,961 \| 17,793 \| 22,428 \| \| Cebu • Cebu City • Lapu-Lapu \| 590,777 162,509 63,766 \| 196,943 92,007 21,104 \| 447,955 167,705 46,469 \| 146,498 41,390 11,840 \| 23,993 7,972 2,167 \| 21,767 23,506 1,695 \| \| Compostela Valley \| 86,941 \| 66,187 \| 134,323 \| 23,299 \| 3,472 \| 4,097 \| \| Cotabato \| 129,141 \| 169,177 \| 154,194 \| 33,295 \| 11,174 \| 11,332 \| \| Davao del Norte \| 42,684 \| 130,796 \| 216,058 \| 21,429 \| 2,433 \| 3,925 \| \| Davao del Sur • Davao City \| 29,288 30,718 \| 80,303 122,620 \| 150,910 451,296 \| 13,551 17,645 \| 2,887 1,879 \| 3,518 3,236 \| \| Davao Occidental \| 10,129 \| 41,194 \| 41,644 \| 3,561 \| 757 \| 1,951 \| \| Davao Oriental \| 45,543 \| 45,990 \| 113,284 \| 18,667 \| 3,134 \| 4,967 \| \| Dinagat Islands \| 16,153 \| 21,825 \| 7,560 \| 2,660 \| 423 \| 1,121 \| \| Eastern Samar \| 94,061 \| 54,985 \| 15,039 \| 41,494 \| 5,467 \| 4,863 \| \| Guimaras \| 56,249 \| 7,853 \| 3,774 \| 6,721 \| 2,014 \| 6,022 \| \| Ifugao \| 28,986 \| 35,256 \| 5,181 \| 11,191 \| 2,687 \| 2,533 \| \| Ilocos Norte \| 3,704 \| 298,786 \| 1,326 \| 2,479 \| 619 \| 1,680 \| \| Ilocos Sur \| 14,140 \| 316,121 \| 2,260 \| 4,397 \| 1,391 \| 1,415 \| \| Iloilo • Iloilo City \| 573,729 137,662 \| 94,411 33,778 \| 43,352 14,229 \| 74,480 15,766 \| 39,419 6,052 \| 11,870 1,852 \| \| Isabela \| 88,317 \| 516,926 \| 17,924 \| 46,338 \| 7,780 \| 14,489 \| \| Kalinga \| 11,636 \| 64,023 \| 2,574 \| 9,589 \| 2,587 \| 2,103 \| \| La Union \| 19,596 \| 338,455 \| 4,204 \| 9,694 \| 2,791 \| 2,309 \| \| Laguna \| 390,541 \| 441,154 \| 122,752 \| 242,788 \| 22,825 \| 23,075 \| \| Lanao del Norte • Iligan \| 68,974 27,166 \| 67,817 29,847 \| 45,367 46,243 \| 21,101 11,271 \| 5,219 1,621 \| 15,705 1,808 \| \| Lanao del Sur \| 180,539 \| 56,243 \| 53,745 \| 17,796 \| 13,607 \| 11,082 \| \| Leyte \| 241,960 \| 406,815 \| 88,267 \| 67,339 \| 7,650 \| 10,842 \| \| Maguindanao \| 220,125 \| 80,591 \| 35,233 \| 50,536 \| 12,922 \| 31,532 \| \| Marinduque \| 40,598 \| 22,022 \| 8,035 \| 27,720 \| 5,413 \| 2,632 \| \| Masbate \| 169,297 \| 47,220 \| 21,305 \| 45,505 \| 7,224 \| 9,112 \| \| Metro Manila • Caloocan • Las Piñas • Makati • Malabon • Mandaluyong • Manila • Marikina • Muntinlupa • Navotas • Parañaque • Pasay • Pasig • Quezon City • San Juan • Taguig–Pateros • Valenzuela \| 129,057 63,456 91,484 38,045 45,462 183,346 66,558 68,843 18,193 80,710 51,790 103,040 297,899 18,696 41,782 67,097 \| 245,068 97,641 149,645 67,992 73,495 394,192 69,530 86,252 47,943 85,786 97,776 129,145 412,681 26,543 86,270 116,455 \| 50,103 30,720 24,606 16,489 16,235 75,295 18,394 29,225 10,051 30,289 20,417 36,604 86,604 6,459 134,608 26,972 \| 63,536 22,899 20,325 22,566 13,598 74,112 18,794 26,813 14,860 23,185 18,287 39,895 80,180 4,262 16,615 44,731 \| 7,410 2,455 2,304 1,799 1,344 8,989 2,325 2,586 1,294 2,426 1,804 3,661 8,738 458 1,751 3,258 \| 5,409 2,286 19,590 1,502 1,694 7,398 1,625 3,879 6,482 2,456 2,797 3,093 7,669 509 2,030 2,135 \| \| Misamis Occidental \| 143,402 \| 36,912 \| 52,107 \| 17,408 \| 3,548 \| 2,838 \| \| Misamis Oriental • Cagayan de Oro \| 147,884 69,859 \| 102,911 73,167 \| 104,603 68,487 \| 40,554 19,307 \| 8,045 3,148 \| 9,546 6,318 \| \| Mountain Province \| 17,653 \| 34,286 \| 3,295 \| 10,038 \| 3,619 \| 2,030 \| \| Negros Occidental • Bacolod \| 614,440 119,447 \| 119,149 42,923 \| 72,832 28,132 \| 136,634 19,854 \| 51,143 8,319 \| 12,145 2,064 \| \| Negros Oriental \| 255,598 \| 66,506 \| 100,839 \| 52,920 \| 21,221 \| 13,972 \| \| Northern Samar \| 111,461 \| 73,214 \| 14,779 \| 45,842 \| 6,184 \| 9,516 \| \| Nueva Ecija \| 216,204 \| 541,980 \| 45,492 \| 128,162 \| 21,823 \| 20,186 \| \| Nueva Vizcaya \| 29,437 \| 126,248 \| 6,263 \| 17,407 \| 4,740 \| 4,992 \| \| Occidental Mindoro \| 79,411 \| 57,115 \| 9,236 \| 21,975 \| 5,576 \| 8,000 \| \| Oriental Mindoro \| 141,410 \| 71,808 \| 21,586 \| 73,393 \| 12,677 \| 10,874 \| \| Palawan \| 183,884 \| 93,647 \| 38,431 \| 67,835 \| 18,418 \| 9,914 \| \| Pampanga \| 293,420 \| 434,235 \| 102,539 \| 141,106 \| 13,336 \| 12,721 \| \| Pangasinan \| 265,016 \| 832,711 \| 57,051 \| 156,118 \| 32,260 \| 17,056 \| \| Quezon \| 385,164 \| 173,394 \| 54,702 \| 191,444 \| 29,752 \| 27,946 \| \| Quirino \| 14,906 \| 49,158 \| 2,554 \| 6,525 \| 1,931 \| 1,460 \| \| Rizal \| 285,417 \| 435,471 \| 97,453 \| 154,365 \| 15,396 \| 16,775 \| \| Romblon \| 61,915 \| 24,645 \| 8,046 \| 22,712 \| 4,418 \| 3,576 \| \| Samar \| 132,775 \| 128,401 \| 17,043 \| 62,472 \| 5,446 \| 7,940 \| \| Sarangani \| 47,803 \| 66,484 \| 47,826 \| 15,660 \| 7,131 \| 7,990 \| \| Siquijor \| 30,468 \| 5,746 \| 7,281 \| 4,141 \| 1,230 \| 2,066 \| \| Sorsogon \| 97,129 \| 20,709 \| 6,909 \| 203,689 \| 3,514 \| 5,115 \| \| South Cotabato \| 177,396 \| 191,461 \| 126,303 \| 37,865 \| 18,001 \| 8,919 \| \| Southern Leyte \| 94,972 \| 32,792 \| 40,689 \| 16,120 \| 2,476 \| 3,739 \| \| Sultan Kudarat \| 84,225 \| 104,592 \| 46,197 \| 19,489 \| 8,980 \| 8,250 \| \| Sulu \| 46,218 \| 127,437 \| 39,254 \| 13,744 \| 1,663 \| 7,110 \| \| Surigao del Norte \| 89,688 \| 37,946 \| 73,403 \| 31,273 \| 3,913 \| 4,357 \| \| Surigao del Sur \| 88,503 \| 48,326 \| 88,519 \| 30,619 \| 4,984 \| 6,161 \| \| Tarlac \| 243,756 \| 214,166 \| 31,821 \| 75,224 \| 20,715 \| 7,884 \| \| Tawi-Tawi \| 42,252 \| 35,165 \| 20,567 \| 8,937 \| 2,383 \| 4,914 \| \| Zambales \| 103,972 \| 163,760 \| 20,163 \| 49,941 \| 10,456 \| 7,066 \| \| Zamboanga del Norte \| 209,491 \| 72,255 \| 63,847 \| 41,866 \| 8,135 \| 14,500 \| \| Zamboanga del Sur • Zamboanga City \| 100,188 73,730 \| 145,455 67,522 \| 57,863 50,552 \| 34,391 45,352 \| 8,110 15,406 \| 6,609 7,365 \| \| Zamboanga Sibugay \| 101,141 \| 42,336 \| 51,528 \| 19,810 \| 8,952 \| 6,425 \| \| Absentee voters \| 92,639 \| 188,959 \| 137,699 \| 19,689 \| 4,973 \| 3,385 \| \| Total \| 14,418,817 \| 14,155,344 \| 5,903,379 \| 4,931,962 \| 868,501 \| 788,881 \| \| Province/City \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Robredo \| Marcos \| Cayetano \| Escudero \| Trillanes \| Honasan \| \| ### Absentee voters \| Country \| Robredo \| Marcos \| Cayetano \| Escudero \| Trillanes \| Honasan \| \| ----------------------------- \| ------- \| -------- \| -------- \| --------- \| --------- \| ------- \| \| Country \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Local Absentee voters \| 2,341 \| 11,683 \| 2,134 \| 944 \| 1,588 \| 314 \| \| Detainee voters \| 393 \| 607 \| 170 \| 689 \| 139 \| 160 \| \| Argentina \| 16 \| 18 \| 25 \| 8 \| 2 \| 1 \| \| Australia \| 1,280 \| 657 \| 1,077 \| 189 \| 44 \| 18 \| \| Austria \| 259 \| 272 \| 286 \| 50 \| 6 \| 12 \| \| Bahrain \| 1,388 \| 3,228 \| 2,085 \| 352 \| 65 \| 60 \| \| Bangladesh \| 72 \| 134 \| 57 \| 7 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| Belgium \| 321 \| 356 \| 381 \| 80 \| 18 \| 9 \| \| Brazil \| 30 \| 91 \| 82 \| 76 \| 5 \| 2 \| \| Brunei \| 682 \| 1,904 \| 1,254 \| 185 \| 41 \| 38 \| \| Cambodia \| 203 \| 420 \| 330 \| 55 \| 6 \| 5 \| \| Canada \| 5,391 \| 8,622 \| 6,993 \| 1,168 \| 183 \| 116 \| \| Chile \| 28 \| 147 \| 90 \| 5 \| 2 \| 1 \| \| China \| 6,911 \| 28,080 \| 13,802 \| 1,578 \| 330 \| 205 \| \| Czech Republic \| 53 \| 90 \| 91 \| 9 \| 2 \| 2 \| \| East Timor \| 72 \| 177 \| 140 \| 25 \| 3 \| 4 \| \| Egypt \| 182 \| 391 \| 284 \| 45 \| 13 \| 31 \| \| France \| 467 \| 661 \| 540 \| 123 \| 9 \| 4 \| \| Germany \| 458 \| 540 \| 756 \| 134 \| 34 \| 39 \| \| Greece & Cyprus \| 388 \| 1,346 \| 501 \| 176 \| 29 \| 43 \| \| Guam \| 1,429 \| 809 \| 564 \| 394 \| 50 \| 40 \| \| Hungary \| 39 \| 116 \| 84 \| 16 \| 3 \| 6 \| \| India \| 22 \| 19 \| 19 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| Indonesia \| 630 \| 398 \| 441 \| 40 \| 9 \| 9 \| \| Iran \| 22 \| 47 \| 21 \| 3 \| 2 \| 0 \| \| Israel \| 580 \| 3,350 \| 1,519 \| 194 \| 38 \| 33 \| \| Italy \| 2,873 \| 6,374 \| 3,489 \| 778 \| 131 \| 195 \| \| Japan \| 2,246 \| 5,212 \| 6,148 \| 669 \| 104 \| 193 \| \| Jordan \| 289 \| 903 \| 589 \| 162 \| 27 \| 56 \| \| Kenya \| 64 \| 176 \| 140 \| 29 \| 6 \| 11 \| \| Kuwait \| 1,999 \| 4,777 \| 4,666 \| 545 \| 85 \| 70 \| \| Laos \| 96 \| 285 \| 195 \| 22 \| 9 \| 3 \| \| Lebanon \| 353 \| 2,408 \| 1,064 \| 229 \| 23 \| 52 \| \| Malaysia \| 534 \| 1,322 \| 1,055 \| 102 \| 27 \| 16 \| \| Mexico \| 56 \| 118 \| 70 \| 8 \| 5 \| 1 \| \| Myanmar \| 89 \| 63 \| 60 \| 10 \| 0 \| 3 \| \| Netherlands \| 220 \| 213 \| 335 \| 30 \| 6 \| 6 \| \| New Zealand \| 581 \| 768 \| 1,401 \| 128 \| 26 \| 22 \| \| Nigeria \| 77 \| 131 \| 99 \| 22 \| 4 \| 6 \| \| Norway \| 271 \| 515 \| 793 \| 86 \| 16 \| 7 \| \| Oman \| 699 \| 1,477 \| 1,214 \| 170 \| 18 \| 25 \| \| Pakistan \| 28 \| 116 \| 79 \| 14 \| 2 \| 4 \| \| Papua New Guinea \| 362 \| 298 \| 212 \| 65 \| 10 \| 6 \| \| Poland \| 47 \| 57 \| 62 \| 5 \| 2 \| 2 \| \| Portugal \| 64 \| 237 \| 111 \| 34 \| 4 \| 2 \| \| Qatar \| 3,268 \| 6,119 \| 5,442 \| 545 \| 103 \| 95 \| \| Russia \| 93 \| 566 \| 301 \| 38 \| 5 \| 1 \| \| Saudi Arabia \| 10,934 \| 19,645 \| 13,089 \| 1,973 \| 412 \| 347 \| \| Singapore \| 8,187 \| 14,915 \| 14,960 \| 911 \| 242 \| 160 \| \| South Africa \| 82 \| 131 \| 78 \| 12 \| 3 \| 2 \| \| South Korea \| 363 \| 1,721 \| 1,266 \| 82 \| 12 \| 5 \| \| Spain \| 857 \| 3,124 \| 1,594 \| 240 \| 36 \| 57 \| \| Switzerland \| 939 \| 909 \| 839 \| 167 \| 22 \| 22 \| \| Taiwan \| 950 \| 7,594 \| 3,858 \| 496 \| 66 \| 65 \| \| Thailand \| 615 \| 1,284 \| 1,464 \| 72 \| 17 \| 19 \| \| Turkey \| 114 \| 299 \| 210 \| 25 \| 5 \| 6 \| \| United Arab Emirates \| 10,347 \| 25,319 \| 23,583 \| 1,880 \| 302 \| 255 \| \| United Kingdom \| 2,616 \| 3,358 \| 3,328 \| 378 \| 82 \| 76 \| \| United States of America \| 18,407 \| 14,193 \| 11,980 \| 3,181 \| 525 \| 432 \| \| Vatican City \| 135 \| 37 \| 53 \| 19 \| 9 \| 2 \| \| Vietnam, Maldives & Sri Lanka \| 127 \| 132 \| 146 \| 16 \| 4 \| 6 \| \| Total \| 92,639 \| 188,959 \| 137,699 \| 19,689 \| 4,973 \| 3,385 \| \| Country \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Robredo \| Marcos \| Cayetano \| Escudero \| Trillanes \| Honasan \| \|	enwiki/50328305	enwiki	50,328,305	Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_2016_Philippine_presidential_election	2025-02-06T19:36:02	en	Q24908733	282,752	{{Short description\|none}} {{Politics of the Philippines}} The following is the official canvassing of votes by the [[Congress of the Philippines]] for the [[2016 Philippine presidential election\|2016 Philippine presidential and vice presidential election]]. The canvassing started on May 25, 2016<ref name="gmacanvass">{{cite web\|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/567433/news/nation/canvassing-of-votes-for-president-vp-to-begin-wednesday \|title=Canvassing of votes for president, VP to begin Wednesday \|date=May 24, 2016 \|access-date=May 25, 2016 \|publisher=[[GMA News Online]]}}</ref> and ended 2 days later. This was the fastest congressional canvassing process in Philippine electoral history since 1998 until [[Congressional canvass for the 2022 Philippine presidential election\|2022]]. The Congress is mandated to declare a winner 30 days after the elections (June 8). ==Process== After voters had finished voting, the counting machines will then count the votes received by each candidate in each position. For positions elected on a national basis (president, vice president, senators and party-list representatives), the counting machine will then print an election return for that precinct, and will transmit the results to the municipal/city board of canvassers, Congress, [[Commission on Elections (Philippines)\|Commission on Elections]], the citizen's arm authorized by the commission, political parties, and others. The city or municipality will then tally the votes for all positions and will issue two documents at its conclusion: a statement of votes where the votes obtained by candidates in each precinct in a city/municipality is stated; and a certificate of canvass (COC), a document in electronic and printed form containing the total votes in figures obtained by each candidate in the city or municipality. The city or municipal COC will either be sent electronically to Congress (if the city is an [[Cities of the Philippines#Independent cities\|Independent city with its own legislative district]]) or to the provincial board of canvassers in which the process is repeated; this time the provincial COC will be sent to Congress. Congress, sitting as the National Board of Canvassers, will canvass the votes to determine who among the candidates are elected president and vice president.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2007/ra_9369_2007.html \|title=Republic Act No. 9369 \|date=January 23, 2007 \|access-date=May 24, 2016 \|publisher=The LawPhil Project}}</ref> In theory, all of the votes from the election returns when added must be equal to the votes canvassed by Congress coming from the city/provincial COCs. The provincial/city board of canvassers will send an electronically transmitted COC to the Congress' Consolidation and Canvassing System (CCS) server, which was activated minutes after voting closed on May 9.<ref>[https://www.senate.gov.ph/photo_release/2016/0509_01.asp DRILON INITIALIZES CONSOLIDATION AND CANVASSING SYSTEM], [[Senate of the Philippines]], May 9, 2016</ref> Meanwhile, the manually counted and physically delivered COCs from the provincial and/or city board of canvassers will be sent first to the [[Senate of the Philippines\|Senate]] then it will be brought to the [[Batasang Pambansa Complex]], the home of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines\|House of Representatives]] upon the convening of both the Senate and the House of Representatives in a [[joint session]]. The canvassing committee will tabulate the results of each COC in the order they were received electronically in the Consolidation and Canvassing System (CCS) and physically delivered to Congress for manually prepared COCs with no electronic transmission. The committee will then compare the electronically received COC from the physically delivered COC for any discrepancy. In cases of discrepancies, Congress may summon the chairperson of the provincial/city board of canvassers from where city/province the COC came from. For overseas absentee voting COCs, the board of canvassers may be contacted through any forms of communication deemed safe and reliable by the committee. After all of the COCs were canvassed, the joint committee will furnish a report to be approved by majority vote by both House and Senate voting separately.<ref>[http://senate.gov.ph/2016_Presidential_and_VP_Canvassing_Rules%20.pdf Rules of the Joint Public Session of Congress for the Canvassing of the Votes for the Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates in the May 9, 2016 Elections ], [[Senate of the Philippines]] website</ref> ==Members of the canvassing committee== Instead of the whole Congress canvassing the votes, a committee comprised evenly between the [[Senate of the Philippines\|Senate]] and the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines\|House of Representatives]] will canvass the votes at the [[Batasang Pambansa Complex]] in [[Quezon City]], the home of the House of Representatives. Senator [[Aquilino Pimentel III]] and House Majority Leader [[Neptali Gonzales II]] will co-chair the proceedings instead of Senate President [[Franklin Drilon]] and the House Speaker [[Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.]] Previously, the Senate President and the House Speaker played this role. The composition of the joint congressional canvassing committee was announced on May 24, 2016.<ref name="gmacanvass" /><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/787357/vp-issue-divides-congress \|title=VP issue divides Congress \|date=May 25, 2016 \|access-date=May 25, 2016 \|publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]}}</ref> {\|class=wikitable \|- !width=45%\|Senate !!width=10%\|Position !!width=45%\|House of Representatives \|- \|[[Aquilino Pimentel III]] ([[PDP–Laban]]) !Co-chairpersons \|House Majority Leader [[Neptali Gonzales II]] (Mandaluyong, [[Liberal Party (Philippines)\|Liberal]]) \|-valign=top \| * Senate President pro tempore [[Ralph Recto]] (Liberal) Senate Minority Leader [[Juan Ponce Enrile]] ([[United Nationalist Alliance\|UNA]]) [[Sonny Angara]] ([[Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino\|LDP]]) [[TG Guingona]] (Liberal) [[Sergio Osmeña III]] (independent) [[Tito Sotto]] ([[Nationalist People's Coalition\|NPC]]) !Members \| [[Elpidio Barzaga, Jr.]] (Cavite, [[National Unity Party (Philippines)\|NUP]]) [[Silvestre Bello III]] (Party-list, 1-BAP) [[Fredenil Castro]] (Capiz, NUP) [[Romero Quimbo]] (Marikina, Liberal) [[Rufus Rodriguez]] (Cagayan de Oro, [[Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines\|CDP]]) Reynaldo Umali (Oriental Mindoro, Liberal) \|-valign=top \| [[Cynthia Villar]] ([[Nacionalista Party\|Nacionalista]]) [[JV Ejercito]] (UNA) !Alternates \| House Minority Leader [[Ronaldo Zamora]] (San Juan, [[Nacionalista Party\|Nacionalista]]) [[Rolando Andaya, Jr.]] (Camarines Sur, [[Nationalist People's Coalition\|NPC]]) [[Barry Gutierrez\|Ibarra Gutierrez]] (Party-list, [[Akbayan]]) [[Oscar Samson Rodriguez\|Oscar Rodriguez]] (Pampanga, Liberal) \|} Members of Congress who ran for president ([[Grace Poe]] and [[Miriam Defensor Santiago]]) and vice president ([[Alan Peter Cayetano]], [[Francis Escudero]], [[Gregorio Honasan]], [[Bongbong Marcos]], [[Leni Robredo]] and [[Antonio Trillanes]]) are banned from attending the proceedings. Each political party is entitled to two lawyers who may file motions before Congress. All presidential candidates and 4 vice presidential candidates (except Honasan and Trillanes) have lawyers for the canvassing period. ==Proceedings== {\|class="wikitable" \|- !Date !!Scheduled start !! Actual start !! Ended !! COCs canvassed \|- \|May 25<ref name="gmacanvass" /> \|\| 2:00 p.m. \|\| 2:57 p.m. \|\| 9:30 p.m. \|\| 45 \|- \|May 26 \|\| 2:00 p.m. \|\| 2:27 p.m. \|\| 10:00 p.m. \|\| 68 \|- \|May 27 \|\| 2:00 p.m. \|\| 2:30 p.m. \|\| 7:16 p.m. \|\| 53 \|- \|} ===May 25=== On May 25, before the start of canvassing, Didagen Dilangalen, lawyer of Bongbong Marcos, requested for separate canvassing of presidential and vice presidential results. This motion was made for an early proclamation of presumptive president Rodrigo Duterte and for more thorough examination of the tight vice presidential race. The joint committee rejected his motion and proceeded on canvassing on a per certificate of canvass (COC) basis.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/567545/news/nation/nboc-shoots-down-marcos-camp-request-for-separate-canvassing-for-president-vp \|title=NBOC shoots down Marcos camp request for separate canvassing for president, VP \|date=May 25, 2016 \|access-date=May 26, 2016 \|publisher=[[GMA News Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/787539/congress-nixes-marcos-plea \|title=Congress nixes Marcos plea \|date=May 26, 2016 \|access-date=May 26, 2016 \|publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]}}</ref> [[Davao del Sur]]'s COC was first canvassed. Discrepancies of COCs of [[Davao del Norte]], [[Ilocos Sur]] and [[Laguna (province)\|Laguna]] were found and their results were deferred. The Provincial Board of Canvassers of these provinces were summoned to address these issues.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/134279-provincial-canvassers-summoned-congress \|title=Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Davao del Norte canvassers ordered to face Congress \|date=May 25, 2016 \|access-date=May 26, 2016 \|publisher=[[Rappler]]}}</ref> The committee have admitted for canvassing a total of 45 COCs from 20 provinces, 15 cities, 1 district and 9 countries.<ref name = "senate_pimentel_sponsorship_speech">[http://senate.gov.ph/press_release/2016/0531_pimentel1.asp SPONSORSHIP SPEECH OF SENATOR AQUILINO "KOKO" PIMENTEL III ON THE REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE AND RESOLUTION OF BOTH HOUSES NO. 1 APPROVING THE REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE, DECLARING THE RESULTS OF THE NATIONAL ELECTIONS HELD ON MAY 9, 2016, FOR THE OFFICES OF PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT, AND PROCLAIMING THE DULY ELECTED PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES], [[Senate of the Philippines]]</ref> ===May 26=== On May 26, the camp of [[Davao City]] mayor Rodrigo Duterte urged Bongbong Marcos to convince his running mate, Miriam Defensor Santiago to concede in the presidential race so that it would hasten the canvassing and the proclamation of Duterte as the President.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/567681/news/nation/duterte-camp-urges-marcos-to-convince-miriam-to-concede-to-fast-track-canvass\|title=Duterte camp urges Marcos to convince Miriam to concede to fast-track canvass\|publisher=[[GMA News Online]]\|date=May 26, 2016\|accessdate=May 27, 2016}}</ref> Discrepancies of COCs of [[Antique (province)\|Antique]] were found and their results were deferred,<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/567760/news/nation/solid-north-votes-push-marcos-past-robredo-after-2nd-day-of-official-vp-tally\|title='Solid North' votes push Marcos past Robredo after 2nd day of official VP tally\|publisher=[[GMA News Online]]\|date=May 26, 2016\|accessdate=May 27, 2016}}</ref> while the canvassing of COCs from [[Kuwait]] and [[Canada]] were suspended since the physically delivered COCs were not yet delivered to Congress and their respective electronically transmitted COCs are only available. The Certificate of Canvass for [[Iloilo City]] was not found inside the ballot boxes sent to Congress and ordered the chairperson of the Iloilo City Board of Canvassers to appear on May 27. The COCs for Davao del Norte, Ilocos Sur and Laguna were admitted to the canvass after their respective PBOC chairpersons appeared to the committee and explained the discrepancies. In total, the joint committee admitted to canvass 69 CoCs from 54 provinces, 8 cities, and 6 countries.<ref name = "senate_pimentel_sponsorship_speech"/> ===May 27=== The committee first resumed consideration for the canvassing the COCs for Antique, Kuwait, and Iloilo City. The Antique COC was admitted for canvassing after the chairman of the provincial board of canvassers appeared before the joint committee to explain the discrepancies. The COC from Kuwait has been delivered by Comelec representatives before the joint committee convened. The COC for Iloilo City were canvassed after the chairperson of its city board of canvassers located the COC inside the ballot box that were sent to Congress.<ref>[http://interaksyon.com/article/128330/oops--missing-iloilo-city-coc-was-right-there-all-along Oops! Missing Iloilo City COC was right there all along] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530051605/http://interaksyon.com/article/128330/oops--missing-iloilo-city-coc-was-right-there-all-along \|date=2016-05-30 }}, Tricia Aquino, InterAksyon.com, May 27, 2016</ref> For the COC from Canada, the Comelec representative explained that the physical COC was only shipped on May 26 and it will take about three to five days before it will be delivered to Congress. However, they have a certified true copy of the COC, which Comelec received via e-mail. This was also the case for the COC from Austria.<ref name = "senate_pimentel_sponsorship_speech"/> The committee finished the canvassing of all electronically transmitted and manually prepared COCs (including the local absentee and detainee voting COCs) in three days, the fastest canvassing of results for President and Vice President in Philippine election history.<ref>[http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/28/Duterte-Robredo-proclamation-set-on-Monday.html Lawmakers set Monday proclamation for Duterte, Robredo] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530193202/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/28/Duterte-Robredo-proclamation-set-on-Monday.html \|date=2016-05-30 }}, Eimor P. Santos, [[CNN Philippines]], May 29, 2016</ref><ref>[http://interaksyon.com/article/128336/fastest-in-ph-history--how-did-congress-manage-to-complete-canvassing-in-just-three-days How did Congress manage to pull off fastest canvass in PH history?] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531175831/http://interaksyon.com/article/128336/fastest-in-ph-history--how-did-congress-manage-to-complete-canvassing-in-just-three-days \|date=2016-05-31 }}, Lira Dalangin-Fernandez, InterAksyon.com, May 27, 2016</ref> ==Presidential election== Based on the official canvass of the [[Congress of the Philippines]]. {{Philippine presidential election, 2016}} {\| class="wikitable" width="99%" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%" \|- bgcolor=#cccccc ! rowspan=2 width=12% align=left\|[[Provinces of the Philippines\|Province]]/[[Cities of the Philippines\|City]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Rodrigo Duterte\|Duterte]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Mar Roxas\|Roxas]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Grace Poe\|Poe]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Jejomar Binay\|Binay]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Miriam Defensor Santiago\|Defensor Santiago]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Roy Señeres\|Señeres]]* \|- \| {{party color cell\|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} \| {{party color cell\|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido Galing at Puso}} \| {{party color cell\|United Nationalist Alliance}} \| {{party color cell\|People's Reform Party}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka}} \|- \|align=left\|[[Abra (province)\|Abra]] \|\| 24,120 \|\| 11,050 \|\| 37,029 \|\| '''50,245''' \|\| 7,411 \|\| 77 \|- \|align=left\|[[Agusan del Norte]] \|\| '''195,814''' \|\| 76,267 \|\| 53,879 \|\| 11,559 \|\| 2,135 \|\| 154 \|- \|align=left\|[[Agusan del Sur]] \|\| 115,869 \|\| '''150,613''' \|\| 13,847 \|\| 7,329 \|\| 968 \|\| 195 \|- \|align=left\|[[Aklan]] \|\| 52,481 \|\| '''134,763''' \|\| 53,360 \|\| 30,996 \|\| 6,407 \|\| 190 \|- \|align=left\|[[Albay]] \|\| 80,361 \|\| '''221,778''' \|\| 221,578 \|\| 63,144 \|\| 15,595 \|\| 599 \|- \|align=left\|[[Antique (province)\|Antique]] \|\| 45,520 \|\| '''102,311''' \|\| 61,572 \|\| 31,675 \|\| 8,538 \|\| 293 \|- \|align=left\|[[Apayao]] \|\| 7,056 \|\| 8,215 \|\| 10,439 \|\| '''22,239''' \|\| 1,529 \|\| 36 \|- \|align=left\|[[Aurora (province)\|Aurora]] \|\| 19,149 \|\| 16,029 \|\| '''33,776''' \|\| 27,290 \|\| 2,699 \|\| 63 \|- \|align=left\|[[Bacolod]] \|69,871 \|'''106,268''' \|32,443 \|6,597 \|10,296 \|132 \|- \|align=left\|[[Baguio]] \|'''37,768''' \|15,731 \|24,569 \|9,079 \|26,735 \|96 \|- \|align=left\|[[Basilan]] \|\|'''95,625'''\|\|56,881\|\|15,512\|\|9,747\|\|581\|\|48 \|- \|align=left\|[[Bataan]] \|\| '''145,902''' \|\| 42,504 \|\| 144,540 \|\| 50,640 \|\| 17,133 \|\| 132 \|- \|align=left\|[[Batanes]] \|\| 1,107 \|\| '''3,690''' \|\| 2,984 \|\| 1,181 \|\| 175 \|\| 3 \|- \|align=left\|[[Batangas]] \|\| '''336,974''' \|\| 215,266 \|\| 334,379 \|\| 294,510 \|\| 42,921 \|\| 425 \|- \|align=left\|[[Benguet]] \|\| 30,948 \|\| 39,374 \|\| '''54,543''' \|\| 13,437 \|\| 27,648 \|\| 16 \|- \|align=left\|[[Biliran]] \|\| '''30,712''' \|\| 21,060 \|\| 10,901 \|\| 14,885 \|\| 1,038 \|\| 84 \|- \|align=left\|[[Bohol]] \|\| '''315,596''' \|\| 203,628 \|\| 68,912 \|\| 42,917 \|\| 6,191 \|\| 441 \|- \|align=left\|[[Bukidnon]] \|\| '''345,677''' \|\| 129,057 \|\| 88,551 \|\| 24,053 \|\| 4,359 \|\| 500 \|- \|align=left\|[[Bulacan]] \|\| '''506,046''' \|\| 187,710 \|\| 418,962 \|\| 157,788 \|\| 61,121 \|\| 658 \|- \|align=left\|[[Cagayan]] \|\| 89,180 \|\| 64,765 \|\| 100,623 \|\| '''228,041''' \|\| 16,577 \|\| 338 \|- \|align=left\|[[Cagayan de Oro]] \|'''164,446''' \|27,416 \|34,509 \|17,354 \|2,833 \|102 \|- \|align=left\|[[Caloocan]] \|'''232,918''' \|69,143 \|116,128 \|59,070 \|28,010 \|269 \|- \|align=left\|[[Camarines Norte]] \|\| 40,000 \|\| 64,444 \|\| '''114,239''' \|\| 18,555 \|\| 4,308 \|\| 233 \|- \|align=left\|[[Camarines Sur]] \|\| 98,236 \|\| '''305,670''' \|\| 276,855 \|\| 97,232 \|\| 13,439 \|\| 591 \|- \|align=left\|[[Camiguin]] \|\| 11,285 \|\| '''35,613''' \|\| 625 \|\| 326 \|\| 109 \|\| 13 \|- \|align=left\|[[Capiz]] \|\| 35,443 \|\| '''274,023''' \|\| 22,702 \|\| 19,322 \|\| 4,740 \|\| 302 \|- \|align=left\|[[Catanduanes]] \|\| 20,486 \|\| 39,353 \|\| '''58,612''' \|\| 20,621 \|\| 2,711 \|\| 179 \|- \|align=left\|[[Cavite]] \|\| '''557,812''' \|\| 232,427 \|\| 297,681 \|\| 196,228 \|\| 70,325 \|\| 538 \|- \|align=left\|[[Cebu]] \|\|'''762,559''' \|\|459,089 \|\|192,235 \|\|70,867 \|\|19,386 \|\|1,023 \|- \|align=left\|[[Cebu City]] \|'''296,246''' \|90,420 \|52,169 \|51,002 \|13,512 \|226 \|- \|align=left\|[[Compostela Valley]] \|\| '''255,555''' \|\| 55,184 \|\| 17,758 \|\| 5,889 \|\| 1,095 \|\| 133 \|- \|align=left\|[[Cotabato]] \|\| '''397,096''' \|\| 69,490 \|\| 35,109 \|\| 22,137 \|\| 2,347 \|\| 196 \|- \|align=left\|[[Davao City]] \|'''614,192''' \|7,546 \|9,053 \|3,329 \|1,671 \|64 \|- \|align=left\|[[Davao del Norte]] \|\| '''398,192''' \|\| 13,654 \|\| 12,545 \|\| 4,803 \|\| 1,171 \|\| 111 \|- \|align=left\|[[Davao del Sur]] \|\|'''269,660'''\|\|12,714\|\|8,264\|\|3,013\|\|750\|\|74 \|- \|align=left\|[[Davao Occidental]] \|\| '''94,373''' \|\| 6,371 \|\| 6,341 \|\| 2,138 \|\| 275 \|\| 42 \|- \|align=left\|[[Davao Oriental]] \|\| '''208,059''' \|\| 22,676 \|\| 13,460 \|\| 5,788 \|\| 997 \|\| 142 \|- \|align=left\|[[Dinagat Islands]] \|\| '''33,395''' \|\| 11,935 \|\| 3,557 \|\| 3,838 \|\| 205 \|\| 19 \|- \|align=left\|[[Eastern Samar]] \|\| 46,298 \|\| '''80,824''' \|\| 72,778 \|\| 29,073 \|\| 3,501 \|\| 226 \|- \|align=left\|[[Guimaras]] \|\| 9,059 \|\| '''50,507''' \|\| 11,939 \|\| 12,527 \|\| 2,654 \|\| 56 \|- \|align=left\|[[Ifugao]] \|\| 11,685 \|\| 25,452 \|\| '''25,629''' \|\| 21,263 \|\| 4,606 \|\| 76 \|- \|align=left\|[[Iligan]] \|'''85,901''' \|16,618 \|12,464 \|4,331 \|1,047 \|41 \|- \|align=left\|[[Ilocos Norte]] \|\| '''103,394''' \|\| 13,162 \|\| 61,012 \|\| 66,007 \|\| 64,375 \|\| 253 \|- \|align=left\|[[Ilocos Sur]] \|\| 86,364 \|\| 52,868 \|\| '''89,925''' \|\| 66,460 \|\| 44,857 \|\| 223 \|- \|align=left\|[[Iloilo]] \|\| 107,364 \|\| '''543,001''' \|\| 137,393 \|\| 31,647 \|\| 44,940 \|\| 607 \|- \|align=left\|[[Iloilo City]] \|39,680 \|'''119,972''' \|31,159 \|6,141 \|15,011 \|150 \|- \|align=left\|[[Isabela (province)\|Isabela]] \|\| 119,259 \|\| 68,473 \|\| 139,637 \|\| '''372,371''' \|\| 16,008 \|\| 332 \|- \|align=left\|[[Kalinga (province)\|Kalinga]] \|\| 13,361 \|\| 13,142 \|\| 26,746 \|\| '''38,517''' \|\| 4,703 \|\| 63 \|- \|align=left\|[[La Union]] \|\| 85,988 \|\| 39,523 \|\| '''111,253''' \|\| 106,449 \|\| 36,301 \|\| 220 \|- \|align=left\|[[Laguna (province)\|Laguna]] \|\| '''454,593''' \|\| 175,922 \|\| 386,241 \|\| 180,338 \|\| 64,478 \|\| 607 \|- \|align=left\|[[Lanao del Norte]] \|\|'''126,052'''\|\|69,375\|\|25,835\|\|17,239\|\|1,073\|\|137 \|- \|align=left\|[[Lanao del Sur]] \|\| '''303,184''' \|\| 44,801 \|\| 15,809 \|\| 13,635 \|\| 815 \|\| 71 \|- \|align=left\|[[Lapu-Lapu City\|Lapu-Lapu]] \|'''83,283''' \|44,676 \|15,951 \|3,719 \|2,663 \|112 \|- \|align=left\|[[Las Piñas]] \|'''104,387''' \|28,923 \|52,983 \|17,654 \|16,589 \|108 \|- \|align=left\|[[Leyte]] \|\| '''332,306''' \|\| 222,276 \|\| 128,643 \|\| 190,865 \|\| 16,382 \|\| 724 \|- \|align=left\|[[Maguindanao]] \|\| '''255,031''' \|\| 117,851 \|\| 22,006 \|\| 63,569 \|\| 964 \|\| 115 \|- \|align=left\|[[Makati]] \|89,047 \|40,067 \|25,661 \|'''133,367''' \|21,291 \|87 \|- \|align=left\|[[Malabon]] \|'''66,125''' \|20,147 \|39,862 \|15,384 \|8,545 \|103 \|- \|align=left\|[[Mandaluyong]] \|'''63,860''' \|22,069 \|28,731 \|26,330 \|11,777 \|54 \|- \|align=left\|[[Manila]] \|'''325,050''' \|88,047 \|180,170 \|96,997 \|58,535 \|366 \|- \|align=left\|[[Marikina]] \|'''76,393''' \|35,559 \|39,209 \|11,550 \|15,448 \|67 \|- \|align=left\|[[Marinduque]] \|\| 22,352 \|\| 26,164 \|\| '''45,125''' \|\| 15,387 \|\| 2,133 \|\| 102 \|- \|align=left\|[[Masbate]] \|\| 64,086 \|\| '''150,128''' \|\| 78,587 \|\| 41,954 \|\| 3,433 \|\| 517 \|- \|align=left\|[[Misamis Occidental]] \|\| 109,812 \|\| '''137,015''' \|\| 18,616 \|\| 8,785 \|\| 1,658 \|\| 182 \|- \|align=left\|[[Misamis Oriental]] \|\| '''237,184''' \|\| 99,402 \|\| 68,238 \|\| 35,480 \|\| 3,103 \|\| 264 \|- \|align=left\|[[Mountain Province]] \|\| 9,111 \|\| 18,973 \|\| '''22,553''' \|\| 15,122 \|\| 7,965 \|\| 60 \|- \|align=left\|[[Muntinlupa]] \|'''94,012''' \|35,651 \|44,123 \|33,221 \|13,062 \|83 \|- \|align=left\|[[Navotas]] \|'''35,890''' \|6,820 \|18,974 \|34,428 \|4,066 \|36 \|- \| align="left" \|[[Negros Occidental]] \|\| 190,196 \|\| '''579,810''' \|\| 222,440 \|\| 39,786 \|\| 20,100 \|\| 1,200 \|- \|align=left\|[[Negros Oriental]] \|\| 173,968 \|\| '''248,099''' \|\| 86,406 \|\| 48,474 \|\| 9,162 \|\| 748 \|- \|align=left\|[[Northern Samar]] \|\| 42,157 \|\|'''100,436''' \|\| 74,021 \|\| 67,655 \|\| 3,600 \|\| 338 \|- \|align=left\|[[Nueva Ecija]] \|\| 275,136 \|\| 148,269 \|\| '''326,715''' \|\| 221,135 \|\| 26,946 \|\| 438 \|- \|align=left\|[[Nueva Vizcaya]] \|\| 40,656 \|\| 24,374 \|\| '''60,468''' \|\| 58,773 \|\| 8,296 \|\| 109 \|- \|align=left\|[[Occidental Mindoro]] \|\| 38,701 \|\| '''72,644''' \|\| 36,171 \|\| 37,886 \|\| 2,024 \|\| 116 \|- \|align=left\|[[Oriental Mindoro]] \|\| 70,560 \|\| 104,554 \|\| '''104,772''' \|\| 60,246 \|\| 5,266 \|\| 197 \|- \|align=left\|[[Palawan]] \|\| 104,410 \|\| '''168,592''' \|\| 126,181 \|\| 30,392 \|\| 6,838 \|\| 432 \|- \|align=left\|[[Pampanga]] \|\| '''433,969''' \|\| 141,715 \|\| 238,866 \|\| 159,753 \|\| 46,827 \|\| 535 \|- \|align=left\|[[Pangasinan]] \|\| 346,081 \|\| 204,081 \|\| '''572,249''' \|\| 210,876 \|\| 52,258 \|\| 913 \|- \|align=left\|[[Parañaque]] \|'''99,940''' \|41,625 \|42,879 \|27,055 \|15,166 \|120 \|- \|align=left\|[[Pasay]] \|'''81,472''' \|26,119 \|30,185 \|44,232 \|12,295 \|85 \|- \|align=left\|[[Pasig]] \|'''136,007''' \|50,175 \|75,880 \|31,529 \|23,993 \|141 \|- \|align=left\|[[Quezon]] \|\| 184,950 \|\| 205,791 \|\| '''305,814''' \|\| 175,002 \|\| 21,768 \|\| 553 \|- \|align=left\|[[Quezon City]] \|'''415,671''' \|164,012 \|168,432 \|82,438 \|66,982 \|457 \|- \|align=left\|[[Quirino]] \|\| 14,750 \|\| 21,008 \|\| 17,290 \|\| '''22,978''' \|\| 2,197 \|\| 41 \|- \|align=left\|[[Rizal (province)\|Rizal]] \|\| '''415,816''' \|\| 134,038 \|\| 259,998 \|\| 150,030 \|\| 56,164 \|\| 483 \|- \|align=left\|[[Romblon]] \|\| 26,134 \|\| '''56,369''' \|\| 31,736 \|\| 17,868 \|\| 1,842 \|\| 86 \|- \|align=left\|[[Samar]] \|\| 68,206 \|\| '''129,660''' \|\| 115,582 \|\| 64,575 \|\| 5,030 \|\| 289 \|- \|align=left\|[[San Juan, Metro Manila\|San Juan]] \|'''25,922''' \|9,061 \|11,508 \|5,833 \|4,837 \|34 \|- \|align=left\|[[Sarangani]] \|\| '''141,511''' \|\| 22,972 \|\| 16,983 \|\| 27,084 \|\| 883 \|\| 112 \|- \|align=left\|[[Siquijor]] \|\|16,252\|\|'''26,626'''\|\|5,256\|\|6,778\|\|623\|\|44 \|- \|align=left\|[[Sorsogon]] \|\| 44,560 \|\| 108,068 \|\| '''143,420''' \|\| 42,636 \|\| 5,716 \|\| 373 \|- \|align=left\|[[South Cotabato]] \|\| '''349,904''' \|\| 121,170 \|\| 64,115 \|\| 31,512 \|\| 5,265 \|\| 215 \|- \|align=left\|[[Southern Leyte]] \|\| '''93,625''' \|\| 73,499 \|\| 20,007 \|\| 15,955 \|\| 1,933 \|\| 149 \|- \|align=left\|[[Sultan Kudarat]] \|\| '''174,317''' \|\| 59,212 \|\| 29,464 \|\| 18,240 \|\| 1,651 \|\| 133 \|- \|align=left\|[[Sulu]] \|\| '''197,559''' \|\| 26,443 \|\| 9,455 \|\| 23,666 \|\| 389 \|\| 35 \|- \|align=left\|[[Surigao del Norte]] \|\| '''148,387''' \|\| 59,778 \|\| 38,706 \|\| 8,667 \|\| 1,547 \|\| 172 \|- \|align=left\|[[Surigao del Sur]] \|\| '''186,077''' \|\| 58,673 \|\| 30,947 \|\| 8,660 \|\| 1,444 \|\| 164 \|- \|align=left\|[[Taguig]]–[[Pateros]] \|'''166,834''' \|25,330 \|42,473 \|33,454 \|16,272 \|114 \|- \|align=left\|[[Tarlac]] \|\| 159,187 \|\| '''194,974''' \|\| 185,918 \|\| 47,177 \|\| 17,675 \|\| 356 \|- \|align=left\|[[Tawi-Tawi]] \|\| '''69,344''' \|\| 26,413 \|\| 12,398 \|\| 18,957 \|\| 331 \|\| 51 \|- \|align=left\|[[Valenzuela, Metro Manila\|Valenzuela]] \|'''113,745''' \|30,845 \|80,671 \|20,361 \|17,045 \|106 \|- \|align=left\|[[Zambales]] \|\| 103,274 \|\| 67,366 \|\| '''132,705''' \|\| 37,309 \|\| 21,217 \|\| 202 \|- \|align=left\|[[Zamboanga City]] \|'''107,565''' \|43,031 \|84,728 \|22,201 \|7,068 \|221 \|- \|align=left\|[[Zamboanga del Norte]] \|\| 174,548 \|\| '''175,008''' \|\| 53,122 \|\| 40,806 \|\| 2,563 \|\| 394 \|- \|align=left\|[[Zamboanga del Sur]] \|\| 141,065 \|\| 81,348 \|\| '''149,570''' \|\| 20,058 \|\| 3,073 \|\| 381 \|- \|align=left\|[[Zamboanga Sibugay]] \|\| '''115,173''' \|\| 84,151 \|\| 34,385 \|\| 14,291 \|\| 1,422 \|\| 194 \|- \|align=left\|[[Absentee ballot\|Absentee voters]] \|\| '''318,528''' \|\| 51,300 \|\| 27,582 \|\| 13,138 \|\| 37,900 \|\| 118 \|- \|-style="background:#E9E9E9" \|align="center"\|'''Total''' \|\| '''16,601,997 ''' \|\| 9,978,175 \|\| 9,100,991 \|\| 5,416,140 \|\| 1,455,532 \|\| 25,779 \|- ! rowspan=2 style="background: #E9E9E9" width=12% align=left\|[[Provinces of the Philippines\|Province]]/[[Cities of the Philippines\|City]] \| {{party color cell\|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} \| {{party color cell\|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido Galing at Puso}} \| {{party color cell\|United Nationalist Alliance}} \| {{party color cell\|People's Reform Party}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka}} \|- bgcolor=#cccccc ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Rodrigo Duterte\|Duterte]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Mar Roxas\|Roxas]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Grace Poe\|Poe]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Jejomar Binay\|Binay]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Miriam Defensor Santiago\|Defensor Santiago]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Roy Señeres\|Señeres]]* \|}withdrew from the race but is included in the ballot; all votes cast for him are spoiled. ===Absentee voters=== {\| class="wikitable" width=99% style="text-align:right; font-size:92%" \|- bgcolor=#cccccc ! rowspan=2 style="background: #E9E9E9" width=12% align=left\|[[Country]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Rodrigo Duterte\|Duterte]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Mar Roxas\|Roxas]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Grace Poe\|Poe]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Jejomar Binay\|Binay]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Miriam Defensor Santiago\|Defensor Santiago]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Roy Señeres\|Señeres]] \|- \| {{party color cell\|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} \| {{party color cell\|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido Galing at Puso}} \| {{party color cell\|United Nationalist Alliance}} \| {{party color cell\|People's Reform Party}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka}} \|- \| align=left\| [[Absentee ballot\|Local absentee voters]] \|\| '''10,283''' \|\| 1,419 \|\| 1,628 \|\| 4,375 \|\| 1,253 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[Absentee ballot\|Detainee voters]] \|\| 387 \|\| 331 \|\| '''896''' \|\| 549 \|\| 26 \|\| 4 \|- \| align=left\| [[Argentina]] \|\| '''41''' \|\| 12 \|\| 11 \|\| 2 \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Australia]] \|\| '''1,889''' \|\| 768 \|\| 266 \|\| 57 \|\| 291 \|\| 1 \|- \| align=left\| [[Austria]] \|\| '''561''' \|\| 167 \|\| 65 \|\| 18 \|\| 76 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Bahrain]] \|\| '''5,413''' \|\| 712 \|\| 405 \|\| 169 \|\| 509 \|\| 3 \|- \| align=left\| [[Bangladesh]] \|\| '''168''' \|\| 48 \|\| 18 \|\| 9 \|\| 31 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Belgium]] \|\| '''729''' \|\| 229 \|\| 100 \|\| 20 \|\| 93 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Brazil]] \|\| '''201''' \|\| 22 \|\| 12 \|\| 9 \|\| 18 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Brunei]] \|\| '''3,147''' \|\| 339 \|\| 228 \|\| 65 \|\| 331 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Cambodia]] \|\| '''715''' \|\| 123 \|\| 54 \|\| 14 \|\| 102 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Canada]] \|\| '''15,643''' \|\| 2,681 \|\| 1,582 \|\| 397 \|\| 2,227 \|\| 7 \|- \| align=left\| [[Chile]] \|\| '''196''' \|\| 15 \|\| 11 \|\| 6 \|\| 46 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[China]] \|\| '''34,004''' \|\| 4,927 \|\| 3,173 \|\| 1,252 \|\| 7,573 \|\| 12 \|- \| align=left\| [[Czech Republic]] \|\| '''183''' \|\| 26 \|\| 5 \|\| 3 \|\| 30 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[East Timor]] \|\| '''299''' \|\| 46 \|\| 26 \|\| 6 \|\| 43 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[Egypt]] \|\| '''715''' \|\| 88 \|\| 62 \|\| 29 \|\| 68 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[France]] \|\| '''1,123''' \|\| 354 \|\| 149 \|\| 25 \|\| 151 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Germany]] \|\| '''1,206''' \|\| 281 \|\| 174 \|\| 63 \|\| 176 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[Greece]] & [[Cyprus]] \|\| '''1,470''' \|\| 253 \|\| 274 \|\| 108 \|\| 343 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[Guam]] \|\| '''1,490''' \|\| 1,030 \|\| 515 \|\| 95 \|\| 164 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Hungary]] \|\| '''185''' \|\| 8 \|\| 21 \|\| 5 \|\| 46 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[India]] \|\| '''42''' \|\| 11 \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Indonesia]] \|\| '''951''' \|\| 287 \|\| 68 \|\| 27 \|\| 199 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Iran]] \|\| '''62''' \|\| 9 \|\| 12 \|\| 3 \|\| 7 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Israel]] \|\| '''4,431''' \|\| 323 \|\| 250 \|\| 99 \|\| 629 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[Italy]] \|\| '''9,249''' \|\| 1,859 \|\| 1,276 \|\| 322 \|\| 1,209 \|\| 6 \|- \| align=left\| [[Japan]] \|\| '''11,216''' \|\| 1,274 \|\| 829 \|\| 269 \|\| 1,080 \|\| 9 \|- \| align=left\| [[Jordan]] \|\| '''1,516''' \|\| 147 \|\| 168 \|\| 45 \|\| 164 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Kenya]] \|\| '''292''' \|\| 37 \|\| 44 \|\| 12 \|\| 32 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Kuwait]] \|\| '''9,747''' \|\| 1,021 \|\| 598 \|\| 224 \|\| 580 \|\| 3 \|- \| align=left\| [[Laos]] \|\| '''455''' \|\| 43 \|\| 15 \|\| 21 \|\| 79 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Lebanon]] \|\| '''3,039''' \|\| 271 \|\| 359 \|\| 135 \|\| 326 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[Malaysia]] \|\| '''2,275''' \|\| 210 \|\| 122 \|\| 62 \|\| 383 \|\| 3 \|- \| align=left\| [[Mexico]] \|\| '''179''' \|\| 40 \|\| 7 \|\| 5 \|\| 27 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Myanmar]] \|\| '''127''' \|\| 51 \|\| 11 \|\| 6 \|\| 29 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Netherlands]] \|\| '''573''' \|\| 103 \|\| 55 \|\| 9 \|\| 72 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[New Zealand]] \|\| '''2,269''' \|\| 264 \|\| 119 \|\| 34 \|\| 243 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Nigeria]] \|\| '''255''' \|\| 38 \|\| 15 \|\| 5 \|\| 27 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Norway]] \|\| '''1,314''' \|\| 144 \|\| 79 \|\| 15 \|\| 152 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Oman]] \|\| '''2,779''' \|\| 436 \|\| 217 \|\| 67 \|\| 284 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Pakistan]] \|\| '''184''' \|\| 24 \|\| 9 \|\| 6 \|\| 20 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Papua New Guinea]] \|\| '''588''' \|\| 225 \|\| 65 \|\| 22 \|\| 60 \|\| 1 \|- \| align=left\| [[Poland]] \|\| '''120''' \|\| 25 \|\| 6 \|\| 3 \|\| 20 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Portugal]] \|\| '''343''' \|\| 31 \|\| 32 \|\| 19 \|\| 26 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Qatar]] \|\| '''12,475''' \|\| 1,333 \|\| 558 \|\| 250 \|\| 997 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[Russia]] \|\| '''753''' \|\| 61 \|\| 41 \|\| 11 \|\| 134 \|\| 1 \|- \| align=left\| [[Saudi Arabia]] \|\| '''35,713''' \|\| 4,890 \|\| 2,515 \|\| 934 \|\| 2,589 \|\| 11 \|- \| align=left\| [[Singapore]] \|\| '''30,389''' \|\| 3,746 \|\| 1,276 \|\| 424 \|\| 3,587 \|\| 7 \|- \| align=left\| [[South Africa]] \|\| '''217''' \|\| 40 \|\| 13 \|\| 13 \|\| 28 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[South Korea]] \|\| '''2,915''' \|\| 160 \|\| 84 \|\| 28 \|\| 274 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Spain]] \|\| '''4,170''' \|\| 531 \|\| 452 \|\| 131 \|\| 610 \|\| 1 \|- \| align=left\| [[Switzerland]] \|\| '''1,729''' \|\| 588 \|\| 224 \|\| 68 \|\| 291 \|\| 1 \|- \| align=left\| [[Taiwan]] \|\| '''11,544''' \|\| 343 \|\| 319 \|\| 122 \|\| 725 \|\| 1 \|- \| align=left\| [[Thailand]] \|\| '''2,604''' \|\| 342 \|\| 93 \|\| 40 \|\| 384 \|\| 1 \|- \| align=left\| [[Turkey]] \|\| '''492''' \|\| 50 \|\| 37 \|\| 9 \|\| 69 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[United Arab Emirates]] \|\| '''51,879''' \|\| 3,985 \|\| 1,708 \|\| 786 \|\| 3,483 \|\| 9 \|- \| align=left\| [[United Kingdom]] \|\| '''6,451''' \|\| 1,491 \|\| 685 \|\| 192 \|\| 1,060 \|\| 3 \|- \| align=left\| [[United States of America]] \|\| '''24,789''' \|\| 12,820 \|\| 5,480 \|\| 1,423 \|\| 4,339 \|\| 20 \|- \| align=left\| [[Vatican City]] \|\| 74 \|\| '''98''' \|\| 43 \|\| 12 \|\| 20 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Vietnam]], [[Maldives]] & [[Sri Lanka]] \|\| '''280''' \|\| 70 \|\| 20 \|\| 6 \|\| 56 \|\| 0 \|- \|align="center"\|'''Total''' \|\| '''318,528''' \|\| 51,300 \|\| 27,582 \|\| 13,138 \|\| 37,900 \|\| 118 \|- ! rowspan=2 style="background: #E9E9E9" width=12% align=left\|[[Country]] \| {{party color cell\|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} \| {{party color cell\|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido Galing at Puso}} \| {{party color cell\|United Nationalist Alliance}} \| {{party color cell\|People's Reform Party}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka}} \|- bgcolor=#cccccc ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Rodrigo Duterte\|Duterte]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Mar Roxas\|Roxas]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Grace Poe\|Poe]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Jejomar Binay\|Binay]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Miriam Defensor Santiago\|Defensor Santiago]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Roy Señeres\|Señeres]]* \|}*withdrew from the race but is included in the ballot; all votes cast for him are spoiled. ==Vice presidential election== [[Image:Overseas Breakdown of VP Race 2016.png\|thumb\|500px\|Overseas breakdown of the vice presidential election]] Based on the official canvass of the [[Congress of the Philippines]]. {{Philippine vice presidential election, 2016}} {\| class="wikitable" width="99%" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;" \|- bgcolor=#cccccc ! rowspan=2 width=12% align=left\|[[Provinces of the Philippines\|Province]]/[[Cities of the Philippines\|City]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Leni Robredo\|Robredo]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Bongbong Marcos\|Marcos]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Alan Peter Cayetano\|Cayetano]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Francis Escudero\|Escudero]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Antonio Trillanes\|Trillanes]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center\|[[Gregorio Honasan\|Honasan]] \|- \| {{party color cell\|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} \| {{party color cell\|People's Reform Party}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido Galing at Puso}} \| {{party color cell\|Independent (politician)}} \| {{party color cell\|United Nationalist Alliance}} \|- \|align=left\|[[Abra (province)\|Abra]] \|\| 5,457 \|\| '''112,694''' \|\| 1,754 \|\| 4,212 \|\| 689 \|\| 1,470 \|- \|align=left\|[[Agusan del Norte]] \|\| '''116,063''' \|\| 82,696 \|\| 86,548 \|\| 28,313 \|\| 3,676 \|\| 4,004 \|- \|align=left\|[[Agusan del Sur]] \|\| '''151,451''' \|\| 48,494 \|\| 51,594 \|\| 18,595 \|\| 3,435 \|\| 4,162 \|- \|align=left\|[[Aklan]] \|\| '''148,280''' \|\| 51,395 \|\| 19,225 \|\| 34,428 \|\| 8,411 \|\| 5,373 \|- \|align=left\|[[Albay]] \|\| '''380,745''' \|\| 42,324 \|\| 23,713 \|\| 117,113 \|\| 17,095 \|\| 7,434 \|- \|align=left\|[[Antique (province)\|Antique]] \|\| '''119,055''' \|\| 44,663 \|\| 17,002 \|\| 33,578 \|\| 15,011 \|\| 5,722 \|- \|align=left\|[[Apayao]] \|\| 2,762 \|\| '''40,846''' \|\| 876 \|\| 1,979 \|\| 566 \|\| 904 \|- \|align=left\|[[Aurora (province)\|Aurora]] \|\| 27,029 \|\| '''42,600''' \|\| 4,479 \|\| 16,684 \|\| 2,698 \|\| 3,453 \|- \|align=left\|[[Basilan]] \|\| '''77,321'''\|\| 32,326 \|\| 31,868 \|\| 16,488 \|\| 3,412 \|\| 4,104 \|- \|align=left\|[[Bataan]] \|\| 84,241 \|\| '''184,670''' \|\| 27,632 \|\| 80,197 \|\| 7,121 \|\| 6741 \|- \|align=left\|[[Batanes]] \|\| '''4,566''' \|\| 1,079 \|\| 416 \|\| 2,236 \|\| 116 \|\| 380 \|- \|align=left\|[[Batangas]] \|\| '''514,608''' \|\| 261,499 \|\| 110,448 \|\| 233,406 \|\| 34,984 \|\| 36,358 \|- \|align=left\|[[Benguet]]<br />    •  [[Baguio]] \|\| 33,413 <br /> 21,341 \|\| '''95,927''' <br /> '''76,009''' \|\| 7,326 <br /> 5,965 \|\| 17,275 <br /> 6,990 \|\| 5,675 <br /> 2,235 \|\| 2,893 <br /> 1,048 \|- \|align=left\|[[Biliran]] \|\| 18,231 \|\| '''33,440''' \|\| 8,901 \|\| 7,668 \|\| 1,072 \|\| 1,901 \|- \|align=left\|[[Bohol]] \|\| '''276,486''' \|\| 80,593 \|\| 171,234 \|\| 54,789 \|\| 10,843 \|\| 9,964 \|- \|align=left\|[[Bukidnon]] \|\| '''218,585''' \|\| 131,468 \|\| 121,455 \|\| 56,841 \|\| 12,669 \|\| 11,171 \|- \|align=left\|[[Bulacan]] \|\| 366,079 \|\| '''556,480''' \|\| 121,108 \|\| 226,311 \|\| 22,442 \|\| 16,921 \|- \|align=left\|[[Cagayan]] \|\| 54,971 \|\| '''383,657''' \|\| 10,140 \|\| 24,795 \|\| 5,662 \|\| 6,993 \|- \|align=left\|[[Camarines Norte]] \|\| '''132,757''' \|\| 25,899 \|\| 9,405 \|\| 60,208 \|\| 5,405 \|\| 3,182 \|- \|align=left\|[[Camarines Sur]] \|\| '''664,190''' \|\| 41,219 \|\| 14,933 \|\| 37,122 \|\| 11,468 \|\| 7,223 \|- \|align=left\|[[Camiguin]] \|\| '''38,030''' \|\| 2,148 \|\| 5,498 \|\| 666 \|\| 185 \|\| 161 \|- \|align=left\|[[Capiz]] \|\| '''253,290''' \|\| 43,684 \|\| 12,197 \|\| 19,977 \|\| 11,009 \|\| 3,678 \|- \|align=left\|[[Catanduanes]] \|\| '''72,964''' \|\| 12,894 \|\| 5,981 \|\| 39,551 \|\| 2,626 \|\| 2,896 \|- \|align=left\|[[Cavite]] \|\| 404,241 \|\| '''556,785''' \|\| 142,511 \|\| 193,961 \|\| 17,793 \|\| 22,428 \|- \|align=left\|[[Cebu]]<br />    •  [[Cebu City]] <br />    •  [[Lapu-Lapu City\|Lapu-Lapu]] \|\| '''590,777'''<br />162,509 <br />'''63,766''' \|\| 196,943<br />92,007 <br />21,104 \|\| 447,955<br />'''167,705''' <br />46,469 \|\| 146,498<br />41,390 <br />11,840 \|\| 23,993<br />7,972 <br />2,167 \|\| 21,767<br />23,506 <br />1,695 \|- \|align=left\|[[Compostela Valley]] \|\| 86,941 \|\| 66,187 \|\| '''134,323''' \|\| 23,299 \|\| 3,472 \|\| 4,097 \|- \|align=left\|[[Cotabato]] \|\| 129,141 \|\| '''169,177''' \|\| 154,194 \|\| 33,295 \|\| 11,174 \|\| 11,332 \|- \|align=left\|[[Davao del Norte]] \|\| 42,684 \|\| 130,796 \|\| '''216,058''' \|\| 21,429 \|\| 2,433 \|\| 3,925 \|- \|align=left\|[[Davao del Sur]]<br />    •  [[Davao City]] \|\| 29,288<br />30,718 \|\| 80,303<br />122,620 \|\| '''150,910'''<br />'''451,296''' \|\| 13,551<br />17,645 \|\| 2,887<br />1,879 \|\| 3,518<br />3,236 \|- \|align=left\|[[Davao Occidental]] \|\| 10,129 \|\| 41,194 \|\| '''41,644''' \|\| 3,561 \|\| 757 \|\| 1,951 \|- \|align=left\|[[Davao Oriental]] \|\| 45,543 \|\| 45,990 \|\| '''113,284''' \|\| 18,667 \|\| 3,134 \|\| 4,967 \|- \|align=left\|[[Dinagat Islands]] \|\| 16,153 \|\| '''21,825''' \|\| 7,560 \|\| 2,660 \|\| 423 \|\| 1,121 \|- \|align=left\|[[Eastern Samar]] \|\| '''94,061''' \|\| 54,985 \|\| 15,039 \|\| 41,494 \|\| 5,467 \|\| 4,863 \|- \|align=left\|[[Guimaras]] \|\|'''56,249'''\|\|7,853\|\|3,774\|\|6,721\|\|2,014\|\|6,022 \|- \|align=left\|[[Ifugao]] \|\| 28,986 \|\| '''35,256''' \|\| 5,181 \|\| 11,191 \|\| 2,687 \|\| 2,533 \|- \|align=left\|[[Ilocos Norte]] \|\| 3,704 \|\| '''298,786''' \|\| 1,326 \|\| 2,479 \|\| 619 \|\| 1,680 \|- \|align=left\|[[Ilocos Sur]] \|\| 14,140 \|\| '''316,121''' \|\| 2,260 \|\| 4,397 \|\| 1,391 \|\| 1,415 \|- \|align=left\|[[Iloilo]]<br />    •  [[Iloilo City]] \|\| '''573,729'''<br />'''137,662''' \|\| 94,411<br />33,778 \|\| 43,352<br />14,229 \|\| 74,480<br />15,766 \|\| 39,419<br />6,052 \|\| 11,870<br />1,852 \|- \|align=left\|[[Isabela (province)\|Isabela]] \|\| 88,317 \|\| '''516,926''' \|\| 17,924 \|\| 46,338 \|\| 7,780 \|\| 14,489 \|- \|align=left\|[[Kalinga (province)\|Kalinga]] \|\| 11,636 \|\| '''64,023''' \|\| 2,574 \|\| 9,589 \|\| 2,587 \|\| 2,103 \|- \|align=left\|[[La Union]] \|\| 19,596 \|\| '''338,455''' \|\| 4,204 \|\| 9,694 \|\| 2,791 \|\| 2,309 \|- \|align=left\|[[Laguna (province)\|Laguna]] \|\| 390,541 \|\| '''441,154''' \|\| 122,752 \|\| 242,788 \|\| 22,825 \|\| 23,075 \|- \|align=left\|[[Lanao del Norte]]<br />    •  [[Iligan City\|Iligan]] \|\|'''68,974'''<br />27,166\|\|67,817<br />29,847\|\|45,367<br />'''46,243'''\|\|21,101<br />11,271\|\|5,219<br />1,621\|\|15,705<br />1,808 \|- \|align=left\|[[Lanao del Sur]] \|\| '''180,539''' \|\| 56,243 \|\| 53,745 \|\| 17,796 \|\| 13,607 \|\| 11,082 \|- \|align=left\|[[Leyte]] \|\| 241,960 \|\| '''406,815''' \|\| 88,267 \|\| 67,339 \|\| 7,650 \|\| 10,842 \|- \|align=left\|[[Maguindanao]] \|\| '''220,125''' \|\| 80,591 \|\| 35,233 \|\| 50,536 \|\| 12,922 \|\| 31,532 \|- \|align=left\|[[Marinduque]] \|\| '''40,598''' \|\| 22,022 \|\| 8,035 \|\| 27,720 \|\| 5,413 \|\| 2,632 \|- \|align=left\|[[Masbate]] \|\| '''169,297''' \|\| 47,220 \|\| 21,305 \|\| 45,505 \|\| 7,224 \|\| 9,112 \|- \|align=left\|''[[Metro Manila]]''<br />    •  [[Caloocan]]<br />    •  [[Las Piñas]] <br />    •  [[Makati]]<br />    •  [[Malabon]]<br />    •  [[Mandaluyong]]<br />    •  [[Manila]]<br />    •  [[Marikina]]<br />    •  [[Muntinlupa]]<br />    •  [[Navotas]]<br />    •  [[Parañaque]]<br />    •  [[Pasay]]<br />    •  [[Pasig]]<br />    •  [[Quezon City]]<br />    •  [[San Juan, Metro Manila\|San Juan]]<br />    •  [[Taguig]]–[[Pateros]]<br />    •  [[Valenzuela City\|Valenzuela]] \|\| <br />129,057<br />63,456<br />91,484<br />38,045<br />45,462<br />183,346<br />66,558<br />68,843<br />18,193<br />80,710<br />51,790<br />103,040<br />297,899<br />18,696<br />41,782<br />67,097 \|\| <br />'''245,068'''<br />'''97,641'''<br />'''149,645'''<br />'''67,992'''<br />'''73,495'''<br />'''394,192'''<br />'''69,530'''<br />'''86,252'''<br />'''47,943'''<br />'''85,786'''<br />'''97,776'''<br />'''129,145'''<br />'''412,681'''<br />'''26,543'''<br />86,270<br />'''116,455''' \|\| <br />50,103<br />30,720<br />24,606<br />16,489<br />16,235<br />75,295<br />18,394<br />29,225<br />10,051<br />30,289<br />20,417<br />36,604<br />86,604<br />6,459<br />'''134,608'''<br />26,972 \|\| <br />63,536<br />22,899<br />20,325<br />22,566<br />13,598<br />74,112<br />18,794<br />26,813<br />14,860<br />23,185<br />18,287<br />39,895<br />80,180<br />4,262<br />16,615<br />44,731 \|\| <br />7,410<br />2,455<br />2,304<br />1,799<br />1,344<br />8,989<br />2,325<br />2,586<br />1,294<br />2,426<br />1,804<br />3,661<br />8,738<br />458<br />1,751<br />3,258 \|\| <br />5,409<br />2,286<br />19,590<br />1,502<br />1,694<br />7,398<br />1,625<br />3,879<br />6,482<br />2,456<br />2,797<br />3,093<br />7,669<br />509<br />2,030<br />2,135 \|- \|align=left\|[[Misamis Occidental]] \|\| '''143,402''' \|\| 36,912 \|\| 52,107 \|\| 17,408 \|\| 3,548 \|\| 2,838 \|- \|align=left\|[[Misamis Oriental]]<br />    •  [[Cagayan de Oro]] \|\| '''147,884'''<br />69,859 \|\| 102,911<br />'''73,167''' \|\| 104,603<br />68,487 \|\| 40,554<br />19,307 \|\| 8,045<br />3,148 \|\| 9,546<br />6,318 \|- \|align=left\|[[Mountain Province]] \|\| 17,653 \|\| '''34,286''' \|\| 3,295 \|\| 10,038 \|\| 3,619 \|\| 2,030 \|- \|align=left\|[[Negros Occidental]]<br />    •  [[Bacolod]] \|\| '''614,440'''<br />'''119,447''' \|\| 119,149<br />42,923 \|\| 72,832<br />28,132 \|\| 136,634<br />19,854 \|\| 51,143<br />8,319 \|\| 12,145<br />2,064 \|- \|align=left\|[[Negros Oriental]] \|\| '''255,598''' \|\| 66,506 \|\| 100,839 \|\| 52,920 \|\| 21,221 \|\| 13,972 \|- \|align=left\|[[Northern Samar]] \|\| '''111,461''' \|\| 73,214 \|\| 14,779 \|\| 45,842 \|\| 6,184 \|\| 9,516 \|- \|align=left\|[[Nueva Ecija]] \|\| 216,204 \|\| '''541,980''' \|\| 45,492 \|\| 128,162 \|\| 21,823 \|\| 20,186 \|- \|align=left\|[[Nueva Vizcaya]] \|\| 29,437 \|\| '''126,248''' \|\| 6,263 \|\| 17,407 \|\| 4,740 \|\| 4,992 \|- \|align=left\|[[Occidental Mindoro]] \|\| '''79,411''' \|\| 57,115 \|\| 9,236 \|\| 21,975 \|\| 5,576 \|\| 8,000 \|- \|align=left\|[[Oriental Mindoro]] \|\| '''141,410''' \|\| 71,808 \|\| 21,586 \|\| 73,393 \|\| 12,677 \|\| 10,874 \|- \|align=left\|[[Palawan]] \|\| '''183,884''' \|\| 93,647 \|\| 38,431 \|\| 67,835 \|\| 18,418 \|\| 9,914 \|- \|align=left\|[[Pampanga]] \|\| 293,420 \|\| '''434,235''' \|\| 102,539 \|\| 141,106 \|\| 13,336 \|\| 12,721 \|- \|align=left\|[[Pangasinan]] \|\| 265,016 \|\| '''832,711''' \|\| 57,051 \|\| 156,118 \|\| 32,260 \|\| 17,056 \|- \|align=left\|[[Quezon]] \|\| '''385,164''' \|\| 173,394 \|\| 54,702 \|\| 191,444 \|\| 29,752 \|\| 27,946 \|- \|align=left\|[[Quirino]] \|\| 14,906 \|\| '''49,158''' \|\| 2,554 \|\| 6,525 \|\| 1,931 \|\| 1,460 \|- \|align=left\|[[Rizal (province)\|Rizal]] \|\| 285,417 \|\| '''435,471''' \|\| 97,453 \|\| 154,365 \|\| 15,396 \|\| 16,775 \|- \|align=left\|[[Romblon]] \|\| '''61,915''' \|\| 24,645 \|\| 8,046 \|\| 22,712 \|\| 4,418 \|\| 3,576 \|- \|align=left\|[[Samar]] \|\| '''132,775''' \|\| 128,401 \|\| 17,043 \|\| 62,472 \|\| 5,446 \|\| 7,940 \|- \|align=left\|[[Sarangani]] \|\| 47,803 \|\| '''66,484''' \|\| 47,826 \|\| 15,660 \|\| 7,131 \|\| 7,990 \|- \|align=left\|[[Siquijor]] \|\| '''30,468''' \|\| 5,746 \|\| 7,281 \|\| 4,141 \|\| 1,230 \|\| 2,066 \|- \|align=left\|[[Sorsogon]] \|\| 97,129 \|\| 20,709 \|\| 6,909 \|\| '''203,689''' \|\| 3,514 \|\| 5,115 \|- \|align=left\|[[South Cotabato]] \|\| 177,396 \|\| '''191,461''' \|\| 126,303 \|\| 37,865 \|\| 18,001 \|\| 8,919 \|- \|align=left\|[[Southern Leyte]] \|\| '''94,972''' \|\| 32,792 \|\| 40,689 \|\| 16,120 \|\| 2,476 \|\| 3,739 \|- \|align=left\|[[Sultan Kudarat]] \|\| 84,225 \|\| '''104,592''' \|\| 46,197 \|\| 19,489 \|\| 8,980 \|\| 8,250 \|- \|align=left\|[[Sulu]] \|\| 46,218 \|\| '''127,437''' \|\| 39,254 \|\| 13,744 \|\| 1,663 \|\| 7,110 \|- \|align=left\|[[Surigao del Norte]] \|\| '''89,688''' \|\| 37,946 \|\| 73,403 \|\| 31,273 \|\| 3,913 \|\| 4,357 \|- \|align=left\|[[Surigao del Sur]] \|\| 88,503 \|\| 48,326 \|\| '''88,519''' \|\| 30,619 \|\| 4,984 \|\| 6,161 \|- \|align=left\|[[Tarlac]] \|\| '''243,756''' \|\| 214,166 \|\| 31,821 \|\| 75,224 \|\| 20,715 \|\| 7,884 \|- \|align=left\|[[Tawi-Tawi]] \|\| '''42,252''' \|\| 35,165 \|\| 20,567 \|\| 8,937 \|\| 2,383 \|\| 4,914 \|- \|align=left\|[[Zambales]] \|\| 103,972 \|\| '''163,760''' \|\| 20,163 \|\| 49,941 \|\| 10,456 \|\| 7,066 \|- \|align=left\|[[Zamboanga del Norte]] \|\| '''209,491''' \|\| 72,255 \|\| 63,847 \|\| 41,866 \|\| 8,135 \|\| 14,500 \|- \|align=left\|[[Zamboanga del Sur]]<br />    •  [[Zamboanga City]] \|\| 100,188<br />'''73,730''' \|\| '''145,455'''<br />67,522 \|\| 57,863<br />50,552 \|\| 34,391<br />45,352 \|\| 8,110<br />15,406 \|\| 6,609<br />7,365 \|- \|align=left\|[[Zamboanga Sibugay]] \|\| '''101,141''' \|\| 42,336 \|\| 51,528 \|\| 19,810 \|\| 8,952 \|\| 6,425 \|- \|align=left\|[[Absentee ballot\|Absentee voters]] \|\| 92,639 \|\| '''188,959''' \|\| 137,699 \|\| 19,689 \|\| 4,973 \|\| 3,385 \|- \|-style="background:#E9E9E9" \|align="center"\|'''Total''' \|\| '''14,418,817''' \|\| 14,155,344 \|\| 5,903,379 \|\| 4,931,962 \|\| 868,501 \|\| 788,881 \|-style="background: #E9E9E9" ! rowspan=2 width=12% align=left\|[[Provinces of the Philippines\|Province]]/[[Cities of the Philippines\|City]] \| {{party color cell\|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} \| {{party color cell\|People's Reform Party}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido Galing at Puso}} \| {{party color cell\|Independent (politician)}} \| {{party color cell\|United Nationalist Alliance}} \|- style="background: #E9E9E9" ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Leni Robredo\|Robredo]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Bongbong Marcos\|Marcos]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Alan Peter Cayetano\|Cayetano]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Francis Escudero\|Escudero]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Antonio Trillanes\|Trillanes]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Gregorio Honasan\|Honasan]] \|} ===Absentee voters=== {\| class="wikitable" width=99% style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;" \|- style="background: #E9E9E9" ! rowspan=2 width=12% align=left\|[[Country]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Leni Robredo\|Robredo]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Bongbong Marcos\|Marcos]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Alan Peter Cayetano\|Cayetano]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Francis Escudero\|Escudero]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Antonio Trillanes\|Trillanes]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Gregorio Honasan\|Honasan]] \|- \| {{party color cell\|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} \| {{party color cell\|People's Reform Party}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido Galing at Puso}} \| {{party color cell\|Independent (politician)}} \| {{party color cell\|United Nationalist Alliance}} \|- \| align=left\| [[Absentee ballot\|Local Absentee voters]] \|\| 2,341 \|\| '''11,683''' \|\| 2,134 \|\| 944 \|\| 1,588 \|\| 314 \|- \| align=left\| [[Absentee ballot\|Detainee voters]] \|\| 393 \|\| 607 \|\| 170 \|\| '''689''' \|\| 139 \|\| 160 \|- \| align=left\| [[Argentina]] \|\| 16 \|\| 18 \|\| '''25''' \|\| 8 \|\| 2 \|\| 1 \|- \| align=left\| [[Australia]] \|\| '''1,280''' \|\| 657 \|\| 1,077 \|\| 189 \|\| 44 \|\| 18 \|- \| align=left\| [[Austria]] \|\| 259 \|\| 272 \|\| '''286''' \|\| 50 \|\| 6 \|\| 12 \|- \| align=left\| [[Bahrain]] \|\| 1,388 \|\| '''3,228''' \|\| 2,085 \|\| 352 \|\| 65 \|\| 60 \|- \| align=left\| [[Bangladesh]] \|\| 72 \|\| '''134''' \|\| 57 \|\| 7 \|\| 1 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[Belgium]] \|\| 321 \|\| 356 \|\| '''381''' \|\| 80 \|\| 18 \|\| 9 \|- \| align=left\| [[Brazil]] \|\| 30 \|\| '''91''' \|\| 82 \|\| 76 \|\| 5 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[Brunei]] \|\| 682 \|\| '''1,904''' \|\| 1,254 \|\| 185 \|\| 41 \|\| 38 \|- \| align=left\| [[Cambodia]] \|\| 203 \|\| '''420''' \|\| 330 \|\| 55 \|\| 6 \|\| 5 \|- \| align=left\| [[Canada]] \|\| 5,391 \|\| '''8,622''' \|\| 6,993 \|\| 1,168 \|\| 183 \|\| 116 \|- \| align=left\| [[Chile]] \|\| 28 \|\| '''147''' \|\| 90 \|\| 5 \|\| 2 \|\| 1 \|- \| align=left\| [[China]] \|\| 6,911 \|\| '''28,080''' \|\| 13,802 \|\| 1,578 \|\| 330 \|\| 205 \|- \| align=left\| [[Czech Republic]] \|\| 53 \|\| 90 \|\| '''91''' \|\| 9 \|\| 2 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[East Timor]] \|\| 72 \|\| '''177''' \|\| 140 \|\| 25 \|\| 3 \|\| 4 \|- \| align=left\| [[Egypt]] \|\| 182 \|\| '''391''' \|\| 284 \|\| 45 \|\| 13 \|\| 31 \|- \| align=left\| [[France]] \|\| 467 \|\| '''661''' \|\| 540 \|\| 123 \|\| 9 \|\| 4 \|- \| align=left\| [[Germany]] \|\| 458 \|\| 540 \|\| '''756''' \|\| 134 \|\| 34 \|\| 39 \|- \| align=left\| [[Greece]] & [[Cyprus]] \|\| 388 \|\| '''1,346''' \|\| 501 \|\| 176 \|\| 29 \|\| 43 \|- \| align=left\| [[Guam]] \|\| '''1,429''' \|\| 809 \|\| 564 \|\| 394 \|\| 50 \|\| 40 \|- \| align=left\| [[Hungary]] \|\| 39 \|\| '''116''' \|\| 84 \|\| 16 \|\| 3 \|\| 6 \|- \| align=left\| [[India]] \|\| '''22''' \|\| 19 \|\| 19 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|- \| align=left\| [[Indonesia]] \|\| '''630''' \|\| 398 \|\| 441 \|\| 40 \|\| 9 \|\| 9 \|- \| align=left\| [[Iran]] \|\| 22 \|\| '''47''' \|\| 21 \|\| 3 \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|- \| align=left\| [[Israel]] \|\| 580 \|\| '''3,350''' \|\| 1,519 \|\| 194 \|\| 38 \|\| 33 \|- \| align=left\| [[Italy]] \|\| 2,873 \|\| '''6,374''' \|\| 3,489 \|\| 778 \|\| 131 \|\| 195 \|- \| align=left\| [[Japan]] \|\| 2,246 \|\| 5,212 \|\| '''6,148''' \|\| 669 \|\| 104 \|\| 193 \|- \| align=left\| [[Jordan]] \|\| 289 \|\| '''903''' \|\| 589 \|\| 162 \|\| 27 \|\| 56 \|- \| align=left\| [[Kenya]] \|\| 64 \|\| '''176''' \|\| 140 \|\| 29 \|\| 6 \|\| 11 \|- \| align=left\| [[Kuwait]] \|\| 1,999 \|\| '''4,777''' \|\| 4,666 \|\| 545 \|\| 85 \|\| 70 \|- \| align=left\| [[Laos]] \|\| 96 \|\| '''285''' \|\| 195 \|\| 22 \|\| 9 \|\| 3 \|- \| align=left\| [[Lebanon]] \|\| 353 \|\| '''2,408''' \|\| 1,064 \|\| 229 \|\| 23 \|\| 52 \|- \| align=left\| [[Malaysia]] \|\| 534 \|\| '''1,322''' \|\| 1,055 \|\| 102 \|\| 27 \|\| 16 \|- \| align=left\| [[Mexico]] \|\| 56 \|\| '''118''' \|\| 70 \|\| 8 \|\| 5 \|\| 1 \|- \| align=left\| [[Myanmar]] \|\| '''89''' \|\| 63 \|\| 60 \|\| 10 \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|- \| align=left\| [[Netherlands]] \|\| 220 \|\| 213 \|\| '''335''' \|\| 30 \|\| 6 \|\| 6 \|- \| align=left\| [[New Zealand]] \|\| 581 \|\| 768 \|\| '''1,401''' \|\| 128 \|\| 26 \|\| 22 \|- \| align=left\| [[Nigeria]] \|\| 77 \|\| '''131''' \|\| 99 \|\| 22 \|\| 4 \|\| 6 \|- \| align=left\| [[Norway]] \|\| 271 \|\| 515 \|\| '''793''' \|\| 86 \|\| 16 \|\| 7 \|- \| align=left\| [[Oman]] \|\| 699 \|\| '''1,477''' \|\| 1,214 \|\| 170 \|\| 18 \|\| 25 \|- \| align=left\| [[Pakistan]] \|\| 28 \|\| '''116''' \|\| 79 \|\| 14 \|\| 2 \|\| 4 \|- \| align=left\| [[Papua New Guinea]] \|\| '''362''' \|\| 298 \|\| 212 \|\| 65 \|\| 10 \|\| 6 \|- \| align=left\| [[Poland]] \|\| 47 \|\| 57 \|\| '''62''' \|\| 5 \|\| 2 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[Portugal]] \|\| 64 \|\| '''237''' \|\| 111 \|\| 34 \|\| 4 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[Qatar]] \|\| 3,268 \|\| '''6,119''' \|\| 5,442 \|\| 545 \|\| 103 \|\| 95 \|- \| align=left\| [[Russia]] \|\| 93 \|\| '''566''' \|\| 301 \|\| 38 \|\| 5 \|\| 1 \|- \| align=left\| [[Saudi Arabia]] \|\| 10,934 \|\| '''19,645''' \|\| 13,089 \|\| 1,973 \|\| 412 \|\| 347 \|- \| align=left\| [[Singapore]] \|\| 8,187 \|\| 14,915 \|\| '''14,960''' \|\| 911 \|\| 242 \|\| 160 \|- \| align=left\| [[South Africa]] \|\| 82 \|\| '''131''' \|\| 78 \|\| 12 \|\| 3 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[South Korea]] \|\| 363 \|\| '''1,721''' \|\| 1,266 \|\| 82 \|\| 12 \|\| 5 \|- \| align=left\| [[Spain]] \|\| 857 \|\| '''3,124''' \|\| 1,594 \|\| 240 \|\| 36 \|\| 57 \|- \| align=left\| [[Switzerland]] \|\| '''939''' \|\| 909 \|\| 839 \|\| 167 \|\| 22 \|\| 22 \|- \| align=left\| [[Taiwan]] \|\| 950 \|\| '''7,594''' \|\| 3,858 \|\| 496 \|\| 66 \|\| 65 \|- \| align=left\| [[Thailand]] \|\| 615 \|\| 1,284 \|\| '''1,464''' \|\| 72 \|\| 17 \|\| 19 \|- \| align=left\| [[Turkey]] \|\| 114 \|\| '''299''' \|\| 210 \|\| 25 \|\| 5 \|\| 6 \|- \| align=left\| [[United Arab Emirates]] \|\| 10,347\|\| '''25,319''' \|\| 23,583 \|\| 1,880 \|\| 302 \|\| 255 \|- \| align=left\| [[United Kingdom]] \|\| 2,616 \|\| '''3,358''' \|\| 3,328 \|\| 378 \|\| 82 \|\| 76 \|- \| align=left\| [[United States of America]] \|\| '''18,407''' \|\| 14,193 \|\| 11,980 \|\| 3,181 \|\| 525 \|\| 432 \|- \| align=left\| [[Vatican City]] \|\| '''135''' \|\| 37 \|\| 53 \|\| 19 \|\| 9 \|\| 2 \|- \| align=left\| [[Vietnam]], [[Maldives]] & [[Sri Lanka]] \|\| 127 \|\| 132 \|\| '''146''' \|\| 16 \|\| 4 \|\| 6 \|- \|-style="background:#E9E9E9" \|align="center"\|'''Total''' \|\| 92,639 \|\| '''188,959''' \|\| 137,699 \|\| 19,689 \|\| 4,973 \|\| 3,385 \|-style="background: #E9E9E9" ! rowspan=2 width=12% align=left\|[[Country]] \| {{party color cell\|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} \| {{party color cell\|People's Reform Party}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} \| {{party color cell\|Partido Galing at Puso}} \| {{party color cell\|Independent (politician)}} \| {{party color cell\|United Nationalist Alliance}} \|- style="background: #E9E9E9" ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Leni Robredo\|Robredo]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Bongbong Marcos\|Marcos]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Alan Peter Cayetano\|Cayetano]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Francis Escudero\|Escudero]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Antonio Trillanes\|Trillanes]] ! width=11.25% align=center\|[[Gregorio Honasan\|Honasan]] \|} ==References== {{reflist\|30em}} {{2016 Philippine elections}} {{PhilippinePresElections}} [[Category:2016 Philippine presidential election]]	1,274,336,708	[]	false
# Otis Chandler Otis Chandler (November 23, 1927 – February 27, 2006) was the publisher of the Los Angeles Times between 1960 and 1980, leading a large expansion of the newspaper and its ambitions. He was the fourth and final member of the Chandler family to hold the paper's top position. Chandler made improvement of the paper's quality a top priority, succeeding in raising the product's reputation, as well as its profit margins. "No publisher in America improved a paper so quickly on so grand a scale, took a paper that was marginal in qualities and brought it to excellence as Otis Chandler did," journalist David Halberstam wrote in his history of the company. ## Family pedigree Chandler's family owned a stake in the newspaper since his great-grandfather Harrison Gray Otis joined the company in 1882, the year after the Los Angeles Daily Times began publication. He was the son of Norman Chandler, his predecessor as publisher, and Dorothy Buffum Chandler, a patron of the arts and a Regent of the University of California. His grandfather, Charles Abel Buffum, was a businessman who founded Buffum's, a department store chain, with his brother, Edwin E. Buffum, and a politician, who served as Mayor of Long Beach, California. Chandler was raised to share his family's distaste for labor unions, a tradition that favored the family's financial interests. As a child, each year his parents held a memorial for the 1910 Los Angeles Times bombing, linked to political agitators, that killed 20 Times workers. "I was raised to hate the unions", Chandler said. "Oats" was Chandler's nickname within the family. Times editorial page editor Anthony Day observed that Chandler "had been raised to be a prince". Later, Chandler said his motivation to invest in The Times' quality could be attributed, at least in part, to his desire to combat the East Coast opinion that, "The Times was regarded as a bad newspaper from a hick town". Chandler attributed his pursuit of solo athletics like shotputting and weightlifting to the same sources, saying, "No one could say that the team carried me or that the coach put me in because my name was Chandler". ## Youth ### Childhood Chandler was raised on a 10-acre (40,000 m2) citrus ranch in Sierra Madre owned by his parents. Despite his family's wealth, Chandler's father insisted that he perform field labor and did not spoil him with gifts. There Chandler spent much of his time alone, later in life unable to name a single childhood friend. At the age of 8, Chandler was thrown to the ground during a horseback riding lesson. His mother rushed him to a hospital, where doctors initially reported he was dead. His mother rushed him to a second hospital, where a doctor she knew revived him with an adrenaline shot to the heart. ### Education and athletics Chandler first attended the Polytechnic School in Pasadena, often making his commute by bicycle. Later he would briefly attend the Cate School boarding school in Carpinteria before his parents elected to send him east to attend Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. At the time he enrolled at Phillips, Chandler weighed 155 pounds. As a student he competed in basketball, soccer, the high jump, running and weightlifting. By the time of graduation, he weighed 200 pounds. Chandler enrolled at his parents' alma mater, Stanford University, in 1946. Like his father, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Sigma Rho chapter). At Stanford he was a successful shot putter. He broke the freshman school record with a toss of 48 feet (15 m), 761/47 inches. At 6-foot 3-inches (190 cm) tall, after bulking-up to and 220 pounds he won the Pacific Coast Conference title and finished second in the nation during his senior year with a toss of 57 feet (17 m), 63/47 of an inch while serving as his team's captain. As a weightlifter, Chandler finished third in the nation competing in the heavyweight division. A sprained wrist kept him from competing as a shot putter for the United States in the 1952 Summer Olympics. ### Early adulthood After graduation, Chandler tried to enroll in an Air Force training program, but was turned down because he was too large to fit in the cockpit of a jet. Instead, he spent 1951 to 1953 in the Air Force's ground service, as a co-captain of the track team and supervisor of athletics and drama at Camp Stoneman in Pittsburg, California. On his 23rd birthday, Chandler proposed to his college sweetheart, Marilyn Brant, on the seventh hole of the Pebble Beach golf course. Their first child was a boy named Norman after Chandler's father. ### Preparation for power Chandler visited The Times frequently as a child, sliding down chutes that were used to drop papers to delivery trucks. While in college, he sometimes worked summers at the paper, most often moving printing plates and other heavy equipment. Despite that, Chandler did not envision journalism as a career during his youth; instead, he often said he would like to become a doctor. After leaving the Air Force in 1953, he had little direction for his career. When he arrived at his parents' home with his wife and first child, his father presented him with credentials for a seven-year executive training program at The Times. He started work right away as a pressroom apprentice on the graveyard shift. The pay was $48 a week. His father made sure that Chandler experienced work in all sections of the organization, assigning him to jobs in the industrial production of the paper, business management, clerical administration, and the news-gathering operation. ## Professional career In 1960, he became publisher of the Los Angeles Times. He quickly increased the budget of the paper, allowing it to expand its coverage. This coincided with the shift of the paper's editorial stance from overtly conservative to independent. Under Otis Chandler, The Times became a critically lauded newspaper. When Chandler took the job, the paper had only two outside offices. During his tenure it would expand to 34 foreign and domestic bureaus. In 1966 Chandler received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College. Chandler retired as publisher in 1980 at the age of 52 to become chairman of Times Mirror, reducing his involvement in the day-to-day operations of the company. The decision stunned the staff and outside observers, many of whom expected him to serve much longer. In 1986, Chandler won the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism to honor his years of service to the newspaper. He handed control of the paper to people outside the family in the mid-1980s and threw himself into other interests such as the Chandler Vintage Museum of Transportation and Wildlife in Oxnard, California, which he founded in 1987 (It was regularly open to the public, primarily as a fundraiser for charities, including the Oxnard Police Activities League). ## Retirement Chandler re-entered the public eye in 1999 when he publicly criticized the LA Times for creating a special issue of its Sunday magazine dedicated to the new Staples Center in downtown LA when the paper shared a financial interest in the property. The paper's Sunday magazine on October 10, 1999, was a special issue dedicated to the new Staples Center sports arena in downtown L.A., home to the Lakers, Clippers and Kings. Such special issues were financial windfalls for the Times, generating a record $2 million in ad revenue. But as one of the arena's 10 "founding partners", the paper had agreed to share the issue's ad revenue with the Staples Center without telling its reporters or readers about the fiscal arrangement. Chandler, who had retired 19 years prior, sent his message directly to reporters, to the dismay of the newspaper's management. His successors, he said, had been "unbelievably stupid" and caused "the most serious single threat to the future" of the paper his family had bought in 1882 for this dangerous compromise of the paper's objectivity. He was not involved in negotiations by other members of the Chandler family to sell The Times to Tribune Company, a clear sign of how his influence had eroded. Regardless, Chandler welcomed the outcome, largely because of his dissatisfaction with the existing management of Times-Mirror. Chandler died at his home in Ojai at the age of 78 due to the effects of Lewy body disease, seven months after his diagnosis. Chandler had had earlier problems with his health, suffering from prostate cancer in 1989 and a 1998 heart attack. ## Recreation Chandler was an enthusiastic athlete and thrill seeker, an image he actively cultivated. He was featured on the cover of sporting magazines like Road & Track, Strength and Health, and Safari Club. When photographed for the cover of the literary magazine Atlantic Monthly he was depicted on a surfboard crafted from newspapers across a wave of dollar bills. On a 1964 safari in Mozambique, an elephant charged his party. After the guide missed his shot and fled, Chandler shot the elephant when it was only 10 yards away, preventing himself and his wife from being trampled. In 1990, Chandler was trampled by a musk ox in the Northwest Territories of Canada. He was airlifted to a hospital. Doctors estimated that his dislocated right arm would never fully heal, but, citing a disciplined training regimen, Chandler claimed to regain virtually all use. In 1995, at age 68, he crashed his motorcycle into a tractor while in New Zealand. He lost part of the big toe on his left foot, saw another toe severely damaged and the rest of the foot became largely numb. In 1998, at age 71, Chandler suffered minor head injuries when he spun out a Ferrari automobile on the road in Oxnard. His son, Mike Chandler, was a race-car driver in the CART Championship Car series. Otis enthusiastically supported Michael's racing career until a near-fatal crash while qualifying at Indianapolis in 1984.	enwiki/4217974	enwiki	4,217,974	Otis Chandler	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Chandler	2025-08-20T12:42:48	en	Q7108767	86,731	{{short description\|American newspaper publisher}} {{Infobox person \| name = Otis Chandler \| image = Otis Chandler, 1972.jpg \|caption=Chandler in 1972 \| birth_name = \| birth_date = {{Birth date\|1927\|11\|23\|mf=y}} \| birth_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S. \| death_date = {{Death date and age\|2006\|2\|27\|1927\|11\|23}} \| death_place = [[Ojai, California]], U.S. \| resting_place = \| resting_place_coordinates = \| other_names = \| known_for = \| alma_mater = [[Stanford University]] \| employer = \| occupation = Publisher \| party = \| boards = \| spouse = Marilyn "Missy" Chandler, ''nee'' Brant (June 1951–July 1981) Bettina Chandler, ''nee'' Whitaker (August 1981–February 2006, his death) \| partner = \| children = 5, including [[Mike Chandler]] \| relatives = [[Charles Abel Buffum]] (grandfather)<br>[[Harrison Gray Otis (publisher)\|Harrison Gray Otis]] (great-grandfather)<br>[[Eliza Ann Otis]] (great-grandmother)<br>[[Marian Otis Chandler]] (grandmother) \| parents = [[Dorothy Buffum Chandler]]<br>[[Norman Chandler]] }} '''Otis Chandler''' (November 23, 1927 – February 27, 2006) was the publisher of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' between 1960 and 1980, leading a large expansion of the newspaper and its ambitions. He was the fourth and final member of the Chandler family to hold the paper's top position.<ref name="LatObit" /> Chandler made improvement of the paper's quality a top priority, succeeding in raising the product's reputation, as well as its profit margins. "No publisher in America improved a paper so quickly on so grand a scale, took a paper that was marginal in qualities and brought it to excellence as Otis Chandler did," journalist [[David Halberstam]] wrote in his history of the company.<ref name="LatObit">{{cite news\| last1 = Shaw\| first1 = David\|first2=Mitchell\|last2=Landsberg\| title = L.A. Icon Otis Chandler Dies at 78\| work= [[The Los Angeles Times]]\| date =February 27, 2006\| url = http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-chandler-obit,0,7195252.story?page=1&coll=la-home-headlines\| access-date =July 23, 2008}}</ref> ==Family pedigree== Chandler's family owned a stake in the newspaper since his great-grandfather [[Harrison Gray Otis (publisher)\|Harrison Gray Otis]] joined the company in 1882, the year after the ''Los Angeles Daily Times'' began publication.<ref name="LatObit" /> He was the son of [[Norman Chandler]], his predecessor as publisher, and [[Dorothy Buffum Chandler]], a patron of the arts and a Regent of the [[University of California]]. His grandfather, [[Charles Abel Buffum]], was a businessman who founded [[Buffum's]], a department store chain, with his brother, Edwin E. Buffum, and a politician, who served as [[Mayor of Long Beach, California]]. Chandler was raised to share his family's distaste for [[labor unions]], a tradition that favored the family's financial interests. As a child, each year his parents held a memorial for the 1910 [[Los Angeles Times bombing\|''Los Angeles Times'' bombing]], linked to political agitators, that killed 20 ''Times'' workers. "I was raised to hate the unions", Chandler said.<ref name="LatObit" /> "Oats" was Chandler's nickname within the family.<ref name="LatObit" /> Times editorial page editor [[Anthony Day]] observed that Chandler "had been raised to be a prince".<ref name="LatObit" /> Later, Chandler said his motivation to invest in ''The Times' '' quality could be attributed, at least in part, to his desire to combat the East Coast opinion that, "''The Times'' was regarded as a bad newspaper from a hick town". Chandler attributed his pursuit of solo athletics like shotputting and weightlifting to the same sources, saying, "No one could say that the team carried me or that the coach put me in because my name was Chandler".<ref name="LatObit" /> ==Youth== ===Childhood=== Chandler was raised on a {{convert\|10\|acre\|m2\|adj=on}} citrus ranch in [[Sierra Madre, California\|Sierra Madre]] owned by his parents. Despite his family's wealth, Chandler's father insisted that he perform field labor and did not spoil him with gifts. There Chandler spent much of his time alone, later in life unable to name a single childhood friend.<ref name="LatObit" /> At the age of 8, Chandler was thrown to the ground during a horseback riding lesson. His mother rushed him to a hospital, where doctors initially reported he was dead. His mother rushed him to a second hospital, where a doctor she knew revived him with an [[adrenaline]] shot to the heart.<ref name="LatObit" /> ===Education and athletics=== Chandler first attended the [[Polytechnic School]] in [[Pasadena, California\|Pasadena]], often making his commute by bicycle. Later he would briefly attend the [[Cate School]] boarding school in [[Carpinteria]] before his parents elected to send him east to attend [[Phillips Academy]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts\|Andover]], [[Massachusetts]]. At the time he enrolled at Phillips, Chandler weighed 155 pounds. As a student he competed in basketball, soccer, the high jump, running and weightlifting. By the time of graduation, he weighed 200 pounds.<ref name="LatObit" /> Chandler enrolled at his parents' alma mater, [[Stanford University]], in 1946. Like his father, he was a member of [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]] fraternity (Sigma Rho chapter).<ref name=stanmag>{{cite journal\|url=http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/mayjun/classnotes/chandler.html\|title=Publisher Who Couldn't Get Enough Competition\|journal=Stanford Magazine\|date=May–June 2006\|access-date=2008-03-31}}</ref> At Stanford he was a successful [[shot put]]ter. He broke the freshman school record with a toss of {{convert\|48\|ft\|m}}, 761/47 inches. At 6-foot 3-inches (190 cm) tall, after bulking-up to and 220 pounds he won the [[Pacific Coast Conference]] title and finished second in the nation during his senior year with a toss of {{convert\|57\|ft\|m}}, 63/47 of an inch while serving as his team's captain. As a weightlifter, Chandler finished third in the nation competing in the heavyweight division.<ref name="LatObit" /> A sprained wrist kept him from competing as a shot putter for the United States in the [[1952 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="LatObit" /><ref name=stanmag /> ===Early adulthood=== After graduation, Chandler tried to enroll in an [[United States Air Force\|Air Force]] training program, but was turned down because he was too large to fit in the cockpit of a jet.<ref name="LatObit" /> Instead, he spent 1951 to 1953 in the Air Force's ground service, as a co-captain of the track team and supervisor of athletics and drama at [[Camp Stoneman]] in [[Pittsburg, California\|Pittsburg]], [[California]].<ref name=stanmag /> On his 23rd birthday, Chandler proposed to his college sweetheart, Marilyn Brant, on the seventh hole of the [[Pebble Beach]] golf course. Their first child was a boy named Norman after Chandler's father.<ref name="LatObit" /> ===Preparation for power=== Chandler visited ''The Times'' frequently as a child, sliding down chutes that were used to drop papers to delivery trucks. While in college, he sometimes worked summers at the paper, most often moving printing plates and other heavy equipment. Despite that, Chandler did not envision journalism as a career during his youth; instead, he often said he would like to become a doctor. After leaving the [[United States Air Force\|Air Force]] in 1953, he had little direction for his career. When he arrived at his parents' home with his wife and first child, his father presented him with credentials for a seven-year executive training program at ''The Times''. He started work right away as a pressroom apprentice on the [[shift work\|graveyard shift]]. The pay was $48 a week. His father made sure that Chandler experienced work in all sections of the organization, assigning him to jobs in the industrial production of the paper, business management, clerical administration, and the news-gathering operation.<ref name="LatObit" /> ==Professional career== [[File:Otis Chandler (Los Angeles Times).jpg\|thumb\|left\|A bust of Otis Chandler in the lobby of the former [[Los Angeles Times Building]], 2014.]] [[File:Tom Bradley, Otis Chandler, and Hugh Hefner, 1980.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Chandler with Mayor [[Tom Bradley (American politician)\|Tom Bradley]] and [[Hugh Hefner]], 1980.]] In 1960, he became publisher of the ''Los Angeles Times''. He quickly increased the budget of the paper, allowing it to expand its coverage. This coincided with the shift of the paper's editorial stance from overtly conservative to independent. Under Otis Chandler, ''The Times'' became a critically lauded newspaper. When Chandler took the job, the paper had only two outside offices. During his tenure it would expand to 34 foreign and domestic bureaus.<ref name="LatObit" /> In 1966 Chandler received the [[Elijah P. Lovejoy\|Elijah Parish Lovejoy]] Award as well as an honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree from [[Colby College]]. Chandler retired as publisher in 1980 at the age of 52 to become chairman of [[Times Mirror]], reducing his involvement in the day-to-day operations of the company. The decision stunned the staff and outside observers, many of whom expected him to serve much longer.<ref name="LatObit" /> In 1986, Chandler won the [[Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism]] to honor his years of service to the newspaper.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Arizona State University\|title=Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication\|url=https://cronkite.asu.edu/about/walter-cronkite-and-asu/walter-cronkite-award\|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> He handed control of the paper to people outside the family in the mid-1980s and threw himself into other interests such as the [[Chandler Vintage Museum of Transportation and Wildlife]] in [[Oxnard, California]], which he founded in 1987 (It was regularly open to the public, primarily as a fundraiser for charities, including the Oxnard Police Activities League). ==Retirement== Chandler re-entered the public eye in 1999 when he publicly criticized the ''LA Times'' for creating a special issue of its Sunday magazine dedicated to the new [[Staples Center]] in downtown LA when the paper shared a financial interest in the property. The paper's Sunday magazine on October 10, 1999, was a special issue dedicated to the new Staples Center sports arena in downtown L.A., home to the [[Los Angeles Lakers\|Lakers]], [[Los Angeles Clippers\|Clippers]] and [[Los Angeles Kings\|Kings]]. Such special issues were financial windfalls for the ''Times'', generating a record $2 million in ad revenue. But as one of the arena's 10 "founding partners", the paper had agreed to share the issue's ad revenue with the Staples Center without telling its reporters or readers about the fiscal arrangement. Chandler, who had retired 19 years prior, sent his message directly to reporters, to the dismay of the newspaper's management. His successors, he said, had been "unbelievably stupid" and caused "the most serious single threat to the future" of the paper his family had bought in 1882 for this dangerous compromise of the paper's objectivity.<ref name="timeNov1999">{{Cite news \| last = Booth \| first = Cathy \| title = Worst of Times \| newspaper = [[Time Magazine]] \| date = November 15, 1999 \| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,992554,00.html\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080308110015/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,992554,00.html\| url-status = dead\| archive-date = March 8, 2008}}</ref> He was not involved in negotiations by other members of the Chandler family to sell ''The Times'' to [[Tribune Company]], a clear sign of how his influence had eroded. Regardless, Chandler welcomed the outcome, largely because of his dissatisfaction with the existing management of Times-Mirror.<ref name="LatObit" /> Chandler died at his home in [[Ojai]] at the age of 78 due to the effects of [[Lewy body disease]], seven months after his diagnosis. Chandler had had earlier problems with his health, suffering from prostate cancer in 1989 and a 1998 heart attack.<ref name="LatObit" /> ==Recreation== Chandler was an enthusiastic athlete and thrill seeker, an image he actively cultivated. He was featured on the cover of sporting magazines like ''[[Road & Track]]'', ''Strength and Health'', and ''[[Safari Club]]''. When photographed for the cover of the literary magazine ''[[Atlantic Monthly]]'' he was depicted on a surfboard crafted from newspapers across a wave of dollar bills.<ref name="LatObit" /> On a 1964 [[safari]] in [[Mozambique]], an elephant charged his party. After the guide missed his shot and fled, Chandler shot the elephant when it was only 10 yards away, preventing himself and his wife from being trampled.<ref name="LatObit" /> In 1990, Chandler was trampled by a [[musk ox]] in the [[Northwest Territories]] of [[Canada]]. He was airlifted to a hospital. Doctors estimated that his dislocated right arm would never fully heal, but, citing a disciplined training regimen, Chandler claimed to regain virtually all use.<ref name="LatObit" /> In 1995, at age 68, he crashed his motorcycle into a tractor while in [[New Zealand]]. He lost part of the big toe on his left foot, saw another toe severely damaged and the rest of the foot became largely numb.<ref name="LatObit" /> In 1998, at age 71, Chandler suffered minor head injuries when he spun out a [[Ferrari]] automobile on the road in [[Oxnard]].<ref name="LatObit"/> His son, [[Mike Chandler]], was a race-car driver in the [[Champ Car\|CART]] [[Championship Car]] series. Otis enthusiastically supported Michael's racing career until a near-fatal crash while qualifying at Indianapolis in 1984.{{citation needed\|date=March 2017}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== {{Cite book \|edition = 1st Carol Pub. Group \|publisher = Birch Lane Press \|isbn = 9781559722155 \|last = Coleridge \|first = Nicholas \|title = Paper Tigers: The Latest, Greatest Newspaper Tycoons \|location = Secaucus, N.J \|date = March 1994}} {{cite magazine \|last1=Didion \|first1=Joan \|author-link=Joan Didion \|title=Letter from Los Angeles \|journal=The New Yorker \|date=18 February 1990 \|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1990/02/26/letter-from-los-angeles-la-times \|issn=0028-792X}} (Later included in Didion's 1992 essay collection ''[[After Henry (book)\|After Henry]]'' under the title "Times Mirror Square"). * {{cite book \|last=Halberstam \|first=David \|author-link=David Halberstam \|year=1979 \|title=The Powers That Be \|title-link=The Powers That Be (book) \|location=New York \|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf \|isbn=0394503813 }} ==External links== * David Shaw and Mitchell Landsberg, [http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-chandler-obit,0,7195252.story?page=1&coll=la-home-headlines "LA Icon Otis Chandler dies at 78"], ''Los Angeles Times'', February 27, 2006 "Otis Chandler", ''Contemporary Authors Online''. The Gale Group, 2001. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006. {{cite news\|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2006/02/28/otis_chandler_78_transformed_la_times_into_leading_paper/\|title=Otis Chandler, 78; transformed L.A. Times into a leading paper\|first=Gary\|last=Gentile\|date=February 28, 2006\|work=[[The Boston Globe]]}} *{{cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/28/obituaries/28chandler.html?ex=1298782800&en=418b087af329012c&ei=5090\|title=Otis Chandler, Publisher Who Transformed Los Angeles Times, Dies at 78\|date=February 28, 2006\|work=[[The New York Times]] \|first=Jonathan \|last=Kandell \|access-date=May 20, 2010}} {{NCAA Theodore Roosevelt Award}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chandler, Otis}} [[Category:1927 births]] [[Category:2006 deaths]] [[Category:American newspaper publishers (people)]] [[Category:Deaths from dementia in California]] [[Category:Deaths from Lewy body dementia]] [[Category:Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award recipients]] [[Category:Los Angeles Times people]] [[Category:Otis family]] [[Category:Mass media people from Los Angeles]] [[Category:Stanford Cardinal men's track and field athletes]] [[Category:Stanford University trustees]] [[Category:People from Sierra Madre, California]] [[Category:Chandler family (publishing)\|Otis]] [[Category:People from Ojai, California]] [[Category:American male shot putters]] <!--[[Category:Deaths from motor neurone disease]]-->	1,306,918,059	[{"title": "Otis Chandler", "data": {"Born": "November 23, 1927 \u00b7 Los Angeles, California, U.S.", "Died": "February 27, 2006 (aged 78) \u00b7 Ojai, California, U.S.", "Alma mater": "Stanford University", "Occupation": "Publisher", "Spouse(s)": "Marilyn \"Missy\" Chandler, nee Brant (June 1951\u2013July 1981) Bettina Chandler, nee Whitaker (August 1981\u2013February 2006, his death)", "Children": "5, including Mike Chandler", "Parent(s)": "Dorothy Buffum Chandler \u00b7 Norman Chandler", "Relatives": "Charles Abel Buffum (grandfather) \u00b7 Harrison Gray Otis (great-grandfather) \u00b7 Eliza Ann Otis (great-grandmother) \u00b7 Marian Otis Chandler (grandmother)"}}]	false
# Akhund Mullah Shah Mosque The Akhund Mullah Shah Masjid, also known as the Akhoon Mullah Masjid, the Dara Shikoh Masjid, and the Mala Shah Mashid, is a former mosque, now in partial ruins, located in Kashmiri, Srinagar, in the Srinagar District, Kashmir Valley, in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The former mosque structure is a Monument of National Importance. The mosque was built by Dara Shikoh in 1649 for his spiritual mentor and is a mosque inside a mosque. The prime sanctuary is entirely separated from the main building through a courtyard that surrounds it. There is a stone lotus that crowns the podium of the mosque. ## Gallery - Mosque remnants in 2016 - Window with Jaali work and floral motifs	enwiki/65561538	enwiki	65,561,538	Akhund Mullah Shah Mosque	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhund_Mullah_Shah_Mosque	2025-06-19T09:38:00	en	Q104862860	112,777	{{Short description\|Mosque in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2022}} {{Use Indian English\|date=December 2022}} {{Infobox religious building \| name = \| image = Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque 01.jpg \| image_upright = 1.4 \| caption = Ruins of the former mosque in 2016 \| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small\|(former)}} \| status = [[Mosque]] {{small\|(former)}} \| functional_status = '''Inactive''';<br/>{{small\|(partial ruinous state)}} \| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir \| map_size = 250 \| map_relief = 1 \| map_caption = Location of the former mosque in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] \| coordinates = {{coord\|34.103587\|74.817359\|region:IN-JK_type:landmark\|format=dms\|display=it}} \| location = [[Srinagar]], [[Srinagar District]], [[Kashmir Valley]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] \| country = [[India]] \| year_completed = {{start date and age\|1649}} \| founded_by = [[Dara Shikoh]] \| architecture_type = {{nowrap\|[[Mosque architecture]]}} \| architecture_style = [[Mughal architecture\|Mughal]] \| materials = Grey [[limestone]] \| dome_quantity = Three {{small\|(maybe more)}} \| module = {{Infobox historic site \| embed = yes \| designation1 = MANI \| designation1_offname = Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque \| designation1_type = \| designation1_criteria = \| designation1_date = \| delisted1_date = \| designation1_partof = \| designation1_number = N-JK-38 \| designation1_free1name = \| designation1_free1value = \| designation1_free2name = \| designation1_free2value = \| designation1_free3name = \| designation1_free3value = }} }} The '''Akhund Mullah Shah Masjid''', also known as the '''Akhoon Mullah Masjid''', the '''Dara Shikoh Masjid''', and the '''Mala Shah Mashid''',<ref name="KashirEncyclopedia">{{Cite book\|last=\|first= \|url=https://archive.org/details/Wkmv_kashir-encyclopedia-vol-1-jk-culture-academy/mode/1up \|title=Kashir Encyclopedia \|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages \|year=1986 \|isbn= \|volume=1 \|location= \|page=367 \|language=Ks}}</ref> is a former [[mosque]], now in partial ruins, located in [[Kashmiri language\|Kashmiri]], [[Srinagar]], in the [[Srinagar District]], [[Kashmir Valley]], in the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. The former mosque structure is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)\|Monument of National Importance]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp\|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Jammu & Kashmir \|work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] \|date= \|access-date=2016-11-18\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507130954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp\|archive-date=2012-05-07\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The mosque was built by [[Dara Shikoh]] in 1649 for his spiritual mentor<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Mosque of Akhund Mullah Shah {{!}} Srinagar, India Attractions\|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/attractions/mosque-of-akhund-mullah-shah/a/poi-sig/1377899/356307\|access-date=2020-10-12\|website=Lonely Planet\|language=en}}</ref> and is a mosque inside a mosque. The prime [[sanctuary]] is entirely separated from the main building through a courtyard that surrounds it. There is a stone lotus that crowns the podium of the mosque.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Masjid Of Akhund Mullah, Srinagar\|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/srinagar/attractions/masjid-of-akhund-mullah/\|access-date=2020-10-12\|website=www.nativeplanet.com\|language=en}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque 20.jpg\|Mosque remnants in 2016 Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque , Window-Srinagar district -J&K -013.jpg\|Window with Jaali work and floral motifs </gallery> == See also == {{stack\|{{portal\|India\|Islam}}}} * [[Islam in India]] * [[List of mosques in India]] * [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Jammu and Kashmir]] == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{commons category-inline}} {{Mosques in India}} [[Category:17th-century mosques in India]] [[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Category:Mosques in Srinagar]] [[Category:Mughal mosques]] [[Category:Mosque ruins in India]] [[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]] {{India-mosque-stub}} {{Asia-archaeology-stub}}	1,296,329,960	[{"title": "Religion", "data": {"Affiliation": "Islam (former)", "Ecclesiastical or organizational status": "Mosque (former)", "Status": "Inactive; \u00b7 (partial ruinous state)"}}, {"title": "Location", "data": {"Location": ["Srinagar, Srinagar District, Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Kashmir", "Location of the former mosque in Jammu and Kashmir"], "Country": "India", "Geographic coordinates": "34\u00b006\u203213\u2033N 74\u00b049\u203202\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff34.103587\u00b0N 74.817359\u00b0E"}}, {"title": "Architecture", "data": {"Type": "Mosque architecture", "Style": "Mughal", "Founder": "Dara Shikoh", "Completed": "1649"}}, {"title": "Specifications", "data": {"Dome(s)": "Three (maybe more)", "Materials": "Grey limestone"}}, {"title": "Monument of National Importance", "data": {"Official name": "Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque", "Reference no.": "N-JK-38"}}]	false
# Liz Lawrence Elizabeth Lawrence (born 9 July 1990) is an English singer, songwriter and guitarist, known for her solo work and for being half of electro-pop duo Cash+David. She has toured with Bombay Bicycle Club, and supported Black, Scouting for Girls, and Ani DiFranco, amongst others. Q magazine compared Lawrence favourably to indie rock band Florence and the Machine, considering her "a starlet in the making". ## Career Having played in various bands in her youth before embarking on a solo career and relocating to London, Lawrence's debut studio album, Bedroom Hero, was released in 2012, reaching No. 2 on the Bandcamp album chart. In February 2017, Lawrence featured on the song "Party for Two" from the album The Pace of the Passing by former Bombay Bicycle Club member Ed Nash's solo project, Toothless. 2018 saw the release of singles "The Good Part" and "Woman"; the former was mixed by Bombay Bicycle Club's Jack Steadman. Her second album, Pity Party, was released on October 25, 2019. NME called the album "powerful" and considered that it "embraces her lo-fi folk past but also brings it into the here and now with satisfying pop elements" Lawrence featured as a vocalist on Bombay Bicycle Club's 2020 album Everything Else Has Gone Wrong. On September 17, 2021, Lawrence’s third album “The Avalanche” was released. ## Discography ### Albums \| Title \| Release details \| \| ------------- \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Bedroom Hero \| - Release date: 2012 - Label: Ceol Music Ltd - Formats: CD, streaming, digital download \| \| Pity Party \| - Release date: October 25, 2019 - Label: Second Breakfast - Formats: CD, LP, streaming, digital download \| \| The Avalanche \| - Release date: September 17, 2021 - Label: Second Breakfast - Formats: CD, LP, streaming, digital download \| \| Peanuts \| - Release date: June 7, 2024 - Label: Chrysalis - Formats: CD, LP, streaming, digital download \| ### Singles \| Title \| Year \| Album \| \| ------------------------------ \| ---- \| -------------------- \| \| "Oo Song" \| 2012 \| Bedroom Hero \| \| "Bedroom Hero" \| 2012 \| Bedroom Hero \| \| "Health & Safety" \| 2014 \| Health & Safety (EP) \| \| "Chainsmoking" / "We Got Love" \| 2017 \| non-album single \| \| "Circling Numbers" / "Floors" \| 2018 \| non-album single \| \| "The Good Part" / "Woman" \| 2018 \| non-album single \| \| "Navigator" \| 2019 \| Pity Party \| \| "None Of My Friends" \| 2019 \| Pity Party \| \| "USP" \| 2019 \| Pity Party \| \| "California Screaming" \| 2020 \| Whoosh (EP) \| \| "Hope (Or Something Like It)" \| 2020 \| Whoosh (EP) \| \| "Where The Bodies Are Buried" \| 2021 \| The Avalanche \| \| "Down For Fun" \| 2021 \| The Avalanche \| \| "Saturated" \| 2021 \| The Avalanche \|	enwiki/49363039	enwiki	49,363,039	Liz Lawrence	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Lawrence	2025-07-19T23:27:30	en	Q23762478	82,043	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox musical artist \| image = LizLawrence2020.jpg \| alt = \| caption = Lawrence at the merch stand at the Deaf Institute in [[Manchester]], England, 2020 \| birth_name = Elizabeth Lawrence<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#ace/writer/584168323/LAWRENCE+ELIZABETH\|title=ACE Repertory\|website=Ascap.com\|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref> \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1990\|07\|09\|df=y}} \| birth_place = [[Stratford-upon-Avon]], [[Warwickshire]], England<ref name="auto">{{Cite web\|url=https://pocketmags.com/diva-magazine/january-2020/articles/694353/what-people-do\|title=What people do \| Pocketmags.com\|website=Pocketmags.com\|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0008q7m\|title=BBC Radio 6 Music - Chris Hawkins, Liz Lawrence\|website=Bbc.co.uk\|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sos-music.co.uk/2014/03/liz-lawrence-health-safety.html\|title=Liz Lawrence \| Health & Safety\|website=Sos-music.co.uk\|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref> \| genre = [[Indie pop]] \| occupation = {{hlist\|Singer\|songwriter\|composer\|musician\|record producer}}<!--Please do not add to this list without first discussing your proposal on the talk page. --> \| instrument = {{hlist\|Vocals\|guitar\|keyboards\|synthesizer}}<!--- If you think an instrument should be listed or removed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first per: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_musical_artist#instrument---> \| years_active = 2012–present \| label = {{hlist\|[[Chrysalis Records\|Chrysalis]]\|Ceol Music Ltd\|Second Breakfast}} \| associated_acts = {{hlist\|Cash+David\|[[Bombay Bicycle Club]]\|[[Black (singer)\|Black]]\|[[Scouting for Girls]]\|[[Ani DiFranco]]}}<!--Please do not add to this list without first discussing your proposal on the talk page. --> \| website = {{URL\|lizlawrencemusic.co.uk}} }} '''Elizabeth Lawrence''' (born 9 July 1990)<ref>American Society of Composers Authors and Publishers, IPI no. 584168323</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#ace/work/882909568\|title=ACE Repertory\|website=Ascap.com}}</ref> is an English singer, songwriter and guitarist, known for her solo work and for being half of electro-pop duo Cash+David.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/new-music/11268527/CashDavid-elevated-electro-pop.html\|title=Cash+David: elevated electro-pop - Telegraph\|date=8 December 2014\|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/ewh8q9/acts/arvhj5\|title=2015 - Cash+David\|website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/16/the-playlist-new-bands-beach-baby-cash-david-ellenberg-and-more\|title=The playlist: new bands – Beach Baby, Cash + David, Ellenberg and more\|author=Paul Lester\|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> She has toured with [[Bombay Bicycle Club]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.nme.com/news/bombay-bicycle-club/81729\|title=Pink Floyd's Dave Gilmour joins Bombay Bicycle Club to perform 'Wish You Were Here'\|website=Nme.com\|date=14 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://themostcake.co.uk/musicmakers/tmc-interviews-singer-liz-lawrence/\|title=TMC Interviews: singer Liz Lawrence\|work=The Most Cake\|date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/live-music-reviews/10697874/Bombay-Bicycle-Club-Brixton-Academy-review.html\|title=Bombay Bicycle Club, Brixton Academy, review\|author=Patrick Smith\|date=14 March 2014\|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> and supported [[Black (singer)\|Black]], [[Scouting for Girls]], and [[Ani DiFranco]], amongst others.<ref>[http://www.visitsouthdevon.co.uk/whats-on/liz-lawrence-hannahs-at-seale-hayne-p1256993]{{dead link\|date=January 2018\|bot=InternetArchiveBot\|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/music/interviews/Liz+Lawrence+Interview-268247.html\|title=Liz Lawrence Exclusive Interview\|author=Helen Earnshaw\|date=26 November 2012\|website=Femalefirst.co.uk}}</ref> [[Q (magazine)\|Q magazine]] compared Lawrence favourably to [[indie rock]] band [[Florence and the Machine]], considering her "a starlet in the making".<ref name="jakemorley">{{cite web\|url=http://www.redgrapemusic.com/red-grape-management/liz-lawrence/\|title=Liz Lawrence\|author=Jake Morley\|website=Redgrapemusic.com}}</ref> ==Career== Having played in various bands in her youth before embarking on a solo career and relocating to London,<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/liz-lawrence-mn0003383576/biography\|title=Liz Lawrence \| Biography & History\|website=[[AllMusic]]\|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.redgrapemusic.com/red-grape-management/liz-lawrence/\|title=Liz Lawrence\|website=Redgrapemusic.com\|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref> Lawrence's debut [[Album#Studio\|studio album]], ''Bedroom Hero'', was released in 2012, reaching No. 2 on the [[Bandcamp]] album chart.<ref name="jakemorley"/> In February 2017, Lawrence featured on the song "Party for Two" from the album ''The Pace of the Passing'' by former Bombay Bicycle Club member Ed Nash's solo project, [[Bombay Bicycle Club\|Toothless]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.indieisnotagenre.com/ed-nash-bombay-bicycle-club-releases-solo-album/\|title=Ed Nash (Bombay Bicycle Club) releases solo album\|website=Indieisnotagenre.com\|date=January 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8WPIU8XJmY\|title=Toothless - Party For Two ft. Liz Lawrence\|date=February 28, 2017\|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://diymag.com/2017/03/01/toothless-liz-lawrence-party-for-two-video-watch\|title=Toothless pumps iron in his 'Party For Two' video\|website=Diymag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thegryphon.co.uk/2017/02/03/the-pace-of-the-passing-by-toothless-2/\|title=The Pace of the Passing by Toothless\|first=The Gryphon Web\|last=Editor\|date=February 3, 2017\|website=The Gryphon}}</ref> 2018 saw the release of singles "The Good Part" and "Woman"; the former was mixed by Bombay Bicycle Club's Jack Steadman.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/liz-lawrence-blasts-back-with-two-new-singles\|title=Liz Lawrence Blasts Back With Two New Singles\|website=Clash Magazine\|date=21 June 2018 }}</ref> Her second album, ''Pity Party'', was released on October 25, 2019. [[NME]] called the album "powerful" and considered that it "embraces her lo-fi folk past but also brings it into the here and now with satisfying pop elements"<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/liz-lawrences-pity-party-is-a-sly-middle-finger-to-her-doubters-2561096\|title=Liz Lawrence's powerful new album 'Pity Party' is a sly middle finger to her doubters\|website=Nme.com\|date=28 October 2019\|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref> Lawrence featured as a vocalist on Bombay Bicycle Club's 2020 album ''[[Everything Else Has Gone Wrong]]''.<ref name="liner notes">{{cite AV media notes \|title=Everything Else Has Gone Wrong \|others=[[Bombay Bicycle Club]] \|publisher=Mmm...Records, [[Caroline International]], [[Island Records]] \|year=2020 \|type=liner notes \|id=0827596}}</ref> On September 17, 2021, Lawrence’s third album “The Avalanche” was released. ==Discography== ===Albums=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|- ! scope="col" \| Title ! scope="col" \| Release details \|- ! scope="row"\| ''Bedroom Hero'' \| * Release date: 2012 * Label: Ceol Music Ltd * Formats: [[CD]], [[Streaming media\|streaming]], [[Music download\|digital download]] \|- ! scope="row"\| ''Pity Party'' \| * Release date: October 25, 2019 * Label: Second Breakfast * Formats: CD, [[LP record\|LP]], streaming, digital download \|- ! scope="row"\| ''The Avalanche'' \| * Release date: September 17, 2021 * Label: Second Breakfast * Formats: CD, LP, streaming, digital download \|- ! scope="row"\| ''Peanuts'' \| * Release date: June 7, 2024 * Label: Chrysalis * Formats: CD, LP, streaming, digital download \|} ===Singles=== {{Update\|date=January 2025}} {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|- ! scope="col" \| Title ! scope="col" \| Year ! scope="col" \| Album \|- ! scope="row"\| "Oo Song" \| rowspan="2"\| 2012 \| rowspan="2"\| ''Bedroom Hero'' \|- ! scope="row"\| "Bedroom Hero" \|- ! scope="row"\| "Health & Safety" \| 2014 \| ''Health & Safety (EP)'' \|- ! scope="row"\| "Chainsmoking" / "We Got Love" \| 2017 \| rowspan="3" {{n/a\|non-album single}} \|- ! scope="row"\| "Circling Numbers" / "Floors" \| rowspan="2" \| 2018 \|- ! scope="row"\| "The Good Part" / "Woman" \|- ! scope="row"\| "Navigator" \| rowspan="3" \| 2019 \| rowspan="3" \| ''Pity Party'' \|- ! scope="row"\| "None Of My Friends" \|- ! scope="row"\| "USP" \|- ! scope="row"\| "California Screaming" \| rowspan="2"\| 2020 \| rowspan="2"\| ''Whoosh (EP)'' \|- ! scope="row"\| "Hope (Or Something Like It)" \|- ! scope="row"\| "Where The Bodies Are Buried" \| rowspan="3"\|2021 \| rowspan="3"\| ''The Avalanche'' \|- ! scope="row"\| "Down For Fun" \|- ! scope="row"\| "Saturated" \|} ==References== {{Reflist\|}} ==External links== * {{AllMusic\|class=artist\|id=mn0003383576}} * {{discogs artist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, Liz}} [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:21st-century English women singers]] [[Category:21st-century English singers]] [[Category:English women singer-songwriters]] [[Category:English singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Musicians from London]] [[Category:People from Stratford-upon-Avon]]	1,301,454,814	[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Birth name": "Elizabeth Lawrence", "Born": "9 July 1990 \u00b7 Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England", "Genres": "Indie pop", "Occupations": "Singer songwriter composer musician record producer", "Instruments": "Vocals guitar keyboards synthesizer", "Years active": "2012\u2013present", "Labels": "Chrysalis Ceol Music Ltd Second Breakfast"}}]	false
# IECO Green Warriors The IECO Green Warriors (stylized as iECO) are a Philippine basketball team. It were formed in 2018, as a selection team of players and staff from teams of the PBA Developmental League and was tasked to compete in the 2018 The Terrific 12 tournament of the Asia League. They were also an applicant team seeking to play in the ASEAN Basketball League. The team's namesake was its sponsor, IECO, an incinerator-waste management firm. ## History Two teams from the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) were invited to compete in The Terrific 12 tournament of the Asia Basketball League to take place from September 18 to 23, 2018 in Macau but the PBA was unable to accept the invitation due to the tournament having scheduling conflict with the 2018 PBA Governors' Cup. Only one Philippine team was sent to the tournament; a selection team from the PBA Developmental League. The Asia League decided to invite another team from the Chinese Basketball Association to fill in a berth initially intended for a second Philippine team. Ariel Vanguardia was tasked to coach the PBA D-League All Stars in The Terrific 12. The selection team competed as the "PBA D-League All Stars IECO Green Warriors". The team's roster was formed primarily of players from the finalists of the 2018 PBA D-League Foundation Cup, namely Che'Lu Bar and Grill Revellers and the Go for Gold Scratchers with Richard Howell and Sam Logwood as imports. The team had a tune-up match against the Philippine national team on September 9 at the Meralco Gym in Pasig which it lost 82–99. The IECO Green Warriors management has considered entering the 2018–19 ASEAN Basketball League season with the team's All-Stars participation in The Terrific 12 considered as a "try-out" for players of the team. By September 11, 2018, the management already applied for a franchise at the ABL. The franchise would have been owned by Dioceldo Sy and Manny Pacquiao should the application have gotten approved. Instead San Miguel Alab Pilipinas were the representatives for that season.	enwiki/58493028	enwiki	58,493,028	IECO Green Warriors	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IECO_Green_Warriors	2025-05-26T00:17:47	en	Q60775394	31,547	{{use mdy\|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox basketball club \| name = IECO Green Warriors \| color1 = white<!-- or \| colour1 = --> \| color2 = green<!-- or \| colour2 = --> \| color3 = black<!-- or \| colour3 = --> \| logo = IECO Green Warriors.png \| nickname = Green Warriors \| league = <!---No league since the team is a league selection, Do not add tournaments here--->N/A ([[Philippine Super Liga\|League selection]]) \| conference = \| division = \| founded = 2018 \| dissolved = <!-- or \| folded = --> \| history = \| arena = \| capacity = \| location = \| colors = <!-- or \| colours = --> \| current = \| sponsor = IECO \| media = \| president = \| vice-presidents = \| manager = \| coach = [[Ariel Vanguardia]] \| captain = \| ownership = \| championships = \| conf_champs = \| div_champs = \| website = \| h_body = \| h_pattern_b = \| h_shorts = \| h_pattern_s = \| a_body = \| a_pattern_b = \| a_shorts = \| a_pattern_s = }} The '''IECO Green Warriors''' (stylized as '''iECO''') are a Philippine basketball team. It were formed in 2018, as a selection team of players and staff from teams of the [[PBA Developmental League]] and was tasked to compete in the [[2018 Asia League season\|2018 The Terrific 12 tournament]] of the [[Asia League (basketball)\|Asia League]]. They were also an applicant team seeking to play in the [[ASEAN Basketball League]]. The team's namesake was its sponsor, IECO, an incinerator-waste management firm.<ref name=iecoabl>{{cite news \|last1=Ramos \|first1=Gerry \|title=Dioceldo Sy, Pacquiao in talks to field IECO squad in ABL \|url=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/abl/dioceldo-sy-pacquiao-in-talks-to-field-ieco-squad-in-abl-a793-20180911 \|accessdate=22 September 2018 \|work=Sports Interactive Network Philippines \|date=11 September 2018}}</ref> ==History== Two teams from the [[Philippine Basketball Association]] (PBA) were invited to compete in The Terrific 12 tournament of the [[Asia Basketball League]] to take place from September 18 to 23, 2018 in [[Macau]] but the PBA was unable to accept the invitation due to the tournament having scheduling conflict with the [[2018 PBA Governors' Cup]].<ref name="dugout">{{cite news \|last1=Saldajeno \|first1=Ivan \|title=D-League All-Stars to represent PH in "Terrific 12" \|url=https://www.dugout.ph/2018/08/d-league-all-stars-to-represent-ph.html \|accessdate=15 September 2018 \|date=14 August 2018}}</ref> Only one Philippine team was sent to the tournament; a selection team from the [[PBA Developmental League]]. The Asia League decided to invite another team from the Chinese Basketball Association to fill in a berth initially intended for a second Philippine team.<ref name=abs-cbn1>{{cite news \|title=PBA D-League All-Stars will rep the Philippines in Terrific 12 \|url=https://sports.abs-cbn.com/basketball/news/2018/08/17/d-league-all-stars-will-rep-philippines-terrific-12-45719 \|accessdate=15 September 2018 \|work=ABS-CBN Sports \|date=17 August 2017}}</ref> [[Ariel Vanguardia]] was tasked to coach the PBA D-League All Stars in The Terrific 12.<ref name="abs-cbn2">{{cite news \|title=Vanguardia-coached D-League All-Stars start prep for Macau invitational \|url=https://sports.abs-cbn.com/basketball/news/2018/08/28/vanguardia-coached-d-league-all-stars-start-prep-macau-46149 \|accessdate=15 September 2018 \|work=ABS-CBN Sports \|date=28 August 2018}}</ref> The selection team competed as the "PBA D-League All Stars IECO Green Warriors".<ref name=abs-cbn1/> The team's roster was formed primarily of players from the finalists of the 2018 PBA D-League Foundation Cup, namely Che'Lu Bar and Grill Revellers and the Go for Gold Scratchers with [[Richard Howell (basketball)\|Richard Howell]] and Sam Logwood as imports.<ref name="abs-cbn2"/> The team had a tune-up match against the [[Philippines men's national basketball team\|Philippine national team]] on September 9 at the Meralco Gym in [[Pasig]] which it lost 82–99.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Bacnis \|first1=Justine \|title=Philippine Team mauls iECO in tune-up \|url=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/philippine-team-mauls-ieco-tune/126879 \|accessdate=15 September 2018 \|work=Tiebreaker Times \|date=9 September 2018}}</ref> The IECO Green Warriors management has considered entering the [[2018–19 ABL season\|2018–19 ASEAN Basketball League season]] with the team's All-Stars participation in The Terrific 12 considered as a "try-out" for players of the team.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Dy \|first1=Richard \|title=iECO Green Warriors eye spot in Asean Basketball League \|url=http://tv5.espn.com/basketball/gilas/story/_/id/24636136/ieco-green-warriors-eye-spot-asean-basketball-league \|accessdate=15 September 2018 \|work=ESPN 5 \|date=11 September 2018}}</ref> By September 11, 2018, the management already applied for a franchise at the ABL. The franchise would have been owned by [[Dioceldo Sy]] and [[Manny Pacquiao]] should the application have gotten approved.<ref name=iecoabl/> Instead [[San Miguel Alab Pilipinas]] were the representatives for that season. ==See also== *[[Philippine Super Liga All-Stars]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:PBA Developmental League teams\|All Stars]] [[Category:Representative teams of sports leagues]] [[Category:Basketball teams established in 2018]] [[Category:2018 establishments in the Philippines]] [[Category:Basketball teams disestablished in 2018]] [[Category:2018 disestablishments in the Philippines]]	1,292,248,741	[{"title": "IECO Green Warriors", "data": {"Nickname": "Green Warriors", "League": "N/A (League selection)", "Founded": "2018", "Main sponsor": "IECO", "Head coach": "Ariel Vanguardia"}}]	false
# Harry Bonavia Harry Arthur Bonavia (born 4 January 1908, date of death unknown) was a Maltese water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1928 Summer Olympics.	enwiki/62400007	enwiki	62,400,007	Harry Bonavia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Bonavia	2024-07-04T10:51:30	en	Q20028450	22,952	{{short description\|Maltese water polo player}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2020}} {{Infobox sportsperson \| name = Harry Bonavia \| full_name = Henry Arthur Bonavia \| image = Harry Bonavia (1928).jpg \| caption = \| nationality = Maltese \| sport = [[Water polo]] \| birth_date = {{birth date\|1908\|1\|4\|df=yes}} \| birth_place = [[Sliema]], Malta \| death_date = \| death_place = }} '''Harry Arthur Bonavia''' (born 4 January 1908, date of death unknown) was a Maltese [[water polo]] player. He competed in the [[Water polo at the 1928 Summer Olympics\|men's tournament]] at the [[1928 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference \|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/harry-bonavia-1.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418093434/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/harry-bonavia-1.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=18 April 2020 \|title=Harry Bonavia Olympic Results \|accessdate=21 November 2019}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{sports links}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bonavia, Harry}} [[Category:1908 births]] [[Category:Year of death missing]] [[Category:Maltese male water polo players]] [[Category:Olympic water polo players for Malta]] [[Category:Water polo players at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] {{Malta-waterpolo-bio-stub}}	1,232,560,593	[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Full name": "Henry Arthur Bonavia", "Nationality": "Maltese", "Born": "4 January 1908 \u00b7 Sliema, Malta"}}, {"title": "Sport", "data": {"Sport": "Water polo"}}]	false
# Margaret Healy Margaret Healy is an Irish singer-songwriter. She specializes in acoustic ballads but also shows the influence of hip-hop and electro in her music. Healy started touring the Dublin singer-songwriter circuit in 1999 and released her first album, margaret healy...and you are?, in 2001. The album was a collaboration with South Bank Awards winner and Mercury nominee Nitin Sawhney in his London Dance studio and Pat Barrett (Ten Speed Racer) and Ken Burke (Fusebox) in Dublin. Reviews were generally positive and marked Healy as an up-and-coming talent. She has toured widely in Ireland to support the album, and the video for the track Call It a Moment has received some airplay. The track Something Real was included on several media projects: - Sirens, a compilation CD of female independent label artists including Patti Smith, PJ Harvey, Sinéad O'Connor, and Ani Di Franco - The Ruby Sessions, a compilation CD of Irish artists - The Big Bow Wow, RTÉ TV series aired in January 2004 Healy's second album, Girls, Boys & Clockwork Toys, was released in April 2009.	enwiki/2846848	enwiki	2,846,848	Margaret Healy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Healy	2024-02-11T05:26:58	en	Q6759502	23,865	{{short description\|Irish singer-songwriter}} {{for\|the American soccer player and Google employee\|Tucka Healy}} {{BLP sources\|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox musical artist \| name = Margaret Healy \| image = Margaret Healy.webp \| image_size = 220px \| alt = A photograph of Irish singer Margaret Healy wearing a blue dress and white belt. It is set against a white background. \| caption = Margaret Healy in 2009 \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1969\|11\|30}} \| birth_place = [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland\|Ireland]] \| genre = [[Acoustic music\|Acoustic]], [[Hip hop music\|Hip hop]], [[Electro (music)\|Electro]] }} {{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}} '''Margaret Healy''' is an Irish singer-songwriter. She specializes in [[Steel-string guitar\|acoustic]] [[ballads]] but also shows the influence of [[hip-hop music\|hip-hop]] and [[electro (music)\|electro]] in her music. Healy started touring the [[Dublin]] singer-songwriter circuit in 1999 and released her first album, ''margaret healy...and you are?'', in 2001. The album was a collaboration with South Bank Awards winner and [[Mercury Award\|Mercury]] nominee [[Nitin Sawhney]] in his London Dance studio and Pat Barrett (Ten Speed Racer) and Ken Burke (Fusebox) in Dublin. Reviews were generally positive and marked Healy as an up-and-coming talent. She has toured widely in Ireland to support the album, and the video for the track ''Call It a Moment'' has received some airplay. The track ''Something Real'' was included on several media projects: ''Sirens'', a compilation CD of female [[independent record label\|independent label]] artists including [[Patti Smith]], [[PJ Harvey]], [[Sinéad O'Connor]], and [[Ani Di Franco]] ''The Ruby Sessions'', a compilation CD of Irish artists ''The Big Bow Wow'', [[RTÉ]] TV series aired in January 2004 Healy's second album, Girls, Boys & Clockwork Toys, was released in April 2009.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://state.ie/album-reviews/margaret-healy-%E2%80%93-girls-boys-clockwork-toys \|title=Margaret Healy – Girls, Boys & Clockwork Toys \|access-date=14 April 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175427/http://state.ie/album-reviews/margaret-healy-%e2%80%93-girls-boys-clockwork-toys \|archive-date=3 March 2016 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== [https://web.archive.org/web/20060307085851/http://www.rubyworks.com/rubysessions/album.html Ruby Sessions album notes with brief biography of Margaret Healy] *[http://www.rte.ie/arts/2001/1003/healym.html RTÉ review of ''margaret healy...and you are?''] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Healy, Margaret}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:21st-century Irish women singers]] [[Category:1969 births]]	1,206,090,127	[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Born": "November 30, 1969 \u00b7 Dublin, Ireland", "Genres": "Acoustic, Hip hop, Electro"}}]	false
# Corporate Town of Port Augusta West The Corporate Town of Port Augusta West was a local government area in South Australia centred on the suburb of Port Augusta West. It was gazetted on 6 October 1887. They met in council chambers in Loudon Road, which ceased to be used by its successor council upon its amalgamation, but remained in use by the community until their demolition in the 1940s, at which time the building was described as "definitely unsafe". It was not uncommon for positions to be elected unopposed or without any nominations at all; in the election of November 1903, no one nominated for either mayor or councillor. In 1923, the council controlled an area of 2,100 acres (8.5 km2), with a capital value of £59,710. It had a population of 384 at the 1921 census, residing in 90 dwellings. On 28 April 1932, along with the Corporate Town of Davenport and part of the District Council of Woolundunga, it merged into the existing Corporate Town of Port Augusta, predecessor of the current City of Port Augusta. Its second-last mayor, James Beerworth, would go on to serve as the first mayor of the amalgamated council, and subsequently serve in both houses of the Parliament of South Australia. ## Mayors - Norman Alexander Richardson (1896–1898)[9][10][11] - John Harris (1898)[12][13] - H. M. Sparkman (1898–1900)[14][15] - Edward Geering (1900–1903)[16][17][18] - Alexander Bothwell (1904)[19] - Edward Bowden Francis (1912)[20] - Michael John Cleary (1920–1921)[21] - Lyal Vance Herbert Dighton (1921)[21] - Thomas Charles Chinnery (1921–1924)[21] - Lindsay Mallett Sanderson (1924–1927)[21] - James Beerworth (1927–1930)[21] - Thomas Charles Chinnery (1930–1932)[21]	enwiki/48531053	enwiki	48,531,053	Corporate Town of Port Augusta West	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Town_of_Port_Augusta_West	2025-08-16T10:26:35	en	Q24189298	132,626	{{Use Australian English\|date=August 2019}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox Australian place \| type = lga \| name = Corporate Town of Port Augusta West \| state = sa \| image = \| caption = \| pop = 384 \| pop_year = 1921 \| pop_footnotes = <ref name=civic-record>{{cite book \| title=The Civic record of South Australia, 1921-1923 \| publisher=Associated Publishing Service \| year=1924 \| pages=223}}</ref> \| established = 1887<ref name="SAGG-1887">{{cite web \|last1=Ramsay \|first1=J.G. \|title=Corporation of Port Augusta West \|url=http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1887/43.pdf \|website=The South Australian Government Gazette \|publisher=Government of South Australia \|accessdate=29 March 2019 \|pages=731-732 \|date=6 October 1887}}</ref> \| abolished = 1932<ref name="SAGG-1932">{{cite web \|last1=Whitford \|first1=S.R. \|title=LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS (RE-ARRANGEMENT) ACTS, 1929 AND 1931.—AREAS UNITED \|url=http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1932/18/745.pdf \|website=The South Australian Government Gazette \|publisher=Government of South Australia \|accessdate=29 March 2019 \|page=745 \|date=28 April 1932 \|quote=" Unite the areas comprising the Municipalities of Port Augusta, Port Augusta West, and Davenport, and that portion of the District Council District of Woolundunga defined in the First Schedule"}}</ref> \| area = 8.5 \| area_footnotes = <ref name=civic-record/> \| seat = \| map_type = state \| coordinates = {{coord\|32.484255\|S\|137.758361\|E\|format=dms\|display=title, inline}} \| stategov = \| fedgov = \| logo = \| logo_upright = \| near-nw = \| near-n = \| near-ne = \| near-e = \| near-se = \| near-s = \| near-sw = \| near-w = }} The '''Corporate Town of Port Augusta West''' was a [[Local government areas of South Australia\|local government area]] in [[South Australia]] centred on the suburb of [[Port Augusta West, South Australia\|Port Augusta West]]. It was gazetted on 6 October 1887.<ref name="SAGG-1887"/> They met in council chambers in Loudon Road, which ceased to be used by its successor council upon its amalgamation, but remained in use by the community until their demolition in the 1940s, at which time the building was described as "definitely unsafe".<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article168203995 \|title=First Meeting of Amalgamated Council. \|newspaper=[[Transcontinental (Australian newspaper)\|Transcontinental]] \|location=Port Augusta, SA \|date=13 May 1932 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=1 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article168462929 \|title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST HALL. \|newspaper=[[Transcontinental (Australian newspaper)\|Transcontinental]] \|location=Port Augusta, SA \|date=22 December 1944 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=2 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article168305337 \|title=MEETING ROOM AT PORT AUGUSTA WEST. \|newspaper=[[Transcontinental (Australian newspaper)\|Transcontinental]] \|location=Port Augusta, SA \|date=20 September 1946 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=6 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> It was not uncommon for positions to be elected unopposed or without any nominations at all; in the election of November 1903, no one nominated for either mayor or councillor.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article188610818 \|title=Municipal Elections \|newspaper=[[The Laura Standard]] \|location=SA \|date=27 November 1903 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=3 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> In 1923, the council controlled an area of {{convert\|2100\|acres\|km2}}, with a capital value of £59,710. It had a population of 384 at the 1921 census, residing in 90 dwellings.<ref name=civic-record/> On 28 April 1932, along with the [[Corporate Town of Davenport]] and part of the [[District Council of Woolundunga]], it merged into the existing Corporate Town of Port Augusta, predecessor of the current [[City of Port Augusta]].<ref name="SAGG-1932"/> Its second-last mayor, [[James Beerworth]], would go on to serve as the first mayor of the amalgamated council, and subsequently serve in both houses of the [[Parliament of South Australia]].<ref name="marsden">{{cite web \| url=https://www.lga.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/LGA-89938_-_2011_18_-_FINAL_History_of_SA_Councils.pdf \| title=A History of South Australian Councils to 1936 \| publisher=Local Government Association of South Australia \| date=2012 \| accessdate=30 October 2015 \| author=Marsden, Susan \| pages=11 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317082016/https://www.lga.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/LGA-89938_-_2011_18_-_FINAL_History_of_SA_Councils.pdf \| archive-date=17 March 2016 \| url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Mayors== * Norman Alexander Richardson (1896–1898)<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article87192766 \|title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. \|newspaper=[[The Chronicle (Adelaide)\|The Chronicle]] \|location=Adelaide \|date=28 November 1896 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=19 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54522397 \|title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. \|newspaper=[[South Australian Register]] \|location=Adelaide \|date=25 November 1897 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=6 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article197606047 \|title=Port Augusta West Council. \|newspaper=[[The Port Augusta Dispatch, Newcastle and Flinders Chronicle]] \|location=SA \|date=4 February 1898 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=4 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> * John Harris (1898)<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56544888 \|title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. \|newspaper=[[South Australian Register]] \|location=Adelaide \|date=3 December 1898 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=10 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56535516 \|title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. \|newspaper=[[South Australian Register]] \|location=Adelaide \|date=26 November 1898 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=7 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> * H. M. Sparkman (1898–1900)<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56545274 \|title=THE COUNTRY. \|newspaper=[[South Australian Register]] \|location=Adelaide \|date=20 December 1898 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=10 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article197609975 \|title=Municipal Nominations. \|newspaper=[[The Port Augusta Dispatch, Newcastle and Flinders Chronicle]] \|location=SA \|date=24 November 1899 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=2 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> * Edward Geering (1900–1903)<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article197612290 \|title=municipal Elections. \|newspaper=[[The Port Augusta Dispatch, Newcastle and Flinders Chronicle]] \|location=SA \|date=30 November 1900 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=2 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article196770123 \|title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. \|newspaper=[[The Port Augusta Dispatch, Newcastle and Flinders Chronicle]] \|location=SA \|date=29 November 1901 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=3 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article124971623 \|title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. \|newspaper=[[Petersburg Times]] \|location=SA \|date=28 November 1902 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=3 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> * Alexander Bothwell (1904)<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article163058730 \|title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. \|newspaper=[[Adelaide Observer]] \|location=SA \|date=3 December 1904 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=42 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> * Edward Bowden Francis (1912)<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article196794601 \|title=Municipal Matters. \|newspaper=[[The Port Augusta Dispatch, Newcastle and Flinders Chronicle]] \|location=SA \|date=6 December 1912 \|accessdate=12 November 2015 \|page=3 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> * Michael John Cleary (1920–1921)<ref name="civrecord">{{cite book \| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-11350397/view#page/n826/mode/1up \| title=The Official civic record of South Australia : centenary year, 1936 \| publisher=Universal Publicity Company \| author=Hosking, P. \| year=1936 \| location=Adelaide \| pages=355}}</ref> * Lyal Vance Herbert Dighton (1921)<ref name="civrecord" /> * Thomas Charles Chinnery (1921–1924)<ref name="civrecord" /> * Lindsay Mallett Sanderson (1924–1927)<ref name="civrecord" /> * [[James Beerworth]] (1927–1930)<ref name="civrecord" /> * Thomas Charles Chinnery (1930–1932)<ref name="civrecord" /> ==See also== *[[Local Government Areas (Re-arrangement) Acts 1929 and 1931]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Former local government areas in South Australia}} [[Category:Former local government areas of South Australia\|Port Augusta West]]	1,306,179,341	[{"title": "Corporate Town of Port Augusta West \u00b7 South Australia", "data": {"Coordinates": "32\u00b029\u203203\u2033S 137\u00b045\u203230\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff32.484255\u00b0S 137.758361\u00b0E", "Population": "384 (1921)", "\u2022 Density": "45.2/km2 (117.0/sq mi)", "Established": "1887", "Abolished": "1932", "Area": "8.5 km2 (3.3 sq mi)"}}]	false
# 2002 Prague municipal election The 2002 Prague municipal election was held as part of 2002 Czech municipal elections. It was held on 1 and 2 November 2002. Civic Democratic Party has won the election and Pavel Bém became the Mayor of Prague. ## Background Civic Democratic Party (ODS) won 1998 municipal election in Prague and Jan Kasl became the mayor. He resigned on the position in May 2002 after conflicts with his colleagues in the party. He left ODS and formed new party called European Democrats. Igor Němec replaced Kasl as the Mayor of Prague. ### Campaign Pavel Bém became Civic Democratic Party candidate for Mayor. Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) was led by Jiří Paroubek. Freedom Union was led by Michael Hvížďala. European Democrats were led by Jan Kasl. Campaign started in October 2002. Parties filled the city with billboards. ODS focused on safety. Freedom Union promised easily available housing. ČSSD promised "City for Living." Leader of ČSSD Paroubek held many meeting with voters to be as visible as possible. ## Results \| Party \| Vote \| %Vote \| Seats \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------ \| --------- \| ------ \| ----- \| \| Civic Democratic Party \| 1,592,119 \| 35.54% \| 30 \| \| European Democrats \| 822,894 \| 18.37% \| 15 \| \| Czech Social Democratic Party \| 656,936 \| 14.66% \| 12 \| \| Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia \| 485,322 \| 10.83% \| 8 \| \| Freedom Union \| 252,540 \| 5.64% \| 2 \| \| Coalition of SNK, SZ and SOS \| 225,530 \| 5.03% \| 2 \| \| Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party \| 204,453 \| 4.56% \| 1 \| \| independents for Prague \| 139,442 \| 3.11% \| 0 \| Civic Democrats led by Pavel bém won the election. Bém then formed coalition with Czech Social Democratic Party and became the Mayor of Prague.	enwiki/54613944	enwiki	54,613,944	2002 Prague municipal election	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Prague_municipal_election	2022-09-21T22:48:04	en	Q11932251	59,245	{{Infobox election \| election_name = 2002 Prague municipal election \| country = Czech Republic \| type = parliamentary \| ongoing = no \| previous_election = 1998 Prague municipal election \| previous_year = 1998 \| next_election = 2006 Prague municipal election \| next_year = 2006 \| seats_for_election = All 70 seats in the Assembly \| majority_seats = 36 \| election_date = 20–21 October 2002 \| image1 = [[File:Pavel Bém s manželkou 2013 (cropped).JPG\|150x150px]] \| leader1 = [[Pavel Bém]] \| party1 = Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic) \| leader_since1 = \| leaders_seat1 = \| last_election1 = \| seats1 = 30 \| seat_change1 = \| popular_vote1 = 1,592,119 \| percentage1 = 35.5% \| swing1 = \| image2 = File:Jan Kasl 2017.jpg \| leader2 = [[Jan Kasl]] \| party2 = [[SNK European Democrats\|ED]] \| colour2 = FFCB03 \| leader_since2 = \| leaders_seat2 = \| last_election2 = \| seats2 = 15 \| seat_change2 = \| popular_vote2 = 822,894 \| percentage2 = 18.4% \| swing2 = \| image3 = [[File:Jiří Paroubek 2013-08-07.jpg\|150x150px]] \| leader3 = [[Jiří Paroubek]] \| party3 = Czech Social Democratic Party \| leader_since3 = \| leaders_seat3 = \| last_election3 = \| seats3 = 12 \| seat_change3 = \| popular_vote3 = 656,936 \| percentage3 = 14.7% \| swing3 = \| title = Mayor \| before_election = [[Igor Němec]] \| before_party = [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)\|ODS]] \| after_election = [[Pavel Bém]] \| after_party = [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)\|ODS]] }} The '''2002 Prague municipal election''' was held as part of [[2002 Czech municipal elections]]. It was held on 1 and 2 November 2002. [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)\|Civic Democratic Party]] has won the election and [[Pavel Bém]] became the Mayor of Prague.<ref name="Prvním mužem Prahy je Pavel Bém">{{cite web\|title=Prvním mužem Prahy je Pavel Bém\|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/prvnim-muzem-prahy-je-pavel-bem-dm9-/domaci.aspx?c=A021128_094453_praha_zem\|website=iDNES.cz\|accessdate=21 July 2017\|date=28 November 2002}}</ref> ==Background== Civic Democratic Party (ODS) won 1998 municipal election in Prague and [[Jan Kasl]] became the mayor. He resigned on the position in May 2002 after conflicts with his colleagues in the party. He left ODS and formed new party called [[SNK European Democrats\|European Democrats]].<ref name="Kasl: Nemohu volit stranu demagogů">{{cite web\|title=Kasl: Nemohu volit stranu demagogů\|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/kasl-nemohu-volit-stranu-demagogu-dru-/domaci.aspx?c=A020418_092540_praha_lin\|website=iDNES.cz\|accessdate=21 July 2017\|date=3 June 2002}}</ref><ref name="Kaslova strana má vycházet ze starého programu ODS">{{cite web\|title=Kaslova strana má vycházet ze starého programu ODS\|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/kaslova-strana-ma-vychazet-ze-stareho-programu-ods-f8b-/domaci.aspx?c=A020607_221039_domaci_pol\|website=iDNES.cz\|accessdate=21 July 2017\|date=8 June 2002}}</ref> [[Igor Němec]] replaced Kasl as the Mayor of Prague.<ref name="Kasl mě velmi zklamal, říká nový primátor">{{cite web\|title=Kasl mě velmi zklamal, říká nový primátor\|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/kasl-me-velmi-zklamal-rika-novy-primator-ffg-/domaci.aspx?c=A020724_161433_praha_osob_ton\|website=iDNES.cz\|accessdate=21 July 2017\|date=30 July 2002}}</ref> ===Campaign=== Pavel Bém became Civic Democratic Party candidate for Mayor.<ref name="ODS chce místo Němce Béma">{{cite web\|title=ODS chce místo Němce Béma\|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/ods-chce-misto-nemce-bema-08t-/domaci.aspx?c=A020902_154028_praha_ton\|website=iDNES.cz\|accessdate=21 July 2017\|date=2 September 2002}}</ref> [[Czech Social Democratic Party]] (ČSSD) was led by [[Jiří Paroubek]].<ref name="Paroubek si troufá na primátorský post">{{cite web\|title=Paroubek si troufá na primátorský post\|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/paroubek-si-troufa-na-primatorsky-post-d9y-/domaci.aspx?c=A020116_100952_praha_ton\|website=iDNES.cz\|accessdate=21 July 2017\|date=16 January 2002}}</ref> [[Freedom Union – Democratic Union\|Freedom Union]] was led by Michael Hvížďala.<ref name="Pavel Bém kandidátem ODS na primátora">{{cite web\|title=Pavel Bém kandidátem ODS na primátora\|url=https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/pavel-bem-kandidatem-ods-na-primatora_200208311630_mtaborska\|website=iROZHLAS\|accessdate=21 July 2017\|language=cs}}</ref> European Democrats were led by Jan Kasl. Campaign started in October 2002. Parties filled the city with billboards. ODS focused on safety. Freedom Union promised easily available housing. ČSSD promised "City for Living." Leader of ČSSD Paroubek held many meeting with voters to be as visible as possible.<ref name="V Praze začal souboj o primátora">{{cite web\|title=V Praze začal souboj o primátora\|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/v-praze-zacal-souboj-o-primatora-dah-/domaci.aspx?c=A021008_191054_praha_ton\|website=iDNES.cz\|accessdate=21 July 2017\|date=9 October 2002}}</ref> ==Results== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Party !! Vote !! %Vote !! Seats \|- \| [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)\|Civic Democratic Party]] \|\| 1,592,119 \|\| 35.54% \|\| 30 \|- \| [[SNK European Democrats\|European Democrats]] \|\| 822,894 \|\| 18.37% \|\| 15 \|- \| [[Czech Social Democratic Party]] \|\| 656,936 \|\| 14.66% \|\| 12 \|- \| [[Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia]] \|\| 485,322 \|\| 10.83% \|\| 8 \|- \| [[Freedom Union – Democratic Union\|Freedom Union]] \|\| 252,540 \|\| 5.64% \|\| 2 \|- \| Coalition of SNK, [[Green Party (Czech Republic)\|SZ]] and [[Party for the Open Society\|SOS]] \|\| 225,530 \|\| 5.03% \|\| 2 \|- \| [[Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party]] \|\| 204,453 \|\| 4.56% \|\| 1 \|- \| independents for Prague \|\| 139,442 \|\| 3.11% \|\| 0 \|} Civic Democrats led by Pavel bém won the election. Bém then formed coalition with [[Czech Social Democratic Party]] and became the Mayor of Prague.<ref name="Novým pražským primátorem Pavel Bém">{{cite web\|title=Novým pražským primátorem Pavel Bém\|url=https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/novym-prazskym-primatorem-pavel-bem_200211281451_mkaclova\|website=iROZHLAS\|accessdate=21 July 2017\|language=cs}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Elections in Prague}} [[Category:Municipal elections in Prague\|2002]] [[Category:2002 elections in the Czech Republic\|Prague municipal election]] [[Category:2000s in Prague\|Municipal election, 2002]]	1,111,608,316	[{"title": "2002 Prague municipal election", "data": {"\u2190 1998": "20\u201321 October 2002 \u00b7 2006 \u2192"}}, {"title": "All 70 seats in the Assembly \u00b7 36 seats needed for a majority", "data": {"Leader": "Pavel B\u00e9m \u00b7 Jan Kasl \u00b7 Ji\u0159\u00ed Paroubek", "Party": "ODS \u00b7 ED \u00b7 \u010cSSD", "Seats won": "30 \u00b7 15 \u00b7 12", "Popular vote": "1,592,119 \u00b7 822,894 \u00b7 656,936", "Percentage": "35.5% \u00b7 18.4% \u00b7 14.7%", "Mayor before election \u00b7 Igor N\u011bmec \u00b7 ODS": "Elected mayor \u00b7 Pavel B\u00e9m \u00b7 ODS"}}]	false
# Curtis Senior High School Curtis Senior High School is a public high school located in University Place, Washington. Curtis Senior High School is a part of the University Place School District and the only high school in the district. The University Place school district includes most of University Place and portions of Fircrest and Tacoma. ## History The school's namesake comes from the former UPSD Superintendent George R. Curtis. The school opened in 1957 as a joint junior-senior high school at the corner of 40th and Grandview. In 1962, a high school facility was built about 500 yards east of the junior high that then extended up 40th Street. This separated the schools from 8th-9th grade for the junior high and 10th-12th grade for the senior high school. And after this, the original site became just a junior high school. In 2009, the original junior high was torn down and a new facility was built about 400 yards northeast of that site. ## Academics Curtis Senior High School has both Advanced Placement classes and core classes for students. The school also offers Running Start, collaborating with Tacoma Community College, a program for Juniors and Seniors by taking classes to gain college credit while in high school. ## Notable alumni - Beau Baldwin - former offensive coordinator, Arizona State; former football head coach, Cal Poly [3] - Scott Cairns - poet and Guggenheim Fellow - Andrea Geubelle - 2016 Summer Olympics track and field, triple jump - Gary Larson - creator and writer of The Far Side - Mike Levenseller - professional football wide receiver, played 3 seasons in NFL[4] - Adrienne Martelli - 2012 Summer Olympics bronze medalist in rowing, women's quadruple sculls - Singor Mobley - former NFL and Canadian Football League defensive back [5] - Isaiah Thomas - NBA point guard, two-time NBA All-Star in 2016 & 2017 - Chuck Arnold - President of the Seattle Seahawks - Jennifer Cohen - University of Southern California Athletic Director - Morgan Weaver - professional soccer forward for the Portland Thorns FC[6] - Cindy Brunson - Sports anchor and reporter, most known for ESPN's SportsCenter - Zoom Diallo	enwiki/9380924	enwiki	9,380,924	Curtis Senior High School	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Senior_High_School	2025-01-22T01:03:20	en	Q5195885	72,408	{{for\|the school of the same name in Staten Island\|Curtis High School}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox school \| name = George R. Curtis Senior High School \| native_name = \| image = \| image_size = \| alt = \| caption = \| logo = CurtisVikings.jpg \| motto = \| established = 1957 \| closed = \| type = Public secondary \| status = \| category_label = \| category = \| gender_label = \| gender = \| affiliation = \| affiliations = \| administrator = \| assst_admin = \| president = \| chairman_label = \| chairman = \| rector = \| principal = Tom Adams \| asst principal = \| campus_director = \| dean = \| founder = \| chaplain = \| officer_in_charge = \| faculty = \| ratio = 24.26<ref name=NCES/> \| teaching_staff = 53.70 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/> \| enrollment = 1,303 (2023-2024)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web\|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=5309180&ID=530918001549\|title=Curtis Senior High\|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics\|accessdate=January 3, 2025}}</ref> \| grades_label = \| grades = 10–12 \| streetaddress = 8425 40th W \| city = University Place \| state = Washington \| province = 98466 \| country = United States \| coordinates = \| latitude = \| longitude = \| district = [[University Place School District]] \| oversight = \| accreditation = \| campus = Suburban \| colors = Blue and White {{Color box\|blue\|border=darkgray}}{{Color box\|white\|border=darkgray}} \| colours = \| athletics = \| houses = \| student_union = \| nickname = \| mascot = [[Vikings]] \| free_label = [[Emblem]] \| free_text = \| rival = \| yearbook = \| newspaper = \| free_label_1 = \| free_1 = \| free_label_2 = \| free_2 = \| free_label_3 = \| free_3 = \| test_name = \| test_average = \| national_ranking = \| website = [https://chs.upsd83.org/ Curtis Senior High School] \| footnotes = \| picture = \| picture_caption = \| picture2 = \| picture_caption2 = }} '''Curtis Senior High School''' is a public high school located in [[University Place, Washington]]. Curtis Senior High School is a part of the [[University Place School District]] and the only high school in the district. The University Place school district includes most of University Place and portions of [[Fircrest, Washington\|Fircrest]] and [[Tacoma, Washington\|Tacoma]].<ref name=PierceCountyschools>{{cite web\|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st53_wa/schooldistrict_maps/c53053_pierce/DC20SD_C53053.pdf\|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Pierce County, WA\|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]\|accessdate=2022-07-20\|pages=1-2 (PDF p. 2-3/4)}}</ref> ==History== The school's namesake comes from the former UPSD Superintendent George R. Curtis. The school opened in 1957 as a joint junior-senior high school at the corner of 40th and Grandview. In 1962, a high school facility was built about 500 yards east of the junior high that then extended up 40th Street. This separated the schools from 8th-9th grade for the junior high and 10th-12th grade for the senior high school. And after this, the original site became just a junior high school. In 2009, the original junior high was torn down and a new facility was built about 400 yards northeast of that site. ==Academics== Curtis Senior High School has both Advanced Placement classes and core classes for students. The school also offers Running Start, collaborating with [[Tacoma Community College]], a program for Juniors and Seniors by taking classes to gain college credit while in high school. ==Notable alumni== * [[Beau Baldwin]] - former offensive coordinator, Arizona State; former football head coach, Cal Poly <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://gopoly.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/beau-baldwin/543\|title = Beau Baldwin - Head Football Coach - Football Coaches}}</ref> * [[Scott Cairns]] - poet and Guggenheim Fellow * [[Andrea Geubelle]] - 2016 Summer Olympics track and field, triple jump * [[Gary Larson]] - creator and writer of ''[[The Far Side]]'' * [[Mike Levenseller]] - professional football wide receiver, played 3 seasons in NFL<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nfl.com/players/mike-levenseller/stats\|title = Mike Levenseller Stats Summary\| website=[[NFL.com]] }}</ref> * [[Adrienne Martelli]] - 2012 Summer Olympics bronze medalist in rowing, women's quadruple sculls * [[Singor Mobley]] - former NFL and Canadian Football League defensive back <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.codathletics.com/sports/fball/coaches/Singor_Mobley?view=bio\|title=College of the Desert}}</ref> * [[Isaiah Thomas (basketball)\|Isaiah Thomas]] - NBA point guard, two-time NBA All-Star in 2016 & 2017 * Chuck Arnold - President of the [[Seattle Seahawks]] * [[Jennifer Cohen (athletic director)\|Jennifer Cohen]] - University of Southern California Athletic Director * [[Morgan Weaver]] - professional soccer forward for the Portland Thorns FC<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/players/morgan-weaver\|title=National Women's Soccer League Official Site \| NWSL}}</ref> * [[Cindy Brunson]] - Sports anchor and reporter, most known for ESPN's [[SportsCenter]] * [[Zoom Diallo]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{WIAA West Central District 3\|A\|4A}} {{IBL Arenas}} {{coord\|47\|13\|18\|N\|122\|33\|02\|W\|display=title\|type:edu_region:US-WA}} [[Category:High schools in Pierce County, Washington]] [[Category:South Puget Sound League]] [[Category:Public high schools in Washington (state)]] [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1957]] [[Category:1957 establishments in Washington (state)]]	1,270,954,619	[{"title": "Address", "data": {"Address": "8425 40th W \u00b7 University Place, Washington, 98466 \u00b7 United States"}}, {"title": "Information", "data": {"Type": "Public secondary", "Established": "1957", "School district": "University Place School District", "Principal": "Tom Adams", "Teaching staff": "53.70 (FTE)", "Grades": "10\u201312", "Enrollment": "1,303 (2023-2024)", "Student to teacher ratio": "24.26", "Campus": "Suburban", "Color(s)": "Blue and White", "Mascot": "Vikings", "Website": "Curtis Senior High School"}}]	false
# Franz Rottensteiner Franz Rottensteiner (born 18 January 1942) is an Austrian publisher and critic in the fields of science fiction and speculative fiction in general. ## Biography Rottensteiner was born in Waidmannsfeld, Lower Austria. He studied journalism, English and history at the University of Vienna, receiving his doctorate in 1969. He served about fifteen years as librarian and editor at the Österreichisches Institut für Bauforschung in Vienna. In addition, he produced a number of translations into German of leading science fiction authors, including Herbert W. Franke, Stanislaw Lem, Philip K. Dick, Abe Kōbō, Cordwainer Smith, Brian W. Aldiss and the Strugatski brothers. In 1973 his anthology of science fiction View From Another Shore, published in the US by Seabury Press, introduced a number of European authors to the English-reading public. Selected authors included Stanislaw Lem, Josef Nesvadba, Gerard Klein, Lino Aldani and Jean-Pierre Andrevon. The year 1975 saw the start of his series Die phantastischen Romane. For seven years it re-published works of both lesser- and better-known writers as well as new ones, ending with a total of 28 volumes. In the years 1979-1985 he brought out translations of H. G. Wells's works in an eighteen volumes series. Rottensteiner provoked some controversy with his negative assessment of American science fiction; "what matters is the highest achievements, and there the US has yet to produce a figure comparable to H.G. Wells, Olaf Stapledon, Karel Čapek or Stanisław Lem." Rottensteiner described Roger Zelazny, Barry N. Malzberg, and Robert Silverberg as producing "travesties of fiction" and stated "Asimov is a typical non-writer, and Heinlein and Anderson are just banal". However, Rottensteiner praised Philip K. Dick, listing him as one of "the greatest SF writers". From 1980 through 1998 he was advisor for Suhrkamp Verlag's Phantastische Bibliothek, which brought out some three hundred books. In all, he has edited about fifty anthologies, produced two illustrated books (The Science Fiction Book (1975) und The Fantasy Book (1978)) as well as working on numerous reference works on science fiction. His close association with and promotion of Lem until 1995 was a factor in the recognition of the latter in the United States. Rottensteiner has been the editor of Quarber Merkur, the leading German language critical journal of science fiction, since 1963. In 2004, on the occasion of the hundredth number of this journal, he was awarded a special Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis.	enwiki/37587218	enwiki	37,587,218	Franz Rottensteiner	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rottensteiner	2025-04-18T21:46:34	en	Q89370	37,537	{{Short description\|Austrian publisher and critic}} '''Franz Rottensteiner''' (born 18 January 1942) is an [[Austria]]n publisher and critic in the fields of [[science fiction]] and [[speculative fiction]] in general. ==Biography== Rottensteiner was born in [[Waidmannsfeld]], [[Lower Austria]]. He studied journalism, English and history at the [[University of Vienna]], receiving his doctorate in 1969. He served about fifteen years as librarian and editor at the [[Österreichisches Institut für Bauforschung]] in [[Vienna]]. In addition, he produced a number of translations into German of leading science fiction authors, including [[Herbert W. Franke]], [[Stanislaw Lem]], [[Philip K. Dick]], [[Abe Kōbō]], [[Cordwainer Smith]], [[Brian W. Aldiss]] and the [[Strugatski]] brothers. In 1973 his anthology of science fiction ''View From Another Shore'', published in the US by Seabury Press, introduced a number of European authors to the English-reading public. Selected authors included Stanislaw Lem, [[Josef Nesvadba]], [[Gerard Klein]], [[Lino Aldani]] and [[Jean-Pierre Andrevon]]. The year 1975 saw the start of his series ''Die phantastischen Romane''. For seven years it re-published works of both lesser- and better-known writers as well as new ones, ending with a total of 28 volumes. In the years 1979-1985 he brought out translations of [[H. G. Wells]]'s works in an eighteen volumes series. Rottensteiner provoked some controversy with his negative assessment of American science fiction; "what matters is the highest achievements, and there the US has yet to produce a figure comparable to [[H.G. Wells]], [[Olaf Stapledon]], [[Karel Čapek]] or [[Stanisław Lem]]."<ref name="sff">''Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature A Checklist, 1700-1974 : with Contemporary Science Fiction Authors II'' Robert Reginald, Douglas Menville, Mary A. Burgess Detroit - Gale Research Company. {{ISBN\|0810310511}} (p.1056)</ref> Rottensteiner described [[Roger Zelazny]], [[Barry N. Malzberg]], and [[Robert Silverberg]] as producing "travesties of fiction" <ref name="sff"/> and stated "[[Isaac Asimov\|Asimov]] is a typical non-writer, and [[Robert A. Heinlein\|Heinlein]] and [[Poul Anderson\|Anderson]] are just banal".<ref name="sff"/> However, Rottensteiner praised [[Philip K. Dick]], listing him as one of "the greatest SF writers".<ref>Franz Rottensteiner, "Introduction" to ''View From Another Shore'', Liverpool University Press, 1999.{{ISBN\|0853239320}} (p. xvi)</ref> From 1980 through 1998 he was advisor for [[Suhrkamp Verlag]]'s ''Phantastische Bibliothek'', which brought out some three hundred books. In all, he has edited about fifty anthologies, produced two illustrated books (''{{lang\|en\|The Science Fiction Book}}'' (1975) und ''{{lang\|en\|The Fantasy Book}}'' (1978)) as well as working on numerous reference works on science fiction. <!-- 1973 bis 1986 gab er die Buchreihe ''Polaris'' heraus, die in zehn Folgen phantastische Texte und Sekundärliteratur versammelte, und 1978 bis 1982 Sammlungen mit Gespenstergeschichten aus Polen, Österreich, England, Nordamerika und der Südsee. Von 1989 bis 1997 war er zusammen mit Michael Koseler Herausgeber des als Loseblattwerkausgabe erscheinenden ''Werkführer durch die utopisch-phantastische Literatur''. Ein intensiver, 1969 einsetzender Briefwechsel mit dem damals noch weithin unbekannten Stanislaw Lem führte zu einer langjährigen Freundschaft; Rottensteiner war in der Folge Lems literarischer Agent (außer für Deutschland) bis zum Jahre 1995, als der polnische Autor seinen Agenten verklagte (und den Prozess verlor). --> His close association with and promotion of Lem until 1995 was a factor in the recognition of the latter in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://50watts.com/View-From-Another-Shore-An-Interview-with-Franz-Rottensteiner\|title = View from Another Shore: An Interview with Franz Rottensteiner - 50 Watts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/rottensteiner_franz\|title = Authors : Rottensteiner, Franz : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia}}</ref> Rottensteiner has been the editor of ''[[Quarber Merkur]]'', the leading German language critical journal of science fiction, since 1963. In 2004, on the occasion of the hundredth number of this journal, he was awarded a special [[Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kurd-lasswitz-preis.de/2004/KLP_2004_Preistraeger.htm \|title=KLP 2004 Preisträger \|publisher=Kurd-lasswitz-preis.de \|date= \|accessdate=2012-12-23}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * "Recent Writings on German Science Fiction," ''Science Fiction Studies'', Vol. 28, No. 2 (Jul., 2001), pp. 284–290. Franz Rottensteiner and Todd C. Hanlin (Translator) ''The Best of Austrian Science Fiction''. (Studies in Austrian Literature, Culture, and Thought. Translation Series. (Aug., 2001) "SF in Germany: A Short Survey," ''Science Fiction Studies'', Vol. 27, No. 1 (Mar., 2000), pp. 118–123. "Science Fiction: Eine Einführung." ''Insel Almanach auf das Jahr'' (1972): 5-21. ==External links== {{isfdb name\|id=Franz_Rottensteiner\|name=Franz Rottensteiner}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rottensteiner, Franz}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Science fiction critics]] [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Austrian speculative fiction critics]] [[Category:Translators of Stanisław Lem]] [[Category:German magazine editors]] [[Category:Deutscher Fantasy Preis winners]]	1,286,280,622	[]	false
# Benzion Miller Benzion Miller (Hebrew: בֶּן צִיּוֹן מילר, Yiddish: בֶּן־צִיּוֹן מי(ל)לעֶר; 8 December 1947 – 3 February 2025) was a German-born American cantor, schochet (kosher slaughterer) and mohel (circumciser). ## Early life and career Miller was born in a displaced persons camp in Fernwald, Germany. Miller's singing career began at the age of five. Miller studied music theory and solfège under Cantor Samuel B. Taube of Montreal. He studied voice production at the Champagne School for Music in Montreal and with Dr. Puggell, cantor Avshalom Zfira, and Allan Bowers. As an interpreter of liturgical music, Benzion Miller sang an operatic repertoire as well as Jewish and Chassidic folk music. He appeared with the Israeli Philharmonic Orchestra, the Jerusalem Symphony, the Rishon L'Tzion Symphony, the Haifa Symphony and members of the London Symphony. He also recorded for the Milken Archive, in Barcelona, Spain with the Barcelona National Symphony Orchestra. Miller was among the first group of cantors to visit and sing in Eastern European countries after World War II. He appeared before capacity audiences in Romania, Russia, Poland and Hungary, where he sang with the Budapest State Opera Orchestra. Miller made many recordings of liturgical, Chassidic and Yiddish music. Miller held positions in Montreal at Sheves Achim Synagogue on Côte-des-Neiges, then in Toronto at Shaarei Tefillah Synagogue on Bathurst Street, in Canada. In 1981 he became cantor of Temple Beth El of Borough Park in Brooklyn, a pulpit served by Mordechai Hershman, Berele Chagy and Moshe Koussevitzky, and continued as cantor of the synagogue, now Congregation Young Israel Beth El, after its merger with Young Israel of Boro Park. Miller made an appearance in A Cantor's Tale, a documentary about Jackie Mendelson. Miller and Mendelson are shown greeting each other and briefly engaging in conversation. ## Personal life and death Benzion's father, cantor, schochet and mohel Aaron Daniel Miller, was born in the Jewish community of Oświęcim (Yiddish: Oshpitsin, German: Auschwitz) in Poland. Aaron, his father and grandfather were cantors at the Bobover courts. Aaron's wife and children were murdered in Nazi concentration camps. Aaron met Benzion's mother, who was from the Belz hasidic dynasty, after the war in a displaced persons camp in Munich, Germany. Benzion's son, cantor Shimmy Miller, was his choral director and they often performed duets with each other. Miller had five children; three daughters and two sons. He died on 3 February 2025, at the age of 77. ## Partial Discography 1. "Cantor Benzion Miller Sings Cantorial Concert Masterpieces" – The Milken Archive of Jewish Music, Naxos (18 May 2004; International: January 2005) 2. "HASC – Jerusalem The Experience" (2004) 3. "High Holidays" (1997) 4. "Shabbat"(1995) 5. "I Believe" (אני מאמין) 6. "The Soul Is Yours" 7. "The Two In Harmony" 8. "America, my wonderland" (אַמעריקע מײַן ווּנדערלאַנד)	enwiki/15637217	enwiki	15,637,217	Benzion Miller	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzion_Miller	2025-08-12T13:18:30	en	Q2896690	49,541	{{Short description\|Polish-born American cantor (1947–2025)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2025}} '''Benzion Miller''' ({{langx\|he\|בֶּן צִיּוֹן מילר}}, {{langx\|yi\|בֶּן־צִיּוֹן מי(ל)לעֶר}}; 8 December 1947 – 3 February 2025) was a German-born American [[Hazzan\|cantor]], [[Shechita\|schochet]] (kosher slaughterer) and [[mohel]] (circumciser). ==Early life and career== Miller was born in a [[Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe\|displaced persons camp]] in [[Fernwald]], Germany.<ref name="CBM">{{cite web \|url=http://faujsa.fau.edu/miller/ \|title=Cantor Benzion Miller \|work=Judaica Sound Archives \|access-date=7 March 2014 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224032548/http://faujsa.fau.edu/miller/ \|archive-date=24 February 2014 }}</ref> Miller's singing career began at the age of five. Miller studied music theory and [[solfège]] under Cantor Samuel B. Taube of [[Montreal]]. He studied voice production at the Champagne School for Music in Montreal and with Dr. Puggell, cantor Avshalom Zfira, and Allan Bowers. As an interpreter of liturgical music, Benzion Miller sang an operatic repertoire as well as Jewish and Chassidic folk music. He appeared with the [[Israeli Philharmonic Orchestra]], the Jerusalem Symphony, the Rishon L'Tzion Symphony, the Haifa Symphony and members of the London Symphony. He also recorded for the Milken Archive, in Barcelona, Spain with the Barcelona National Symphony Orchestra. Miller was among the first group of cantors to visit and sing in Eastern European countries after [[World War II]]. He appeared before capacity audiences in Romania, Russia, Poland and Hungary, where he sang with the Budapest State Opera Orchestra. Miller made many recordings of liturgical, Chassidic and Yiddish music. Miller held positions in Montreal at Sheves Achim Synagogue on [[Côte-des-Neiges]], then in [[Toronto]] at Shaarei Tefillah Synagogue on [[Bathurst Street (Toronto)\|Bathurst Street]], in Canada. In 1981 he became cantor of [[Temple Beth El of Borough Park]] in [[Brooklyn]], a pulpit served by [[Mordechai Hershman]], [[Berele Chagy]] and [[Moshe Koussevitzky]], and continued as cantor of the synagogue, now Congregation Young Israel Beth El, after its merger with Young Israel of Boro Park. Miller made an appearance in ''[[A Cantor's Tale]]'', a documentary about Jackie Mendelson. Miller and Mendelson are shown greeting each other and briefly engaging in conversation. ==Personal life and death== Benzion's father, cantor, schochet and mohel Aaron Daniel Miller, was born in the Jewish community of [[Oświęcim]] (Yiddish: Oshpitsin, German: Auschwitz) in Poland. Aaron, his father and grandfather were cantors at the [[Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)\|Bobover]] courts. Aaron's wife and children were murdered in [[Nazi concentration camps]]. Aaron met Benzion's mother, who was from the [[Belz (Hasidic dynasty)\|Belz hasidic dynasty]], after the war in a [[displaced persons camp]] in [[Munich]], Germany.<ref name="CBM"/> Benzion's son, cantor Shimmy Miller, was his choral director and they often performed duets with each other.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://matzav.com/video-shimmy-miller-sings-rabbi-halpern-gives-chizuk-at-chinuch-atzmai-kumzitz-melava-malka/\|title=Video: Shimmy Miller Sings, Rabbi Halpern Gives Chizuk at Chinuch Atzmai Kumzitz Melava Malka \| Matzav.com\|date=29 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube\|Wpt1qU7dR-k\|Cantorial Concert: Benzion & Shimmy Miller Singing "Elokai Ad Shelo Notzarti"}}</ref> Miller had five children; three daughters and two sons. He died on 3 February 2025, at the age of 77.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Feldman \|first1=Joseph \|title=Renowned Cantor Benzion Miller Passes Away at 77 \|url=https://vinnews.com/2025/02/03/renowned-cantor-benzion-miller-passes-away-at-77/ \|access-date=6 February 2025 \|publisher=VIN News \|date=3 February 2025}}</ref> ==Partial Discography== # ''"Cantor Benzion Miller Sings Cantorial Concert Masterpieces" – The [[Milken Archive of Jewish Music]], [[Naxos Records\|Naxos]]'' (18 May 2004; International: January 2005) # ''"HASC – Jerusalem The Experience"'' (2004) # ''"High Holidays"'' (1997) # ''"Shabbat"''(1995) # ''"I Believe"'' ({{lang\|he\|אני מאמין}}) # ''"The Soul Is Yours"'' # ''"The Two In Harmony"'' # "America, my wonderland" (אַמעריקע מײַן ווּנדערלאַנד) ==See also== * [[Hazzan]] * [[Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków]] ==External links== * [http://www.milkenarchive.org/people/view/all/31/Benzion+Miller Benzion Miller's profile on the Milken Archive of Jewish Music"] * [http://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/oral-history/benzion-miller Video: Interview with Benzion Miller] ; About Aaron Miller: * [http://www.milkenarchive.org/people/view/1102/Aaron+Miller Aaron Miller's profile on the Milken Archive of Jewish Music]{{Dead link\|date=October 2019 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Contemporary Jewish religious music}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Miller, Benzion}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:Hazzans]] [[Category:American tenors]] [[Category:Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)]] [[Category:American expatriates in Canada]] [[Category:Polish expatriates in Germany]] [[Category:American Orthodox Jews]] [[Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent]] [[Category:Polish Orthodox Jews]] [[Category:Musicians from Brooklyn]]	1,305,508,662	[]	false
# Ultunafjella Ultunafjella is a mountain ridge in Bünsow Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a length of about seven kilometers. At the western side of the ridge is the glacier Brucebreen, and at the eastern side is Tunabreen. The ridge is named after Ultuna, Sweden.	enwiki/39728759	enwiki	39,728,759	Ultunafjella	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultunafjella	2025-08-13T14:10:25	en	Q16897516	20,403	{{Short description\|Mountain ridge in Svalbard, Norway}} '''Ultunafjella''' is a mountain ridge in [[Bünsow Land]] at [[Spitsbergen]], [[Svalbard]]. It has a length of about seven kilometers. At the western side of the ridge is the glacier [[Brucebreen]], and at the eastern side is [[Tunabreen]]. The ridge is named after [[Ultuna]], Sweden.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://placenames.npolar.no/stadnamn/Ultunafjella \|title=Ultunafjella (Svalbard) \|publisher=[[Norwegian Polar Institute]] \|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{coord\|78.4862\|N\|17.3387\|E\|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ultunafjella}} [[Category:Mountains of Spitsbergen]] {{Spitsbergen-mountain-stub}}	1,305,686,952	[]	false
# Jana Jurečková Jana Jurečková (née Přistoupilová, born 20 September 1940) is a Czech statistician, known for her work on rankings, robust statistics, outliers and tails, asymptotic theory, and the behavior of statistical estimates for finite sample sizes. ## Education and career Jurečková was born in Prague and grew up in Roudnice nad Labem. She earned a master's degree from Charles University, and completed her Ph.D. in 1967 from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences under the supervision of Jaroslav Hájek. She completed a habilitation in 1982 and a Dr.Sc. in 1984. She joined Charles University in 1964, becoming part of the Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics in the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, and has also been associated with the Jaroslav Hájek Center for Theoretical and Applied Statistics at Masaryk University. ## Books She is the author of Robust Statistical Procedures: Asymptotics and Interrelations (with Pranab K. Sen, Wiley, 1996), of Adaptive Regression (with Yadolah Dodge, Springer, 2000), of Robust Statistical Methods with R (with Jan Picek, Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2005), and of a textbook on robust statistics in Czech. ## Recognition She is a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics an elected member of the International Statistical Institute, and since 2003 a member of the Learned Society of the Czech Republic.	enwiki/55917199	enwiki	55,917,199	Jana Jurečková	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Jure%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1	2024-11-20T00:27:30	en	Q15119834	56,823	{{short description\|Czech statistician (born 1940)}} {{bots\|deny=Citation bot}} {{Infobox person \| name = Jana Jurečková \| image = \| caption = \| othername = \| birth_name = Jana Přistoupilová \| birth_date = 20 September 1940 \| birth_place = [[Prague]] \| death_date = \| death_place = \| burial_place = \| nationality = Czech \| alma_mater = [[Charles University]]<br>Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences \| occupation = Statistician }} '''Jana Jurečková''' (née Přistoupilová, born 20 September 1940) is a Czech [[statistician]], known for her work on [[ranking]]s, [[robust statistics]], [[outlier]]s and [[Long tail\|tails]], [[Asymptotic theory (statistics)\|asymptotic theory]], and the behavior of statistical estimates for finite sample sizes.{{r\|lwjj}} ==Education and career== Jurečková was born in [[Prague]] and grew up in [[Roudnice nad Labem]]. She earned a master's degree from [[Charles University]], and completed her Ph.D. in 1967 from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences under the supervision of [[Jaroslav Hájek]]. She completed a [[habilitation]] in 1982 and a Dr.Sc. in 1984. She joined Charles University in 1964, becoming part of the Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics in the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, and has also been associated with the Jaroslav Hájek Center for Theoretical and Applied Statistics at [[Masaryk University]].{{r\|lwjj}} ==Books== She is the author of ''Robust Statistical Procedures: Asymptotics and Interrelations'' (with [[Pranab K. Sen]], Wiley, 1996),{{r\|rsp}} of ''Adaptive Regression'' (with [[Yadolah Dodge]],{{r\|lwjj}} Springer, 2000), of ''Robust Statistical Methods with R'' (with Jan Picek, Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2005),{{r\|rsmr}} and of a textbook on robust statistics in Czech.{{r\|lwjj}} ==Recognition== She is a Fellow of the [[Institute of Mathematical Statistics]]{{r\|fims}} an elected member of the [[International Statistical Institute]],{{r\|isimem}} and since 2003 a member of the [[Learned Society of the Czech Republic]].{{r\|lwjj}} ==References== {{reflist\|refs= <ref name=fims>{{citation\|url=http://www.imstat.org/awards/honored_fellows.htm\|title=Honored Fellows\|publisher=Institute of Mathematical Statistics\|accessdate=2017-11-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302125855/http://www.imstat.org/awards/honored_fellows.htm\|archive-date=2014-03-02\|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=isimem>{{citation\|url=https://www.isi-web.org/index.php/about-isi/who-is-isi/members/indivual\|title=Individual members\|publisher=International Statistical Institute\|accessdate=2017-11-23\|archive-date=2017-07-29\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729010059/https://www.isi-web.org/index.php/about-isi/who-is-isi/members/indivual\|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=lwjj>{{citation \| last1 = Antoch \| first1 = Jaromír \| last2 = Hušková \| first2 = Marie \| last3 = Sen \| first3 = Pranab K. \| contribution = Life and Work of Jana Jurečková: An Appreciation \| doi = 10.1214/10-imscoll701 \| pages = 1–11 \| publisher = Institute of Mathematical Statistics \| series = Institute of Mathematical Statistics Collections \| title = Nonparametrics and Robustness in Modern Statistical Inference and Time Series Analysis: A Festschrift in honor of Professor Jana Jurečková \| volume = 7 \| year = 2010\| doi-access = free }}</ref> <ref name=rsmr>Reviews of ''Robust Statistical Methods with R'': {{citation \| last = de Leeuw \| first = Jan \| doi = 10.18637/jss.v016.b02 \| at = Book Review 2 \| journal = Journal of Statistical Software \| title = none \| volume = 16 \| year = 2006\| doi-access = free }} {{citation \| last = Karlsson \| first = Andreas \| date = January 2007 \| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-985x.2006.00455_6.x \| issue = 1 \| journal = Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A \| pages = 255–256 \| title = none \| volume = 170\| doi-access = free }} {{citation \| last = Naranjo \| first = J. \| date = March 2007 \| doi = 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2007.00743_4.x \| issue = 1 \| journal = Biometrics \| pages = 303 \| title = none \| volume = 63}} {{citation \| last = Tyler \| first = David E \| date = June 2007 \| doi = 10.1198/jasa.2007.s187 \| issue = 478 \| journal = Journal of the American Statistical Association \| pages = 759–760 \| title = none \| volume = 102}} {{citation \| last = Olive \| first = David J \| date = November 2007 \| doi = 10.1198/tech.2007.s692 \| issue = 4 \| journal = Technometrics \| pages = 496 \| title = none \| volume = 49}} </ref> <ref name=rsp>Reviews of ''Robust Statistical Procedures'': {{citation \| last = Hossjer \| first = Ola \| date = December 1997 \| doi = 10.2307/2965449 \| issue = 440 \| journal = Journal of the American Statistical Association \| page = 1652 \| title = none \| volume = 92\| jstor = 2965449 }} {{citation \| date = December 1998 \| doi = 10.2307/2533702 \| issue = 4 \| journal = Biometrics \| page = 1682 \| title = none \| volume = 54\| jstor = 2533702 }} {{citation \| last = Le Vey \| first = Georges \| issue = 1 \| journal = Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D \| jstor = 2988447 \| pages = 222–224 \| title = none \| volume = 47 \| year = 1998}} </ref> }} ==External links== *[http://www.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~jurecko/janaus.htm Home page] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711085814/http://www.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~jurecko/janaus.htm \|date=2018-07-11 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jureckova, Jana}} [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Czech statisticians]] [[Category:Women statisticians]] [[Category:Charles University alumni]] [[Category:Academic staff of Charles University]] [[Category:Elected Members of the International Statistical Institute]] [[Category:Fellows of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics]] [[Category:Mathematicians from Prague]] [[Category:Mathematical statisticians]] [[Category:People from Prague]]	1,258,485,035	[{"title": "Jana Jure\u010dkov\u00e1", "data": {"Born": "Jana P\u0159istoupilov\u00e1 \u00b7 20 September 1940 \u00b7 Prague", "Nationality": "Czech", "Alma mater": "Charles University \u00b7 Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences", "Occupation": "Statistician"}}]	false
# Dave Knudson (guitarist) David Knudson (born October 13, 1976) is an American guitarist and founding member of Seattle based indie band Minus the Bear, as well as mathcore band Botch. Other credits include additional guitars on These Arms Are Snakes' album Oxeneers or The Lion Sleeps When Its Antelope Go Home. Since the breakup of Minus The Bear, Knudson has been working on solo material; his debut solo album, The Only Thing You Have to Change is Everything, was released on May 13, 2022. ## Discography Solo - The Only Thing You Have to Change is Everything (2022) with Botch - American Nervoso (1998) - We Are the Romans (1999) with Minus the Bear - Highly Refined Pirates (2002) - Menos el Oso (2005) - Planet of Ice (2007) - Omni (2010) - Infinity Overhead (2012) - Voids (2017) with These Arms Are Snakes - Oxeneers or the Lion Sleeps When Its Antelope Go Home (2004) ## Equipment - Guitars - PRS McCarty guitar with two humbuckers (as seen in the above photo.) - PRS Custom 24 with trem/two humbuckers. Seen on the Omni tour. - Fender Jaguar Special HH Baritone Guitar. Used on Secret Country live - First Act Delia 22 fret guitar with two humbuckers. - Gibson Les Paul Classic Custom silverburst edition electric guitar. - PRS DGT, black with maple trim. Used on Fall '08 tour. - Amplifiers: - Mesa Boogie Lonestar with custom white Tolex through a Mesa Boogie 2X12" extension cabinet - Fender Twin Reverb (used as rental abroad) - both amps are now used in conjunction in Knudson's Rig. - Effects pedals: - 4 × Line 6 DL-4s (Knudson also keeps three additional DL-4s as backups, and there are 8 on stage in total between Dave, Jake, and Cory. He will use the sampling abilities of multiple DL-4s at once. Examples are aplenty on Planet of Ice) - Strymon Timeline Delay - Enema FX Mingebox (custom made fuzz and octave effect) - Ibanez TS9 Tube Screamer - Fulltone OCD overdrive (used for the recording of Planet of Ice in place of the Tubescreamer, though not on tour) - Digitech Whammy - BOSS RC-3 Loop Station (added in 2007) - BOSS DD-20 Giga Delay - BOSS GE-7 EQ - BOSS CS-3 compressor - Barber Tone Press compressor - FMR Really Nice compressor (no longer used live.) - Electro-Harmonix HOG Guitar Synthesizer with foot controller (added in 2007, can be heard on "Burying Luck".) - Dunlop Cry Baby - Misc - Suzuki Omnichord (The Minus the Bear album "Omni" is named after this instrument.) ## Technique Dave Knudson is well known for his use of two-handed tapping. He uses this technique to create polyphony (countermelodies), whereby his right hand will tap a treble melody, whilst his left hand plays a bass accompaniment. This technique is most apparent on the album Highly Refined Pirates, where it is used on every single song (except the electronic interludes.) Dave is also known for his use of the Line 6 DL-4 delay modeller's sampler capability. The DL-4 can be used to record a phrase which can then be played back instantly by stepping on one of the DL-4's buttons. The sample can also be reversed, slowed down or sped up, effects which Dave makes use of both in the studio (notably on Menos El Oso), but can also be replicated live. Dave can often be heard recording and preparing the samples before the start of songs when playing live. ## Graphic design On top of playing and touring with Minus the Bear, Dave has also designed the artwork for the band's releases and the majority of apparel, as well as artwork for other bands such as Pretty Girls Make Graves.	enwiki/2360432	enwiki	2,360,432	Dave Knudson (guitarist)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Knudson_(guitarist)	2025-06-13T09:47:16	en	Q5229121	56,000	{{BLP sources\|date=August 2011}} {{Infobox musical artist \| name = Dave Knudson \| image = Dave knudson2.jpg <!-- Put only the image name (e.g. Example.png) without the Image: prefix. --> \| caption = Dave in concert. \| image_size = <!-- Only for images narrower than 220 pixels. Set the value as a number without "px". --> \| birth_name = \| alias = \| birth_place = \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1976\|10\|13}} \| death_date = \| origin = [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)\|Washington]], [[United States\|U.S.]] \| instrument = Guitar \| genre = [[Indie rock]], [[Mathcore]] \| occupation = Guitarist, songwriter \| years_active = 1993–present \| label = \| current_member_of = [[Botch (band)\|Botch]] \| past_member_of = [[Minus the Bear]] \| website = }} '''David Knudson''' (born October 13, 1976) is an American guitarist and founding member of [[Seattle]] based indie band [[Minus the Bear]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/minus-the-bear-p511137/biography\|title=Minus the Bear\|last=Greenidge\|first=Laurel\|publisher=[[Allmusic]]\|access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> as well as [[mathcore]] band [[Botch (band)\|Botch]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/botch-p366056/biography\|title=Botch\|last=Downey\|first=Ryan\|publisher=[[Allmusic]]\|access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> Other credits include additional guitars on [[These Arms Are Snakes]]' album ''[[Oxeneers or the Lion Sleeps When Its Antelope Go Home\|Oxeneers or The Lion Sleeps When Its Antelope Go Home]]''. Since the breakup of Minus The Bear, Knudson has been working on solo material;<ref>{{cite tweet\|number=1376284771349712899\|user=DavidKnudson\|title=1000%\|date=28 March 2021}}</ref> his debut solo album, ''The Only Thing You Have to Change is Everything'', was released on May 13, 2022. ==Discography== ;Solo * ''The Only Thing You Have to Change is Everything'' (2022) ;with Botch {{Main\|Botch_(band)#Discography\|l1=Botch discography}} * ''American Nervoso'' (1998) * ''We Are the Romans'' (1999) ;with Minus the Bear {{Main\|Minus_the_Bear#Discography\|l1=Minus the Bear discography}} * ''[[Highly Refined Pirates]]'' (2002) * ''[[Menos el Oso]]'' (2005) * ''[[Planet of Ice]]'' (2007) * ''[[Omni (Minus the Bear album)\|Omni]]'' (2010) * ''[[Infinity Overhead]]'' (2012) * ''[[Voids (album)\|Voids]]'' (2017) ;with These Arms Are Snakes * ''[[Oxeneers or the Lion Sleeps When Its Antelope Go Home]]'' (2004) ==Equipment== Guitars [[PRS Guitars\|PRS]] McCarty guitar with two [[humbuckers]] (as seen in the above photo.) [[PRS Guitars\|PRS]] Custom 24 with trem/two humbuckers. Seen on the Omni tour. [[Fender Musical Instruments Corporation\|Fender]] Jaguar Special HH [[Baritone Guitar]]. Used on Secret Country live [[First Act]] Delia 22 fret [[guitar]] with two humbuckers. [[Gibson Les Paul]] Classic Custom silverburst edition electric guitar. [[PRS Guitars\|PRS]] DGT, black with maple trim. Used on Fall '08 tour. [[Amplifiers]]: [[Mesa Boogie]] Lonestar with custom white Tolex through a Mesa Boogie 2X12" extension cabinet [[Fender Twin Reverb]] (used as rental abroad) *both amps are now used in conjunction in Knudson's Rig. [[Effects pedal]]s: 4 × [[Line 6 (company)\|Line 6]] DL-4s (Knudson also keeps three additional DL-4s as backups, and there are 8 on stage in total between Dave, Jake, and Cory. He will use the sampling abilities of multiple DL-4s at once. Examples are aplenty on Planet of Ice) Strymon Timeline Delay Enema FX Mingebox (custom made fuzz and octave effect) [[Ibanez]] TS9 [[Ibanez Tube Screamer\|Tube Screamer]] [[Fulltone]] OCD overdrive (used for the recording of [[Planet of Ice]] in place of the Tubescreamer, though not on tour) [[Digitech]] [[Whammy pedal\|Whammy]] [[Boss Corporation\|BOSS]] RC-3 Loop Station (added in 2007) BOSS DD-20 Giga Delay BOSS GE-7 [[Equalization (audio)\|EQ]] BOSS CS-3 [[Audio level compression\|compressor]] Barber Tone Press compressor FMR Really Nice compressor (no longer used live.) Electro-Harmonix HOG Guitar Synthesizer with foot controller (added in 2007, can be heard on "Burying Luck".) [[Dunlop Cry Baby]] Misc Suzuki Omnichord (The Minus the Bear album "Omni" is named after this instrument.) ==Technique== [[File:Daveknudson1.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Dave Knudson demonstrating his tapping technique.]] Dave Knudson is well known for his use of two-handed [[tapping]]. He uses this technique to create [[polyphony]] ([[countermelodies]]), whereby his right hand will tap a treble melody, whilst his left hand plays a bass accompaniment. This technique is most apparent on the album [[Highly Refined Pirates]], where it is used on every single song (except the electronic interludes.) Dave is also known for his use of the Line 6 DL-4 delay modeller's sampler capability. The DL-4 can be used to record a phrase which can then be played back instantly by stepping on one of the DL-4's buttons. The sample can also be reversed, slowed down or sped up, effects which Dave makes use of both in the studio (notably on [[Menos El Oso]]), but can also be replicated live. Dave can often be heard recording and preparing the samples before the start of songs when playing live. ==Graphic design== On top of playing and touring with Minus the Bear, Dave has also designed the artwork for the band's releases and the majority of [[apparel]], as well as artwork for other bands such as [[Pretty Girls Make Graves]]. == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== [http://www.minusthebear.com Minus the Bear] *[http://www.myspace.com/botch Botch on Myspace] {{Botch}} {{Minus the Bear}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Knudson, Dave}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American rock guitarists]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:Musicians from Seattle]] [[Category:American indie rock musicians]] [[Category:Minus the Bear members]] [[Category:Guitarists from Washington (state)]]	1,295,372,878	[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Born": "October 13, 1976", "Origin": "Seattle, Washington, U.S.", "Genres": "Indie rock, Mathcore", "Occupation(s)": "Guitarist, songwriter", "Instrument": "Guitar", "Years active": "1993\u2013present", "Member of": "Botch", "Formerly of": "Minus the Bear"}}, {"title": "Botch", "data": {"Discography": "Albums American Nervoso We Are the Romans EPs An Anthology of Dead Ends Other releases The Unifying Themes of Sex, Death and Religion 061502 \" One Twenty Two \"", "Related articles": "People Matt Bayles John Pettibone Ben Verellen Bands Minus the Bear Narrows Roy Russian Circles These Arms Are Snakes Labels Hydra Head Records"}}, {"title": "Albums", "data": {"Albums": "American Nervoso We Are the Romans", "EPs": "An Anthology of Dead Ends", "Other releases": "The Unifying Themes of Sex, Death and Religion 061502 \" One Twenty Two \""}}, {"title": "People", "data": {"People": "Matt Bayles John Pettibone Ben Verellen", "Bands": "Minus the Bear Narrows Roy Russian Circles These Arms Are Snakes", "Labels": "Hydra Head Records"}}, {"title": "Minus the Bear", "data": {"Studio albums": "Highly Refined Pirates Menos el Oso Planet of Ice Omni Infinity Overhead VOIDS", "Remix albums": "Interpretaciones del Oso", "EPs": "This Is What I Know About Being Gigantic Bands Like It When You Yell \"Yar!\" at Them They Make Beer Commercials Like This Acoustics Acoustics II Lost Loves Fair Enough"}}]	false
# Annals of Nuclear Energy Annals of Nuclear Energy is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on nuclear energy and nuclear science. It was established in 1975 and is published by Elsevier. The current editors-in-chief are Lynn E. Weaver (Florida Institute of Technology), S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan (Georgia Institute of Technology) and Imre Pázsit (Chalmers University of Technology). ## Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: - Chemical Abstracts Service[1] - Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed[2] - Science Citation Index Expanded[3] - Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology[3] - Scopus[4] According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 1.020. ## Former titles history Annals of Nuclear Energy is derived from the following former titles: - Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954-1959)[6][Note 1] - Journal of Nuclear Energy. Part A. Reactor Science (1959-1961)[7][Note 2] - Journal of Nuclear Energy. Part B. Reactor Technology (1959)[8][Note 3] - Journal of Nuclear Energy. Parts A/B. Reactor Science and Technology (1961-1966)[9][Note 4] - Journal of Nuclear Energy (1967-1973)[10][Note 1] - Annals of Nuclear Science and Engineering (1974)[11][Note 5] - Annals of Nuclear Energy (1975–present)	enwiki/44794995	enwiki	44,794,995	Annals of Nuclear Energy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Nuclear_Energy	2023-08-31T13:58:10	en	Q15757619	67,446	{{Infobox journal \| title = Annals of Nuclear Energy \| cover = Annals of Nuclear Energy.gif \| caption = \| former_name = Annals of Nuclear Science and Engineering \| abbreviation = Ann. Nucl. Energy \| discipline = [[Nuclear engineering]] \| peer-reviewed = \| language = \| editor = Lynn E. Weaver, S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan, Imre Pázsit \| publisher = [[Elsevier]] \| country = \| history = 1975–present \| frequency = Monthly \| openaccess = [[Hybrid open access journal\|Hybrid]] \| license = \| impact = 1.020 \| impact-year = 2013 \| ISSNlabel = \| ISSN = 0306-4549 \| eISSN = 1873-2100 \| CODEN = ANENDJ \| JSTOR = \| LCCN = \| OCLC = 50375208 \| website = http://www.journals.elsevier.com/annals-of-nuclear-energy/ \| link1 = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03064549 \| link1-name = Online access \| link2 = <!-- up to \|link5= --> \| link2-name = <!-- up to \|link5-name= --> \| boxwidth = }} '''''Annals of Nuclear Energy''''' is a monthly [[Peer review\|peer-reviewed]] [[scientific journal]] covering research on [[Nuclear power\|nuclear energy]] and [[Nuclear physics\|nuclear science]]. It was established in 1975 and is published by [[Elsevier]]. The current [[editors-in-chief]] are Lynn E. Weaver ([[Florida Institute of Technology]]), S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan ([[Georgia Institute of Technology]]) and Imre Pázsit ([[Chalmers University of Technology]]). ==Abstracting and indexing== The journal is abstracted and indexed in: * [[Chemical Abstracts Service]]<ref name=CASSI>{{cite web\|url=http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp \|title=CAS Source Index \|publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] \|work=[[Chemical Abstracts Service]] \|accessdate=2014-12-27 }}{{dead link\|date=October 2016 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Index Medicus]]/[[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]]<ref name=MEDLINE>{{cite web \|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/7600031 \|title=Annals of Nuclear Energy \|work=NLM Catalog \|publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] \|accessdate=2014-12-27}}</ref> * [[Science Citation Index Expanded]]<ref name=ISI>{{cite web \|url=http://ip-science.thomsonreuters.com/mjl/ \|title=Master Journal List \|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] \|work=Intellectual Property & Science \|accessdate=2014-12-27 \|archive-date=2017-09-26 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926150543/http://ip-science.thomsonreuters.com/mjl/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Current Contents]]/Engineering, Computing & Technology<ref name=ISI/> * [[Scopus]]<ref name=Scopus>{{cite web \|url=http://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/excel_doc/0005/226742/title_list.xlsx \|title=Scopus title list \|format=[[Microsoft Excel]] \|publisher=[[Elsevier]] \|work=Scopus coverage lists\|accessdate=2014-12-31}}</ref> According to the ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'', the journal has a 2013 [[impact factor]] of 1.020.<ref name=WoS>{{cite book \|year=2014 \|chapter=Annals of Nuclear Energy \|title=2013 Journal Citation Reports \|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] \|edition=Science \|series=[[Web of Science]]\|title-link=Journal Citation Reports }}</ref> ==Former titles history== ''Annals of Nuclear Energy'' is derived from the following former titles: ''Journal of Nuclear Energy'' (1954-1959)<ref name=JNE>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/08913919\|title=Journal of Nuclear Energy - ScienceDirect.com\|accessdate=2014-12-21}}</ref>{{refn\|name=JNEn\|group=Note\|CASSI ISSN Search: 0022-3107.<ref name=CASSI />}} ''Journal of Nuclear Energy. Part A. Reactor Science'' (1959-1961)<ref name=JNEA>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03683265\|title=Journal of Nuclear Energy. Part A. Reactor Science - ScienceDirect.com\|accessdate=2014-12-21}}</ref>{{refn\|group=Note\|CASSI ISSN Search: 0368-3265.<ref name=CASSI />}} ''Journal of Nuclear Energy. Part B. Reactor Technology'' (1959)<ref name=JNEB>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03683273\|title=Journal of Nuclear Energy. Part B. Reactor Technology - ScienceDirect.com\|accessdate=2014-12-21}}</ref>{{refn\|group=Note\|CASSI ISSN Search: 0368-3273.<ref name=CASSI />}} ''Journal of Nuclear Energy. Parts A/B. Reactor Science and Technology'' (1961-1966)<ref name=JNEAB>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03683230\|title=Journal of Nuclear Energy. Parts A/B. Reactor Science and Technology - ScienceDirect.com\|accessdate=2014-12-21}}</ref>{{refn\|group=Note\|CASSI ISSN Search: 0368-3230.<ref name=CASSI />}} ''Journal of Nuclear Energy'' (1967-1973)<ref name=JNE2>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00223107\|title=Journal of Nuclear Energy - ScienceDirect.com\|accessdate=2014-12-21}}</ref>{{refn\|name=JNEn\|group=Note}} ''Annals of Nuclear Science and Engineering'' (1974)<ref name=ANSE>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03022927\|title=Annals of Nuclear Science and Engineering - ScienceDirect.com\|accessdate=2014-12-21}}</ref>{{refn\|group=Note\|CASSI ISSN Search: 0302-2927.<ref name=CASSI />}} *''Annals of Nuclear Energy'' (1975–present) ==Notes== {{reflist\|group=Note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Official website\|http://www.journals.elsevier.com/annals-of-nuclear-energy/}} [[Category:Energy and fuel journals]] [[Category:Elsevier academic journals]] [[Category:English-language journals]] [[Category:Monthly journals]] [[Category:Academic journals established in 1975]] {{engineering-journal-stub}}	1,173,135,521	[{"title": "Annals of Nuclear Energy", "data": {"Discipline": "Nuclear engineering", "Language": "English", "Edited by": "Lynn E. Weaver, S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan, Imre P\u00e1zsit"}}, {"title": "Publication details", "data": {"Former name(s)": "Annals of Nuclear Science and Engineering", "History": "1975\u2013present", "Publisher": "Elsevier", "Frequency": "Monthly", "Open access": "Hybrid", "Impact factor": "1.020 (2013)"}}, {"title": "Standard abbreviations \u00b7", "data": {"ISO 4": "Ann. Nucl. Energy"}}, {"title": "Indexing \u00b7", "data": {"CODEN": "ANENDJ", "ISSN": "0306-4549 (print) \u00b7 1873-2100 (web)", "OCLC no.": "50375208"}}, {"title": "Links", "data": {"Links": "- Journal homepage - Online access"}}]	false
# Human trafficking in Myanmar Human trafficking is a major and complex societal issue in Myanmar, which is both a source and destination for human trafficking. Both major forms of human trafficking, namely forced labor and forced prostitution, are common in the country, affecting men, women, and children. Myanmar's systemic political and economic problems have made the Burmese people particularly vulnerable to trafficking. Men, women, and children who migrate abroad to Thailand, Malaysia, China, Bangladesh, India, and South Korea for work are often trafficked into conditions of forced or bonded labor or commercial sexual exploitation. Economic conditions within Myanmar have led to the increased legal and illegal migration of citizens regionally and internationally, often to destinations as far from Myanmar as the Middle East. The border regions of Myanmar, including Shwe Kokko, are known human trafficking destinations. As of July 2023, Myanmar remained on the lowest tier (Tier 3) of countries in the Trafficking in Persons Report. Myanmar ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol in March 2004. In 2023, the Organised Crime Index gave Myanmar a score of 8.5 out of 10 for human trafficking, noting that Rohingya people in Rakhine were heavily targeted by traffickers. ## Types of trafficking ### Labour trafficking Men are subjected to forced labour in the fishing and construction industries abroad. The military's widespread use of and lack of accountability in forced labour and recruitment of child soldiers was the top causal factor for Myanmar's significant trafficking problem in 2009. Most notably in the area of forced labour, the Government of Myanmar is not complying with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. #### Forced to commit fraud Myanmar is an emerging destination for international labour trafficking, especially along its border areas. Victims include nationals from around the world, including China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, India, the Philippines, African countries and Brazil. Victims are lured by the false promise of high-paying jobs, and are trafficked through major cities like Yangon and Bangkok, and transit points like Mae Sot, Chiang Rai. They are then forced to work in industrial-scale fraud factories located in "special economic zones" along the country's borders such as Shwe Kokko. In 2023, the UN estimated that 120,000 people were trafficked into the country to work in scam call-centres; in March 2024, more 43,000 such workers were handed over to the Chinese government. The Ugandan government also repatriated 23 citizens. Another investigation in 2024 found that up to 3,000 people had been trafficked into border areas to work in casinos; nationalities included Thai, Vietnamese, Malaysian, Cambodian and Ethiopian. ### Sex trafficking Women of Myanmar who migrate to Thailand, China, and Malaysia for economic opportunities are coerced into prostitution. Some trafficking victims transit through Myanmar from Bangladesh to Malaysia and from China to Thailand and beyond. Exploiters traffic girls for the purpose of prostitution, and ‘birth trafficking’, particularly for Chinese families. A 2018 study by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the Kachin Women's Association Thailand (KWAT) found that thousands of women and girls were trafficked from Myanmar to China to be forced into marriage and childbirth. Furthermore, due to the vast number of people living below the national poverty line, many women are forced into illegal prostitution. In some areas, in particular international sex trafficking of women and girls, the Government of Myanmar is making significant efforts. ### Child soldiers The military of Myanmar engages in the unlawful conscription of child soldiers, and continues to be the main perpetrator of forced labor inside Myanmar. Since independence from Britain in 1948, Myanmar's political situation has been unstable and involved in civil conflicts, which has led to an increase in the recruitment of underage soldiers. In 2002, Human Rights Watch reported in "My Gun was as Tall as Me: Child Soldiers in Burma" that Myanmar was the world's largest recruiter of child soldiers. Not only political instability, but also the country's poverty favour the recruitment of children. The direct government and military use of forced or mandatory labor remains a widespread and pressing issue, particularly targeting members of ethnic minority groups, such as the Shan people. Military and civilian officials systematically used men, women, and children for forced labor for the development of infrastructure and state-run agricultural and commercial ventures, as well as forced portering for the military. Those living in areas with the highest military presence, including remote border areas predominated by ethnic groups, are most at risk for forced labor. Military and civilian officials subject men, women, and children to forced labor. Men and thousands of boys as young as 10 years old are forcibly recruited (due often to desertions) to serve in the National Army and ethnic armed groups through intimidation, coercion, threats, and violence. Children of the urban poor are at particular risk of involuntary conscription; UN reports indicate that the army has targeted orphans and children on the streets and in railway stations, and young novice monks from monasteries for recruitment. Children are slapped with jail if they do not agree to join the army, and are sometimes physically abused. Children are subjected to forced labor in tea shops, home industries, and agricultural plantations. In December 2009, the military of Myanmar reported that it dismissed a captain from the military via court martial and sentenced him to one year of imprisonment in a civilian jail for child soldier recruitment - the first ever criminal conviction of a military official involved in child soldier recruitment. In the same case, an additional two privates were sentenced to three months' and one-month military imprisonment, respectively. Myanmar law enforcement officials generally were not able to investigate or prosecute cases of military-perpetrated forced labor or child soldier recruitment absent assent from high-ranking military officers. The government also reported investigating, prosecuting, and convicting some internal trafficking offenders, though there was only one reported criminal prosecution of a member of the National Army for his role in child soldier cases. The government continued to incarcerate six individuals who reported forced labor cases involving the regime to the International Labour Organization (ILO) or were otherwise active in working with the ILO on forced labor issues. In 2022, it was noted that government forces were still using soldiers. ## Legal actions (2009) The Government of Myanmar reported some progress in law enforcement efforts against cross-border sex trafficking during 2009. Myanmar prohibits sex and labor trafficking through its 2005 Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law, which prescribes criminal penalties that are sufficiently stringent, deterrent and condign with those prescribed for rape. The recruitment of children into the army is a criminal offence under the Myanmar Penal Code Section 374, which could culminate in imprisonment for up to a year, or a fine, or both. ## Protection (2009) The regime did attempt to protect repatriated victims of cross-border sex trafficking to China and Thailand, though it exhibited no discernible efforts to protect victims of internal trafficking and transnational labor trafficking. In forced labor cases, some victims, notably 17 individuals in Magwe Division, were harassed, detained, or otherwise penalised for making accusations against officials who then pressed them into forced labour. The government reportedly identified 302 victims, most of whom were victims of forced marriage rather than explicitly trafficking victims, and reportedly assisted an additional 425 victims identified and repatriated by foreign governments in 2009, including 293 from China and 132 from Thailand. The regime did not identify any male trafficking victims. Victims were sheltered and detained in non-specialised Department of Social Welfare facilities for a mandatory minimum of two weeks, some of which even lingered for months given authorities could not find an adult family member to take the victim home. While in government facilities, victims had access to counseling, though it was often substandard, but had fettered access to social workers. There were no shelter facilities available to male victims of trafficking. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) were sometimes allowed access to victims in government shelters, but the regime continued to bar NGOs from operating shelters for trafficking victims. The regime did not have in place formal victim identification procedures. While the government reported that it did encourage victims to assist in investigations and prosecutions, it did not appear to provide financial support or other assistance to victims as incentives to partake in the prosecution of their traffickers. The regime liaised with the ILO (International Labour Organisation) on the issue of the military's conscription of children, contributing to the return of 31 children to their families. In 2009, some children remained serving in the Myanmar Army and in ethnic militias. The government appeared unmoved by the predicament, and had hardly assessed the scope of the problem. The regime did not permit UNICEF access to children who were released through the government's mechanisms for follow-up purposes. Additionally, some child recruits were prosecuted and sentenced for deserting the military and were placed in prison. ## Prevention (2009) Myanmar made only tepid efforts to forestall international human trafficking over the past year, and made few discernible efforts to prevent the more prevalent internal trafficking, particularly forced labour and child conscription by regime officials and ethnic armed groups. The government spearheaded awareness campaigns using billboards, flyers, and videos during the reporting period, with state-run television airing a documentary on human trafficking produced by the MTV EXIT Campaign. The Burmese government reportedly formed three new anti-trafficking units back in 2009, and reported a 40 percent overall increase in spending on prevention efforts. During the reporting period, the government signed Memoranda of Understanding with China and Thailand on trafficking in persons. The regime sustained partnerships with Mekong region governments and the UN in the Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative Against Trafficking (COMMIT), and hosted the COMMIT Senior Officials Meeting in January 2010. ## Corruption The Myanmar regime reported investigating 155 cases of trafficking, prosecuting 410 individuals, and convicting 88 offenders in 2009, an increase from 342 reported prosecutions in 2008; however, these statistics included 12 cases of abduction for adoption, which are not considered “trafficking” by international standards. Additionally, court proceedings are not open and lack due process for defendants. While the Myanmar regime has in the past been known to conflate illegal migration with trafficking, leading to the punishment of consensual emigrants and those who assist them to emigrate, the police reported some efforts to exclude smuggling cases from human trafficking figures during 2009, and improved their transparency in handling cases. Nevertheless, limited capacity and training of the police coupled with a lack of transparency in the justice system make it uncertain whether all trafficking statistics provided by authorities were indeed for trafficking cases. Corruption and lack of accountability remains pervasive in Myanmar, affecting all aspects of society. Police can be expected to self-limit investigations when well-connected individuals are involved in forced labor cases. Although the government reported four officials prosecuted for involvement in human trafficking in 2009, the government did not release any details of the cases. ## Progress Since the U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons began publishing the Trafficking in Persons Report in 2001, Myanmar has never advanced above the "Tier 2 Watchlist" rank. In 2017, it was upgraded to Tier 2 Watchlist. In 2018 Myanmar was downgraded back to Tier 3, as the minimum standards for eliminating trafficking were never met and no efforts were made to meet them. However, in stark contrast to 2017, more traffickers have had been prosecuted and convicted and more victims identified. Also, as measures against the recruitment and use of child soldiers, more resources have been allotted to raising people's awareness of the issue. \| Year \| Ranking \| \| ---- \| ----------------- \| \| 2001 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2002 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2003 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2004 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2005 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2006 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2007 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2008 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2009 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2010 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2011 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2012 \| Tier 2 Watch List \| \| 2013 \| Tier 2 Watch List \| \| 2014 \| Tier 2 Watch List \| \| 2015 \| Tier 2 Watch List \| \| 2016 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2017 \| Tier 2 Watch List \| \| 2018 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2019 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2020 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2021 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2022 \| Tier 3 \| \| 2023 \| Tier 3 \| ## Government response to human rights While forced labor is widely considered the severest trafficking problem in Myanmar, authorities reported that most trafficking cases investigated and prosecuted involved women and girls subjected to, or intended to be subjected to, forced marriage or arranged marriage. The Myanmar regime rules arbitrarily and often tyrannically through its unilaterally imposed laws, but rule of law is absent, as is an independent judiciary that would respect trafficking victims’ rights. The State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), Myanmar's military government, has not acknowledged the prevalence of human rights issues within their country, specifically human trafficking. No one has been held accountable for the serious crimes committed by government security forces. These crimes include forced labor, conscripting underage children, and personal, including sexual violence. The 2015 Rohingya crisis left thousands of people vulnerable to trafficking. The 2021 coup has made it more difficult for the government to tackle trafficking and other illegal activities. ## ILO and international cooperation Myanmar law enforcement reported continued cooperation with Chinese counterparts on cross-border trafficking cases, including joint operations, as well as general cooperation with Thai authorities. In 2009, the ILO continued to receive and investigate forced labor complaints; 93 cases were submitted to the Myanmar government for action, an increase from 64 cases in 2008; 54 cases remain open and are awaiting a response from the government. Despite a report of a child labor case involving as many as 100 children on an agricultural plantation near Rangoon, the regime did not report any efforts to investigate the allegation. Many minors from Myanmar work in Thai border towns, particularly the town of Mae Sai. Drivers who smuggle illegal workers into Thailand go to villages to recruit minors, and then transport them to the border. In one such case found in a survey, a girl was deceived by a driver, and sold into prostitution. Between 20,000 and 30,000 women and girls from Myanmar are estimated to be working in the prostitution industry in Thailand. As illegal immigrants, they are often arrested and deported back to Myanmar. In the late 1990s, approximately 50 to 70 percent of the prostitutes were HIV positive. In other cases, children from Myanmar were tricked during their recruitment, and not paid for the jobs they were promised. It is believed that the children from Myanmar make up the largest sector of foreign working children. Minors also participate in the fishing industry and work in Bangkok, though this is not as common. The ethnic minorities from Myanmar working in Thailand were also found to have the lowest education in all minor workers surveyed, at about 1.3 years, and Burmese were found to have only a slightly higher education level, on average roughly four years. The minors from Myanmar that work in Thailand usually left for economic reasons. A lack of job opportunities in Myanmar has contributed to the rise of human trafficking operations; the trade is now no longer targeting just rural areas, but is reaching the country's major cities. Many of the 2.5 million migrants from Myanmar came to Thailand to find low-paying domestic jobs during the militaristic regime previously in place. These migrants often lack basic education and access to social security benefits. Conversations between the US and Myanmar have been more frequent in recent years. The U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Luis CdeBaca, and Myanmar Police Chief Major General Zaw Win concurred in the need for government-civil society partnerships, health care, and prevention. Reports from Washington indicated that the US felt improvements were underway. ## Prosecution of victims Victims of forced labor cases are not protected from countersuit by regime officials. During 2009, 17 complainants and their associates in a series of forced labor cases involving 328 farmers in Magwe Division were prosecuted and imprisoned by local authorities for their role in reporting forced labor committed by local government officials. Myanmar courts later released 13 of the individuals, but four complainants remain jailed. The central government did not intervene with local authorities to stop the politically motivated harassment, including lengthy interrogations, of the forced labour complainants. Such unaccountable harassment and punishment discouraged additional forced labor complaints. On February 28, 2014, Myanmar officials decided to ban Doctors Without Borders from the state of Rakhine after the organization discovered and treated 40 victims of violence between Muslim and Buddhist citizens that the government denied took place. The United Nations stipulates that its negotiations with Myanmar to allow Doctors Without Borders into the Rakhine state are of topmost importance, as citizens lack the ability to report human rights abuses for fear of becoming victims of reprisals. For victims of human trafficking, Doctors Without Borders is often the only access to health care.	enwiki/31515227	enwiki	31,515,227	Human trafficking in Myanmar	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Myanmar	2025-02-19T12:46:17	en	Q63928750	164,247	{{Short description\|Illegal trade of human beings in Myanmar}} {{Multiple issues\| {{one source\|date=December 2010}} {{update\|date=July 2018}} }} Human trafficking is a major and complex societal issue in Myanmar, which is both a source and destination for human trafficking. Both major forms of human trafficking, namely [[forced labor]] and [[forced prostitution]], are common in the country, affecting men, women, and children. Myanmar's systemic political and economic problems have made the [[Burmese people]] particularly vulnerable to trafficking.<ref name="dos" /> Men, women, and children who migrate abroad to [[Human trafficking in Thailand\|Thailand]], [[Human trafficking in Malaysia\|Malaysia]], [[Human trafficking in China\|China]], [[Human trafficking in Bangladesh\|Bangladesh]], [[Human trafficking in India\|India]], and [[Human trafficking in South Korea\|South Korea]] for work are often trafficked into conditions of forced or bonded labor or [[commercial sexual exploitation]]. Economic conditions within Myanmar have led to the increased legal and [[illegal immigration\|illegal migration]] of citizens regionally and internationally, often to destinations as far from Myanmar as the Middle East. The border regions of Myanmar, including [[Shwe Kokko]], are known human trafficking destinations.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-12-13 \|title=Chinese underworld floods to Thailand-Myanmar river border \|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asia-Insight/Chinese-underworld-floods-to-Thailand-Myanmar-river-border \|access-date=2023-03-16 \|website=Nikkei Asia \|language=en-GB}}</ref> {{As of\|2023\|July}}, Myanmar remained on the lowest tier (Tier 3) of countries in the [[Trafficking in Persons Report]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=US2023>[https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Trafficking-in-Persons-Report-2023_Introduction-Additional-Pagesv4_FINAL.pdf US Government website, ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2023'']</ref> Myanmar ratified the [[Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children\|2000 UN TIP Protocol]] in March 2004.<ref>[https://www.treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&clang=_en United Nations Treaty Collection website, Chapter XVIII Penal Matters section, ''Section 12a'', retrieved August 19, 2024]</ref> In 2023, the Organised Crime Index gave Myanmar a score of 8.5 out of 10 for human trafficking, noting that [[Rohingya]] people in Rakhine were heavily targeted by traffickers.<ref>[https://ocindex.net/assets/downloads/2023/english/ocindex_profile_myanmar_2023.pdf Organised Crime Index website, ''Myanmar: 2023'']</ref> == Types of trafficking == === Labour trafficking === Men are subjected to forced labour in the fishing<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Urbina \|first=Ian \|date=October 19, 2020 \|title=Thailand's Sea Slaves: Shackled, Whipped and Beheaded \|newspaper=The Irish Times \|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/thailand-s-sea-slaves-shackled-whipped-and-beheaded-1.4045205 \|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> and construction industries abroad. The military's widespread use of and lack of accountability in forced labour and recruitment of [[child soldier]]s was the top causal factor for Myanmar's significant trafficking problem in 2009.<ref name="dos" /> Most notably in the area of forced labour, the Government of Myanmar is not complying with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. ==== Forced to commit fraud ==== {{see also\|Fraud factory}} Myanmar is an emerging destination for international labour trafficking, especially along its border areas.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web \|last=Hunt \|first=Luke \|date=2023-02-07 \|title=Focus on Human Trafficking Shifts From Cambodia to Myanmar \|url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/focus-on-human-trafficking-shifts-from-cambodia-to-myanmar/ \|access-date=2023-03-16 \|website=The Diplomat \|language=en-US}}</ref> Victims include nationals from around the world, including China,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web \|title=As Myanmar Coup Intensifies Regional Human Trafficking, How Will China Respond? \|url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/as-myanmar-coup-intensifies-regional-human-trafficking-how-will-china-respond/ \|access-date=2023-03-16 \|website=thediplomat.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> Hong Kong,<ref name=":5" /> Malaysia,<ref name=":5" /> Taiwan,<ref>{{Cite web \|title=3 Taiwanese back from Myanmar human trafficking hotspot arrested - Focus Taiwan \|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202208280011 \|access-date=2023-03-16 \|website=Focus Taiwan - CNA English News \|language=en-US}}</ref> Thailand,<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2019-07-22 \|title=Rescued human trafficking victims in Thailand nears record high \|language=en \|work=Reuters \|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-trafficking-malaysia-idUSKCN1UH0EE \|access-date=2023-03-16}}</ref> India,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=ANI \|date=2022-11-24 \|title=Over 200 Indian victims of job rackets rescued from Myanmar: MEA \|url=https://theprint.in/world/over-200-indian-victims-of-job-rackets-rescued-from-myanmar-mea/1234339/ \|access-date=2023-03-16 \|website=ThePrint \|language=en-US}}</ref> the Philippines,<ref>{{Cite web \|title=8 Filipino trafficking victims in Myanmar rescued – DFA \|url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/2/13/8-Filipino-trafficking-victims-in-Myanmar-rescued.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314045909/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/2/13/8-Filipino-trafficking-victims-in-Myanmar-rescued.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=March 14, 2023 \|access-date=2023-03-16 \|website=cnn \|language=en}}</ref> African countries and Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Por dentro da KK Park, a fábrica de fraude online que explorava brasileiros \|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2025/02/14/por-dentro-da-kk-park-a-fabrica-de-fraude-online-que-explorava-brasileiros.ghtml\|access-date=2025-02-14 \|website=g1\|language=pt-BR}}</ref> Victims are lured by the false promise of high-paying jobs, and are trafficked through major cities like Yangon and Bangkok, and transit points like Mae Sot, Chiang Rai.<ref name=":4" /> They are then forced to work in industrial-scale [[Fraud factory\|fraud factories]] located in "special economic zones" along the country's borders such as [[Shwe Kokko]].<ref name=":4" /> In 2023, the UN estimated that 120,000 people were trafficked into the country to work in scam call-centres; in March 2024, more 43,000 such workers were handed over to the Chinese government.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-68444058 BBC website, ''China Repatriates Hundreds of Scam Factory Workers from Myanmar'', article by Jonathan Head and Lulu Luo dated March 1, 2024]</ref> The Ugandan government also repatriated 23 citizens.<ref>[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/17060/news/africa/uganda-brings-back-23-citizens-rescued-from-human-traffickers-in-myanmar New Times Rwanda website, ''Uganda brings back 23 citizens rescued from human traffickers in Myanmar'', article dated May 24, 2024]</ref> Another investigation in 2024 found that up to 3,000 people had been trafficked into border areas to work in casinos; nationalities included Thai, Vietnamese, Malaysian, Cambodian and Ethiopian.<ref>[https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/victims-03252024141724.html Radio Free Asia website, ''Chinese Scammers in Myanmar move trafficking victims to casino in rebel territory'', article by Saw Kyaw San dated March 25, 2024]</ref> === Sex trafficking === Women of Myanmar who migrate to [[prostitution in Thailand\|Thailand]], [[prostitution in China\|China]], and [[prostitution in Malaysia\|Malaysia]] for economic opportunities are coerced into [[prostitution]]. Some trafficking victims transit through Myanmar from Bangladesh to Malaysia and from China to Thailand and beyond. Exploiters traffic girls for the purpose of prostitution, and ‘birth trafficking’, particularly for Chinese families.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/21/myanmar-women-girls-trafficked-brides-china Human Rights Watch website, ''Myanmar: Women, Girls Trafficked as ‘Brides’ to China'', article dated March 21, 2019]</ref><ref>[https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2019/1/feature-tackling-human-trafficking-in-myanmar United Nations Women website, ''Tackling human trafficking in Myanmar'', article dated January 3, 2019]</ref> A 2018 study by the [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]] and the Kachin Women's Association Thailand (KWAT) found that thousands of women and girls were trafficked from Myanmar to China to be forced into marriage and childbirth.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Estimating Trafficking of Myanmar Women for Forced Marriage and Childbearing in China - China\|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/china/estimating-trafficking-myanmar-women-forced-marriage-and-childbearing-china\|access-date=2020-11-27\|website=ReliefWeb\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=December 2018\|title=Estimating Trafficking of Myanmar Women for Forced Marriage and Childbearing in China\|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ETFM_Full%20Report_07Dec2018_Final.pdf}}</ref> Furthermore, due to the vast number of people living below the national poverty line, many women are forced into illegal prostitution. In some areas, in particular international [[sex trafficking]] of women and girls, the [[Government of Myanmar]] is making significant efforts. ===Child soldiers=== The [[military of Myanmar]] engages in the unlawful [[conscription]] of child soldiers, and continues to be the main perpetrator of forced labor inside Myanmar. Since independence from Britain in 1948, Myanmar's political situation has been unstable and involved in civil conflicts, which has led to an increase in the recruitment of underage soldiers. In 2002, [[Human Rights Watch]] reported in "My Gun was as Tall as Me: Child Soldiers in Burma" that Myanmar was the world's largest recruiter of child soldiers. Not only political instability, but also the country's poverty favour the recruitment of children.<ref>{{Cite journal\|date=June 2018\|title=Child Soldiers in Myanmar: Role of Myanmar Government and Limitations of International Law\|url=https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1187&context=jlia\|journal=Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs\|volume=6\|issue=1\|pages=372–397\|issn=2168-7951}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2019-06-04\|title=The Persistent Problem Of Child Soldiers In Myanmar\|url=https://www.theperspective.se/the-persistent-problem-of-child-soldiers-in-myanmar/\|access-date=2020-12-01\|website=The Perspective\|language=en-US}}</ref> The direct government and military use of forced or mandatory labor remains a widespread and pressing issue, particularly targeting members of [[ethnic minority]] groups, such as the [[Shan people]]. Military and civilian officials systematically used men, women, and children for forced labor for the development of infrastructure and state-run agricultural and commercial ventures, as well as forced portering for the military. Those living in areas with the highest military presence, including remote border areas predominated by ethnic groups, are most at risk for forced labor.<ref name="dos" /> Military and civilian officials subject men, women, and children to forced labor. Men and thousands of boys as young as 10 years old are [[Forced conscription\|forcibly recruited]] (due often to [[desertion]]s) to serve in the [[Myanmar Army\|National Army]] and ethnic [[paramilitary group\|armed groups]] through intimidation, coercion, threats, and violence. Children of the urban poor are at particular risk of involuntary conscription; UN reports indicate that the army has targeted [[orphan]]s and children on the streets and in railway stations, and young novice monks from monasteries for recruitment. Children are slapped with jail if they do not agree to join the army, and are sometimes [[physical abuse\|physically abused]]. Children are subjected to forced labor in tea shops, home industries, and agricultural plantations. In December 2009, the military of Myanmar reported that it dismissed a captain from the military via [[court martial]] and sentenced him to one year of imprisonment in a civilian [[jail]] for child soldier recruitment - the first ever criminal conviction of a military official involved in child soldier recruitment. In the same case, an additional two privates were sentenced to three months' and one-month [[Military prison\|military imprisonment]], respectively. Myanmar [[law enforcement]] officials generally were not able to investigate or [[prosecution\|prosecute]] cases of military-perpetrated forced labor or child soldier recruitment absent assent from high-ranking [[military officer]]s.<ref name=dos/> The government also reported investigating, [[prosecutor\|prosecuting]], and convicting some internal trafficking offenders, though there was only one reported criminal prosecution of a member of the National Army for his role in child soldier cases. The government continued to incarcerate six individuals who reported forced labor cases involving the regime to the International Labour Organization ([[ILO]]) or were otherwise active in working with the ILO on forced labor issues.<ref name=dos/> In 2022, it was noted that government forces were still using soldiers.<ref name=US2023 /> ==Legal actions (2009)== The Government of Myanmar reported some progress in [[law enforcement]] efforts against cross-border sex trafficking during 2009. Myanmar prohibits sex and [[labor trafficking]] through its 2005 Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law, which prescribes [[criminal]] penalties that are sufficiently stringent, deterrent and condign with those prescribed for [[rape]]. The recruitment of children into the army is a criminal offence under the [[Myanmar Penal Code]] Section 374, which could culminate in imprisonment for up to a year, or a fine, or both.<ref name=dos/> ==Protection (2009)== The regime did attempt to protect [[repatriation\|repatriated]] victims of cross-border sex trafficking to China and Thailand, though it exhibited no discernible efforts to protect victims of internal trafficking and transnational labor trafficking. In forced labor cases, some victims, notably 17 individuals in Magwe Division, were harassed, detained, or otherwise penalised for making accusations against officials who then pressed them into forced labour. The government reportedly identified 302 victims, most of whom were victims of forced marriage rather than explicitly trafficking victims, and reportedly assisted an additional 425 victims identified and repatriated by foreign governments in 2009, including 293 from China and 132 from Thailand. The regime did not identify any male trafficking victims. Victims were sheltered and detained in non-specialised Department of Social Welfare facilities for a mandatory minimum of two weeks, some of which even lingered for months given authorities could not find an adult family member to take the victim home. While in government facilities, victims had access to [[counseling]], though it was often substandard, but had fettered access to [[social worker]]s. There were no shelter facilities available to male victims of trafficking. Non-governmental organisations ([[NGOs]]) were sometimes allowed access to victims in government shelters, but the regime continued to bar NGOs from operating shelters for trafficking victims. The regime did not have in place formal victim identification procedures. While the government reported that it did encourage victims to assist in investigations and prosecutions, it did not appear to provide financial support or other assistance to victims as incentives to partake in the prosecution of their traffickers. The regime liaised with the ILO (International Labour Organisation) on the issue of the military's conscription of children, contributing to the return of 31 children to their families. In 2009, some children remained serving in the Myanmar Army and in ethnic militias. The government appeared unmoved by the predicament, and had hardly assessed the scope of the problem. The regime did not permit [[UNICEF]] access to children who were released through the government's mechanisms for follow-up purposes. Additionally, some child recruits were prosecuted and sentenced for deserting the military and were placed in [[prison]].<ref name=dos/> ==Prevention (2009)== Myanmar made only tepid efforts to forestall international human trafficking over the past year, and made few discernible efforts to prevent the more prevalent internal trafficking, particularly forced labour and child conscription by regime officials and ethnic armed groups. The government spearheaded awareness campaigns using billboards, flyers, and videos during the reporting period, with [[Myanmar Television\|state-run television]] airing a documentary on human trafficking produced by the [[MTV EXIT]] Campaign. The Burmese government reportedly formed three new anti-trafficking units back in 2009, and reported a 40 percent overall increase in spending on prevention efforts. During the reporting period, the government signed Memoranda of Understanding with China and Thailand on trafficking in persons. The regime sustained partnerships with Mekong region governments and the UN in the Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative Against Trafficking (COMMIT), and hosted the COMMIT Senior Officials Meeting in January 2010.<ref name=dos/> ==Corruption== {{See also\|Corruption in Myanmar}} The Myanmar regime reported investigating 155 cases of trafficking, prosecuting 410 individuals, and convicting 88 offenders in 2009, an increase from 342 reported prosecutions in 2008; however, these statistics included 12 cases of [[kidnapping\|abduction]] for adoption, which are not considered “trafficking” by international standards. Additionally, court proceedings are not open and lack due process for defendants. While the Myanmar regime has in the past been known to conflate illegal [[Human migration\|migration]] with trafficking, leading to the punishment of consensual [[emigration\|emigrants]] and those who assist them to emigrate, the police reported some efforts to exclude [[smuggling]] cases from human trafficking figures during 2009, and improved their transparency in handling cases.<ref name=dos/> Nevertheless, limited capacity and training of the [[police]] coupled with a lack of transparency in the [[judicial system\|justice system]] make it uncertain whether all trafficking statistics provided by authorities were indeed for trafficking cases. [[Corruption]] and lack of accountability remains pervasive in Myanmar, affecting all aspects of society.<ref name=US2024>[https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/burma/ US Government website, ''2024 Trafficking in Persons Report: Burma'']</ref> Police can be expected to self-limit investigations when well-connected individuals are involved in forced labor cases. Although the government reported four officials prosecuted for involvement in human trafficking in 2009, the government did not release any details of the cases. == Progress == Since the [[U.S. State Department]]'s [[Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons]] began publishing the [[Trafficking in Persons Report]] in 2001, Myanmar has never advanced above the [[Trafficking in Persons Report#Ranking System\|"Tier 2 Watchlist"]] rank. In 2017, it was upgraded to Tier 2 Watchlist.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements \|url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043920/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm \|archive-date=2017-06-28 \|access-date=2017-12-01 \|website=U.S. Department of State \|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2018 Myanmar was downgraded back to Tier 3, as the minimum standards for eliminating trafficking were never met and no efforts were made to meet them. However, in stark contrast to 2017, more traffickers have had been prosecuted and convicted and more victims identified. Also, as measures against the recruitment and use of child soldiers, more resources have been allotted to raising people's awareness of the issue.<ref>{{Cite web \|last= \|first= \|title=2018 Trafficking in Persons Report - Burma \|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5b3e0b8a7.html \|access-date=2020-11-26 \|website=Refworld \|language=en}}</ref> {\| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" \|+[[Trafficking in Persons Report]] rankings !Year !Ranking \|- \|2001 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|date=July 2010 \|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 \|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/142981.pdf \|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> \|- \|2002 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":0" /> \|- \|2003 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":0" /> \|- \|2004 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":0" /> \|- \|2005 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":0" /> \|- \|2006 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":0" /> \|- \|2007 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|date=July 2014 \|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2014\|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/226845.pdf \|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> \|- \|2008 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":1" /> \|- \|2009 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":2">{{Cite web \|date=July 2016 \|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2016\|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/258878.pdf \|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> \|- \|2010 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":2" /> \|- \|2011 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":2" /> \|- \|2012 \| style="background:#ff8c40" \| Tier 2 Watch List<ref name=":2" /> \|- \|2013 \| style="background:#ff8c40" \| Tier 2 Watch List<ref name=":2" /> \|- \|2014 \| style="background:#ff8c40" \| Tier 2 Watch List<ref name=":2" /> \|- \|2015 \| style="background:#ff8c40" \| Tier 2 Watch List<ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|date=July 2022 \|title=Burma: Trafficking in Persons Report \|url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/20221020-2022-TIP-Report.pdf \|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> \|- \|2016 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":3" /> \|- \|2017 \| style="background:#ff8c40" \| Tier 2 Watch List<ref name=":3" /> \|- \|2018 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":3" /> \|- \|2019 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":3" /> \|- \|2020 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":3" /> \|- \|2021 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":3" /> \|- \|2022 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=":3" /> \|- \|2023 \| style="background:#ff0050" \| Tier 3<ref name=US2023 /> \|} ==Government response to human rights== While forced labor is widely considered the severest trafficking problem in Myanmar, authorities reported that most trafficking cases investigated and prosecuted involved women and girls subjected to, or intended to be subjected to, [[forced marriage]] or [[arranged marriage]]. The Myanmar regime rules arbitrarily and often tyrannically through its unilaterally imposed laws, but [[rule of law]] is absent, as is an [[independent judiciary]] that would respect trafficking victims’ rights. The [[State Peace and Development Council]] (SPDC), Myanmar's [[military government]], has not acknowledged the prevalence of [[human rights]] issues within their country, specifically human trafficking. No one has been held accountable for the serious crimes committed by government [[security forces]]. These crimes include forced labor, conscripting underage children, and personal, including [[sexual violence]].<ref name=Two/> The 2015 [[2015 Rohingya refugee crisis\|Rohingya crisis]] left thousands of people vulnerable to trafficking.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/myanmar-malaysia-7417117baadacbd88b89f2d8de8b1c5d AP News website, ''Myanmar authorities arrest alleged traffickers of Rohingya'', article by Grant Peck dated December 21, 2022]</ref><ref>[https://www.iom.int/news/thousands-risk-trafficking-amid-rohingya-refugee-crisis-iom International Organization for Migration, ''Thousands at Risk of Trafficking Amid Rohingya Refugee Crisis: IOM'', article by Fiona MacGregor dated July 31, 2018]</ref><ref>[https://www.refugeesinternational.org/advocacy-letters/the-situation-of-the-rohingya-and-deadly-sea-crossings/ ''The Situation of the Rohingya and Deadly Sea Crossings'', article dated March 1, 2023]</ref> The [[Myanmar coup d'état\|2021 coup]] has made it more difficult for the government to tackle trafficking and other illegal activities.<ref name=US2024 /> ==ILO and international cooperation== Myanmar law enforcement reported continued cooperation with Chinese counterparts on cross-border trafficking cases, including joint operations, as well as general cooperation with Thai authorities.<ref name=dos/> In 2009, the ILO continued to receive and investigate forced labor complaints; 93 cases were submitted to the Myanmar government for action, an increase from 64 cases in 2008; 54 cases remain open and are awaiting a response from the government. Despite a report of a [[child labor]] case involving as many as 100 children on an agricultural plantation near Rangoon, the regime did not report any efforts to investigate the allegation. Many minors from Myanmar work in Thai border towns, particularly the town of [[Mae Sai]]. Drivers who smuggle illegal workers into Thailand go to villages to recruit minors, and then transport them to the border. In one such case found in a survey, a girl was deceived by a driver, and sold into prostitution. Between 20,000 and 30,000 women and girls from Myanmar are estimated to be working in the prostitution industry in Thailand. As [[illegal immigrant]]s, they are often arrested and deported back to Myanmar. In the late 1990s, approximately 50 to 70 percent of the prostitutes were [[HIV]] positive.<ref name=Five/> In other cases, children from Myanmar were tricked during their recruitment, and not paid for the jobs they were promised. It is believed that the children from Myanmar make up the largest sector of foreign working children. Minors also participate in the fishing industry and work in Bangkok, though this is not as common. The ethnic minorities from Myanmar working in Thailand were also found to have the lowest education in all minor workers surveyed, at about 1.3 years, and Burmese were found to have only a slightly higher education level, on average roughly four years. The minors from Myanmar that work in Thailand usually left for economic reasons.<ref name=Three/> A lack of job opportunities in Myanmar has contributed to the rise of human trafficking operations; the trade is now no longer targeting just rural areas, but is reaching the country's major cities. Many of the 2.5 million [[Economic migrant\|migrant]]s from Myanmar came to Thailand to find low-paying [[domestic servitude\|domestic jobs]] during the [[Junta (governing body)\|militaristic regime]] previously in place. These migrants often lack basic education and access to [[social security]] benefits.<ref name=Six/> Conversations between the US and Myanmar have been more frequent in recent years. The U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, [[Luis CdeBaca]], and Myanmar [[Police Chief]] Major General Zaw Win concurred in the need for government-civil society partnerships, [[health care]], and prevention. Reports from [[Washington, D.C.\|Washington]] indicated that the US felt improvements were underway.<ref name=Six/> ==Prosecution of victims== Victims of forced labor cases are not protected from [[countersuit]] by regime officials. During 2009, 17 complainants and their associates in a series of forced labor cases involving 328 farmers in Magwe Division were prosecuted and imprisoned by local authorities for their role in reporting forced labor committed by local government officials. Myanmar courts later released 13 of the individuals, but four complainants remain jailed. The central government did not intervene with local authorities to stop the politically motivated harassment, including lengthy interrogations, of the forced labour complainants. Such unaccountable harassment and punishment discouraged additional forced labor complaints.<ref name=dos/> On February 28, 2014, Myanmar officials decided to ban [[Doctors Without Borders]] from the state of Rakhine after the organization discovered and treated 40 victims of violence between Muslim and Buddhist citizens that the government denied took place. The [[United Nations]] stipulates that its negotiations with Myanmar to allow Doctors Without Borders into the Rakhine state are of topmost importance, as citizens lack the ability to report [[human rights abuses]] for fear of becoming victims of reprisals. For victims of human trafficking, Doctors Without Borders is often the only access to health care.<ref name=Four/> ==See also== [[KK Park]], fraud factory and human trafficking hub located in [[Myawaddy]], Myanmar [[Human rights in Burma]] ==References== {{reflist\|refs= <ref name=dos>{{cite web\|title=Burma: Trafficking in Persons Report 2010\|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142759.htm\|publisher=Trafficking in Persons Report 2010}}</ref> <ref name=Two>{{cite web\|title=Human Rights Watch\|date=July 2010 \|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/01/universal-periodic-review-submission-myanmar-burma\|publisher=Human Rights Watch\|access-date=15 May 2014}}</ref> <ref name=Three>{{cite web\|title=Trafficking in Children into the Worst Forms of Child Labour: A Rapid Assessment.\|url=http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/ilo_2002__child_trafficking.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=Four>{{cite news \|author=Editorial Board\|title=Myanmar's Deadly Medicine\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/18/opinion/myanmars-deadly-medicine.html\|work=The New York Times\|date=17 March 2014 \|access-date=15 May 2014}}</ref> <ref name=Five>{{cite book\|last=Lim\|first=Lin Lean\|title=The Sex Sector\|publisher=ILO\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFNKZbL1jWwC&q=myanmar+prostitution&pg=PA1\|isbn=9789221095224\|year=1998}}</ref> <ref name=Six>{{cite journal\|last=Lipes\|first=Joshua\|title=Myanmar Pledges to Tackle Human Trafficking Through International Collaboration\|journal=Federal Government Document and Publications\|id={{ProQuest\|1433382131}}}}</ref>}} {{Asia topic\|Human trafficking in}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Human Trafficking In Burma}} [[Category:Human trafficking in Myanmar\| ]] [[Category:Human trafficking by country\|Myanmar]] [[Category:Human trafficking in Asia\|Myanmar]] [[Category:Human rights abuses in Myanmar]]	1,276,538,266	[]	false
# Potable Water and Basic Sanitation Regulation Commission The Potable Water and Basic Sanitation Regulation Commission (CRA) is a regulatory agency of the Government of Colombia in charge of regulating the water supply and sanitation in Colombia, including the potable and public water distribution, sewage and waste management services. Its mission is to create and preserve the necessary conditions to provide sanitary services by regulating the organizations and agencies that provide this services, may them be public or private; its duties include establishing criteria for granting subsidies to low-income users and using various methods to calculate fix rates. It was created in 1994, and is currently ascribed to the Ministry of Housing, City and Territory.	enwiki/29559740	enwiki	29,559,740	Potable Water and Basic Sanitation Regulation Commission	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potable_Water_and_Basic_Sanitation_Regulation_Commission	2023-05-29T04:21:12	en	Q7234595	17,761	{{Infobox government agency \|agency_name = Potable Water and Basic Sanitation Regulation Commission \|nativename = <small>{{lang\|es\|Comisión de Regulación de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Básico}}</small> \|logo = CRA Colombia logo.jpg \|formed = {{Start date\|1994\|07\|11\|df=yes}} \|headquarters = Cra 7 № 71-52,<br>Tower B, 4th Floor<br>[[Bogotá, D.C.]], [[Colombia]] \|budget = \|chief1_name = Silvia Juliana Yepes Serrano \|chief1_position = Executive Director \|parent_agency = {{nowrap\|[[Ministry of Housing, City and Territory (Colombia)\|Ministry of Housing, City and Territory]]}} \|website = {{URL\|www.cra.gov.co}} }} The '''Potable Water and Basic Sanitation Regulation Commission''' (<small>'''CRA'''</small>) is a [[regulatory agency]] of the [[Government of Colombia]] in charge of regulating the [[water supply and sanitation in Colombia]], including the [[potable water\|potable]] and [[Water supply\|public water distribution]], [[Sewage collection and disposal\|sewage]] and [[waste management]] services. Its mission is to create and preserve the necessary conditions to provide [[sanitary]] services by regulating the organizations and agencies that provide this services, may them be public or private; its duties include establishing criteria for granting subsidies to low-income users and using various methods to calculate fix rates. It was created in 1994, and is currently ascribed to the [[Ministry of Housing, City and Territory (Colombia)\|Ministry of Housing, City and Territory]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bnamericas.com/company-profile/waterandwaste/Comision_de_Regulacion_de_Agua_Potable_y_Saneamiento_Basico-CRA \|title=Comisión de Regulación de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Básico \|accessdate=2010-11-11 \|publisher=Business News Americas }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.cra.gov.co/estructura.shtml \|language=Spanish \|publisher=Potable Water and Basic Sanitation Regulation Commission \|accessdate=2010-11-11 \|title=Estructura organizacional }}</ref> ==See also== * [[Superintendency of Public Services (Colombia)\|Superintendency of Public Services]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ministry of Housing, City and Territory (Colombia)]] [[Category:Government agencies established in 1994]] [[Category:Water supply and sanitation in Colombia]] [[Category:1994 establishments in Colombia]]	1,157,514,353	[{"title": "Agency overview", "data": {"Formed": "11 July 1994", "Headquarters": "Cra 7 \u2116 71-52, \u00b7 Tower B, 4th Floor \u00b7 Bogot\u00e1, D.C., Colombia", "Agency executive": "- Silvia Juliana Yepes Serrano, Executive Director", "Parent agency": "Ministry of Housing, City and Territory", "Website": "www.cra.gov.co"}}]	false
# 1917 All-Service football team The 1917 All-Service football team consists of American football players of the United States military selected to the all-service football teams chosen by various selectors. ## All-Service players of 1917 ### Ends - John Rasmussen, Nebraska; Camp Grant (WC-1) - William Jennings Gardner, Carlisle; Camp Custer (WC-1) - C. A. Coolidge, Harvard; Camp Devens (PPS) - Fred Heyman, Washington & Jefferson; Sherman (PPS) - B. C. Cubbage, Penn State; Allentown Ambulance Corps (NYT) - George B. L. Green, Dartmouth; Newport Naval Reserves (NYT) - Ellenberger, Cornell; Camp Dix (WC-2) - Mitchell, Mare Island Marines (WC-2) - Spike Dennie, Brown; Camp Funston (WC-3) - Hunt, Coast Naval Res. (WC-3) ### Tackles - Belford West, Colgate; Camp Dix (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1, PPS) - John Beckett, Oregon; Mare Island Marines (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1) - Albert Benbrook, Michigan; Fort Sheridan (College Football Hall of Fame) (PPS) - Pike Johnson, Washington & Lee; Allentown Ambulance Corps (NYT) - Corbeau, Case; League Island Marines(NYT) - Moriarty, Coast Naval Res. (WC-2) - Hugh Blacklock, Mich. Ag; Great Lakes (WC-2) - Robertson, Dartmouth; Dodge (WC-3) - Zipper Lathrop, Notre Dame; Camp Grant (WC-3) ### Guards - Clinton Black, Yale; Newport Naval Reserves (WC-1, PPS, NYT) - Chris Schlachter, Syracuse; Newport Naval Reserves (PPS, NYT) - Ernest Allmendinger, Michigan; Fort Sheridan (WC-1) - Allen Thurman, Virginia; Camp Jackson (WC-2) - Paul Withington, Harvard; Camp Funston (WC-2) - Snyder, Camp Lewis (WC-3) - Holder, Camp Lewis (WC-3) ### Centers - John T. Callahan, Yale; Newport Naval Reserves (WC-1) - Paul Des Jardien, Chicago; Fort Sheridan (College Football Hall of Fame) (PPS) - Lud Wray, Penn; League Island Marines(NYT) - Hommand, Kansas; Camp Funston (WC-2) - White, Yale; Camp Jackson (WC-3) ### Quarterbacks - Ockie Anderson, Colgate; Camp Dix (WC-2; PPS) - Raymond "Razor" Watkins, Colgate; Mineola Aviation (WC-1) - Charles Thorne "Mike" Murphy, Yale; Allentown Ambulance Corps (NYT) - Harry Costello, Georgetown; Camp Custer (WC-3) ### Halfbacks - Charley Barrett, Cornell; Newport Naval Reserves (WC-2, PPS, NYT) - Eddie Casey, Harvard; Charlestown Navy Yard (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1) - Wayland Minot, Harvard; Camp Devens (WC-1) - Bernard Gerrish, Dartmouth; Newport Naval Reserves (PPS) - Johnny Scott, Lafayette; League Island Marines(NYT) - Fritz Shiverick, Cornell; Camp Grant (WC-2) - Edmund O'Boyle, Georgetown; Pelham Naval (WC-3) - Blair, Md.; Upton (WC-3) ### Fullbacks - Cedric C. Smith, Michigan; Great Lakes (WC-1) - Eddie Mahan, Harvard; League Island Marines (College Football Hall of Fame) (PPS) - Earl "Curley" Cramer, Hamline; Allentown Ambulance Corps (NYT) - Maxfield, Lafayette, Ft. Slocum (WC-2) - Thayer, Pa.; Meade (WC-3) ### Key - WC = Collier's Weekly All Service team as selected by Walter Camp[1] - PPS = Paul Purman's All Service selection[2] - NYT = All Service eleven of The New York Times.[2] - 1 – First-team selection - 2 – Second-team selection - 3 – Third-team selection	enwiki/58018937	enwiki	58,018,937	1917 All-Service football team	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_All-Service_football_team	2023-08-16T05:07:06	en	Q56275184	42,357	{{Use mdy dates\|date=August 2023}} {{sidebar \| width = 25em \| title = 1917 All-Service football team \| headingstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid \| content1style = border-top:1px #aaa solid \| content1 = [[1917 college football season]] \| content2 = {{align\|right\|[[1918 All-Service football team\|1918]]»}} }} The '''1917 All-Service football team''' consists of [[American football]] players of the [[United States military]] selected to the all-service football teams chosen by various selectors. ==All-Service players of 1917== ===Ends=== * John Rasmussen, Nebraska; [[1917 Camp Grant football team\|Camp Grant]] <small>(WC-1)</small> * [[William Jennings Gardner]], Carlisle; [[1917 Camp Custer football team\|Camp Custer]] <small>(WC-1)</small> * C. A. Coolidge, Harvard; [[1917 Camp Devens football team\|Camp Devens]] <small>(PPS)</small> * Fred Heyman, Washington & Jefferson; Sherman <small>(PPS)</small> * [[B. C. Cubbage]], Penn State; [[1917 Allentown Ambulance Corps football team\|Allentown Ambulance Corps]] <small>(NYT)</small> * George B. L. Green, Dartmouth; [[1917 Newport Naval Reserves football team\|Newport Naval Reserves]] <small>(NYT)</small> * Ellenberger, Cornell; [[1917 Camp Dix football team\|Camp Dix]] <small>(WC-2)</small> * Mitchell, [[1917 Mare Island Marines football team\|Mare Island Marines]] <small>(WC-2)</small> * Spike Dennie, Brown; [[1917 Camp Funston football team\|Camp Funston]] <small>(WC-3)</small> * Hunt, Coast Naval Res. <small>(WC-3)</small> ===Tackles=== * [[Belford West]], Colgate; [[1917 Camp Dix football team\|Camp Dix]] (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(WC-1, PPS)</small> * [[John Beckett (American football)\|John Beckett]], Oregon; [[1917 Mare Island Marines football team\|Mare Island Marines]] (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(WC-1)</small> * [[Albert Benbrook]], Michigan; [[1917 Fort Sheridan football team\|Fort Sheridan]] (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(PPS)</small> * [[Pike Johnson]], Washington & Lee; [[1917 Allentown Ambulance Corps football team\|Allentown Ambulance Corps]] <small>(NYT)</small> * Corbeau, Case; [[1917 League Island Marines football team\|League Island Marines]]<small>(NYT)</small> * Moriarty, Coast Naval Res. <small>(WC-2)</small> * [[Hugh Blacklock]], Mich. Ag; [[1917 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team\|Great Lakes]] <small>(WC-2)</small> * Robertson, Dartmouth; Dodge <small>(WC-3)</small> * Zipper Lathrop, Notre Dame; [[1917 Camp Grant football team\|Camp Grant]] <small>(WC-3)</small> ===Guards=== * [[Clinton Black]], Yale; [[1917 Newport Naval Reserves football team\|Newport Naval Reserves]] <small>(WC-1, PPS, NYT)</small> * [[Chris Schlachter]], Syracuse; [[1917 Newport Naval Reserves football team\|Newport Naval Reserves]] <small>(PPS, NYT)</small> * [[Ernest Allmendinger]], Michigan; [[1917 Fort Sheridan football team\|Fort Sheridan]] <small>(WC-1)</small> * Allen Thurman, Virginia; [[1917 Camp Jackson football team\|Camp Jackson]] <small>(WC-2)</small> * [[Paul Withington]], Harvard; [[1917 Camp Funston football team\|Camp Funston]] <small>(WC-2)</small> * Snyder, [[1917 Camp Lewis football team\|Camp Lewis]] <small>(WC-3)</small> * Holder, [[1917 Camp Lewis football team\|Camp Lewis]] <small>(WC-3)</small> ===Centers=== * [[Tim Callahan (American football)\|John T. Callahan]], Yale; [[1917 Newport Naval Reserves football team\|Newport Naval Reserves]] <small>(WC-1)</small> * [[Paul Des Jardien]], Chicago; [[1917 Fort Sheridan football team\|Fort Sheridan]] (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(PPS)</small> * [[Lud Wray]], Penn; [[1917 League Island Marines football team\|League Island Marines]]<small>(NYT)</small> * Hommand, Kansas; [[1917 Camp Funston football team\|Camp Funston]] <small>(WC-2)</small> * White, Yale; [[1917 Camp Jackson football team\|Camp Jackson]] <small>(WC-3)</small> ===Quarterbacks=== * [[Ockie Anderson]], Colgate; [[1917 Camp Dix football team\|Camp Dix]] <small>(WC-2; PPS)</small> * Raymond "Razor" Watkins, Colgate; [[1917 Mineola Aviation Station football team\|Mineola Aviation]] <small>(WC-1)</small> * Charles Thorne "Mike" Murphy, Yale; [[1917 Allentown Ambulance Corps football team\|Allentown Ambulance Corps]] <small>(NYT)</small> * [[Harry Costello]], Georgetown; [[1917 Camp Custer football team\|Camp Custer]] <small>(WC-3)</small> ===Halfbacks=== * [[Charley Barrett]], Cornell; [[1917 Newport Naval Reserves football team\|Newport Naval Reserves]] <small>(WC-2, PPS, NYT)</small> * [[Eddie Casey]], Harvard; [[1917 Charlestown Navy Yard football team\|Charlestown Navy Yard]] (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(WC-1)</small> * [[Wayland Minot]], Harvard; [[1917 Camp Devens football team\|Camp Devens]] <small>(WC-1)</small> * Bernard Gerrish, Dartmouth; [[1917 Newport Naval Reserves football team\|Newport Naval Reserves]] <small>(PPS)</small> * Johnny Scott, Lafayette; [[1917 League Island Marines football team\|League Island Marines]]<small>(NYT)</small> * [[Fritz Shiverick]], Cornell; [[1917 Camp Grant football team\|Camp Grant]] <small>(WC-2)</small> * Edmund O'Boyle, Georgetown; [[Pelham Bay Naval Training Station\|Pelham Naval]] <small>(WC-3)</small> * Blair, Md.; Upton <small>(WC-3)</small> ===Fullbacks=== * [[Cedric C. Smith]], Michigan; [[1917 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team\|Great Lakes]] <small>(WC-1)</small> * [[Eddie Mahan]], Harvard; [[1917 League Island Marines football team\|League Island Marines]] (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(PPS)</small> * Earl "Curley" Cramer, Hamline; [[1917 Allentown Ambulance Corps football team\|Allentown Ambulance Corps]] <small>(NYT)</small> * Maxfield, Lafayette, Ft. Slocum <small>(WC-2)</small> * Thayer, Pa.; Meade <small>(WC-3)</small> ===Key=== * WC = ''[[Collier's Weekly]]'' All Service team as selected by [[Walter Camp]]<ref>{{cite journal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZxCAQAAIAAJ&dq=All-America&pg=PA141\|journal=Collier's Weekly\|title=War and Football\|volume=60\|page=32\|date=January 5, 1918}}</ref> * PPS = [[Paul Purman]]'s All Service selection<ref name="Spal">[https://archive.org/stream/officialfootball19181nati#page/n21/mode/2up Spalding's Football Guide]</ref> * NYT = All Service eleven of ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="Spal"/> * 1 – First-team selection * 2 – Second-team selection * 3 – Third-team selection ==See also== * [[1917 College Football All-America Team]] ==References== {{Reflist\|2}} {{World War I military service football teams navbox}} [[Category:1917 college football season\|All-Service Team]]	1,170,621,456	[]	false
# Grau Roig Grau Roig (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈɡɾaw ˈrɔtʃ]) is a sector of the Grandvalira ski resort in Andorra, located in the parishes of Canillo and Encamp. It includes alpine skiing and cross-country skiing tracks. It is the only sector in Grandvalira which does not have a populated settlement. The nearest major settlement is Pas de la Casa, to the east on the border with France. A hiking trail commences here, and is the access route to the Estany de l'Illa.	enwiki/16199488	enwiki	16,199,488	Grau Roig	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grau_Roig	2025-06-26T09:53:50	en	Q5597742	59,528	{{Short description\|Ski resort in Encamp, Andorra}} {{refimprove\|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> \|official_name = Grau Roig \|other_name = \|native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> \|nickname = \|settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> \|motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> \|image_skyline = Grau_Roig.JPG \|imagesize = \|image_caption = Grau Roig and the valley of the [[Valira d'Orient]] surrounded by Pyrenean peaks \|image_flag = \|flag_size = \|image_seal = \|seal_size = \|image_shield = \|shield_size = \|image_blank_emblem = \|blank_emblem_type = \|blank_emblem_size = \|image_map = \|mapsize = \|map_caption = \|image_map1 = \|mapsize1 = \|map_caption1 = \|image_dot_map = \|dot_mapsize = \|dot_map_caption = \|dot_x = \|dot_y = \|pushpin_map = Andorra \|pushpin_image = Andorra relief location map.jpg \|pushpin_label_position =left \|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Andorra <!-- Location ------------------> \|subdivision_type = Country \|subdivision_name = {{Flag\|Andorra}} \|subdivision_type1 = [[Parishes of Andorra\|Parish]] \|subdivision_name1 = [[Encamp]] \|subdivision_type2 = \|subdivision_name2 = \|subdivision_type3 = \|subdivision_name3 = \|subdivision_type4 = \|subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> \|government_footnotes = \|government_type = \|leader_title = \|leader_name = \|leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> \|leader_name1 = \|leader_title2 = \|leader_name2 = \|leader_title3 = \|leader_name3 = \|leader_title4 = \|leader_name4 = \|established_title = <!-- Settled --> \|established_date = \|established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> \|established_date2 = \|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> \|established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> \|area_magnitude = \|unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> \|area_footnotes = \|area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> \|area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> \|area_water_km2 = \|area_total_sq_mi = \|area_land_sq_mi = \|area_water_sq_mi = \|area_water_percent = \|area_urban_km2 = \|area_urban_sq_mi = \|area_metro_km2 = \|area_metro_sq_mi = \|area_blank1_title = \|area_blank1_km2 = \|area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> \|population_as_of =2005 \|population_footnotes = \|population_note = \|population_total = \|population_density_km2 = \|population_density_sq_mi = \|population_metro = \|population_density_metro_km2 = \|population_density_metro_sq_mi = \|population_urban = \|population_density_urban_km2 = \|population_density_urban_sq_mi = \|population_blank1_title =Ethnicities \|population_blank1 = \|population_blank2_title = \|population_blank2 = \|population_density_blank1_km2 = \|population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> \|timezone = \|utc_offset = \|timezone_DST = \|utc_offset_DST = \|coordinates = {{coord\|42\|31\|59\|N\|1\|42\|4\|E\|region:AD\|display=inline}} \|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use ref tags--> \|elevation_m = \|elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> \|postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> \|postal_code = \|area_code = \|blank_name = \|blank_info = \|blank1_name = \|blank1_info = \|website = \|footnotes = }} '''Grau Roig''' ({{IPA\|ca\|ˈɡɾaw ˈrɔtʃ}}) is a sector of the [[Grandvalira]] ski resort in [[Andorra]], located in the parishes of [[Canillo]] and [[Encamp]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=el Grau Roig \|url=https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/el-grau-roig \|website=Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana \|access-date=24 November 2024 \|language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Grau Roig - Andorra skiing \|url=https://www.grandvalira.com/en/resort/slopes/grau-roig \|website=Grandvalira \|access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref> It includes alpine skiing and cross-country skiing tracks. It is the only sector in Grandvalira which does not have a populated settlement. The nearest major settlement is [[Pas de la Casa]], to the east on the border with France. {{cn\|date=July 2012}} A hiking trail commences here, and is the access route to the [[Estany de l'Illa]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://visitandorra.com/en/nature/hiking-trail-illa-lake/\|title=Hiking trail: Illa lake\|publisher=Visitandorra.com\|accessdate=26 June 2025}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commonscat-inline\|Grau Roig}} {{Villages of Andorra}} {{coord\|42.533\|1.701\|display=title\|type:city_region:AD}} [[Category:Populated places in Andorra]] [[Category:Encamp]] [[Category:Ski areas and resorts in Andorra]] {{Andorra-geo-stub}}	1,297,463,260	[{"title": "Grau Roig", "data": {"Country": "Andorra", "Parish": "Encamp"}}]	false
# 1979 in fine arts of the Soviet Union The year 1979 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts. ## Events - Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists was opened in the Leningrad Union of Artists.[1] - Exhibition of works by Yuri Neprintsev dedicated to 70th Anniversary was opened in the Museum of the Academy of Arts of the USSR in Leningrad.[2] - Exhibition of works by Gevork Kotiantz was opened in the Leningrad Union of Artists.[3] - Exhibition of works by Alexander Lubimov (1879–1955) dedicated to 100-years Anniversary was opened in the Leningrad Union of Artists.[4] - Adam and Eve by Vladimir Sakhnenko, 1979, oil canvas, 75x58 ## Deaths - January 12 — Alexander Pekarev (Russian: Пекарев Александр Васильевич), soviet sculptor (b. 1905). - February 23 — Mikhail Natarevich (Russian: Натаревич Михаил Давидович), soviet painter (b. 1907). ## Sources - Всесоюзная художественная выставка «Голубые дороги Родины». Каталог. М., Советский художник, 1979. - Непринцев Юрий Михайлович. Каталог выставки. К 70-летию со дня рождения и 50-летию творческой деятельности. Л., Искусство, 1979. - Выставка произведений молодых ленинградских художников "60 лет ВЛКСМ". Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1982. - Геворк Вартанович Котьянц. Выставка произведений. Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. - Георгий Павлович Татарников. Выставка произведений. Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. - Николай Иванович Костров. Выставка произведений. Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. - Анна Александровна Кострова. Выставка произведений. Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. - Белокуров Константин Сергеевич. Выставка произведений. Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. - Artists of Peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 1. Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1970. - Artists of Peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 2. Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1972. - Directory of Members of Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1,2. Moscow, Soviet Artist Edition, 1979. - Directory of Members of the Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of Russian Federation. Leningrad, Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. - Artists of Peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 4 Book 1. Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1983. - Directory of Members of the Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. - Artists of peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 4 Book 2. - Saint Petersburg: Academic project humanitarian agency, 1995. - Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. - Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. - Vern G. Swanson. Soviet Impressionism. - Woodbridge, England: Antique Collectors' Club, 2001. - Петр Фомин. Живопись. Воспоминания современников. СПб., 2002. С.107. - Время перемен. Искусство 1960—1985 в Советском Союзе. СПб., Государственный Русский музей, 2006. - Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint-Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. - ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7. - Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007.	enwiki/34537370	enwiki	34,537,370	1979 in fine arts of the Soviet Union	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_fine_arts_of_the_Soviet_Union	2024-10-26T06:17:26	en	Q16153352	62,320	{{short description\|none}} {{See also\|1979 in art}} The year 1979 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of [[Soviet Union\|Soviet]] and [[Russia]]n Fine Arts. ==Events== * Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists was opened in the [[Leningrad Union of Artists]].<ref>''Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School.'' Saint-Petersburg, NP-Print Edition, 2007. P.400.</ref> * Exhibition of works by [[Yuri Neprintsev]] dedicated to 70th Anniversary was opened in the Museum of the Academy of Arts of the USSR in Leningrad.<ref>''Непринцев Юрий Михайлович. Каталог выставки. К 70-летию со дня рождения и 50-летию творческой деятельности''. Л., Искусство, 1979.</ref> * Exhibition of works by [[Gevork Kotiantz]] was opened in the [[Leningrad Union of Artists]].<ref>''Геворк Вартанович Котьянц. Выставка произведений. Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979.</ref> * Exhibition of works by [[Alexander Lubimov]] (1879–1955) dedicated to 100-years Anniversary was opened in the [[Leningrad Union of Artists]].<ref>''Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School.'' Saint-Petersburg, NP-Print Edition, 2007. P.400.</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="140"> File:Adam and Eve by Vladimir Sakhnenko, 1979, oil canvas, 75x58.jpg\|Adam and Eve by Vladimir Sakhnenko, 1979, oil canvas, 75x58 </gallery> ==Deaths== * [[January 12]] — [[Alexander Pekarev]] ({{langx\|ru\|Пекарев Александр Васильевич}}), soviet sculptor (b. [[1905 in art\|1905]]). * [[February 23]] — [[Mikhail Natarevich]] ({{langx\|ru\|Натаревич Михаил Давидович}}), soviet painter (b. [[1907 in art\|1907]]). ==See also== {{Commons category}} * [[List of Russian artists]] * [[List of painters of Leningrad Union of Artists]] * [[Saint Petersburg Union of Artists]] * [[Russian culture]] ==References== {{reflist\|2}} ==Sources== * ''Всесоюзная художественная выставка «Голубые дороги Родины». Каталог''. М., Советский художник, 1979. * ''Непринцев Юрий Михайлович. Каталог выставки. К 70-летию со дня рождения и 50-летию творческой деятельности''. Л., Искусство, 1979. * ''Выставка произведений молодых ленинградских художников "60 лет ВЛКСМ". Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1982. * ''Геворк Вартанович Котьянц. Выставка произведений. Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. * ''Георгий Павлович Татарников. Выставка произведений. Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. * ''Николай Иванович Костров. Выставка произведений. Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. * ''Анна Александровна Кострова. Выставка произведений. Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. * ''Белокуров Константин Сергеевич. Выставка произведений. Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. * ''Artists of Peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 1.'' Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1970. * ''Artists of Peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 2.'' Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1972. * ''Directory of Members of Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1,2.'' Moscow, Soviet Artist Edition, 1979. * ''Directory of Members of the Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of Russian Federation.'' Leningrad, Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. * ''Artists of Peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 4 Book 1''. Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1983. * ''Directory of Members of the Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of Russian Federation.'' - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. * ''Artists of peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 4 Book 2''. - Saint Petersburg: Academic project humanitarian agency, 1995. * ''Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue''. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. * ''Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s''. - London: Izomar, 1998. * ''Vern G. Swanson. Soviet Impressionism.'' - Woodbridge, England: Antique Collectors' Club, 2001. * ''Петр Фомин. Живопись. Воспоминания современников.'' СПб., 2002. С.107. * ''Время перемен. Искусство 1960—1985 в Советском Союзе.'' СПб., Государственный Русский музей, 2006. * ''Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School.'' - Saint-Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. - {{ISBN\|5-901724-21-6}}, {{ISBN\|978-5-901724-21-7}}. * ''Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005.'' - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. {{Painters of Leningrad Union of Artists}} {{Years in Art of USSR}} [[Category:Soviet art\|*]] [[Category:1979 in the Soviet Union\|Art]] [[Category:1979 in art\|Soviet Union]]	1,253,481,323	[]	false
# Eduard Heinrich von Flottwell Eduard Heinrich Flottwell (23 July 1786 – 28 May 1865; after 1861 von Flottwell) was a Prussian Staatsminister. He served as Oberpräsident (governor) of the Grand Duchy of Posen (from 1830) and of the Saxony (from 1841), Westphalia (from 1846) and Brandenburg (from 1850) Provinces. He was also Prussian Minister of Finance (1844-1846) and Minister of Interior (1858-1859). ## Early life Flottwell was born in Insterburg in the Province of East Prussia (present-day Chernyakhovsk in Russian Kaliningrad Oblast), studied law at the University of Königsberg and entered the civil service at the Insterburg court in 1805. ## Career From 1812 he was a member of the East Prussian Regierungspräsidium of Gumbinnen. After the Napoleonic Wars he together with Oberpräsident Theodor von Schön re-organised the administration of the West Prussian province at Danzig. In 1825 he was appointed Regierungspräsident of Marienwerder. When in 1830 the Polish November Uprising led by Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł broke out at Warsaw in Russian Congress Poland, his brother Antoni Radziwiłł was dismissed as Duke-Governor of the Prussian Grand Duchy of Posen by King Frederick William III and the sole rule passed to Flottwell as the new Oberpräsident. He was a strong supporter of Germanisation and standardised schooling policies, which by some was seen as directed against ethnic Polish Prussians in the region. In 1843 in "Anerkennung der Hilfe nach dem großen Hamburger Brand" (acknowledgment of the assistance after the great Hamburg fire), he was named an honorary citizen of Hamburg.	enwiki/1336780	enwiki	1,336,780	Eduard Heinrich von Flottwell	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Heinrich_von_Flottwell	2025-07-24T04:20:32	en	Q70956	50,316	{{Short description\|Prussian politician (1786–1865)}} {{Infobox Officeholder \|name = Eduard Heinrich von Flottwell \|image = Eduard von Flottwell.png \|image_size = \|caption = With [[Order of the Black Eagle]], c. 1861 \|order = \|office1 = ''Oberpräsident'' of the <br/>[[Grand Duchy of Posen]] \|term_start1 = December 1830 \|term_end1 = May 1841 \|predecessor1 = Theodor von Baumann<br/>[[Antoni Radziwiłł]]<br/>(as Duke-Governor) \|successor1 = [[Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg]] \|office2 = ''Oberpräsident'' of the <br/>[[Province of Saxony]] \|term_start2 = May 1841 \|term_end2 = 1844 \|predecessor2 = [[Anton of Stolberg-Wernigerode]] \|successor2 = {{ill\|Wilhelm von Wedell\|de}} \|office3 = ''Oberpräsident'' of the <br/>[[Province of Westphalia]] \|term_start3 = 1846 \|term_end3 = July 1850 \|predecessor3 = {{ill\|Justus Wilhelm Eduard von Schaper\|de}} \|successor3 = {{ill\|Franz von Duesberg\|de}} \|office4 = ''Oberpräsident'' of the <br/>[[East Prussia]] \|term_start4 = 1849 \|term_end4 = 1850 \|predecessor4 = [[Rudolf von Auerswald]] \|successor4 = {{ill\|Franz August Eichmann\|de}} \|office5 = ''Oberpräsident'' of the <br/>[[Province of Brandenburg]] \|term_start5 = 1850 \|term_end5 = 1862 \|predecessor5 = {{ill\|Klemens von Wolff-Metternich\|de}} \|successor5 = {{ill\|Werner von Selchow\|de}} \|birth_name = \|birth_date = {{birth date\|1786\|7\|23\|df=y}} \|birth_place = [[Chernyakhovsk\|Insterburg]], [[Province of East Prussia\|East Prussia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]] \|death_date = {{death date and age\|1865\|5\|28\|1786\|7\|23\|df=y}} \|death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]] \|resting_place = \|resting_place_coordinates = \|residence = \|nationality = \|citizenship = Prussian \|other_names = \|alma_mater = \|employer = \|occupation = \|title = \|party = \|opponents = \|religion = \|spouse = \|partner = \|children = Julius Adalbert Flottwell \|parents = \|relations = \|signature = \|website = }} '''Eduard Heinrich Flottwell''' (23 July 1786 – 28 May 1865; after 1861 '''von Flottwell''') was a [[Kingdom of Prussia\|Prussian]] ''[[Minister of State\|Staatsminister]]''. He served as ''[[Provinces of Prussia\|Oberpräsident]]'' (governor) of the [[Grand Duchy of Posen]] (from 1830) and of the [[Province of Saxony\|Saxony]] (from 1841), [[Province of Westphalia\|Westphalia]] (from 1846) and [[Province of Brandenburg\|Brandenburg]] (from 1850) Provinces. He was also Prussian Minister of Finance (1844-1846) and Minister of Interior (1858-1859). ==Early life== Flottwell was born in [[Chernyakhovsk\|Insterburg]] in the [[Province of East Prussia]] (present-day Chernyakhovsk in Russian [[Kaliningrad Oblast]]), studied law at the [[University of Königsberg]] and entered the civil service at the Insterburg court in 1805. ==Career== From 1812 he was a member of the East Prussian ''[[Regierungsbezirk\|Regierungspräsidium]]'' of [[Gumbinnen (region)\|Gumbinnen]].<ref name="Hamburg">[https://archive.today/20120526194440/http://fhh.hamburg.de/stadt/Aktuell/senat/service/ehrenbuerger/start.html Stadt Hamburg Ehrenbürger] {{in lang\|de}}. Retrieved on June 17, 2008.</ref> After the [[Napoleonic Wars]] he together with ''Oberpräsident'' [[Theodor von Schön]] re-organised the administration of the [[West Prussia]]n province at [[Gdańsk\|Danzig]]. In 1825 he was appointed ''Regierungspräsident'' of [[Marienwerder (region)\|Marienwerder]]. When in 1830 the Polish [[November Uprising]] led by [[Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł]] broke out at [[Warsaw]] in Russian [[Congress Poland]], his brother [[Antoni Radziwiłł]] was dismissed as Duke-Governor of the Prussian [[Grand Duchy of Posen]] by King [[Frederick William III of Prussia\|Frederick William III]] and the sole rule passed to Flottwell as the new ''Oberpräsident''. He was a strong supporter of [[Germanisation]] and standardised schooling policies, which by some was seen as directed against ethnic Polish Prussians in the region. In 1843 in "''Anerkennung der Hilfe nach dem großen Hamburger Brand''" (acknowledgment of the assistance after the great Hamburg fire), he was named an [[List of Honorary Citizens of Hamburg\|honorary citizen of Hamburg]].<ref name="Hamburg"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} * F.Paprocki, ''Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie w okresie rządów Flottwella (1830-1842)'', Poznań 1970 * [[Witold Jakóbczyk]], ''Przetrwać na Wartą 1815-1914'', ''Dzieje narodu i państwa polskiego'', vol. III-55, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Warszawa 1989 {{Prussian Finance Ministers}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Flottwell, Eduard Heinrich}} [[Category:1786 births]] [[Category:1865 deaths]] [[Category:People from Insterburg]] [[Category:People from East Prussia]] [[Category:German untitled nobility]] [[Category:Prussian politicians]] [[Category:Finance ministers of Prussia]] [[Category:Members of the Frankfurt Parliament]] [[Category:Provincial presidents of Posen]] [[Category:Provincial presidents of Westphalia]] [[Category:Provincial presidents of Saxony]] [[Category:University of Königsberg alumni]] {{Germany-politician-stub}}	1,302,227,151	[{"title": "Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Grand Duchy of Posen", "data": {"Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Grand Duchy of Posen": "In office \u00b7 December 1830 \u2013 May 1841", "Preceded by": "Theodor von Baumann \u00b7 Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142 \u00b7 (as Duke-Governor)", "Succeeded by": "Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg"}}, {"title": "Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Province of Saxony", "data": {"Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Province of Saxony": "In office \u00b7 May 1841 \u2013 1844", "Preceded by": "Anton of Stolberg-Wernigerode", "Succeeded by": "Wilhelm von Wedell"}}, {"title": "Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Province of Westphalia", "data": {"Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Province of Westphalia": "In office \u00b7 1846 \u2013 July 1850", "Preceded by": "Justus Wilhelm Eduard von Schaper", "Succeeded by": "Franz von Duesberg"}}, {"title": "Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 East Prussia", "data": {"Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 East Prussia": "In office \u00b7 1849\u20131850", "Preceded by": "Rudolf von Auerswald", "Succeeded by": "Franz August Eichmann"}}, {"title": "Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Province of Brandenburg", "data": {"Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Province of Brandenburg": "In office \u00b7 1850\u20131862", "Preceded by": "Klemens von Wolff-Metternich", "Succeeded by": "Werner von Selchow"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "23 July 1786 \u00b7 Insterburg, East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia", "Died": "28 May 1865 (aged 78) \u00b7 Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia", "Citizenship": "Prussian", "Children": "Julius Adalbert Flottwell"}}]	false
# Ark John Keats Academy Ark John Keats Academy is a co-educational all-through school and sixth form located in the Enfield Wash area of London, England. It is a free school educating primary and Secondary school pupils, and is sponsored by Ark Schools. The school is named after John Keats, the poet. Ark John Keats Academy is located on the site which used to house Albany School until it closed in 2009. The site then housed Oasis Academy Hadley until that school relocated to Ponders End in 2013.	enwiki/53317779	enwiki	53,317,779	Ark John Keats Academy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_John_Keats_Academy	2025-04-10T17:24:18	en	Q28963195	55,291	{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2019}} {{Use British English\|date=February 2023}} {{Infobox school \| name = Ark John Keats Academy \| image = Ark John Keats Academy 1.jpg \| alt = \| caption = \| motto = \| motto_translation = \| address = Bell Lane \| location = [[Enfield Wash]] \| county = [[London]] \| country = [[England]] \| postcode = EN3 5PA \| coordinates = {{coord\|51.6664\|-0.0377\|display=inline,title}} \| type = [[Free school (England)\|Free school]] \| trust = [[Ark Schools]] \| established = {{Start date\|2013\|09}} \| closed = \| local_authority = [[Enfield London Borough Council\|Enfield]] \| ofsted = yes \| urn = 139815 \| head_label = Principal \| head = Katie Marshal \| staff = \| gender = [[Mixed-sex education\|Co-educational]] \| lower_age = 3 \| upper_age = 19 \| enrollment = \| colours = \| website = {{URL\|https://arkjohnkeats.org/}} }} '''Ark John Keats Academy''' is a [[Mixed-sex education\|co-educational]] [[all-through school]] and [[sixth form]] located in the [[Enfield Wash]] area of [[London]], England. It is a [[Free school (England)\|free school]] educating [[Primary school\|primary]] and [[Secondary school]] pupils, and is sponsored by [[Ark Schools]].<ref name="Peat13">{{cite web\|last1=Peat\|first1=Charlie\|title=Headteacher of ARK John Keats Academy says he will give Enfield children some of the best education in the country\|url=http://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/10674484.headteacher-of-ark-john-keats-academy-says-he-will-give-enfield-children-some-of-the-best-education-in-the-country/\|website=Enfield Independent\|accessdate=10 March 2018\|date=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Peat15">{{cite web\|last1=Peat\|first1=Charlie\|title='Outstanding rating' by Ofsted caps of successful two years for new academy\|url=http://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/13343503.outstanding-rating-by-ofsted-caps-of-successful-two-years-for-new-academy/\|website=Enfield Independent\|accessdate=10 March 2018\|date=19 June 2015}}</ref> The school is named after [[John Keats]], the poet. Ark John Keats Academy is located on the site which used to house Albany School until it closed in 2009. The site then housed [[Oasis Academy Hadley]] until that school relocated to [[Ponders End]] in 2013. ==References == {{reflist}} ==External links== *{{Official website\|https://arkjohnkeats.org/}} {{Schools and colleges in Enfield}} {{Ark schools}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Enfield, London]] [[Category:Free schools in London]] [[Category:2013 establishments in England]] [[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]] [[Category:Primary schools in the London Borough of Enfield]] [[Category:Secondary schools in the London Borough of Enfield]] [[Category:Ark schools]] {{London-school-stub}}	1,284,937,996	[{"title": "Address", "data": {"Address": "Bell Lane \u00b7 Enfield Wash \u00b7 London, EN3 5PA \u00b7 England", "Coordinates": "51\u00b039\u203259\u2033N 0\u00b002\u203216\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff51.6664\u00b0N 0.0377\u00b0W"}}, {"title": "Information", "data": {"Type": "Free school", "Established": "September 2013", "Local authority": "Enfield", "Trust": "Ark Schools", "Department for Education URN": "139815 Tables", "Ofsted": "Reports", "Principal": "Katie Marshal", "Gender": "Co-educational", "Age": "3 to 19", "Website": "arkjohnkeats.org"}}]	false
# Srećko Bogdan Srećko Bogdan (born 5 January 1957) is a Croatian former professional footballer who played a defender. He is now a youth coach in NK Inter Zaprešić. ## Club career Bogdan was born in Mursko Središće, Croatia, FPR Yugoslavia. He started his career in his home town with NK Rudar Mursko Središće, where he spent three years before moving to MTČ Čakovec and starting his senior career in 1973. He spent one season and a half with Čakovec before transferring first to Dinamo Zagreb and later to Karlsruhe. He is currently in third place in Dinamo Zagreb's all-time list of appearances for the club, with a total of 595 appearances in which he scored 125 goals. He played for Dinamo Zagreb between January 1975 and June 1985, after which he moved to Karlsruhe in the German 2. Bundesliga. After two years at Karlsruhe, he managed promotion to the Bundesliga with the club and subsequently made 169 appearances for the club in the league over the following six seasons, scoring nine goals. He retired from playing in June 1993. ## International career In his international career, Bogdan played for both former Yugoslavia and Croatia, and won 11 caps for Yugoslavia and two for Croatia, scoring one goal for the latter. He made his debut for Yugoslavia in a January 1977 friendly match away against Colombia, coming on as a 30th-minute substitute for Franjo Vladić. The games for Croatia in 1990 and 1991 were unofficial, since the country was still officially part of Yugoslavia. ## Managerial career Bogdan worked as a coach at Karlsruhe's youth academy between 1993 and 1996, following his retirement as a player at the club. He went on to work as an assistant coach at the club's first team between 1996 and 2001. The first club where he was appointed head coach was Croatian side Inter Zaprešić, where he was in charge in 2005 and 2006. He was then appointed head coach at Segesta Sisak in January 2007, staying with the club until October 2008. In October 2009, he was appointed head coach at Međimurje, signing a contract until the end of the 2009–10 season. He was sacked on 2 April 2010, when the club found themselves on the brink of the relegation zone after a streak of five games without a win. He later managed Savski Marof and became academy boss at Inter Zaprešić. ## Other work During the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Bogdan commented several of the tournament's matches as a co-commentator for the Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT).	enwiki/10478758	enwiki	10,478,758	Srećko Bogdan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Bogdan	2025-02-12T02:18:44	en	Q2315175	62,205	{{Short description\|Croatian footballer (born 1957)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox football biography \| name = Srećko Bogdan \| image = \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1957\|01\|05\|df=yes}} \| birth_place = [[Mursko Središće]], [[Socialist Republic of Croatia\|PR Croatia]], [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia\|Yugoslavia]] \| height = 1.83 m \| position = [[Defender (association football)\|Defender]] \| currentclub = \| youthyears1 = 1970–1973 \| youthclubs1 = Rudar Mursko Središće \| youthyears2 = 1973–1974 \| youthclubs2 = [[NK Čakovec\|Čakovec]] \| years1 = 1974–1985 \| clubs1 = [[NK Dinamo Zagreb\|Dinamo Zagreb]] \| caps1 = 262 \| goals1 = 34 \| years2 = 1985–1993 \| clubs2 = [[Karlsruher SC]] \| caps2 = 245 \| goals2 = 21 \| totalcaps = 507 \| totalgoals = 55 \| nationalyears1 = 1977–1983 \| nationalteam1 = [[Yugoslavia national football team\|Yugoslavia]] \| nationalcaps1 = 11 \|nationalgoals1 = 0 \| nationalyears2 = 1990–1991 \| nationalteam2 = [[Croatia national football team\|Croatia]] \| nationalcaps2 = 2 \|nationalgoals2 = 1 \| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport \| Men's [[Association football\|Football]]}} {{MedalCountry \| {{YUG}} }} {{MedalCompetition\|[[Mediterranean Games]]}} {{MedalGold \| [[UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship\|UEFA U-21 Euro]]\|[[1978 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship\|1978]]}} {{MedalGold \| [[1979 Mediterranean Games\|1979 Split]] \| Team}} \| manageryears1 = 1996–2001 \| managerclubs1 = [[Karlsruher SC]] (assistant) \| manageryears2 = 2001–2002 \| managerclubs2 = [[VfR Mannheim]] \| manageryears3 = 2005–2006 \| managerclubs3 = [[NK Inter Zaprešić\|Inter Zaprešić]] \| manageryears4 = 2007–2008 \| managerclubs4 = [[HNK Segesta\|Segesta]] \| manageryears5 = 2009–2010 \| managerclubs5 = [[NK Međimurje\|Međimurje]] \| manageryears6 = 2010–2011 \| managerclubs6 = [[NK Savski Marof\|Savski Marof]] }} '''Srećko Bogdan''' (born 5 January 1957) is a Croatian former professional [[Association football\|football]]er who played a [[defender (association football)\|defender]]. He is now a [[coach (sport)\|youth coach]] in [[NK Inter Zaprešić]]. ==Club career== Bogdan was born in [[Mursko Središće]], [[Croatia]], [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia\|FPR Yugoslavia]]. He started his career in his home town with NK Rudar Mursko Središće, where he spent three years before moving to [[NK Čakovec\|MTČ Čakovec]] and starting his senior career in 1973. He spent one season and a half with Čakovec before transferring first to [[Dinamo Zagreb]] and later to [[Karlsruher SC\|Karlsruhe]]. He is currently in third place in Dinamo Zagreb's all-time list of appearances for the club, with a total of 595 appearances in which he scored 125 goals.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.nk-dinamo.hr/klub-nastupi/Default.aspx \| title = Dinamo Zagreb's top 10 of players with most appearances \| publisher = nk-dinamo.hr \| language = Croatian \| accessdate = 31 December 2010}}</ref> He played for Dinamo Zagreb between January 1975 and June 1985, after which he moved to Karlsruhe in the German [[2. Bundesliga]]. After two years at Karlsruhe, he managed promotion to the [[Bundesliga]] with the club and subsequently made 169 appearances for the club in the league over the following six seasons, scoring nine goals.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.worldfootball.net/spieler_profil.php?id=7319&modus=2 \| title =Srećko Bogdan \| publisher = worldfootball.net \| accessdate = 31 December 2010}}</ref> He retired from playing in June 1993. ==International career== In his international career, Bogdan played for both former [[Yugoslavia national football team\|Yugoslavia]] and [[Croatia national football team\|Croatia]], and won 11 caps for Yugoslavia and two for Croatia, scoring one goal for the latter.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.hns-cff.hr/?ln=hr&w=statistike&d=prisutnost&repka=A&id=113900 \| title =International appearances for Croatia \| publisher = hns-cff.hr \| language = Croatian \| accessdate = 31 December 2010}}</ref> He made his debut for Yugoslavia in a January 1977 [[friendly match]] away against [[Colombia national football team\|Colombia]], coming on as a 30th-minute substitute for [[Franjo Vladić]]. The games for Croatia in 1990 and 1991 were unofficial,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=2174\|title=Player Database\|accessdate=18 June 2022\|website=EU-football}}</ref> since the country was still officially part of Yugoslavia. ==Managerial career== Bogdan worked as a coach at [[Karlsruher SC\|Karlsruhe]]'s youth academy between 1993 and 1996, following his retirement as a player at the club. He went on to work as an assistant coach at the club's first team between 1996 and 2001. The first club where he was appointed head coach was Croatian side [[NK Inter Zaprešić\|Inter Zaprešić]], where he was in charge in 2005 and 2006. He was then appointed head coach at [[HNK Segesta\|Segesta Sisak]] in January 2007, staying with the club until October 2008. In October 2009, he was appointed head coach at [[NK Međimurje\|Međimurje]], signing a contract until the end of the 2009–10 season. He was sacked on 2 April 2010, when the club found themselves on the brink of the relegation zone after a streak of five games without a win. He later managed [[NK Savski Marof\|Savski Marof]] and became academy boss at Inter Zaprešić.<ref>[https://medjimurski.hr/bivsi-nogometas-dinama-i-karlsruhera-i-trener-srecko-bogdan-danas-slavi-66-rodendan/ Bivši nogometaš Dinama i trener Srećko Bogdan danas slavi 66. rođendan] - Medjimurski {{in lang\|hr}}</ref> ==Other work== During the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], Bogdan commented several of the tournament's matches as a co-commentator for the [[Croatian Radiotelevision]] (HRT). ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{sports links}} * {{Reprezentacija}} {{1987–88 kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bogdan, Srecko}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Mursko Središće]] [[Category:Men's association football defenders]] [[Category:Yugoslav men's footballers]] [[Category:Yugoslavia men's international footballers]] [[Category:Croatian men's footballers]] [[Category:Croatia men's international footballers]] [[Category:Dual internationalists (men's football)]] [[Category:Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Yugoslavia]] [[Category:Competitors at the 1979 Mediterranean Games]] [[Category:Mediterranean Games medalists in football]] [[Category:GNK Dinamo Zagreb players]] [[Category:Karlsruher SC players]] [[Category:Yugoslav First League players]] [[Category:Bundesliga players]] [[Category:2. Bundesliga players]] [[Category:Yugoslav expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Croatian expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in West Germany]] [[Category:Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in West Germany]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Germany]] [[Category:Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in Germany]] [[Category:Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Germany]] [[Category:Croatian football managers]] [[Category:VfR Mannheim managers]] [[Category:NK Inter Zaprešić managers]] [[Category:HNK Segesta managers]] [[Category:NK Međimurje managers]] [[Category:Croatian expatriate football managers]] [[Category:Expatriate football managers in Germany]]	1,275,278,434	[{"title": "Sre\u0107ko Bogdan", "data": {"Date of birth": "5 January 1957", "Place of birth": "Mursko Sredi\u0161\u0107e, PR Croatia, Yugoslavia", "Height": "1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)", "Position(s)": "Defender"}}, {"title": "Youth career", "data": {"1970\u20131973": "Rudar Mursko Sredi\u0161\u0107e", "1973\u20131974": "\u010cakovec"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "1974\u20131985": "Dinamo Zagreb \u00b7 262 \u00b7 (34)", "1985\u20131993": "Karlsruher SC \u00b7 245 \u00b7 (21)", "Total": "507 \u00b7 (55)"}}, {"title": "International career", "data": {"1977\u20131983": "Yugoslavia \u00b7 11 \u00b7 (0)", "1990\u20131991": "Croatia \u00b7 2 \u00b7 (1)"}}, {"title": "Managerial career", "data": {"1996\u20132001": "Karlsruher SC (assistant)", "2001\u20132002": "VfR Mannheim", "2005\u20132006": "Inter Zapre\u0161i\u0107", "2007\u20132008": "Segesta", "2009\u20132010": "Me\u0111imurje", "2010\u20132011": "Savski Marof"}}, {"title": "Mediterranean Games", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": ["UEFA U-21 Euro \u00b7 1978", "1979 Split \u00b7 Team"]}}]	false
# Carleton B. Swift Jr. Carleton B. Swift Jr. was a U.S. Navy seaman, Office of Strategic Services (OSS) officer, and CIA officer between 1941 and 1974. Swift played a subordinate role to Archimedes Patti as part of the OSS team that met with Ho Chi Minh in September, 1945. ## Early life Carleton Byron Swift Jr. was born on 4 July 1919 in Portland, Oregon, and studied engineering at Harvard where he graduated in 1941. He was the son of Carleton Byron Swift and his wife, Lila Leonard. His father was a member of the Swift meat-packing family. ## Career ### World War II After serving time in the Navy he joined the OSS and was sent to China where he was based in Kunming and monitored Japanese shipping. He was later assigned to monitor the situation in what would become North Vietnam and after the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki he traveled with Archimedes Patti and Jean Sainteny to Hanoi. His and Patti's mission was to assist in the repatriation of allied prisoners of war which the U.S. government was concerned the Japanese might hurt following the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and secondly to gather intelligence. During their time in Hanoi the OSS officers and their team met with Ho Chi Minh and although Swift did not speak French as Patti did he also met with Ho Chi Minh on at least one occasion. Swift denied that the U.S. could have been significant in creating the Viet Minh because the OSS had never had more than three 12-14 man commando teams operating in Indochina. Swift and Patti both left Hanoi at the end of September, 1945 after the French alleged that the Americans had been fomenting a revolution there. ### Work at the CIA Swift served with the CIA in Seoul, Baghdad, Tokyo, London and The Hague before retiring in 1974. ## Family Swift was married and divorced three times and had six children. ## Death Swift died on January 24, 2012, at his home in Washington.	enwiki/38024565	enwiki	38,024,565	Carleton B. Swift Jr.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_B._Swift_Jr.	2025-07-27T23:55:38	en	Q5041198	25,259	{{notability\|Biographies\|date=December 2012}} '''Carleton B. Swift Jr.''' was a [[U.S. Navy]] seaman, [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) officer, and [[CIA]] officer between 1941 and 1974. Swift played a subordinate role to [[Archimedes Patti]] as part of the OSS team that met with Ho Chi Minh in September, 1945. ==Early life== Carleton Byron Swift Jr. was born on 4 July 1919 in [[Portland, Oregon\|Portland]], [[Oregon]], and studied engineering at [[Harvard]] where he graduated in 1941.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web \|author=Personal Post \|url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-02-17/local/35443574_1_cia-officer-clandestine-services-office-of-strategic-services \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205222155/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-02-17/local/35443574_1_cia-officer-clandestine-services-office-of-strategic-services \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2013-02-05 \|title=Carleton B. Swift Jr., CIA officer - Washington Post \|publisher=Articles.washingtonpost.com \|date=2012-02-17 \|accessdate=2012-12-28 }}</ref> He was the son of Carleton Byron Swift and his wife, Lila Leonard. His father was a member of the Swift meat-packing family. ==Career== ===World War II=== After serving time in the Navy he joined the OSS and was sent to China where he was based in [[Kunming]] and monitored Japanese shipping.<ref name=autogenerated2>Interview with Carleton Swift, 1981, http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-9dc948-interview-with-carleton-swift</ref> He was later assigned to monitor the situation in what would become [[North Vietnam]] and after the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] he traveled with [[Archimedes Patti]] and [[Jean Sainteny]] to [[Hanoi]].<ref name=autogenerated2 /> His and Patti's mission was to assist in the repatriation of allied [[Prisoner of war\|prisoners of war]] which the U.S. government was concerned the Japanese might hurt following the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] and secondly to gather intelligence.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> During their time in Hanoi the OSS officers and their team met with [[Ho Chi Minh]] and although Swift did not speak [[French language\|French]] as [[Archimedes Patti\|Patti]] did he also met with Ho Chi Minh on at least one occasion.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Swift denied that the U.S. could have been significant in creating the [[Viet Minh]] because the OSS had never had more than three 12-14 man commando teams operating in [[Indochina]].<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Swift and Patti both left Hanoi at the end of September, 1945 after the French alleged that the Americans had been fomenting a revolution there.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> ===Work at the CIA=== Swift served with the [[CIA]] in Seoul, Baghdad, Tokyo, London and The Hague before retiring in 1974.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> ==Family== Swift was married and divorced three times and had six children.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> ==Death== Swift died on January 24, 2012, at his home in Washington.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> ==See also== [[Vietnam during World War II]] [[Decolonisation of Asia]] [[Western imperialism in Asia\|Imperialism in Asia]] [[Vietnam War]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Swift, Carleton B Jr}} [[Category:United States Navy officers]] [[Category:1919 births]] [[Category:2012 deaths]] [[Category:People of the Office of Strategic Services]] [[Category:People of the Central Intelligence Agency]] [[Category:Military personnel from Portland, Oregon]] [[Category:Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni]] [[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]	1,302,887,700	[]	false
# Negussie Negussie (also Negusse, Negusie or Nigussie), meaning "King of", is a name of Ethiopian origin that may refer to: - Hailu Negussie (born 1978), Ethiopian marathon runner and 2005 Boston Marathon winner - Abebech Negussie (born 1983), Ethiopian middle-distance runner - Andualem Negusse (born 1985), Ethiopian footballer - Yetnebersh Nigussie (born 1982), Ethiopian lawyer and disability rights activist	enwiki/40019354	enwiki	40,019,354	Negussie	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negussie	2016-04-27T08:43:50	en	Q16280031	4,934	'''Negussie''' (also '''Negusse''', '''Negusie''' or '''Nigussie'''), meaning "King of", is a name of Ethiopian origin that may refer to: [[Hailu Negussie]] (born 1978), Ethiopian marathon runner and 2005 Boston Marathon winner [[Abebech Negussie]] (born 1983), Ethiopian middle-distance runner [[Andualem Negusse]] (born 1985), Ethiopian footballer [[Yetnebersh Nigussie]] (born 1982), Ethiopian lawyer and disability rights activist ==See also== *''[[Negusie v. Holder]]'', 2009 legal case at the United States Supreme Court regarding asylum {{given name\|surname}} [[Category:Amharic-language names]]	717,372,190	[]	false
# Hirani Hirani is an Indian surname belonging to a caste of people originating from Sindh region. Notable people with the surname include: - Kishan Hirani (born 1992), Welsh snooker player - Krupesh Hirani (born 1985), British politician - Rajkumar Hirani (born 1962), Indian film director, producer, screenwriter, and editor	enwiki/39642505	enwiki	39,642,505	Hirani	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirani	2025-02-08T07:21:29	en	Q16799047	5,483	'''Hirani''' is an [[Indian surname]] belonging to a [[Indian caste\|caste]] of people originating from [[Sindh region]]. Notable people with the surname include: * [[Kishan Hirani]] (born 1992), Welsh snooker player * [[Krupesh Hirani]] (born 1985), British politician * [[Rajkumar Hirani]] (born 1962), Indian film director, producer, screenwriter, and editor ==See also== * [[Hiran (disambiguation)]] * {{intitle}} {{surname}} [[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]	1,274,596,487	[]	false
# Jeffrey Reid Baker Jeffrey Reid Baker (born c. 1947) is a pianist, composer, arranger best known for his work as a pioneer in the world of computer recording using synthesizers and digital instruments in the mid-1980s. He gained national media attention, from major publications such as the Chicago Tribune, Stereo Review, Digital Audio, and USA Today among others, when he produced four cross-over classical albums - Lisztronique (Now Fantastic Liszt), Rhapsody In Electric Blue, Carmina Burana Synthesized, and Everyone's Favorite Synthesizer Pieces. His work was also featured in both the BMG and Columbia House record clubs in the late 1980s and early 1990s. During the 1990s, Baker went to work for an Atlanta-based corporation and spent several years composing music in all styles ranging from walking tapes to children's music. His work on a Christmas project led him, in the spring of 1996, to start his own musical production company and record label - JRB Records. Its first release was “A Composer’s Christmas”. And in 1999, Baker released a Rachmaninoff CD containing the Third Piano Concerto in its original 2-Piano form (only recording), and his own arrangement of the Cello Sonata for two-pianos (world premiere). In the year 2000, Baker was asked by the Musicland/Sam Goody chain if he would produce a “Scott Joplin Greatest Hits” album. Since then JRB Records, he has released “Grand Russian Fantasy” and “Fingerbreakers”. And in 2018 released his most recent album “Concrete Jungle”.	enwiki/46860579	enwiki	46,860,579	Jeffrey Reid Baker	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Reid_Baker	2025-03-15T19:46:00	en	Q20090205	27,559	{{Short description\|Pianist, composer and arranger}}{{Multiple issues\| {{BLP sources\|date=June 2017}} {{no footnotes\|date=June 2017}} }} '''Jeffrey Reid Baker''' (born {{circa}} 1947) is a [[pianist]], [[composer]], [[Arrangement\|arranger]] best known for his work as a pioneer in the world of computer recording using [[synthesizer]]s and digital instruments in the mid-1980s. He gained national media attention, from major publications such as the [[Chicago Tribune]], [[Sound & Vision (magazine)\|Stereo Review]], Digital Audio, and [[USA Today]] among others, when he produced four cross-over classical albums - [http://www.jrbrecords.com/prods/9002/index.html Lisztronique (Now Fantastic Liszt)], Rhapsody In Electric Blue, Carmina Burana Synthesized, and Everyone's Favorite Synthesizer Pieces. His work was also featured in both the BMG and Columbia House record clubs in the late 1980s and early 1990s. During the 1990s, Baker went to work for an Atlanta-based corporation and spent several years composing music in all styles ranging from walking tapes to [[children's music]]. His work on a Christmas project led him, in the spring of 1996, to start his own musical production company and [[record label]] - JRB Records. Its first release was “A Composer’s Christmas”. And in 1999, Baker released a Rachmaninoff CD containing the Third Piano Concerto in its original 2-Piano form (only recording), and his own arrangement of the Cello Sonata for two-pianos (world premiere). In the year 2000, Baker was asked by the Musicland/Sam Goody chain if he would produce a “Scott Joplin Greatest Hits” album. Since then JRB Records, he has released “Grand Russian Fantasy” and “Fingerbreakers”. And in 2018 released his most recent album “Concrete Jungle”. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.jeffreyreidbaker.com Official Website] * [http://www.jrbrecords.com JRB Records - Catalog] * [https://music.apple.com/us/artist/jeffrey-reid-baker/41758833 JRB on iTunes] * [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jeffrey-reid-baker-mn0000071764 JRB on AllMusic] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baker, Jeffrey Reid}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:1940s births]] [[Category:20th-century American composers]] [[Category:20th-century American pianists]] [[Category:American male pianists]] [[Category:American male composers]] [[Category:21st-century American pianists]] [[Category:20th-century American male musicians]] [[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]	1,280,663,246	[]	false
# Mike Dudek Mike Dudek (born August 21, 1995) is a former American football wide receiver known for his time with the Illinois Fighting Illini. As a true freshman, Dudek broke Illinois' school record for receiving yards by a freshman, previously set by Arrelious Benn in 2007. ## High school During his senior season, Dudek recorded 2,361 yards of Total offense, averaging 196.8 yards per game, and caught 23 TDs. This earned Dudek the Upstate Eight Conference Player of the Year award in 2013 and 1st Team All-State honors from the News-Gazette, Chicago Tribune, and IHSFCA. Despite these honors, Dudek's only received two Football Championship Subdivision offers, from North Dakota State and Illinois State. Illinois was Dudek's only Football Bowl Subdivision scholarship offer and he was primarily recruited by Mike Bellamy. \| Name \| Hometown \| High school / college \| Height \| Weight \| 40‡ \| Commit date \| \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------ \| --------------------- \| ------------------- \| -------------- \| ---- \| ----------- \| \| Mike Dudek WR \| Naperville, IL \| Neuqua Valley (IL) \| 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) \| 163 lb (74 kg) \| 4.61 \| Apr 3, 2013 \| \| Mike Dudek WR \| Star ratings: Scout: Rivals: 247Sports: ESPN: ESPN grade: 76 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Overall recruiting rankings: Scout: 72 (WR) Rivals: N/A 247Sports: 145 (WR) ESPN: 119 (WR) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight. - In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale. Sources: - "Illinois Football Commitment List". Rivals.com. Retrieved December 8, 2014. - "2014 Illinois Football Commits". Scout.com. Retrieved December 8, 2014. - "Illinois Cowboys". ESPN.com. Retrieved December 8, 2014. - "Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved December 8, 2014. - "2014 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved December 8, 2014. - "Illinois 2014 Football Commits". 247sports.com. Retrieved December 8, 2014. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ## College career Dudek enrolled early at Illinois and participated in spring 2014 practices, impressing coaches and drawing early comparisons to Wes Welker. After Illinois' week 2 win over Western Kentucky in which Dudek had four receptions for 55 yards and a touchdown, he was named Big Ten Freshman of the Week. Later in the season Dudek was named to the Biletnikoff Award watch list. The Biletnikoff Award is awarded annually to the most outstanding receiver in American college football. In the October 4th game at home against Purdue, Dudek became the fourth player in school history to catch at least 200 yards in a game, joining Steve Hull, A. J. Jenkins, and College Football Hall of Fame Inductee David Williams. At the end of the 2014 season, Dudek led all Big Ten Conference freshmen in receptions and receiving yards. In 2015 spring workouts, Dudek tore his ACL and was medically redshirted, ending his season. ### Statistics Through the end of the 2017 regular season, Dudek's statistics are as follows: \| NCAA Collegiate Career statistics \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Illinois Fighting Illini \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Season \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Rushing \| Rushing \| Rushing \| Rushing \| \| Season \| Games \| Rec \| Yards \| Yds/Rec \| Long \| Yds/G \| TD \| Att \| Yards \| Avg \| TD \| \| 2014 \| 12 \| 69 \| 965 \| 14.0 \| 56 \| 80.4 \| 6 \| 5 \| 23 \| 4.6 \| 0 \| \| 2015 \| Medical redshirt \| Medical redshirt \| Medical redshirt \| Medical redshirt \| Medical redshirt \| Medical redshirt \| Medical redshirt \| Medical redshirt \| Medical redshirt \| Medical redshirt \| Medical redshirt \| \| 2016 \| Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) \| Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) \| Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) \| Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) \| Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) \| Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) \| Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) \| Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) \| Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) \| Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) \| Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) \| \| 2017 \| 7 \| 24 \| 262 \| 10.9 \| 31 \| 37.4 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| ## Personal life Due to his physical stature as a wide receiver, Dudek oftentimes draws comparisons to NFL Pro Bowl wideout Wes Welker. Dudek has also been timed running as fast as NFL Pro Bowl receiver Brandon Marshall at 22 miles per hour (35 km/h). Dudek has an older brother, Danny, who played college football for Dayton.	enwiki/44638556	enwiki	44,638,556	Mike Dudek	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Dudek	2025-04-22T16:42:40	en	Q18631674	67,426	{{Short description\|American football player (born 1995)}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox college football player \|name=Mike Dudek \|school=Illinois Fighting Illini \|currentnumber=18 \|currentposition=[[Wide receiver]] \|class=Senior \|major=Business \|birth_date={{Birth date and age\|1995\|08\|21}} \|birth_place=[[Naperville, Illinois]] \|heightft=5 \|heightin=11 \|weight=195 \|highlights= First Team Freshman All-American (2014) Second Team All-Big Ten ([[2014 Big Ten Conference football season\|2014]]) \|highschool=[[Neuqua Valley High School\|Neuqua Valley (IL)]] \|pastschools= [[University of Illinois\|Illinois]] (2014−present) \|cbs= \|espn= \|si= \|yahoo= \|rivals= }} '''Mike Dudek''' (born August 21, 1995) is a former [[American football]] [[wide receiver]] known for his time with the [[Illinois Fighting Illini football\|Illinois Fighting Illini]]. As a true freshman, Dudek broke Illinois' school record for receiving yards by a freshman, previously set by [[Arrelious Benn]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://www.suntimes.com/sports/colleges/30803682-419/illinois-receiver-mike-dudek-a-breakout-star.html#.VH4mDzHF_95 \| publisher=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] \| title=Illinois receiver Mike Dudek a breakout star \| date=2014-11-01 \| author=Greenberg, Steve}}</ref> ==High school== During his senior season, Dudek recorded 2,361 yards of [[Total offense]], averaging 196.8 yards per game, and caught 23 [[Touchdown\|TDs]]. This earned Dudek the [[Upstate Eight Conference]] Player of the Year award in 2013 and 1st Team All-State honors from the ''[[The News-Gazette (Champaign-Urbana)\|News-Gazette]]'', ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', and IHSFCA.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.fightingillini.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/mike_dudek_886542.html \|title=Mike Dudek \|accessdate=2014-12-02 \|publisher=University of Illinois DIA \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225021509/http://www.fightingillini.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/mike_dudek_886542.html \|archivedate=2014-12-25 }}</ref><ref name="Positively Naperville">{{cite web \| url=http://sports.positivelynaperville.com/2014/10/31/former-neuqua-standout-dudek-raising-bar-illinois/ \| publisher=Positively Naperville \| title=Former Neuqua standout, Dudek, is raising the bar at Illinois \| author=Baumgartner, Blake \| date=2014-10-31 \| accessdate=2014-12-08}}</ref> Despite these honors, Dudek's only received two [[Football Championship Subdivision]] offers, from [[North Dakota State Bison football\|North Dakota State]] and [[Illinois State Redbirds football\|Illinois State]]. [[Illinois Fighting Illini football\|Illinois]] was Dudek's only [[Football Bowl Subdivision]] scholarship offer and he was primarily recruited by [[Mike Bellamy]]. {{College athlete recruit start\|40=yes\|collapse=no\|year=2014}} {{College athlete recruit entry \| recruit = Mike Dudek \| position = [[Wide receiver\|WR]] \| hometown = Naperville, IL \| highschool =[[Neuqua Valley High School\|Neuqua Valley (IL)]] \| feet = 5 \| inches = 11 \| weight = 163 \| 40 = 4.61 \| commitdate = 2013-04-03 \| scout stars = 3 \| rivals stars = 3 \| 247 stars = 3 \| espn grade = 76 \| espn stars = 3 }} {{College athlete recruit end \| 40 = \| year = 2014 \| rivals ref title = Illinois Football Commitment List \| scout ref title = 2014 Illinois Football Commits \| 247 ref title = Illinois 2014 Football Commits \| espn ref title = Illinois Cowboys \| rivals school = illinois \| scout s = 181 \| 247 school = illinois \| espn schoolid = 197 \| scout overall = 72 (WR) \| rivals overall = N/A \| 247 overall = 145 (WR) \| espn overall = 119 (WR) \| accessdate = 2014-12-08 }} ==College career== Dudek enrolled early at Illinois and participated in spring 2014 practices, impressing coaches and drawing early comparisons to [[Wes Welker]].<ref name="Tribune Early Enroll">{{cite web \| url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2014/04/08/mike-dudek-getting-quick-initiation-at-illinois/ \| publisher=[[Chicago Tribune]] \| title=Mike Dudek getting quick initiation at Illinois \| date=2014-04-08 \| access-date=2014-12-02 \| author=Hine, Chris}}</ref> After Illinois' week 2 win over [[2014 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football team\|Western Kentucky]] in which Dudek had four receptions for 55 yards and a touchdown, he was named [[2014 Big Ten Conference football season\|Big Ten]] Freshman of the Week.<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://www.bigten.org/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/090814aaa.html \| publisher=[[Big Ten Conference]] \| title=Big Ten Football Players of the Week \| date=2014-09-08 \| accessdate=2014-12-02 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908180453/http://www.bigten.org/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/090814aaa.html \| archive-date=2014-09-08 \| url-status=dead }}</ref> Later in the season Dudek was named to the [[Biletnikoff Award]] watch list. The Biletnikoff Award is awarded annually to the most outstanding receiver in American college football.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.csnchicago.com/big-ten/illini-wideout-mike-dudek-added-biletnikoff-watch-list \|publisher=[[Comcast SportsNet Chicago]] \|title=Illini wideout Mike Dudek added to Biletnikoff watch list \|date=2014-10-07 \|accessdate=2014-12-02 \|author=Duber, Vinnie \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009120225/http://www.csnchicago.com/big-ten/illini-wideout-mike-dudek-added-biletnikoff-watch-list \|archivedate=2014-10-09 }}</ref> In the October 4th game at home against [[2014 Purdue Boilermakers football team\|Purdue]], Dudek became the fourth player in school history to catch at least 200 yards in a game, joining Steve Hull, [[A. J. Jenkins]], and [[College Football Hall of Fame\|College Football Hall of Fame Inductee]] [[David Williams (wide receiver)\|David Williams]].<ref name="Positively Naperville" /> At the end of the 2014 season, Dudek led all [[2014 Big Ten Conference football season\|Big Ten Conference]] freshmen in receptions and receiving yards.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/stats/player?season=2014&group=5 \| publisher=[[ESPN]] \| title=Big Ten Player Receiving Statistics - 2014 \| date=2014 \| access-date=2014-12-02}}</ref> In 2015 spring workouts, Dudek tore his [[Anterior cruciate ligament\|ACL]] and was medically [[Redshirt (college sports)\|redshirted]], ending his season. ===Statistics=== Through the end of the 2017 regular season, Dudek's statistics are as follows:<ref>{{cite web \|title=Mike Dudek \|url=https://fightingillini.com/services/download_file.ashx?file_location=https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/fightingillini.com/documents/2017/9/4/season.pdf\|publisher=Illinois Athletics\|work=www.fightingillini.com \|accessdate=August 7, 2018}}</ref> {\| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" \|- \|! colspan="12" style="background:gray; border:2px solid silver; color:white;"\|{{center\|'''NCAA Collegiate Career statistics'''}} \|- \|! colspan="12" style="background: #e04e39; border: 2px solid #13294b; color:#FFFFFF;" \|{{center\|'''Illinois Fighting Illini'''}} \|- ! rowspan=2\|Season ! colspan=7\|Receiving ! colspan=4\|Rushing \|- ! Games !! Rec !! Yards !! Yds/Rec !! Long !! Yds/G !! TD !! Att !! Yards !! Avg !! TD \|- \| '''[[2014 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\|2014]]''' \| 12 \|\| 69 \|\| 965 \|\| 14.0 \|\| 56 \|\| 80.4 \|\| 6 \|\| 5 \|\| 23 \|\| 4.6 \|\| 0 \|- \| '''[[2015 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\|2015]]''' \|colspan="11"\| [[Redshirt (college sports)\|Medical redshirt]] \|- \| '''[[2016 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\|2016]]''' \|colspan="11"\| Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) \|- \| '''[[2017 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\|2017]]''' \| 7 \|\| 24 \|\| 262 \|\| 10.9 \|\| 31 \|\| 37.4 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- \|} ==Personal life== Due to his physical stature as a wide receiver, Dudek oftentimes draws comparisons to [[NFL]] [[Pro Bowl]] wideout [[Wes Welker]].<ref name="Tribune Early Enroll" /><ref>{{cite web \|title=Do Illini have next Welker? \|url=http://herald-review.com/sports/illini/do-illini-have-next-welker/article_13a9ed80-1c3b-54e5-944c-b932a80ad703.html \|publisher=[[Herald & Review]] \| author=Tupper, Mark \| date=2014-04-06 \| accessdate=2014-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Dudek, Allison give Illini as the Big Ten's top receiving tandem \|url=https://www.foxnews.com/sports/2014/10/18/dudek-allison-give-illini-big-ten-top-receiving-tandem.html \|publisher=[[Fox News]] \| date=2014-10-18 \| access-date=2014-12-08}}</ref> Dudek has also been timed running as fast as [[NFL]] [[Pro Bowl]] receiver [[Brandon Marshall]] at {{convert\|22\|mph\|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.csnchicago.com/big-ten/fast-bears-brandon-marshall-illini-mike-dudek-runs-22-mph-treadmill \|publisher=[[Comcast SportsNet Chicago]] \|title=As fast as Bears' Marshall, Illini's Dudek runs 22 MPH on treadmill \|author=Tupper, Mark \|date=2014-10-19 \|accessdate=2014-12-08 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121231736/http://www.csnchicago.com/big-ten/fast-bears-brandon-marshall-illini-mike-dudek-runs-22-mph-treadmill \|archivedate=2014-11-21 }}</ref> Dudek has an older brother, Danny, who played [[college football]] for [[Dayton Flyers football\|Dayton]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.dailyillini.com/sports/men_sports/football/article_e01a4694-33ca-11e4-a183-001a4bcf6878.html \|publisher=[[The Daily Illini]] \|title=Illini football's Dudek, brother share more than a birthday \|author=Carroll, Charlotte \|date=2014-09-04 \|accessdate=2014-12-08 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206112142/http://www.dailyillini.com/sports/men_sports/football/article_e01a4694-33ca-11e4-a183-001a4bcf6878.html \|archivedate=2015-02-06 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}} ==External links== [https://web.archive.org/web/20141225021509/http://www.fightingillini.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/mike_dudek_886542.html Illinois Fighting Illini bio] {{DEFAULTSORT:Dudek, Mike}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Players of American football from Naperville, Illinois]] [[Category:American football wide receivers]] [[Category:Illinois Fighting Illini football players]]	1,286,888,774	[{"title": "Mike Dudek", "data": {"Position": "Wide receiver", "Class": "Senior", "Major": "Business"}}, {"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Born": "August 21, 1995 \u00b7 Naperville, Illinois", "Height": "5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)", "Weight": "195 lb (88 kg)"}}, {"title": "Career history", "data": {"College": "- Illinois (2014\u2212present)", "High school": "Neuqua Valley (IL)"}}, {"title": "Career highlights and awards", "data": {"Career highlights and awards": "- First Team Freshman All-American (2014) - Second Team All-Big Ten (2014)"}}]	false
# Glad Valley, South Dakota Glad Valley is an unincorporated community in Ziebach County, South Dakota, United States. Glad Valley is located on South Dakota Highway 20, 17 miles (27 km) west of Isabel. Glad Valley was laid out in 1926, and named for the nearby Glad Valley Ranch.	enwiki/24615274	enwiki	24,615,274	Glad Valley, South Dakota	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glad_Valley,_South_Dakota	2025-07-09T03:05:56	en	Q5566198	45,803	{{Use American English\|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox settlement \|official_name = Glad Valley, South Dakota \|settlement_type = [[Unincorporated area\|Unincorporated community]] \|nickname = \|motto = <!-- Images --> \|image_skyline = \|imagesize = \|image_caption = \|image_flag = \|image_seal = <!-- Maps --> \|image_map = \|mapsize = \|map_caption = \|image_map1 = \|mapsize1 = \|map_caption1 = \|pushpin_map=South Dakota <!-- Location --> \|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states\|Country]] \|subdivision_name = United States \|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state\|State]] \|subdivision_name1 = [[South Dakota]] \|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in South Dakota\|County]] \|subdivision_name2 = [[Ziebach County, South Dakota\|Ziebach]] <!-- Government --> \|government_footnotes = \|government_type = \|leader_title = \|leader_name = \|leader_title1 = \|leader_name1 = \|established_title = \|established_date = <!-- Area --> \|unit_pref = \|area_footnotes = \|area_magnitude = \|area_total_km2 = \|area_land_km2 = \|area_water_km2 = \|area_total_sq_mi = \|area_land_sq_mi = \|area_water_sq_mi = <!-- Population --> \|population_as_of = \|population_footnotes = \|population_total = \|population_density_km2 = \|population_density_sq_mi = <!-- General information --> \|timezone = [[Central Time Zone\|Central (CST)]] \|utc_offset = -6 \|utc_offset_DST = -5 \|elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/> \|elevation_ft = 2464 \|coordinates = {{coord\|45\|23\|57\|N\|101\|46\|40\|W\|region:US-SD\|display=inline,title}} <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> \|postal_code_type = \|postal_code = \|area_code = [[Area code 605\|605]] \|blank_name = [[Geographic Names Information System\|GNIS]] feature ID \|blank_info = 1255253<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS\|1255253}}</ref> \|blank1_name = \|blank1_info = \|website = \|footnotes = }} '''Glad Valley''' is an [[Unincorporated area\|unincorporated community]] in [[Ziebach County, South Dakota\|Ziebach County]], [[South Dakota]], United States. Glad Valley is located on [[South Dakota Highway 20]], {{convert\|17\|mi\|km}} west of [[Isabel, South Dakota\|Isabel]]. Glad Valley was laid out in 1926, and named for the nearby Glad Valley Ranch.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Federal Writers' Project\|author-link=Federal Writers' Project\|title=South Dakota place-names, v.1-3\|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027015455;view=1up;seq=111\|year=1940\|publisher=University of South Dakota\|page=38}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Ziebach County, South Dakota}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Unincorporated communities in Ziebach County, South Dakota]] [[Category:Unincorporated communities in South Dakota]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1926]] {{SouthDakota-geo-stub}}	1,299,551,788	[{"title": "Glad Valley, South Dakota", "data": {"Country": "United States", "State": "South Dakota", "County": "Ziebach", "Elevation": "2,464 ft (751 m)", "Time zone": "UTC-6 (Central (CST))", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC-5", "Area code": "605", "GNIS feature ID": "1255253"}}]	false
# Niagara Falls School District Administration Building Niagara Falls School District Administration Building is a historic government building located at Niagara Falls, Niagara County, New York. It was built in 1927–1928, and is a two-story, 14-by-5-bay, buff-colored brick building with Classical Revival detailing. It has a flat roof, limestone trim, a partially exposed finished basement, and rear ell. It features a pedimented central entry portico and arched first floor windows. It remained in use by the city schools until 2007. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.	enwiki/48491541	enwiki	48,491,541	Niagara Falls School District Administration Building	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls_School_District_Administration_Building	2025-07-27T06:49:56	en	Q23091963	68,919	{{Use American English\|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=February 2025}} {{Infobox NRHP \| name = Niagara Falls School District Administration Building \| nrhp_type = \| image = Niagara Falls School District Administration Building Apr 15.jpg \| caption = Niagara Falls School District Administration Building, April 2015 \| location = 607 Walnut Ave., [[Niagara Falls, New York]] \| coordinates = {{coord\|43\|05\|34\|N\|79\|03\|19\|W\|display=inline,title}} \| locmapin = New York#USA \| built = {{Start date\|1927}}-1928 \| architect = Charles F. Obenhack \| builder = \| architecture = Classical Revival \| added = December 10, 2014 \| area = Less than {{convert\|1\|acre}} \| refnum = 14001020<ref name="nps">{{cite web\|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2014-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf\|title=National Register of Historic Places Listings\|date=2014-12-19\|work=Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 12/08/14 through 12/12/14 \|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> }} '''Niagara Falls School District Administration Building''' is a historic government building located at [[Niagara Falls, New York\|Niagara Falls]], [[Niagara County, New York]]. It was built in 1927–1928, and is a two-story, 14-by-5-bay, buff-colored brick building with [[Neoclassical architecture\|Classical Revival]] detailing. It has a flat roof, limestone trim, a partially exposed finished basement, and rear ell. It features a pedimented central entry [[portico]] and arched first floor windows. It remained in use by the city schools until 2007.<ref name="NysNrhpNom">{{cite web\| url = https://cris.parks.ny.gov/\| title = Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)\| publisher = [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\| format = Searchable database\| accessdate = 2015-11-01\| archive-url = https://archive.today/20150701003048/http://cris.parks.ny.gov/\| archive-date = 2015-07-01\| url-status = dead}} ''Note:'' This includes {{cite web \| url = https://cris.parks.ny.gov/Uploads/ViewDoc.aspx?mode=A&id=296753&q=false \| title = National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Niagara Falls School District Administration Building \| accessdate = 2015-11-01 \| author = Saralinda Hooker \| format = PDF \| date = September 2014 }} and [https://cris.parks.ny.gov/Uploads/ViewDoc.aspx?mode=A&id=296754&q=false ''Accompanying photographs'']</ref> It was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2014.<ref name="nps"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{National Register of Historic Places in New York}} [[Category:Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)]] [[Category:Neoclassical architecture in New York (state)]] [[Category:Government buildings completed in 1928]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Niagara Falls, New York]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Niagara County, New York]] {{NiagaraCountyNY-NRHP-stub}}	1,302,738,097	[{"title": "", "data": {"Location": "607 Walnut Ave., Niagara Falls, New York", "Coordinates": "43\u00b005\u203234\u2033N 79\u00b003\u203219\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff43.09278\u00b0N 79.05528\u00b0W", "Area": "Less than 1 acre (0.40 ha)", "Built": "1927-1928", "Architect": "Charles F. Obenhack", "Architectural style": "Classical Revival", "NRHP reference No.": "14001020", "Added to NRHP": "December 10, 2014"}}]	false
# 2008 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship The 2008 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship was the 14th edition of the men's EuroHockey Junior Championship. It was held in San Sebastián, Spain from 20 to 26 July 2008. The hosts Spain won the tournament for the third time after they defeated the defending champions the Netherlands 1–0 in the final. Germany won the bronze medal after defeating Belgium 4–3 in the third-place playoff. The tournament also served as a qualifier for the 2009 Junior World Cup in Malaysia and Singapore. Teams from Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, England and Poland all qualified. ## Participating nations Alongside the host nation, 7 teams competed in the tournament. - Austria - Belgium - England - Germany - Netherlands - Poland - Scotland - Spain ## Results ### Preliminary round #### Pool A \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| Qualification \| \| --- \| ----------- \| --- \| - \| - \| - \| -- \| -- \| --- \| --- \| ------------- \| \| 1 \| Netherlands \| 3 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 31 \| 5 \| +26 \| 9 \| Semi-finals \| \| 2 \| Spain (H) \| 3 \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 9 \| 9 \| 0 \| 6 \| Semi-finals \| \| 3 \| England \| 3 \| 1 \| 0 \| 2 \| 10 \| 11 \| −1 \| 3 \| \| \| 4 \| Austria \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 3 \| 3 \| 28 \| −25 \| 0 \| \| \| 20 July 2008 17:00 \| \| Netherlands \| 15–0 \| Austria \| \| ----------- \| ------ \| ------- \| \| \| Report \| \| \| Umpires: Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL) David Sweetman (SCO) \| \| 20 July 2008 19:15 \| \| Spain \| 1–0 \| England \| \| ----------- \| ------ \| ------- \| \| Dabanch 68' \| Report \| \| \| Umpires: Warren McCully (IRE) Bjorn Bachmann (GER) \| \| 22 July 2008 17:00 \| \| Netherlands \| 9–2 \| England \| \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| ----------------------- \| \| Kempermann 1' · Vermeulen 3', 17', 60' · Campbell 20', 21' · De Voogd 28', 32', 59' \| Report \| Edwards 23' · Smith 56' \| \| Umpires: Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL) David Sweetman (SCO) \| \| 22 July 2008 19:15 \| \| Spain \| 5–2 \| Austria \| \| ----- \| ------ \| ------- \| \| \| Report \| \| \| Umpires: Krzystof Cholewa (POL) Will Drury (WAL) \| \| 23 July 2008 17:00 \| \| England \| 8–1 \| Austria \| \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| -------- \| \| Smith 6', 51', 61' · Catlin 8' · Brogdon 25' · Dobson 48' · Beckett 53', 54' \| Report \| Gero 24' \| \| Umpires: Krzystof Cholewa (POL) David Sweetman (SCO) \| \| 23 July 2008 19:15 \| \| Netherlands \| 7–3 \| Spain \| \| ----------- \| ------ \| ----- \| \| \| Report \| \| \| Umpires: Warren McCully (IRE) Bjorn Bachmann (GER) \| #### Pool B \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| Qualification \| \| --- \| -------- \| --- \| - \| - \| - \| -- \| -- \| --- \| --- \| ------------- \| \| 1 \| Germany \| 3 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 17 \| 5 \| +12 \| 7 \| Semi-finals \| \| 2 \| Belgium \| 3 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 8 \| 12 \| −4 \| 4 \| Semi-finals \| \| 3 \| Poland \| 3 \| 1 \| 0 \| 2 \| 7 \| 14 \| −7 \| 3 \| \| \| 4 \| Scotland \| 3 \| 0 \| 2 \| 1 \| 6 \| 7 \| −1 \| 2 \| \| \| 20 July 2008 10:00 \| \| Germany \| 2–2 \| Scotland \| \| ---------------------------- \| ------ \| --------------- \| \| Stralkowski 55' · Wesley 65' \| Report \| Cairns 16', 23' \| \| Umpires: Michael Eilmer (AUT) Dan Barstow (ENG) \| \| 20 July 2008 12:15 \| \| Belgium \| 4–3 \| Poland \| \| ------- \| ------ \| ------ \| \| \| Report \| \| \| Umpires: Will Drury (WAL) Diego Estébanez (ESP) \| \| 21 July 2008 17:00 \| \| Germany \| 8–1 \| Poland \| \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| ------------ \| \| Stralkowski 18', 27' · Lietz 20', 57' · Wesley 45' · Rabente 51' · Fürk 65' · Otto 68' \| Report \| Kozlowski 3' \| \| Umpires: Michael Eilmer (AUT) Dan Barstow (ENG) \| \| 21 July 2008 19:15 \| \| Belgium \| 2–2 \| Scotland \| \| ------- \| ------ \| -------- \| \| \| Report \| \| \| Umpires: Gijs Hofman (NED) Diego Estébanez (ESP) \| \| 23 July 2008 10:00 \| \| Poland \| 3–2 \| Scotland \| \| ------ \| ------ \| -------- \| \| \| Report \| \| \| Umpires: Michael Eilmer (AUT) Gijs Hofman (NED) \| \| 23 July 2008 12:15 \| \| Germany \| 7–2 \| Belgium \| \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| -------- \| \| Stralkowski 19', 21', 54' · Fürk 31' · Wesley 52' · Wösch 62' · Oldhafer 65' \| Report \| 33', 56' \| \| Umpires: Will Drury (WAL) Dan Barstow (ENG) \| ### Fifth to eighth place classification #### Pool C \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| Relegation \| \| --- \| -------- \| --- \| - \| - \| - \| -- \| -- \| --- \| --- \| ------------------------------------ \| \| 1 \| England \| 3 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 16 \| 3 \| +13 \| 9 \| \| \| 2 \| Poland \| 3 \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 7 \| 10 \| −3 \| 6 \| \| \| 3 \| Scotland \| 3 \| 1 \| 0 \| 2 \| 8 \| 7 \| +1 \| 3 \| Relegation to Junior Championship II \| \| 4 \| Austria \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 3 \| 5 \| 16 \| −11 \| 0 \| Relegation to Junior Championship II \| \| 25 July 2008 10:00 \| \| Austria \| 2–3 \| Poland \| \| ------- \| ------ \| ------ \| \| \| Report \| \| \| Umpires: Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL) Dan Barstow (ENG) \| \| 25 July 2008 12:15 \| \| England \| 2–1 \| Scotland \| \| ---------------------- \| ------ \| ---------- \| \| Kinder 24' · Smith 64' \| Report \| Cairns 66' \| \| Umpires: Gijs Hofman (NED) Krzysztof Cholewa (POL) \| \| 26 July 2008 10:00 \| \| Austria \| 2–5 \| Scotland \| \| ------- \| ------ \| -------- \| \| \| Report \| \| \| Umpires: Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL) Krzysztof Cholewa (POL) \| \| 25 July 2008 12:15 \| \| England \| 6–1 \| Poland \| \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| ------------ \| \| Dobson 3' · Osborn 5' · Kinder 46' · Griffiths 49' · Smith 63' · Gregg 70' \| Report \| Makowski 19' \| \| Umpires: Gijs Hofman (NED) Michael Eilmer (AUT) \| ### First to fourth place classification \| \| Semi-finals \| Semi-finals \| \| \| Final \| Final \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 25 July 2008 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Netherlands \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Netherlands \| 4 \| 26 July 2008 \| \| \| \| \| \| Belgium \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Belgium \| 3 \| Netherlands \| 0 \| \| \| \| \| 25 July 2008 \| \| Netherlands \| 0 \| \| \| \| \| \| Spain (a.e.t) \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| Germany \| Spain (a.e.t) \| 1 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| Germany \| \| \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| Spain \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Spain \| 4 \| Third place \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 26 July 2008 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Belgium \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Belgium \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Germany \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| #### Semi-finals \| 25 July 2008 17:00 \| \| Germany \| 2–4 \| Spain \| \| --------------------------- \| ------ \| ---------------------------------------------------- \| \| Grell 63' · Stralkowski 66' \| Report \| Dabanch 21' · Padrós 33' · Salles 59' · Guerrero 70' \| \| Umpires: Warren McCully (IRE) David Sweetman (SCO) \| \| 25 July 2008 19:30 \| \| Netherlands \| 4–3 \| Belgium \| \| ----------- \| ------ \| ------- \| \| \| Report \| \| \| Umpires: Diego Estébanez (ESP) Bjorn Bachmann (GER) \| #### Third and fourth place \| 26 July 2008 16:30 \| \| Belgium \| 3–4 \| Germany \| \| ------- \| ------ \| ------- \| \| \| Report \| \| \| Umpires: Will Drury (WAL) Diego Estébanez (ESP) \| #### Final \| 26 July 2008 19:00 \| \| Netherlands \| 0–1 (a.e.t.) \| Spain \| \| ----------- \| ------------ \| ----- \| \| \| Report \| \| \| Umpires: Warren McCully (IRE) Bjorn Bachmann (GER) \| ## Statistics ### Final standings As per statistical convention in field hockey, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| Final Standings \| \| ----------------------------- \| ----------- \| --- \| - \| - \| - \| -- \| -- \| --- \| --- \| ------------------------ \| \| 1st place, gold medalist(s) \| Spain \| 5 \| 4 \| 0 \| 1 \| 14 \| 11 \| +3 \| 12 \| Gold Medal \| \| 2nd place, silver medalist(s) \| Netherlands \| 5 \| 4 \| 0 \| 1 \| 35 \| 9 \| +26 \| 12 \| Silver Medal \| \| 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) \| Germany \| 5 \| 3 \| 1 \| 1 \| 23 \| 12 \| +11 \| 10 \| Bronze Medal \| \| 4 \| Belgium \| 5 \| 1 \| 1 \| 3 \| 14 \| 20 \| −6 \| 4 \| Fourth place \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5 \| England \| 5 \| 3 \| 0 \| 2 \| 18 \| 13 \| +5 \| 9 \| Eliminated in pool stage \| \| 6 \| Poland \| 5 \| 2 \| 0 \| 3 \| 11 \| 22 \| −11 \| 6 \| Eliminated in pool stage \| \| 7 \| Scotland \| 5 \| 1 \| 2 \| 2 \| 12 \| 11 \| +1 \| 5 \| Eliminated in pool stage \| \| 8 \| Austria \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| 5 \| 7 \| 36 \| −29 \| 0 \| Eliminated in pool stage \|	enwiki/18953907	enwiki	18,953,907	2008 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Men%27s_EuroHockey_Junior_Championship	2025-02-26T12:18:00	en	Q5411545	229,795	{{Short description\|Hockey tournament}} {{Infobox field hockey \| tournament = 2008 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship \| image = \| size = \| caption = \| country = Spain \| city = [[San Sebastián]] \| dates = 20–26 July \| venues = Atlético San Sebastián \| teams = [[#Participating Nations\|8]] \| confederations = 1 \| champions = {{fhu\|21\|ESP}} \| count = 3 \| second = {{fhu\|21\|NED}} \| third = {{fhu\|21\|GER}} \| matches = 20 \| goals = 134 \| top_scorer = \| top_scorer_goals = 6 \| best_player = \| best_goalkeeper = \| previous_year = 2006 \| previous_tournament = 2006 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship \| next_year = 2010 \| next_tournament = 2010 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship }} The '''2008 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship''' was the 14th edition of the men's [[Men's EuroHockey U21 Championship\|EuroHockey Junior Championship]]. It was held in [[San Sebastián]], Spain from 20 to 26 July 2008.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://eurohockey.org/competitions-archive-2/ \|title=EuroHockey Competitions Archive \|publisher=[[European Hockey Federation\|EHF]] \|accessdate=29 July 2017 \|archive-date=9 July 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709170025/https://eurohockey.org/competitions-archive-2/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The hosts [[Spain men's national under-21 field hockey team\|Spain]] won the tournament for the third time after they defeated the defending champions the [[Netherlands men's national under-21 field hockey team\|Netherlands]] 1–0 in the final.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/resultsandfixtures.asp?itemid=51&itemTitle=EuroHockey+Junior+Nations+Championships+%28U21+Men%29&section=1398 \|title=EUROHOCKEY JUNIOR NATIONS CHAMPIONSHIPS (U21 MEN) \|publisher=[[England Hockey]] \|accessdate=4 July 2019 }}</ref> [[Germany men's national under-21 field hockey team\|Germany]] won the bronze medal after defeating [[Belgium men's national under-21 field hockey team\|Belgium]] 4–3 in the third-place playoff. The tournament also served as a qualifier for the [[2009 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup\|2009 Junior World Cup]] in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]]. Teams from [[Spain men's national under-21 field hockey team\|Spain]], the [[Netherlands men's national under-21 field hockey team\|Netherlands]], [[Germany men's national under-21 field hockey team\|Germany]], [[Belgium men's national under-21 field hockey team\|Belgium]], [[England men's national under-21 field hockey team\|England]] and [[Poland men's national under-21 field hockey team\|Poland]] all qualified. ==Participating nations== Alongside the host nation, 7 teams competed in the tournament. {{Div col\|colwidth=30em}} * {{fhu\|21\|AUT}} * {{fhu\|21\|BEL}} * {{fhu\|21\|ENG}} * {{fhu\|21\|GER}} * {{fhu\|21\|NED}} * {{fhu\|21\|POL}} * {{fhu\|21\|SCO}} * {{fhu\|21\|ESP}} {{div col end}} ==Results== ===Preliminary round=== ====Pool A==== {{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|update=complete \|source=[https://www.englandhockey.co.uk England Hockey] \|team1=NED \|team2=ESP \|team3=ENG \|team4=AUT \|result1=A \|result2=A \|win_AUT=0 \|draw_AUT=0 \|loss_AUT=3 \|gf_AUT=3 \|ga_AUT=28 \|win_ENG=1 \|draw_ENG=0 \|loss_ENG=2 \|gf_ENG=10\|ga_ENG=11 \|win_NED=3 \|draw_NED=0 \|loss_NED=0 \|gf_NED=31\|ga_NED=5 \|win_ESP=2 \|draw_ESP=0 \|loss_ESP=1 \|gf_ESP=9 \|ga_ESP=9 \|status_ESP=H \|name_AUT={{Fhu\|21\|AUT}} \|name_ENG={{fhu\|21\|ENG}} \|name_NED={{fhu\|21\|NED}} \|name_ESP={{Fhu\|21\|ESP}} \|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<ref name= "Regulations">[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/560/reports/poolstandings Regulations]</ref> \|res_col_header=Q \|col_A=green1 \|text_A=Semi-finals }} {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 20 July 2008 \|time = 17:00 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|NED}} \|score = 15–0 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|AUT}} \|goals1 = \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = \|umpires = Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL)<br />David Sweetman (SCO) }} {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 20 July 2008 \|time = 19:15 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|ESP}} \|score = 1–0 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|ENG}} \|goals1 = [[Gabriel Dabanch\|Dabanch]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|68}} \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = \|umpires = Warren McCully (IRE)<br />Bjorn Bachmann (GER) }} ---- {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 22 July 2008 \|time = 17:00 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|NED}} \|score = 9–2 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|ENG}} \|goals1 = [[Robbert Kempermann\|Kempermann]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|1}}<br />[[Klaus Vermeulen\|Vermeulen]] {{fhgoal\|PS\|3\|PS\|17\|PS\|60}}<br />[[Bas Campbell\|Campbell]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|20\|FG\|21}}<br />[[Bob de Voogd\|De Voogd]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|28\|PC\|32\|FG\|59}} \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = [[Marc Edwards (field hockey)\|Edwards]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|23}}<br />[[Richard Smith (field hockey)\|Smith]] {{fhgoal\|PS\|56}} \|umpires = Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL)<br />David Sweetman (SCO) }} {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 22 July 2008 \|time = 19:15 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|ESP}} \|score = 5–2 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|AUT}} \|goals1 = \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = \|umpires = Krzystof Cholewa (POL)<br />Will Drury (WAL) }} ---- {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 23 July 2008 \|time = 17:00 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|ENG}} \|score = 8–1 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|AUT}} \|goals1 = [[Richard Smith (field hockey)\|Smith]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|6\|PC\|51\|PC\|61}}<br />[[Nick Catlin\|Catlin]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|8}}<br />[[Alastair Brogdon\|Brogdon]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|25}}<br />[[Peter Dobson (field hockey)\|Dobson]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|48}}<br />[[David Beckett (field hockey)\|Beckett]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|53\|FG\|54}} \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = [[Matthias Gero\|Gero]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|24}} \|umpires = Krzystof Cholewa (POL)<br />David Sweetman (SCO) }} {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 23 July 2008 \|time = 19:15 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|NED}} \|score = 7–3 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|ESP}} \|goals1 = \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = \|umpires = Warren McCully (IRE)<br />Bjorn Bachmann (GER) }} ====Pool B==== {{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|update=complete \|source=[https://www.englandhockey.co.uk England Hockey] \|team1=GER \|team2=BEL \|team3=POL \|team4=SCO \|result1=A \|result2=A \|win_BEL=1 \|draw_BEL=1 \|loss_BEL=1 \|gf_BEL=8 \|ga_BEL=12 \|win_GER=2 \|draw_GER=1 \|loss_GER=0 \|gf_GER=17\|ga_GER=5 \|win_POL=1 \|draw_POL=0 \|loss_POL=2 \|gf_POL=7 \|ga_POL=14 \|win_SCO=0 \|draw_SCO=2 \|loss_SCO=1 \|gf_SCO=6 \|ga_SCO=7 \|name_BEL={{Fhu\|21\|BEL}} \|name_GER={{fhu\|21\|GER}} \|name_POL={{fhu\|21\|POL}} \|name_SCO={{Fhu\|21\|SCO}} \|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<ref name= "Regulations">[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/560/reports/poolstandings Regulations]</ref> \|res_col_header=Q \|col_A=green1 \|text_A=Semi-finals }} {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 20 July 2008 \|time = 10:00 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|GER}} \|score = 2–2 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|SCO}} \|goals1 = [[Thilo Stralkowski\|Stralkowski]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|55}}<br />[[Christopher Wesley\|Wesley]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|65}} \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = [[Joshua Cairns\|Cairns]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|16\|PC\|23}} \|umpires = Michael Eilmer (AUT)<br />Dan Barstow (ENG) }} {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 20 July 2008 \|time = 12:15 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|BEL}} \|score = 4–3 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|POL}} \|goals1 = \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = \|umpires = Will Drury (WAL)<br />Diego Estébanez (ESP) }} ---- {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 21 July 2008 \|time = 17:00 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|GER}} \|score = 8–1 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|POL}} \|goals1 = [[Thilo Stralkowski\|Stralkowski]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|18\|PC\|27}}<br />[[Tobias Lietz\|Lietz]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|20\|FG\|57}}<br />[[Christopher Wesley\|Wesley]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|45}}<br />[[Jan-Philipp Rabente\|Rabente]] {{fhgoal\|PS\|51}}<br />[[Benedikt Fürk\|Fürk]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|65}}<br />[[Jannik Otto\|Otto]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|68}} \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = [[Piotr Kozlowski\|Kozlowski]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|3}} \|umpires = Michael Eilmer (AUT)<br />Dan Barstow (ENG) }} {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 21 July 2008 \|time = 19:15 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|BEL}} \|score = 2–2 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|SCO}} \|goals1 = \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = \|umpires = Gijs Hofman (NED)<br />Diego Estébanez (ESP) }} ---- {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 23 July 2008 \|time = 10:00 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|POL}} \|score = 3–2 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|SCO}} \|goals1 = \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = \|umpires = Michael Eilmer (AUT)<br />Gijs Hofman (NED) }} {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 23 July 2008 \|time = 12:15 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|GER}} \|score = 7–2 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|BEL}} \|goals1 = [[Thilo Stralkowski\|Stralkowski]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|19\|PC\|21\|PC\|54}}<br />[[Benedikt Fürk\|Fürk]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|31}}<br />[[Christopher Wesley\|Wesley]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|52}}<br />[[Florian Wösch\|Wösch]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|62}}<br />[[Felix Oldhafer\|Oldhafer]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|65}} \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = {{fhgoal\|FG\|33\|FG\|56}} \|umpires = Will Drury (WAL)<br />Dan Barstow (ENG) }} ===Fifth to eighth place classification=== ====Pool C==== {{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|update=complete \|source=[http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/ England Hockey] \|team1=ENG \|team2=POL \|team3=SCO \|team4=AUT \|result3=A \|result4=A \|win_AUT=0 \|draw_AUT=0 \|loss_AUT=3 \|gf_AUT=5 \|ga_AUT=16 \|win_ENG=3 \|draw_ENG=0 \|loss_ENG=0 \|gf_ENG=16\|ga_ENG=3 \|win_POL=2 \|draw_POL=0 \|loss_POL=1 \|gf_POL=7 \|ga_POL=10 \|win_SCO=1 \|draw_SCO=0 \|loss_SCO=2 \|gf_SCO=8 \|ga_SCO=7 \|name_AUT={{fhu\|21\|AUT}} \|name_ENG={{fhu\|21\|ENG}} \|name_SCO={{Fhu\|21\|SCO}} \|name_POL={{Fhu\|21\|POL}} \|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<ref name= "Regulations">[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/560/reports/poolstandings Regulations]</ref> \|res_col_header=R \|col_A=red1 \|text_A=Relegation to [[2010 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship II\|Junior Championship II]] }} {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 25 July 2008 \|time = 10:00 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|AUT}} \|score = 2–3 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|POL}} \|goals1 = \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = \|umpires = Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL)<br />Dan Barstow (ENG) }} {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 25 July 2008 \|time = 12:15 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|ENG}} \|score = 2–1 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|SCO}} \|goals1 = [[Jonathan Kinder\|Kinder]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|24}}<br />[[Richard Smith (field hockey)\|Smith]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|64}} \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = [[Josh Cairns\|Cairns]] {{fhgoal\|PS\|66}} \|umpires = Gijs Hofman (NED)<br />Krzysztof Cholewa (POL) }} ---- {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 26 July 2008 \|time = 10:00 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|AUT}} \|score = 2–5 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|SCO}} \|goals1 = \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = \|umpires = Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL)<br />Krzysztof Cholewa (POL) }} {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 25 July 2008 \|time = 12:15 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|ENG}} \|score = 6–1 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|POL}} \|goals1 = [[Peter Dobson (field hockey)\|Dobson]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|3}}<br />[[James Osborn\|Osborn]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|5}}<br />[[Jonathan Kinder\|Kinder]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|46}}<br />[[Chris Griffiths (field hockey)\|Griffiths]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|49}}<br />[[Richard Smith (field hockey)\|Smith]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|63}}<br />[[Chris Gregg (field hockey)\|Gregg]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|70}} \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = [[Krystian Makowski\|Makowski]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|19}} \|umpires = Gijs Hofman (NED)<br />Michael Eilmer (AUT) }} ===First to fourth place classification=== {{Round4-with third \|RD1=Semi-finals \|RD2=Final \|Consol=Third place \|bold_winner=high \|widescore=yes <!--Date-Place\|Team 1\|Score 1\|Team 2\|Score 2 --> <!--semi finals --> \|25 July 2008\|{{fhu\|21\|NED}}\|4\|{{fhu\|21\|BEL}}\|3 \|25 July 2008\|{{fhu\|21\|GER}}\|2\|{{fhu\|21\|ESP}}\|4 <!--final --> \|26 July 2008\|{{fhu\|21\|NED}}\|0\|{{fhu\|21\|ESP}} ([[Extra time\|a.e.t]])\|1 <!--third place --> \|26 July 2008\|{{fhu\|21\|BEL}}\|3\|{{fhu\|21\|GER}}\|4 }} ====Semi-finals==== {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 25 July 2008 \|time = 17:00 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|GER}} \|score = 2–4 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|ESP}} \|goals1 = [[Niklas Grell\|Grell]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|63}}<br />[[Thilo Stralkowski\|Stralkowski]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|66}} \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = [[Gabriel Dabanch\|Dabanch]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|21}}<br />[[Roger Padrós\|Padrós]] {{fhgoal\|PC\|33}}<br />[[Marc Salles\|Salles]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|59}}<br />[[Ignasi Guerrero\|Guerrero]] {{fhgoal\|FG\|70}} \|umpires = Warren McCully (IRE)<br />David Sweetman (SCO) }} ---- {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 25 July 2008 \|time = 19:30 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|NED}} \|score = 4–3 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|BEL}} \|goals1 = \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = \|umpires = Diego Estébanez (ESP)<br />Bjorn Bachmann (GER) }} ====Third and fourth place==== {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 26 July 2008 \|time = 16:30 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|BEL}} \|score = 3–4 \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|GER}} \|goals1 = \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = \|umpires = Will Drury (WAL)<br />Diego Estébanez (ESP) }} ====Final==== {{fieldhockeybox \|date = 26 July 2008 \|time = 19:00 \|team1 = {{fhu-rt\|21\|NED}} \|score = 0–1 \|aet = yes \|team2 = {{fhu\|21\|ESP}} \|goals1 = \|report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] \|goals2 = \|umpires = Warren McCully (IRE)<br />Bjorn Bachmann (GER) }} ==Statistics== ===Final standings=== {{small\|As per statistical convention in field hockey, matches decided in [[overtime (sports)\|extra time]] are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by [[penalty shoot-out (field hockey)\|penalty shoot-outs]] are counted as draws.}} {{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|source=[https://www.englandhockey.co.uk England Hockey] \|update=complete \|name_AUT={{fhu\|21\|AUT}} \|win_AUT=0 \|draw_AUT=0 \|loss_AUT=5 \|gf_AUT=7 \|ga_AUT=36 \|name_BEL={{fhu\|21\|BEL}} \|win_BEL=1 \|draw_BEL=1 \|loss_BEL=3 \|gf_BEL=14 \|ga_BEL=20 \|name_ENG={{fhu\|21\|ENG}} \|win_ENG=3 \|draw_ENG=0 \|loss_ENG=2 \|gf_ENG=18 \|ga_ENG=13 \|name_GER={{fhu\|21\|GER}} \|win_GER=3 \|draw_GER=1 \|loss_GER=1 \|gf_GER=23 \|ga_GER=12 \|name_NED={{fhu\|21\|NED}} \|win_NED=4 \|draw_NED=0 \|loss_NED=1 \|gf_NED=35 \|ga_NED=9 \|name_POL={{fhu\|21\|POL}} \|win_POL=2 \|draw_POL=0 \|loss_POL=3 \|gf_POL=11 \|ga_POL=22 \|name_SCO={{fhu\|21\|SCO}} \|win_SCO=1 \|draw_SCO=2 \|loss_SCO=2 \|gf_SCO=12 \|ga_SCO=11 \|name_ESP={{fhu\|21\|ESP}} \|win_ESP=4 \|draw_ESP=0 \|loss_ESP=1 \|gf_ESP=14 \|ga_ESP=11 \|team1=ESP \|team2=NED \|team3=GER \|team4=BEL \|team5=ENG \|team6=POL \|team7=SCO \|team8=AUT \|pos_ESP={{gold1}} \|pos_NED={{silver2}} \|pos_GER={{bronze3}} \|split4=yes \|res_col_header=Final Standings \|result1=1st \|result2=2nd \|result3=3rd \|result4=4th \|result5=GS \|result6=GS \|result7=GS \|result8=GS \|col_1st=gold \|text_1st=Gold Medal \|col_2nd=silver \|text_2nd=Silver Medal \|col_3rd=#c96 \|text_3rd=Bronze Medal \|text_4th=Fourth place \|text_GS=Eliminated in<br />pool stage }} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190330213139/https://eurohockey.org/ European Hockey Federation website] {{EuroHockey Nations Junior Championship}} [[Category:EuroHockey Junior Championship]] [[Category:2008–09 in European field hockey\|Junior]] [[Category:2008 in Spanish sport\|EuroHockey Junior Championship]] [[Category:International field hockey competitions hosted by Spain]] [[Category:July 2008 sports events in Europe\|EuroHockey Junior Championship]] [[Category:Sports competitions in San Sebastián]] [[Category:2008 in youth sport\|EuroHockey Championship]] [[Category:2009 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup qualification\|EuroHockey Junior Championship]] [[Category:2008 in the Basque Country (autonomous community)]]	1,277,737,521	[{"title": "2008 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship", "data": {"Host country": "Spain", "City": "San Sebasti\u00e1n", "Dates": "20\u201326 July", "Teams": "8 (from 1 confederation)", "Venue(s)": "Atl\u00e9tico San Sebasti\u00e1n"}}, {"title": "Final positions", "data": {"Champions": "Spain (3rd title)", "Runner-up": "Netherlands", "Third place": "Germany"}}, {"title": "Tournament statistics", "data": {"Matches played": "20", "Goals scored": "134 (6.7 per match)"}}, {"title": "Goals scored", "data": {"\u2190 2006 (previous)": "(next) 2010 \u2192"}}]	false
# Adam Eddington Adam Eddington III is a major character in three young adult novels by Madeleine L'Engle. A marine biology student, he is the protagonist of The Arm of the Starfish (1965), and a reluctant romantic love interest for Vicky Austin in A Ring of Endless Light (1980), a romantic relationship that continues in Troubling a Star (1994). He is one of three characters to have major appearances in both L'Engle's O'Keefe family series of books and her Austin family series. ## Major traits Adam is highly intelligent, with a strong aptitude for science, especially marine biology, a field in which Adam's uncle and namesake made a name for himself a generation earlier. Although he describes himself as "not a churchgoer", he sang in a church choir as a child and retains a strong moral sense along with a questioning, philosophical nature. Initially somewhat naive, Adam unwisely trusts a beautiful young woman in The Arm of the Starfish, which results in the death of a friend. Because of this, Adam tries unsuccessfully to maintain an emotional distance from Vicky Austin when he meets her the following summer. He appreciates Vicky for her kind, forthright, and poetic nature and the two become close to each other anyway. By the end of his third and final appearance, Adam and Vicky appear to have formed quite a strong and close, lasting romantic relationship. ## Appearances ### The Arm of the Starfish The Arm of the Starfish (1965, ISBN 0-374-30027-5) introduces readers to the character and establishes much of his early history in its opening pages. A 16-year-old marine biology student, he has recently graduated from high school and plans to attend the University of California, Berkeley the following winter. The son of a physicist who teaches at Columbia University, Adam has been spending his summers with his family in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where he has assisted elderly marine biologist "Old Doc" Didymus "ever since I was a kid". It is said that he considered himself "worldly" due to growing up in New York City, but this changes when Carolyn "Kali" Cutter exposes him to the wider world. Principled but naive, Adam has trouble determining who can or cannot be trusted in the struggle between the Cutters, the O'Keefes, and their respective allies. ### A Ring of Endless Light A Ring of Endless Light (1980, ISBN 0-374-36299-8) finds Adam working with dolphins on Seven Bay Island. Here he meets Vicky Austin and recruits her for his experiments in dolphin communication. Because of his negative experience with Kali Cutter in The Arm of the Starfish (as theorized by John Austin, Vicky's brother), Adam is initially unwilling to think of Vicky as a potential girlfriend, choosing instead to think of her as a "child". However, by the end of the book, he has become so close to Vicky that he hears her telepathically "call" him to the hospital. ### Troubling a Star Troubling a Star (1994, ISBN 0-374-37783-9) continues the story of Adam's relationship with Vicky and also the progress of his education and career in marine biology. He has the opportunity to live and work in Antarctica, where his uncle, Adam Eddington II, worked and died. (In the book, Eddington Point in Antarctica, where LeNoir Station is located, is named after Adam's uncle.) Adam's great aunt Serena, widow of Adam Eddington I (a banker) and mother of Adam Eddington II, is introduced. She gives Vicky the trip to Antarctica that drives the story. Adam quotes William Shakespeare (especially from Hamlet) to Vicky in his letters and postcards, trying to obliquely warn her of the same kind of dangers that resulted in his uncle's murder a generation earlier. When Vicky inadvertently runs afoul of soldiers and a drug kingpin from the fictional South American dictatorship of Vespugia, she is stranded on an iceberg, but Adam finds her.	enwiki/7788673	enwiki	7,788,673	Adam Eddington	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Eddington	2023-07-06T21:01:25	en	Q4679005	32,244	{{Infobox character \| name = Adam Eddington \| image = Adameddington2.jpg \| image_size = 200px \| caption = [[Ryan Merriman]] as Adam Eddington \| first = ''[[The Arm of the Starfish]]'' ([[1965 in literature\|1965]]) \| last = ''[[Troubling a Star]]'' ([[1989 in literature\|1994]]) \| creator = [[Madeleine L'Engle]] \| portrayer = [[Ryan Merriman]] \| occupation = Student, intern in [[marine biology]] \| relatives = Serena Eddington (great aunt) }}'''Adam Eddington III''' is a major character in three [[young adult literature\|young adult]] [[novel]]s by [[Madeleine L'Engle]]. A [[marine biology]] student, he is the protagonist of ''[[The Arm of the Starfish]]'' ([[1965 in literature\|1965]]), and a reluctant romantic [[love interest]] for [[Vicky Austin]] in ''[[A Ring of Endless Light]]'' ([[1980 in literature\|1980]]), a romantic relationship that continues in ''[[Troubling a Star]]'' ([[1994 in literature\|1994]]). He is one of three characters to have major appearances in both L'Engle's O'Keefe family series of books and her Austin family series. ==Major traits== Adam is highly intelligent, with a strong aptitude for science, especially marine biology, a field in which Adam's uncle and namesake made a name for himself a generation earlier. Although he describes himself as "not a churchgoer", he sang in a church choir as a child and retains a strong moral sense along with a questioning, philosophical nature. Initially somewhat naive, Adam unwisely trusts a beautiful young woman in ''The Arm of the Starfish'', which results in the death of a friend. Because of this, Adam tries unsuccessfully to maintain an emotional distance from Vicky Austin when he meets her the following summer. He appreciates Vicky for her kind, forthright, and poetic nature and the two become close to each other anyway. By the end of his third and final appearance, Adam and Vicky appear to have formed quite a strong and close, lasting romantic relationship. ==Appearances== ===''The Arm of the Starfish''=== ''The Arm of the Starfish'' (1965, {{ISBN\|0-374-30027-5}}) introduces readers to the character and establishes much of his early history in its opening pages. A 16-year-old [[marine biology]] student, he has recently graduated from [[high school]] and plans to attend the [[University of California, Berkeley]] the following winter. The son of a [[physicist]] who teaches at [[Columbia University]], Adam has been spending his summers with his family in [[Woods Hole, Massachusetts]], where he has assisted elderly marine biologist "Old Doc" Didymus "ever since I was a kid". It is said that he considered himself "worldly" due to growing up in [[New York City]], but this changes when Carolyn "Kali" Cutter exposes him to the wider world. Principled but naive, Adam has trouble determining who can or cannot be trusted in the struggle between the Cutters, the O'Keefes, and their respective allies. ===''A Ring of Endless Light''=== ''A Ring of Endless Light'' (1980, {{ISBN\|0-374-36299-8}}) finds Adam working with dolphins on Seven Bay Island. Here he meets [[Vicky Austin]] and recruits her for his experiments in dolphin communication. Because of his negative experience with Kali Cutter in ''The Arm of the Starfish'' (as theorized by John Austin, Vicky's brother), Adam is initially unwilling to think of Vicky as a potential girlfriend, choosing instead to think of her as a "child". However, by the end of the book, he has become so close to Vicky that he hears her telepathically "call" him to the hospital. ===''Troubling a Star''=== ''Troubling a Star'' (1994, {{ISBN\|0-374-37783-9}}) continues the story of Adam's relationship with Vicky and also the progress of his education and career in marine biology. He has the opportunity to live and work in [[Antarctica]], where his uncle, Adam Eddington II, worked and died. (In the book, Eddington Point in Antarctica, where LeNoir Station is located, is named after Adam's uncle.) Adam's great aunt Serena, widow of Adam Eddington I (a banker) and mother of Adam Eddington II, is introduced. She gives Vicky the trip to Antarctica that drives the story. Adam quotes [[William Shakespeare]] (especially from ''[[Hamlet]]'') to Vicky in his letters and postcards, trying to obliquely warn her of the same kind of dangers that resulted in his uncle's murder a generation earlier. When Vicky inadvertently runs afoul of soldiers and a drug kingpin from the fictional [[South America]]n dictatorship of Vespugia, she is stranded on an iceberg, but Adam finds her. ==References== <references/> ==External links== * [http://www.madeleinelengle.com/ L'Engle's Official Site] * [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0282123 IMDB entry for the film of ''A Ring of Endless Light''] {{Madeleine L'Engle}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eddington, Adam}} [[Category:Fictional biologists]] [[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1965]] [[Category:Madeleine L'Engle characters]] [[Category:Male characters in literature]]	1,163,869,498	[{"title": "Adam Eddington", "data": {"First appearance": "The Arm of the Starfish (1965)", "Last appearance": "Troubling a Star (1994)", "Created by": "Madeleine L'Engle", "Portrayed by": "Ryan Merriman"}}, {"title": "In-universe information", "data": {"Occupation": "Student, intern in marine biology", "Relatives": "Serena Eddington (great aunt)"}}]	false
# Shamlaji Shamlaji, also spelled Shamalaji, is a major Hindu pilgrimage centre in Aravalli district of Gujarat state of India. The Shamlaji temple is dedicated to Vishnu. Several other Hindu temples are located nearby. The present temple dedicated to Shamlaji, a form of Vishnu was perhaps started in the 11th century in Chaulukya style, but the present structure dates from the 15th-16th centuries. The sculpture of Vishnu in the sanctuary is probably seventh-8th century, and the small temple opposite houses a sixth-century sculpture of Shiva. The oldest intact temple is the small ninth-century Harishchandrani Chauri Temple, with a gateway nearby. Several ruins of temples, scattered idols and old brick-works surrounding the place establishes antiquity of the place. A fourth-century Buddhist monastery and stupa at Devnimori is about two kilometres (1.2 mi) away, but is now under by the waters of the Meshvo Reservoir. This site dates to the Mauryan period, and a much older microlith site known as Dhek-Vadlo locally was found near Shamlaji. Shamlaji was an important Hindu centre in the sixth century, probably the home of a sculpture workshop whose creations are found as far away as Mumbai, where the Parel Relief was found. Most of the ancient sculpture found at Shamlaji, in blueish schist, has now been removed to museums, especially to Mumbai and Vadodara. ## Shamlaji temple Shamlaji temple is located on the banks of the Meshvo river in the valley surrounded by well wooded hills. It is also referred to as Dholi Dhajawala due to white silk flag fluttering on top of the temple. The temple of Śāmalājī aka Śāmḷājī houses an idol of Viṣṇu in Trivikrama form. Idols of the Trivikrama form of Viṣṇu hold a gadā (mace), cakra (discus), padma (lotus), and śaṁkha (conch) in each of the four arms. The mace is notably larger than normal, leading to the image's other name as Gadādhara Viṣṇu. Recently however, the temple and idol has been slightly Krishnaized, and a small golden flute was added to his right hand. On the outer wall there are carvings of Viṣṇu, Lakṣmī-Nārāyaṇa, and various episodes from the Bhāgavata Purāṇa and Rāmāyaṇa. There is an inscription on the base of a Garuḍa image dating to 1584, and the temple itself is dated to the 15th-16th centuries CE. ## Other places of interest Near the Shamlaji temple the river forms deep pools, much resorted to by persons bewitched or devil-possessed. To the north the waters of the Karmanu pond, and the Surya reservoir have the property of washing away sin. Nearby Old Shamlaji temple is said to have been the original temple. The temple dedicated to Somnarayan, is, except the adytum, open on all sides, with a flat ceiling, surmounted by a pyramidal roof, supported on plain square stone pillars with carved capitals. Part of the shrine walls seem to have been formed of a series of upright stone slabs with sculptured figures in low relief. Many of these still remain. The most curious thing about the building is that, at the front and rear and both sides, in the centre of the facade the roof ends in a triangular pediment composed of boldly sculptured figures. Inside the building near the shrine, and, on the left hand as one faces it, is a remarkable human head in high relief standing out from the base of the span of an arch. The features are more human-looking than those generally seen in Hindu temples, and the arrangement of the hair is curious. There is a corresponding face on the other side but it is much worn or broken, while this is fresh and clear in its lines. In the shrine, part of the original altar or image seat still remains. It has been roughly heightened by bricks loosely piled on it, and on the raised superstructure stands a slab with a representation said to be of Somnarayan. This slab probably originally formed part of the outer wall of the shrine. Kashi Vishwanath Mahadev temple, is seven feet below ground level and its pyramidal roof rise to the level of the land round it. It is entered through a gateway by a gradually deepening passage. Perhaps the temple was originally built in a hollow which has filled up. It looks old though not so old as Somnarayan' s the most ancient looking building in the place. In a small shrine between the Shamlaji temple and the river, late-Gupta period idol of standing Ganesha is worshiped. Trilokeshwar is a small temple opposite the Shamlaji temple dedicated to Shiva having idol with trident. On the opposite bank of the river, there is a temple dedicated to Ranchhodji, another form of Krishna. The temple at Harishchandra ni Chori dates back to tenth century. The structure is enclosed within courtyard with lost walls except the ornamental gateway (Torana). There is a rectangular sanctum and a large pavilion in front of it. Devni Mori, 2 km (1.2 mi) from Shamlaji, has remains of a Buddhist monastery dated to third-fourth century. The inscribed casket with body relics of Buddha was found from the Stupa excavated here. The tomb of Navgaja Pir, a maulvi, is revered by many tribals. Shyamalvan is a theme-based garden developed by Forest Department of Government of Gujarat. It was inaugurated by then Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, on 18 July 2009. ## Fair A large annual fair is held on Kartik Sud 15th (October). The tribal community revers the Shamlaji as Kaliyo Dev or the Dark Divine. The large number of devotees visit the place and bathe in the river. Silver ornaments, metalwares, clothes and household items are sold during the fair. ## Connectivity Shamlaji is around 20 km from Bhiloda and 29 km from Modasa. Located off National Highway 8, Shamlaji is frequented by state transport buses from Himmatnagar and Ahmedabad. Train : Shamlaji Road railway station is nearest (14 km) railway station to Shamlaji. There are two daily passenger trains operated by the Indian railways on meter gauge track. - A temple from the front - Carved plinth of the main temple - Main temple carvings - Sculpture of Shiva from Shamlaji. - Meshvo Reservoir at Shamlaji	enwiki/1758092	enwiki	1,758,092	Shamlaji	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamlaji	2025-05-24T14:42:57	en	Q2773858	95,055	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2014}} {{Use Indian English\|date=February 2014}} {{Infobox Mandir \| name = Shamlaji Vishnu Mandir \| image = Shamlaji Temple2 (cropped).jpg \| alt = \| caption = The temple from behind \| map_type = India Gujarat \| map_caption = Location in Gujarat \| coordinates = {{coord\|23\|41\|17\|N\|73\|23\|13\|E\|type:landmark_region:IN\|display=inline,title}} \| other_names = \| proper_name = \| devanagari = \| sanskrit_translit = \| tamil = \| marathi = \| bengali = \| country = India \| state = [[Gujarat]] \| district = [[Aravalli district]] \| location = Shamlaji \| elevation_m = \| deity = [[Vishnu]] as Gadadhar Shamlaji \| festivals = Annual fair on Kartik Poornima \| architecture = \| temple_quantity = \| monument_quantity = \| inscriptions = \| year_completed = 11th century \| creator = \| website = }} '''Shamlaji''', also spelled '''Shamalaji''', is a major Hindu pilgrimage centre in [[Aravalli district]] of [[Gujarat]] state of India. The Shamlaji temple is dedicated to [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=About Shamlaji Temple {{!}} Shree Shamlaji Vishnu Mandir Trust\|url=https://www.shreeshamlajivishnutemple.org/about_temple.html\|access-date=2021-05-13\|website=www.shreeshamlajivishnutemple.org}}</ref> Several other [[Hindu temple]]s are located nearby. The present temple dedicated to Shamlaji, a form of [[Vishnu]] was perhaps started in the 11th century in [[Māru-Gurjara architecture\|Chaulukya style]],<ref name="Gujarat Tourism2">{{cite web \|title=Shamlaji Fair \|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/fairs-festivals/major-festivals/shamlaji-fair \|access-date=8 December 2015 \|website=Gujarat Tourism}}</ref>{{sfn \| ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' \| 2015 \|page=440-442}} but the present structure dates from the 15th-16th centuries. The sculpture of Vishnu in the sanctuary is probably seventh-8th century, and the small temple opposite houses a sixth-century sculpture of Shiva.<ref name="Michell, 307">Michell, 307</ref> The oldest intact temple is the small ninth-century Harishchandrani Chauri Temple, with a gateway nearby.<ref name="Michell, 307"/> Several ruins of temples, scattered idols and old brick-works surrounding the place establishes antiquity of the place.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1">{{cite web \| title=Around Shamlaji, Shamlaji Temple, North Gujarat, Tourism Hubs, Gujarat, India \| website=Gujarat Tourism \| url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/70 \| access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Michell, 307"/> A fourth-century [[Buddhist]] monastery and [[stupa]] at [[Devnimori]] is about {{convert\|2\|km\|spell=in}} away, but is now under by the waters of the Meshvo Reservoir.<ref>Michell, 307-308</ref> This site dates to the [[Mauryan]] period, and a much older [[microlith]] site known as Dhek-Vadlo locally was found near Shamlaji.<ref name="Malik 1966 p=162">{{cite journal \| last=Malik \| first=S. C. \| title=The Late Stone Age Industries from Excavated Sites in Gujarat, India \| journal=Artibus Asiae \| volume=28 \| issue=2/3 \| pages=162–174 \| year=1966 \| doi=10.2307/3249352 \| jstor=3249352 }}</ref> Shamlaji was an important Hindu centre in the sixth century, probably the home of a sculpture workshop whose creations are found as far away as [[Mumbai]], where the [[Parel Relief]] was found. Most of the ancient sculpture found at Shamlaji, in blueish [[schist]], has now been removed to museums, especially to Mumbai and [[Vadodara]].<ref name="Michell, 307"/> ==Shamlaji temple== [[File:Shamlaji Temple1.jpg\|thumb\|Shamlaji temple - side view]] {{Split\|Shamlaji Vishnu Mandir\|date=May 2021}} Shamlaji temple is located on the banks of the Meshvo river in the valley surrounded by well wooded hills.{{sfn \| ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' \| 2015 \|page=440-442}}<ref>{{Cite journal\|author=Schastok, Sara L.\|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000078000\|title=Shamalaji\|volume=1\|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t078000\|access-date=2018-07-25\|via=[[Oxford Art Online]]\|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 \|url-access=subscription}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> It is also referred to as ''Dholi Dhajawala'' due to white silk flag fluttering on top of the temple. The temple of Śāmalājī aka Śāmḷājī houses an idol of Viṣṇu in Trivikrama form. Idols of the Trivikrama form of Viṣṇu hold a [[Gada (mace)\|gadā]] (mace), cakra (discus), padma (lotus), and śaṁkha (conch) in each of the four arms. The mace is notably larger than normal, leading to the image's other name as Gadādhara Viṣṇu. Recently however, the temple and idol has been slightly [[Krishnaism\|Krishnaized]], and a small golden flute was added to his right hand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|last=Rangarajan \|first=Haripriya \|title=Spread of Vaiṣṇavism in Gujarat up to 1600 A.D. (A Study with Special Reference to the Iconic Forms of Viṣṇu) \|publisher=Somaiya Publications \|publication-date=1990 \|pages=48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Mallison \|first=Françoise \|title=Bhakti in Current Research, 1979-1982, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Early Devotonal LIterature in New Indo-Aryan Languages \|publisher=Dietrich Reimer Verlag \|year=1983 \|editor-last=Thiel-Horstmann \|editor-first=M. \|pages=245–55 \|chapter=Development of Early Krishnaism in Gujarat: Viṣṇu-Raṇchoḍ-Krishna}}</ref> On the outer wall there are carvings of Viṣṇu, Lakṣmī-Nārāyaṇa, and various episodes from the ''Bhāgavata Purāṇa'' and ''Rāmāyaṇa''.<ref name=":0" /> There is an inscription on the base of a Garuḍa image dating to 1584, and the temple itself is dated to the 15th-16th centuries CE.<ref name=":0" /> ==Other places of interest== [[File:Shamlaji 13.jpg\|thumb\|Relief of Krishna and [[jali]] screens on the main temple]] Near the Shamlaji temple the river forms deep pools, much resorted to by persons bewitched or devil-possessed. To the north the waters of the Karmanu pond, and the Surya reservoir have the property of washing away sin.{{sfn \| ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' \| 2015 \|page=440-442}} Nearby Old Shamlaji temple is said to have been the original temple. The temple dedicated to Somnarayan, is, except the adytum, open on all sides, with a flat ceiling, surmounted by a pyramidal roof, supported on plain square stone pillars with carved capitals. Part of the shrine walls seem to have been formed of a series of upright stone slabs with sculptured figures in low relief. Many of these still remain. The most curious thing about the building is that, at the front and rear and both sides, in the centre of the facade the roof ends in a triangular pediment composed of boldly sculptured figures. Inside the building near the shrine, and, on the left hand as one faces it, is a remarkable human head in high relief standing out from the base of the span of an arch. The features are more human-looking than those generally seen in Hindu temples, and the arrangement of the hair is curious. There is a corresponding face on the other side but it is much worn or broken, while this is fresh and clear in its lines. In the shrine, part of the original altar or image seat still remains. It has been roughly heightened by bricks loosely piled on it, and on the raised superstructure stands a slab with a representation said to be of Somnarayan. This slab probably originally formed part of the outer wall of the shrine.{{sfn \| ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' \| 2015 \|page=440-442}} [[File:Shamlaji 5.jpg\|thumb\|[[Pranala]] in the form of a [[makara]]]] Kashi Vishwanath Mahadev temple, is seven feet below ground level and its pyramidal roof rise to the level of the land round it. It is entered through a gateway by a gradually deepening passage. Perhaps the temple was originally built in a hollow which has filled up. It looks old though not so old as Somnarayan' s the most ancient looking building in the place. In a small shrine between the Shamlaji temple and the river, late-Gupta period idol of standing [[Ganesha]] is worshiped.{{sfn \| ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' \| 2015 \|page=440-442}} Trilokeshwar is a small temple opposite the Shamlaji temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] having idol with [[trident]]. On the opposite bank of the river, there is a temple dedicated to Ranchhodji, another form of Krishna.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1"/> The temple at [[Harishchandra]] ni Chori dates back to tenth century. The structure is enclosed within courtyard with lost walls except the ornamental gateway (''Torana''). There is a rectangular sanctum and a large pavilion in front of it.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1"/> [[Devni Mori]], {{cvt\|2\|km}} from Shamlaji, has remains of a Buddhist monastery dated to third-fourth century. The inscribed casket with body relics of [[Buddha]] was found from the [[Stupa]] excavated here.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1"/> The tomb of Navgaja Pir, a maulvi, is revered by many tribals.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1"/> Shyamalvan is a theme-based garden developed by Forest Department of [[Government of Gujarat]]. It was inaugurated by then Chief Minister of Gujarat, [[Narendra Modi]], on 18 July 2009. ==Fair== {{main\|Shamlaji fair}} A large annual fair is held on Kartik Sud 15th (October).{{sfn \| ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' \| 2015 \|page=440-442}} The tribal community revers the Shamlaji as ''Kaliyo Dev'' or the Dark Divine. The large number of devotees visit the place and bathe in the river. Silver ornaments, metalwares, clothes and household items are sold during the fair.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism2"/> ==Connectivity== Shamlaji is around 20 km from [[Bhiloda]] and 29 km from [[Modasa]]. Located off [[National Highway 8]], Shamlaji is frequented by state transport buses from [[Himmatnagar]] and [[Ahmedabad]]. '''Train''' : '''[[Shamlaji Road railway station]]''' is nearest (14 km) railway station to Shamlaji. There are two daily passenger trains operated by the Indian railways on meter gauge track. <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Shamlaji 23.jpg\|A temple from the front File:Shamlaji 15.jpg\|Carved plinth of the main temple File:Shamlaji 8.jpg\|Main temple carvings File:Shamlaji Shiva.tif\|Sculpture of [[Shiva]] from Shamlaji. File:Meshvo Dam.jpg\|Meshvo Reservoir at Shamlaji </gallery> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== {{cite book\|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ\|year=1880\| ref={{sfnref \| ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha''\| 2015}}\|publisher=Government Central Press\| pages=440–442}} {{PD-notice}} Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN\|0140081445}} Sara L. Schastok, ''The Śāmalājī Sculptures and sixth Century Art in Western India'', Brill, 1985, {{ISBN\|9004069410}}. ==External links== {{Commonscatinline}} {{Hindu temples in Gujarat}} [[Category:Villages in Aravalli district]] [[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]] [[Category:11th-century Hindu temples]] [[Category:11th-century establishments in India]] [[Category:Vishnu temples]]	1,291,980,382	[{"title": "Religion", "data": {"Affiliation": "Hinduism", "District": "Aravalli district", "Deity": "Vishnu as Gadadhar Shamlaji", "Festivals": "Annual fair on Kartik Poornima"}}, {"title": "Location", "data": {"Location": ["Shamlaji", "Location in Gujarat"], "State": "Gujarat", "Country": "India", "Geographic coordinates": "23\u00b041\u203217\u2033N 73\u00b023\u203213\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff23.68806\u00b0N 73.38694\u00b0E"}}, {"title": "Architecture", "data": {"Completed": "11th century"}}]	false
# Lora Hooper Lora V. Hooper is an American biologist, currently the Jonathan W. Uhr Distinguished Chair in Immunology and Nancy Cain and Jeffrey A. Marcus Scholar in Medical Research at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. In 2015, she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.	enwiki/53308076	enwiki	53,308,076	Lora Hooper	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lora_Hooper	2025-02-23T22:03:50	en	Q28868721	26,674	{{short description\|American biologist}} '''Lora V. Hooper''' is an American biologist, currently the Jonathan W. Uhr Distinguished Chair in Immunology and Nancy Cain and Jeffrey A. Marcus Scholar in Medical Research at [[University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center]]. In 2015, she was elected to the [[National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/news-releases/year-2015/april/nas-hooper-kliewer.html \|title=Hooper and Kliewer elected to prestigious National Academy of Sciences \|date=April 28, 2015 \|publisher=utsouthwestern.edu \|accessdate=February 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://profiles.utsouthwestern.edu/profile/60931/lora-hooper.html \|title=Lora Hooper \|publisher=utsouthwestern.edu \|accessdate=February 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/center-times/year-2015/january/hooper-uhr.html \|title=Hooper named first holder of Uhr Distinguished Chair \|publisher=utsouthwestern.edu \|accessdate=February 25, 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hooper, Lora}} [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center faculty]] [[Category:American microbiologists]] [[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]] [[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]] {{US-biologist-stub}}	1,277,306,140	[]	false
# Amazonian Jews Amazonian Jews (Portuguese: judeus da Amazônia; Spanish: judíos de la Amazonia; Hebrew: יהודי האמזונס, romanized: yehudei haAmazonas; Ladino: ג׳ודיוס די אמאזוניה, djudios de Amazonia) are the Jews of the Amazon basin, mainly descendants of Moroccan Jews who migrated to northern Brazil and Peru in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The migrants were attracted to the growing trade in the Amazon region, especially during the rubber boom, as well as to the newly established religious tolerance. They settled in localities along the Amazon River, such as Belém, Cametá, Santarém, Óbidos, Parintins, Itacoatiara and Manaus in Brazil, some venturing as far as Iquitos in Peru. During the 20th century, the Jews of the region became concentrated in its urban areas, and some moved to other Brazilian cities such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, joining other Jewish communities there. In the 21st century, in northern Brazil there were significant Jewish communities in Belém and Manaus, active with various institutions, as well as smaller communities in Macapá and Porto Velho. Of the approximately 120,000 Jews in the whole country, about 20% were estimated to be of Moroccan origin, mostly descendants of migrants to the Amazon basin. In parallel to the established Jewish communities, many of the original migrants dispersed and married into the local population. As a result, a significant portion of the general population of the Amazon region has partial Moroccan Jewish ancestry. Despite not being considered Jews under religious law, which requires Jewish matrilineal descent or conversion to Judaism, many of these descendants cherish their Jewish ancestry and some keep Jewish practices to various degrees. In Iquitos, most of them formally converted to Judaism and moved to Israel under its Law of Return. ## History In 1808, the Portuguese Empire allowed foreigners to trade and reside in its colony of Brazil, along with tolerance for the private practice of religions other than Catholicism, followed by the official termination of the Portuguese Inquisition in 1821 and the independence of Brazil in 1822. Attracted by the favorable economic and social conditions, Moroccan Jews started migrating to Brazil in 1810. They included two groups: - Megorashim, meaning "expelled": Sephardic Jews, descendants of Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal in the late 15th century, speaking Spanish, Portuguese and Haketia, mostly from the Moroccan cities of Tangier, Tétouan and Casablanca, as well as the Spanish city of Ceuta and the British territory of Gibraltar;[11] - Toshavim, meaning "residents": Maghrebi and Berber Jews, descendants of Jews who lived in Morocco before the arrival of Sephardic Jews, speaking Arabic and Berber, mostly from the Moroccan cities of Rabat, Fez and Marrakesh. The Megorashim ironically called the Toshavim forasteros (foreigners). The rivalry that existed between the two groups in Morocco continued in Brazil: the Toshavim founded a modest synagogue, Eshel Abraham (Abraham's Tamarisk), in 1824, and the Megorashim founded a richer synagogue, Shaar Hashamaim (Gate of Heaven), in 1826, both in Belém, at the mouth of the Amazon River. They also built a Jewish cemetery in the city in 1842. Jews of other origins also migrated to the Amazon region in smaller numbers, such as French Jews from Alsace–Lorraine, Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe, and other Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews from the Middle East. The initial migrants were mostly young men. After achieving a certain prosperity, they often returned to their native land to visit their families, marry Jewish women, and bring them back to Brazil. Their prosperity and their continued contact with the original communities stimulated new migrants, who would have the financial and social support of their acquaintances in Brazil. Later migrants were able to marry those from Jewish families who had previously come with their parents or who were already born in Brazil, thus maintaining their religious traditions with their descendants in the new communities. The migrants worked mostly as merchants, selling food, beverages, medications, fabrics and ammunition to the local population, from whom they bought items produced from local plants and animals, such as rubber, balsam, fruits, nuts, hides and leather, to export to other countries. Traveling along the Amazon River, many settled in smaller localities beyond the city of Belém, such as Cametá, Macapá, Santarém, Óbidos, Parintins, Itacoatiara, and the city of Manaus. Some ventured as far as Iquitos in Peru, or through tributary rivers to localities such as Porto Velho and Rio Branco. In 1862, the Alliance Israélite Universelle began to establish Jewish schools in Morocco and throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East. These schools were crucial in improving the education of Moroccan Jews and prepared them for their future professions and business activities. Some migrants in Brazil also sent their children to Morocco to study in these schools. Many Moroccan Jews became naturalized citizens of Brazil. Some returned to Morocco permanently but retained their Brazilian citizenship, enjoying its consular protection there. ### Rubber boom Natural rubber is produced from latex of the rubber tree, which at the time was found exclusively in the Amazon region. Around 1880, rubber became a highly demanded commodity for the production of automobile tires and other industrial processes, causing a rubber boom in the region, leading to significant economic prosperity and attracting migrants from many regions. In 1889, Brazil became a republic, and in 1890, the country allowed full freedom of religion, not only restricted to private spaces as before. The rubber boom continued under the new regime and led to the rapid development of the cities of Belém, Manaus and Iquitos, including running water and sewers, electricity (a novelty at the time), wealthy residences, luxurious buildings, theaters, and railroads. This period marked the height of Jewish migration to the Amazon basin. ### Decline Around 1910, the rubber boom started to decline due to competition with the British colonies of Ceylon and Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, which began to grow rubber trees from seeds smuggled from Brazil by British explorer Henry Wickham. The decline later intensified due to the production of synthetic rubber. With the economic decline, Jews left the smaller localities in northern Brazil, concentrating in the cities of Belém and Manaus. They built two synagogues in Manaus: Beit Yaacov (House of Jacob) by the Toshavim in 1928, and Rabi Meyr by the Megorashim in 1929. In 1962, reflecting the continuing decline of the community and the obsolete distinction between the two groups, they were merged as the Beit Yaacov/Rabi Meyr Synagogue. Many Jews also left the Amazon region altogether, moving to other Brazilian cities such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, joining the existing Jewish communities there. Most Jews of Iquitos also moved to larger cities in Brazil or to Lima. ### Rabbi Shalom Emanuel Muyal In 1908, Chief Rabbi of Morocco Raphael Ankawa sent Rabbi Shalom Emanuel Muyal to provide religious orientation to the Jewish communities in the Amazon basin. Although unknown in Belém, Rabbi Muyal visited the Jewish communities in many smaller localities in the region, as well as Manaus and Iquitos. During his stay, he became gravely ill, probably from yellow fever based on the reported symptoms, and died in Manaus in 1910. As there was no Jewish cemetery in the city at the time, he was buried in a Catholic cemetery, with a wall around his grave. The local Catholics started to revere the rabbi as a saint, making pilgrimages to his grave and placing commemorative plaques giving thanks for miraculous cures. Around 1980, Ely Muyal, a nephew of Rabbi Muyal and a member of the Israeli government, suggested the transfer of his grave to Israel. The Jewish community of Manaus warned against the move, as it refrained from transferring the rabbi's grave even to the city's Jewish cemetery to avoid upsetting the local population. The Jewish community continued to guard the graves of Jews who were buried in the Catholic cemetery before the Jewish one was built, but maintained the rabbi's grave open to visitation, and held an annual ceremony in his honor. ## Present communities The 2010 Brazilian Census counted 1,346 Jews in Belém, 1,183 in Manaus, and 1,896 in the rest of the North Region of the country. The Jewish communities of Belém and Manaus maintained synagogues, schools, recreation centers, and social groups for women, children and seniors. There were also synagogues in Macapá and Porto Velho. A Sephardic synagogue in Rio de Janeiro was also maintained largely by descendants of Moroccan Jews who left the Amazon region, becoming part of the larger Jewish community of the city. In 2014, it was estimated that 20% of the approximately 120,000 Jews in Brazil were of Moroccan origin, mostly descendants of migrants to the Amazon region. About 300 of them lived in Israel. ### Mixed descendants Many of the original migrants remained in smaller localities of the Amazon basin and married into the local population, mostly of Amerindian origin. Very few of their spouses or children converted to Judaism, while the vast majority of their caboclo or mestizo descendants gradually abandoned the religion or were raised as Catholics, but some kept certain Jewish practices to various degrees. In 1999, it was estimated that about 300,000 people in northern Brazil had a Moroccan Jewish ancestor. In the late 20th century, a group of mixed descendants in Iquitos began to explore their Jewish heritage. As they lacked Jewish matrilineal descent, a formal conversion would be required for them to be recognized as Jews under religious law. After years of study, with the help of Conservative rabbis from Lima, the United States, Argentina and Chile, 98 of the descendants converted to Judaism in 2003, followed by about 180 in 2005, and 284 in 2011. The ritual immersion took place in nearby Lake Quistococha in all occasions. Most of them emigrated to Israel, between 2010 and 2014, settling in Beersheba and Ramla. In 2017, about 50 remained in Iquitos. In 2022, in the northern Brazilian municipality of Cametá, a group of 800 self-declared Jews, mostly descendants of Moroccan Jews, sought to reestablish a synagogue there. An old synagogue of Portuguese colonial architecture had been overtaken by the Tocantins River after most of the Jews left in the 20th century. The group received the support of Sephardic congregations in the United States. ## Languages Among the original Jewish migrants, the Megorashim spoke Spanish, Portuguese and Haketia, also known as Western Ladino, a language mostly based on Old Spanish with Hebrew and Arabic influences; the Toshavim spoke Arabic and Berber; and smaller groups spoke French, German, Yiddish, Eastern Ladino and Arabic. Over time, their descendants adopted the main languages of their respective countries, namely Portuguese in Brazil and Spanish in Peru. Although Haketia is no longer spoken as a full language, many families still use words or expressions from it when speaking among themselves, to convey emotions such as affection, impatience, humor, irony, or for insults, secrecy, proverbs, religious expressions, and songs. A few community members also devoted time to study and document the language. Hebrew remained the liturgical language. It is also learned to various degrees by members of the communities in Brazil and Peru, as well as by those who emigrated to Israel. ## Documentaries - Where is the Rabbi? (2000), by Stephen Nugent and Renato Athias, showing the life of Jews in the Amazon basin.[24] - Eretz Amazônia (Land of Amazon), produced in 2004 by David Salgado, based on Samuel Benchimol's homonymous book published in 1998, about Jews in northern Brazil.[25] - The Fire Within: Jews in the Amazonian Rainforest (2008), by Lorry Salcedo Mitrani, about the Peruvian-Jewish descendants in Iquitos and their efforts to revive Judaism and emigrate to Israel.[4][26][27] ## Notable people - Jayme Aben-Athar (1883–1951), Brazilian physician and professor[28][29] - Davi Alcolumbre (born 1977), Federal Deputy (2003–2015) and Senator (from 2015) for Amapá, and President of the Senate (2019–2021 and from 2025) - Samuel Benchimol (1923–2002), Brazilian businessman, economist and professor - Saul Benchimol (1934–2022), Brazilian businessman and professor[30] - Isaac Bennesby (1945–2011), Mayor of Guajará-Mirim (1983–1988, 1993–1996)[31] - Moisés Bennesby (born 1935), Federal Deputy for Rondônia (1988–1989, 1996–1999)[10][32] - Sara Benoliel (1898–1970), Brazilian-Portuguese pediatrician and feminist - Abraham Bentes (1912–1990), Brazilian Army general and linguist - Eliezer Moisés Levy (1877–1947), Mayor of Macapá (1932–1936, 1942–1944) and Afuá[33] - Judah Levy (1916–2001), Brazilian engineer[34] - Sultana Levy Rosenblatt (1910–2007), Brazilian writer - Abraham Medina (1916–1995), Brazilian businessman - Shalom Emanuel Muyal (1875–1910), Moroccan rabbi - Eduardo Pazuello (born 1963), Brazilian Army general, Minister of Health (2020–2021) and Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro (from 2023) - David José Pérez (1883–1970), Brazilian linguist, professor and journalist[35] - Isaac José Pérez (1876–1945), Mayor of Itacoatiara (1926–1930)[36] - Clara Pinto (born 1946), Brazilian dancer and businesswoman[37][38] - Isaac Benayon Sabbá (1907–1996), Brazilian businessman - Nora Pazuello Sabbá (born 1940), Miss Amazonas (1959)[39][40] - Isaac Soares (c. 1924–2008), Brazilian journalist and Vice Mayor of Belém (1961–1964)[41][42] - Ana Unger (born c. 1963), Brazilian dancer and businesswoman[37][43] ### Descendants - Christian Bendayán (born 1973), Peruvian painter[44] - Gilberto Dimenstein (1956–2020), Brazilian journalist - Roberta Medina (born 1978), Brazilian-Portuguese businesswoman - Roberto Medina (born 1947), Brazilian businessman - Rubem Medina (born 1942), Brazilian businessman and Federal Deputy for Guanabara (1967–1975) and Rio de Janeiro (1975–2003) - José Isaac Peres (born 1940), Brazilian businessman[45][46]	enwiki/15228448	enwiki	15,228,448	Amazonian Jews	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonian_Jews	2025-08-16T22:35:02	en	Q4740892	228,786	{{short description\|Ethno-religious group in South America}} {{Infobox ethnic group \|group = Amazonian Jews \|image = \|caption = \|pop = about 25,000 \|region1 = {{flag\|Brazil}} \|pop1 = 24,000<ref name=20%/> \|region2 = {{flag\|Israel}} \|pop2 = 550<ref name=aj/><ref name=haaretz/><ref name=saccal/> \|region3 = {{flag\|Peru}} \|pop3 = 50<ref name=saccal/> \|languages = '''Modern:''' [[Portuguese language\|Portuguese]] (Brazil), [[Spanish language\|Spanish]] (Peru), [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] (Israel and liturgical)<br>'''Traditional:''' [[Haketia]] \|religions = [[Judaism]] \|related = [[Moroccan Jews]], [[Sephardic Jews]], [[Maghrebi Jews]], [[Berber Jews]], [[Brazilians]], [[Peruvians]], [[caboclo]]s, [[mestizo]]s }} '''Amazonian Jews''' ({{langx\|pt\|judeus da Amazônia}}; {{langx\|es\|judíos de la Amazonia}}; {{langx\|he\|יהודי האמזונס\|translit=yehudei haAmazonas}}; {{langx\|lad\|ג׳ודיוס די אמאזוניה, djudios de Amazonia}}) are the Jews of the [[Amazon basin]], mainly descendants of [[Moroccan Jews]] who migrated to northern [[Brazil]] and [[Peru]] in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The migrants were attracted to the growing trade in the Amazon region, especially during the [[rubber boom]], as well as to the newly established [[religious tolerance]]. They settled in localities along the [[Amazon River]], such as [[Belém]], [[Cametá]], [[Santarém, Pará\|Santarém]], [[Óbidos, Pará\|Óbidos]], [[Parintins]], [[Itacoatiara, Amazonas\|Itacoatiara]] and [[Manaus]] in Brazil, some venturing as far as [[Iquitos]] in Peru.<ref name=museum/><ref name=haketia/> During the 20th century, the Jews of the region became concentrated in its urban areas, and some moved to other Brazilian cities such as [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]], joining other Jewish communities there.<ref name=museum/><ref name=haketia/> In the 21st century, in northern Brazil there were significant Jewish communities in Belém and Manaus, active with various institutions,<ref name=belem/><ref name=manaus/> as well as smaller communities in [[Macapá]] and [[Porto Velho]].<ref name=amapa/><ref name=portovelho/> Of the approximately 120,000 Jews in the whole country, about 20% were estimated to be of Moroccan origin, mostly descendants of migrants to the Amazon basin.<ref name=20%/> In parallel to the established Jewish communities, many of the original migrants dispersed and married into the local population. As a result, a significant portion of the general population of the Amazon region has partial Moroccan Jewish ancestry. Despite not being considered Jews under [[Halakha\|religious law]], which requires Jewish matrilineal descent or conversion to [[Judaism]], many of these descendants cherish their Jewish ancestry and some keep Jewish practices to various degrees.<ref name=sarraf/> In Iquitos, most of them formally converted to [[Judaism]] and moved to [[Israel]] under its [[Law of Return]].<ref name=saccal/> ==History== [[File:Map of Morocco from CIA World Factbook.png\|thumb\|Morocco]] [[File:Amazonriverbasin basemap.png\|thumb\|Amazon River basin]] In 1808, the [[Portuguese Empire]] allowed foreigners to trade and reside in its [[Colonial Brazil\|colony of Brazil]], along with tolerance for the private practice of religions other than [[Catholicism]], followed by the official termination of the [[Portuguese Inquisition]] in 1821 and the [[independence of Brazil]] in 1822.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.unicap.br/ocs/index.php/cncrt/cncrt/paper/download/261/45 \|title=1808: A família real no Brasil e a abertura religiosa \|trans-title=1808: The royal family in Brazil and the religious opening \|author=Edjaelson Pedro da Silva \|publisher=Catholic University of Pernambuco \|date=September 2016 \|language=pt}}</ref> Attracted by the favorable economic and social conditions, [[Moroccan Jews]] started migrating to Brazil in 1810. They included two groups:<ref name=museum>{{cite web \|url=http://www.museudainquisicao.org.br/artigos/duzentos-anos-de-miscigenacao-judaica-na-amazonia/ \|title=Duzentos anos de miscigenação judaica na Amazônia \|trans-title=Two hundred years of Jewish miscegenation in the Amazon \|author=Simão Arão Pecher \|publisher=Museum of Inquisition History \|language=pt}}</ref><ref name=haketia>{{cite web \|url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Linguas_em_Extincao_O_Hakitia_em_Belem_do_Para.pdf \|title=Línguas em extinção: o hakitia em Belém do Pará \|trans-title=Languages in extinction: Haketia in Belém, Pará \|author=Cássia Scheinbein \|publisher=Federal University of Minas Gerais \|date=2006 \|language=pt}}</ref> [[Megorashim]], meaning "expelled": [[Sephardic Jews]], descendants of Jews [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain\|expelled from Spain]] [[Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal\|and Portugal]] in the late 15th century, speaking [[Spanish language\|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language\|Portuguese]] and [[Haketia]], mostly from the Moroccan cities of [[Tangier]], [[Tétouan]] and [[Casablanca]], as well as the [[Spain\|Spanish]] city of [[Ceuta]] and the [[British Overseas Territories\|British territory]] of [[Gibraltar]];<ref name=sarraf>{{cite web \|url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/arquivo-de-familias/arquivo-de-familias-familia-sarraf-bothebol/ \|title=As origens judaicas da família Sarraf \|trans-title=The Jewish origins of the Sarraf family \|publisher=Jewish Amazon Portal \|language=pt}}</ref> [[Toshavim]], meaning "residents": [[Maghrebi Jews\|Maghrebi]] and [[Berber Jews]], descendants of Jews who lived in Morocco before the arrival of Sephardic Jews, speaking [[Arabic]] and [[Berber languages\|Berber]], mostly from the Moroccan cities of [[Rabat]], [[Fez, Morocco\|Fez]] and [[Marrakesh]]. The Megorashim ironically called the Toshavim ''forasteros'' (foreigners). The rivalry that existed between the two groups in Morocco continued in Brazil: the Toshavim founded a modest synagogue, ''[[:pt:Eshel Abraham\|Eshel Abraham]]'' (Abraham's Tamarisk), in 1824, and the Megorashim founded a richer synagogue, ''Shaar Hashamaim'' (Gate of Heaven), in 1826, both in [[Belém]], at the mouth of the [[Amazon River]]. They also built a Jewish cemetery in the city in 1842.<ref name=museum/><ref name=haketia/><ref name=segal/> Jews of other origins also migrated to the Amazon region in smaller numbers, such as [[French Jews]] from [[Alsace–Lorraine]], [[Ashkenazi Jews]] from [[Central Europe\|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]], and other Sephardic and [[Mizrahi Jews]] from the [[Middle East]].<ref name=museum/><ref name=haketia/> The initial migrants were mostly young men. After achieving a certain prosperity, they often returned to their native land to visit their families, marry Jewish women, and bring them back to Brazil. Their prosperity and their continued contact with the original communities stimulated new migrants, who would have the financial and social support of their acquaintances in Brazil. Later migrants were able to marry those from Jewish families who had previously come with their parents or who were already born in Brazil, thus maintaining their religious traditions with their descendants in the new communities.<ref name=haketia/> The migrants worked mostly as merchants, selling food, beverages, medications, fabrics and ammunition to the local population, from whom they bought items produced from local plants and animals, such as rubber, balsam, fruits, nuts, hides and leather, to export to other countries. Traveling along the Amazon River, many settled in smaller localities beyond the city of Belém, such as [[Cametá]], [[Macapá]], [[Santarém, Pará\|Santarém]], [[Óbidos, Pará\|Óbidos]], [[Parintins]], [[Itacoatiara, Amazonas\|Itacoatiara]], and the city of [[Manaus]]. Some ventured as far as [[Iquitos]] in [[Peru]], or through [[tributary]] rivers to localities such as [[Porto Velho]] and [[Rio Branco, Acre\|Rio Branco]].<ref name=museum/><ref name=haketia/> In 1862, the [[Alliance Israélite Universelle]] began to establish Jewish schools in Morocco and throughout the [[Mediterranean Basin\|Mediterranean]] and Middle East. These schools were crucial in improving the education of Moroccan Jews and prepared them for their future professions and business activities.<ref name=haketia/> Some migrants in Brazil also sent their children to Morocco to study in these schools.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://franciscogomesdasilva.com.br/imigracao-judaica-em-itacoatiara-a-trajetoria-do-prefeito-isaac-jose-perez/ \|title=Imigração judaica em Itacoatiara: a trajetória do prefeito Isaac José Pérez \|trans-title=Jewish immigration in Itacoatiara: the path of mayor Isaac José Pérez \|author=Claudemilson Oliveira \|publisher=Francisco Gomes's Blog \|date=22 April 2019 \|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|url=https://www.yumpu.com/pt/document/read/66182843/estrela-de-david-no-cruzeiro-do-sul \|title=Estrela de David no Cruzeiro do Sul \|trans-title=Star of David in the Southern Cross \|author=Israel Blajberg \|publisher=Academy of Terrestrial Military History of Brazil \|date=24 August 2015 \|language=pt \|isbn=978-85-60811-24-3}}</ref> Many Moroccan Jews became [[Brazilian nationality law\|naturalized citizens of Brazil]]. Some returned to Morocco permanently but retained their Brazilian citizenship, enjoying its [[consular protection]] there.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/FERNANDES_Lucas_Negociando_com_Naturalidade.pdf \|title=Negociando com naturalidade: questões de identidade e cidadania da comunidade judaica brasileira no Marrocos \|trans-title=Negotiating with nativeness: issues of identity and citizenship of the Brazilian Jewish community in Morocco \|author=Lucas de Mattos Moura Fernandes \|publisher=Federal University of Rio de Janeiro \|date=2018 \|language=pt}}</ref> ===Rubber boom=== [[File:Latex-production.jpg\|thumb\|Extraction of latex from a rubber tree]] [[Natural rubber]] is produced from [[latex]] of the [[rubber tree]], which at the time was found exclusively in the Amazon region. Around 1880, rubber became a highly demanded commodity for the production of automobile tires and other industrial processes, causing a [[rubber boom]] in the region, leading to significant economic prosperity and attracting migrants from many regions.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.conib.org.br/federadas/9-conteudo/91-ciam-comite-israelita-do-amazonas.html \|title=História da comunidade judaica do Amazonas \|trans-title=History of the Jewish community of Amazonas \|publisher=Jewish Confederation of Brazil \|language=pt}}</ref> [[File:Teatro amazonas.jpg\|thumb\|[[Amazon Theatre]] in Manaus, one of the luxurious buildings built with rubber fortunes]] In 1889, Brazil became a [[First Brazilian Republic\|republic]], and in 1890, the country allowed full freedom of religion, not only restricted to private spaces as before.<ref name=museum/> The rubber boom continued under the new regime and led to the rapid development of the cities of Belém, Manaus and Iquitos, including running water and sewers, electricity (a novelty at the time), wealthy residences, luxurious buildings, theaters, and railroads. This period marked the height of Jewish migration to the Amazon basin.<ref name=segal>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BBettxFjKsC \|title=Jews of the Amazon: Self-exile in Earthly Paradise \|author=Ariel Segal Freilich \|publisher=Jewish Publication Society \|date=1999 \|isbn=9780827606692}}</ref> ===Decline=== Around 1910, the rubber boom started to decline due to competition with the British colonies of [[British Ceylon\|Ceylon]] and [[British Malaya\|Malaya]] and the [[Dutch East Indies]], which began to grow rubber trees from seeds smuggled from Brazil by British explorer [[Henry Wickham (explorer)\|Henry Wickham]].<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9frS3S7N-cC \|title=Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History \|author=Warren Dean \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|date=1987 \|isbn=9780521526920}}</ref> The decline later intensified due to the production of [[synthetic rubber]]. With the economic decline, Jews left the smaller localities in northern Brazil, concentrating in the cities of Belém and Manaus. They built two synagogues in Manaus: ''Beit Yaacov'' (House of Jacob) by the Toshavim in 1928, and ''Rabi Meyr'' by the Megorashim in 1929. In 1962, reflecting the continuing decline of the community and the obsolete distinction between the two groups, they were merged as the [[Beit Yaacov/Rabi Meyr Synagogue (Manaus, Brazil)\|Beit Yaacov/Rabi Meyr Synagogue]].<ref name=museum/> Many Jews also left the Amazon region altogether, moving to other Brazilian cities such as [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]], joining the existing Jewish communities there.<ref name=haketia/> Most Jews of Iquitos also moved to larger cities in Brazil or to [[Lima]].<ref name=segal/> ===Rabbi Shalom Emanuel Muyal=== In 1908, [[Chief Rabbi]] of Morocco [[Raphael Ankawa]] sent [[:pt:Rabino Shalom Emanuel Muyal\|Rabbi Shalom Emanuel Muyal]] to provide religious orientation to the Jewish communities in the Amazon basin. Although unknown in Belém, Rabbi Muyal visited the Jewish communities in many smaller localities in the region, as well as Manaus and Iquitos. During his stay, he became gravely ill, probably from [[yellow fever]] based on the reported symptoms, and died in Manaus in 1910. As there was no Jewish cemetery in the city at the time, he was buried in a Catholic cemetery, with a wall around his grave. The local Catholics started to revere the rabbi as a [[saint]], making [[pilgrimage]]s to his grave and placing [[commemorative plaque]]s giving thanks for miraculous cures. Around 1980, Ely Muyal, a nephew of Rabbi Muyal and a member of the Israeli government, suggested the transfer of his grave to Israel. The Jewish community of Manaus warned against the move, as it refrained from transferring the rabbi's grave even to the city's Jewish cemetery to avoid upsetting the local population. The Jewish community continued to guard the graves of Jews who were buried in the Catholic cemetery before the Jewish one was built, but maintained the rabbi's grave open to visitation, and held an annual ceremony in his honor.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://esefarad.com/rabino-e-santo-milagroso-para-os-catolicos-de-manaus/ \|title=Rabino e santo milagroso para os católicos de Manaus \|trans-title=Rabbi and miraculous saint for the Catholics of Manaus \|publisher=eSefarad \|date=22 June 2014 \|language=pt}}</ref> ==Present communities== [[File:Eshel Abraham.jpg\|thumb\|Eshel Abraham Synagogue in Belém]] [[File:Shaar Hashamaim.jpg\|thumb\|Shaar Hashamaim Synagogue in Belém]] {{Image frame\|width=220\|content={{CSS image crop\|Image=Shel Guemilut Hassadim.jpg\|bSize=240\|oLeft=20\|oTop=40\|cHeight=250}}\|caption=Synagogue Shel Guemilut Hassadim in Rio de Janeiro, maintained largely by descendants of Moroccan Jews from the Amazon region}} The [[2010 Brazilian Census]] counted 1,346 Jews in Belém, 1,183 in Manaus, and 1,896 in the rest of the [[North Region, Brazil\|North Region]] of the country.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/Tabela/137 \|title=Tabela 137 – População residente, por religião \|trans-title=Table 137 – Resident population, by religion \|publisher=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics \|date=2010 \|language=pt}}</ref> The Jewish communities of Belém and Manaus maintained synagogues, schools, recreation centers, and social groups for women, children and seniors.<ref name=belem>{{cite web \|url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/comunidades-belem/ \|title=Belém do Pará \|trans-title=Belém, Pará \|publisher=Jewish Amazon Portal \|language=pt}}</ref><ref name=manaus>{{cite web \|url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/comunidades-manaus/ \|title=Manaus \|publisher=Jewish Amazon Portal \|language=pt}}</ref> There were also synagogues in Macapá and Porto Velho.<ref name=amapa>{{cite web \|url=https://www.conib.org.br/federadas/9-conteudo/88-comite-israelita-do-amapa.html \|title=História da comunidade judaica do Amapá \|trans-title=History of the Jewish community of Amapá \|publisher=Jewish Confederation of Brazil \|language=pt}}</ref><ref name=portovelho>{{cite web \|url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/comunidades-porto-velho-rondonia/ \|title=Porto Velho \|publisher=Jewish Amazon Portal \|language=pt}}</ref> A Sephardic synagogue in Rio de Janeiro was also maintained largely by descendants of Moroccan Jews who left the Amazon region, becoming part of the larger Jewish community of the city.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/comunidades-shel-guemilut/ \|title=Shel Guemilut \|publisher=Jewish Amazon Portal \|language=pt}}</ref> In 2014, it was estimated that 20% of the approximately 120,000 Jews in Brazil were of Moroccan origin, mostly descendants of migrants to the Amazon region.<ref name=20%>{{cite web \|url=https://medias24.com/2014/07/11/20-des-juifs-du-bresil-sont-dorigine-marocaine/ \|title=20% des juifs du Brésil sont d'origine marocaine \|trans-title=20% of the Jews of Brazil are of Moroccan origin \|publisher=Médias24 \|date=11 July 2014 \|language=fr}}</ref> About 300 of them lived in Israel.<ref name=aj>{{cite web \|url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/ \|title=Portal Amazônia Judaica \|trans-title=Jewish Amazon Portal \|language=pt}}</ref> ===Mixed descendants=== Many of the original migrants remained in smaller localities of the Amazon basin and married into the local population, mostly of [[Amerindian]] origin. Very few of their spouses or children [[converted to Judaism]], while the vast majority of their [[caboclo]] or [[mestizo]] descendants gradually abandoned the religion or were raised as Catholics, but some kept certain Jewish practices to various degrees. In 1999, it was estimated that about 300,000 people in northern Brazil had a Moroccan Jewish ancestor.<ref name=museum/><ref name=sarraf/><ref>{{cite journal \|url=https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/maaravi/article/download/35930/29356/116527 \|title=Judeus-caboclos na Amazônia \|trans-title=Jewish-Caboclos in Amazon \|author=Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro \|journal=Arquivo Maaravi \|volume=15 \|issue=29 \|publisher=Federal University of Minas Gerais \|date=November 2021 \|issn=1982-3053 \|language=pt}}</ref> In the late 20th century, a group of mixed descendants in Iquitos began to explore their Jewish heritage. As they lacked Jewish matrilineal descent, a formal conversion would be required for them to be recognized as Jews under [[halakha\|religious law]]. After years of study, with the help of [[Conservative Judaism\|Conservative]] rabbis from [[Lima]], the [[United States]], [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]], 98 of the descendants converted to Judaism in 2003, followed by about 180 in 2005, and 284 in 2011. The [[mikveh\|ritual immersion]] took place in nearby Lake Quistococha in all occasions. Most of them [[aliyah\|emigrated to Israel]], between 2010 and 2014, settling in [[Beersheba]] and [[Ramla]]. In 2017, about 50 remained in Iquitos.<ref name=haaretz>{{cite web \|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.535711 \|title=New Group of 'Amazon Jews' Arrives in Israel \|publisher=Haaretz \|date=14 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=saccal>{{cite web \|url=https://jewishlibraries.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SaccalText2017.pdf \|title=The Jews of Iquitos (Peru) \|author=Rita Saccal \|publisher=Association of Jewish Libraries Conference Proceedings \|date=June 2017}}</ref> In 2022, in the northern Brazilian municipality of Cametá, a group of 800 self-declared Jews, mostly descendants of Moroccan Jews, sought to reestablish a synagogue there. An old synagogue of Portuguese colonial architecture had been overtaken by the [[Tocantins River]] after most of the Jews left in the 20th century. The group received the support of Sephardic congregations in the United States.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://cameta-pa.minhacidade.blog/2022/03/29/com-apoio-de-judeus-americanos-cameta-tera-sinagoga-novamente/ \|title=Com apoio de Judeus americanos, Cametá terá sinagoga novamente \|trans-title=With the support of American Jews, Cametá will have a synagogue again \|publisher=Cametá, My City \|date=29 March 2022 \|language=pt}}</ref> ==Languages== Among the original Jewish migrants, the Megorashim spoke [[Spanish language\|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language\|Portuguese]] and [[Haketia]], also known as Western [[Judaeo-Spanish\|Ladino]], a language mostly based on [[Old Spanish]] with [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] and [[Arabic]] influences; the Toshavim spoke [[Arabic]] and [[Berber languages\|Berber]]; and smaller groups spoke [[French language\|French]], [[German language\|German]], [[Yiddish]], Eastern Ladino and Arabic.<ref name=haketia/> Over time, their descendants adopted the main languages of their respective countries, namely Portuguese in Brazil and Spanish in Peru. Although Haketia is no longer spoken as a full language, many families still use words or expressions from it when speaking among themselves, to convey emotions such as affection, impatience, humor, irony, or for insults, secrecy, proverbs, religious expressions, and songs. A few community members also devoted time to study and document the language.<ref name=haketia/> [[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] remained the [[liturgical language]]. It is also learned to various degrees by members of the communities in Brazil and Peru, as well as by those who emigrated to Israel.<ref name=saccal/> ==Documentaries== ''Where is the Rabbi?'' (2000), by Stephen Nugent and Renato Athias, showing the life of Jews in the Amazon basin.<ref>{{cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0C8eq0CxcXA \|title=Onde está o Rabino? \|trans-title=Where is the Rabbi? \|people=Stephen Nugent, Renato Athias \|date=2000 \|language=pt}}</ref> ''Eretz Amazônia'' (Land of Amazon), produced in 2004 by David Salgado, based on [[Samuel Benchimol]]'s homonymous book published in 1998, about Jews in northern Brazil.<ref>{{cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzNcKnG4-Lc \|title=Eretz Amazônia \|trans-title=Land of Amazon \|people=David Salgado, Alan Rodrigues, Wagner Bentes Lins \|date=2004 \|language=pt}}</ref> ''The Fire Within: Jews in the Amazonian Rainforest'' (2008), by Lorry Salcedo Mitrani, about the Peruvian-Jewish descendants in Iquitos and their efforts to revive Judaism and emigrate to Israel.<ref name=saccal/><ref>{{cite AV media \|url=https://www.ruthfilms.com/films/docs/jewish/the-fire-within.html \|title=The Fire Within: Jews in the Amazonian Rainforest \|people=Lorry Salcedo Mitrani \|publisher=Ruth Films \|date=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://jewishfilmfestivals.org/films/2008/fire-within-jews-amazonian-rainforest/ \|title=The Fire Within: Jews in the Amazonian Rainforest \|author=Lorry Salcedo Mitrani \|publisher=Jewish Film Festivals \|date=2008}}</ref> ==Notable people== Jayme Aben-Athar (1883–1951), Brazilian physician and professor<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/biblioteca_MONOGRAFIA-CASSIA-Hist%C3%B3ria-e-mem%C3%B3ria-de-judeus-em-Gurup%C3%A1-final.pdf \|title=História e memória de judeus em Gurupá: um estudo de caso a partir dos Aben-Athar (1890–1900) \|trans-title=History and memory of Jews in Gurupá: a case study from the Aben-Athar (1890–1900) \|author=Cássia Luzia Lobato Benathar \|publisher=Federal University of Pará \|date=2015 \|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|url=https://ihgb.org.br/pesquisa/hemeroteca/artigos-de-periodicos/item/78608-o-s%C3%A1bio-doutor-jayme-aben-athar.html \|title=O sábio doutor Jayme Aben-Athar \|trans-title=The wise doctor Jayme Aben-Athar \|author=José Monteiro Leite \|journal=Revista Paraense de Medicina \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=54–55 \|date=April–June 2001 \|language=pt}}</ref> [[Davi Alcolumbre]] (born 1977), [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)\|Federal Deputy]] (2003–2015) and [[Federal Senate (Brazil)\|Senator]] (from 2015) for [[Amapá]], and [[President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)\|President of the Senate]] (2019–2021 and from 2025) [[Samuel Benchimol]] (1923–2002), Brazilian businessman, economist and professor Saul Benchimol (1934–2022), Brazilian businessman and professor<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://portalamazonia.com/estados/amazonas/morre-aos-87-anos-saul-benchimol-conheca-sua-historia \|title=Morre, aos 87 anos, Saul Benchimol: conheça sua história \|trans-title=Saul Benchimol dies at 87 years old: know his history \|publisher=Portal Amazônia \|date=14 February 2022 \|language=pt}}</ref> Isaac Bennesby (1945–2011), Mayor of [[Guajará-Mirim]] (1983–1988, 1993–1996)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://guajaranoticias.com.br/noticia/7623/dois-anos-sem-isaac-bennesby \|title=Dois anos sem Isaac Bennesby \|trans-title=Two years without Isaac Bennesby \|publisher=Guajará Notícias \|date=27 December 2013 \|language=pt}}</ref> Moisés Bennesby (born 1935), Federal Deputy for [[Rondônia]] (1988–1989, 1996–1999)<ref name=portovelho/><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://arquivohistorico.camara.leg.br/index.php/moises-bennesby \|title=Moisés Bennesby \|publisher=Chamber of Deputies of Brazil \|language=pt}}</ref> [[Sara Benoliel]] (1898–1970), Brazilian-Portuguese pediatrician and feminist [[Abraham Bentes]] (1912–1990), [[Brazilian Army]] general and linguist [[:pt:Eliezer Levy\|Eliezer Moisés Levy]] (1877–1947), Mayor of Macapá (1932–1936, 1942–1944) and [[Afuá]]<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://montorilaraujo.blogspot.com/2012/07/normal-0-21-false-false-false.html \|title=Eliezer Moisés Levy \|publisher=Nilson Montoril – Arambaé \|date=11 July 2012 \|language=pt}}</ref> Judah Levy (1916–2001), Brazilian engineer<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://docomomobrasil.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/O-EDIFICIO-PIEDADE-DO-ENGENHEIRO-JUDAH-LEVY-EM-BELEM.pdf \|title=O edifício Piedade do engenheiro Judah Levy em Belém: modernidade, cultura técnica e sociedade \|trans-title=The Piedade building by engineer Judah Levy in Belém: modernity, technical culture and society \|author=João Victor de Alcântara, Celma Chaves \|publisher=Docomomo Brasil \|date=28–30 September 2022 \|language=pt}}</ref> [[:en:Sultana Levy Rosenblatt\|Sultana Levy Rosenblatt]] (1910–2007), Brazilian writer [[:pt:Abraham Medina\|Abraham Medina]] (1916–1995), Brazilian businessman [[:pt:Rabino Shalom Emanuel Muyal\|Shalom Emanuel Muyal]] (1875–1910), Moroccan rabbi [[Eduardo Pazuello]] (born 1963), Brazilian Army general, Minister of Health (2020–2021) and Federal Deputy for [[Rio de Janeiro (state)\|Rio de Janeiro]] (from 2023) David José Pérez (1883–1970), Brazilian linguist, professor and journalist<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.dm.com.br/opiniao/2016/11/a-cultura-de-david-perez \|title=A cultura de David Pérez \|trans-title=The culture of David Pérez \|publisher=Diário da Manhã \|date=8 November 2016 \|language=pt}}</ref> Isaac José Pérez (1876–1945), Mayor of Itacoatiara (1926–1930)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://frankchaves-ita.blogspot.com/2020/11/conheca-o-primeiro-prefeito-e-o-mais.html \|title=Conheça o prefeito mais transparente, visionário e probo da história de Itacoatiara \|trans-title=Meet the most transparent, visionary and honest mayor in the history of Itacoatiara \|publisher=Blog Frank Chaves \|date=23 November 2020 \|language=pt}}</ref> Clara Pinto (born 1946), Brazilian dancer and businesswoman<ref name=israelnews>{{cite web \|url=https://politicageral.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/a-patria-mais-antiga-dos-judeus-no-brasil/ \|title=A 'Pátria' mais antiga dos judeus no Brasil \|trans-title=The oldest 'Fatherland' of the Jews in Brazil \|publisher=Israel News \|date=5 July 2011 \|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://repositorio.ufmg.br/bitstream/1843/47004/1/Tese%20Doutorado%20-%20Erika%20Gomes%20Teixeira%20-%20PPGARTES%20-%20UFMG%202020.pdf \|title=O sapateado em Belém do Pará: das escolas livres à universidade \|trans-title=Tap dance in Belém, Pará: from the free schools to the university \|author=Erika Gomes Teixeira \|publisher=Federal University of Minas Gerais \|date=28 February 2020 \|language=pt}}</ref> [[Isaac Benayon Sabbá]] (1907–1996), Brazilian businessman Nora Pazuello Sabbá (born 1940), [[Miss Amazonas]] (1959)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://deolhonosruralistas.com.br/2021/03/16/familia-pazuello-do-enriquecimento-ao-lado-do-rei-da-amazonia-ao-colapso-politico/ \|title=Família Pazuello: do enriquecimento ao lado do 'Rei da Amazônia' ao colapso político \|trans-title=Pazuello family: from enrichment next to the 'King of the Amazon' to political collapse \|author=Alceu Luís Castilho, Leonardo Fuhrmann \|publisher=De Olho nos Ruralistas \|date=16 March 2021 \|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=170054_01&pagfis=62907 \|title=Nova Miss Amazonas ascendeu ontem ao seu trono \|trans-title=New Miss Amazonas ascended yesterday to her throne \|publisher=Jornal do Comercio \|via=National Library of Brazil \|date=7 June 1959 \|language=pt}}</ref> Isaac Soares ({{circa\|1924}}–2008), Brazilian journalist and Vice Mayor of Belém (1961–1964)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://ignatiana.blog/2020/07/30/tigre/ \|title=O Tigre que adorava pato no tucupi e tomava mingau no Ver-o-Peso \|trans-title=The Tiger that loved duck on tucupi and ate porridge at Ver-o-Peso \|author=João Carlos Pereira \|publisher=Ignatiana \|date= 30 July 2020 \|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://aldemyrfeio.blogspot.com/2008/12/morre-isaac-soares-orm-esto-de-luto.html \|title=Morre Isaac Soares. ORM estão de luto \|trans-title=Isaac Soares dies. ORM mourn \|publisher=Amazônia \|via=Jornal do Feio \|date=20 December 2008 \|language=pt}}</ref> Ana Unger (born {{circa\|1963}}), Brazilian dancer and businesswoman<ref name=israelnews/><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.oliberal.com/colunas/mais-liberal/ana-unger-no-aprender-empreender-e-a-loja-de-flores-do-shopping-bosque-grao-para-1.348708 \|title=Ana Unger no Aprender & Empreender e a loja de flores do shopping Bosque Grão Pará \|trans-title=Ana Unger on Learn & Undertake and the flower shop of mall Bosque Grão Pará \|publisher=O Liberal \|date=26 January 2021 \|language=pt}}</ref> ===Descendants=== [[:es:Christian Bendayán\|Christian Bendayán]] (born 1973), Peruvian painter<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.casasur.org/index.php?fp_verpub=true&idpub=170 \|title=Lo impuro y lo contaminado Christian Bendayán: Un pintor de la selva (urbana) \|trans-title=The impure and the contaminated Christian Bendayán: A painter of the (urban) jungle \|author=Gustavo Buntinx \|publisher=Casa Sur \|language=es}}</ref> [[Gilberto Dimenstein]] (1956–2020), Brazilian journalist [[:pt:Roberta Medina\|Roberta Medina]] (born 1978), Brazilian-Portuguese businesswoman [[:pt:Roberto Medina\|Roberto Medina]] (born 1947), Brazilian businessman [[:pt:Rubem Medina\|Rubem Medina]] (born 1942), Brazilian businessman and Federal Deputy for [[Guanabara (state)\|Guanabara]] (1967–1975) and Rio de Janeiro (1975–2003) [[:pt:José Isaac Peres\|José Isaac Peres]] (born 1940), Brazilian businessman<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://comunitaitaliana.com/mago-dos-shoppings/ \|title=Mago dos shoppings \|trans-title=Wizard of the shopping malls \|publisher=Comunità Italiana \|date=25 November 2019 \|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://splegisconsulta.camara.sp.gov.br/ArquivoProcesso/GerarArquivoProcesso?COD_MTRA_LEGL=1&NUM_MTRA_LEGL=804&ANO_MTRA_LEGL=2017&volume=1 \|title=Projeto de lei 804/2017 \|trans-title=Draft law 804/2017 \|publisher=Municipal Chamber of São Paulo \|date=21 November 2017 \|language=pt}}</ref> ==See also== [[History of the Jews in Brazil]] [[History of the Jews in Peru]] [[Moroccan Jews]] [[Sephardic Jews]] [[B'nai Moshe]] [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil]] [[Indigenous peoples of Peru]] [[Indigenous peoples of South America]] == References == {{reflist}} ==External links== [https://web.archive.org/web/20070815231118/http://www.elreloj.com/article.php?id=17222 The "Jews of the Jungle" receive a Rabbi (in Spanish)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080124143240/http://www.sephardicgen.com/Amazon.htm Indiana Jones meets Tangier Moshe - Moroccan Jews in the Amazon], Sephardic Jewish Resources *[http://moroccan-jews-in-amazonia.com/index.php The life of Moyses and Abraham Pinto in the Amazon Jungle (1879-1893) as told by Abraham Pinto], Avraham Cohen, Erez Publishing, Jerusalem {{Jews and Judaism}} [[Category:Amazonian Jews\| ]] [[Category:Jewish Brazilian history]] [[Category:Jewish Moroccan history]] [[Category:Jewish Peruvian history]] [[Category:People of Moroccan-Jewish descent]] [[Category:Sephardi Jews topics]] [[Category:Sephardi Jewish culture in Brazil]] [[Category:Moroccan diaspora]] [[Category:History of Amazonia\|Jews]]	1,306,276,960	[{"title": "Regions with significant populations", "data": {"Brazil": "24,000", "Israel": "550", "Peru": "50"}}, {"title": "Languages", "data": {"Languages": "Modern: Portuguese (Brazil), Spanish (Peru), Hebrew (Israel and liturgical) \u00b7 Traditional: Haketia"}}, {"title": "Religion", "data": {"Religion": "Judaism"}}, {"title": "Related ethnic groups", "data": {"Related ethnic groups": "Moroccan Jews, Sephardic Jews, Maghrebi Jews, Berber Jews, Brazilians, Peruvians, caboclos, mestizos"}}]	false
# Shemin Shemin is a Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include: - Robert Shemin, American real estate investor and author - William Shemin, sergeant in the U.S. Army during World War I awarded the Medal of Honor	enwiki/79053519	enwiki	79,053,519	Shemin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemin	2025-01-31T02:58:04	en	Q132296379	4,835	'''Shemin''' is a Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include: [[Robert Shemin]], American real estate investor and author [[William Shemin]], sergeant in the U.S. Army during World War I awarded the Medal of Honor ==See also== *{{intitle\|Shemin}} {{surname}} [[Category:Surnames of Jewish origin]]	1,272,973,195	[]	false
# Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, 2017–2021 This is a list of members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from 2017 to 2021. ## List of members \| Name \| Party \| District \| Term in office \| \| --------------------- \| -------------------------------- \| ------------------ \| -------------- \| \| Lisa Baker \| Labor \| Maylands \| 2008–present \| \| Hon Colin Barnett [1] \| Liberal \| Cottesloe \| 1990–2018 \| \| Ian Blayney \| Liberal/Independent/National [3] \| Geraldton \| 2008–2021 \| \| Tony Buti \| Labor \| Armadale \| 2010–present \| \| John Carey \| Labor \| Perth \| 2017–present \| \| Vince Catania \| National \| North West Central \| 2008–2022 \| \| Robyn Clarke \| Labor \| Murray-Wellington \| 2017–present \| \| Roger Cook \| Labor \| Kwinana \| 2008–present \| \| Mia Davies \| National \| Central Wheatbelt \| 2013–present \| \| Josie Farrer \| Labor \| Kimberley \| 2013–2021 \| \| Mark Folkard \| Labor \| Burns Beach \| 2017–present \| \| Janine Freeman \| Labor \| Mirrabooka \| 2008–2021 \| \| Emily Hamilton \| Labor \| Joondalup \| 2017–present \| \| Liza Harvey \| Liberal \| Scarborough \| 2008–2021 \| \| Alyssa Hayden [2] \| Liberal \| Darling Range \| 2018–2021 \| \| Terry Healy \| Labor \| Southern River \| 2017–present \| \| Dr David Honey [1] \| Liberal \| Cottesloe \| 2018–present \| \| Matthew Hughes \| Labor \| Kalamunda \| 2017–present \| \| Bill Johnston \| Labor \| Cannington \| 2008–present \| \| Peter Katsambanis \| Liberal \| Hillarys \| 2017–2021 \| \| Dave Kelly \| Labor \| Bassendean \| 2013–present \| \| Zak Kirkup \| Liberal \| Dawesville \| 2017–2021 \| \| Tony Krsticevic \| Liberal \| Carine \| 2008–2021 \| \| Sean L'Estrange \| Liberal \| Churchlands \| 2013–2021 \| \| Fran Logan \| Labor \| Cockburn \| 2001–2021 \| \| Shane Love \| National \| Moore \| 2013–present \| \| Bill Marmion \| Liberal \| Nedlands \| 2008–2021 \| \| Hon Mark McGowan \| Labor \| Rockingham \| 1996–present \| \| John McGrath \| Liberal \| South Perth \| 2005–2021 \| \| Simone McGurk \| Labor \| Fremantle \| 2013–present \| \| Libby Mettam \| Liberal \| Vasse \| 2014–present \| \| David Michael \| Labor \| Balcatta \| 2017–present \| \| Kevin Michel \| Labor \| Pilbara \| 2017–present \| \| Simon Millman \| Labor \| Mount Lawley \| 2017–present \| \| Yaz Mubarakai \| Labor \| Jandakot \| 2017–present \| \| Mick Murray \| Labor \| Collie-Preston \| 2001–2021 \| \| Mike Nahan \| Liberal \| Riverton \| 2008–2021 \| \| Dean Nalder \| Liberal \| Bateman \| 2013–2021 \| \| Kyran O'Donnell \| Liberal \| Kalgoorlie \| 2017–2021 \| \| Lisa O'Malley \| Labor \| Bicton \| 2017–present \| \| Paul Papalia \| Labor \| Warnbro \| 2007–present \| \| Stephen Price \| Labor \| Forrestfield \| 2017–present \| \| Don Punch \| Labor \| Bunbury \| 2017–present \| \| John Quigley \| Labor \| Butler \| 2001–present \| \| Margaret Quirk \| Labor \| Girrawheen \| 2001–present \| \| Terry Redman \| National \| Warren-Blackwood \| 2005–2021 \| \| Hon Michelle Roberts \| Labor \| Midland \| 1994–present \| \| Cassie Rowe \| Labor \| Belmont \| 2017–present \| \| Peter Rundle \| National \| Roe \| 2017–present \| \| Rita Saffioti \| Labor \| West Swan \| 2008–present \| \| Amber-Jade Sanderson \| Labor \| Morley \| 2017–present \| \| Jessica Shaw \| Labor \| Swan Hills \| 2017–present \| \| Jessica Stojkovski \| Labor \| Kingsley \| 2017–present \| \| Chris Tallentire \| Labor \| Thornlie \| 2008–present \| \| David Templeman \| Labor \| Mandurah \| 2001–present \| \| Peter Tinley \| Labor \| Willagee \| 2009–present \| \| Barry Urban [2] \| Labor/Independent \| Darling Range \| 2017–2018 \| \| Peter Watson \| Labor \| Albany \| 2001–2021 \| \| Reece Whitby \| Labor \| Baldivis \| 2017–present \| \| Sabine Winton \| Labor \| Wanneroo \| 2017–present \| \| Ben Wyatt \| Labor \| Victoria Park \| 2006–2021 \| 1 On 5 February 2018, the Liberal member for Cottesloe and former Premier, Colin Barnett, resigned. Liberal candidate David Honey was elected to replace him at the by-election for Cottesloe on 17 March 2018. 2 On 8 May 2018, the independent (former Labor) member for Darling Range, Barry Urban, resigned after the parliamentary procedures and privileges committee recommended his expulsion for "sustained and gross" contempt. Liberal candidate Alyssa Hayden was elected to replace him at the by-election for Darling Range on 23 June 2018. 3 On 24 July 2019, the member for Geraldton, Ian Blayney, resigned from the Liberal Party, and sat as an independent until his application to join the WA Nationals was approved on 17 August 2019.	enwiki/53458158	enwiki	53,458,158	Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, 2017–2021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Western_Australian_Legislative_Assembly,_2017%E2%80%932021	2024-08-02T21:40:25	en	Q28943090	69,698	{{Short description\|None}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2016}} {{Use Australian English\|date=November 2016}} This is a list of '''members of the [[Western Australian Legislative Assembly]] from [[2017 Western Australian state election\|2017]] to 2021'''. ==List of members== {\| class="wikitable sortable" ! '''Name''' ! '''Party''' ! '''[[Electoral districts of Western Australia\|District]]''' ! '''Term in office''' \|- \|\| [[Lisa Baker (Australian politician)\|Lisa Baker]] \|\| [[Australian Labor Party (Western Australian Branch)\|Labor]] \|\| [[Electoral district of Maylands\|Maylands]] \|\| 2008–present \|- \|\| Hon [[Colin Barnett]] {{ref label\|Cottesloe\|1\|1}} \|\| [[Liberal Party of Australia (Western Australian Division)\|Liberal]] \|\| [[Electoral district of Cottesloe\|Cottesloe]] \|\| 1990–2018 \|- \|\| [[Ian Blayney]] \|\| Liberal/Independent/National {{ref label\|Geraldton\|3\|3}} \|\| [[Electoral district of Geraldton\|Geraldton]] \|\| 2008–2021 \|- \|\| [[Tony Buti]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Armadale\|Armadale]] \|\| 2010–present \|- \|\| [[John Carey (Australian politician)\|John Carey]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Perth\|Perth]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Vince Catania]] \|\| [[National Party of Australia (WA)\|National]] \|\| [[Electoral district of North West Central\|North West Central]] \|\| 2008–2022 \|- \|\| [[Robyn Clarke]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Murray-Wellington\|Murray-Wellington]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Roger Cook (politician)\|Roger Cook]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Kwinana\|Kwinana]] \|\| 2008–present \|- \|\| [[Mia Davies]] \|\| National \|\| [[Electoral district of Central Wheatbelt\|Central Wheatbelt]] \|\| 2013–present \|- \|\| [[Josie Farrer]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Kimberley\|Kimberley]] \|\| 2013–2021 \|- \|\| [[Mark Folkard]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Burns Beach\|Burns Beach]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Janine Freeman]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Mirrabooka\|Mirrabooka]] \|\| 2008–2021 \|- \|\| [[Emily Hamilton (politician)\|Emily Hamilton]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Joondalup\|Joondalup]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Liza Harvey]] \|\| Liberal \|\| [[Electoral district of Scarborough\|Scarborough]] \|\| 2008–2021 \|- \|\| [[Alyssa Hayden]] {{ref label\|Darling Range\|2\|2}} \|\| Liberal \|\| [[Electoral district of Darling Range\|Darling Range]] \|\| 2018–2021 \|- \|\| [[Terry Healy (politician)\|Terry Healy]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Southern River\|Southern River]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| Dr [[David Honey (politician)\|David Honey]] {{ref label\|Cottesloe\|1\|1}} \|\| Liberal \|\| [[Electoral district of Cottesloe\|Cottesloe]] \|\| 2018–present \|- \|\| [[Matthew Hughes (politician)\|Matthew Hughes]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Kalamunda\|Kalamunda]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Bill Johnston (politician)\|Bill Johnston]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Cannington\|Cannington]] \|\| 2008–present \|- \|\| [[Peter Katsambanis]] \|\| Liberal \|\| [[Electoral district of Hillarys\|Hillarys]] \|\| 2017–2021 \|- \|\| [[Dave Kelly (politician)\|Dave Kelly]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Bassendean\|Bassendean]] \|\| 2013–present \|- \|\| [[Zak Kirkup]] \|\| Liberal \|\| [[Electoral district of Dawesville\|Dawesville]] \|\| 2017–2021 \|- \|\| [[Tony Krsticevic]] \|\| Liberal \|\| [[Electoral district of Carine\|Carine]] \|\| 2008–2021 \|- \|\| [[Sean L'Estrange]] \|\| Liberal \|\| [[Electoral district of Churchlands\|Churchlands]] \|\| 2013–2021 \|- \|\| [[Fran Logan]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Cockburn\|Cockburn]] \|\| 2001–2021 \|- \|\| [[Shane Love]] \|\| National \|\| [[Electoral district of Moore\|Moore]] \|\| 2013–present \|- \|\| [[Bill Marmion]] \|\| Liberal \|\| [[Electoral district of Nedlands\|Nedlands]] \|\| 2008–2021 \|- \|\| Hon [[Mark McGowan]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Rockingham\|Rockingham]] \|\| 1996–present \|- \|\| [[John McGrath (Western Australian politician)\|John McGrath]] \|\| Liberal \|\| [[Electoral district of South Perth\|South Perth]] \|\| 2005–2021 \|- \|\| [[Simone McGurk]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Fremantle\|Fremantle]] \|\| 2013–present \|- \|\| [[Libby Mettam]] \|\| Liberal \|\| [[Electoral district of Vasse\|Vasse]] \|\| 2014–present \|- \|\| [[David Michael (politician)\|David Michael]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Balcatta\|Balcatta]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Kevin Michel]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Pilbara\|Pilbara]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Simon Millman]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Mount Lawley\|Mount Lawley]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Yaz Mubarakai]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Jandakot\|Jandakot]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Mick Murray (politician)\|Mick Murray]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Collie-Preston\|Collie-Preston]] \|\| 2001–2021 \|- \|\| [[Mike Nahan]] \|\| Liberal \|\| [[Electoral district of Riverton\|Riverton]] \|\| 2008–2021 \|- \|\| [[Dean Nalder]] \|\| Liberal \|\| [[Electoral district of Bateman\|Bateman]] \|\| 2013–2021 \|- \|\| [[Kyran O'Donnell]] \|\| Liberal \|\| [[Electoral district of Kalgoorlie\|Kalgoorlie]] \|\| 2017–2021 \|- \|\| [[Lisa O'Malley]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Bicton\|Bicton]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Paul Papalia]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Warnbro\|Warnbro]] \|\| 2007–present \|- \|\| [[Stephen Price (Australian politician)\|Stephen Price]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Forrestfield\|Forrestfield]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Don Punch]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Bunbury\|Bunbury]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[John Quigley (politician)\|John Quigley]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Butler\|Butler]] \|\| 2001–present \|- \|\| [[Margaret Quirk]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Girrawheen\|Girrawheen]] \|\| 2001–present \|- \|\| [[Terry Redman]] \|\| National \|\| [[Electoral district of Warren-Blackwood\|Warren-Blackwood]] \|\| 2005–2021 \|- \|\| Hon [[Michelle Roberts]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Midland\|Midland]] \|\| 1994–present \|- \|\| [[Cassie Rowe]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Belmont\|Belmont]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Peter Rundle]] \|\| National \|\| [[Electoral district of Roe\|Roe]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Rita Saffioti]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of West Swan\|West Swan]] \|\| 2008–present \|- \|\| [[Amber-Jade Sanderson]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Morley\|Morley]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Jessica Shaw]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Swan Hills\|Swan Hills]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Jessica Stojkovski]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Kingsley\|Kingsley]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Chris Tallentire]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Thornlie\|Thornlie]] \|\| 2008–present \|- \|\| [[David Templeman]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Mandurah\|Mandurah]] \|\| 2001–present \|- \|\| [[Peter Tinley]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Willagee\|Willagee]] \|\| 2009–present \|- \|\| [[Barry Urban]] {{ref label\|Darling Range\|2\|2}} \|\| Labor/Independent \|\| [[Electoral district of Darling Range\|Darling Range]] \|\| 2017–2018 \|- \|\| [[Peter Watson (politician)\|Peter Watson]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Albany\|Albany]] \|\| 2001–2021 \|- \|\| [[Reece Whitby]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Baldivis\|Baldivis]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Sabine Winton]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Wanneroo\|Wanneroo]] \|\| 2017–present \|- \|\| [[Ben Wyatt (politician)\|Ben Wyatt]] \|\| Labor \|\| [[Electoral district of Victoria Park\|Victoria Park]] \|\| 2006–2021 \|- \|} :{{note label\|Cottesloe\|1\|1}} On 5 February 2018, the Liberal member for [[Electoral district of Cottesloe\|Cottesloe]] and former Premier, [[Colin Barnett]], resigned. Liberal candidate [[David Honey (politician)\|David Honey]] was elected to replace him at the [[2018 Cottesloe state by-election\|by-election for Cottesloe]] on 17 March 2018. :{{note label\|Darling Range\|2\|2}} On 8 May 2018, the independent (former Labor) member for [[Electoral district of Darling Range\|Darling Range]], [[Barry Urban]], resigned after the parliamentary procedures and privileges committee recommended his expulsion for "sustained and gross" contempt. Liberal candidate [[Alyssa Hayden]] was elected to replace him at the [[2018 Darling Range state by-election\|by-election for Darling Range]] on 23 June 2018. :{{note label\|Geraldton\|3\|3}} On 24 July 2019, the member for [[Electoral district of Geraldton\|Geraldton]], [[Ian Blayney]], resigned from the Liberal Party, and sat as an independent until his application to join the [[National Party of Australia (WA)\|WA Nationals]] was approved on 17 August 2019. {{Members of the Parliament of Western Australia}} {{Government of Western Australia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, 2017-2021}} [[Category:Members of Western Australian parliaments by term]] [[Category:Western Australian Legislative Assembly]]	1,238,243,021	[]	false
# Jay King Jay King is a Grammy-nominated singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, record label executive, music manager, and radio show host. In 1986, he produced, independently released, and promoted Timex Social Club's, Rumors, which charted at #1 on Billboard's R&B chart. He later formed the music group, Club Nouveau, whose remake of, Lean on Me, was nominated for a Grammy Award, charted at #1 on Billboard's R&B chart, and certified Platinum. In 1986, King started, King Jay Records, partnering with major labels such as RCA Records and Warner Bros. Records, releasing albums for Club Nouveau, Michael Cooper, New Choice, Theresa, and Mikki Bleu. He has released three solo albums, Open Book, Helen's Son, and Soulful Bossa Nova, all of which received favorable reviews. Good Kind of Lovin, from Helen's Son, charted in the top-10 on UK's Soul chart in 2018. In 2019, he was elected President of the California Black Chamber of Commerce and is the Chairman of the African American DBE Participation Committee for the California Department of Transportation. ## Early life Jay King was born on January 27, 1962 in Oroville, California to parents Helen and Jay King Jr. After his parents separated his mother moved to San Francisco and later to Sacramento, California, where Jay was raised and began playing the trumpet. Jay's father lived in Vallejo so he attended Jr. High School and High School in both Sacramento and Vallejo. He left home when he was 14 years old and was a dancer and entertainer. "I left home when I was 14, I had to be on my own, I didn't want to wait. I wanted to something great. I had to be prepared. Being on the streets prepared me for what I'm doing now", King shared in an interview with the LA Times in 1987. He formed the break dance group, Jay King & the Unknowns, who performed at high schools, parties, and on the streets, garnering a large local following in Vallejo and the San Francisco Bay Area. "I was famous before I ever had a nickel", King shared in an interview with Half Time Chat regarding his success as a teen dancer. King joined the Air Force and was honorably discharged. After leaving the military he decided to remain in Alaska, where he had been stationed. He formed the dance group, Close Encounters of the Funkiest Kind, which quickly became successful and they opened shows for The Pointer Sisters, Atlanta Rhythm Section, and INXS, among other acts. King returned to Sacramento and decided to pursue a career as a rapper. He formed the group, Frost, releasing the single, Battlebeat, and for a short period of time was a concert promoter for such acts as Run DMC. ## Career King's career has spanned over 40 years as a singer, songwriter, record producer, record label owner, musician, music publisher, and radio show host. King's first independent label (Jay Records), produced Timex Social Club's, Rumors, which charted at #1 as well as making it one of the top selling independent releases in 1986. King later partnered with Benny Medina in 1986 at Warner Bros. Records launching King Jay Records, which released Club Nouveau's debut album, Life, Love & Pain. King also released Michael Cooper's album, Love is Such a Funny Game and produced and released Theresa's album, Broken Puzzle which charted at #62 on Billboard's Black Music Chart. King founded the ILC (Independent Label Coalition), a collective of independent record labels such as, Young Black Brotha Records, Psychotic Records, and Rip It Records, who by leveraging artists album releases and distribution, were able to get paid sooner for record sales. He has managed the music careers of Cameo, Larry Dunn, Kathy Sledge, Club Nouveau, and Karyn White, among others. King was handed a demo tape of Timex Social Club's, Rumors, and thought it was a great song but needed better production. He produced, Rumors, which he independently released on Jay Records, promoting the 12-inch single to radio stations, dance clubs, and record stores. Rumors became a dance club hit song before going on to peak at #1 on Billboard's R&B chart as well as becoming the most successful selling independent releases of 1986. King did not have a formal contract with the band and the group signed another record deal with Danya Records behind King's back. King had many songs left over from his work with the group so he formed Club Nouveau, whose first single, Jealousy, was an answer song to Rumors that references King's split with Timex Social Club. In 1986, King formed the music group, Club Nouveau who were nominated for Best R&B Performance by a Group or Duo with a Vocal for their remake of Bill Withers's Lean on Me. Several of their songs charted in the top-10 on Billboard's charts. Their album, Life, Love & Pain, was certified Platinum. The group went on to release five more albums, the most recent in 2015. In 2022, Club Nouveau's new group formation featured King, Tirzah Hubbard, and J Ali. In 2024, they performed a multi-city tour which included venues such as the SAP Center, Desert Diamond Arena, and Selland Arena. Also in 2024, they released the single, "It's Alright," which received favorable reviews. ## Record labels - Jay Records King launched independent label Jay Records in 1986 after not being able to get secure a record deal for Timex Social Club's, single "Rumors". He independently produced, pressed, and marketed the 12-inch single to radio stations, dance clubs, and soon the song gained traction on Billboard charts, becoming one the best selling independent releases of 1986. - King Jay Records King partnered with Warner Bros. CEO Benny Medina in 1986 forming, King Jay Records, to release Club Nouveau's debut album, Life, Love & Pain, which certified Platinum and yielded three top-ten Billboard hit songs, including Lean on Me which charted at #1 on Billboard's R&B Chart for 2 consecutive weeks. His label released five additional Nouveau albums, as well as albums by Michael Cooper and composed and produced Theresa's album, Broken Puzzle. King's publishing company, Jay King IIII Publishing, placed several of Khayree's songs on Vanilla Ice's album, To the Extreme. ## Other ventures - Radio King is a radio show host on Traffic Jams with Jay King on KDEE 97.5 FM as well as hosting his own podcast, Kings in the Morning, on The Jay King Network. On his online series, Jay King Live, Straight No Chaser, several of the episodes were focused on reparations, with King calling it the debt owed to Black America. He created and presented his own detailed account of a debt owed plan to repay the debt owed to American Descendants of Enslaved Africans. - Professional Dominoes Association King was the founder and association commissioner of the PDA (Professional Dominoes Association) which organized and hosted professional domino tournaments. In 2006, he hosted a 12-city tournament. The success of the tournaments led to a deal with ESPN to televise domino tournaments. - Music Conferences King launched The Creative Exchange Music Summit to educate creatives in the business of technology, film, television, music, and art. - California Black Chamber of Commerce King was elected President of the, California Black Chamber of Commerce, in June 2019, and serves on the Caltrans Small Business Council and is the Chairman of the African American DBE Participation Committee for the California Department of Transportation, as well as the Small Business Council for the California Department of General Services (DGS), and the California High-Speed Rail. ## Discography \| Year \| Song \| Artist \| Credit \| \| ---- \| ------------------------- \| -------------- \| ------------------------------------------ \| \| 1986 \| Life, Love & Pain \| Club Nouveau \| Artist, composer, producer, record label \| \| 1987 \| Broken Puzzle \| Theresa \| Composer, producer, record label \| \| 1987 \| Love is Such a Funny Game \| Michael Cooper \| Composer, producer, arranger, record label \| \| 1988 \| Listen to the Message \| Club Nouveau \| Artist, composer, producer, record label \| \| 1988 \| At Last \| New Choice \| Executive producer, record label \| \| 1989 \| Under a Nouveau Groove \| Club Nouveau \| Artist, composer, producer, record label \| \| 1989 \| I Promise \| Mikki Bleu \| Record label \| \| 1992 \| A New Beginning \| Club Nouveau \| Artist, composer, producer, record label \| \| 1994 \| Everything is Black \| Club Nouveau \| Artist, composer, producer, record label \| \| 2015 \| Consciousness \| Club Nouveau \| Artist, composer, producer, record label \| ## Solo albums \| Year \| Song \| Artist \| Credit \| \| ---- \| ------------------ \| ------------ \| ---------------------------------------- \| \| 2008 \| Open Book \| Jay King \| Artist, composer, producer, record label \| \| 2015 \| Consciousness \| Club Nouveau \| Artist, composer, producer, record label \| \| 2017 \| Helen's Son \| Jay King \| Artist, composer, producer, record label \| \| 2021 \| Soulful Bossa Nova \| Jay King \| Artist, composer, producer, record label \| ## Singles \| Year \| Song \| Artist \| Credit \| \| ---- \| ----------------------- \| ----------------- \| ---------------------------------------------- \| \| 1986 \| Rumors \| Timex Social Club \| producer, record label \| \| 1986 \| Jealousy \| Club Nouveau \| Vocals, producer, writer, record label \| \| 1986 \| Situation #9 \| Club Nouveau \| Artist, producer, record label \| \| 1987 \| Lean on Me \| Club Nouveau \| Artist, producer, record label \| \| 1987 \| Why You Treat Me So Bad \| Club Nouveau \| Vocals, producer, writer, record label \| \| 1987 \| Heavy on My Mind \| Club Nouveau \| Vocals, producer, writer, record label \| \| 1987 \| Last Time \| Theresa \| Writer \| \| 1989 \| No Friend of Mine \| Club Nouveau \| Artist, producer, record label \| \| 1992 \| Oh Happy Day \| Club Nouveau \| Artist, producer, record label \| \| 2007 \| Made for Love \| Kool & the Gang \| Writer \| \| 2018 \| Good Kind of Lovin' \| Jay King \| Artist, vocals, producer, writer, record label \| ## Personal life King's great-uncle, Saunders King, was a respected jazz/blues guitarist with the 1940s hit song, The S.K. Blues.	enwiki/72931965	enwiki	72,931,965	Jay King	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_King	2025-07-13T19:16:27	en	null	141,520	{{short description\|American singer, songwriter, and record producer}} {{Infobox person \| name = Jay King \| image = King Perforning in 2022.jpg \| caption = King Performing in 2022 \| alias = \| birth_name = \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1962\|1\|27}} \| birth_place = [[Oroville, California]] \| occupation = {{hlist\|Singer\|songwriter\|record producer\|label owner\|musician\|radio show host}} \| education = \| years_active = 1982–present \| spouse = \| children = \| television = \| relatives = [[Saunders King]] (great-uncle) \| awards = \| module = {{Infobox musical artist \| embed = yes \| genre = {{hlist\|[[Contemporary R&B\|R&B]]\|[[Soul music\|Soul]]\|[[Pop music\|Pop]]}} \| label = King Jay Records \| member_of = \| past_member_of = \| website = {{URL\|https://jayking.me}} }} }} '''Jay King''' is a [[Grammys\|Grammy]]-nominated singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, record label executive, music manager, and radio show host.<ref name= "Grammys">{{cite web\|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/jay-king/3719\|title=Grammy Artist Jay King\|publisher=Grammys\|date=\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://issuu.com/thehubmag/docs/final_thehubmagsummer2019\|title=Black Men in Leadership - Jay King - Music, Artist & Manager, Community Activist & Radio Host\|publisher=The Hub Mag\|date=June 14, 2019\|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> In 1986, he produced, independently released, and promoted [[Timex Social Club]]'s, ''[[Rumors (Timex Social Club song)\|Rumors]]'', which charted at #1 on [[Billboard (magazine)\|''Billboard'']]'s R&B chart.<ref name= "Music VF Charts">{{cite web\|url=https://www.musicvf.com/Timex+Social+Club.art\|title=Billboard Chart - Timex Social Club\|publisher=Music VF Charts\|date=\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>"Club Nouveau’s King-size Hit" by Rob Hoerburger, ''The Daily Sentinel,'' ''Page 33'', April 24, 1987</ref><ref name= "Urban Bridgez">{{cite web\|url=https://urbanbridgez.com/2021/06/30/ub-black-music-month-spotlight-the-success-of-jay-king-club-nouveau/\|title=UB Black Music Month Spotlight: The Success of Jay King + Club Nouveau\|publisher=Urban Bridgez\|date=June 30, 2021\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> He later formed the music group, [[Club Nouveau]], whose remake of, ''[[Lean on Me (song)#Club Nouveau version\|Lean on Me]]'', was nominated for a Grammy Award, charted at #1 on Billboard's R&B chart, and certified [[Music recording certification\|Platinum]].<ref name= "RIAA">{{cite web\|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=club+nouveau#search_section\|title=RIAA Certification\|publisher=RIAA\|date=\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref><ref name= "Billboard">{{cite magazine\|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/club-nouveau/\|title=Billboard Charts\|magazine=Billboard\|date=July 18, 1987\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> In 1986, King started, ''King Jay Records'', partnering with major labels such as [[RCA Records]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/80s/1987/CB-1987-10-10.pdf\|title=Day for a King - King Jay Records and RCA Have Finalized Production Deal - page 6\|publisher=Cash Box\|date=October 10, 1987\|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> and [[Warner Bros. Records]], releasing albums for [[Club Nouveau]], Michael Cooper,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.45cat.com/record/728200\|title=Michael Cooper - To Prove my Love\|publisher=45 Cat\|date=\|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> New Choice, Theresa,<ref name="Billboard 3">{{cite web\|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1987/1987-10-17-Billboard-Page-0026.pdf#search=%22theresa%20broken%20puzzle%22\|title=Top Black Albums\|work=Billboard 3\|date=October 17, 1987\|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> and Mikki Bleu.<ref>"Jay King Promised to do Big Things in the Name of Pop Music: He Delivered" by Dave Barton, ''The Sacramento Bee,'' ''Page 254'', November 29, 1987</ref> He has released three solo albums, ''Open Book'',<ref name= "Sac Cultural Club"/> ''Helen's Son'',<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://soulbrother.com/shop/helens-son-2/\|title=Jay King - Helens Son\|publisher=Soul Brother\|date=May 19, 2017\|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> and ''Soulful Bossa Nova'', all of which received favorable reviews.<ref name= "Do the Bay"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://yoshis.com/events/sold-out/jay-king-soulful-bossa-nova-cd-release/detail\|title=JAY KING "SOULFUL BOSSA NOVA" CD RELEASE\|publisher=Yoshis\|date=July 18, 2021\|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> ''Good Kind of Lovin'', from ''Helen's Son'', charted in the top-10 on UK's Soul chart in 2018.<ref name= "Music Connection Magazine"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.soultracks.com/first-listen-jay-king-good-lovin\|title=World Premiere: Club Nouveau's Jay King gives us a "Good Kinda Lovin"\|publisher=Soul Tracks\|date=17 November 2016\|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://towerrecords.com/products/jay-king-helens-son\|title=Jay King: Helen's Son\|publisher=Tower Records\|date=\|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> In 2019, he was elected President of the ''California Black Chamber of Commerce'' and is the Chairman of the ''African American DBE Participation Committee'' for the [[California Department of Transportation]].<ref name= "CALBCC">{{cite web\|url=https://www.calbcc.org/president-and-ceo/\|title=PRESIDENT AND CEO\|publisher=CALBCC\|date=\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> ==Early life== Jay King was born on January 27, 1962 in [[Oroville, California]] to parents Helen and Jay King Jr.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://issuu.com/thesoulsurvivors/docs/tssm_issue_70_edited_with_links\|title=Issue 70 - page 44 \|publisher=Soul Survivors Magazine\|date=May 31, 2017\|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/jay-king/466961561\|title=Apple Music - Jay King \|publisher=Apple Music\|date=\|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref> After his parents separated his mother moved to San Francisco and later to Sacramento, California, where Jay was raised and began playing the trumpet. Jay's father lived in Vallejo so he attended Jr. High School and High School in both Sacramento and Vallejo.<ref name= "Black Past">{{cite web\|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/club-nouveau-1984/\|title=CLUB NOUVEAU (1984- ) by Otis Alexander\|publisher=Black Past\|date=November 30, 2021\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> He left home when he was 14 years old and was a dancer and entertainer. ''"I left home when I was 14, I had to be on my own, I didn't want to wait. I wanted to something great. I had to be prepared. Being on the streets prepared me for what I'm doing now"'', King shared in an interview with the LA Times in 1987.<ref>"He's the King: Ask Him" by Dennis Hunt, ''Los Angeles Times,'' ''Page 373'', April 12, 1987</ref> He formed the break dance group, ''Jay King & the Unknowns'', who performed at high schools, parties, and on the streets, garnering a large local following in Vallejo and the San Francisco Bay Area.<ref name= "The Sacramento Bee">"Record Success: Making Money and Hits is Easy for Jay King" by Dave Barton, ''The Sacramento Bee,'' ''Page 201'', November 16, 1986</ref> ''"I was famous before I ever had a nickel"'', King shared in an interview with ''Half Time Chat'' regarding his success as a teen dancer.<ref name= "Half Time Chat">{{cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NH6LHzFMixo\|title=Half Time Chat with Jay King\|publisher=Half Time Chat\|date=June 30, 2021\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> King joined the Air Force and was honorably discharged.<ref name= "San Francisco Examiner">"Brash Young Man Giving Pop the Business" by Lee Hildebrand, ''San Francisco Examiner,'' ''Page 257'', April 5, 1987</ref> After leaving the military he decided to remain in Alaska, where he had been stationed. He formed the dance group, ''Close Encounters of the Funkiest Kind'', which quickly became successful and they opened shows for [[The Pointer Sisters]], [[Atlanta Rhythm Section]], and [[INXS]], among other acts.<ref name= "Half Time Chat" /> King returned to Sacramento and decided to pursue a career as a rapper. He formed the group, ''Frost'', releasing the single, ''Battlebeat'', and for a short period of time was a concert promoter for such acts as [[Run DMC]].<ref name= "The Sacramento Bee"/> ==Career== King's career has spanned over 40 years as a singer, songwriter, record producer, record label owner, musician, music publisher, and radio show host. King's first independent label (''Jay Records''), produced [[Timex Social Club]]'s, ''[[Rumors (Timex Social Club song)\|Rumors]]'', which charted at #1 as well as making it one of the top selling independent releases in 1986.<ref name= "Reno Gazette-Journal"/> King later partnered with [[Benny Medina]] in 1986 at [[Warner Bros. Records]] launching ''King Jay Records'', which released [[Club Nouveau]]'s debut album, ''[[Life, Love & Pain]]''. King also released Michael Cooper's album, ''Love is Such a Funny Game'' and produced and released Theresa's album, ''Broken Puzzle'' which charted at #62 on Billboard's Black Music Chart.<ref name= "Urban Bridgez"/><ref name="Billboard 3"/> King founded the ''ILC'' (Independent Label Coalition), a collective of independent record labels such as, '' Young Black Brotha Records'', ''Psychotic Records'', and ''Rip It Records'', who by leveraging artists album releases and distribution, were able to get paid sooner for record sales.<ref name= "Half Time Chat"/> He has managed the music careers of [[Cameo (band)\|Cameo]], [[Larry Dunn]], [[Kathy Sledge]], [[Club Nouveau]], and [[Karyn White]], among others.<ref name= "Urban Bridgez"/> King was handed a demo tape of Timex Social Club's, ''Rumors'', and thought it was a great song but needed better production. He produced, ''[[Rumors (Timex Social Club song)\|Rumors]]'',<ref name= "Urban Bridgez"/> which he independently released on ''Jay Records'', promoting the 12-inch single to radio stations, dance clubs, and record stores. ''Rumors'' became a dance club hit song before going on to peak at #1 on Billboard's R&B chart as well as becoming the most successful selling independent releases of 1986.<ref name= "Reno Gazette-Journal">"Scene Here", ''Reno Gazette-Journal,'' ''Page 72'', April 18, 2003</ref><ref name= "FUNKNSTUFF">{{cite web\|url=https://funknstuff.net/tir-jay-king/\|title=TIR 157: How Jay King Became R&B Royalty With Club Nouveau\|publisher=FUNKNSTUFF\|date=January 6, 2022\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref><ref name="The Sacramento Bee"/> King did not have a formal contract with the band and the group signed another record deal with ''Danya Records'' behind King's back. King had many songs left over from his work with the group so he formed [[Club Nouveau]], whose first single, ''Jealousy'', was an [[answer song]] to ''Rumors'' that references King's split with Timex Social Club.<ref name= "San Francisco Examiner"/> In 1986, King formed the music group, [[Club Nouveau]] who were nominated for ''Best R&B Performance by a Group or Duo with a Vocal '' for their remake of [[Bill Withers]]'s ''[[Lean on Me (song)\|Lean on Me]]''. Several of their songs charted in the top-10 on Billboard's charts.<ref name= "Music VF">{{cite web\|url=https://www.musicvf.com/songs.php?page=artist&artist=Club+Nouveau&tab=songchartstab&sort=songdown&filter=all\|title=Club Nouveau Charts\|publisher=Music VF\|date=\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> Their album, ''[[Life, Love & Pain]]'', was certified [[Music recording certification\|Platinum]].<ref name= "RIAA"/> The group went on to release five more albums, the most recent in 2015.<ref name= "Soul Culture">{{cite web\|url=https://soulculture.com/features/interviews/club-nouveau-founder-jay-king-recalls-making-life-love-and-pain-lp-1986-return-to-the-classics/\|title=Club Nouveau founder Jay King recalls making Life, Love and Pain LP (1986) by Chris Williams\|publisher=Soul Culture\|date=June 5, 2011\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> In 2022, Club Nouveau's new group formation featured King, Tirzah Hubbard, and J Ali.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://clubnouveau.me/evolution-of\|title= Evolution of Club Nouveau\|publisher=Club Nouveau\|date=\|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref> In 2024, they performed a multi-city tour which included venues such as the [[SAP Center]], [[Desert Diamond Arena]], and [[Selland Arena]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bandsintown.com/a/183895-club-nouveau \|title=Club Nouveau tour dates 2024\|publisher=Bands in Town\|date=\|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref> Also in 2024, they released the single, "It's Alright," which received favorable reviews.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://creativeloafing.com/event-565513-club-nouveau-08-05-2024-8-00-pm#:~:text=Led%20by%20Jay%20King%2C%20the,Music%20coming%20soon....\|title=Club Nouveau\|publisher=Creative Loafing\|date=August 5, 2024\|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://greatesthits981.com/2024/02/09/jay-king-club-nouveau/\|title=Jay King - Club Nouveau @ 0:07\|publisher=Greatest Hits 98.1\|date=February 9, 2024\|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://soultracks.com/first-listen-club-nouveau-alright/\|title=First Look: The legendary Club Nouveau is "Alright" in new video\|publisher=Soul Tracks\|date=\|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref> == Record labels == * '''Jay Records''' King launched independent label ''Jay Records'' in 1986 after not being able to get secure a record deal for [[Timex Social Club]]'s, single "[[Rumors (Timex Social Club song)\|Rumors]]". He independently produced, pressed, and marketed the 12-inch single to radio stations, dance clubs, and soon the song gained traction on Billboard charts, becoming one the best selling independent releases of 1986. * '''King Jay Records''' King partnered with Warner Bros. CEO [[Benny Medina]] in 1986 forming, ''King Jay Records'',<ref name= "Urban Bridgez"/> to release Club Nouveau's debut album, ''[[Life, Love & Pain]]'', which certified Platinum<ref name= "RIAA"/> and yielded three top-ten Billboard hit songs, including ''Lean on Me'' which charted at #1 on Billboard's R&B Chart for 2 consecutive weeks. His label released five additional Nouveau albums, as well as albums by Michael Cooper<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/80s/1987/CB-1987-12-12.pdf\|title=Feature Picks - Michael Cooper - Love is Such a Funny Game/King Jay Records page 9\|publisher=Cash Box\|date=December 12, 1987\|access-date=October 21, 2022}}</ref> and composed and produced Theresa's album, ''Broken Puzzle''.<ref name="Billboard 3"/> King's publishing company, ''Jay King IIII Publishing'', placed several of [[Khayree]]'s songs on [[Vanilla Ice]]'s album, ''[[To the Extreme]]''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.elyrics.net/read/v/vanilla-ice-lyrics/hooked-lyrics.html\|title=VANILLA ICE Hooked Lyrics\|publisher=E Lyrics\|date=\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> ==Other ventures== * '''Radio''' King is a radio show host on ''Traffic Jams with Jay King'' on [[KDEE-LP\|KDEE 97.5 FM]] as well as hosting his own podcast, ''Kings in the Morning'', on ''The Jay King Network''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.blogtalkradio.com/jay-king/2016/03/28/kings-in-the-morning-kitm-monday\|title=KINGS IN THE MORNING\|publisher=The Jay King Network\|date=28 March 2016\|access-date=October 9, 2022}}</ref> On his online series, ''Jay King Live, Straight No Chaser,'' several of the episodes were focused on reparations, with King calling it ''the debt owed'' to Black America. He created and presented his own detailed account of a ''debt owed plan'' to repay the debt owed to ''American Descendants of Enslaved Africans''.<ref name= "CALBCC"/> * '''Professional [[Dominoes]] Association''' King was the founder and association commissioner of the ''PDA'' (Professional Dominoes Association) which organized and hosted professional domino tournaments. In 2006, he hosted a 12-city tournament.<ref>"It's Texas Fold'em: Everybody Wants a Night on the Tiles Playing Dominos", by David Litterick", ''The Daily Telegraph,'' ''Page 33'', April 8, 2006</ref> The success of the tournaments led to a deal with ESPN to televise domino tournaments. * '''Music Conferences''' King launched ''The Creative Exchange Music Summit'' to educate creatives in the business of technology, film, television, music, and art.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.sacculturalhub.com/entertainment/headlines/jay-kings-the-creative-exchange-makes-post-pandemic-return-with-kbla-talk-radios-tavis-smiley-as-keynote-speaker/\|title=Jay King's "The Creative Exchange" Makes Post Pandemic Return with KBLA Talk Radio's Tavis Smiley as Keynote Speaker\|publisher=Sac Cultural Hub\|date=May 26, 2022\|access-date=October 8, 2022}}</ref><ref>"Getting Into the Sing of It " by Chris Macias, ''The Sac Bee,'' ''Page 123'', February 7, 2003</ref> * '''California Black Chamber of Commerce''' King was elected President of the, ''California Black Chamber of Commerce,'' in June 2019, and serves on the [[Caltrans]] Small Business Council and is the Chairman of the ''African American DBE Participation Committee'' for the [[California Department of Transportation]], as well as the Small Business Council for the [[California Department of General Services]] (DGS), and the [[California High-Speed Rail]].<ref name="CALBCC"/> ==Discography== {\| class="wikitable" !Year !Song !Artist !Credit \|- \| rowspan="1" \|1986 \|''[[Life, Love & Pain]]''<ref name= "Club Nouveau">{{cite web\|url=https://clubnouveau.me/evolution-of\|title=Club Nouveau Evolution\|publisher=Club Nouveau\|date=\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> \|Club Nouveau \|Artist, composer, producer, record label \|- \| rowspan="2" \|1987 \|''Broken Puzzle''<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1987/1987-07-25-Billboard-Page-0082.pdf#search=%22theresa%20broken%20puzzle%22\|title=Billboard Spotlight - Theresa - Broken Puzzle\|work=Billboard 2\|date=July 25, 1987\|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Billboard 3"/> \|Theresa \|Composer, producer, record label \|- \|''Love is Such a Funny Game'' \|Michael Cooper \|Composer, producer, arranger, record label \|- \| rowspan="2" \|1988 \|''[[Listen to the Message]]''<ref name= "Club Nouveau"/> \|Club Nouveau \|Artist, composer, producer, record label \|- \|''At Last'' \|New Choice \|Executive producer, record label \|- \| rowspan="2" \|1989 \|''Under a Nouveau Groove''<ref name= "Club Nouveau"/> \|Club Nouveau \|Artist, composer, producer, record label \|- \|''I Promise'' \|Mikki Bleu \|Record label \|- \| rowspan="1" \|1992 \|''A New Beginning''<ref name= "Club Nouveau"/> \|Club Nouveau \|Artist, composer, producer, record label \|- \| rowspan="1" \|1994 \|''Everything is Black''<ref name= "Club Nouveau"/> \|Club Nouveau \|Artist, composer, producer, record label \|- \| rowspan="1" \|2015 \|''Consciousness''<ref name= "Club Nouveau"/> \|Club Nouveau \|Artist, composer, producer, record label \|- \|} ==Solo albums== {\| class="wikitable" !Year !Song !Artist !Credit \|- \| rowspan="1" \|2008 \|''Open Book''<ref name= "Sac Cultural Club">{{cite web\|url=https://www.sacculturalhub.com/eblast/jay-king-returns-home-to-sacramento-california-to-perform-his-solo-cd-open-book/ \|title=JAY KING returns home to Sacramento California to perform his solo CD "Open Book"\|publisher=Sac Cultural Club Urban Entertainment\|date=\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> \|Jay King \|Artist, composer, producer, record label \|- \| rowspan="1" \|2015 \|''Consciousness''<ref name= "Club Nouveau"/> \|Club Nouveau \|Artist, composer, producer, record label \|- \| rowspan="1" \|2017 \|''Helen's Son''<ref name= "Music Connection Magazine">{{cite web\|url=https://www.musicconnection.com/jay-king-sound-royalties/\|title=JAY KING RELEASES NEW ALBUM FOLLOWING WORK WITH SOUND ROYALTIES\|work=Music Connection Magazine\|date=January 18, 2021\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> \|Jay King \|Artist, composer, producer, record label \|- \| rowspan="1" \|2021 \|''Soulful Bossa Nova''<ref name= "Do the Bay">{{cite web\|url=https://dothebay.com/events/2021/7/18/jay-king-soulful-bossa-nova-cd-release-tickets\|title=JAY KING "SOULFUL BOSSA NOVA" CD RELEASE\|publisher=Do the Bay\|date=July 18, 2021\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> \|Jay King \|Artist, composer, producer, record label \|- \|} ==Singles== {\| class="wikitable" !Year !Song !Artist !Credit \|- \| rowspan="3" \|1986 \|''[[Rumors (Timex Social Club song)\|Rumors]]'' \|[[Timex Social Club]] \|producer, record label \|- \|''Jealousy'' \|[[Club Nouveau]] \|Vocals, producer, writer, record label \|- \|''Situation #9'' \|[[Club Nouveau]] \|Artist, producer, record label \|- \| rowspan="4" \|1987 \|''[[Lean on Me (song)#Club Nouveau version\|Lean on Me]]'' \|[[Club Nouveau]] \|Artist, producer, record label \|- \|''[[Why You Treat Me So Bad]]'' \|[[Club Nouveau]] \|Vocals, producer, writer, record label \|- \|''Heavy on My Mind'' \|[[Club Nouveau]] \|Vocals, producer, writer, record label \|- \|''Last Time'' \|Theresa \|Writer \|- \| rowspan="1" \|1989 \|''No Friend of Mine'' \|[[Club Nouveau]] \|Artist, producer, record label \|- \| rowspan="1" \|1992 \|''[[Oh Happy Day]]'' \|[[Club Nouveau]] \|Artist, producer, record label \|- \| rowspan="1" \|2007 \|''Made for Love''<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.lyrics.com/lyric-lf/700401/Kool+%26+the+Gang/Made+for+Love\|title=Made for Love - Kool & the Gang\|publisher=Lyrics\|date=\|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> \|[[Kool & the Gang]] \|Writer \|- \| rowspan="1" \|2018 \|''Good Kind of Lovin'''<ref name= "Music Connection Magazine"/> \|Jay King \|Artist, vocals, producer, writer, record label \|} ==Personal life== King's great-uncle, [[Saunders King]], was a respected jazz/blues guitarist with the 1940s hit song, ''The S.K. Blues''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Bluesman-Saunders-Samuel-King-He-was-a-giant-of-2740813.php\|title=Bluesman Saunders Samuel King / He was a giant of jazz in the San Francisco's jazz scene during the 1940s by Kelly St. John\|publisher=SF Gate\|date=September 4, 2000\|access-date=October 9, 2022}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{Official website\|https://www.theofficialjayking.com\|Jay King profile}} at [[California Chamber of Commerce]] {{IMDb name\|nm2060734}} {{Discogs artist}} *{{AllMusic\|class=artist\|id=mn0000182746\|label=Jay King}} {{DEFAULTSORT:King, Jay}} [[Category:African-American musicians]] [[Category:African-American songwriters]] [[Category:American rhythm and blues singers]] [[Category:Musicians from Sacramento, California]] [[Category:Record producers from California]] [[Category:American talk radio hosts]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:African-American record producers]] [[Category:1962 births]]	1,300,336,967	[{"title": "Jay King", "data": {"Born": "January 27, 1962 \u00b7 Oroville, California", "Occupations": "Singer songwriter record producer label owner musician radio show host", "Years active": "1982\u2013present", "Relatives": "Saunders King (great-uncle)", "Genres": "R&B Soul Pop", "Labels": "King Jay Records", "Website": "jayking.me"}}]	false
# David Wayne (singer) David Wayne (born David Wayne Carnell, January 1, 1958 – May 10, 2005) was an American singer of the heavy metal bands Metal Church, Reverend and Wayne. ## Biography From 1982 to 1988, Wayne appeared as vocalist on three studio albums and one live album by Metal Church. He was influenced by singers like Rob Halford. When he left Metal Church in 1988, Wayne formed Reverend, which remained active even after his death. His legacy as a vocalist is captured in Metal Church's live album Live, recorded in 1986 in Texas while on tour with Anthrax. He also started a band called Wayne (or David Wayne's Metal Church) after leaving Metal Church and joined ex-Cradle of Filth guitarist Stuart Anstis in Bastardsun. Wayne was the father to one daughter named Tanya Lee. He died on May 10, 2005, from complications following a car crash. Wayne was laid to rest with his grandparents at Evergreen Memorial Gardens Cemetery on May 13, 2005. Before joining Metal Church, he was a US Army medical technician. ## Discography ### Metal Church - Metal Church (1984) - The Dark (1986) - Live (1998) - Masterpeace (1999) ### Reverend - Reverend (1989) - World Won't Miss You (1990) - Play God (1991) - Live (1992) - A Gathering of Demons (2001) ### Wayne (David Wayne's Metal Church) - Metal Church (2001)	enwiki/2674029	enwiki	2,674,029	David Wayne (singer)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wayne_(singer)	2025-05-10T18:52:46	en	Q2618723	48,722	{{Short description\|American heavy metal vocalist (1958–2005)}} {{About\|the heavy metal vocalist\|the actor\|David Wayne}} {{distinguish\|David Wain}} {{Infobox musical artist \| name = David Wayne \| image = David Wayne (metal singer).jpg \| caption = \| birth_name = \| birth_date = {{Birth date\|1958\|1\|1}} \| birth_place = [[Renton, Washington]], U.S. \| death_date = {{Death date and age\|2005\|5\|10\|1958\|1\|1}} \| death_place = [[Tacoma, Washington]], U.S. \| origin = \| genre = {{hlist\|[[Heavy metal music\|Heavy metal]]\|[[thrash metal]]\|[[speed metal]]\|[[power metal]]}} \| occupation = songwriter {{hlist\|Singer\|songwriter}} \| years_active = 1982–2005 \| past_member_of = {{hlist\|[[Metal Church]]\|[[Reverend (band)\|Reverend]]\|Wayne}} \| website = }} '''David Wayne''' (born '''David Wayne Carnell''', January 1, 1958 – May 10, 2005) was an American singer of the [[Heavy metal music\|heavy metal]] bands [[Metal Church]], [[Reverend (band)\|Reverend]] and Wayne. ==Biography== From 1982 to 1988, Wayne appeared as vocalist on three studio albums and one live album by [[Metal Church]]. He was influenced by singers like [[Rob Halford]]. When he left Metal Church in 1988, Wayne formed [[Reverend (band)\|Reverend]], which remained active even after his death. His legacy as a vocalist is captured in Metal Church's live album ''[[Live (Metal Church album)\|Live]]'', recorded in 1986 in Texas while on tour with [[Anthrax (American band)\|Anthrax]]. He also started a band called Wayne (or David Wayne's Metal Church) after leaving Metal Church and joined ex-[[Cradle of Filth]] guitarist Stuart Anstis in Bastardsun. Wayne was the father to one daughter named Tanya Lee. He died on May 10, 2005, from complications following a car crash.<ref name="David Wayne's Obituary">tacomascene.com, ''David Wayne's Obituary'' at [http://www.tacomascene.com/wayne/obituary.html tacomascene.com] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911063044/http://www.tacomascene.com/wayne/obituary.html \|date=September 11, 2016 }}. Retrieved April 26, 2011.</ref><ref name="Memorial to David Wayne">metalchurchmusic.com, ''Memorial to David Wayne'' at [http://www.metalchurchmusic.com/memorial.asp metalchurchmusic.com] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027034745/http://metalchurchmusic.com/memorial.asp \|date=October 27, 2011 }}. Retrieved April 26, 2011.</ref> Wayne was laid to rest with his grandparents at Evergreen Memorial Gardens Cemetery on May 13, 2005.<ref>Blabbermouth. (2005, May 31). Original METAL CHURCH singer’s obituary published in Tacoma newspaper. Blabbermouth.net. https://blabbermouth.net/news/original-metal-church-singer-s-obituary-published-in-tacoma-newspaper </ref><ref>Columbian.com. Retrieved January 28, 2025, from https://obits.columbian.com/us/obituaries/columbian/name/david-carnell-obituary?id=29328664 </ref> Before joining Metal Church, he was a [[US Army]] medical technician.<ref name="David Wayne's Obituary"/> ==Discography== ===Metal Church=== * ''[[Metal Church (Metal Church album)\|Metal Church]]'' (1984) * ''[[The Dark (Metal Church album)\|The Dark]]'' (1986) * ''[[Live (Metal Church album)\|Live]]'' (1998) * ''[[Masterpeace]]'' (1999) ===Reverend=== ''[[Reverend (EP)\|Reverend]]'' (1989) ''[[World Won't Miss You]]'' (1990) ''[[Play God (album)\|Play God]]'' (1991) ''[[Live (Reverend EP)\|Live]]'' (1992) ''[[A Gathering of Demons]]'' (2001) ===Wayne (David Wayne's Metal Church)=== ''Metal Church'' (2001) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.tacomascene.com/wayne/obituary.html Obituary] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911063044/http://www.tacomascene.com/wayne/obituary.html \|date=September 11, 2016 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081030143955/http://www.metalchurchmusic.com/graphics/dwmemprog.jpg David Wayne's memorial program] * [http://www.hardradio.com/shockwaves/mchurch1.html HardRadio.com interview with David Wayne] {{Metal Church}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wayne, David}} [[Category:1958 births]] [[Category:2005 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American singers]] [[Category:American heavy metal singers]] [[Category:Singers from Washington (state)]] [[Category:People from Renton, Washington]] [[Category:Road incident deaths in Washington (state)]] [[Category:21st-century American singers]] [[Category:Metal Church members]] [[Category:20th-century American male singers]] [[Category:21st-century American male singers]] [[Category:United States Army soldiers]] {{Washington-musician-stub}} {{US-singer-stub}}	1,289,770,046	[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Born": "January 1, 1958 \u00b7 Renton, Washington, U.S.", "Died": "May 10, 2005 (aged 47) \u00b7 Tacoma, Washington, U.S.", "Genres": "Heavy metal thrash metal speed metal power metal", "Occupations": "songwriter", "Years active": "1982\u20132005", "Formerly of": "Metal Church Reverend Wayne"}}, {"title": "Metal Church", "data": {"Studio albums": "Metal Church The Dark Blessing in Disguise The Human Factor Hanging in the Balance Masterpeace The Weight of the World A Light in the Dark This Present Wasteland Generation Nothing XI Damned If You Do Congregation of Annihilation", "Live albums": "Live", "Tours": "Operation Rock & Roll", "Related articles": "Band members"}}]	false
# Sara Bakati' language The Sara language is a language spoken in Kalimantan in Indonesia by about 200 people.	enwiki/2535115	enwiki	2,535,115	Sara Bakati' language	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language	2024-11-10T23:41:38	en	Q33957	182,120	{{short description\|Austronesian language spoken in Kalimantan, Indonesia}} {{distinguish\|Sara languages}} {{Infobox language \|name=Sara \|states=[[Indonesia]] \|region=near Sanggau-Ledo, northeast of [[Ledo, Kalimantan\|Ledo]], [[Kalimantan]] \|speakers=4,000 \|date=2004 \|ref=e18 \|familycolor=Austronesian \|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages\|Malayo-Polynesian]] \|fam3=[[Land Dayak languages\|Land Dayak]] \|fam4=[[Bekati’ languages\|Bekati’]] \|iso3=sre \|glotto=sara1329 \|glottorefname=Sara Bakati<nowiki>'</nowiki> }} The '''Sara language''' is a language spoken in [[Kalimantan]] in Indonesia by about 200 people. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Bornean languages}} {{Languages of Indonesia}} [[Category:Languages of Indonesia]] [[Category:Land Dayak languages]] [[Category:Endangered Austronesian languages]] {{Indonesia-stub}} {{austronesian-lang-stub}}	1,256,655,013	[{"title": "Sara", "data": {"Native to": "Indonesia", "Region": "near Sanggau-Ledo, northeast of Ledo, Kalimantan", "Native speakers": "4,000 (2004)", "Language family": "Austronesian - Malayo-Polynesian - Land Dayak - Bekati\u2019 - Sara"}}, {"title": "Language codes", "data": {"ISO 639-3": "sre", "Glottolog": "sara1329", "ELP": "Sara"}}]	false
# Super Soaker (song) "Super Soaker" is a song recorded by Australian DJ vocal and producer duo Bombs Away. The song was released digitally in September 2011 and remixes followed. The song peaked at number 83 on the Australian ARIA Charts and was certified platinum in 2012. ## Track listing - Digital download[1] 1. "Super Soaker" (Original Radio Edit) – 3:41 2. "Super Soaker" (Original Extended) – 5:37 - Digital download (Remixes)[2] 1. "Super Soaker" (Rocket Pimp Remix) – 4:18 2. "Super Soaker" (Mobin Master & Tate Strauss Remix) – 6:22 3. "Super Soaker" (Pelussje Liquidato Remix) – 5:01 4. "Super Soaker" (Phetsta Remix) – 4:44 5. "Super Soaker" (Kronic Remix) – 4:33 6. "Super Soaker" (Smile On Impact Remix) – 6:58 7. "Super Soaker" (Rave Radio Remix) – 5:36 - Digital download (Hard Dance Mixes)[3] 1. "Super Soaker" (Brooklyn Bounce Remix) – 6:14 2. "Super Soaker" (Mark Breeze Remix) – 4:49 3. "Super Soaker" (Brooklyn Bounce Remix Edit) – 3:48 ## Charts \| Chart (2010/11) \| Peak Position \| \| ---------------- \| ------------- \| \| Australia (ARIA) \| 83 \| ## Certification \| Region \| Certification \| Certified units/sales \| \| ------------------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| --------------------- \| \| Australia (ARIA) \| Platinum \| 70,000^ \| \| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. \| \| \| ## Release history \| Country \| Date \| Format \| Label \| Catalogue \| \| --------- \| ---------------- \| ---------------- \| ------------- \| --------- \| \| Australia \| September 2011 \| Digital download \| Shock Records \| DN0208 \| \| Australia \| 12 November 2011 \| Digital download \| Shock Records \| DN0215 \| \| Australia \| 12 November 2011 \| Digital download \| Shock Records \| DN0215A \|	enwiki/39612986	enwiki	39,612,986	Super Soaker (song)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Soaker_(song)	2025-03-15T21:06:24	en	Q65089823	41,444	{{For\|the [[Kings of Leon]] song\|Supersoaker (song)}} {{Infobox song \| name = Super Soaker \| cover = Super_Soaker_by_Bombs_Away.jpg \| alt = \| type = single \| artist = [[Bombs Away (group)\|Bombs Away]] \| album = \| released = September 2011 \| recorded = 2011 \| studio = \| venue = \| genre = [[Electro house]] \| length = 3:41 <small>(radio edit)</small> \| label = [[Shock Records]] \| composer = \| lyricist = \| producer = \| prev_title = Swagger \| prev_year = 2011 \| next_title = Looking for Some Girls \| next_year = 2012 \| misc = }} "'''Super Soaker'''" is a song recorded by Australian DJ vocal and producer duo [[Bombs Away (group)\|Bombs Away]]. The song was released [[Music download\|digitally]] in September 2011 and remixes followed. The song peaked at number 83 on the Australian [[ARIA Charts]] and was certified platinum in 2012. ==Track listing== '''Digital download'''<ref name="Digital">{{cite web\|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/super-soaker-single/468962317\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085755/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/super-soaker-single/468962317\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=March 27, 2019\|title=Super Soaker – Single by Bombs Away\|publisher=[[iTunes Store]] (Australia). [[Apple Inc.\|Apple]]\|accessdate=7 March 2019}}</ref> # "Super Soaker" (Original Radio Edit) – 3:41 # "Super Soaker" (Original Extended) – 5:37 '''Digital download (Remixes)'''<ref name="Digital Remixes">{{cite web\|url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/super-soaker-remixes/478194352\|title=Super Soaker Remixes– Single by Bombs Aways\|publisher=iTunes Store (Australia). Apple Inc.\|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> # "Super Soaker" (Rocket Pimp Remix) – 4:18 # "Super Soaker" (Mobin Master & Tate Strauss Remix) – 6:22 # "Super Soaker" (Pelussje Liquidato Remix) – 5:01 # "Super Soaker" (Phetsta Remix) – 4:44 # "Super Soaker" (Kronic Remix) – 4:33 # "Super Soaker" (Smile On Impact Remix) – 6:58 # "Super Soaker" (Rave Radio Remix) – 5:36 *'''Digital download (Hard Dance Mixes)'''<ref name="Digital Hard">{{cite web\|url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/super-soaker-hard-dance-mixes-single/478191015\|title=Super Soaker Hard Dance Mixes– Single by Bombs Aways\|publisher=iTunes Store (Australia). Apple Inc.\|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> # "Super Soaker" (Brooklyn Bounce Remix) – 6:14 # "Super Soaker" (Mark Breeze Remix) – 4:49 # "Super Soaker" (Brooklyn Bounce Remix Edit) – 3:48 ==Charts== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|- ! scope="col"\| Chart (2010/11) ! scope="col"\| Peak Position \|- ! scope="row"\| Australia ([[ARIA Charts\|ARIA]]) <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2012/03/chart-watch-148/\|title=Chart Watch\|publisher=auspop\|date=17 March 2012\|accessdate=2 March 2019}}</ref> \| 83 \|- \|} == Certification == {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=Australia\|certyear=2012\|relyear=2011\|artist=Bombs Away\|title=Super Soaker\|award=Platinum\|certref= \|type=single}} {{Certification Table Bottom \| nosales=true}} ==Release history== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col"\| Country ! scope="col"\| Date ! scope="col"\| Format ! scope="col"\| Label ! scope="col"\| Catalogue \|- !scope="row"\| Australia<ref name="Digital"/> \| September 2011 \|rowspan="3"\| [[Music download\|Digital download]] \|rowspan="3"\| [[Shock Records]] \|DN0208 \|- !scope="row"\| Australia<ref name="Digital Remixes"/> \|rowspan="2"\| 12 November 2011 \|DN0215 \|- !scope="row"\| Australia<ref name="Digital Hard"/> \|DN0215A \|- \|} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Bombs Away (group)}} [[Category:2011 singles]] [[Category:2011 songs]] [[Category:Bombs Away (group) songs]]	1,280,677,779	[{"title": "Single by Bombs Away", "data": {"Released": "September 2011", "Recorded": "2011", "Genre": "Electro house", "Length": "3:41 (radio edit)", "Label": "Shock Records"}}, {"title": "Bombs Away singles chronology", "data": {"\"Swagger\" \u00b7 (2011)": "\"Super Soaker\" \u00b7 (2011) \u00b7 \"Looking for Some Girls\" \u00b7 (2012)"}}, {"title": "Bombs Away", "data": {"Singles": "\" Big Booty Bitches \" \" Super Soaker \" \" Party Bass \" \" Drunk Arcade \" \" Squats \" \" You Gotta Be \"", "Related articles": "Shock Records"}}]	false
# Charles Mathew (Corfe Castle MP) Charles Mathew was an English politician in the 16th century.	enwiki/75748159	enwiki	75,748,159	Charles Mathew (Corfe Castle MP)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mathew_(Corfe_Castle_MP)	2025-03-20T19:39:10	en	Q54360529	20,911	{{Short description\|English politician}} {{Infobox officeholder \| name = \| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)\|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[Corfe Castle (UK Parliament constituency)\|Corfe Castle]] \| termstart = 1572 \| termend = 1581 \| party = \| birth_date = \| death_date = \| predecessor = unknown \| successor = [[Francis Hawley (MP for Corfe Castle)\|Francis Hawley]] \| alongside = [[Edmund Uvedale (died 1621)\|Edmund Uvedale]] }} '''Charles Mathew''' was an English politician in the [[16th century]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Corfe Castle {{!}} History of Parliament Online \|url=https://historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/constituencies/corfe-castle \|access-date=2024-01-07 \|website=historyofparliamentonline.org}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mathew, Charles}} [[Category:16th-century births]] [[Category:16th-century deaths]] [[Category:Politicians from Dorset]] [[Category:English MPs 1572–1583]] [[Category:16th-century English politicians]] [[Category:Corfe Castle]] {{1572-England-MP-stub}}	1,281,503,201	[{"title": "Member of Parliament \u00b7 for Corfe Castle", "data": {"Member of Parliament \u00b7 for Corfe Castle": "In office \u00b7 1572\u20131581Serving with Edmund Uvedale", "Preceded by": "unknown", "Succeeded by": "Francis Hawley"}}]	false
# Calhoun (surname) Calhoun is a surname of Scottish origin. It is a variant of the Scottish surname Colquhoun. Notable people with this surname include: ## In arts and entertainment - Adam Calhoun (born 1980), American rapper and songwriter - Alice Calhoun (1900–1966), American silent film actress - Ann Marie Calhoun (born 1979), American violinist - Chad Calhoun, a pseudonym of Ron Goulart (1933–2022), writer - Eddie Calhoun (1921–1994), American jazz bassist - Kutt Calhoun (born 1977), born Melvin Calhoun, musician - Monica Calhoun (born 1971), actress - Rory Calhoun (1922–1999), American actor - Will Calhoun (born 1964), American musician - William "Haystack" Calhoun (1934–1989), professional wrestler - William Henry Calhoun (1815–1865), American silversmith ## In government, politics and activism - Bob Calhoun (1937–2020), American politician and lawyer - Bootsie Calhoun (1923–2014), American politician - Charles Calhoun Jr. (1931–2014), American politician and jurist - Cora Catherine Calhoun Horne (1865–1932) Black suffragist, civil rights activist, and an Atlanta socialite. - Floride Calhoun (1792–1866), wife of John C. Calhoun, second lady of the United States - Harlan M. Calhoun (1903–1977), justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia - James Calhoun (politician, born 1802) (1802–1852), Georgia politician, Army colonel, federal Indian agent, and Territorial Governor of New Mexico - John A. Calhoun (1918–2000), American diplomat - John C. Calhoun (1782–1850), United States politician and 7th Vice President - Riemer Calhoun (1909–1994), American politician - William Lowndes Calhoun (1837–1908), mayor of Atlanta, Georgia in 1879 ## In sport - Cameron Calhoun (born 2004), American football player - Don Calhoun (1952–2020), former professional American football running back - George Whitney Calhoun (1890–1963), co-founder of the Green Bay Packers NFL football team - Jalon Calhoun (born 2000), American football player - Jermie Calhoun (born 1988), running back for the Oklahoma Sooners - Jim Calhoun (born 1942), head coach of the University of Connecticut men's basketball team - Kole Calhoun (born 1987), American Major League Baseball player - Lee Calhoun (1933–1989), American hurdler - Milo Calhoun (1940–1995), Jamaican boxer of the 1960s and '70s - Shaq Calhoun (born 1996), American football player - Thomas Calhoun (1795–1861), English clergyman and cricketer - William "Haystack" Calhoun (1934–1989), professional wrestler - W. Bret Calhoun (born 1964), American racehorse trainer - Willie Calhoun (born 1994), American baseball player ## In other fields - Cheshire Calhoun (fl. 1980s–2020s), American philosopher - Craig Calhoun (born 1952), American sociologist - David L. Calhoun (born 18 April 1957), American businessman, formerly president and chief executive of Boeing from 2020 to 2024 - Frances Boyd Calhoun (1867–1909) American author - James Calhoun (soldier) (1845–1876), American soldier, killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn - John B. Calhoun (1917–1995), American ethologist ## Fictional characters - Barney Calhoun, fictional character from the Half-Life computer game series (all powerful) - Mackenzie Calhoun, fictional character from Star Trek - Daltry Calhoun, the leading character of the 2005 movie of the same name - Noah Calhoun, fictional character played by Ryan Gosling in the 2004 movie "The Notebook" based on the novel by Nicholas Sparks - Rutherford Calhoun, the protagonist of the novel Middle Passage by Charles Johnson - Sergeant Tamora J. Calhoun, the protagonist of the video arcade game "Hero's Duty" in the Disney animated film Wreck-It Ralph. - Anika Calhoun, fictional character played by Grace Gealey in Empire (2015 TV series) - Captain Cassius Calhoun, leading character of The Headless Horseman, an 1866 adventure novel by Mayne Reid - Coach Calhoun, fictional character in the film Grease - Dean Ernie Calhoun, fictional character in the YouTube web series Video Game High School - Bill Calhoun, one of three founders of Caesar's Legion, a faction in the video game Fallout: New Vegas	enwiki/47921315	enwiki	47,921,315	Calhoun (surname)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calhoun_(surname)	2025-02-15T04:32:00	en	Q21452672	15,428	'''Calhoun''' is a surname of Scottish origin. It is a variant of the Scottish surname ''[[Colquhoun]]''. Notable people with this surname include: {{tocright}} ==In arts and entertainment== [[Adam Calhoun]] (born 1980), American rapper and songwriter [[Alice Calhoun]] (1900–1966), American silent film actress [[Ann Marie Calhoun]] (born 1979), American violinist Chad Calhoun, a pseudonym of [[Ron Goulart]] (1933–2022), writer [[Eddie Calhoun]] (1921–1994), American jazz bassist [[Kutt Calhoun]] (born 1977), born Melvin Calhoun, musician [[Monica Calhoun]] (born 1971), actress [[Rory Calhoun]] (1922–1999), American actor [[Will Calhoun]] (born 1964), American musician [[Haystack Calhoun\|William "Haystack" Calhoun]] (1934–1989), professional wrestler [[William Henry Calhoun]] (1815–1865), American silversmith ==In government, politics and activism== [[Bob Calhoun]] (1937–2020), American politician and lawyer [[Bootsie Calhoun]] (1923–2014), American politician [[Charles Calhoun Jr.]] (1931–2014), American politician and jurist [[Cora Catherine Calhoun Horne]] (1865–1932) Black suffragist, civil rights activist, and an Atlanta [[socialite]]. [[Floride Calhoun]] (1792–1866), wife of John C. Calhoun, second lady of the United States [[Harlan M. Calhoun]] (1903–1977), justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia [[James Calhoun (politician, born 1802)]] (1802–1852), Georgia politician, Army colonel, federal Indian agent, and Territorial Governor of New Mexico [[John A. Calhoun]] (1918–2000), American diplomat [[John C. Calhoun]] (1782–1850), United States politician and 7th Vice President [[Riemer Calhoun]] (1909–1994), American politician [[William Lowndes Calhoun]] (1837–1908), mayor of Atlanta, Georgia in 1879 ==In sport== [[Cameron Calhoun]] (born 2004), American football player [[Don Calhoun]] (1952–2020), former professional American football running back [[George Whitney Calhoun]] (1890–1963), co-founder of the Green Bay Packers NFL football team [[Jalon Calhoun]] (born 2000), American football player [[Jermie Calhoun]] (born 1988), running back for the Oklahoma Sooners [[Jim Calhoun]] (born 1942), head coach of the University of Connecticut men's basketball team [[Kole Calhoun]] (born 1987), American Major League Baseball player [[Lee Calhoun]] (1933–1989), American hurdler [[Milo Calhoun]] (1940–1995), Jamaican boxer of the 1960s and '70s [[Shaq Calhoun]] (born 1996), American football player [[Thomas Calhoun]] (1795–1861), English clergyman and cricketer [[Haystack Calhoun\|William "Haystack" Calhoun]] (1934–1989), professional wrestler [[W. Bret Calhoun]] (born 1964), American racehorse trainer [[Willie Calhoun]] (born 1994), American baseball player ==In other fields== [[Cheshire Calhoun]] (fl. 1980s–2020s), American philosopher [[Craig Calhoun]] (born 1952), American sociologist [[Dave Calhoun\|David L. Calhoun]] (born 18 April 1957), American businessman, formerly president and chief executive of [[Boeing]] from 2020 to 2024 [[Frances Boyd Calhoun]] (1867–1909) American author [[James Calhoun (soldier)]] (1845–1876), American soldier, killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn [[John B. Calhoun]] (1917–1995), American ethologist ==Fictional characters== [[Barney Calhoun]], fictional character from the ''Half-Life'' computer game series (all powerful) [[Mackenzie Calhoun]], fictional character from ''Star Trek'' [[Daltry Calhoun]], the leading character of the 2005 movie of the same name [[The Notebook (2004 film)\|Noah Calhoun]], fictional character played by Ryan Gosling in the 2004 movie "The Notebook" based on the novel by Nicholas Sparks Rutherford Calhoun, the protagonist of the novel [[Middle Passage (novel)\|Middle Passage]] by Charles Johnson Sergeant Tamora J. Calhoun, the protagonist of the video arcade game "Hero's Duty" in the Disney animated film ''[[Wreck-It Ralph]]''. Anika Calhoun, fictional character played by Grace Gealey in [[Empire (2015 TV series)\|''Empire'' (2015 TV series)]] Captain Cassius Calhoun, leading character of [[The Headless Horseman (novel)\|The Headless Horseman]], an 1866 adventure novel by Mayne Reid Coach Calhoun, fictional character in the film ''[[Grease (film)\|Grease]]'' Dean Ernie Calhoun, fictional character in the YouTube web series ''[[Video Game High School]]'' *Bill Calhoun, one of three founders of Caesar's Legion, a faction in the video game ''[[Fallout: New Vegas]]'' {{surname\|Calhoun}} [[Category:Americanized surnames]]	1,275,801,837	[]	false
# Bush Brotherhood The Bush Brotherhood was a group of Anglican religious orders providing itinerant priests to minister to sparsely settled rural districts in Australia. They were described as a "band of men" who could "preach like Apostles" and "ride like cowboys". ## History The St Andrew's Bush Brotherhood was established in 1897 in Longreach, Queensland, by the Bishop of Stepney, Canon Body and the Bishop of Rockhampton, Nathaniel Dawes. The first group of brothers was led by the Reverend George Halford. The Brotherhood of St Barnabas was established in 1902 in Herberton, Queensland by Aneirun Vaughan Williams and Joseph Braybarton. It was also known as the North Queensland Brotherhood. The Brotherhood of the Good Shepherd was established about 1903 in Dubbo, New South Wales. The Brotherhood of the Good Shepherd published The Bush Brother magazine from 1904 to 1980. The Bush Brotherhood of St Boniface operated in the Diocese of Bunbury in Western Australia from July 1911 to 1929. In 1922, Bryan Robin published a book "The Sundowner" about his experiences in the Bush Brotherhood of St Barnabas in North Queensland from 1914 to 1921. This book attracted other priests to join the brotherhood. The Brotherhood of St John the Baptist was established in Murray Bridge, South Australia. The Bush Brotherhood of St Paul operated in Charleville and Cunnamulla in Queensland. ## Operation of the orders There were a number of different orders of Bush Brothers, but all operated on a similar basis of an almost monastic life, committed to: - temporary vows of poverty, chastity and obedience - periodic returns from the bush to a community house for spiritual replenishment - obedience to a warden or principal (often a bishop) Their duties included: - giving religious instruction in schools - holding services - administering sacraments The Bush Brothers were either single (or left their wives behind during their period of service). Many were recruited from England where life in the Outback had a romantic appeal. Australian brothers were less frequently recruited. Although the Bush Brothers originally rode horses, they drove vehicles in later years. ## Notable members - William Barrett, Dean of Brisbane - Wilfrid Belcher, Bishop of North Queensland - Stephen Davies, Bishop of Carpentaria - William Elsey, Bishop of Kalgoorlie - John Feetham, Bishop of North Queensland - Godfrey Fryar, Bishop of Rockhampton - George Halford, Bishop of Rockhampton - Frederick Hulton-Sams, known as the "fighting parson" for his boxing skills, he died in 1915 in World War I.[12][13][14][15][16] His friends wrote a book about his experiences as a bush brother.[17] - John Hazlewood, Bishop of Ballarat - Barry Hunter, Bishop of Riverina - Hamish Jamieson, Bishop of Carpentaria and Bunbury - Ken Mason, Bishop of the Northern Territory, Chairman of the Australian Board of Missions - Lionel Renfrey, Dean of Adelaide, Assistant Bishop, Diocese of Adelaide - Bryan Robin, Bishop of Adelaide - Guy Roxby, died from typhoid in 1913, the first Brother to die in service [14][18][19] - Richard Thomas, Bishop of Willochra - Graham Howard Walden, Bishop of The Murray[20] - Arnold Wylde, Bishop of Bathurst ## In popular culture The narrator of Nevil Shute's novel In the Wet is a member of the Bush Brotherhood and provides a (fictional) account of the life of one of these itinerant priests.	enwiki/44844409	enwiki	44,844,409	Bush Brotherhood	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Brotherhood	2025-08-18T17:01:37	en	Q19871800	81,931	{{Short description\|Group of Australian Anglican priests}} {{Use Australian English\|date=April 2023}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2023}} [[File:All Saints Chapel, known as the Bush Brotherhood of St Paul, Charleville, 1933.jpg\|thumb\|All Saints Chapel, known as the Bush Brotherhood of St Paul, Charleville, 1933]] [[File:Reverend Harold Hodson, Church of England bush brother, stationed at Richmond North Queensland, circa 1915.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|The Reverend Harold Victor Hodson, Bush Brother from England, stationed at [[Richmond, Queensland]], 1913–1916]] The '''Bush Brotherhood''' was a group of [[Anglican Church of Australia\|Anglican]] religious orders providing itinerant priests to minister to sparsely settled rural districts in Australia. They were described as a "band of men" who could "preach like Apostles" and "ride like cowboys".<ref name=cbh>{{cite web\|title=Ministry in rural and outback communities\|url=http://intranet.cbhslewisham.nsw.edu.au:82/sor/concepta.asp?resource=12&conid=35\|accessdate=26 December 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412154118/http://intranet.cbhslewisham.nsw.edu.au:82/sor/concepta.asp?resource=12&conid=35\|archive-date=12 April 2011\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==History== The St Andrew's Bush Brotherhood was established in 1897 in [[Longreach]], [[Queensland]], by the [[Bishop of Stepney]], Canon Body and the [[Anglican Bishop of Rockhampton\|Bishop of Rockhampton]], [[Nathaniel Dawes]].<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article139158461 \|title=The Church. \|newspaper=[[The Australasian]] \|location=Melbourne \|date=6 April 1901 \|accessdate=25 September 2015 \|page=5 \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071750/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/139158461 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76569947 \|title=Work Without Pay. \|newspaper=[[The Western Champion and General Advertiser for the Central-Western Districts]] \|location=Barcaldine, Qld. \|date=18 November 1901 \|accessdate=25 September 2015 \|page=14 \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071748/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/76569947 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52533136 \|title=Untitled \|newspaper=[[The Morning Bulletin]] \|location=Rockhampton, Qld. \|date=21 September 1897 \|accessdate=25 September 2015 \|page=5 \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071748/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/52533136 \|url-status=live }}</ref> The first group of brothers was led by [[the Reverend]] [[George Halford (bishop)\|George Halford]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30506583 \|title=Religious News And Views. \|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)\|The Advertiser]] \|location=Adelaide \|date=11 January 1947 \|accessdate=25 September 2015 \|page=12 \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071748/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/30506583 \|url-status=live }}</ref> The Brotherhood of St Barnabas was established in 1902 in [[Herberton, Queensland\|Herberton]], Queensland by Aneirun Vaughan Williams and Joseph Braybarton. It was also known as the North Queensland Brotherhood.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Brotherhood of St Barnabas (BSB) \|url=https://www.anglicanconsecratedlife.org/index.php/community-information/recognised-communities/9-brotherhood-of-st-barnabas \|access-date=10 April 2023 \|website=Anglican Consecrated Life \|archive-date=6 October 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006042738/https://anglicanconsecratedlife.org/index.php/community-information/recognised-communities/9-brotherhood-of-st-barnabas \|url-status=live }}</ref> The Brotherhood of the Good Shepherd was established about 1903 in [[Dubbo]], [[New South Wales]].<ref name=shepherd>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14541290 \|title=Bush Mission Work. \|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \|date=3 September 1903 \|accessdate=25 September 2015 \|page=5 \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071748/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14541290 \|url-status=live }}</ref> The Brotherhood of the Good Shepherd published ''[[The Bush Brother (magazine)\|The Bush Brother]]'' magazine from 1904 to 1980.<ref>{{Citation \| author1=Brotherhood of the Good Shepherd (Dubbo, N.S.W.) \| title=The Bush brother : a quarterly paper \| date=1904 \| publisher=Brotherhood of the Good Shepherd \| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/13163013 \| accessdate=25 June 2018 \| archive-date=30 August 2022 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071748/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/13163013 \| url-status=live }}</ref> The Bush Brotherhood of St Boniface operated in the [[Anglican Diocese of Bunbury\|Diocese of Bunbury]] in [[Western Australia]] from July 1911 to 1929.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article26345335 \|title=COUNTRY. \|newspaper=[[The West Australian]] \|location=Perth \|date=13 July 1911 \|accessdate=26 September 2015 \|page=8 \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071749/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/26345335 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147413787 \|title=Brotherhood of St Boniface. \|newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] \|location=Katanning, WA \|date=11 September 1929 \|accessdate=26 September 2015 \|page=6 \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071750/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/147413787 \|url-status=live }}</ref> In 1922, [[Bryan Robin]] published a book ''"The Sundowner"'' about his experiences in the Bush Brotherhood of St Barnabas in North Queensland from 1914 to 1921. This book attracted other priests to join the brotherhood.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book\|title = Robin, Bryan Percival (1887–1969)\|url = http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/robin-bryan-percival-11546\|publisher = National Centre of Biography, Australian National University\|location = Canberra\|first = Robin\|last = Radford\|access-date = 2015-09-26\|archive-date = 2015-09-26\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150926143001/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/robin-bryan-percival-11546\|url-status = live}}</ref> The Brotherhood of St John the Baptist was established in [[Murray Bridge, South Australia]].<ref name=":0" /> The Bush Brotherhood of St Paul operated in [[Charleville, Queensland\|Charleville]] and [[Cunnamulla]] in Queensland. ==Operation of the orders== There were a number of different [[religious order\|orders]] of Bush Brothers, but all operated on a similar basis of an almost monastic life, committed to:<ref name=cbh/> * temporary vows of [[poverty, chastity and obedience]] * periodic returns from the bush to a community house for spiritual replenishment * obedience to a warden or principal (often a bishop) Their duties included:<ref name="shepherd" /> * giving religious instruction in schools * holding services * administering sacraments The Bush Brothers were either single (or left their wives behind during their period of service). Many were recruited from England where life in the [[Outback]] had a romantic appeal. Australian brothers were less frequently recruited.<ref name=cbh/> Although the Bush Brothers originally rode horses, they drove vehicles in later years. == Notable members == * [[William Barrett (priest)\|William Barrett]], Dean of Brisbane * [[Wilfrid Belcher]], Bishop of North Queensland * [[Stephen Davies (bishop)\|Stephen Davies]], Bishop of Carpentaria * [[William Elsey]], Bishop of Kalgoorlie * [[John Feetham (bishop)\|John Feetham]], Bishop of North Queensland * [[Godfrey Fryar]], Bishop of Rockhampton * [[George Halford (bishop)\|George Halford]], Bishop of Rockhampton * [[Frederick Hulton-Sams]], known as the "fighting parson" for his boxing skills, he died in 1915 in World War I.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79752496 \|title=Rev. and Lieut. Frederick Hulton Sams, B.A. \|newspaper=[[The Western Champion and General Advertiser for the Central-Western Districts]] \|location=Barcaldine, Qld. \|date=14 August 1915 \|accessdate=26 September 2015 \|page=6 \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071749/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/79752496 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79329435 \|title=Frederick Hulton-Sams. \|newspaper=[[The Western Champion]] \|location=Barcaldine, Qld. \|date=18 July 1925 \|accessdate=26 September 2015 \|page=4 \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071749/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/79329435 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=qhr>{{cite QHR\|14797\|St Peter's Anglican Church and Hall\|600022\|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article45332513 \|title=FIGHTING PARSON KILLED. \|newspaper=[[The Barrier Miner]] \|location=Broken Hill, NSW \|date=22 August 1915 \|accessdate=26 September 2015 \|page=3 \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071750/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45332513 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article179902839 \|title=MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY. \|newspaper=[[The Daily Standard (Brisbane)\|Daily Standard]] \|location=Brisbane \|date=21 August 1915 \|accessdate=26 September 2015 \|page=12 Edition: SECOND EDITION \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071749/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/179902839 \|url-status=live }}</ref> His friends wrote a book about his experiences as a bush brother.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article69374509 \|title=THE LATE REV. F. HULTON SAMS. \|newspaper=[[The Capricornian]] \|location=Rockhampton, Qld. \|date=15 April 1916 \|accessdate=26 September 2015 \|page=19 \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071750/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/69374509 \|url-status=live }}</ref> * [[John Hazlewood]], Bishop of Ballarat * [[Barry Hunter (bishop)\|Barry Hunter]], Bishop of Riverina * [[Hamish Jamieson]], Bishop of Carpentaria and Bunbury * [[Ken Mason (bishop)\|Ken Mason]], Bishop of the Northern Territory, Chairman of the Australian Board of Missions * [[Lionel Renfrey]], Dean of Adelaide, Assistant Bishop, Diocese of Adelaide * [[Bryan Robin]], Bishop of Adelaide * [[Guy Roxby]], died from typhoid in 1913, the first Brother to die in service <ref name=qhr/><ref name="The Late Rev. G. J. Roxby">{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79744749 \|title=The Late Rev. G. J. Roxby. \|newspaper=[[The Western Champion and General Advertiser for the Central-Western Districts]] \|location=Barcaldine, Qld. \|date=19 April 1913 \|accessdate=26 September 2015 \|page=11 \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071750/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/79744749 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article127847991 \|title=NEWS OF THE CHURCHES. \|newspaper=[[The Maitland Weekly Mercury]] \|location=NSW \|date=5 July 1913 \|accessdate=26 September 2015 \|page=5 \|via=National Library of Australia \|archive-date=30 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071750/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/127847991 \|url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Richard Thomas (bishop)\|Richard Thomas]], Bishop of Willochra * [[Graham Howard Walden]], [[Bishop of the Murray\|Bishop of The Murray]]<ref>{{cite web\|title=Years of faith for this bush brother\|url=http://www.dailyliberal.com.au/story/869214/years-of-faith-for-this-bush-brother/\|website=The Daily Liberal\|accessdate=28 March 2016\|archive-date=10 April 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410191724/http://www.dailyliberal.com.au/story/869214/years-of-faith-for-this-bush-brother/\|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Arnold Wylde]], Bishop of Bathurst ==In popular culture== The narrator of [[Nevil Shute]]'s novel ''[[In the Wet]]'' is a member of the Bush Brotherhood and provides a (fictional) account of the life of one of these itinerant priests. ==See also== * [[The Bush Brother]] ==References== {{reflist\|2}} ==Further reading== * {{Citation \| author1=Webb, Paul \| title=Brothers in the sun : a history of the Bush Brotherhood Movement in the outback of Australia \| url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/39868918\| date=1978 \| publisher=Rigby \| isbn=978-0-7270-0623-3 }} * {{Citation \| author1=Robin, B. P. (Bryan Percival) \| title=The Sundowner \| date=1922 \| publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge \| url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/22119414 }} * {{Citation \| title=Frederick Hulton-Sams, the fighting parson: impressions of his five years' ministry in the Queensland bush, recorded by some who knew and loved him \| date=1915 \| publisher=Theo. F. Barker \| url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19305250 }} — available [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-6424417 online] [[Category:Anglican Church of Australia]] [[Category:Anglican orders and communities]]	1,306,596,693	[]	false
# Familienbuch A Familienbuch (German: [faˈmiːli̯ənˌbuːx], "Family-book") was a family register, a genealogical summary that was issued in Germany by the local civil registry upon marriage and contained data on birth, marriage and death of the couple as well as the birth data of any children stemming for this marriage. It was introduced from July 1, 1938, same kind like books for birth and death. However, the Familienbuch dates to much earlier. At least to 1920 in Breslau, Germany, for example. From January 1, 1958, it was modified: Marriage entry was done by the local civil registry, but the "book" itself which was a paper then was moved to the local civil registry when the family did a removal. Since January 1, 2009, Familienbücher have no longer been issued.	enwiki/22714645	enwiki	22,714,645	Familienbuch	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familienbuch	2025-01-09T18:52:01	en	Q936270	15,142	{{Short description\|Family register of Germany}} {{about\|the defunct German Familienbuch\|Ortsfamilienbuch\|One-place study}} A '''Familienbuch''' ({{IPA\|de\|faˈmiːli̯ənˌbuːx\|lang}}, "Family-book") was a [[family register]], a [[Genealogy\|genealogical summary]] that was issued in Germany by the local [[civil registry]] upon [[marriage]] and contained data on [[birth]], marriage and [[death]] of the couple as well as the birth data of any children stemming for this marriage. It was introduced from July 1, 1938, same kind like books for birth and death. However, the Familienbuch dates to much earlier. At least to 1920 in Breslau, Germany, for example. From January 1, 1958, it was modified: Marriage entry was done by the local [[civil registry]], but the "book" itself which was a paper then was moved to the local [[civil registry]] when the family did a removal. Since January 1, 2009, ''Familienbücher'' have no longer been issued. [[Category:Family registers]] [[Category:Marriage in Germany]] [[Category:Identity documents of Germany]] {{marriage-stub}} {{germany-stub}}	1,268,427,425	[]	false
# Bethel Township, Miami County, Ohio Bethel Township is one of the twelve townships of Miami County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 4,758 people in the township. ## Geography Located in the southeastern corner of the county, it borders the following townships: - Elizabeth Township - north - Pike Township, Clark County - northeast - Bethel Township, Clark County - east - Huber Heights - south - Vandalia - southwest - Monroe Township - west - Staunton Township - northwest Part of the city of Huber Heights is located in southwestern Bethel Township, and three unincorporated communities are located in the township: - Brandt, in the south - Phoneton, in the southwest - West Charleston, in the west ## Name and history Statewide, other Bethel Townships are located in Clark and Monroe counties. ## Government The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. The trustees also select a township administrator. As of July, 2020, the trustees are Beth van Haaren, Carolyn Wright and Don Black, the fiscal officer is Deborah Watson, and the township administrator is Andy Ehrhart. As of January, 2024, the trustees are Beth van Haaren, Julie Reese, and Kama Dick, the fiscal officer is Rhonda Ross. ## Schools Students in Bethel Township attend Bethel Local Schools in Bethel Township or Miami East Local Schools in Casstown or Tecumseh Local Schools in New Carlisle. ## Notable residents The township was the home of the ancestors of Wilbur and Orville Wright, who developed the first successful airplane The township was also the home of Roy J. Plunkett, inventor of Teflon, and Gale Halderman, the original designer of the Ford Mustang.	enwiki/2768360	enwiki	2,768,360	Bethel Township, Miami County, Ohio	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_Township,_Miami_County,_Ohio	2024-10-06T06:40:43	en	Q4897944	67,417	{{About\|the township in Miami County, Ohio\|the village in Clermont County, Ohio\|Bethel, Ohio}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox settlement \|official_name = Bethel Township, Miami County, Ohio \|settlement_type = [[Civil township\|Township]] \|nickname = \|motto = <!-- Images --> \|image_skyline = Staley Farm.jpg \|imagesize = 250px \|image_caption = A [[Staley Farm\|historic farm]] in the township \|image_flag = \|image_seal = <!-- Maps --> \|image_map = Map of Miami County Ohio Highlighting Bethel Township.png \|mapsize = 250px \|map_caption = Location of Bethel Township in Miami County \|image_map1 = \|mapsize1 = \|map_caption1 = <!-- Location --> \|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states\|Country]] \|subdivision_name = United States \|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state\|State]] \|subdivision_name1 = [[Ohio]] \|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Ohio\|County]] \|subdivision_name2 = [[Miami County, Ohio\|Miami]] <!-- Government --> \|government_footnotes = \|government_type = \|leader_title = \|leader_name = \|leader_title1 = \|leader_name1 = \|established_title = \|established_date = <!-- Area --> \|unit_pref = Imperial \|area_footnotes = \|area_magnitude = \|area_total_km2 = 90.0 \|area_land_km2 = 89.7 \|area_water_km2 = 0.3 \|area_total_sq_mi = 34.8 \|area_land_sq_mi = 34.6 \|area_water_sq_mi = 0.1 <!-- Population --> \|population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2020\|2020]] \|population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web \|title=Bethel township, Miami County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile \|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Bethel_township,_Miami_County,_Ohio?g=060XX00US3910906110 \|publisher=United States Census Bureau \|access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref> \|population_total = 4758 \|population_density_km2 = auto \|population_density_sq_mi = auto <!-- General information --> \|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone\|Eastern (EST)]] \|utc_offset = -5 \|timezone_DST = EDT \|utc_offset_DST = -4 \|elevation_footnotes = <ref name="GR3">{{cite web\|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov\|accessdate=2008-01-31\|title=US Board on Geographic Names\|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]\|date=2007-10-25}}</ref> \|elevation_m = 304 \|elevation_ft = 997 \|coordinates = {{coord\|39\|55\|48\|N\|84\|5\|39\|W\|region:US-OH\|display=inline,title}} <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> \|postal_code_type = \|postal_code = \|area_code = \|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard\|FIPS code]] \|blank_info = 39-06110<ref name="GR2">{{cite web \|url=https://www.census.gov \|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] \|accessdate=2008-01-31 \|title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> \|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System\|GNIS]] feature ID \|blank1_info = 1086634<ref name="GR3" /> \|website = \|footnotes = }} '''Bethel Township''' is one of the twelve [[civil township\|townships]] of [[Miami County, Ohio\|Miami County]], [[Ohio]], United States. The [[United States Census, 2020\|2020 census]] found 4,758 people in the township. ==Geography== Located in the southeastern corner of the county, it borders the following townships: [[Elizabeth Township, Miami County, Ohio\|Elizabeth Township]] - north [[Pike Township, Clark County, Ohio\|Pike Township, Clark County]] - northeast [[Bethel Township, Clark County, Ohio\|Bethel Township, Clark County]] - east [[Huber Heights, Ohio\|Huber Heights]] - south [[Vandalia, Ohio\|Vandalia]] - southwest [[Monroe Township, Miami County, Ohio\|Monroe Township]] - west [[Staunton Township, Miami County, Ohio\|Staunton Township]] - northwest Part of the city of [[Huber Heights, Ohio\|Huber Heights]] is located in southwestern Bethel Township, and three [[unincorporated area\|unincorporated communities]] are located in the township: [[Brandt, Ohio\|Brandt]], in the south [[Phoneton, Ohio\|Phoneton]], in the southwest [[West Charleston, Ohio\|West Charleston]], in the west [[File:Charleston Falls 2021b.jpg \|thumb\|center\|Charleston Falls]] ==Name and history== Statewide, other Bethel Townships are located in [[Bethel Township, Clark County, Ohio\|Clark]] and [[Bethel Township, Monroe County, Ohio\|Monroe]] counties.<ref>{{Cite web\| title = Detailed map of Ohio\| work = \| publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]]\| year = 2000\| url = http://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/general_ref/cousub_outline/cen2k_pgsz/oh_cosub.pdf\| format = PDF\| accessdate =2007-02-16}}</ref> ==Government== [[File:Bethel Township Miami County Ohio Administration Facility 2015.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Bethel Township Town Hall]] The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer,<ref>[http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/503.24 §503.24], [http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/505.01 §505.01], and [http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/507.01 §507.01] of the [[Ohio Revised Code]]. Accessed 4/30/2009.</ref> who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. The trustees also select a township administrator. As of July, 2020, the trustees are Beth van Haaren, Carolyn Wright and Don Black, the fiscal officer is Deborah Watson, and the township administrator is Andy Ehrhart.<ref>[http://www.betheltownship.org/Trustees.html], Bethel Township, Ohio. Accessed 2020-09-25.</ref> As of January, 2024, the trustees are Beth van Haaren, Julie Reese, and Kama Dick, the fiscal officer is Rhonda Ross.<ref>[http://www.betheltownship.org/Trustees.html], Bethel Township, Ohio. Accessed 2024-02-25.</ref> ==Schools== [[File:Bethel_Township_School.jpg\|thumb\|Bethel Township School]] Students in Bethel Township attend Bethel Local Schools in Bethel Township or Miami East Local Schools in [[Casstown, Ohio\|Casstown]] or Tecumseh Local Schools in [[New Carlisle, Ohio\|New Carlisle]]. ==Notable residents== The township was the home of the ancestors of [[Wright brothers\|Wilbur and Orville Wright]], who developed the [[Wright Flyer\|first successful airplane]]<ref>[http://www.betheltownship.org/bths.htm New Page 0] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701091350/http://www.betheltownship.org/bths.htm \|date=July 1, 2007 }} Bethel Township Historical Society, 2005. Accessed 2007-05-29</ref> The township was also the home of [[Roy J. Plunkett]], inventor of [[Polytetrafluoroethylene\|Teflon]], and Gale Halderman, the original designer of the [[Ford Mustang]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== [http://www.betheltownship.org Township website] [http://www.co.miami.oh.us County website] *[http://www.bethel.k12.oh.us Bethel Local Schools] {{Miami County, Ohio}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Townships in Miami County, Ohio]] [[Category:Townships in Ohio]]	1,249,675,800	[{"title": "Bethel Township, Miami County, Ohio", "data": {"Country": "United States", "State": "Ohio", "County": "Miami"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "34.8 sq mi (90.0 km2)", "\u2022 Land": "34.6 sq mi (89.7 km2)", "\u2022 Water": "0.1 sq mi (0.3 km2)", "Elevation": "997 ft (304 m)"}}, {"title": "Population (2020)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "4,758", "\u2022 Density": "140/sq mi (53/km2)", "Time zone": "UTC-5 (Eastern (EST))", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC-4 (EDT)", "FIPS code": "39-06110", "GNIS feature ID": "1086634"}}]	false
# Shimazu Estate The Shimazu Estate (島津荘, Shimazu no shō) was a shōen (estate or manor) in southern Kyushu of Japan, covering large portions of Satsuma, Ōsumi and Hyūga Provinces. It was the largest shōen of medieval Japan. The Shimazu clan took its name from this estate as the clan succeeded the position of jitō (land steward). ## History ### Heian Period No contemporary source recorded the foundation of the Shimazu Estate. According to a document dated circa 1291, a "wasteland belonging to no one" was developed during the Manju era (1024–1028) and was donated to Kampaku (de facto ruler of Japan) Fujiwara no Yorimichi to break free from the provincial government's control. Another document states that its founder was Taira no Suemoto, the Dazai Daigen (high-ranking official of the administrative center of Kyūshū). It is likely that Taira no Suemoto was the founder of the Chinzei Heishi, a branch line of the Taira clan in Kyushu. A notable member of the Chinzei Heishi was Ata Tadakage. The Shimazu Estate originally covered Shimazu, Morokata District of southern Hyūga Province (modern-day Miyakonojō, Miyazaki Prefecture) but was soon expanded into the neighboring lands of the province. Under the patronage of the powerful Fujiwara clan, Taira no Suemoto exercised effective administrative control over the lands. In 1029, Taira no Suemoto even raided the government office of the neighboring Ōsumi Province but a fragmentary sources suggest that he was not punished severely. The Shimazu Estate was expanded substantially in the first half of the 12th century. Large portions of Satsuma, Ōsumi (including the island of Tanegashima) and southern Hyūga became part of the estate, either as ichien no shō (estate under complete control) or yose gōri (where tax revenue was shared with the provincial government). The Shimazu Estate was inherited by the Fujiwara family, but came under the control of the Taira clan in the second half of the 12th century. Yorimichi's 6th generation descendant, Kampaku Fujiwara no Motozane, was married to Taira no Moriko, a daughter of Taira no Kiyomori. After Motozane died in 1166, his widow Moriko managed the property of the Fujiwara clan. After Moriko's death in 1179, the estate was inherited by the Konoe branch family of the Fujiwara clan. ### Kamakura Period With the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate, supporters of the Taira clan were replaced by the shōgun's retainers. In 1185, Koremune no Tadahisa was appointed as jitō of the Shimazu Estate. Although he was originally a retainer of the Konoe family, he moved in an inner circle of the shogunate for his kinship ties with the first shōgun Minamoto no Yoritomo and his powerful retainer Hiki Yoshikazu. He was also appointed as the military governor of Satsuma, Ōsumi and Hyūga Provinces. Thereafter he claimed the clan name of Shimazu, which indicated the ownership of the estate. By the time Tadahisa took the position of jitō, the Shimazu Estate occupied 70% of agricultural fields of Satsuma Province although over 70% of the lands were yose gōri and were not under the estate's full control. A small portion of the Shimazu Estate in Satsuma was controlled by the Chiba clan. In Satsuma, the provincial government was fused with the Shimazu Estate, as a large overlap in membership between the two polities is observed. The Shimazu Estate's area of influence was smaller in Ōsumi Province, being just over half, and the largest part of the remaining portion was controlled by Ōsumi Shō-Hachimangū. However, it had a stronger control over the land, as over half of the lands were ichien no shō. The provincial government and the estate remained largely separate entities. In 1203, Shimazu Tadahisa was ousted from his positions as a jitō of the estate and the military governor of the three provinces because his relative Hiki Yoshikazu was annihilated by the Hōjō clan. He managed to regain the posts of the jitō of the Shimazu Estate in Satsuma (1213) and the military governor of Satsuma Province (1205). However, the jitō of the estate in Ōsumi and the military governor of Ōsumi Province were succeeded by the Hōjō clan. The Nagoe branch family of the Hōjō clan maintained the post of jitō in Ōsumi until the end of the Kamakura period. They sent the Higo clan to Ōsumi as deputy rulers. After the Hōjō clan was annihilated, one line of the Higo clan made itself autonomous in Tanegashima and began to claim the clan name of Tanegashima. The post of the military governor of Ōsumi Province was transferred from the Nagoe family to the Chiba clan in the early 1280s and then to the Kanesawa branch family of the Hōjō clan in the early 1290s. Because the Nagoe family kept the position of the jitō of the estate in Ōsumi, the military governor had to devote much effort to consolidate power. In fact, Kanesawa Tokinao actively incorporated the officials of the military government as his retainers and relabeled their lands as the "private territories of the military governor" (守護私領). Even in Satsuma Province, the Shimazu clan's rule was not stable. As a result of the Jōkyū War, Satsuma's Kawanabe District came under the control of the Tokusō (mainline) family of the Hōjō clan. Hōjō's retainer, the Chikama clan, served as the district governor and deputy jitō of Kawanabe District. ### Afterwards During the downfall of the Kamakura shogunate, Shimazu Sadahisa successfully sided with Ashikaga Takauji. In reward for his service, the Shimazu clan won back the jitō of the Shimazu Estate in Ōsumi and the military governor of Ōsumi and Hyūga Provinces. Because the military government and the estate in Ōsumi remained distinct entities, the Shimazu clan had much trouble regaining control over the province and eventually collapsed.	enwiki/46314248	enwiki	46,314,248	Shimazu Estate	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimazu_Estate	2023-02-13T20:07:44	en	Q11476819	23,959	The {{nihongo\|'''Shimazu Estate'''\|島津荘\|''Shimazu no shō''}} was a ''[[shōen]]'' (estate or manor) in southern [[Kyushu]] of [[Japan]], covering large portions of [[Satsuma Province\|Satsuma]], [[Ōsumi Province\|Ōsumi]] and [[Hyūga Province]]s. It was the largest ''shōen'' of medieval Japan. The [[Shimazu clan]] took its name from this estate as the clan succeeded the position of ''[[jitō]]'' (land steward). ==History== ===Heian Period=== No contemporary source recorded the foundation of the Shimazu Estate. According to a document dated circa 1291, a "wasteland belonging to no one" was developed during the [[Manju (era)\|Manju era]] (1024–1028) and was donated to [[Kampaku]] (de facto ruler of Japan) [[Fujiwara no Yorimichi]] to break free from the provincial government's control. Another document states that its founder was [[Taira no Suemoto]], the [[Dazaifu (government)\|Dazai]] Daigen (high-ranking official of the administrative center of Kyūshū). It is likely that Taira no Suemoto was the founder of the ''Chinzei Heishi'', a branch line of the [[Taira clan]] in Kyushu. A notable member of the Chinzei Heishi was [[Ata Tadakage]].<ref name="kagoshima1999">{{cite book \|editor1=Haraguchi Izumi 原口泉 \|editor2=Nagayama Shūichi 永山修一 \|editor3=Hinokuma Masamori 日隈正守 \|editor4=Matsuo Chitose 松尾千歳 \|editor5=Minamura Takeishi 皆村武一 \|title=''Kagoshima-ken no rekishi'' 鹿児島県の歴史 \|year=1999 \|publisher=Yamakawa Shuppansha 山川出版社 \|language=Japanese }}</ref> The Shimazu Estate originally covered Shimazu, Morokata District of southern [[Hyūga Province]] (modern-day [[Miyakonojō, Miyazaki\|Miyakonojō]], [[Miyazaki Prefecture]]) but was soon expanded into the neighboring lands of the province. Under the patronage of the powerful [[Fujiwara clan]], Taira no Suemoto exercised effective administrative control over the lands. In 1029, Taira no Suemoto even raided the government office of the neighboring [[Ōsumi Province]] but a fragmentary sources suggest that he was not punished severely.<ref name="kagoshima1999" /> The Shimazu Estate was expanded substantially in the first half of the 12th century. Large portions of [[Satsuma Province\|Satsuma]], Ōsumi (including the island of [[Tanegashima]]) and southern Hyūga became part of the estate, either as ''ichien no shō'' (estate under complete control) or ''yose gōri'' (where tax revenue was shared with the provincial government). The Shimazu Estate was inherited by the Fujiwara family, but came under the control of the [[Taira clan]] in the second half of the 12th century. Yorimichi's 6th generation descendant, Kampaku [[Konoe Motozane\|Fujiwara no Motozane]], was married to [[Taira no Moriko]], a daughter of [[Taira no Kiyomori]]. After Motozane died in 1166, his widow Moriko managed the property of the Fujiwara clan. After Moriko's death in 1179, the estate was inherited by the [[Konoe family\|Konoe branch family]] of the Fujiwara clan.<ref name="kagoshima1999" /> ===Kamakura Period=== With the establishment of the [[Kamakura shogunate]], supporters of the Taira clan were replaced by the shōgun's retainers. In 1185, [[Shimazu Tadahisa\|Koremune no Tadahisa]] was appointed as ''jitō'' of the Shimazu Estate. Although he was originally a retainer of the Konoe family, he moved in an inner circle of the shogunate for his kinship ties with the first shōgun [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] and his powerful retainer [[Hiki Yoshikazu]]. He was also appointed as the [[shugo\|military governor]] of Satsuma, Ōsumi and Hyūga Provinces. Thereafter he claimed [[Shimazu clan\|the clan name of Shimazu]], which indicated the ownership of the estate. By the time Tadahisa took the position of ''jitō'', the Shimazu Estate occupied 70% of agricultural fields of Satsuma Province although over 70% of the lands were ''yose gōri'' and were not under the estate's full control. A small portion of the Shimazu Estate in Satsuma was controlled by the [[Chiba clan]]. In Satsuma, the provincial government was fused with the Shimazu Estate, as a large overlap in membership between the two polities is observed. The Shimazu Estate's area of influence was smaller in Ōsumi Province, being just over half, and the largest part of the remaining portion was controlled by [[Kagoshima Shrine\|Ōsumi Shō-Hachimangū]]. However, it had a stronger control over the land, as over half of the lands were ''ichien no shō''. The provincial government and the estate remained largely separate entities.<ref name="kagoshima1999" /> In 1203, Shimazu Tadahisa was ousted from his positions as a ''jitō'' of the estate and the military governor of the three provinces because his relative Hiki Yoshikazu was annihilated by the [[Hōjō clan]]. He managed to regain the posts of the ''jitō'' of the Shimazu Estate ''in Satsuma'' (1213) and the military governor of Satsuma Province (1205). However, the ''jitō'' of the estate ''in Ōsumi'' and the military governor of Ōsumi Province were succeeded by the Hōjō clan. The Nagoe branch family of the Hōjō clan maintained the post of ''jitō'' in Ōsumi until the end of the Kamakura period. They sent the [[Higo clan]] to Ōsumi as deputy rulers. After the Hōjō clan was annihilated, one line of the Higo clan made itself autonomous in Tanegashima and began to claim the [[Tanegashima clan\|clan name of Tanegashima]]. The post of the military governor of Ōsumi Province was transferred from the Nagoe family to the Chiba clan in the early 1280s and then to the Kanesawa branch family of the Hōjō clan in the early 1290s. Because the Nagoe family kept the position of the jitō of the estate in Ōsumi, the military governor had to devote much effort to consolidate power. In fact, [[Hōjō Tokinao\|Kanesawa Tokinao]] actively incorporated the officials of the military government as his retainers and relabeled their lands as the "private territories of the military governor" (守護私領).<ref name="kagoshima1999" /> Even in Satsuma Province, the Shimazu clan's rule was not stable. As a result of the [[Jōkyū War]], Satsuma's Kawanabe District came under the control of the Tokusō (mainline) family of the Hōjō clan. Hōjō's retainer, the [[Chikama Tokiie\|Chikama clan]], served as the district governor and deputy jitō of Kawanabe District.<ref name="kagoshima1999" /> === Afterwards === During the downfall of the Kamakura shogunate, [[Shimazu Sadahisa]] successfully sided with [[Ashikaga Takauji]]. In reward for his service, the Shimazu clan won back the ''jitō'' of the Shimazu Estate ''in Ōsumi'' and the military governor of Ōsumi and Hyūga Provinces. Because the military government and the estate in Ōsumi remained distinct entities, the Shimazu clan had much trouble regaining control over the province and eventually collapsed.<ref name="kagoshima1999" /> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/iriki.html The Documents of Iriki]: The documents of the [[Irikiin clan]] published and translated by [[Kan'ichi Asakawa]]. The clan was a land steward of Iriki-in, which was a ''yose-gōri'' of the Shimazu Estate. {{DEFAULTSORT:Shimazu Estate}} [[Category:Government of feudal Japan]] [[Category:History of Kagoshima Prefecture]] [[Category:History of Miyazaki Prefecture]]	1,139,177,427	[]	false
# Northover Projector The Projector, 2.5 inch—more commonly known as the Northover Projector—was an ad hoc anti-tank weapon used by the British Army and Home Guard during the Second World War. With a German invasion of Great Britain seeming likely after the defeat in the Battle of France, most available weaponry was diverted to the regular British Army, leaving the Home Guard short on supplies, particularly anti-tank weaponry. The Northover Projector was designed by Home Guard officer Robert Harry Northover to act as a makeshift anti-tank weapon, and was put into production in 1940 following a demonstration to the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill. The weapon consisted of a hollow metal tube attached to a tripod, with a rudimentary breech at one end. Rounds were fired with the use of black powder ignited by a standard musket percussion cap, and it had an effective range of between 100 and 150 yards. Although it was cheap and easy to manufacture, it did have several problems; it was difficult to move and the No. 76 Special Incendiary Grenades it used as one type of ammunition had a tendency to break inside the breech, damaging the weapon and injuring the crew. Production began in late 1940, and by the beginning of 1943 nearly 19,000 were in service. Like many obsolete Home Guard weapons, it was eventually replaced by other weapons, such as the 2-pounder anti-tank gun. ## Development With the end of the Battle of France and the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from the port of Dunkirk between 26 May and 4 June 1940, a German invasion of Great Britain seemed likely. However, the British Army was not well-equipped to defend the country in such an event; in the weeks after the Dunkirk evacuation it could field only twenty-seven divisions. The Army was particularly short of anti-tank guns, 840 of which had been left behind in France, leaving only 167 available in Britain; ammunition was so scarce for the remaining guns that regulations forbade even a single round being used for training purposes. Given these shortcomings, any modern weapons that were available were allocated to the British Army, and the Home Guard was forced to supplement the meagre amount of outdated weapons and ammunition they had with ad hoc weapons. One such weapon was the Northover Projector, the invention of Major Robert Harry Northover. Northover, an officer in the Home Guard, designed it to be an easily manufactured and cheap anti-tank weapon, costing just under £10 to produce, excluding the required tripod. The Major wrote directly to the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, with his design and arranged for Churchill to attend a demonstration of the Northover Projector. The Prime Minister approved of the weapon and gave it his personal endorsement, ordering in October 1940 that the weapon be mass-produced on a scale of one for every Home Guard platoon. ## Design The Northover Projector—which was officially labelled the "Projector, 2.5 inch" by the War Office—was formed of a hollow metal tube, resembling a drain pipe, mounted on top of a cast-iron tripod. It weighed approximately 27.2 kilograms. A simple breech was attached to one end of the tube, and rounds were fired from the Projector with a small quantity of black powder ignited by a "top hat" copper cap as used in muzzle loading rifles <Curtis (HBSA)2014>; any recoil from the weapon was absorbed by the legs of the tripod, which were also hollow. It had a maximum range of approximately 300 yards but was accurate only to between 100 and 150 yards Home Guard units often added their own modifications to the weapon, which included mounting it on carriages or even the sidecars of motorcycles. It was served by a crew of three. Ammunition for the weapon consisted of the No. 76 Special Incendiary Grenade, a glass bottle "containing a phosphorus mixture which burst into livid flames, giving off quantities of suffocating smoke upon exposure to the air", as well as normal hand and rifle grenades. The Projector had a number of defects. It was difficult to move, the tripod had the tendency to damage itself if it was dropped, and its discharge pressure has been described as "feeble." The phosphorus grenades exhibited a number of faults when used in the Projector; they could often explode inside the weapon if too much black powder were added, or fall short if too little were used, or even fail to explode. They could also break inside the barrel when fired which often led to the weapon being damaged and its crew injured. Even when fired properly, the Projector gave off a large cloud of smoke which could take up to a minute to clear and revealed the weapon's position. Bishop argues that its anti-tank abilities would have been 'doubtful' when it fired hand and rifle grenades, although he considers that the phosphorus grenades might have been more successful. To make handling easier, a lighter version of the weapon, the Northover Projector Mk 2 was developed in 1941, but few were produced. ## Operational history The Northover Projector was issued to both Home Guard and regular British Army units, and by August, 1941 over 8,000 Northover Projectors were in service. This number had increased to 18,919 by the beginning of 1943. Initial reactions to the Northover Projector were varied, with a number of Home Guard volunteers uncertain about the weapon's unusual design, and some officers never accepted that it could be useful. However, most Home Guard units came to accept the weapon and have confidence in it, aided by large amounts of what Mackenzie terms "War Office propaganda" which cited the positive qualities of the weapon, such as its simplicity of use, ease of manufacture and low maintenance requirements. It was, as one Home Guard volunteer put it, "something to be accepted gratefully until something better arrived." Like many of the obsolete weapons designed for the Home Guard, the Northover Projector was only taken out of service when it could be replaced with "marginally less ineffective" weapons provided by the Army, such as the 2-pounder anti-tank gun. ## Bibliography - Bishop, Chris (2002). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II: The Comprehensive Guide to Over 1,500 Weapons Systems, Including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships and Submarines. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58663-762-0. - Hogg, Ian. Twentieth-Century Artillery. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000. ISBN 0-7607-1994-2 Pg.143 - Lampe, David (1968). The Last Ditch: Britain's Secret Resistance and the Nazi Invasion Plan. Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-730-4. - Kinard, Jeff (2007). Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-556-8. - Longmate, Norman (1974). The Real Dad's Army: The Story of the Home Guard. Hutchinson Library Services. - Lowry, Bernard; Taylor, Chris; Boulanger, Vincent (2004). British Home Defences 1940-45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-767-3. - Mackenzie, S.P. (1995). The Home Guard: A Military and Political History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820577-7. ### Official documents - The Northover Projector. Tank Hunting and Destruction, Military Training Manual No 42, Amendment No. 1, Appendix F. War Office. December 1940.	enwiki/3126150	enwiki	3,126,150	Northover Projector	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northover_Projector	2024-04-28T12:47:10	en	Q597174	89,988	{{Infobox weapon \| name = Northover Projector \| image = H 11843-Members of Home Guard using a Northover Projector-July 1941.jpg \| image_size = 300 \| caption = Members of the Home Guard using a Northover Projector, 1 July 1941. \| origin = United Kingdom \| type = [[Grenade launcher]] <!-- Type selection --> \| is_ranged = yes \| is_bladed = \| is_explosive = \| is_artillery = yes \| is_vehicle = \| is_missile = \| is_UK = yes <!-- Service history --> \| service = 1940–1945 \| used_by = [[British Army]], [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)\|Home Guard]] \| wars = [[Second World War]] <!-- Production history --> \| designer = Major Robert Harry Northover \| design_date = 1940 \| manufacturer = \| unit_cost = £10 (1940) \| production_date = \| number = \| variants = Northover Mk 2 <!-- General specifications --> \| spec_label = \| weight = 27.2 kilograms \| length = \| part_length = {{convert\|914\|mm\|in\|abbr=on}} \| width = \| height = \| diameter = \| crew = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> \| cartridge = \| cartridge_weight = \| caliber = 2.5 inch \| barrels = \| action = \| rate = \| velocity = 60m/sec (200ft/sec) \| range = {{convert\|251\|m\|yd\|abbr=on}} \| max_range = \| feed = \| sights = <!-- Artillery specifications --> \| breech = \| recoil = \| carriage = \| elevation = free \| traverse = free }} The '''Projector, 2.5 inch'''—more commonly known as the '''Northover Projector'''—was an ''[[ad hoc]]'' anti-tank weapon used by the [[British Army]] and [[British Home Guard\|Home Guard]] during the [[Second World War]]. With a [[Operation Sealion\|German invasion]] of Great Britain seeming likely after the defeat in the [[Battle of France]], most available weaponry was diverted to the regular British Army, leaving the Home Guard short on supplies, particularly anti-tank weaponry. The Northover Projector was designed by Home Guard officer Robert Harry Northover to act as a makeshift anti-tank weapon, and was put into production in 1940 following a demonstration to the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\|Prime Minister]], [[Winston Churchill]]. The weapon consisted of a hollow metal tube attached to a tripod, with a rudimentary breech at one end. Rounds were fired with the use of black powder ignited by a standard musket percussion cap, and it had an effective range of between 100 and 150 yards. Although it was cheap and easy to manufacture, it did have several problems; it was difficult to move and the [[No. 76 Special Incendiary Grenade]]s it used as one type of ammunition had a tendency to break inside the breech, damaging the weapon and injuring the crew. Production began in late 1940, and by the beginning of 1943 nearly 19,000 were in service. Like many obsolete Home Guard weapons, it was eventually replaced by other weapons, such as the [[Ordnance QF 2 pounder\|2-pounder anti-tank gun]]. ==Development== With the end of the [[Battle of France]] and the evacuation of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)\|British Expeditionary Force]] from [[Dunkirk evacuation\|the port of Dunkirk]] between 26 May and 4 June 1940, a German [[Operation Sealion\|invasion]] of Great Britain seemed likely.<ref>Mackenzie, p. 20</ref> However, the [[British Army]] was not well-equipped to defend the country in such an event; in the weeks after the Dunkirk evacuation it could field only twenty-seven divisions.<ref name="Lampe3">Lampe, p. 3</ref> The Army was particularly short of anti-tank guns, 840 of which had been left behind in France, leaving only 167 available in Britain; ammunition was so scarce for the remaining guns that regulations forbade even a single round being used for training purposes.<ref name="Lampe3" /> Given these shortcomings, any modern weapons that were available were allocated to the British Army, and the [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)\|Home Guard]] was forced to supplement the meagre amount of outdated weapons and ammunition they had with ''ad hoc'' weapons.<ref>Mackenzie, pp. 90–91</ref> One such weapon was the Northover Projector, the invention of [[Major (rank)\|Major]] Robert Harry Northover.<ref>{{Cite news\| publication-date =21 February 1952\| title =Obituary - Major H. R. Northover\| periodical =[[The Times]]}}</ref> Northover, an officer in the Home Guard, designed it to be an easily manufactured and cheap anti-tank weapon, costing just under £10 to produce, excluding the required tripod.<ref name="Mackenzie94">Mackenzie, p. 94</ref> The Major wrote directly to the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\|Prime Minister]], [[Winston Churchill]], with his design and arranged for Churchill to attend a demonstration of the Northover Projector. The Prime Minister approved of the weapon and gave it his personal endorsement, ordering in October 1940 that the weapon be mass-produced on a scale of one for every Home Guard platoon.<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> ==Design== [[File:Northover projector practicefort nelson.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Practice ammunition for the Northover Projector]] [[File:Northover Projector Diagram 3.png\|thumb\|right\|Northover Projector diagram.{{sfn\|Military Training Manual No 42}}<br> <br> Key:<br> <br> 1: Base<br> 2: Pivot<br> 3: Spades<br> 4: Leg sockets<br> 5: Breech ring<br> 6: Breech locking lever<br> 7: Breech block handle<br> 8: Firing hammer<br> 9: Barrel clip<br> 10: Barrel<br> 11: Trigger bar<br> 12: Operating handle<br> 13: Legs<br> 14: Primer]] The Northover Projector—which was officially labelled the "Projector, 2.5 inch" by the [[War Office]]<ref>Lowry, p. 21</ref>—was formed of a hollow metal tube,<ref name="Mackenzie93">Mackenzie, p. 93</ref> resembling a drain pipe,<ref name="Longmate79">Longmate, p. 79</ref> mounted on top of a cast-iron tripod.<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> It weighed approximately 27.2 kilograms.<ref name="Bishop212">Bishop, p. 212</ref> A simple breech was attached to one end of the tube, and rounds were fired from the Projector with a small quantity of black powder<ref name="Bishop212"/> ignited by a "top hat" copper cap as used in muzzle loading rifles <Curtis (HBSA)2014>;<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> any recoil from the weapon was absorbed by the legs of the tripod, which were also hollow.<ref name="Bishop212"/> It had a maximum range of approximately 300 yards<ref name="Bishop212"/> but was accurate only to between 100<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> and 150 yards<ref name="Mackenzie94" /> Home Guard units often added their own modifications to the weapon, which included mounting it on carriages or even the sidecars of motorcycles.<ref name="Bishop212"/> It was served by a crew of three.<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> Ammunition for the weapon consisted of the [[No. 76 Special Incendiary Grenade]],<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> a glass bottle "containing a phosphorus mixture which burst into livid flames, giving off quantities of suffocating smoke upon exposure to the air",<ref name="Longmate79"/> as well as normal hand and rifle grenades.<ref name="Bishop212"/> The Projector had a number of defects. It was difficult to move, the tripod had the tendency to damage itself if it was dropped, and its discharge pressure has been described as "feeble."<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> The phosphorus grenades exhibited a number of faults when used in the Projector; they could often explode inside the weapon if too much black powder were added, or fall short if too little were used, or even fail to explode.<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> They could also break inside the barrel when fired<ref name="Bishop212"/> which often led to the weapon being damaged and its crew injured.<ref name="Longmate79"/> Even when fired properly, the Projector gave off a large cloud of smoke which could take up to a minute to clear and revealed the weapon's position.<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> Bishop argues that its anti-tank abilities would have been 'doubtful' when it fired hand and rifle grenades, although he considers that the phosphorus grenades might have been more successful.<ref name="Bishop212"/> To make handling easier, a lighter version of the weapon, the '''Northover Projector Mk 2''' was developed in 1941, but few were produced.<ref name="Bishop212"/> ==Operational history== [[File:The Home Guard 1939-1945 H12239.jpg\|thumb\|left\|A Home Guard unit in Kent with their Northover Projector.]]The Northover Projector was issued to both Home Guard and regular British Army units,<ref name="Bishop212"/> and by August, 1941 over 8,000 Northover Projectors were in service.<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> This number had increased to 18,919 by the beginning of 1943.<ref>Mackenzie, p. 121</ref> Initial reactions to the Northover Projector were varied, with a number of Home Guard volunteers uncertain about the weapon's unusual design, and some officers never accepted that it could be useful. However, most Home Guard units came to accept the weapon and have confidence in it, aided by large amounts of what Mackenzie terms "War Office propaganda"<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> which cited the positive qualities of the weapon, such as its simplicity of use, ease of manufacture and low maintenance requirements. It was, as one Home Guard volunteer put it, "something to be accepted gratefully until something better arrived."<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> Like many of the obsolete weapons designed for the Home Guard, the Northover Projector was only taken out of service when it could be replaced with "marginally less ineffective"<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> weapons provided by the Army, such as the [[Ordnance QF 2 pounder\|2-pounder anti-tank gun]].<ref>Mackenzie, p. 135</ref> {{clear}} ==See also== * {{lwc\|Ampulomet}} — similar weapon of World War II * {{lwc\|Smith Gun}} * {{lwc\|Blacker Bombard}} ==References== {{Reflist\|2}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book \| last = Bishop \| first = Chris \| title = The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II: The Comprehensive Guide to Over 1,500 Weapons Systems, Including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships and Submarines \| publisher = Sterling Publishing Company, Inc \| year = 2002 \| isbn = 978-1-58663-762-0}} * Hogg, Ian. ''Twentieth-Century Artillery''. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000. {{ISBN\|0-7607-1994-2}} Pg.143 * {{cite book \| last = Lampe \| first = David \| title = The Last Ditch: Britain's Secret Resistance and the Nazi Invasion Plan \| publisher = Greenhill Books \| year = 1968 \| isbn = 978-1-85367-730-4}} * {{cite book \| last = Kinard \| first = Jeff \| title = Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact \| publisher = ABC-CLIO \| year = 2007 \| isbn = 978-1-85109-556-8}} * {{cite book \| last = Longmate \| first = Norman \| title = The Real Dad's Army: The Story of the Home Guard \| publisher = Hutchinson Library Services \| year = 1974 }} * {{cite book \| last = Lowry \| first = Bernard \|author2=Taylor, Chris \|author3=Boulanger, Vincent \| title = British Home Defences 1940-45 \| publisher = Osprey Publishing \| year = 2004 \| isbn = 978-1-84176-767-3}} * {{cite book \| last = Mackenzie \| first = S.P. \| title = The Home Guard: A Military and Political History \| publisher = Oxford University Press \| year = 1995 \| isbn = 978-0-19-820577-7}} ===Official documents=== * {{Cite book \| title = The Northover Projector \| series = Tank Hunting and Destruction, Military Training Manual No 42, Amendment No. 1, Appendix F \| publisher = [[War Office]] \|date=December 1940 \| ref = {{harvid\|Military Training Manual No 42}} }} ==External links== {{Commons category\|Northover Projector}} * [http://www.pillboxesuk.co.uk UK Anti-Invasion Defences] * {{cite video \| year = 1941 \| title = New Anti-Tank Weapons - Northover antitank gun is tested at firing range \| url = http://www.britishpathe.com/search/query/1129.02/search-field/film_id \| publisher = British Pathe }} {{good article}} {{WW2_Brit_Comm_Infantry Guns}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2017}} [[Category:World War II infantry weapons of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Anti-tank weapons]] [[Category:Grenade launchers of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1940]]	1,221,195,046	[{"title": "Northover Projector", "data": {"Type": "Grenade launcher", "Place of origin": "United Kingdom"}}, {"title": "Service history", "data": {"In service": "1940\u20131945", "Used by": "British Army, Home Guard", "Wars": "Second World War"}}, {"title": "Production history", "data": {"Designer": "Major Robert Harry Northover", "Designed": "1940", "Unit cost": "\u00a310 (1940)", "Variants": "Northover Mk 2"}}, {"title": "Specifications", "data": {"Mass": "27.2 kilograms", "Barrel length": "914 mm (36.0 in)", "Calibre": "2.5 inch", "Elevation": "free", "Traverse": "free", "Muzzle velocity": "60m/sec (200ft/sec)", "Effective firing range": "251 m (274 yd)"}}]	false
# Chris Impellitteri Chris Impellitteri (born September 25, 1964) is an American guitarist and songwriter, who is the lead guitarist and founder of the heavy metal band Impellitteri. In 2003, Guitar One Magazine voted Chris Impellitteri the second-fastest guitar shredder of all time. In 2008, Guitar World magazine named him as one of the fastest guitarists of all time. In 2023, Impellitteri was inducted into the Heavy Metal Hall of Fame. ## Biography On The Blairing Out Show, he said that both his parents died by suicide when he was nine years old, and that the guitar provided a path for him to express his anger and feelings. Impellitteri's first music release was a black EP titled Impellitteri. It was filled with music featuring shredding guitar solos, screaming vocals, and a fast rhythm section. The Impellitteri Black EP established the band's sound in the metal world and was well received by their fans, critics, and respected musicians. Chris Impellitteri was instantly branded a guitar hero after this recording was released. The following Impellitteri record was titled Stand in Line and propelled the band into stardom. The music video "Stand in Line" was played often on MTV and VH1. The Stand in Line album featured Graham Bonnet on lead vocals who formerly sang with the rock band Rainbow. Impellitteri has released two records titled Venom (2015) and The Nature of the Beast (2018). The band Impellitteri currently features Rob Rock on vocals, James Pulli on Bass and Jon Dette on drums. The band has become popular globally and has performed to over 30,000 people at a single show. ## Equipment Over the course of his career, Impelliterri has used a wide variety of different guitar brands and models, including Fender, Gibson, and Dean. He is currently endorsed by Charvel guitars with whom he has a custom model. In addition, he also used ENGL amplifiers and Seymour Duncan pickups. Chris Impellitteri is currently using Charvel and Gibson guitars and Vintage Marshall and Mesa Boogie amplification. ## Discography ### with Impellitteri See: Impellitteri Discography - Stand in Line (1988) - Grin and Bear It (1992) - Answer to the Master (1994) - Screaming Symphony (1996) - Eye of the Hurricane (1997) - Crunch (2000) - System X (2002) - Pedal to the Metal (2004) - Wicked Maiden (2009) - Venom (2015) - The Nature of the Beast (2018)[8] ### with Animetal USA - Animetal USA (2011) - Animetal USA W (2012) ### Guest appearances - House of Lords – Sahara (1990) - Various artists – Dragon Attack: A Tribute to Queen (1997) - Various artists – Randy Rhoads Tribute (2000) - Mari Hamada - Gracia (2018) - Alcatrazz - Born Innocent (2020)	enwiki/3323335	enwiki	3,323,335	Chris Impellitteri	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Impellitteri	2025-08-13T15:41:25	en	Q576624	72,618	{{Use mdy dates\|date=May 2022}} {{Short description\|American guitarist}} {{BLP sources\|date=December 2018}} {{Infobox musical artist \| name = Chris Impellitteri \| image = Chris IMPELLITTERI.jpg \| caption = Chris Impellitteri, 2016 Busan Rock Festival \| birth_name = \| alias = \| birth_date = {{nowrap\|{{birth date and age\|1964\|9\|25}}}} \| birth_place = [[Connecticut]], U.S. \| death_date = \| genre = [[Neo-classical metal]], [[heavy metal music\|heavy metal]], [[speed metal]] \| occupation = Guitarist \| years_active = 1983–present \| label = [[Relativity Records]], [[Victor Entertainment\|JVC]] \| associated_acts = [[Impellitteri]], Vice, [[Animetal USA]], [[Graham Bonnet]], [[House of Lords (band)\|House of Lords]] \| website = }} '''Chris Impellitteri''' (born September 25, 1964) is an American guitarist and songwriter, who is the [[lead guitarist]] and founder of the heavy metal band [[Impellitteri]]. In 2003, ''[[Guitar One Magazine]]'' voted Chris Impellitteri the second-fastest guitar shredder of all time.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://philbrodieband.com/muso-shredders.htm \|title=Fastest Guitar Shredders \|publisher=Phil Brodie Band \|accessdate=May 29, 2008 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502142142/http://philbrodieband.com/muso-shredders.htm \|archive-date=May 2, 2008 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008, ''[[Guitar World]]'' magazine named him as one of the fastest guitarists of all time.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.guitarworld.com/article/50_fastest_guitarists_of_all_time?page=0%2C3 \|title=50 Fastest Guitarists of All Time \|publisher=GuitarWorld Magazine \|accessdate=April 7, 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110052725/http://www.guitarworld.com/article/50_fastest_guitarists_of_all_time?page=0,3 \|archivedate=January 10, 2010 }}</ref> In 2023, Impellitteri was inducted into the Heavy Metal Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Lift Up Your Hands in Praise: The 2023 Metal Hall of Fame Gala \|url=https://metalhalloffame.org/lift-up-your-hands-in-praise-the-2023-metal-hall-of-fame-gala/ \|website=Metal Hall of Fame \|date=31 January 2023}}</ref> ==Biography== On The Blairing Out Show, he said that both his parents died by suicide when he was nine years old, and that the guitar provided a path for him to express his anger and feelings. Impellitteri's first music release was a black EP titled ''Impellitteri''.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=April 12, 2020\|title=CHRIS IMPELLITTERI Says He Was Approached By SHARON OSBOURNE About Joining OZZY's Band\|url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/chris-impellitteri-says-he-was-approached-by-sharon-osbourne-about-joining-ozzys-band/\|access-date=July 5, 2020\|website=Blabbermouth.net}}</ref> It was filled with music featuring shredding guitar solos, screaming vocals, and a fast rhythm section.<ref name="LarkinHM">{{cite book\|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\|The Guinness Who's Who of Heavy Metal]]\|editor=Colin Larkin\|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)\|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]\|date=1995\|edition=Second\|isbn=0-85112-656-1\|page=176}}</ref> The ''Impellitteri'' Black EP established the band's sound in the metal world and was well received by their fans, critics, and respected musicians.{{citation needed\|date=August 2025}} Chris Impellitteri was instantly branded a guitar hero after this recording was released.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Impellitteri – Eternal Rock\|url=http://www.eternalrock-musicagency.com/artist-roster/impellitteri/\|access-date=March 12, 2021\|website=www.eternalrock-musicagency.com}}</ref> The following Impellitteri record was titled Stand in Line and propelled the band into stardom. The music video "Stand in Line" was played often on MTV and VH1. The ''Stand in Line'' album featured [[Graham Bonnet]] on lead vocals who formerly sang with the rock band [[Rainbow (rock band)\|Rainbow]]. Impellitteri has released two records titled ''Venom'' (2015) and ''The Nature of the Beast'' (2018). The band Impellitteri currently features [[Rob Rock]] on vocals, James Pulli on Bass and [[Jon Dette]] on drums. The band has become popular globally and has performed to over 30,000 people at a single show. ==Equipment== Over the course of his career, Impelliterri has used a wide variety of different guitar brands and models, including [[Fender Musical Instruments Corporation\|Fender]], Gibson, and [[Dean Guitars\|Dean]]. He is currently endorsed by [[Charvel]] guitars with whom he has a custom model. In addition, he also used ENGL amplifiers and Seymour Duncan pickups.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Chris Impellitteri's Equipboard\|url=https://equipboard.com/pros/chris-impellitteri\|access-date=July 5, 2020\|website=Equipboard\|language=en}}</ref> Chris Impellitteri is currently using Charvel and Gibson guitars and Vintage Marshall and Mesa Boogie amplification. ==Discography== [[File:Chris Impellitteri (cropped).jpg\|thumb\|Impellitteri performing in 2016]] ===with Impellitteri=== ''See: [[Impellitteri#Discography\|Impellitteri Discography]]'' ''[[Stand in Line]]'' (1988) ''[[Grin and Bear It (album)\|Grin and Bear It]]'' (1992) ''[[Answer to the Master (album)\|Answer to the Master]]'' (1994) ''[[Screaming Symphony (album)\|Screaming Symphony]]'' (1996) ''[[Eye of the Hurricane (Impellitteri album)\|Eye of the Hurricane]]'' (1997) ''[[Crunch (Impellitteri album)\|Crunch]]'' (2000) ''[[System X (album)\|System X]]'' (2002) ''[[Pedal to the Metal (Impellitteri Album)\|Pedal to the Metal]]'' (2004) ''[[Wicked Maiden]]'' (2009) ''[[Venom (Impellitteri album)\|Venom]]'' (2015) ''[[The Nature of the Beast (Impellitteri album)\|The Nature of the Beast]]'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Andy Aledort November 30, 2018\|title=Chris Impellitteri Breaks Down His Latest Pyrotechnical Workout, 'The Nature of the Beast'\|url=https://www.guitarworld.com/artists/chris-impellitteri-breaks-down-his-latest-pyrotechnical-workout-the-nature-of-the-beast\|access-date=July 5, 2020\|website=guitarworld\|date=November 30, 2018 \|language=en}}</ref> ===with Animetal USA=== ''[[Animetal USA (album)\|Animetal USA]]'' (2011) ''[[Animetal USA W]]'' (2012) ===Guest appearances=== [[House of Lords (band)\|House of Lords]] – ''[[Sahara (House of Lords album)\|Sahara]]'' (1990) * Various artists – ''[[Dragon Attack: A Tribute to Queen]]'' (1997) * Various artists – ''Randy Rhoads Tribute'' (2000) * [[Mari Hamada]] - ''[[Gracia (album)\|Gracia]]'' (2018) * [[Alcatrazz]] - ''[[Born Innocent (Alcatrazz album)\|Born Innocent]]'' (2020) ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Impellitteri}} {{Animetal}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Impellitteri, Chris}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American lead guitarists]] [[Category:American heavy metal guitarists]] [[Category:American people of Italian descent]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:Impellitteri members]] [[Category:20th-century American guitarists]] [[Category:20th-century American male musicians]] [[Category:Animetal USA members]]	1,305,698,307	[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Born": "September 25, 1964 \u00b7 Connecticut, U.S.", "Genres": "Neo-classical metal, heavy metal, speed metal", "Occupation": "Guitarist", "Years active": "1983\u2013present", "Labels": "Relativity Records, JVC"}}, {"title": "Impellitteri", "data": {"Studio albums": "Stand in Line Answer to the Master", "Related articles": "Animetal USA Magdallan Giuffria House of Lords Mr. Big"}}, {"title": "Animetal", "data": {"Albums": "Animetal Animetal Marathon Animetal Marathon II Animetal Marathon III Animetal Marathon IV Animetal Marathon V Animetal Marathon VI Animetal Marathon VII Decade of Bravehearts Animetal Lady Animetal Lady Marathon Animetal Lady Marathon II Animetal USA Animetal USA Animetal USA W Aisenshi Heartstrings Animetal the Second Animetal the Second Blizzard of Animetal the Second", "Live albums": "Complete First Live Complete Last Live The Animetal: Re-Birth Heroes", "Compilations": "Best of Animetal And Then... The Legend of Animetal", "International releases": "This Is Japanimetal Marathon", "Videos": "Animetalive", "Singles": "\" Give Lee Give Lee Rock Lee \"", "Related articles": "Discography Marty Friedman Munetaka Higuchi Anthem Galneryus Pink Lady JAM Project D-Metal Stars"}}, {"title": "Animetal", "data": {"Animetal": "Animetal Marathon Animetal Marathon II Animetal Marathon III Animetal Marathon IV Animetal Marathon V Animetal Marathon VI Animetal Marathon VII Decade of Bravehearts", "Animetal Lady": "Animetal Lady Marathon Animetal Lady Marathon II", "Animetal USA": "Animetal USA Animetal USA W", "Aisenshi": "Heartstrings", "Animetal the Second": "Animetal the Second Blizzard of Animetal the Second"}}]	false
# Paramytha Paramytha (Greek: Παραμύθα) is a village located north of Limassol on the foothills of the Troodos mountains. Former world No.8 ranked tennis player Marcos Baghdatis was born in this village.	enwiki/10036758	enwiki	10,036,758	Paramytha	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramytha	2024-10-24T23:25:30	en	Q7135418	40,078	{{Infobox settlement \|name = Paramytha \|native_name = {{lang\|el\|Παραμύθα}} \|settlement_type = Village \|image_skyline = View of Paramytha 2.jpg \|subdivision_type=[[List of sovereign states\|Country]] \|subdivision_name=[[Cyprus]] \|subdivision_type1=[[Districts of Cyprus\|District]] \|leader_title=[[Mayor]] \|timezone=[[Eastern European Time\|EET]] \|utc_offset=+2 \|timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time\|EEST]] \|utc_offset_DST=+3 \|postal_code_type=[[List of postal codes in Cyprus\|Postal code]] \|pushpin_map = Cyprus<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> \|pushpin_relief =y \|pushpin_label_position =bottom \|pushpin_mapsize = 300 \|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Cyprus \| subdivision_name1 = [[Limassol District]] \|population_total = 569 \|population_as_of = 2011<ref>[http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_22main_en/populationcondition_22main_en?OpenForm&sub=2&sel=2 Census 2011]</ref> \|elevation_m = \|coordinates = {{coord\|34\|45\|37\|N\|32\|59\|41\|E\|region:CY\|display=inline,title}} \|postal_code = 4540 \|leader_name = \| \|website = \| }} '''Paramytha''' ({{langx\|el\|Παραμύθα}}) is a village located north of [[Limassol]] on the foothills of the [[Troodos Mountains\|Troodos mountains]]. Former world No.8 ranked tennis player [[Marcos Baghdatis]] was born in this village. ==References== <references/> {{Limassol District}} [[Category:Communities in Limassol District]]	1,253,227,316	[{"title": "Paramytha \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03cd\u03b8\u03b1", "data": {"Country": "Cyprus", "District": "Limassol District"}}, {"title": "Population (2011)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "569", "Time zone": "UTC+2 (EET)", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC+3 (EEST)", "Postal code": "4540"}}]	false
# Tesla (2020 film) Tesla is a 2020 American biographical drama film written and directed by Michael Almereyda. It stars Ethan Hawke as Nikola Tesla. Eve Hewson, Ebon Moss-Bachrach, Jim Gaffigan, and Kyle MacLachlan also star. The film had its world premiere at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival on January 27, 2020, and was released in selected theaters and via Premium VOD on August 21, 2020, by IFC Films. ## Plot In 1893, Nikola Tesla and a female companion are roller skating. A narrator explains that Tesla was inspired as a young boy when he was petting his cat and saw static electricity. Nine years prior, in 1884 New York City, Tesla is working for Thomas Edison, who disregards Tesla's suggestions of using alternating current, and does not want to pay him for the invention. Their coworker explains that Edison's disapproval was partly because of the death of his wife. When they smash ice cream cones on each other, the narrator interrupts and says that isn't how it happened. She explains how Google searches on Tesla show very few photographs and usually the same headshots. She goes into Tesla's childhood and schooling, and also that he tried to start his own company but failed, and ended up having to dig ditches. Edison, on the other hand, has more popularity, twice as many search results, but lives a lavish lifestyle and married and widowed young with his first wife Mary. While Edison meets Mina, his second wife, in 1885, Tesla pitches his work on his induction motor to investors Brown and Peck. He and his assistant Szigeti impress Professor Anthony, who suggests he break up the invention into several patents. He meets Anthony's daughter Evelyn; and Anne Morgan, the daughter of J.P. Morgan and also the film's narrator. George Westinghouse, an inventor and businessman, buys Tesla's patents and fund production where the latter would get a royalty for every product installed in a home. He shares a rivalry challenge from Edison who claims that direct current is superior, and that alternating current is dangerous. Edison shows the Westinghouse invention as a capital punishment tool on William Kemmler, who had killed his wife. Meanwhile, Tesla demonstrates his invention to an audience using two induction sticks that glow. Szigeti invents a compass apparatus, but Tesla tells him it has already been invented, so Szigeti abandons his pursuits and seeks his fortune in South America. Kemmler's execution by electric chair is botched. Anne gets to know Tesla more. Tesla's invention is used to power's the World's Fair in 1893 in Chicago. Edison meets with Tesla and admits he was wrong about alternating current, and then he offers to partner with Tesla. Anne clarifies that this meeting never happened: Edison neither apologized nor offered to join forces. Westinghouse tells Tesla that in order to keep his business going, he needs to do a merger, but has to cancel Tesla's contract regarding his horsepower royalties. Tesla tears up his contract. Sarah Bernhardt, a celebrity actress, records for Edison's gramophone. She meets Tesla at her event, but Edison is envious of Tesla and escorts her away. Later, Tesla oversees the design of the Niagara Falls hydroelectric power plant. J.P. Morgan asks Anne if she thinks Tesla is interested in romancing her. Anne talks with Tesla about it and finds he has plans for another invention, but unfortunately he is moving far away to Colorado. In 1899 Colorado Springs, he sets up his Tesla coil to harness and to transmit the power of the lightning storms. Tesla meets up with Bernhardt who is touring the area. She shows interest in him, and invites him to attend her performance, but he does not show up. J.P. Morgan invests in his invention, giving him a check, which Tesla accepts. In 1901, Edison's mining venture fails and he loses four million dollars. Tesla has not shown much progress in his work either, and even though Marconi has used Tesla's patents to transmit wireless signals, Tesla seems to be more interested in receiving and decoding signals he believes are from Mars. He asks J.P. Morgan for more funding, but is declined. There's a scene of Tesla singing to "Everybody Wants to Rule the World", along with montage stills from the film. Realizing she has no future with Tesla, Anne moves to France to work with an organization helping children. She explains how Tesla outlived his peers but dies alone at 87 years old. She reflects that today's world might be what he had imagined. ## Cast - Ethan Hawke as Nikola Tesla - Eve Hewson as Anne Morgan. She also acts as the film's contemporary narrator, talking about Google searches and having a MacBook laptop on her desk.[4][5] - Donnie Keshawarz as J.P. Morgan, a well-known banker and investor, father of Anne. - Josh Hamilton as Robert Underwood Johnson, a journalist who befriends Tesla[5] - Ebon Moss-Bachrach as Anitai Szigeti, Tesla's assistant and friend from Budapest.[5] - Lucy Walters as Katharine Johnson, wife of Robert Johnson, friend of Tesla[5] - John Palladino as Bourke Cochran - Michael Mastro as Charles Peck, an attorney/investor.[5] - Hannah Gross as Mina Edison, Thomas Edison's second wife - Peter Greene as Nichols - Blake Delong as William Kemmler, the first person to be executed by electric shocks - Karl Geary as Francis Upton, coworker of Edison - James Urbaniak as Professor Anthony, who reviews Tesla's invention - Jim Gaffigan as George Westinghouse, a businessman and inventor who takes an interest in Tesla's work. - Kyle MacLachlan as Thomas Edison, an inventor and entrepreneur who employs Tesla for six months and later acts as his rival. Rebecca Dayan portrays actress Sarah Bernhardt, Emma O'Connor plays Anthony's daughter Evelyn, Lois Smith portrays The Grande Dame, and Ian Lithgow portrays banker/investor Alfred Brown. ## Production In February 2018, it was announced Ethan Hawke had joined the cast of the film, with Michael Almereyda directing from a screenplay he wrote. The script was an updated form of the first feature Almereyda ever wrote, a Tesla biopic originally optioned to Polish director Jerzy Skolimowski that was never made. Almereyda "reinvented it for the present moment," adding details about Tesla that had been published or discovered since then and including changes based on other influences such as films by director Derek Jarman, episodes of Drunk History and author Henry James. ## Release Tesla had its world premiere at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival on January 27, 2020, where it won the Alfred P. Sloan Award. Shortly after, IFC Films acquired distribution rights to the film and released it in selected theaters and via Premium VOD on August 21, 2020. ## Reception ### Box office and VOD Tesla grossed $93,147 in the United States and Canada, and $365,904 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $459,051. It made $42,165 from 108 theaters in its opening weekend. That same weekend the film was the second-most rented on Apple TV, before finishing 10th at Apple TV and ninth on Spectrum the following weekend. ### Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 58% based on 178 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Appropriately bold and ambitious, Tesla takes a number of risks that don't always pay off -- but Ethan Hawke's performance makes those flaws easier to forgive." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".	enwiki/62589745	enwiki	62,589,745	Tesla (2020 film)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(2020_film)	2025-02-23T17:50:26	en	Q88053410	124,766	{{short description\|2020 film by Michael Almereyda}} {{About\|the American biographical drama film \|other uses\|Tesla (disambiguation){{!}}Tesla}} {{Infobox film \| name = Tesla \| image = Tesla 2020 poster.jpg \| alt = \| caption = Theatrical release poster \| director = [[Michael Almereyda]] \| producer = {{Plainlist\| * Michael Almereyda * [[Uri Singer]] * [[Christa Campbell]] * Isen Robbins * [[Lati Grobman]] * Per Melita * Elijah Long }} \| writer = Michael Almereyda \| starring = {{Plainlist\| * [[Ethan Hawke]] * [[Eve Hewson]] * [[Ebon Moss-Bachrach]] * [[Jim Gaffigan]] * [[Kyle MacLachlan]] }} \| music = [[John Paesano]] \| cinematography = [[Sean Price Williams]] \| editing = Kathryn J. Schubert \| production_companies = {{Plainlist\| * Passage Pictures * BB Film Production * [[Campbell Grobman Films]] * Intrinsic Value Films * RNG Entertainment Oy * [[Millennium Media]] }} \| distributor = [[IFC Films]] \| released = {{Film date\|2020\|1\|27\|[[2020 Sundance Film Festival\|Sundance]]\|2020\|8\|21\|United States}} \| runtime = 102 minutes<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.sundance.org/projects/tesla \|title=Tesla \|website=[[Sundance Film Festival]] \|access-date=December 15, 2019 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418191157/https://www.sundance.org/projects/tesla \|archive-date=April 18, 2020}}</ref> \| country = United States \| language = English \| budget = \| gross = $459,051<ref name="BOM">{{cite web \|title=Tesla (2020) \|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt5259822 \|website=[[Box Office Mojo]] \|publisher= [[IMDbPro]] \|access-date=November 1, 2021}}</ref> }} '''''Tesla''''' is a 2020 American [[biographical film\|biographical]] [[drama film\|drama]] film written and directed by [[Michael Almereyda]]. It stars [[Ethan Hawke]] as [[Nikola Tesla]]. [[Eve Hewson]], [[Ebon Moss-Bachrach]], [[Jim Gaffigan]], and [[Kyle MacLachlan]] also star.<ref>{{cite web \|date=January 30, 2020 \|title=Sundance Film Review: Tesla Reinvents the Biopic \|url=https://consequence.net/2020/01/sundance-film-review-tesla/ \|website=[[Consequence (publication)\|Consequence]]}}</ref> The film had its world premiere at the [[2020 Sundance Film Festival]] on January 27, 2020, and was released in [[Limited theatrical release\|selected theaters]] and via [[Video on demand\|Premium VOD]] on August 21, 2020, by [[IFC Films]]. ==Plot== In 1893, [[Nikola Tesla]] and a female companion are [[roller skating]]. A narrator explains that Tesla was inspired as a young boy when he was petting his cat and saw [[static electricity]]. Nine years prior, in 1884 New York City, Tesla is working for [[Thomas Edison]], who disregards Tesla's suggestions of using [[alternating current]], and does not want to pay him for the invention. Their coworker explains that Edison's disapproval was partly because of the death of his wife. When they smash ice cream cones on each other, the narrator interrupts and says that isn't how it happened. She explains how [[Google search]]es on Tesla show very few photographs and usually the same headshots. She goes into Tesla's childhood and schooling, and also that he tried to start his own company but failed, and ended up having to dig ditches. Edison, on the other hand, has more popularity, twice as many search results, but lives a lavish lifestyle and married and widowed young with his first wife Mary. While Edison meets Mina, his second wife, in 1885, Tesla pitches [[Nikola Tesla#AC and the induction motor\|his work on his induction motor]] to investors Brown and Peck. He and his assistant Szigeti impress Professor Anthony, who suggests he break up the invention into several patents. He meets Anthony's daughter Evelyn; and [[Anne Morgan (philanthropist)\|Anne Morgan]], the daughter of [[J.P. Morgan]] and also the film's narrator. [[George Westinghouse]], an inventor and businessman, buys Tesla's patents and fund production where the latter would get a royalty for every product installed in a home. He shares a [[War of the currents\|rivalry challenge from Edison]] who claims that direct current is superior, and that alternating current is dangerous. Edison shows the Westinghouse invention as a [[capital punishment]] tool on [[William Kemmler]], who had killed his wife. Meanwhile, Tesla demonstrates his invention to an audience using two induction sticks that glow. Szigeti invents a compass apparatus, but Tesla tells him it has already been invented, so Szigeti abandons his pursuits and seeks his fortune in South America. Kemmler's execution by [[electric chair]] is botched. Anne gets to know Tesla more. Tesla's invention is used to power's the [[World's Columbian Exposition\|World's Fair in 1893]] in Chicago. Edison meets with Tesla and admits he was wrong about alternating current, and then he offers to partner with Tesla. Anne clarifies that this meeting never happened: Edison neither apologized nor offered to join forces. Westinghouse tells Tesla that in order to keep his business going, he needs to do a merger, but has to cancel Tesla's contract regarding his horsepower royalties. Tesla tears up his contract. [[Sarah Bernhardt]], a celebrity actress, records for Edison's [[gramophone]]. She meets Tesla at her event, but Edison is envious of Tesla and escorts her away. Later, Tesla oversees the design of the [[List of Niagara Falls hydroelectric generating plants\|Niagara Falls hydroelectric power plant]]. J.P. Morgan asks Anne if she thinks Tesla is interested in romancing her. Anne talks with Tesla about it and finds he has plans for another invention, but unfortunately he is moving far away to Colorado. In 1899 [[Colorado Springs]], he sets up his [[Tesla coil]] to harness and to transmit the power of the lightning storms. Tesla meets up with Bernhardt who is touring the area. She shows interest in him, and invites him to attend her performance, but he does not show up. J.P. Morgan invests in his invention, giving him a check, which Tesla accepts. In 1901, Edison's [[Thomas Edison#Mining\|mining venture fails]] and he loses four million dollars. Tesla has not shown much progress in his work either, and even though [[Guglielmo Marconi\|Marconi]] has used Tesla's patents to [[wireless telegraph\|transmit wireless signals]], Tesla seems to be more interested in receiving and decoding signals he believes are from Mars. He asks J.P. Morgan for more funding, but is declined. There's a scene of Tesla singing to "[[Everybody Wants to Rule the World]]", along with montage stills from the film. Realizing she has no future with Tesla, Anne moves to France to work with an organization helping children. She explains how Tesla outlived his peers but dies alone at 87 years old. She reflects that today's world might be what he had imagined. == Cast == {{div col}} * [[Ethan Hawke]] as [[Nikola Tesla]] * [[Eve Hewson]] as [[Anne Morgan (philanthropist)\|Anne Morgan]]. She also acts as the film's contemporary narrator, talking about [[Google search]]es and having a [[MacBook]] laptop on her desk.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://slate.com/culture/2020/08/tesla-movie-accuracy-ethan-hawke-nikola-tesla.html\|title=What's Fact and What's Fiction in Tesla\|first=Matthew\|last=Dessem\|date=August 21, 2020\|website=[[Slate (magazine)\|Slate]]}}</ref><ref name="culture mix">{{cite news \| url=https://culturemixonline.com/review-tesla-starring-ethan-hawke-kyle-maclachlan-eve-hewson-jim-gaffigan-and-hannah-gross/ \| title=Review: 'Tesla,' starring Ethan Hawke, Kyle MacLachlan, Eve Hewson, Jim Gaffigan and Hannah Gross \|first=Carla \| last=Hay \| date=August 23, 2020 \| work=Culture Mix \| access-date=March 2, 2022}}</ref> * [[Donnie Keshawarz]] as [[J.P. Morgan]], a well-known banker and investor, father of Anne. * [[Josh Hamilton (actor)\|Josh Hamilton]] as [[Robert Underwood Johnson]], a journalist who befriends Tesla<ref name="culture mix"/> * [[Ebon Moss-Bachrach]] as Anitai Szigeti, Tesla's assistant and friend from Budapest.<ref name="culture mix"/> * [[Lucy Walters]] as Katharine Johnson, wife of Robert Johnson, friend of Tesla<ref name="culture mix"/> * [[John Palladino]] as Bourke Cochran * [[Michael Mastro (actor)\|Michael Mastro]] as Charles Peck, an attorney/investor.<ref name="culture mix"/> * [[Hannah Gross]] as Mina Edison, Thomas Edison's second wife * [[Peter Greene]] as Nichols * Blake Delong as [[William Kemmler]], the first person to be executed by electric shocks * [[Karl Geary]] as Francis Upton, coworker of Edison * [[James Urbaniak]] as Professor Anthony, who reviews Tesla's invention <!-- with --> * [[Jim Gaffigan]] as [[George Westinghouse]], a businessman and inventor who takes an interest in Tesla's work. <!-- and --> * [[Kyle MacLachlan]] as [[Thomas Edison]], an inventor and entrepreneur who employs Tesla for six months and later acts as his rival. [[Rebecca Dayan]] portrays actress [[Sarah Bernhardt]],<ref name="culture mix"/> Emma O'Connor plays Anthony's daughter Evelyn,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://thehollywoodtimes.today/tesla-a-movie-by-michael-almereyda-starring-ethan-hawke-kyle-maclachlan-eve-hewson-jim-gaffigan-and-donnie-kersawarz/ \|title=Tesla - A movie by Michael Almereyda - starring: Ethan Hawke, Kyle MacLachlan, Eve Hewson, Jim Gaffigan and Donnie Kersawarz \|website=The Hollywood Times \|date=2020-08-12 \|accessdate=2022-03-25}}</ref> [[Lois Smith]] portrays The Grande Dame,<ref>{{cite web\|last=Scott \|first=Ryan \|url=https://movieweb.com/tesla-movie-trailer/ \|title=Tesla Trailer: Ethan Hawke Is Legendary Scientist Nikola Tesla \|website=Movieweb.com \|date=2020-07-10 \|accessdate=2022-03-25}}</ref> and [[Ian Lithgow]] portrays banker/investor Alfred Brown.<ref name="culture mix"/> {{Div col end}} == Production == In February 2018, it was announced [[Ethan Hawke]] had joined the cast of the film, with Michael Almereyda directing from a screenplay he wrote.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ethan-hawke-play-nikola-tesla-biopic-1083742\|title=Ethan Hawke to Play Nikola Tesla in Biopic\|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]\|first=Alex\|last=Ritman\|date=February 12, 2018\|access-date=December 15, 2019}}</ref> The script was an updated form of the first feature Almereyda ever wrote, a Tesla biopic originally optioned to Polish director [[Jerzy Skolimowski]] that was never made. Almereyda "reinvented it for the present moment," adding details about Tesla that had been published or discovered since then and including changes based on other influences such as films by director [[Derek Jarman]], episodes of [[Drunk History]] and author [[Henry James]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://deadline.com/video/tesla-trailer-ethan-hawke-nikola-tesla-michael-almereyda-ifc-films/ \|title='Tesla' Trailer: Ethan Hawke Plugs In To Iconic Scientist In Michael Almereyda's Biopic \|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] \|first=Patrick \|last=Hipes \|date=July 10, 2020 \|access-date=July 22, 2020 }}</ref> == Release == ''Tesla'' had its world premiere at the [[2020 Sundance Film Festival]] on January 27, 2020, where it won the Alfred P. Sloan Award.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sundance-2020-unveils-female-powered-lineup-taylor-swift-gloria-steinem-films-1259538 \|title=Sundance Unveils Female-Powered Lineup Featuring Taylor Swift, Gloria Steinem, Abortion Road Trip Drama \|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|first=Tatiana \|last=Siegel \|date=December 4, 2019 \|access-date=December 15, 2019}}</ref> Shortly after, [[IFC Films]] acquired distribution rights to the film and released it in [[Limited theatrical release\|selected theaters]] and via [[Video on demand\|Premium VOD]] on August 21, 2020.<ref>{{cite web\|url= https://variety.com/2020/film/markets-festivals/ethan-hawke-tesla-ifc-films-sundance-1234571791/ \|title= IFC Films Buys Ethan Hawke Drama 'Tesla' (EXCLUSIVE) \|website=Variety \|first=Brent \|last=Lang \|date=April 6, 2020 \|access-date=April 6, 2020 }}</ref> == Reception == === Box office and VOD=== ''Tesla'' grossed $93,147 in the United States and Canada,<ref name="TN">{{cite web \|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Tesla#tab=summary \|title=''Tesla'' (2020) - Financial Information \|website=[[The Numbers (website)\|The Numbers]] \|publisher=Nash Information Services, LLC \|access-date=November 1, 2021}}</ref> and $365,904 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $459,051.<ref name="BOM"/> It made $42,165<ref name="BOM"/><ref name="TN"/> from 108 theaters in its opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite news\|url= https://deadline.com/2020/08/unhinged-slowly-fastening-domestic-b-o-back-together-with-1-4m-friday-in-marketplace-where-ca-ny-are-still-largely-closed-1203019191/ \|title= 'Unhinged' Sees Increased Business On Saturday For $4M Opening As Exhibition Turns Lights Back On \|author= Anthony D'Alessandro \|website= [[Deadline Hollywood]] \|date= August 22, 2020\|access-date= August 23, 2020}}</ref> That same weekend the film was the second-most rented on [[Apple TV]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/08/the-vanished-leads-new-vod-releases-top-10-charts-1234582048/\|title='The Vanished' Leads New VOD Releases, but the Top 10 Charts Agreed on Little Else\|first1=Tom\|last1=Brueggemann\|date=August 24, 2020}}</ref> before finishing 10th at Apple TV and ninth on [[Charter Communications\|Spectrum]] the following weekend.<ref>{{cite web \|title= 'Bill & Ted Face the Music' Tops Multiple VOD Charts as Chadwick Boseman Films Soar \|url= https://www.indiewire.com/2020/08/bill-ted-face-the-music-tops-multiple-vod-charts-chadwick-boseman-films-1234583564/ \|last= Brueggemann \|first=Tom \|website=[[IndieWire]]\|date= August 31, 2020\|access-date= August 31, 2020}}</ref> === Critical response=== On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of {{RT data\|score}} based on {{RT data\|count}} reviews, with an average rating of {{RT data\|average}}. The site's critics consensus reads, "Appropriately bold and ambitious, ''Tesla'' takes a number of risks that don't always pay off -- but Ethan Hawke's performance makes those flaws easier to forgive."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tesla\|title=Tesla (2020)\|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]\|publisher=[[Fandango Media\|Fandango]]\|access-date={{RT data\|access date}}}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web \|title=Tesla Reviews \|url= https://www.metacritic.com/movie/tesla \|website=[[Metacritic]] \|access-date= December 18, 2020 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{IMDb title}} {{Michael Almereyda}} {{Nikola Tesla}} {{Thomas Edison}} {{Sundance Alfred P. Sloan Prize}} [[Category:2020 films]] [[Category:2020 biographical drama films]] [[Category:2020s historical drama films]] [[Category:Alfred P. Sloan Prize winners]] [[Category:2020 independent films]] [[Category:American biographical drama films]] [[Category:American historical drama films]] [[Category:American self-reflexive films]] [[Category:Biographical films about businesspeople]] [[Category:Biographical films about scientists]] [[Category:Cultural depictions of Thomas Edison]] [[Category:Works about Nikola Tesla]] [[Category:Drama films based on actual events]] [[Category:Films directed by Michael Almereyda]] [[Category:IFC Films films]] [[Category:Films set in the 1880s]] [[Category:Films set in 1884]] [[Category:Films set in 1885]] [[Category:Films set in 1888]] [[Category:Films set in the 1890s]] [[Category:Films set in 1893]] [[Category:Films set in 1899]] [[Category:Films set in the 1900s]] [[Category:Films set in 1901]] [[Category:Films set in Colorado]] [[Category:Films set on Long Island]] [[Category:Films set in New York City]] [[Category:Films set in Pittsburgh]] [[Category:Films scored by John Paesano]] [[Category:Nu Image films]] [[Category:2020s English-language films]] [[Category:2020s American films]] [[Category:Cultural depictions of Sarah Bernhardt]] [[Category:English-language historical drama films]] [[Category:English-language biographical drama films]] [[Category:English-language independent films]]	1,277,268,902	[{"title": "Tesla", "data": {"Directed by": "Michael Almereyda", "Written by": "Michael Almereyda", "Produced by": "- Michael Almereyda - Uri Singer - Christa Campbell - Isen Robbins - Lati Grobman - Per Melita - Elijah Long", "Starring": "- Ethan Hawke - Eve Hewson - Ebon Moss-Bachrach - Jim Gaffigan - Kyle MacLachlan", "Cinematography": "Sean Price Williams", "Edited by": "Kathryn J. Schubert", "Music by": "John Paesano", "Production \u00b7 companies": "- Passage Pictures - BB Film Production - Campbell Grobman Films - Intrinsic Value Films - RNG Entertainment Oy - Millennium Media", "Distributed by": "IFC Films", "Release dates": "- January 27, 2020 (Sundance) - August 21, 2020 (United States)", "Running time": "102 minutes", "Country": "United States", "Language": "English", "Box office": "$459,051"}}]	false
# Haftasar Haftasar (formerly: Düzbahçe) is a village in the Sivrice District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 70 (2021). The village is populated by Kurds.	enwiki/67080260	enwiki	67,080,260	Haftasar	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haftasar	2025-07-23T04:01:50	en	Q6766220	45,242	{{short description\|Village in Turkey}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2021}} {{Infobox Turkey place \| type = village \| name = Haftasar \| province = Elazığ \| district = Sivrice \| population_footnotes = \| population_total = 70 \| population_as_of = 2021 \| coordinates = {{coord\|38\|25\|N\|39\|16\|E\|display=it\|region:TR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} \| image_skyline = \| image_caption = \| image_shield = \| leader_party = \| leader_title = \| leader_name = \| area_footnotes = \| area_total_km2 = \| elevation_m = \| website = }} '''Haftasar''' (formerly: ''Düzbahçe'') is a [[villages of Turkey\|village]] in the [[Sivrice District]] of [[Elazığ Province]] in Turkey.<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Köy] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706215822/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx \|date=6 July 2015 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</ref> Its population is 70 (2021).<ref name=tuik>{{cite web\|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en \|title=Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters\|publisher=[[TÜİK]] \|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> The village is populated by [[Kurds]].<ref name="BuranKaymaz">{{cite journal\|author1=Ahmet Buran\|author2=Muhammet Kaymaz\|date=1996\|title=Sivrice yöresi ağızları (İnceleme-metin-sözlük)\|url=https://openaccess.firat.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11508/15220/378938.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y\|language=tr\|publisher=[[Firat University]]\|page=13\|access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Sivrice District}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Villages in Sivrice District]] [[Category:Kurdish settlements in Elazığ Province]] {{Elazığ-geo-stub}}	1,302,058,403	[{"title": "Haftasar", "data": {"Country": "Turkey", "Province": "Elaz\u0131\u011f", "District": "Sivrice", "Population (2021)": "70", "Time zone": "UTC+3 (TRT)"}}]	false
# Chrome Dreams II \| Review scores \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| --------------- \| ------------- \| \| AllMusic \| [ 1 ] \| \| The Guardian \| [ 2 ] \| \| The Independent \| [ 3 ] \| \| NME \| 7/10 \| \| The Observer \| [ 5 ] \| \| Pitchfork \| 5.6/10 \| \| Rolling Stone \| [ 7 ] \| \| Spin \| [ 8 ] \| \| The Times \| [ 9 ] \| \| Uncut \| [ 10 ] \| Chrome Dreams II is the 30th studio album by Canadian-American musician Neil Young. The album was released on October 23, 2007, as a double LP and as a single CD. The album name references Chrome Dreams, a legendary Neil Young album from 1977 that had originally been scheduled for release but was shelved in favor of American Stars 'n Bars. The album debuted on the US Billboard 200 chart at number 11, selling about 54,000 copies in its first week. In addition, the song "No Hidden Path" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance at the 51st Grammy Awards, 2009. ## Writing The album features a mix of different types of songs featuring different musical styles and lengths. According to Young, It's an album with a form based on some of my original recordings, with a large variety of songs, rather than one specific type of song. Where Living with War and Everybody's Rockin' were albums focused on one subject or style, Chrome Dreams II is more like After the Gold Rush or Freedom, with different types of songs working together to form a feeling. Now that radio formats are not as influential as they once were, it's easier to release an album that crosses all formats with a message that runs through the whole thing, regardless of the type of song or sound. Some early listeners have said that this album is positive and spiritual. I like to think it focuses on the human condition. Like many of my recordings, this one draws on earlier material here and there. I used to do that a lot back in the day. Some songs, like "Ordinary People" need to wait for the right time. I think now is the right time for that song and it lives well with the new songs I have written in the past few months. I had a blast making this music. The first three songs on Chrome Dreams II date from the 1980s. "Beautiful Bluebird" was first recorded in 1985 during sessions for Old Ways. "Boxcar" had been previously recorded for Freedom and Ragged Glory, but was ultimately left off both albums. Both songs appear on Chrome Dreams II as new recordings. The 18-minute "Ordinary People" was recorded in July 1988 during initial sessions for the Freedom album. It features the backing musicians from Young's Bluenotes tour. The song was released as the album's first single. According to a 2020 post on his Neil Young Archives website, the lyrics to "Dirty Old Man" explore "the ugliest parts of alcoholism. I really loathe what it does to people." The epic "No Hidden Path" was inspired by long walks on Young's ranch. He explains in a 2019 post to his website that it's "about the forest on Broken Arrow where I used to walk regularly." The song features as the centerpiece of the 2009 Jonathan Demme film Neil Young Trunk Show. ## Recording Chrome Dreams II was produced by The Volume Dealers (Neil Young & Niko Bolas), and features the ensemble of Crazy Horse drummer Ralph Molina, pedal steel guitarist and Dobro player Ben Keith (Harvest, Comes A Time, Harvest Moon) and bassist Rick Rosas (Freedom, Living With War, This Note's for You). A horn section, The Blue Note Horns, appear on one track, "Ordinary People," while the Young People’s Chorus of New York City appear on "The Way." Most of the recording was done live with few overdubs at Feelgood's Garage studio near Redwood City, California, with two vintage gas pumps out front and vintage studio gear inside. ## Track listing \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| --- \| -------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Beautiful Bluebird" \| 4:27 \| \| 2. \| "Boxcar" \| 2:44 \| \| 3. \| "Ordinary People" \| 18:13 \| \| 4. \| "Shining Light" \| 4:43 \| \| 5. \| "The Believer" \| 2:39 \| \| 6. \| "Spirit Road" \| 6:32 \| \| 7. \| "Dirty Old Man" \| 3:17 \| \| 8. \| "Ever After" \| 3:32 \| \| 9. \| "No Hidden Path" \| 14:31 \| \| 10. \| "The Way" \| 5:15 \| ## Personnel Primary musicians - Neil Young – acoustic and electric guitars, banjo, harmonica, grand piano, pump organ, Hammond B-3 organ, vibes, percussion, vocals - Ben Keith – pedal steel guitar, lap slide guitar, Dobro, electric guitar, Hammond B-3 organ, vocal - Rick Rosas – bass guitar, vocal - Ralph Molina – drums, percussion, vocal Musicians for "Ordinary People" - Neil Young – electric guitar, vocal - Joe Canuck – vocal - Frank "Poncho" Sampedro – guitar - Rick Rosas – bass guitar - Chad Cromwell – drums - Ben Keith – alto saxophone - Steve Lawrence – tenor saxophone, keyboards - Larry Cragg – baritone saxophone - Claude Cailliet – trombone - John Fumo – trumpet - Tom Bray – trumpet (solo) Background singers - The Wyatt Earps – Ben Keith, Ralph Molina, Neil Young - The Jane Wyatts – Nancy Hall, Annie Stocking, Pegi Young - The Dirty Old Men – Larry Cragg, Ben Keith, Ralph Molina, Rick Rosas, Neil Young - The Young People’s Chorus of New York City (chorus on "The Way") - Francisco J. Núñez – artistic director and founder - Elizabeth Núñez – conductor Additional roles - Niko Bolas – recording, mixing - John Hausmann – assistant engineering - Rob Clark – assistant engineering, editing - John Nowland – analog-digital transfers - Tim Mulligan – mastering, editing on "Ordinary People" - Brent Walton, Tim McColm – assistant engineering - Colin Suzuki, Eric Pfeifer – assistant engineering on "The Way" - Darrell Brown, Neil Young – choir arrangements on "The Way" - Elliot Roberts – direction DVD production - Bernard Shakey (Neil Young) – direction - L.A. Johnson – production, pohotography - Elliot Rabinowitz – executive production - Will Mitchell – associate production, photography - Toshi Onuki – editing, art direction - Mike Derrosset – editing - Rich Winter – authoring, menu design - Larry Cragg, Anthony Crawford – photography ## Charts \| Chart (2007) \| Peak position \| \| ---------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| Australian Albums (ARIA) \| 38 \| \| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) \| 27 \| \| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) \| 16 \| \| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) \| 40 \| \| Canadian Albums (Billboard) \| 8 \| \| Danish Albums (Hitlisten) \| 20 \| \| Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) \| 14 \| \| Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) \| 32 \| \| French Albums (SNEP) \| 9 \| \| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) \| 13 \| \| Irish Albums (IRMA) \| 15 \| \| Italian Albums (FIMI) \| 28 \| \| Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) \| 5 \| \| Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) \| 80 \| \| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) \| 13 \| \| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) \| 72 \| \| UK Albums (OCC) \| 14 \| \| US Billboard 200 \| 11 \| \| US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) \| 6 \| \| US Top Tastemaker Albums (Billboard) \| 3 \|	enwiki/12885832	enwiki	12,885,832	Chrome Dreams II	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_Dreams_II	2025-04-15T19:09:43	en	Q153155	179,406	{{Use mdy dates\|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox album \| name = Chrome Dreams II \| type = Studio \| artist = [[Neil Young]] \| cover = ChromeDreamsII.jpg \| alt = \| released = October 23, 2007 \| recorded = May 31 – July 6, 2007{{efn\|except "Ordinary People" – July 26, 1988}} \| studio = Broken Arrow Ranch \| genre = * [[Heartland rock]] * [[country rock]] * [[americana music\|Americana]] * [[hard rock]] \| length = 65:53 \| label = [[Reprise Records\|Reprise]] \| producer = Neil Young [[Niko Bolas]] (credited as "The Volume Dealers") \| chronology = [[Neil Young]] \| prev_title = [[Live at Massey Hall 1971]] \| prev_year = 2007 \| next_title = [[Sugar Mountain – Live at Canterbury House 1968]] \| next_year = 2008 }} {{Album ratings \| rev1 = [[AllMusic]] \| rev1score = {{Rating\|4\|5}}<ref>{{cite web\|author=[[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] \|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/chrome-dreams-ii-mw0000490769 \|title=Chrome Dreams II – Neil Young \| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards \|publisher=[[AllMusic]] \|date=2007-10-23 \|access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> \| rev2 = ''[[The Guardian]]'' \| rev2score = {{Rating\|3\|5}}<ref>{{cite news\|author=[[Alexis Petridis]] \|url=http://music.guardian.co.uk/pop/alexispetridis/story/0,,2188725,00.html \|title=CD: Neil Young, Chrome Dreams II \| Music \|newspaper=The Guardian \|date=12 October 2007 \|access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> \| rev3 = ''[[The Independent]]'' \| rev3score = {{Rating\|2\|5}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://arts.independent.co.uk/music/reviews/article3073848.ece \|title=Album: Neil Young – Independent Online Edition > Reviews \|access-date=2015-06-04 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224021421/http://arts.independent.co.uk/music/reviews/article3073848.ece \|archive-date=December 24, 2007 }}</ref> \| rev4 = ''[[NME]]'' \| rev4score = 7/10<ref>NME, 10/27/2007, p.41</ref> \| rev5 = ''[[The Observer]]'' \| rev5score = {{Rating\|5\|5}}<ref>{{cite news\|author=Tim Adams \|url=http://music.guardian.co.uk/rock/reviews/story/0,,2190098,00.html \|title=CD: Neil Young, Chrome Dreams II/Bruce Springsteen, Magic \| Music \| The Guardian \|newspaper=The Observer \|date=14 October 2007 \|publisher=Music.guardian.co.uk \|access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> \| rev6 = ''[[Pitchfork (website)\|Pitchfork]]'' \| rev6score = 5.6/10<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/10792-chrome-dreams-ii/ \|title=Neil Young: Chrome Dreams II \| Album Reviews \|website=Pitchfork \|date=2007-10-17 \|access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> \| rev7 = ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' \| rev7score = {{Rating\|3\|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine \|last=Christgau \|first=Robert \|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/chrome-dreams-ii-20071101 \|title=Neil Young Chrome Dreams II Album Review \|magazine=Rolling Stone \|date=2007-11-01 \|access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> \| rev8 = ''[[Spin (magazine)\|Spin]]'' \| rev8score = {{Rating\|7\|10}}<ref>{{cite magazine \|last=Weiss \|first=Dan \|url=http://www.spin.com/reviews/neil-young-chrome-dreams-ii-reprise \|title=Neil Young, 'Chrome Dreams II' (Reprise) \|magazine=Spin \|date=2008-01-18 \|access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> \| rev9 = ''[[The Times]]'' \| rev9score = {{Rating\|3\|5}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article2687078.ece \|title=Neil Young: Chrome Dreams II review \| CD reviews \|access-date=2015-06-03 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708225006/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article2687078.ece \|archive-date=July 8, 2008 }}</ref> \| rev10 = ''[[Uncut (magazine)\|Uncut]]'' \| rev10score = {{Rating\|4\|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=http://www.uncut.co.uk/music/neil_young/reviews/10593 \|title=Neil Young – Chrome Dreams II – Review \|magazine=Uncut \|access-date=2015-06-03 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726182129/http://uncut.co.uk/music/neil_young/reviews/10593 \|archive-date=July 26, 2008 }}</ref> }} '''''Chrome Dreams II''''' is the 30th studio album by Canadian-American musician [[Neil Young]]. The album was released on October 23, 2007, as a double LP and as a single CD. The album name references ''[[Chrome Dreams]]'', a legendary Neil Young album from 1977 that had originally been scheduled for release but was shelved in favor of ''[[American Stars 'n Bars]]''.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://neilyoung.com/news/index.html \|title=Neil Young Times \|publisher=Neilyoung.com \|access-date=2015-06-03 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201092807/http://www.neilyoung.com/news/index.html \|archive-date=2007-12-01 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The album debuted on the US [[Billboard 200\|''Billboard'' 200]] chart at number 11, selling about 54,000 copies in its first week.<ref>{{cite web \| url= http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1047534/underwood-leads-three-country-debuts-onto-chart \| title= Underwood Leads Three Country Debuts Onto Chart \| access-date= 2007-11-28 \| last= Hasty \| first= Katie \| date= 2007-10-31 \| publisher= Billboard.com}}</ref> In addition, the song "No Hidden Path" was nominated for a [[Grammy Award]] for [[Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance]] at the [[51st Grammy Awards]], 2009.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Weiss \|first=Dan \|url=http://www.spin.com/2009/02/its-not-your-parents-grammy-awards-or-it/ \|title=It's Not Your Parents' Grammy Awards — Or Is It? \|publisher=SPIN \|date=2009-02-06 \|access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> ==Writing== The album features a mix of different types of songs featuring different musical styles and lengths. According to Young, <blockquote>It's an album with a form based on some of my original recordings, with a large variety of songs, rather than one specific type of song. Where ''[[Living with War]]'' and ''[[Everybody's Rockin']]'' were albums focused on one subject or style, ''Chrome Dreams II'' is more like ''[[After the Gold Rush]]'' or ''[[Freedom (Neil Young album)\|Freedom]]'', with different types of songs working together to form a feeling. Now that radio formats are not as influential as they once were, it's easier to release an album that crosses all formats with a message that runs through the whole thing, regardless of the type of song or sound. Some early listeners have said that this album is positive and spiritual. I like to think it focuses on the human condition. Like many of my recordings, this one draws on earlier material here and there. I used to do that a lot back in the day. Some songs, like "Ordinary People" need to wait for the right time. I think now is the right time for that song and it lives well with the new songs I have written in the past few months. I had a blast making this music.<ref>{{cite web \| url= http://biz.yahoo.com/iw/070823/0294131.html \| title= New Neil Young Album: "Chrome Dreams II" Set for Release October 16th \| access-date= 2007-11-28 \| publisher= Warner Bros. Records}} {{Dead link\|date=October 2010\|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> </blockquote> The first three songs on ''Chrome Dreams II'' date from the 1980s. "Beautiful Bluebird" was first recorded in 1985<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article2687078.ece \|title=Neil Young: Chrome Dreams II review \| CD reviews \|access-date=2015-06-03 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708225006/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article2687078.ece \|archive-date=July 8, 2008 }}</ref> during sessions for ''[[Old Ways]]''.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Petridis \|first=Alexis \|date=2007-10-12 \|title=Neil Young, Chrome Dreams II \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/oct/12/popandrock.shopping \|access-date=2024-02-06 \|work=The Guardian \|language=en-GB \|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> "Boxcar" had been previously recorded for ''Freedom''<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article2687078.ece \|title=Neil Young: Chrome Dreams II review \| CD reviews \|access-date=2015-06-03 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708225006/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article2687078.ece \|archive-date=July 8, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Petridis \|first=Alexis \|date=2007-10-12 \|title=Neil Young, Chrome Dreams II \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/oct/12/popandrock.shopping \|access-date=2024-02-06 \|work=The Guardian \|language=en-GB \|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and ''[[Ragged Glory]]'', but was ultimately left off both albums. Both songs appear on ''Chrome Dreams II'' as new recordings. The 18-minute "Ordinary People" was recorded in July 1988 during initial sessions for the ''Freedom'' album.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Neil Young Archives \|url=https://neilyoungarchives.com/info-card?search=true&track=t1988_0726_01 \|access-date=2024-02-06 \|website=neilyoungarchives.com}}</ref> It features the backing musicians from Young's [[Bluenote Café\|Bluenotes]] tour.<ref>Durchholz, Daniel, and Gary Graff. 2012. Neil Young: Long May You Run: The Illustrated History. Minneapolis, Mn: Voyageur Press.</ref> The song was released as the album's first single.<ref>{{cite web \| url= http://neilyoung.com/news/index.html \| title= Ordinary People to Radio \| access-date= 2007-11-28 \| publisher= NY Times \| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071201092807/http://www.neilyoung.com/news/index.html \| archive-date= 2007-12-01 \| url-status= dead }}</ref> According to a 2020 post on his ''Neil Young Archives'' website, the lyrics to "Dirty Old Man" explore "the ugliest parts of alcoholism. I really loathe what it does to people." The epic "No Hidden Path" was inspired by long walks on Young's ranch. He explains in a 2019 post to his website that it's "about the forest on Broken Arrow where I used to walk regularly." The song features as the centerpiece of the 2009 [[Jonathan Demme]] film ''[[Neil Young Trunk Show]]''. ==Recording== ''Chrome Dreams II'' was produced by The Volume Dealers (Neil Young & [[Niko Bolas]]), and features the ensemble of [[Crazy Horse (band)\|Crazy Horse]] drummer [[Ralph Molina]], pedal steel guitarist and Dobro player [[Ben Keith]] (''[[Harvest (Neil Young album)\|Harvest]]'', ''[[Comes A Time]]'', ''[[Harvest Moon (album)\|Harvest Moon]]'') and bassist [[Rick Rosas]] (''[[Freedom (Neil Young album)\|Freedom]]'', ''[[Living With War]]'', ''[[This Note's for You]]''). A horn section, The Blue Note Horns, appear on one track, "Ordinary People," while the [[Young People’s Chorus of New York City]] appear on "The Way." Most of the recording was done live with few overdubs at Feelgood's Garage studio near Redwood City, California, with two vintage gas pumps out front and vintage studio gear inside.<ref>{{cite web \| url= http://bad-news-beat.org/ \| title= Neil Young – Chrome Dreams II. and Live Archives coming up – Ordinary People \| access-date= 2007-11-28 \| publisher= Bad News Beat}}</ref> ==Track listing== {{Track listing \| all_writing = \| title1 = Beautiful Bluebird \| length1 = 4:27 \| title2 = Boxcar \| length2 = 2:44 \| title3 = Ordinary People \| length3 = 18:13 \| title4 = Shining Light \| length4 = 4:43 \| title5 = The Believer \| length5 = 2:39 \| title6 = Spirit Road \| length6 = 6:32 \| title7 = Dirty Old Man \| length7 = 3:17 \| title8 = Ever After \| length8 = 3:32 \| title9 = No Hidden Path \| length9 = 14:31 \| title10 = The Way \| length10 = 5:15 \| total_length = }} ==Personnel== '''Primary musicians''' * [[Neil Young]] – acoustic and electric guitars, banjo, harmonica, [[grand piano]], [[pump organ]], [[Hammond B-3 organ]], [[vibraphone\|vibes]], percussion, vocals * [[Ben Keith]] – [[pedal steel guitar]], [[lap slide guitar]], [[Dobro]], electric guitar, Hammond B-3 organ, vocal * [[Rick Rosas]] – bass guitar, vocal * [[Ralph Molina]] – drums, percussion, vocal '''Musicians for "Ordinary People"''' * Neil Young – electric guitar, vocal * [[Neil Young\|Joe Canuck]] – vocal * [[Frank Sampedro\|Frank "Poncho" Sampedro]] – guitar * Rick Rosas – bass guitar * [[Chad Cromwell]] – drums * [[Ben Keith]] – [[alto saxophone]] * Steve Lawrence – [[tenor saxophone]], keyboards * Larry Cragg – [[baritone saxophone]] * Claude Cailliet – trombone * John Fumo – trumpet * Tom Bray – trumpet (solo) '''Background singers''' * The Wyatt Earps – Ben Keith, Ralph Molina, Neil Young * The Jane Wyatts – Nancy Hall, Annie Stocking, [[Pegi Young]] * The Dirty Old Men – Larry Cragg, Ben Keith, Ralph Molina, Rick Rosas, Neil Young * [[The Young People’s Chorus of New York City]] (chorus on "The Way") [[Francisco Núñez (conductor)\|Francisco J. Núñez]] – artistic director and founder Elizabeth Núñez – conductor '''Additional roles''' Niko Bolas – recording, mixing John Hausmann – assistant engineering Rob Clark – assistant engineering, editing John Nowland – analog-digital transfers Tim Mulligan – mastering, editing on "Ordinary People" Brent Walton, Tim McColm – assistant engineering Colin Suzuki, Eric Pfeifer – assistant engineering on "The Way" Darrell Brown, Neil Young – choir arrangements on "The Way" Elliot Roberts – direction '''DVD production''' Bernard Shakey (Neil Young) – direction L.A. Johnson – production, pohotography Elliot Rabinowitz – executive production Will Mitchell – associate production, photography Toshi Onuki – editing, art direction Mike Derrosset – editing Rich Winter – authoring, menu design Larry Cragg, Anthony Crawford – photography == Charts == {\| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|+ Chart performance for ''Chrome Dreams II'' ! scope="col"\| Chart (2007) ! scope="col"\| Peak<br />position \|- {{album chart\|Australia\|38\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Austria\|27\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Flanders\|16\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Wallonia\|40\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|BillboardCanada\|8\|artist=Neil Young\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Denmark\|20\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Netherlands\|14\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Finland\|32\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|France\|9\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Germany4\|13\|id=71472\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Ireland2\|15\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Italy\|28\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Norway\|5\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Spain\|80\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Sweden\|13\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Switzerland\|72\|artist=Neil Young\|album=Chrome Dreams II\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|UK2\|14\|date=20071103\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|Billboard200\|11\|artist=Neil Young\|rowheader=true\|access-date=October 29, 2022}} \|- {{album chart\|BillboardRock\|6\|artist=Neil Young\|rowheader=true\|access-date=July 19, 2024}} \|- {{album chart\|BillboardTastemaker\|3\|artist=Neil Young\|rowheader=true\|access-date=July 22, 2024}} \|} == See also == ''[[Chrome Dreams]]'' == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{Neil Young}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chrome Dreams Ii}} [[Category:Neil Young albums]] [[Category:2007 albums]] [[Category:Reprise Records albums]] [[Category:Albums produced by Neil Young]] [[Category:Albums produced by Niko Bolas]] [[Category:Sequel albums]]	1,285,781,525	[{"title": "Studio album by Neil Young", "data": {"Released": "October 23, 2007", "Recorded": "May 31 \u2013 July 6, 2007", "Studio": "Broken Arrow Ranch", "Genre": "Heartland rock country rock Americana hard rock", "Length": "65:53", "Label": "Reprise", "Producer": "Neil Young Niko Bolas (credited as \"The Volume Dealers\")"}}, {"title": "Neil Young chronology", "data": {"Live at Massey Hall 1971 \u00b7 (2007)": "Chrome Dreams II \u00b7 (2007) \u00b7 Sugar Mountain \u2013 Live at Canterbury House 1968 \u00b7 (2008)"}}, {"title": "Neil Young", "data": {"Studio albums": "Neil Young Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere After the Gold Rush Harvest On the Beach Tonight's the Night Zuma American Stars 'n Bars Comes a Time Rust Never Sleeps Hawks & Doves Re\u00b7ac\u00b7tor Trans Everybody's Rockin' Old Ways Landing on Water Life This Note's for You Freedom Ragged Glory Harvest Moon Sleeps with Angels Mirror Ball Broken Arrow Silver & Gold Are You Passionate? Greendale Prairie Wind Living with War Living with War: \"In the Beginning\" Chrome Dreams II Fork in the Road Le Noise Americana Psychedelic Pill A Letter Home Storytone The Monsanto Years Peace Trail The Visitor Colorado Barn World Record", "EPs": "Eldorado The Times", "Live albums": "Time Fades Away Live Rust Weld Arc Unplugged Year of the Horse Road Rock Vol. 1 Earth Noise & Flowers Before and After Fuckin' Up", "Soundtracks": "Journey Through the Past Where the Buffalo Roam Philadelphia Dead Man Paradox", "Compilations": "Decade Lucky Thirteen Greatest Hits", "Archives series": "Box sets The Archives Vol. 1 1963\u20131972 Neil Young Archives Volume II: 1972\u20131976 Neil Young Archives Volume III: 1976\u20131987 Performance series Live at the Fillmore East Live at Massey Hall 1971 Sugar Mountain \u2013 Live at Canterbury House 1968 Live at the Riverboat 1969 Dreamin' Man Live '92 A Treasure Live at the Cellar Door Bluenote Caf\u00e9 Roxy: Tonight's the Night Live Songs for Judy Tuscaloosa Return to Greendale Way Down in the Rust Bucket Young Shakespeare Special release series Hitchhiker Homegrown Toast Chrome Dreams Odeon Budokan Early Daze", "Songs": "1960s \" Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing \" \" Mr. Soul \" \" Broken Arrow \" \" Expecting to Fly \" \" Sugar Mountain \" \" The Loner \" \" I've Been Waiting for You \" \" The Old Laughing Lady \" \" Cinnamon Girl \" \" Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere \" \" Down by the River \" \" Cowgirl in the Sand \" \" Dance, Dance, Dance \" 1970s \" Helpless \" \" Country Girl \" \" Ohio \" \" Tell Me Why \" \" After the Gold Rush \" \" Only Love Can Break Your Heart \" \" Southern Man \" \" Don't Let It Bring You Down \" \" When You Dance I Can Really Love \" \" I Believe in You \" \" Bad Fog of Loneliness \" \" Out on the Weekend \" \" Harvest \" \" A Man Needs a Maid \" \" Heart of Gold \" \" Are You Ready for the Country? \" \" Old Man \" \" The Needle and the Damage Done \" \" War Song \" \" L.A. \" \" Tonight's the Night \" \" Come On Baby Let's Go Downtown \" \" Tired Eyes \" \" New Mama \" \" Danger Bird \" \" Cortez the Killer \" \" Will to Love \" \" Like a Hurricane \" \" Love Is a Rose \" \" Lotta Love \" \" Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black) \" \" My My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue) \" \" Pocahontas \" \" Powderfinger \" \" Sedan Delivery \" 1980s and later \" Rainin' in My Heart \" \" Grey Riders \" \" Rockin' in the Free World \" \" Crime in the City (Sixty to Zero Part I) \" \" No More \" \" Wrecking Ball \" \" Harvest Moon \" \" Unknown Legend \" \" From Hank to Hendrix \" \" Downtown \" \" Let's Impeach the President \" \" Angry World \" \" A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop \"", "Films and videos": "Journey Through the Past Human Highway Neil Young in Berlin Solo Trans Muddy Track Weld Year of the Horse Neil Young: Silver and Gold Greendale Neil Young: Heart of Gold CSNY/D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu Neil Young Trunk Show Neil Young Journeys Paradox", "Books": "Waging Heavy Peace: A Hippie Dream", "Related": "Discography The Squires The Mynah Birds Buffalo Springfield Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young The Stills\u2013Young Band The Ducks The Bridge: A Tribute to Neil Young Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi Pono Old Black Farm Aid Bridge School Benefit Pegi Young Daryl Hannah Carrie Snodgress Elliot Roberts Pearl Jam"}}, {"title": "Box sets", "data": {"Box sets": "The Archives Vol. 1 1963\u20131972 Neil Young Archives Volume II: 1972\u20131976 Neil Young Archives Volume III: 1976\u20131987", "Performance series": "Live at the Fillmore East Live at Massey Hall 1971 Sugar Mountain \u2013 Live at Canterbury House 1968 Live at the Riverboat 1969 Dreamin' Man Live '92 A Treasure Live at the Cellar Door Bluenote Caf\u00e9 Roxy: Tonight's the Night Live Songs for Judy Tuscaloosa Return to Greendale Way Down in the Rust Bucket Young Shakespeare", "Special release series": "Hitchhiker Homegrown Toast Chrome Dreams Odeon Budokan Early Daze"}}, {"title": "1960s", "data": {"1960s": "\" Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing \" \" Mr. Soul \" \" Broken Arrow \" \" Expecting to Fly \" \" Sugar Mountain \" \" The Loner \" \" I've Been Waiting for You \" \" The Old Laughing Lady \" \" Cinnamon Girl \" \" Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere \" \" Down by the River \" \" Cowgirl in the Sand \" \" Dance, Dance, Dance \"", "1970s": "\" Helpless \" \" Country Girl \" \" Ohio \" \" Tell Me Why \" \" After the Gold Rush \" \" Only Love Can Break Your Heart \" \" Southern Man \" \" Don't Let It Bring You Down \" \" When You Dance I Can Really Love \" \" I Believe in You \" \" Bad Fog of Loneliness \" \" Out on the Weekend \" \" Harvest \" \" A Man Needs a Maid \" \" Heart of Gold \" \" Are You Ready for the Country? \" \" Old Man \" \" The Needle and the Damage Done \" \" War Song \" \" L.A. \" \" Tonight's the Night \" \" Come On Baby Let's Go Downtown \" \" Tired Eyes \" \" New Mama \" \" Danger Bird \" \" Cortez the Killer \" \" Will to Love \" \" Like a Hurricane \" \" Love Is a Rose \" \" Lotta Love \" \" Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black) \" \" My My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue) \" \" Pocahontas \" \" Powderfinger \" \" Sedan Delivery \"", "1980s and later": "\" Rainin' in My Heart \" \" Grey Riders \" \" Rockin' in the Free World \" \" Crime in the City (Sixty to Zero Part I) \" \" No More \" \" Wrecking Ball \" \" Harvest Moon \" \" Unknown Legend \" \" From Hank to Hendrix \" \" Downtown \" \" Let's Impeach the President \" \" Angry World \" \" A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop \""}}]	false
# Craigellachie National Nature Reserve Craigellachie (Scottish Gaelic: Chreag Eileachaidh) is a hill lying to the west of the village of Aviemore in Strathspey, in the central Highlands of Scotland. Craigellachie was declared a national nature reserve (NNR) in 1961, and is managed by NatureScot through a lease from Reidhaven Estate. The reserve covers 257 hectares on the eastern slopes of the Monadhliath range of hills, lying between 225 and 535 m above sea level. It is dominated by birkwood (birch woodland), being one of the largest remaining areas of this type of habitat on Speyside, and is also of national importance due to the variety of moths present on the reserve. In addition to the birkwoods, the reserve encompasses a variety of other habitats, such as rocky crags, lochans and open heath with blaeberry. By tradition Craigellachie was an important place for Clan Grant, being used as a vantage point and as the site for signal fires to gather the clan. Craigellachie appears on the clan's crest, and the clan's Slogan is "Stand fast Craig Elachie!". ## Flora and fauna The birkwood at Craigellachie NNR can be described as "semi-natural", having arisen before the middle of the eighteenth century: the earliest known reference to it was made by mapmaker William Roy in 1750. Many of the birch trees are around 100 years old, and are almost entirely silver birch, although some downy birch is found in areas with poorly drained, peaty soils. Other tree found at the reserve include aspen, rowan, hazel, bird cherry, eared willow, grey willow, Scots pine and juniper. The range of habitats supports a diverse range of plant communities, with over 385 flowering-plant types being recorded at the reserve, including nationally-scarce species such as least waterlily, serrated wintergreen, dwarf birch, and bog hair grass. 71 species of fungi and 22 lichen species have been recorded at the reserve, owing to the birchwood habitat. The reserve provides an ideal habitat for invertebrate species and is home to a number of nationally important moth species, 13 of which are UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP) species. Of particular note are the Kentish glory and Rannoch sprawler, the larvae of which favour young birch saplings as a food source. Woodland butterflies at Craigellachie NNR include Scotch argus and orange tip, as well as the pearl-bordered fritillary, which is also a UKBAP species. Around 50 bird species are present, including a number of UKBAP species, such as spotted flycatcher, song thrush, bullfinch, lesser redpoll, tree pipit, red grouse and black grouse. Furthermore, a pair of peregrine falcons nest on the crags, which can be viewed through a webcam in the visitor centre section of the Aviemore Youth Hostel. Mammal species found at Craigellachie include red and roe deer, pipistrelle bats, and occasional sightings of pine marten. ## Visitors Around 8500 people each year visit the reserve, which is linked to the centre of Aviemore via an underpass beneath the A9. There are four marked trails, three of which provide circular routes of between 0.7 and 1.8 km. The fourth trail, which is 4.4 km long, continues up to the summit of Craigellachie. In 2007 a ‘Mobitour’ system was trialled, whereby visitors could access information about specific parts of the reserve via a mobile phone. The system proved popular with visitors, and has since been extended to cover all four of the marked trails. ## Other designations The national nature reserve forms part of the Craigellachie Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), which covers a larger area (380 ha). The site lies entirely within the Cairngorms National Park, and is designated a Category IV protected area by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. ### Bibliography - "The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 23 January 2019.	enwiki/53746207	enwiki	53,746,207	Craigellachie National Nature Reserve	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigellachie_National_Nature_Reserve	2025-03-26T18:59:06	en	Q29587174	79,096	{{short description\|Nature reserve in Scotland}} {{Infobox protected area \| name = Craigellachie National Nature Reserve \| alt_name = \| iucn_category = IV \| iucn_ref = <ref name=planet/> \| photo = File:Craigellachie and unnamed lochan - geograph.org.uk - 979537.jpg \| photo_alt = Lochan and woodland at Craigellachie \| photo_caption = Lochan and woodland at Craigellachie \| photo_width = \| map = Scotland Badenoch and Strathspey \| relief = 1 \| map_alt = \| map_caption = Craigellachie, shown within [[Badenoch and Strathspey]], [[Highland (council area)\|Highland]] \| map_width = \| location = Near [[Aviemore]], [[Scotland]] \| nearest_city = \| coordinates = {{coords\|57.188948\|-3.848020\|region:GB_scale:20000\|display=inline, title}} \| area_ha = 257 \| area_ref = <ref name=nnr>{{cite web\|url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/5020\|title=Craigellachie NNR\|publisher=NatureScot\|accessdate=15 September 2020}}</ref> \| established = 1961 \| governing_body = [[NatureScot]] \| url = [https://www.nature.scot/enjoying-outdoors/scotlands-national-nature-reserves/craigellachie-national-nature-reserve Craigellachie National Nature Reserve] \| embedded = }} '''Craigellachie''' ([[Scottish Gaelic language\|Scottish Gaelic]]: {{lang\|gd\|Chreag Eileachaidh}})<ref name=visit/> is a hill lying to the west of the village of [[Aviemore]] in [[Strathspey, Scotland\|Strathspey]], in the central [[Scottish Highlands\|Highlands]] of [[Scotland]]. Craigellachie was declared a [[National nature reserve (Scotland)\|national nature reserve]] (NNR) in 1961, and is managed by [[NatureScot]] through a lease from Reidhaven Estate.<ref name=p2>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 2.</ref> The reserve covers 257 hectares on the eastern slopes of the [[Monadhliath]] range of hills, lying between 225 and 535 m above sea level.<ref name=p1>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 1.</ref> It is dominated by birkwood ([[birch]] woodland), being one of the largest remaining areas of this type of habitat on [[Strathspey, Scotland\|Speyside]], and is also of national importance due to the variety of [[moth]]s present on the reserve.<ref name=p4/> In addition to the birkwoods, the reserve encompasses a variety of other habitats, such as rocky crags, [[lochan]]s and open heath with [[blaeberry]].<ref name=p5/> By tradition Craigellachie was an important place for [[Clan Grant]], being used as a vantage point and as the site for signal fires to gather the clan. Craigellachie appears on the clan's [[Crest (heraldry)\|crest]], and the clan's [[Slogan (heraldry)\|Slogan]] is "Stand fast Craig Elachie!".<ref name=p1/><ref name=p2/> ==Flora and fauna== The birkwood at Craigellachie NNR can be described as "semi-natural", having arisen before the middle of the eighteenth century: the earliest known reference to it was made by mapmaker [[William Roy]] in 1750.<ref name=p8>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 8.</ref> Many of the birch trees are around 100 years old, and are almost entirely [[silver birch]], although some [[downy birch]] is found in areas with poorly drained, [[peat]]y soils. Other tree found at the reserve include [[Populus tremula\|aspen]], [[rowan]], [[hazel]], [[Prunus padus\|bird cherry]], [[eared willow]], [[grey willow]], [[Scots pine]] and [[juniper]].<ref name=p4>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 4.</ref> The range of habitats supports a diverse range of plant communities, with over 385 flowering-plant types being recorded at the reserve, including nationally-scarce species such as [[Nuphar pumila\|least waterlily]], [[serrated wintergreen]], [[dwarf birch]], and bog hair grass. 71 species of fungi and 22 lichen species have been recorded at the reserve, owing to the birchwood habitat.<ref name=p6>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 6.</ref><ref name=p7>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 7.</ref> The reserve provides an ideal habitat for [[invertebrate]] species and is home to a number of nationally important moth species, 13 of which are [[UK Biodiversity Action Plan]] (UKBAP) species. Of particular note are the [[Kentish glory]] and [[Brachionycha nubeculosa\|Rannoch sprawler]], the larvae of which favour young birch saplings as a food source.<ref name=p5/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ukmoths.org.uk/species/brachionycha-nubeculosa/\|title=Rannoch Sprawler ''Brachionycha nubeculosa''\|publisher=UK Moths\|accessdate=2019-01-24}}</ref> Woodland butterflies at Craigellachie NNR include [[Scotch argus]] and [[Anthocharini\|orange tip]], as well as the [[pearl-bordered fritillary]], which is also a UKBAP species.<ref name=p5>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 5.</ref> Around 50 bird species are present, including a number of UKBAP species, such as [[spotted flycatcher]], [[song thrush]], [[bullfinch]], [[lesser redpoll]], [[tree pipit]], [[red grouse]] and [[black grouse]].<ref name=p5/><ref name=p6/> Furthermore, a pair of [[peregrine falcons]] nest on the crags, which can be viewed through a [[webcam]] in the visitor centre section of the Aviemore Youth Hostel.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://scotlandsnature.wordpress.com/2016/06/09/craigellachies-all-new-peregrine-tv-and-visitor-hub/\|title=Craigellachie’s all-new peregrine TV and visitor hub\|author=Scottish Natural Heritage\|date=9 June 2016\|accessdate=15 September 2020}}</ref> Mammal species found at Craigellachie include [[red deer\|red]] and [[roe deer]], [[pipistrelle bats]], and occasional sightings of [[pine marten]].<ref name=p6>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 6.</ref> ==Visitors== Around 8500 people each year visit the reserve, which is linked to the centre of Aviemore via an underpass beneath the [[A9 road (Scotland)\|A9]].<ref name=p11>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 11.</ref> There are four marked trails, three of which provide circular routes of between 0.7 and 1.8 km. The fourth trail, which is 4.4 km long, continues up to the summit of Craigellachie.<ref name=visit>{{cite web\|url=https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-09/Publication%202018%20-%20Visit%20Craigellachie%20NNR%20Tadhail%20Craigellachie%20T%C3%A8armann%20N%C3%A0dair%20N%C3%A0iseanta_0.pdf\|title=Visit Craigellachie National Nature Reserve\|publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage\|accessdate=15 September 2020}}</ref> In 2007 a ‘Mobitour’ system was trialled, whereby visitors could access information about specific parts of the reserve via a mobile phone. The system proved popular with visitors, and has since been extended to cover all four of the marked trails.<ref name=p11/><ref name=p12>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 12.</ref> ==Other designations== The national nature reserve forms part of the Craigellachie [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSI), which covers a larger area (380 ha).<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/428\|title=Craigellachie SSSI\|publisher=NatureScot\|accessdate=15 September 2020}}</ref> The site lies entirely within the [[Cairngorms National Park]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/8623\|title=Cairngorms National Park\|publisher=NatureScot\|accessdate=15 September 2020}}</ref> and is designated a [[Protected_area#IUCN_Protected_Area_Management_Categories\|Category IV]] [[protected areas of Scotland\|protected area]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].<ref name=planet>{{cite web\|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/11040\|title=Craigellachie\|publisher=Protected Planet\|accessdate=14 February 2021}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliography=== {{cite web\|url=https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/The%20Story%20of%20Craigellachie%20NNR.pdf\|title=The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve\|publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage\|accessdate=23 January 2019}} ==External links== {{Commons category\|Craigellachie, Aviemore}} [https://www.nature.scot/enjoying-outdoors/scotlands-national-nature-reserves/craigellachie-national-nature-reserve Craigellachie National Nature Reserve] - NatureScot *[https://www.nnr.scot/ Scotland's National Nature Reserves] {{National Nature Reserves of Scotland}} [[Category:National nature reserves in Scotland]] [[Category:Protected areas of Highland (council area)]]	1,282,490,742	[{"title": "Craigellachie National Nature Reserve", "data": {"Location": "Near Aviemore, Scotland", "Coordinates": "57\u00b011\u203220\u2033N 3\u00b050\u203253\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff57.188948\u00b0N 3.848020\u00b0W", "Area": "257 ha (640 acres)", "Established": "1961", "Governing body": "NatureScot"}}]	false
# Hans von Hahn Hans von Hahn (7 August 1914 – 5 November 1957) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. During his career he was credited with 34 aerial victories, 15 on the Western Front and 19 on the Eastern Front. ## World War II World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. On 18 September 1939, Hahn was appointed Staffelkapitän of 8. Staffel (8th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing). He was the first commander of the Staffel which was part of the newly created III. Gruppe (3rd group) of JG 53 under the command of Hauptmann Werner Mölders. Hahn claimed his first aerial victory on 22 December 1939 during "Phoney War". That day, he claimed a Royal Air Force (RAF) Hawker Hurricane fighter from the No. 73 Squadron. On 27 August 1940, Hahn was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing). He replaced Oberleutnant Lothar Keller who had temporarily led the Gruppe after its former commander Hauptmann Günther Lützow had been Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of JG 3 on 21 August. Command of 8. Staffel of JG 53 was given to Oberleutnant Hans Kunert. ### War against the Soviet Union In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Dub on 18 June 1941. At the start of the campaign, JG 3 was subordinated to the V. Fliegerkorps (5th Air Corps), under command of General der Flieger Robert Ritter von Greim, which was part of Luftflotte 4 (4th Air Fleet), under command of Generaloberst Alexander Löhr. These air elements supported Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt's Heeresgruppe Süd (Army Group South), with the objective of capturing Ukraine and its capital Kiev. ## Summary of career ### Aerial victory claims According to Obermaier, Hahn was credited with 34 aerial victories claimed in over 300 combat missions. This figure includes 19 claims on the Eastern Front and 15 over the Western Allies. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 31 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 19 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 12 on the Western Front. \| Chronicle of aerial victories \| Chronicle of aerial victories \| Chronicle of aerial victories \| Chronicle of aerial victories \| Chronicle of aerial victories \| Chronicle of aerial victories \| Chronicle of aerial victories \| Chronicle of aerial victories \| Chronicle of aerial victories \| Chronicle of aerial victories \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| ----------------------------- \| ----------------------------- \| ----------------------------- \| -------------------------------- \| ----------------------------- \| ----------------------------- \| ----------------------------- \| ----------------------------- \| ------------------------------------- \| \| This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Hahn did not receive credit. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Claim \| Date \| Time \| Type \| Location \| Claim \| Date \| Time \| Type \| Location \| \| – 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 – "Phoney War" — 26 September 1939 – 9 May 1940 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 22 December 1939 \| 15:05 \| Hurricane \| 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Metz \| \| \| \| \| \| \| – 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 – Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2 \| 21 May 1940 \| 19:10 \| LeO 451 \| Châlons \| 4 \| 31 May 1940 \| 19:08 \| Curtiss \| Abbeville \| \| — \| 21 May 1940 \| — \| M.S.406 \| east of Paris \| 5 \| 3 June 1940 \| 14:35 \| Hurricane \| Paris \| \| — \| 21 May 1940 \| — \| Curtiss \| east of Paris \| — \| 3 June 1940 \| — \| M.S.406 \| Paris \| \| 3 \| 24 May 1940 \| 18:15 \| Curtiss \| \| 6 \| 7 June 1940 \| 16:53 \| M.S.406 \| Compiègne \| \| – 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 – Battle of Britain and on the English Channel — 26 June – 26 August 1940 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7 \| 25 August 1940 \| 18:27 \| Spitfire \| 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Portland \| \| \| \| \| \| \| – Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 – Battle of Britain and on the English Channel — 27 August 1940 – 9 June 1941 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 8 \| 5 September 1940 \| — \| Spitfire \| vicinity of London \| 11 \| 7 October 1940 \| — \| Hurricane \| Thames Estuary \| \| 9 \| 15 September 1940 \| — \| Spitfire \| north of London \| 12 \| 10 January 1941 \| 14:35 \| Blenheim \| 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Nieuwpoort \| \| 10 \| 7 October 1940 \| — \| Hurricane \| Thames Estuary \| \| \| \| \| \| \| – Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 – Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 16 September 1941 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 13 \| 25 June 1941 \| 15:10 \| I-153 \| 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Dubno \| 23 \| 10 July 1941 \| 15:15 \| SB-2 \| 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Barbolok \| \| 14 \| 26 June 1941 \| 06:10 \| DB-3 \| northeast of Brody \| 24 \| 12 July 1941 \| 14:55 \| DB-3 \| 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Zhytomyr \| \| 15 \| 26 June 1941 \| 06:15 \| DB-3 \| northeast of Brody \| 25 \| 14 July 1941 \| 14:30 \| DB-3 \| 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Berdychiv \| \| 16 \| 26 June 1941 \| 14:20 \| SB-2 \| Szczurowcze \| 26 \| 14 July 1941 \| 14:31 \| DB-3 \| 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Berdychiv \| \| 17 \| 29 June 1941 \| 15:00 \| I-153 \| 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Brody \| 27 \| 14 July 1941 \| 14:32 \| DB-3 \| 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Berdychiv \| \| 18 \| 29 June 1941 \| 15:05 \| I-153 \| 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Brody \| 28 \| 11 August 1941 \| 06:45 \| SB-2 \| 6 km (3.7 mi) southeast of Wihenkij \| \| 19 \| 5 July 1941 \| 11:45 \| Pe-2 \| northwest of Gudnow \| 29 \| 11 August 1941 \| 06:48 \| SB-2 \| 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Boryspil \| \| 20 \| 6 July 1941 \| 15:40 \| DB-3 \| southeast of Shepetivka \| 30 \| 14 August 1941 \| 12:50 \| I-16 \| 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Kaniv \| \| 21 \| 6 July 1941 \| 15:45 \| DB-3 \| southeast of Shepetivka \| 31 \| 16 August 1941 \| 10:00 \| I-17 (MiG-1) \| 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Kaniv \| \| 22 \| 10 July 1941 \| 15:10 \| I-17 (MiG-1) \| 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Kurin \| \| \| \| \| \| ### Awards - Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class[19] - Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 July 1941 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the I./Jagdgeschwader 3[20][21] ### Citations 1. ↑ Prien et al. 2001a, pp. 398, 406. 2. ↑ Page 2020, p. 26. 3. ↑ Prien et al. 2002a, p. 182. 4. ↑ Prien et al. 2002b, p. 260. 5. ↑ Prien & Stemmer 2002, p. 133. 6. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 127. 7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 468. 8. ↑ Prien et al. 2001a, p. 406. 9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prien et al. 2001b, p. 355. 10. 1 2 Prien et al. 2001b, p. 356. 11. ↑ Prien et al. 2002b, p. 266. 12. 1 2 3 4 5 Prien et al. 2002a, p. 188. 13. 1 2 3 4 Prien et al. 2003, p. 74. 14. 1 2 Prien et al. 2003, p. 78. 15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prien et al. 2003, p. 79. 16. 1 2 Prien et al. 2003, p. 75. 17. 1 2 3 Prien et al. 2003, p. 77. 18. 1 2 Prien et al. 2003, p. 80. 19. ↑ Dixon 2023, pp. 74–75. 20. ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 211. 21. ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 361. ### Bibliography - Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2. - Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6. - Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6. - Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7. - Page, Neil (2020). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe 1939–42. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-849-3. - Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard (2002). Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" in WWII: Stab and I./JG 3 in Action with the Messerschmitt Bf 109. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-1681-4. - Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 2—Der "Sitzkrieg"—1.9.1939 bis 9.5.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 2—The "Phoney War"—1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-59-5. - Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940 [Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940] (in German). Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8. - Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/I—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26 June 1940 bis 21 June 1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/I—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-63-2. - Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-64-9. - Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-69-4. - Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.	enwiki/29881205	enwiki	29,881,205	Hans von Hahn	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Hahn	2025-07-31T12:44:16	en	Q3127034	152,339	{{short description\|German fighter pilot during World War II (1914–1957)}} {{Infobox military person \|name=Hans von Hahn \|birth_date=7 August 1914 \|death_date={{death date and age\|1957\|11\|5\|1914\|8\|7\|df=y}} \|image= \|caption= \|birth_place= [[Frankfurt am Main]], [[German Empire]] \|death_place= [[Frankfurt am Main]], [[West Germany]] \|nickname= \|allegiance={{flag\|Nazi Germany}} \|branch={{navy\|Nazi Germany}} (1934–1935)<br/>{{air force\|Nazi Germany}} (1935–1945) \|serviceyears=1934–45 \|rank=''[[Hauptmann]]'' (captain) \|unit=[[Jagdgeschwader 53\|JG 53]], [[Jagdgeschwader 3\|JG 3]], [[Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War II)\|JG 1]], [[Jagdgeschwader 103\|JG 103]]<br />[[Jagdfliegerführer Oberitalien]] \|commands=I./JG 3, II./JG 1, JG 103<br />Jagdfliegerführer Oberitalien \|battles={{hidden \|''See battles'' \|[[World War II]] [[Battle of France]] [[Battle of Britain]] [[Operation Barbarossa]] [[Defense of the Reich]] \|- \|headerstyle=background:#dbdbdb \|style=text-align:center; }} \|awards=[[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] \|laterwork=}} '''Hans von Hahn''' (7 August 1914 – 5 November 1957) was a [[Luftwaffe]] [[fighter ace\|ace]] and recipient of the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] during [[World War II]]. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. During his career he was credited with 34 aerial victories, 15 on the [[Western Front (World War II)\|Western Front]] and 19 on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)\|Eastern Front]]. ==World War II== World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces [[Invasion of Poland\|invaded Poland]]. On 18 September 1939, Hahn was appointed ''[[Staffelkapitän]]'' of 8. ''[[Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)#Staffel\|Staffel]]'' (8th squadron) of [[Jagdgeschwader 53\|''Jagdgeschwader'' 53]] (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing). He was the first commander of the ''Staffel'' which was part of the newly created III. ''[[Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)#Gruppe\|Gruppe]]'' (3rd group) of JG 53 under the command of ''Hauptmann'' [[Werner Mölders]].{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2001a\|pp=398, 406}} Hahn claimed his first aerial victory on 22 December 1939 during "[[Phoney War]]". That day, he claimed a [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) [[Hawker Hurricane]] fighter from the [[No. 73 Squadron RAF\|No. 73 Squadron]].{{sfn\|Page\|2020\|p=26}} On 27 August 1940, Hahn was appointed ''[[Gruppenkommandeur]]'' (group commander) of I. ''Gruppe'' of [[Jagdgeschwader 3\|''Jagdgeschwader'' 3]] (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing). He replaced ''Oberleutnant'' [[Lothar Keller]] who had temporarily led the ''Gruppe'' after its former commander ''Hauptmann'' [[Günther Lützow]] had been ''[[Geschwaderkommodore]]'' (wing commander) of JG 3 on 21 August.{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2002a\|p=182}} Command of 8. ''Staffel'' of JG 53 was given to ''Oberleutnant'' Hans Kunert.{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2002b\|p=260}} ===War against the Soviet Union=== In preparation for [[Operation Barbarossa]], the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the I. ''Gruppe'' moved to an airfield at [[Dub, Tomaszów Lubelski County\|Dub]] on 18 June 1941. At the start of the campaign, JG 3 was subordinated to the [[5th Air Corps (Germany)\|V. ''Fliegerkorps'']] (5th Air Corps), under command of ''General der Flieger'' [[Robert Ritter von Greim]], which was part of [[Luftflotte 4\|''Luftflotte'' 4]] (4th Air Fleet), under command of ''Generaloberst'' [[Alexander Löhr]]. These air elements supported ''Generalfeldmarschall'' [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]'s [[Army Group South\|''Heeresgruppe Süd'']] (Army Group South), with the objective of capturing Ukraine and its capital [[Kiev]].{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|2002\|p=133}} ==Summary of career== ===Aerial victory claims=== According to Obermaier, Hahn was credited with 34 aerial victories claimed in over 300 combat missions. This figure includes 19 claims on the Eastern Front and 15 over the [[Allies of World War II\|Western Allies]].{{sfn\|Obermaier\|1989\|p=127}} Mathews and Foreman, authors of ''Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims'', researched the [[German Federal Archives]] and found records for 31 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 19 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 12 on the Western Front.{{sfn\|Mathews\|Foreman\|2015\|p=468}} {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:right; width: 100%;" \|- ! colspan="10" \| Chronicle of aerial victories \|- \| colspan="10" style="text-align: left;" \| {{legend\|#e3d9ff\|This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Hahn did not receive credit.\|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} \|- !scope="col"\| Claim !scope="col"\| Date !scope="col"\| Time !scope="col" width="100px"\| Type !scope="col"\| Location !scope="col" style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| Claim !scope="col"\| Date !scope="col"\| Time !scope="col" width="100px"\| Type !scope="col"\| Location \|- ! colspan="10" \| – 8. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 53 –{{sfn\|Mathews\|Foreman\|2015\|p=468}}<br /><small>"Phoney War" — 26 September 1939 – 9 May 1940</small> \|- \| 1 \| 22 December 1939 \| 15:05 \| [[Hawker Hurricane\|Hurricane]] \| {{Convert\|15\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Metz]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2001a\|p=406}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| \| \| \| \| \|- ! colspan="10" \| – 8. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 53 –{{sfn\|Mathews\|Foreman\|2015\|p=468}}<br /><small>Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940</small> \|- \| 2 \| 21 May 1940 \| 19:10 \| [[Lioré et Olivier LeO 45\|LeO 451]] \| [[Châlons-en-Champagne\|Châlons]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2001b\|p=355}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 4 \| 31 May 1940 \| 19:08 \| [[Curtiss P-36 Hawk\|Curtiss]] \| [[Abbeville]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2001b\|p=355}} \|- \| style="background:#e3d9ff;" \| {{Center\|—}} \| 21 May 1940 \| {{Center\|—}} \| [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406\|M.S.406]] \| east of [[Paris]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2001b\|p=355}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 5 \| 3 June 1940 \| 14:35 \| Hurricane \| Paris{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2001b\|p=355}} \|- \| style="background:#e3d9ff;" \| {{Center\|—}} \| 21 May 1940 \| {{Center\|—}} \| Curtiss \| east of Paris{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2001b\|p=355}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#e3d9ff;" \| {{Center\|—}} \| 3 June 1940 \| {{Center\|—}} \| M.S.406 \| Paris{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2001b\|p=356}} \|- \| 3 \| 24 May 1940 \| 18:15 \| Curtiss{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2001b\|p=355}} \| \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 6 \| 7 June 1940 \| 16:53 \| M.S.406 \| [[Compiègne]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2001b\|p=356}} \|- ! colspan="10" \| – 8. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 53 –{{sfn\|Mathews\|Foreman\|2015\|p=468}}<br /><small>Battle of Britain and on the English Channel — 26 June – 26 August 1940</small> \|- \| 7 \| 25 August 1940 \| 18:27 \| [[Supermarine Spitfire\|Spitfire]] \| {{Convert\|10\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} east of [[Isle of Portland\|Portland]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2002b\|p=266}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| \| \| \| \| \|- ! colspan="10" \| – ''Stab'' I. ''Gruppe'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 3 –{{sfn\|Mathews\|Foreman\|2015\|p=468}}<br /><small>Battle of Britain and on the English Channel — 27 August 1940 – 9 June 1941</small> \|- \| 8 \| 5 September 1940 \| {{Center\|—}} \| Spitfire \| vicinity of [[London]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2002a\|p=188}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 11 \| 7 October 1940 \| {{Center\|—}} \| Hurricane \| [[Thames Estuary]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2002a\|p=188}} \|- \| 9 \| 15 September 1940 \| {{Center\|—}} \| Spitfire \| north of London{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2002a\|p=188}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 12 \| 10 January 1941 \| 14:35 \| [[Bristol Blenheim\|Blenheim]] \| {{Convert\|25\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium\|Nieuwpoort]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2002a\|p=188}} \|- \| 10 \| 7 October 1940 \| {{Center\|—}} \| Hurricane \| Thames Estuary{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2002a\|p=188}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| \| \| \| \| \|- ! colspan="10" \| – ''Stab'' I. ''Gruppe'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 3 –{{sfn\|Mathews\|Foreman\|2015\|p=468}}<br /><small>Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 16 September 1941</small> \|- \| 13 \| 25 June 1941 \| 15:10 \| [[Polikarpov I-153\|I-153]] \| {{Convert\|20\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Dubno]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=74}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 23 \| 10 July 1941 \| 15:15 \| [[Tupolev SB\|SB-2]] \| {{Convert\|4\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} south of Barbolok{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=78}} \|- \| 14 \| 26 June 1941 \| 06:10 \| [[Ilyushin DB-3\|DB-3]] \| northeast of [[Brody]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=74}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 24 \| 12 July 1941 \| 14:55 \| DB-3 \| {{Convert\|15\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} east of [[Zhytomyr]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=79}} \|- \| 15 \| 26 June 1941 \| 06:15 \| DB-3 \| northeast of Brody{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=74}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 25 \| 14 July 1941 \| 14:30 \| DB-3 \| {{Convert\|30\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Berdychiv]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=79}} \|- \| 16 \| 26 June 1941 \| 14:20 \| SB-2 \| Szczurowcze{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=74}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 26 \| 14 July 1941 \| 14:31 \| DB-3 \| {{Convert\|30\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} southwest of Berdychiv{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=79}} \|- \| 17 \| 29 June 1941 \| 15:00 \| I-153 \| {{Convert\|12\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} west of Brody{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=75}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 27 \| 14 July 1941 \| 14:32 \| DB-3 \| {{Convert\|30\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} southwest of Berdychiv{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=79}} \|- \| 18 \| 29 June 1941 \| 15:05 \| I-153 \| {{Convert\|12\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} west of Brody{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=75}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 28 \| 11 August 1941 \| 06:45 \| SB-2 \| {{Convert\|6\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} southeast of Wihenkij{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=79}} \|- \| 19 \| 5 July 1941 \| 11:45 \| [[Petlyakov Pe-2\|Pe-2]] \| northwest of Gudnow{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=77}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 29 \| 11 August 1941 \| 06:48 \| SB-2 \| {{Convert\|6\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} west of [[Boryspil]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=79}} \|- \| 20 \| 6 July 1941 \| 15:40 \| DB-3 \| southeast of [[Shepetivka]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=77}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 30 \| 14 August 1941 \| 12:50 \| I-16 \| {{Convert\|10\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Kaniv]]{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=80}} \|- \| 21 \| 6 July 1941 \| 15:45 \| DB-3 \| southeast of Shepetivka{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=77}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| 31 \| 16 August 1941 \| 10:00 \| I-17 ([[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1\|MiG-1]]) \| {{Convert\|3\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} southwest of Kaniv{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=80}} \|- \| 22 \| 10 July 1941 \| 15:10 \| I-17 (MiG-1) \| {{Convert\|10\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} south of Kurin{{sfn\|Prien\|Stemmer\|Rodeike\|Bock\|2003\|p=78}} \| style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" \| \| \| \| \| \|} ===Awards=== * [[Iron Cross]] (1939) 2nd and 1st Class{{sfn\|Dixon\|2023\|pp=74–75}} * [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] on 9 July 1941 as ''[[Hauptmann]]'' and ''[[Gruppenkommandeur]]'' of the I./''Jagdgeschwader'' 3{{sfn\|Fellgiebel\|2000\|p=211}}{{sfn\|Scherzer\|2007\|p=361}} ==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist\|25em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin\|30em}} * {{Cite book \|last=Dixon \|first=Jeremy \|year=2023 \|title=Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942 \|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]] \|isbn=978-1-52677-864-2 }} * {{Cite book \|last=Fellgiebel \|first=Walther-Peer \|author-link=:de:Walther-Peer Fellgiebel \|year=2000 \|orig-date=1986 \|title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile \|trans-title=The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches \|language=de \|location=Friedberg, Germany \|publisher=Podzun-Pallas \|isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6 }} * {{Cite book \|last1=Mathews \|first1=Andrew Johannes \|last2=Foreman \|first2=John \|year=2015 \|title=Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L \|location=Walton on Thames \|publisher=Red Kite \|isbn=978-1-906592-19-6 }} * {{Cite book \|last=Obermaier \|first=Ernst \|year=1989 \|title=Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 \|trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945 \|language=German \|location=Mainz, Germany \|publisher=Verlag Dieter Hoffmann \|isbn=978-3-87341-065-7 }} * {{Cite book \|last=Page \|first=Neil \|year=2020 \|title=Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe 1939–42 \|location=Philadelphia, PA \|publisher=[[Casemate Publishers]] \|isbn=978-1-61200-849-3 }} * {{Cite book \|last1=Prien \|first1=Jochen \|last2=Stemmer \|first2=Gerhard \|year=2002 \|title=Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" in WWII: Stab and I./JG 3 in Action with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 \|location=Atglen, Pennsylvania \|publisher=[[Schiffer Publishing]] \|isbn=978-0-7643-1681-4 }} * {{Cite book \|last1=Prien \|first1=Jochen \|last2=Stemmer \|first2=Gerhard \|last3=Rodeike \|first3=Peter \|last4=Bock \|first4=Winfried \|year=2001a \|title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 2—Der "Sitzkrieg"—1.9.1939 bis 9.5.1941 \|trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 2—The "Phoney War"—1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940 \|language=de \|location=Eutin, Germany \|publisher=Struve-Druck \|isbn=978-3-923457-59-5 }} * {{Cite book \|last1=Prien \|first1=Jochen \|last2=Stemmer \|first2=Gerhard \|last3=Rodeike \|first3=Peter \|last4=Bock \|first4=Winfried \|year=2001b \|title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940 \|trans-title=Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940 \|language=de \|publisher=Struve-Druck \|isbn=978-3-923457-61-8 }} * {{Cite book \|last1=Prien \|first1=Jochen \|last2=Stemmer \|first2=Gerhard \|last3=Rodeike \|first3=Peter \|last4=Bock \|first4=Winfried \|year=2002a \|title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/I—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26 June 1940 bis 21 June 1941 \|trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/I—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941 \|language=German \|location=Eutin, Germany \|publisher=Struve-Druck \|isbn=978-3-923457-63-2 }} * {{Cite book \|last1=Prien \|first1=Jochen \|last2=Stemmer \|first2=Gerhard \|last3=Rodeike \|first3=Peter \|last4=Bock \|first4=Winfried \|year=2002b \|title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 \|trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941 \|language=de \|location=Eutin, Germany \|publisher=Struve-Druck \|isbn=978-3-923457-64-9 }} * {{Cite book \|last1=Prien \|first1=Jochen \|last2=Stemmer \|first2=Gerhard \|last3=Rodeike \|first3=Peter \|last4=Bock \|first4=Winfried \|year=2003 \|title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 \|trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941 \|language=de \|location=Eutin, Germany \|publisher=Struve-Druck \|isbn=978-3-923457-69-4 }} * {{Cite book \|last=Scherzer \|first=Veit \|year=2007 \|title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives \|trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives \|language=de \|location=Jena, Germany \|publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag \|isbn=978-3-938845-17-2 }} {{Refend}} ==External links== *[http://www.luftwaffe.cz/hahn3.html Aces of the Luftwaffe] {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{succession box\| before=Oberleutnant [[Lothar Keller]]\| after=Hauptmann [[Georg Michalek]]\| title=Commander of I. [[Jagdgeschwader 3]]\| years=27 August 1940 – 1 March 1942 }} {{succession box\| before=None\| after=Oberleutnant [[Detlev Rohwer]]\| title=Commander of II. [[Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War II)\|Jagdgeschwader 1]]\| years=15 January 1942 – June 1942 }} {{succession box\| before=[[Herbert Ihlefeld]]\| after=None\| title=Commander of [[Jagdgeschwader 103]]\| years=21 July 1943 – 15 March 1945 }} {{succession box\| before=Oberst [[Eduard Neumann (fighter pilot)\|Eduard Neumann]]\| after=None\| title=Commander of [[Jagdfliegerführer Oberitalien]]\| years=April 1945 – 8 May 1945 }} {{s-end}} {{Knight's Cross recipients of JG 3}} {{Subject bar \| portal1=Aviation \| portal2=Biography }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn, Hans Von}} [[Category:1914 births]] [[Category:1957 deaths]] [[Category:Military personnel from Frankfurt]] [[Category:Military personnel from Hesse-Nassau]] [[Category:German World War II flying aces]] [[Category:Luftwaffe pilots]] [[Category:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]]	1,303,515,720	[{"title": "Hans von Hahn", "data": {"Born": "7 August 1914 \u00b7 Frankfurt am Main, German Empire", "Died": "5 November 1957 (aged 43) \u00b7 Frankfurt am Main, West Germany", "Allegiance": "Nazi Germany", "Branch": "Kriegsmarine (1934\u20131935) \u00b7 Luftwaffe (1935\u20131945)", "Years of service": "1934\u201345", "Rank": "Hauptmann (captain)", "Unit": "JG 53, JG 3, JG 1, JG 103 \u00b7 Jagdfliegerf\u00fchrer Oberitalien", "Commands": "I./JG 3, II./JG 1, JG 103 \u00b7 Jagdfliegerf\u00fchrer Oberitalien", "Battles / wars": "See battles World War II - Battle of France - Battle of Britain - Operation Barbarossa - Defense of the Reich", "Awards": "Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross"}}]	false
# Paraquat Paraquat (trivial name; /ˈpærəkwɒt/), or N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (systematic name), also known as methyl viologen, is a toxic organic compound with the chemical formula [(C6H7N)2]Cl2. It is classified as a viologen, a family of redox-active heterocycles of similar structure. It is one of the most widely used herbicides worldwide. It is quick-acting and non-selective, killing green plant tissue on contact. Paraquat is highly toxic to humans and other animals. The toxicity and lethality depends on the dose and how the herbicide is absorbed by the body. In humans, paraquat damages the mouth, stomach, and intestines if it is ingested orally. Once absorbed in the body, paraquat causes particular damage to the lungs, kidneys, and liver. Paraquat's lethality is attributed to its enhancing production of superoxide anions and human lung cells can accumulate paraquat. Paraquat exposure has been strongly linked to the development of Parkinson's disease. Paraquat may be in the form of salt with chloride or other anions; quantities of the substance are sometimes expressed by cation mass alone (paraquat cation, paraquat ion). The name is derived from the para positions of the quaternary nitrogens. ## Production and redox reactions Pyridine is coupled by treatment with sodium in ammonia followed by oxidation to give 4,4′-bipyridine. This chemical is then dimethylated with chloromethane (its discoverers Austrian chemist Hugo Weidel and his student M. Russo used iodomethane) to give the final product as the dichloride salt. Use of other methylating agents gives the bispyridinium with alternate counterions. For example, Hugo Weidel's original synthesis used methyl iodide to produce the diiodide. ## Herbicide use Although first synthesized by Weidel and Russo in 1882, paraquat's herbicidal properties were not recognized until 1955 in the Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) laboratories at Jealott's Hill, Berkshire, England. Paraquat was first manufactured and sold by ICI in early 1962 under the trade name Gramoxone, and is today among the most commonly used herbicides. Paraquat is classified as a non-selective contact herbicide. The key characteristics that distinguish it from other agents used in plant protection products are: - It kills a wide range of annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds and the tips of established perennial weeds. - It is very fast-acting. - It is rain-fast within minutes of application. - It is partially inactivated upon contact with soil.[13][14] These properties led to paraquat being used in the development of no-till farming. The European Union approved the use of paraquat in 2004 but Sweden, supported by Denmark, Austria, and Finland, appealed this decision. In 2007, the court annulled the directive authorizing paraquat as an active plant protection substance stating that the 2004 decision was wrong in finding that there were no indications of neurotoxicity associated with paraquat and that the studies about the link between paraquat and Parkinson's disease should have been considered. Thus, paraquat has been banned in the European Union since 2007. China also banned the domestic use of Paraquat in 2017; so followed India, Thailand in 2019 and Brazil, Chile, Malaysia, Peru and Taiwan between 2020 and 2022. In the United States, paraquat is available primarily as a solution in various strengths. It is classified as a restricted use pesticide, which means that it can be used by licensed applicators only. According to an October 2021 estimate, the use of paraquat in US agriculture as mapped by the US Geological Survey showed a doubling from 2013 to 2018, reaching 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) annually, up from 1,054,000 pounds (478,000 kg) in 1974. There is an ongoing international campaign for a global ban, but the cheap and popular paraquat continues to be unrestricted in most developing countries. The Chemical Review Committee (CRC) of the Rotterdam Convention recommended to the Conference of the Parties (COP) paraquat dichloride formulations for inclusion in Annex III to the Convention in 2011. A small group of countries, including India and Guatemala and supported by manufacturers, have since blocked the listing of paraquat as a hazardous chemical for the purposes of the Rotterdam Convention. In Australia, paraquat is used as a herbicide to control annual grasses, broadleaf weeds and ryegrass in crops of Chickpeas, Faba beans, field peas, lupins, lentils and vetch. Aerial spraying is forbidden, as is harvesting within 2 weeks of application in some crops. In India, Paraquat dichloride 24% SL is widely used for broad-spectrum control of weeds on potato, cotton, rubber, wheat, tea, maize, rice, grapes, apple and aquatic weeds. ## Reactivity and mode of action Paraquat is an oxidant that interferes with electron transfer, a process that is common to all life. Addition of one electron gives the radical cation: [paraquat]2+ + e− {\displaystyle {\ce {<=>>}}} [paraquat]•+ The radical cation is also susceptible to further reduction to the neutral [paraquat]0: [paraquat]•+ + e− {\displaystyle {\ce {<=>>}}} [paraquat]0 As an herbicide, paraquat acts by inhibiting photosynthesis. In light-exposed plants, it accepts electrons from photosystem I (more specifically ferredoxin, which is presented with electrons from PS I) and transfers them to molecular oxygen. In this manner, destructive reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced. In forming these reactive oxygen species, the oxidized form of paraquat is regenerated, and is again available to shunt electrons from photosystem I to restart the cycle. This induces necrosis, and unlike with some mechanisms of necrosis, does not produce double-stranded breaks. Target weeds die within 4 days; symptoms can show after as little as a few hours. Paraquat is often used in science to catalyze the formation of ROS, more specifically, the superoxide free radical. Paraquat will undergo redox cycling in vivo, being reduced by an electron donor such as NADPH, before being oxidized by an electron receptor such as dioxygen to produce superoxide, a major ROS. ## Weed resistance management Problems with herbicide resistant weeds may be addressed by applying herbicides with different modes of action, along with cultural methods such as crop rotation, in integrated weed management (IWM) systems. Paraquat, with its distinctive mode of action, is one of few chemical options that can be used to prevent and mitigate problems with weeds that have become resistant to the very widely used non-selective herbicide glyphosate. Paraquat is a Group L (Aus), D (global), 22 (numeric) resistance class herbicide, which it shares with diquat and cyperquat. One example is the "double knock" system used in Australia. Before planting a crop, weeds are sprayed with glyphosate first, then followed seven to ten days later by a paraquat herbicide. Although twice as expensive as using a single glyphosate spray, the "Double Knock" system is widely relied upon by farmers as a resistance management strategy. Nevertheless, herbicide resistance has been seen for both herbicides in a vineyard in Western Australia – though this singular report gives no indication of what regimen was being followed, particularly if the two herbicides were being used in a "double knock" tandem. A computer simulation reported in the scientific journal Weed Research showed that with alternating annual use between glyphosate and paraquat, only one field in five would be expected to have glyphosate-resistant annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) after 30 years, compared to nearly 90% of fields sprayed only with glyphosate. A "Double Knock" regime with paraquat cleaning-up after glyphosate was predicted to keep all fields free of glyphosate resistant ryegrass for at least 30 years. ## Toxicity Paraquat is toxic to humans (Category II) by the oral route and moderately toxic (Category III) through the skin. Pure paraquat, when ingested, is highly toxic to mammals, including humans, causing severe inflammation and potentially leading to severe lung damage (e.g., irreversible pulmonary fibrosis, also known as 'paraquat lung'), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and death. The mortality rate is estimated between 60% and 90%. Paraquat is also toxic when inhaled and is in the Toxicity Category I (the highest of four levels) for acute inhalation effects. For agricultural uses, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that particles used in agricultural practices (400–800 μm) are not in the respirable range. Paraquat also causes moderate to severe irritation of the eye and skin. Diluted paraquat used for spraying is less toxic; thus, the greatest risk of accidental poisoning is during mixing and loading paraquat for use. The standard treatment for paraquat poisoning is first to remove as much as possible by pumping the stomach. Fuller's earth or activated charcoal may also improve outcomes depending on the timing. Haemodialysis, haemofiltration, haemoperfusion, or antioxidant therapy may also be suggested. Immunosuppressive therapy to reduce the inflammation is an approach suggested by some, however only low certainty evidence supports using medications such as glucocorticoids with cyclophosphamide in addition to the standard care to reduce mortality. It is also unknown if adding glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide to the standard care has unwanted side effects such as increasing the risk of infection. Oxygen should not be administered unless SpO2 levels are below 92%, as high concentrations of oxygen intensify the toxic effects. Death may occur up to 30 days after ingestion. Lung injury is a main feature of poisoning. Liver, heart, lung, and kidney failure can occur within several days to weeks that can lead to death up to 30 days after ingestion. Those who suffer large exposures are unlikely to survive. Chronic exposure can lead to lung damage, kidney failure, heart failure, and oesophageal strictures. The mechanism underlying paraquat's toxic damage to humans is still unknown. The severe inflammation is thought to be caused by the generation of highly reactive oxygen species and nitrite species that results in oxidative stress. The oxidative stress may result in mitochondrial toxicity and the induction of apoptosis and lipid peroxidation which may be responsible for the organ damage. It is known that the alveolar epithelial cells of the lung selectively concentrate paraquat. It has been reported that a small dose, even if removed from the stomach or spat out, can still cause death from fibrous tissue developing in the lungs, leading to asphyxiation. Accidental deaths and suicides from paraquat ingestion are relatively common. For example, there are more than 5,000 deaths in China from paraquat poisoning every year in part leading to China's ban in 2017. Long-term exposures to paraquat would most likely cause lung and eye damage, but reproductive/fertility damage was not found by the EPA in their review. ### "Paraquat pot" During the late 1970s, a controversial program sponsored by the US government sprayed paraquat on cannabis fields in Mexico. Following Mexican efforts to eradicate marijuana and poppy fields in 1975, the United States government helped by sending helicopters and other technological assistance. Helicopters were used to spray the herbicides paraquat and 2,4-D on the fields; marijuana contaminated with these substances began to show up in US markets, leading to debate about the program. Whether any injury came about due to the inhalation of paraquat-contaminated marijuana is uncertain. A 1995 study found that "no lung or other injury in cannabis users has ever been attributed to paraquat contamination". Also a United States Environmental Protection Agency manual states: "... toxic effects caused by this mechanism have been either very rare or nonexistent. Most paraquat that contaminates cannabis is pyrolyzed during smoking to dipyridyl, which is a product of combustion of the leaf material itself (including cannabis) and presents little toxic hazard." In a study by Imperial Chemical Industries, rats that inhaled paraquat showed development of squamous metaplasia in their respiratory tracts after a couple of weeks. This study was included in a report given to the State Department by the Mitre Corporation. The U.S. Public Health Service stated that "this study should not be used to calculate the safe inhalation dose of paraquat in humans." ### Use in suicide and murder A large majority (93 percent) of fatalities from paraquat poisoning are suicides, which occur mostly in developing countries. For instance, in Samoa from 1979 to 2001, 70 percent of suicides were by paraquat poisoning. Trinidad and Tobago is particularly well known for its incidence of suicides involving the use of Gramoxone (commercial name of paraquat). In southern Trinidad, particularly in Penal–Debe from 1996 to 1997, 76 percent of suicides were by paraquat, 96 percent of which involved the over-consumption of alcohol such as rum. British fashion celebrity Isabella Blow died by suicide using paraquat in 2007. Paraquat is widely used as a suicide agent in developing countries because it is widely available at low cost. Further, the toxic dose is low (10 mL or 2 teaspoons is enough to kill). Campaigns exist to control or even ban paraquat, and there are moves to restrict its availability by requiring user education and the locking up of paraquat stores. When a 2011 South Korean law completely banned paraquat in the country, death by pesticide plummeted 46%, contributing to the decrease of the overall suicide rate. The indiscriminate paraquat murders, which occurred in Japan in 1985, were carried out using paraquat as a poison. Paraquat was used in the UK in 1981 by a woman who poisoned her husband. American serial killer Steven David Catlin killed two of his wives and his adoptive mother with paraquat between 1976 and 1984. In 2022, a 22-year-old woman, Greeshma Raj, was found guilty of using paraquat for murdering her boyfriend, Sharon Raj, in Kerala, India. ### Parkinson's disease According to the WHO (2022), some of the measures to prevent Parkinson's disease include "banning of pesticides (e.g., paraquat and chlorpyrifos) and chemicals (e.g., trichloroethylene) which have been linked to PD and develop safer alternatives as per WHO guidance" and "accelerate action to reduce levels of and exposure to air pollution, an important risk factor for PD". A 2011 study showed a link between paraquat use and Parkinson's disease in farm workers. A co-author of the paper said that paraquat increases production of certain oxygen derivatives that may harm cellular structures, and that people who used paraquat, or other pesticides with a similar mechanism of action, were more likely to develop Parkinson's. A 2013 meta-analysis published in Neurology found that "exposure to paraquat ... was associated with about a 2-fold increase in risk" of Parkinson's disease. A review in 2021 concluded that the available evidence does not support a causal conclusion. In 2022 and 2023, two reviews from India "decisively demonstrated that paraquat is a substantial stimulant of oxidative stress … and is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD)"; and stated that "From the studies we can consider that PQ and MB with its combined effects has tremendous contribution towards neurodegeneration in PD." In the UK, the use of paraquat was banned in 2007, but the manufacture and export of the herbicide is still permitted. In April 2022, the BBC reported that some UK farmers had called for a ban on British production of paraquat, and stated that "There is no scientific consensus and many conflicting studies on any possible association between Paraquat and Parkinson's". In the US, a class action lawsuit against Syngenta is ongoing; the company rejects the claims but has paid £187.5 million into a settlement fund. As of August 2024, more than 5,700 cases against Syngenta (manufacturer of Gramoxone) and Chevron (the former distributor) are pending in the paraquat multidistrict litigation in the US; the first of 10 bellwether trials will start in 2024. On April 15, 2025, attorneys representing plaintiffs in the multidistrict litigation entered into a settlement agreement. The settlement came as the first bellwether trial was six months away. In August 2024, the British Columbia Supreme Court certified a class-action lawsuit against Syngenta on behalf of at least two plaintiffs who were diagnosed with Parkinson's after exposure to paraquat. According to the NIEHS, pesticide exposure has consistently been associated with the onset of Parkinson's disease. - A 17-year long, NIEHS-funded study of the links between Parkinson's disease, environment, and genes shows that some pesticides, including paraquat, maneb, ziram, benomyl, and several organophosphate pesticides, including diazinon and chlorpyrifos, contribute to Parkinson's disease onset and progression.[74] - People with Parkinson's disease who are exposed to a high level of ten different active ingredients in agricultural pesticides may see their motor and non-motor symptoms progress faster compared with those who are not, a 2022 study found.[74] - Other NIEHS research found that people who occupationally used two pesticides, rotenone or paraquat, developed Parkinson's disease 2.5 times more often than non-users.[74] - In addition, people exposed to pesticides in the home or garden may face a greater chance of developing Parkinson's disease.[74] - Pesticides may directly or indirectly disrupt the biological pathways that normally protect dopaminergic neurons, the brain cells selectively attacked by the disease.[74] - Some pesticides, like rotenone, can directly block the function of mitochondria, the structures that create energy to run the cell. NIEHS researchers showed in mice that disrupting mitochondria through exposure to rotenone early in development changed the epigenome—the chemical tags that turn genes on and off—in ways that persisted throughout life.[74] - Other pesticides, like paraquat, have been found to increase production of free radicals that can damage cells.[74] Some people are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of pesticides because of their age or genetic makeup. - Many studies identified genetic variations that provide insight into why certain people appear to be at higher risk of developing Parkinson's.[74] - Using data from a NIEHS-conducted agricultural health study, researchers found that Parkinson's risk from paraquat use was particularly high in people with a particular variant of a gene known as GSTT1.[74] - Similarly, other research has indicated that people with lower levels of the PON1 gene, which is important for the metabolism of organophosphate pesticides, showed faster progression of the disease.[74] Further research into links between preventable exposures and Parkinson's disease, as well as preventative therapies, could help reduce the incidence of the disease. For example, using protective gloves and other hygiene practices reduced the risk of Parkinson's disease among farmers using paraquat, permethrin, and trifluralin.	enwiki/1065741	enwiki	1,065,741	Paraquat	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraquat	2025-08-17T06:53:18	en	Q409669	363,852	{{short description\|Chemical compound used as an herbicide}} {{about\|the herbicide\|the British military operation to recapture South Georgia Island during the Falklands War\|Operation Paraquet}} {{chembox \| ImageFile = Paraquat-3D-balls.png \| ImageSize = \| ImageFile1 = Paraquat.svg \| ImageSize1 = \| PIN = 1,1′-Dimethyl[4,4′-bipyridine]-1,1′-diium dichloride \| OtherNames = Paraquat dichloride; Methyl viologen dichloride; MVCl<sub>2</sub>; Crisquat; Dexuron; Esgram; Gramuron; Ortho Paraquat CL; Para-col; Pillarxone; Tota-col; Toxer Total; PP148; Cyclone; Gramixel; Gramoxone; Pathclear; AH 501; Bai Cao Ku. \|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers \| IUPHAR_ligand = 4552 \| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite\|correct\|chemspider}} \| ChemSpiderID = 15146 \| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite\|correct\|FDA}} \| UNII = 2KZ83GSS73 \| InChI1 = 1/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;21H/q+2;;/p-2 \| InChIKey1 = FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-NUQVWONBAF \| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite\|correct\|EBI}} \| ChEMBL = 458019 \| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite\|correct\|chemspider}} \| StdInChI = 1S/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;21H/q+2;;/p-2 \| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite\|correct\|chemspider}} \| StdInChIKey = FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L \| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite\|correct\|CAS}} \| CASNo = 1910-42-5 \| PubChem = 15938 \| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite\|correct\|EBI}} \| ChEBI = 28786 \| SMILES = C[n+]1ccc(cc1)c2cc[n+](cc2)C.[Cl-].[Cl-] \| InChI =1/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;21H/q+2;;/p-2/fC12H14N2.2Cl/h;21h/qm;2-1 }} \|Section2={{Chembox Properties \| C=12 \| H=14 \| Cl=2 \| N=2 \| Appearance = Yellow solid<ref name=PGCH/> \| Odor = faint, ammonia-like<ref name=PGCH/> \| Density = 1.25 g/cm<sup>3</sup> \| MeltingPtC = 175 to 180 \| MeltingPt_ref = <ref name=ipcs>{{cite web \| title = Paraquat dichloride \| date = October 2001 \| url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0005.htm \| publisher = International Programme on Chemical Safety \| access-date = 2007-09-06 \| archive-date = 2010-12-19 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101219021327/http://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0005.htm \| url-status = live }}</ref> \| BoilingPt= > \| BoilingPtC = 300 \| BoilingPt_ref = <ref name = ipcs/> \| Solubility = High \| VaporPressure = <{{val\|0.0000001\|u=mmHg}} (20 °C)<ref name=PGCH/> }} \|Section3={{Chembox Hazards \| MainHazards = Toxic, environmental hazard \| GHSPictograms = {{GHS06}} {{GHS08}} {{GHS09}} \| HPhrases = {{H-phrases\|301\|311\|315\|319\|330\|335\|372\|410}}<ref name="sigma">{{Sigma-Aldrich\|sial\|id=m2254\|name=1,1′-Dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride hydrate\|accessdate=2015-03-29}}</ref> \| PPhrases = {{P-phrases\|260\|273\|280\|284\|301+310\|305+351+338}} \| ExternalSDS =[http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=GB&language=en&productNumber=856177&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F856177%3Flang%3Den Aldrich MSDS] \| FlashPt = \| AutoignitionPt = \| PEL = TWA 0.5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (resp) [skin]<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH\|0478}}</ref> \| IDLH = 1 mg/m<sup>3</sup><ref name=PGCH/> \| LC50 = 3 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (mouse, 30 min respirable dust)<br />3 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (guinea pig, 30 min respirable dust)<ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH\|1910425\|Paraquat}}</ref> \| LD50 = 57 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br />120 mg/kg (mouse, oral)<br />25 mg/kg (dog, oral)<br />22 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)<ref name=IDLH/> \| REL = TWA 0.1 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (resp) [skin]<ref name=PGCH/> \| LCLo = 1 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (rat, respirable dust, 6 h)<br />6400 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (rat, nonrespirable dust, 4 h)<ref name=IDLH/> }} }} '''Paraquat''' ([[trivial name]]; {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|p\|ær\|ə\|k\|w\|ɒ\|t}}), or '''''N'',''N''′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride''' ([[systematic name]]), also known as '''methyl viologen''', is a toxic [[organic compound]] with the [[chemical formula]] [(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>]Cl<sub>2</sub>. It is classified as a [[viologen]], a family of [[redox]]-active heterocycles of similar structure.<ref>In 1932, the German-American chemist [[Leonor Michaelis]] (1875–1949) named paraquat "methyl viologen" and used it as an indicator in redox reactions. See: {{cite journal \|last1=Michaelis \|first1=L. \|title=Ein Reduktions-Indikator im Potentialbereich der Wasserstoffüberspannung \|journal=Biochemische Zeitschrift \|date=1932 \|volume=250 \|pages=564–567 \|trans-title=A reduction indicator in the voltage range of hydrogen overpotential \|language=de}} * See also: {{cite journal \|last1=Michaelis \|first1=L. \|last2=Hill \|first2=Edgar S. \|title=The viologen indicators \|journal=The Journal of General Physiology \|date=1933 \|volume=16 \|issue=6 \|pages=859–873 \|doi=10.1085/jgp.16.6.859 \|pmid=19872744 \|pmc=2141252 \|url=http://jgp.rupress.org/content/jgp/16/6/859.full.pdf \|access-date=2019-08-16 \|archive-date=2019-08-16 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816193842/http://jgp.rupress.org/content/jgp/16/6/859.full.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the most widely used [[herbicide]]s worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-05-16 \|title=CDC {{!}} Facts about Paraquat \|url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp \|access-date=2024-10-28 \|website=emergency.cdc.gov \|language=en-us}}</ref> It is quick-acting and non-selective, killing green plant tissue on contact. Paraquat is highly toxic to humans and other animals. The toxicity and lethality depends on the dose and how the herbicide is absorbed by the body. In humans, paraquat damages the mouth, stomach, and intestines if it is ingested orally.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web \|date=2019-05-16 \|title=CDC {{!}} Facts about Paraquat \|url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp#:~:text=Paraquat%20causes%20direct%20damage%20when,lungs,%20liver,%20and%20kidneys \|access-date=2024-11-18 \|website=emergency.cdc.gov \|language=en-us}}</ref> Once absorbed in the body, paraquat causes particular damage to the lungs, kidneys, and liver.<ref name=":4" /> Paraquat's lethality is attributed to its enhancing production of [[superoxide]] anions and human lung cells can accumulate paraquat. Paraquat exposure has been strongly linked to the development of [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="Kamel2013">{{Cite journal \| last1 = Kamel \| first1 = F. \| title = Paths from Pesticides to Parkinson's \| doi = 10.1126/science.1243619 \| journal = Science \| volume = 341 \| issue = 6147 \| pages = 722–723 \| year = 2013 \| pmid = 23950519 \| bibcode = 2013Sci...341..722K \| s2cid = 11119082 \| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1230928 \| access-date = 2018-09-13 \| archive-date = 2018-11-27 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234241/https://zenodo.org/record/1230928 \| url-status = live }}</ref> Paraquat may be in the form of [[salt (chemistry)\|salt]] with [[chloride]] or other [[anions]]; quantities of the substance are sometimes expressed by cation mass alone (paraquat cation, paraquat ion). The name is derived from the ''[[arene substitution pattern\|para]]'' positions of the [[quaternary ammonium cation\|''quaternary'']] nitrogens. ==Production and redox reactions== [[Pyridine]] is coupled by treatment with [[sodium]] in [[ammonia]] followed by oxidation to give [[4,4'-Bipyridine\|4,4′-bipyridine]]. This chemical is then di[[methylated]] with [[chloromethane]] (its discoverers Austrian chemist [[Hugo Weidel]] and his student M. Russo used [[iodomethane]]) to give the final product as the dichloride salt.<ref>{{cite web \| title = Paraquat and Diquat \| publisher = [[IPCS INCHEM]] \| url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc39.htm \| access-date = 2009-02-03 \| archive-date = 2018-10-06 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181006030023/http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc39.htm \| url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Synthesis of paraquat.png\|400px]] Use of other methylating agents gives the bispyridinium with alternate [[counterion]]s. For example, [[Hugo Weidel]]'s original synthesis used [[methyl iodide]] to produce the di[[iodide]].<ref name="Weidel1882"/> ==Herbicide use== Although first synthesized by Weidel and Russo in 1882,<ref name="Weidel1882">{{cite journal \|last1=Weidel \|first1=H. \|author-link1=Hugo Weidel \|last2=Russo \|first2=M. \|title=Studien über das Pyridin \|journal=Monatshefte für Chemie \|date=1882 \|volume=3 \|pages=850–885 \|doi=10.1007/BF01516855 \|s2cid=97065714 \|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112025861714&view=1up&seq=866 \|trans-title=Studies of pyridine \|language=de \|access-date=2019-08-13 \|archive-date=2021-07-04 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704235810/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112025861714&view=1up&seq=866 \|url-status=live \|url-access=subscription }} The Austrian chemist [[Hugo Weidel]] and his student M. Russo synthesized the [[iodide]] salt of paraquat (which they called ''Dimethyldipyridyljodid'') by reacting [[4,4'-bipyridine]] (''γ-Dipyridyl'') with [[methyl iodide]] (''Jodmethyl''). The synthesis is described on pages 863–864 and the molecule's structure is proposed on p. 867.</ref> paraquat's herbicidal properties were not recognized until 1955 in the [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] (ICI) laboratories at [[Jealott's Hill]], Berkshire, England.<ref name=JH50>{{Cite book \|title=Jealott's Hill: Fifty years of Agricultural Research 1928-1978 \|editor-first=F.C. \|editor-last1=Peacock \|last=Calderbank \|first=A. \|display-authors=etal \|chapter=Chapter 9: Bipyridylium herbicides \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jealottshillfift0000peac/page/67 67]–86 \|publisher=Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. \|year=1978 \|isbn=0901747017 \|url=https://archive.org/details/jealottshillfift0000peac \|url-access=registration }}</ref><ref name="PesticideOnline1">{{cite journal\|journal=Pesticides News\|title=Paraquat\|volume=32\|year=1996\|pages=20–21}}</ref> Paraquat was first manufactured and sold by ICI in early 1962 under the [[trade name]] '''Gramoxone''', and is today among the most commonly used herbicides. Paraquat is classified as a non-selective contact herbicide. The key characteristics that distinguish it from other agents used in plant protection products are: It kills a wide range of annual [[grass]]es and broad-leaved weeds and the tips of established perennial weeds. It is very fast-acting. It is [[wikt:rainfast\|rain-fast]] within minutes of application. It is partially inactivated upon contact with soil.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Coats \|first1=G. E. \| first2=H. H. Jr. \| last2=Funderburk \|first3=J. M. \|last3=Lawrence \|first4=D. E. \|last4=Davis\|title=Factors Affecting Persistence and Inactivation of Diquat and Paraquat\|journal=Weed Research\|date=28 July 2006\|volume=6\|issue=1\|pages=58–66\|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3180.1966.tb00867.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author = Revkin, A. C. \| year = 1983 \| title = Paraquat: A potent weed killer is killing people \| journal = Science Digest \| volume = 91 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 36–38}}</ref> These properties led to paraquat being used in the development of [[no-till farming]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author1=Hood A. E. M. \|author2=Jameson H. R. \|author3=Cotterell R. \| year = 1963 \| title = This technique involved destruction of pastures by herbicides such as paraquat as a substitute for ploughing \| journal = Nature \| volume = 197 \| issue = 4869\| page = 381 \|doi=10.1038/197748a0 \|s2cid=31392210 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Hood \|first=A. E. M. \|date=December 1965\|title=Ploughless Farming Using 'GRAMOXONE' \|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003072706500400604 \|journal=Outlook on Agriculture \|language=en \|volume=4 \|issue=6 \|pages=286–294 \|doi=10.1177/003072706500400604 \|bibcode=1965OutAg...4..286H \|issn=0030-7270\|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine \|last1=Huggins \|first1=David R. \|last2=Reganold \|first2=John P. \|date=July 2008 \|title=No-Till: The Quiet Revolution \|url=https://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/scientificamerican0708-70 \|magazine=Scientific American \|pages=70–77 \|volume=299 \|issue=1 \|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0708-70 \|issn=0036-8733}}</ref> The European Union approved the use of paraquat in 2004 but Sweden, supported by Denmark, Austria, and Finland, appealed this decision. In 2007, the court annulled the directive authorizing paraquat as an active plant protection substance stating that the 2004 decision was wrong in finding that there were no indications of neurotoxicity associated with paraquat and that the studies about the link between paraquat and [[Parkinson's disease]] should have been considered.<ref name="press release">Court of first instance of the European Communities, [http://curia.europa.eu/en/actu/communiques/cp07/aff/cp070045en.pdf Press Release No° 45/07] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929010722/http://curia.europa.eu/en/actu/communiques/cp07/aff/cp070045en.pdf \|date=2011-09-29 }}</ref> Thus, paraquat has been banned in the European Union since 2007.<ref name="press release" /> China also banned the domestic use of Paraquat in 2017; so followed India,<ref>https://ppqs.gov.in/sites/default/files/list_of_pesticides_which_are_banned_refused_registration_and_restricted_in_use_0.pdf{{Dead link \| date=June 2025 \| fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Thailand in 2019 and Brazil, Chile, Malaysia, Peru and Taiwan between 2020 and 2022.<ref name=":3" /> [[File:Paraquat use USA.png\|thumb\|left\|USGS estimate of paraquat use in the US to 2018]] In the United States, paraquat is available primarily as a solution in various strengths. It is classified as a [[restricted use pesticide]], which means that it can be used by licensed applicators only. According to an October 2021 estimate, the use of paraquat in US agriculture as mapped by the US Geological Survey showed a doubling from 2013 to 2018, reaching {{convert\|10000000\|lb\|kg}} annually,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2018&map=PARAQUAT&hilo=L&disp=Paraquat \|title=Estimated Agricultural Use for paraquat, 2018 \|author=US Geological Survey \|date=2021-10-12 \|access-date=2022-01-17 \|archive-date=2022-01-18 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182424/https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2018&map=PARAQUAT&hilo=L&disp=Paraquat \|url-status=live }}</ref> up from {{convert\|1,054,000\|lb\|kg}} in 1974.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Pesticide Usage Survey of Agricultural, Governmental, and Industrial Sectors in the United States, 1974 \|url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=91012P4O.txt \|website=epa.gov \|publisher=EPA \|date=1977}}</ref> There is an ongoing international campaign for a global ban, but the cheap and popular paraquat continues to be unrestricted in most developing countries.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Wesseling \|first1=C \|last2=Corriols \|first2=M \|last3=Bravo \|first3=V \|date=2005-09-01 \|title=Acute pesticide poisoning and pesticide registration in Central America \|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041008X05003558 \|journal=Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology \|language=en \|volume=207 \|issue=2 \|pages=697–705 \|doi=10.1016/j.taap.2005.03.033\|pmid=16153991 \|bibcode=2005ToxAP.207..697W \|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Chemical Review Committee (CRC) of the [[Rotterdam Convention]] recommended to the Conference of the Parties (COP) paraquat dichloride formulations for inclusion in Annex III to the Convention in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Paraquat dichloride formulations \|url=https://www.pic.int/TheConvention/Chemicals/Recommendedforlisting/Paraquatdichloride/tabid/2396/ \|access-date=2023-10-19 \|website=www.pic.int}}</ref> A small group of countries, including India and Guatemala and supported by manufacturers, have since blocked the listing of paraquat as a hazardous chemical for the purposes of the Rotterdam Convention.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Hakim\|first1=Danny\|title=This Pesticide Is Prohibited in Britain. Why Is It Still Being Exported?\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/20/business/paraquat-weed-killer-pesticide.html\|access-date=21 December 2016\|work=New York Times\|date=20 December 2016\|archive-date=14 December 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214022238/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/20/business/paraquat-weed-killer-pesticide.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> In Australia, paraquat is used as a herbicide to control annual grasses, broadleaf weeds and [[Lolium\|ryegrass]] in crops of [[Chickpea]]s, [[Faba beans]], [[Pea\|field peas]], [[Lupinus\|lupins]], [[lentil]]s and [[Vicia\|vetch]]. Aerial spraying is forbidden, as is harvesting within 2 weeks of application in some crops.<ref name="4farmers infosheet">{{cite web \|title=4Farmers Australia Paraquat 250/300 Leaflet \|url=https://4farmers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Paraquat-250-300.pdf \|website=www.4farmers.com.au \|publisher=4Farmers Australia \|access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref> In India, Paraquat dichloride 24% SL is widely used for broad-spectrum control of weeds on potato, cotton, rubber, wheat, tea, maize, rice, grapes, apple and aquatic weeds.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Major Uses of Pesticides {{!}} Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage {{!}} GOI \|url=https://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/cib-rc/major-uses-of-pesticides \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815162315/https://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/cib-rc/major-uses-of-pesticides \|archive-date=2024-08-15 \|access-date=2025-03-12 \|website=ppqs.gov.in \|language=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> {{anchor\|Mode of action}} ==Reactivity and mode of action== [[File:PquatRedox.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|Paraquat, the [[dication]] on the left, functions as an electron acceptor, disrupting respiration in plants by forming the monocation at the center.<ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1021/jo00300a033 \|title=Isolation and Oxidation-Reduction of Methylviologen Cation Radicals. Novel Disproportionation in Charge-Transfer Salts by X-Ray Crystallography \|date=1990 \|last1=Bockman \|first1=T. M. \|last2=Kochi \|first2=J. K. \|journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry \|volume=55 \|issue=13 \|pages=4127–4135 }}</ref>]] Paraquat is an oxidant that interferes with [[electron transfer]], a process that is common to all life. Addition of one electron gives the radical cation: : [paraquat]<sup>2+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> {{EqmR}} [paraquat]<sup>•+</sup> The radical cation is also susceptible to further reduction to the neutral [paraquat]<sup>0</sup>:<ref>{{cite journal \|author1=Bockman T. M. \|author2=Kochi J. K. \| year = 1990 \| title = Isolation and oxidation-reduction of methylviologen cation radicals. Novel disproportionation in charge-transfer salts by X-ray crystallography \| journal = J. Org. Chem. \| volume = 55 \| issue = 13\| pages = 4127–4135 \| doi = 10.1021/jo00300a033 }}</ref> : [paraquat]<sup>•+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> {{EqmR}} [paraquat]<sup>0</sup> As an herbicide, paraquat acts by inhibiting photosynthesis. In light-exposed plants, it accepts electrons from [[photosystem I]] (more specifically [[ferredoxin]], which is presented with electrons from PS I) and transfers them to molecular oxygen. In this manner, destructive [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS) are produced. In forming these reactive oxygen species, the oxidized form of paraquat is regenerated, and is again available to shunt electrons from photosystem I to restart the cycle.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Summers \|first=L. A. (Lindsay Anderson) \|url=https://archive.org/details/bipyridiniumherb0000summ \|title=The bipyridinium herbicides \|date=1980 \|publisher=London; New York : Academic Press \|isbn=978-0-12-676450-5}}</ref> This induces [[necrosis]], and unlike with some mechanisms of necrosis, does not produce [[double-stranded break]]s.<ref name="Hu-et-al-2016">{{cite journal \| last1=Hu \| first1=Zhubing \| last2=Cools \| first2=Toon \| last3=De Veylder \| first3=Lieven \| title=Mechanisms Used by Plants to Cope with DNA Damage \| journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] \| publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)\|Annual Reviews]] \| volume=67 \| issue=1 \| date=2016-04-29 \| issn=1543-5008 \| doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111902 \| pages=439–462\| pmid=26653616 \| bibcode=2016AnRPB..67..439H }}</ref> Target weeds die within 4 days; symptoms can show after as little as a few hours.<ref name = "4farmers infosheet"/> Paraquat is often used in science to catalyze the formation of ROS, more specifically, the [[superoxide]] free radical. Paraquat will undergo redox cycling ''in vivo'', being reduced by an electron donor such as [[NADPH]], before being oxidized by an electron receptor such as [[dioxygen]] to produce [[superoxide]], a major ROS.<ref>{{cite journal \| author = Bus \| title = Paraquat: model for oxidant-initiated toxicity \| journal = Environmental Health Perspectives \| year = 1984 \| volume = 55 \| pages = 37–46 \| doi = 10.1289/ehp.845537 \| pmid = 6329674 \| last2 = Gibson \| first2 = JE \| pmc = 1568364\| bibcode = 1984EnvHP..55...37B \|display-authors=etal}}</ref> ==Weed resistance management== Problems with [[herbicide resistance\|herbicide resistant]] weeds may be addressed by applying herbicides with different modes of action, along with cultural methods such as [[crop rotation]], in [[Integrated pest management\|integrated weed management]] (IWM) systems. Paraquat, with its distinctive mode of action, is one of few chemical options that can be used to prevent and mitigate problems with weeds that have become resistant to the very widely used non-selective herbicide [[glyphosate]].<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Beckie \| first1 = H. J. \| title = Herbicide-resistant weed management: Focus on glyphosate \| doi = 10.1002/ps.2195 \| journal = Pest Management Science \| volume = 67 \| issue = 9 \| pages = 1037–48 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21548004 \| bibcode = 2011PMSci..67.1037B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Eubank \| first1 = T. W. \| last2 = Poston \| first2 = D. H. \| last3 = Nandula \| first3 = V. K. \| last4 = Koger \| first4 = C. H. \| last5 = Shaw \| first5 = D. R. \| last6 = Reynolds \| first6 = D. B. \| doi = 10.1614/WT-07-038.1 \| title = Glyphosate-resistant Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Control Using Glyphosate-, Paraquat-, and Glufosinate-Based Herbicide Programs \| journal = Weed Technology \| volume = 22 \| pages = 16–21 \| year = 2008 \| issue = 1 \| bibcode = 2008WeedT..22...16E \| s2cid = 86158165 }}</ref> Paraquat is a Group L (Aus), D (global), 22 (numeric) [[Herbicide resistance classification\|resistance class]] herbicide, which it shares with [[diquat]] and [[cyperquat]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=2024 HRAC Global Herbicide MOA Classification Master List \|url=https://hracglobal.com/tools/2024-hrac-global-herbicide-moa-classification \|website=Herbicide Resistance Action Committee \|language=en}}</ref> One example is the "double knock" system used in Australia.<ref>{{cite journal \|author1=Borger C.P. \|author2=Hashem A. \| year = 2007 \| title = Evaluating the double knockdown technique: sequence, application interval, and annual ryegrass growth stage \| journal = Australian Journal of Agricultural Research \| volume = 58 \| issue = 3\| pages = 265–271 \| doi=10.1071/ar05373}}</ref> Before planting a crop, weeds are sprayed with glyphosate first, then followed seven to ten days later by a paraquat herbicide. Although twice as expensive as using a single glyphosate spray, the "Double Knock" system is widely relied upon by farmers as a resistance management strategy.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Walsh \| first1 = M. J. \| last2 = Powles \| first2 = S. B. \| doi = 10.1614/WT-06-086.1 \| title = Management Strategies for Herbicide-resistant Weed Populations in Australian Dryland Crop Production Systems \| journal = Weed Technology \| volume = 21 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 332–338 \| year = 2007 \| bibcode = 2007WeedT..21..332W \| s2cid = 86844036 }}</ref> Nevertheless, herbicide resistance has been seen for both herbicides in a vineyard in Western Australia<ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-25/wach-herbicide-resistance-wa/5046086 \|title=in ryegrass \|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \|date=25 October 2013 \|access-date=2013-10-27 \|archive-date=2013-10-27 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027020752/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-25/wach-herbicide-resistance-wa/5046086 \|url-status=live }}</ref> – though this singular report gives no indication of what regimen was being followed, particularly if the two herbicides were being used in a "double knock" tandem. A computer simulation reported in the scientific journal ''Weed Research'' showed that with alternating annual use between glyphosate and paraquat, only one field in five would be expected to have glyphosate-resistant annual ryegrass (''[[Lolium rigidum]]'') after 30 years, compared to nearly 90% of fields sprayed only with glyphosate.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Neve \| first1 = P. \| last2 = Diggle \| first2 = A. J. \| last3 = Smith \| first3 = F. P. \| last4 = Powles \| first4 = S. B. \| title = Simulating evolution of glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum II: Past, present and future glyphosate use in Australian cropping \| doi = 10.1046/j.0043-1737.2003.00356.x \| journal = Weed Research \| volume = 43 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 418–427 \| year = 2003 \| bibcode = 2003WeedR..43..418N }}</ref> A "Double Knock" regime with paraquat cleaning-up after glyphosate was predicted to keep all fields free of glyphosate resistant ryegrass for at least 30 years. ==Toxicity== Paraquat is toxic to humans ([[Toxicity category rating\|Category II]]) by the [[oral route]] and moderately toxic ([[Toxicity category rating\|Category III]]) through the skin.<ref name=":0">[http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/0262fact.pdf Paraquat Dichloride] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227161742/http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/0262fact.pdf \|date=2008-02-27 }}, [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]], accessed 16 August 2007.</ref> Pure paraquat, when ingested, is highly toxic to mammals, including humans, causing severe [[inflammation]] and potentially leading to severe lung damage (e.g., irreversible [[pulmonary fibrosis]], also known as 'paraquat lung'), acute respiratory distress syndrome ([[ARDS]]), and death.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|last1=Li\|first1=Luying Ryan\|last2=Chaudhary\|first2=Bhuwan\|last3=You\|first3=Chao\|last4=Dennis\|first4=Jane A.\|last5=Wakeford\|first5=Helen\|date=2021-06-30\|title=Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide for oral paraquat poisoning\|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\|volume=2021\|issue=6\|pages=CD008084\|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008084.pub5\|issn=1469-493X\|pmc=8243635\|pmid=34190331}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ren W, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Tian M, Gu X, Lv W \|title=Inhibitory effect of pirfenidone on pulmonary fibrosis in patients with acute paraquat poisoning \|journal=Am J Transl Res \|volume=13 \|issue=11 \|pages=13192–13199 \|date=2021 \|pmid=34956540 \|pmc=8661212 \|doi= \|url=}}</ref> The mortality rate is estimated between 60% and 90%.<ref name=":1" /> Paraquat is also toxic when inhaled and is in the [[Toxicity category rating\|Toxicity Category]] I (the highest of four levels) for acute inhalation effects.<ref name=":0" /> For agricultural uses, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) determined that particles used in agricultural practices (400–800 μm) are not in the respirable range.<ref name=":0" /> Paraquat also causes moderate to severe irritation of the eye and skin.<ref name=":0" /> Diluted paraquat used for spraying is less toxic; thus, the greatest risk of accidental poisoning is during mixing and loading paraquat for use.<ref name="PesticideOnline1" /> The standard treatment for paraquat poisoning is first to remove as much as possible by pumping the stomach.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Newstead CG\|year=1996\|title=Cyclophosphamide treatment of paraquat poisoning\|journal=Thorax\|volume=51\|issue=7\|pages=659–60\|doi=10.1136/thx.51.7.659\|pmc=472483\|pmid=8882068}}</ref> [[Fuller's earth]] or [[activated charcoal]] may also improve outcomes depending on the timing. Haemodialysis, haemofiltration, haemoperfusion, or antioxidant therapy may also be suggested.<ref name=":1" /> Immunosuppressive therapy to reduce the inflammation is an approach suggested by some, however only low certainty evidence supports using medications such as [[glucocorticoid]]s with [[cyclophosphamide]] in addition to the standard care to reduce mortality.<ref name=":1" /> It is also unknown if adding glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide to the standard care has unwanted side effects such as increasing the risk of infection.<ref name=":1" /> Oxygen should not be administered unless [[Oxygen saturation (medicine)\|SpO<sub>2</sub>]] levels are below 92%, as high concentrations of oxygen intensify the toxic effects.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.phecit.ie/Custom/BSIDocumentSelector/Pages/DocumentViewer.aspx?id=oGsVrspmiT0dOhDFFXZvIz0q5GYO7igwzB6buxHEgeDBS9BbdRZpZNKt9Y89hp%252bGEhGQslpxcypo2CoaTBAvH7MaSvixBeKvGlIUowiGs7nVw%252f3VVR%252bKz6ygEPikDQqUxUXNJxS4zDc5azOwye4DnC8a0qKrAqXKSx31c954z6Yx7jWXuWMuIVlSjUibKI0t\|title=Clinical Practice Guidelines 2017 (Updated February 2018) - Emergency Medical Technician\|date=February 2018\|website=[Irish] Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200515/http://www.phecit.ie/Custom/BSIDocumentSelector/Pages/DocumentViewer.aspx?id=oGsVrspmiT0dOhDFFXZvIz0q5GYO7igwzB6buxHEgeDBS9BbdRZpZNKt9Y89hp%252bGEhGQslpxcypo2CoaTBAvH7MaSvixBeKvGlIUowiGs7nVw%252f3VVR%252bKz6ygEPikDQqUxUXNJxS4zDc5azOwye4DnC8a0qKrAqXKSx31c954z6Yx7jWXuWMuIVlSjUibKI0t\|archive-date=15 August 2018\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Pratt\|first1=I. S.\|last2=Keeling\|first2=P. L.\|last3=Smith\|first3=L. L.\|chapter=The Effect of High Concentrations of Oxygen on Paraquat and Diquat Toxicity in Rats \|date=1980\|title=Further Studies in the Assessment of Toxic Actions\|series=Archives of Toxicology. Supplement\|volume=4\|pages=415–418\|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-67729-8_95\|issn=0171-9750\|pmid=6933951\|isbn=978-3-540-10191-8 }}</ref> Death may occur up to 30 days after ingestion. Lung injury is a main feature of poisoning. Liver, heart, lung, and kidney failure can occur within several days to weeks that can lead to death up to 30 days after ingestion. Those who suffer large exposures are unlikely to survive. Chronic exposure can lead to lung damage, kidney failure, heart failure, and [[Esophageal stricture\|oesophageal strictures]].<ref name=":2">[[Centers for Disease Control]], [http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp Facts about Paraquat] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223141401/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp\|date=2005-12-23}}, accessed 13 October 2006.</ref> The mechanism underlying paraquat's toxic damage to humans is still unknown. The severe inflammation is thought to be caused by the generation of highly [[reactive oxygen species]] and [[nitrite]] species that results in [[oxidative stress]]. The oxidative stress may result in [[mitochondrial toxicity]] and the [[Apoptosis\|induction of apoptosis]] and [[lipid peroxidation]] which may be responsible for the organ damage.<ref name=":1" /> It is known that the [[Pulmonary alveolus\|alveolar]] [[epithelial cells]] of the lung selectively concentrate paraquat.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kliegman\|title=Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics\|publisher=Elsevier\|isbn=978-1-4377-0755-7\|edition=19\|year=2011}}</ref> It has been reported that a small dose, even if removed from the stomach or spat out, can still cause death from fibrous tissue developing in the lungs, leading to [[asphyxia]]tion.<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Buzik, Shirley C. \|author2=Schiefer, H. Bruno \|author3=Irvine, Donald G. \|title=Understanding Toxicology: Chemicals, Their Benefits and Risks \|publisher=CRC Press \|location=Boca Raton \|year=1997 \|isbn=978-0-8493-2686-8 \|page=31}}</ref> Accidental deaths and suicides from paraquat ingestion are relatively common. For example, there are more than 5,000 deaths in China from paraquat poisoning every year<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.ikexue.org/archives/41530 \|title=每年5000绝望农民喝百草枯，自杀首选用药今起禁用 \|access-date=2018-03-21 \|archive-date=2018-03-22 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322020839/http://www.ikexue.org/archives/41530 \|url-status=live }}</ref> in part leading to China's ban in 2017.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news \|last=Park \|first=Cho \|date=December 5, 2023 \|title=Essential herbicide, but at what cost? Paraquat remains in US despite bans elsewhere \|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/essential-herbicide-cost-paraquat-remains-us-despite-bans/story?id=102449938 \|access-date=July 7, 2024 \|work=ABC News}}</ref> Long-term exposures to paraquat would most likely cause lung and eye damage, but reproductive/fertility damage was not found by the EPA in their review. ==="Paraquat pot"=== During the late 1970s, a controversial program sponsored by the US government sprayed paraquat on [[cannabis (drug)\|cannabis]] fields in Mexico.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071123043229/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919548-1,00.html Panic over Paraquat], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', May 1, 1978</ref> Following Mexican efforts to eradicate marijuana and poppy fields in 1975, the United States government helped by sending helicopters and other technological assistance. Helicopters were used to spray the herbicides paraquat and [[2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid\|2,4-D]] on the fields; marijuana contaminated with these substances began to show up in US markets, leading to debate about the program.<ref>{{Cite news\|title=Drug Survival News\|date=March 1978\|issue=5\|volume=6}}</ref> Whether any injury came about due to the inhalation of paraquat-contaminated marijuana is uncertain. A 1995 study found that "no lung or other injury in cannabis users has ever been attributed to paraquat contamination".<ref>Pronczuk de Garbino J, ''Epidemiology of paraquat poisoning'', in: Bismuth C, and Hall AH (eds), <u>Paraquat Poisoning: Mechanisms, Prevention, Treatment</u>, pp. 37-51, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1995.</ref> Also a [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] manual states: "... toxic effects caused by this mechanism have been either very rare or nonexistent. Most paraquat that contaminates cannabis is [[Pyrolysis\|pyrolyzed]] during smoking to [[dipyridyl]], which is a product of combustion of the leaf material itself (including cannabis) and presents little toxic hazard."<ref>Reigart, J. Routt and Roberts, James R. <u>Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings</u>, 5th edition. Washington, DC: [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]], 1999. [http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare/handbook/handbook.pdf Book available online] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008030339/http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare/handbook/handbook.pdf \|date=2006-10-08 }}</ref> In a study by [[Imperial Chemical Industries]], rats that inhaled paraquat showed development of [[squamous metaplasia]] in their respiratory tracts after a couple of weeks. This study was included in a report given to the State Department by the [[Mitre Corporation]]. The [[U.S. Public Health Service]] stated that "this study should not be used to calculate the safe inhalation dose of paraquat in humans."<ref>{{Cite journal\|year=1983\|title=Paraquat\|journal=High Times\|volume=1\|issue=91}}</ref> ===Use in suicide and murder=== A large majority (93 percent) of fatalities from paraquat poisoning are [[suicide]]s, which occur mostly in [[developing countries]].<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Dinham, B.\|year=1996\|title=Active Ingredient fact sheet, Paraquat\|journal=Pesticide News\|volume=32\|pages=20–21}}</ref> For instance, in [[Samoa]] from 1979 to 2001, 70 percent of suicides were by paraquat poisoning. Trinidad and Tobago is particularly well known for its incidence of suicides involving the use of Gramoxone (commercial name of paraquat). In southern [[Trinidad]], particularly in [[Penal–Debe]] from 1996 to 1997, 76 percent of suicides were by paraquat, 96 percent of which involved the over-consumption of alcohol such as rum.<ref>[http://www.pan-germany.org/download/fact_paraquat2.pdf Paraquat and Suicide] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725023500/http://www.pan-germany.org/download/fact_paraquat2.pdf \|date=2008-07-25 }}, Pestizid Aktions-Netzwerk e.V. (PAN Germany).</ref> British fashion celebrity [[Isabella Blow]] died by suicide using paraquat in 2007. Paraquat is widely used as a suicide agent in developing countries because it is widely available at low cost. Further, the toxic dose is low (10 mL or 2 teaspoons is enough to kill). Campaigns exist to control or even ban paraquat, and there are moves to restrict its availability by requiring user education and the locking up of paraquat stores. When a 2011 South Korean law completely banned paraquat in the country, death by pesticide plummeted 46%, contributing to the decrease of the overall suicide rate.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Premack \|first=Rachel \|date=2018-06-09 \|title=South Korea has the highest rate of deaths by suicide in the developed world — but a 2011 law helped decrease rates by 15% \|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/south-korea-suicide-rate-decrease-2018-6 \|work=Business Insider \|access-date=2019-04-08 \|archive-date=2019-04-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408192828/https://www.businessinsider.com/south-korea-suicide-rate-decrease-2018-6 \|url-status=live }}</ref> The indiscriminate [[paraquat murders]], which occurred in Japan in 1985, were carried out using paraquat as a poison. Paraquat was used in the UK in 1981 by a woman who poisoned her husband.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Emsley \|first=John \|url=https://archive.org/details/moleculesofmurde0000emsl_a7c0 \|title=Molecules of murder : criminal molecules and classic cases \|date=2008 \|publisher=Cambridge, UK : RSC Pub. \|isbn=978-0-85404-965-3 \|pages=195}}</ref> American serial killer [[Steven David Catlin]] killed two of his wives and his adoptive mother with paraquat between 1976 and 1984. In 2022, a 22-year-old woman, Greeshma Raj, was found guilty of using paraquat for murdering her boyfriend, [[Sharon Raj murder case\|Sharon Raj]], in Kerala, India.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Service \|first=Express News \|date=2025-01-20 \|title=Sharon Raj murder case: Kerala court awards death sentence to Greeshma for murdering boyfriend \|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Jan/20/sharon-raj-murder-case-greeshma-gets-death-sentence-for-murdering-boyfriend \|access-date=2025-01-21 \|website=The New Indian Express \|language=en}}</ref> ===Parkinson's disease=== {{See also\|Center for Public Integrity#Toxic Clout 2013\|Rotenone#Parkinson's disease}} According to the [[WHO]] (2022), some of the measures to prevent [[Parkinson's disease]] include "banning of pesticides (e.g., paraquat and [[chlorpyrifos]]) and chemicals (e.g., [[trichloroethylene]]) which have been linked to PD and develop safer alternatives as per WHO guidance" and "accelerate action to reduce levels of and exposure to air pollution, an important risk factor for PD".<ref name="WHO2022">{{cite web \| title=Parkinson disease A public health approach, Technical brief \| url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/355973/9789240050983-eng.pdf \| date=2022}}</ref> A 2011 study showed a link between paraquat use and Parkinson's disease in farm workers.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Tanner \| first1 = C. M. \| last2 = Kamel \| first2 = F. \| last3 = Ross \| first3 = G. W. \| last4 = Hoppin \| first4 = J. A. \| last5 = Goldman \| first5 = S. M. \| last6 = Korell \| first6 = M. \| last7 = Marras \| first7 = C. \| last8 = Bhudhikanok \| first8 = G. S. \| last9 = Kasten \| first9 = M. \| last10 = Chade \| first10 = A. R. \| last11 = Comyns \| first11 = K. \| last12 = Richards \| first12 = M. B. \| last13 = Meng \| first13 = C. \| last14 = Priestley \| first14 = B. \| last15 = Fernandez \| first15 = H. H. \| last16 = Cambi \| first16 = F. \| last17 = Umbach \| first17 = D. M. \| last18 = Blair \| first18 = A. \| last19 = Sandler \| first19 = D. P. \| last20 = Langston \| first20 = J. W. \| title = Rotenone, Paraquat, and Parkinson's Disease \| doi = 10.1289/ehp.1002839 \| journal = Environmental Health Perspectives \| volume = 119 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 866–872 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21269927\| pmc =3114824 \| bibcode = 2011EnvHP.119..866T \|display-authors = 2}}</ref> A co-author of the paper said that paraquat increases production of certain oxygen derivatives that may harm cellular structures, and that people who used paraquat, or other pesticides with a similar mechanism of action, were more likely to develop Parkinson's.<ref name="park">{{cite web \|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110214115442.htm \|title=Two pesticides—rotenone and paraquat—linked to Parkinson's disease, study suggests \|website=Science Daily \|year=2011 \|access-date=October 25, 2011 \|archive-date=April 26, 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426171744/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110214115442.htm \|url-status=live }}</ref> A 2013 meta-analysis published in ''Neurology'' found that "exposure to paraquat ... was associated with about a 2-fold increase in risk" of Parkinson's disease.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Pezzoli\|first1=Gianni\|last2=Cereda\|first2=Emanuele\|title=Exposure to pesticides or solvents and risk of Parkinson disease\|journal=Neurology\|date=2013\|volume=80\|issue=22\|pages=2035–2041\|doi=10.1212/wnl.0b013e318294b3c8\|pmid=23713084\|s2cid=13628268}}</ref> A review in 2021 concluded that the available evidence does not support a causal conclusion.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Weed \|first=Douglas L. \|date=September 2021 \|title=Does paraquat cause Parkinson's disease? A review of reviews \|journal=NeuroToxicology \|language=en \|volume=86 \|pages=180–184 \|doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.006\|doi-access=free \|pmid=34400206 \|bibcode=2021NeuTx..86..180W }}</ref> In 2022 and 2023, two reviews from India "decisively demonstrated that paraquat is a substantial stimulant of oxidative stress … and is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD)"; and stated that "From the studies we can consider that PQ and [[maneb\|MB]] with its combined effects has tremendous contribution towards neurodegeneration in PD."<ref name="Vellingiri2022">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Vellingiri B, Chandrasekhar M, Sri Sabari S, Gopalakrishnan AV, Narayanasamy A, Venkatesan D, Iyer M, Kesari K, Dey A \|title=Neurotoxicity of pesticides - A link to neurodegeneration \|journal=Ecotoxicol Environ Saf \|volume=243 \|issue= \|article-number=113972 \|date=September 2022 \|pmid=36029574 \|doi=10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113972 \|url=\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2022EcoES.24313972V }}</ref><ref name="sharma2023">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Sharma P, Mittal P \|title=Paraquat (herbicide) as a cause of Parkinson's Disease \|journal=Parkinsonism Relat Disord \|volume= 119\|issue= \|article-number=105932 \|date=November 2023 \|pmid=38008593 \|doi=10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105932 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1353802023010118\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the UK, the use of paraquat was banned in 2007, but the manufacture and export of the herbicide is still permitted. In April 2022, the BBC reported that some UK farmers had called for a ban on British production of paraquat, and stated that "There is no scientific consensus and many conflicting studies on any possible association between Paraquat and Parkinson's". In the US, a [[class action]] lawsuit against [[Syngenta]] is ongoing; the company rejects the claims but has paid £187.5 million into a settlement fund.<ref>{{cite news\|publisher=BBC News\|author1=Claire Marshall\|author2=Malcolm Prior\|date=1 April 2022\|title=UK farmers call for weedkiller ban over Parkinson's fears\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-60836892\|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> As of August 2024, more than 5,700 cases against Syngenta (manufacturer of Gramoxone) and [[Chevron Corporation\|Chevron]] (the former distributor) are pending in the paraquat multidistrict litigation in the US; the first of 10 bellwether trials will start in 2024.<ref name="ABC 2023 t404">{{cite web \| title='Burns me to a crisp': Farmers allege link between popular herbicide and Parkinson's disease \| website=ABC News \| date=28 Nov 2023 \| url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/burns-crisp-farmers-allege-link-popular-herbicide-parkinsons/story?id=102449723 \| access-date=29 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref name="Kelleher 2023 q091">{{cite web \| last=Kelleher \| first=Shannon \| title=Syngenta paraquat secrets featured on ABC News \| website=The New Lede \| date=22 Nov 2023 \| url=https://www.thenewlede.org/2023/11/syngenta-paraquat-secrets-featured-on-abc-news/ \| access-date=29 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Judge Selects 10 Paraquat Lawsuits As Potential Bellwether Cases In Parkinson's Disease Litigation \|url=https://www.drugwatch.com/news/2024/08/13/judge-selects-10-paraquat-lawsuits-as-potential-bellwether-cases-in-parkinsons-disease-litigation/ \|access-date=2024-08-19 \|website=Drugwatch.com \|language=en}}</ref> On April 15, 2025, attorneys representing plaintiffs in the [[multidistrict litigation]] entered into a settlement agreement.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web \|title=Paraquat Settlement To Resolve 'Many' Parkinson's Cases in Federal Court \|url=https://www.drugwatch.com/news/2025/04/16/paraquat-settlement-to-resolve-many-parkinsons-cases-in-federal-court/ \|access-date=2025-05-01 \|website=Drugwatch.com \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Gillam \|first=Carey \|date=2025-04-15 \|title=Weedkiller maker moves to settle suit over Parkinson's disease claims \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/apr/15/syngenta-weedkiller-parkinsons \|access-date=2025-05-01 \|work=The Guardian \|language=en-GB \|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The settlement came as the first bellwether trial was six months away.<ref name=":5" /> In August 2024, the British Columbia Supreme Court certified a class-action lawsuit against Syngenta on behalf of at least two plaintiffs who were diagnosed with Parkinson's after exposure to paraquat.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Ruttle \|first=Joseph \|date=August 14, 2024 \|title=Class-action lawsuit certified in B.C. against maker of herbicide that allegedly causes Parkinson's \|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/class-action-lawsuit-bc-syngenta-paraquat-parkinsons-disease \|newspaper=[[Vancouver Sun]] }}</ref> According to the [[NIEHS]], pesticide exposure has consistently been associated with the onset of Parkinson's disease.<ref name="NIEHS2023">{{cite web \| title=Parkinson's Disease \| website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences \| date=2023-11-03 \| url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/conditions/parkinson \| access-date=2023-12-04 \| publisher=NIEHS}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> * A 17-year long, NIEHS-funded study of the links between Parkinson's disease, environment, and genes shows that some pesticides, including paraquat, [[maneb]], [[ziram]], [[benomyl]], and several [[organophosphate]] pesticides, including [[diazinon]] and [[chlorpyrifos]], contribute to Parkinson's disease onset and progression.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * People with Parkinson's disease who are exposed to a high level of ten different active ingredients in agricultural pesticides may see their motor and non-motor symptoms progress faster compared with those who are not, a 2022 study found.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Other NIEHS research found that people who occupationally used two pesticides, [[rotenone]] or paraquat, developed Parkinson's disease 2.5 times more often than non-users.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * In addition, people exposed to pesticides in the home or garden may face a greater chance of developing Parkinson's disease.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Pesticides may directly or indirectly disrupt the biological pathways that normally protect dopaminergic neurons, the brain cells selectively attacked by the disease.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Some pesticides, like rotenone, can directly block the function of mitochondria, the structures that create energy to run the cell. NIEHS researchers showed in mice that disrupting mitochondria through exposure to rotenone early in development changed the epigenome—the chemical tags that turn genes on and off—in ways that persisted throughout life.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Other pesticides, like paraquat, have been found to increase production of [[free radicals]] that can damage cells.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> Some people are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of pesticides because of their age or genetic makeup.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Many studies identified genetic variations that provide insight into why certain people appear to be at higher risk of developing Parkinson's.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Using data from a NIEHS-conducted agricultural health study, researchers found that Parkinson's risk from paraquat use was particularly high in people with a particular variant of a gene known as [[GSTT1]].<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Similarly, other research has indicated that people with lower levels of the [[PON1]] gene, which is important for the metabolism of organophosphate pesticides, showed faster progression of the disease.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> Further research into links between [[preventable exposures]] and Parkinson's disease, as well as [[preventative therapies]], could help reduce the incidence of the disease. For example, using protective gloves and other hygiene practices reduced the risk of Parkinson's disease among farmers using paraquat, [[permethrin]], and [[trifluralin]].<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> ==References== {{reflist\|30em}} ==Further reading== {{cite news \| last1=Gillam \| first1=Carey \| last2=Uteuova \| first2=Aliya \| title=Secret files suggest chemical giant feared weedkiller's link to Parkinson's disease \| website=The Guardian \| date=20 Oct 2022 \| url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/oct/20/syngenta-weedkiller-pesticide-parkinsons-disease-paraquat-documents \| quote=<!--In one defensive tactic, the documents indicate that the company worked behind the scenes to try to keep a highly regarded scientist from sitting on an advisory panel for the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The agency is the chief US regulator for paraquat and other pesticides. Company officials wanted to make sure the efforts could not be traced back to Syngenta, the documents show.-->}} {{cite journal \| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1966.tb00876.x \| title = The Fate of Paraquat Applied to Plants \| year = 1966 \| author = Slade, P. \| journal = Weed Research \| volume = 6 \| pages = 158–167 \| issue = 2\| bibcode = 1966WeedR...6..158S }} {{cite journal \| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1976.tb04668.x \| title = The Breakdown of Paraquat and Diquat by Soil Fungi \| year = 1976 \| author = Smith, S. N. \| journal = New Phytologist \| volume = 77 \| pages = 735–740 \| last2 = Lyon \| first2 = A. J. E. \| last3 = Sahid \| first3 = Ismail BIN \| issue = 3\| doi-access = free \| bibcode = 1976NewPh..77..735S }} ==External links== {{cite web \| url = http://www.evb.ch/en/f25000087.html \| publisher = [[Erklärung von Bern]] \| title = Stop Paraquat \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070608082646/http://www.evb.ch/en/f25000087.html \| archive-date = 2007-06-08 }} {{cite web \|url=https://www.paraquat.com \|title=The Paraquat Information Center \|publisher=Syngenta Crop Protection AG}} {{cite web \| url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0478.html \| title = NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards \| publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} * {{PPDB\|505\|Name=Paraquat}} * {{PPDB\|1524\|Name=Paraquat dichloride}} {{Herbicides}} {{Monoamine neurotoxins}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors]] [[Category:Herbicides]] [[Category:Bipyridines]] [[Category:Avian embryotoxicants]] [[Category:Highly-toxic chemical substances]] [[Category:Monoaminergic neurotoxins]] [[Category:Superoxide generating substances]] [[Category:Nephrotoxins]] [[Category:Pyridinium compounds]] [[Category:Parkinson's disease]] [[Category:Group 22 herbicides]]	1,306,341,495	[{"title": "Names", "data": {"Names": ["Preferred IUPAC name 1,1\u2032-Dimethyl[4,4\u2032-bipyridine]-1,1\u2032-diium dichloride", "Other names Paraquat dichloride; Methyl viologen dichloride; MVCl2; Crisquat; Dexuron; Esgram; Gramuron; Ortho Paraquat CL; Para-col; Pillarxone; Tota-col; Toxer Total; PP148; Cyclone; Gramixel; Gramoxone; Pathclear; AH 501; Bai Cao Ku."]}}, {"title": "Identifiers", "data": {"CAS Number": "- 1910-42-5", "3D model (JSmol)": "- Interactive image", "ChEBI": "- CHEBI:28786", "ChEMBL": "- ChEMBL458019", "ChemSpider": "- 15146", "ECHA InfoCard": "100.016.015", "IUPHAR/BPS": "- 4552", "PubChem CID": "- 15938", "UNII": "- 2KZ83GSS73", "CompTox Dashboard (EPA)": "- DTXSID7024243", "Identifiers": ["InChI - InChI=1S/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;21H/q+2;;/p-2 Key: FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L - InChI=1/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;21H/q+2;;/p-2/fC12H14N2.2Cl/h;21h/qm;2-1 - InChI=1/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2Key: FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-NUQVWONBAF", "SMILES - C[n+]1ccc(cc1)c2cc[n+](cc2)C.[Cl-].[Cl-]"]}}, {"title": "Properties", "data": {"Chemical formula": "C12H14Cl2N2", "Molar mass": "257.16 g\u00b7mol\u22121", "Appearance": "Yellow solid", "Odor": "faint, ammonia-like", "Density": "1.25 g/cm3", "Melting point": "175 to 180 \u00b0C (347 to 356 \u00b0F; 448 to 453 K)", "Boiling point": "> 300 \u00b0C (572 \u00b0F; 573 K)", "Solubility in water": "High", "Vapor pressure": "<0.0000001 mmHg (20 \u00b0C)"}}, {"title": "Hazards", "data": {"Hazards": ["Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):", "GHS labelling:", "Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):", "NIOSH (US health exposure limits):", "Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 \u00b0C [77 \u00b0F], 100 kPa). Infobox references"], "Main hazards": "Toxic, environmental hazard", "Pictograms": "GHS06: Toxic \u00b7 GHS08: Health hazard \u00b7 GHS09: Environmental hazard", "Hazard statements": "H301, H311, H315, H319, H330, H335, H372, H410", "Precautionary statements": "P260, P273, P280, P284, P301+P310, P305+P351+P338", "LD50 (median dose)": "57 mg/kg (rat, oral) \u00b7 120 mg/kg (mouse, oral) \u00b7 25 mg/kg (dog, oral) \u00b7 22 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)", "LC50 (median concentration)": "3 mg/m3 (mouse, 30 min respirable dust) \u00b7 3 mg/m3 (guinea pig, 30 min respirable dust)", "LCLo (lowest published)": "1 mg/m3 (rat, respirable dust, 6 h) \u00b7 6400 mg/m3 (rat, nonrespirable dust, 4 h)", "PEL (Permissible)": "TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (resp) [skin]", "REL (Recommended)": "TWA 0.1 mg/m3 (resp) [skin]", "IDLH (Immediate danger)": "1 mg/m3", "Safety data sheet (SDS)": "Aldrich MSDS"}}]	true
# KLBC-TV2 KLBC-TV2 was a cable-only television station in Laughlin, Nevada, United States. It broadcast local programming on cable systems in Laughlin as well as nearby Bullhead City and Kingman, Arizona, and Needles, California. KLBC produced local news programming and other productions, including Tri-State On Patrol, following the activities of local police departments. It was an affiliate of UPN in the early 2000s. While not carried on any broadcast translators, KLBC made overtures in 2014 to be carried on the translators owned by Mohave County, which operates transmitter sites in Kingman, Lake Havasu City, and other communities. The channel was removed from Suddenlink cable in Laughlin in 2019, as a result of a severed fiber-optic link and what Suddenlink claimed was $70,000 in unpaid fees to be included on the system over a three-year period.	enwiki/61613120	enwiki	61,613,120	KLBC-TV2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLBC-TV2	2025-07-20T18:21:39	en	Q85772995	66,034	{{short description\|Cable television station in Laughlin, Nevada}} {{Multiple issues\| {{Notability\|date=March 2025}} {{More citations needed\|date=November 2019}} }} {{Use mdy dates\|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox television channel \| name = KLBC-TV2 \| website = {{url\|https://www.tv2klbc.com/}} \| founder = Bruce Clark \| launch_date = 1989 \| closed_date = 2019 \| owner = Chelsea Street Video Productions, Inc. \| area = [[Laughlin, Nevada]] \| country = US }} '''KLBC-TV2''' was a cable-only television station in [[Laughlin, Nevada]], United States. It broadcast local programming on cable systems in Laughlin as well as nearby [[Bullhead City]] and [[Kingman, Arizona]], and [[Needles, California]].<ref name="popular">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.mohavedailynews.com/laughlin_times/popular-television-show-set-to-air-for-th-season/article_e9cd9968-aa12-11e7-8c8c-eb50d25c5cd5.html\|title=Popular television show set to air for 10th season\|website=Mohave Daily News\|language=en\|access-date=August 26, 2019\|author1=Contributed\|archive-date=August 26, 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826220515/http://www.mohavedailynews.com/laughlin_times/popular-television-show-set-to-air-for-th-season/article_e9cd9968-aa12-11e7-8c8c-eb50d25c5cd5.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> KLBC produced local news programming and other productions, including ''Tri-State On Patrol'', following the activities of local police departments.{{r\|popular}} It was an affiliate of [[UPN]] in the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2002/jun/11/news-briefs-for-june-11-2002/\|work=Las Vegas Sun\|date=June 11, 2002\|accessdate=November 24, 2020\|title=UPN to debut 10 p.m. newscast}}</ref> While not carried on any broadcast translators, KLBC made overtures in 2014 to be carried on the translators owned by [[Mohave County]], which operates transmitter sites in Kingman, Lake Havasu City, and other communities.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Matson \|first=Zachary \|date=August 26, 2014 \|title=Nevada station KLBC looks to expand into Mohave County \|language=en \|work=Today's News Herald \|url=https://www.havasunews.com/news/nevada-station-klbc-looks-to-expand-into-mohave-county/article_c3758cde-2cd5-11e4-8a0a-0019bb2963f4.html \|access-date=November 25, 2020}}</ref> The channel was removed from [[Suddenlink]] cable in Laughlin in 2019, as a result of a severed fiber-optic link and what Suddenlink claimed was $70,000 in unpaid fees to be included on the system over a three-year period.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Harber \|first=Terri \|date=March 12, 2019 \|title=Suddenlink boots TV2 from cable lineup \|work=The Daily News \|url=https://apnews.com/article/04b64a3060174be8a31c317069857577 \|access-date=November 25, 2020}}</ref> == References == <!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --> {{reflist}} == External links == *[https://www.tv2klbc.com/ KLBC-TV2] {{Las Vegas TV}} [[Category:1989 establishments in Nevada]] [[Category:2019 disestablishments in Nevada]] [[Category:Laughlin, Nevada]] [[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2019]] [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1989]] [[Category:Television stations in Nevada]] {{Nevada-tv-station-stub}}	1,301,599,873	[{"title": "KLBC-TV2", "data": {"Country": "US", "Broadcast area": "Laughlin, Nevada"}}, {"title": "Ownership", "data": {"Owner": "Chelsea Street Video Productions, Inc."}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"Launched": "1989", "Founder": "Bruce Clark", "Closed": "2019"}}, {"title": "Links", "data": {"Website": "www.tv2klbc.com"}}]	false

# Rømerhus Rømerhus (formerly Hafniahus) is a building in Aarhus, Denmark in the historic Indre by neighborhood on Skt. Clemens Torv near Store Torv. The building was erected in 1895 by designs of the architect Sophus Frederik Kühnel in a historicist style drawing inspiration from the Italian Renaissance. Rømerhus is located on one of the busiest pedestrian streets in Aarhus and has through its existence primarily been used for commercial purposes. ## History Construction of Rømerhus was completed in 1895. Ownership at the time of construction is not known but the first tenants included the company Crome & Goldschmidts Fabriker which opened a small factory and store on the ground floor facing Skt. Clemens Torv. The company had been founded in Horsens in 1860 with prisoners from Horsens Straffeanstalt (Horsens Penitentiary) as the main source of labor. The store in Rømerhus was the first branch outside Horsens. Another tenant was Johannes Neye who opened a branch of his leather- and gallantry store NEYE in the building on the side facing Skt. Clemens Stræde and Skt. Clemens Torv. NEYE was up to 2015 the second-oldest store on the pedestrian shopping street Strøget, after the store Buus on the corner of Ryesgade and Sønder Allé. On 15 January 1918 Rømerhus was bought by the bank Jyllandsbanken which stayed in the building for 10 years until it left and sold it to the insurance company Hafnia for 625.000 kroner in 1928. The building was renamed to Hafniahus (Hafnia House). In 1984 Hafnia bought another property, the Regina building on Søndergade, which it also named Hafniahus. Having two buildings named Hafniahus proved confusing so after 56 years it was changed back to the original name Rømerhus. In 2011 the company Bestseller bought the building and contracted the architect firm E+N Arkitektur A/S for a large renovation project aimed at bringing Rømerhus back to its original state. ## Architecture Rømerhus is a four-winged building with a revivalist design drawing inspiration from French and Italian Renaissance architecture. The midsection of the building features a large dome which is thought to draw inspiration from Magasin du Nord's building in Copenhagen. The architect on the project was Sophus Frederik Kühnel who worked on some other significant historicist works in Aarhus such as Mejlborg from 1898 and Business- and Agricultural Bank of Jutland from 1900. The registered constructor on the project is the mason A.I. Petersen. The building is one of four large and notable corner buildings that was constructed to frame St. Clemens Bridge and Aarhus Municipal atlas notes it as the first city block structure in the city. It was built on difficult terrain with large height differences - there are six stories towards Åboulevarden but just 4 stories facing Skt. Clemens Torv. The Bestseller renovation starting in the 2015 aims to bring Rømerhus back to its original expression. Among other things this will entail putting a spire back on the dome, removing the bay windows and returning the color scheme to the original.

enwiki/52899255

enwiki

52,899,255

Rømerhus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8merhus

2022-06-28T22:21:33

en

Q28450846

38,953

{{Short description|Building in Aarhus, Denmark}} {{Infobox building | name = Rømerhus | image = Rømerhus, Aarhus.jpg | image_alt = Rømerhus | image_size = 180px | caption = Rømerhus in 1982 | architectural_style = [[Revivalism (architecture)|Revivalism]], [[Italian Renaissance#Architecture|Italian Renaissance]] | location = [[Aarhus]], [[Denmark]] | completion_date = 1895 | architect = [[Sophus Frederik Kühnel]] }} '''Rømerhus''' (formerly ''Hafniahus'') is a building in [[Aarhus]], [[Denmark]] in the historic [[Indre by, Aarhus|Indre by]] neighborhood on ''Skt. Clemens Torv'' near [[Store Torv]]. The building was erected in 1895 by designs of the architect [[Sophus Frederik Kühnel]] in a [[Revivalism (architecture)|historicist style]] drawing inspiration from the [[Italian Renaissance#Architecture|Italian Renaissance]]. Rømerhus is located on one of the busiest pedestrian streets in Aarhus and has through its existence primarily been used for commercial purposes.<ref name="stad">{{cite web|url=http://aarhuswiki.dk/wiki/R%C3%B8merhus|title=Rømerhus|publisher=Aarhus City Archives|language=Danish|accessdate=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051414/http://aarhuswiki.dk/wiki/R%C3%B8merhus|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stift1">{{cite web|url=http://stiften.dk/aarhus/Ombygningen-af-Roemerhus-traekker-ud/artikel/355416|title=Ombygningen af Rømerhus trækker ud|publisher=[[Århus Stiftstidende]]|language=Danish|accessdate=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052926/http://stiften.dk/aarhus/Milliontab-Fynsk-firma-i-strid-om-Roemerhus/artikel/313707|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == History == Construction of Rømerhus was completed in 1895. Ownership at the time of construction is not known but the first tenants included the company ''Crome & Goldschmidts Fabriker'' which opened a small factory and store on the ground floor facing Skt. Clemens Torv. The company had been founded in [[Horsens]] in 1860 with prisoners from [[Horsens Statsfængsel|Horsens Straffeanstalt]] (Horsens Penitentiary) as the main source of labor. The store in Rømerhus was the first branch outside Horsens. Another tenant was [[Neye (company)|Johannes Neye]] who opened a branch of his leather- and gallantry store NEYE in the building on the side facing ''Skt. Clemens Stræde'' and ''Skt. Clemens Torv''. [[Neye (company)|NEYE]] was up to 2015 the second-oldest store on the pedestrian shopping street ''Strøget'', after the store ''Buus'' on the corner of [[Ryesgade, Aarhus|Ryesgade]] and ''Sønder Allé''.<ref name="stad"/> On 15 January 1918 Rømerhus was bought by the bank ''Jyllandsbanken'' which stayed in the building for 10 years until it left and sold it to the insurance company Hafnia for 625.000 [[Danish kroner|kroner]] in 1928. The building was renamed to Hafniahus (Hafnia House). In 1984 Hafnia bought another property, the Regina building on [[Søndergade, Aarhus|Søndergade]], which it also named Hafniahus. Having two buildings named Hafniahus proved confusing so after 56 years it was changed back to the original name Rømerhus. In 2011 the company [[Bestseller (company)|Bestseller]] bought the building and contracted the architect firm E+N Arkitektur A/S for a large renovation project aimed at bringing Rømerhus back to its original state.<ref name="stad"/> == Architecture == Rømerhus is a four-winged building with a [[Revivalism (architecture)|revivalist]] design drawing inspiration from [[French Renaissance architecture|French]] and [[Italian Renaissance#Architecture|Italian Renaissance]] architecture. The midsection of the building features a large dome which is thought to draw inspiration from [[Magasin du Nord]]'s building in [[Copenhagen]]. The architect on the project was [[Sophus Frederik Kühnel]] who worked on some other significant historicist works in Aarhus such as [[Mejlborg]] from 1898 and [[Business- and Agricultural Bank of Jutland]] from 1900. The registered constructor on the project is the mason A.I. Petersen. The building is one of four large and notable corner buildings that was constructed to frame ''St. Clemens Bridge'' and Aarhus Municipal atlas notes it as the first [[city block]] structure in the city. It was built on difficult terrain with large height differences - there are six stories towards [[Åboulevarden]] but just 4 stories facing ''Skt. Clemens Torv''.<ref name="db">{{cite web|url=http://www.dagensbyggeri.dk/artikel/78529-til-tops-i-det-nye-romerhus|title=Til tops i det nye Rømerhus|publisher=DAgens Byggeri|language=Danish|accessdate=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118050817/http://www.dagensbyggeri.dk/artikel/78529-til-tops-i-det-nye-romerhus|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bestseller (company)|Bestseller]] renovation starting in the 2015 aims to bring Rømerhus back to its original expression. Among other things this will entail putting a spire back on the dome, removing the [[bay window]]s and returning the color scheme to the original.<ref name="jp">{{cite web|url=http://jyllands-posten.dk/aarhus/erhverv/article6464872.ece|title=Rømerhus skal føres tilbage i tiden|publisher=[[Jyllandsposten]]|language=Danish|accessdate=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051503/http://jyllands-posten.dk/aarhus/erhverv/article6464872.ece|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stift2">{{cite web|url=http://stiften.dk/aarhus/Milliontab-Fynsk-firma-i-strid-om-Roemerhus/artikel/313707|title=Milliontab: Fynsk firma i strid om Rømerhus|publisher=[[Århus Stiftstidende]]|language=Danish|accessdate=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052929/http://stiften.dk/aarhus/Ombygningen-af-Roemerhus-traekker-ud/artikel/355416|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Architecture of Aarhus]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Coord|56.1563|10.2085|region:DK_type:landmark|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Romerhus}} [[Category:Houses completed in 1885]] [[Category:Historicist architecture in Aarhus]]

1,095,533,237

[{"title": "General information", "data": {"Architectural style": "Revivalism, Italian Renaissance", "Location": "Aarhus, Denmark", "Completed": "1895"}}, {"title": "Design and construction", "data": {"Architect(s)": "Sophus Frederik K\u00fchnel"}}]

false

# Maryculter House Maryculter House is a historic house in the village of Maryculter, or Kirkton of Maryculter, in the Lower Deeside area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. ## History Lying along both banks of the River Dee, the Lands of Culter originally included the parishes of Peterculter and Maryculter. These were in the jurisdiction of the monks of Kelso. However, about the year 1187, William the Lion granted the portion of the Culter lands on the south bank of the river to the Knights Templar. Between 1221 and 1236 Walter Byset, Lord of Aboyne, founded the Preceptory or College of the Knights Templar on the site of Maryculter House Hotel. The barrel-vaulted basement of the house is said to have formed part of the Preceptor's Lodging. The Templars also built a chapel. This became the parish church in 1535, was abandoned in 1782 and is now a fragmentary ruin, the only architectural feature surviving being the piscina built into the south wall. The chapel and surrounding graveyard are a Scheduled monument. The chapel was replaced as the parish church by Maryculter Trinity Church. The Templars were suppressed around 1309 but their lands and the parish church remained in the hands of the Knights Hospitaller until 1563/64. From 1535 to 1811 Maryculter House was first rented and then owned by the Menzies family of Pitfodels, Aberdeen, though another source says it was owned by the Lindsay family until 1726. In 1811, Maryculter was bought by General William Gordon of Fyvie, and the Gordon family owned the estate until the death of Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon in 1931 led to the sale of the property in 1935. The estate was broken up and the home-park was bought by the City of Aberdeen Boy Scouts' Association to create Templars' Park Scout Campsite. Alterations to the house took place in 1936. The building is now a hotel, previously the Deeside Hotel and now Maryculter House Hotel. It is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B Listed building. ## Bibliography - Nicol, Norman D (1999) Maryculter in the Eighteenth Century: Lairds, Kirk and People in a Lower Deeside Parish 57°05′23″N 2°15′32″W / 57.0897°N 2.2590°W

enwiki/13165919

enwiki

13,165,919

Maryculter House

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryculter_House

2024-02-10T05:05:23

en

Q16894720

53,715

{{Short description|Historic house in Maryculter near Aberdeen in Scotland}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} [[Image:Maryculter House Hotel.jpg|thumb|Maryculter House]] '''Maryculter House''' is a historic house in the village of [[Maryculter]], or Kirkton of Maryculter, in the [[Lower Deeside]] area of [[Aberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]]. ==History== Lying along both banks of the [[River Dee (Aberdeenshire)|River Dee]], the Lands of Culter originally included the parishes of [[Peterculter]] and Maryculter. These were in the jurisdiction of the monks of [[Kelso, Scottish Borders|Kelso]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Boyd|first1=EJ|title=A brief history of the Knights of the Temple and of the Preceptory and Priory of St. George Aboyne 1794 - 1994|url=http://www.compulink.co.uk/~craftings/200years.htm|website=Craftings|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> However, about the year 1187, [[William the Lion]] granted the portion of the Culter lands on the south bank of the river to the [[Knights Templar]].<ref name="Hotel history">{{cite web|title=Maryculter House and the Precatory of the Knights Templar|url=http://www.maryculterhousehotel.com/perch/resources/history.pdf|website=Maryculter House Hotel|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> Between 1221 and 1236 [[Walter Byset, Lord of Aboyne]], founded the [[Preceptory]] or College of the Knights Templar on the site of Maryculter House Hotel.<ref name="Hotel history"/><ref name="Aberdeenshire SMR">{{cite web|title=Aberdeenshire SMR|url=https://online.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/smrpub/master/detail.aspx?Authority=ASH&refno=NO89NW0006|website=Aberdeenshire SMR|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="POWiS">{{cite web|title=St Mary's Church, Maryculter|url=http://www.scottishchurches.org.uk/sites/site/id/4071/name/St+Mary%27s+Church%2C+Maryculter+Maryculter+Grampian|website=Places of Worship in Scotland|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> The barrel-vaulted basement of the house is said to have formed part of the [[Preceptor]]'s Lodging.<ref name="Hotel history"/> The Templars also built a chapel.<ref name="Hotel history"/> This became the parish church in 1535, was abandoned in 1782 and is now a fragmentary ruin, the only architectural feature surviving being the [[piscina]] built into the south wall.<ref name="POWiS"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Maryculter, Church|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/37103/maryculter-church|website=Canmore|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> The chapel and surrounding graveyard are a [[Scheduled monument]].<ref name="HES">{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=SM10831|desc=Maryculter House, church & burial ground 65m NNE of|access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> The chapel was replaced as the parish church by [[Maryculter Trinity Church]]. The Templars were suppressed around 1309 but their lands and the parish church remained in the hands of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] until 1563/64.<ref name="Aberdeenshire SMR"/> From 1535 to 1811 Maryculter House was first rented and then owned by the Menzies family of [[Pitfodels]], [[Aberdeen]],<ref name="Hotel history"/><ref name="AV">{{cite web|last1=Mitchell|first1=Alex|title=The Old Burghs Of Aberdeen – Part 4|url=https://aberdeenvoice.com/2010/09/the-old-burghs-of-aberdeen-part-4/|website=Aberdeen Voice|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> though another source says it was owned by the [[Clan Lindsay|Lindsay family]] until 1726.<ref>{{cite web|title=OS1/19/15/7|url=https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/ordnance-survey-name-books/kincardineshire-os-name-books-1863/kincardineshire-volume-15/7|website=Scotland's Places|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> In 1811, Maryculter was bought by [[William Gordon (British Army officer)|General William Gordon]] of [[Fyvie]], and the Gordon family owned the estate until the death of [[Cosmo Duff-Gordon|Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon]] in 1931 led to the sale of the property in 1935.<ref name="Hotel history"/><ref name="Gordon">{{cite web|title=The Gordon family at Fyvie Castle|url=http://www.fyviecastleonline.uk/page/gordon-lairds/|website=Fyvie Castle Online|access-date=25 November 2017}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}</ref> The estate was broken up and the home-park was bought by the City of Aberdeen Boy Scouts' Association to create [[Templars' Park Scout Campsite]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Templars' Park|url=http://www.templarspark.org.uk/|website=Templars' Park|publisher=Scouts Scotland|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> Alterations to the house took place in 1936.<ref>{{cite web|title=Old Maryculter House|url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=223429|website=Dictionary of Scottish Architects|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> The building is now a hotel, previously the Deeside Hotel and now Maryculter House Hotel.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watson|first1=Adam|title=Place Names in Much of North-East Scotland|date=2013|publisher=Paragon Publishing|page=236|isbn=9781782220695|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ku5Js_jj8L0C&pg=PA236|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Hotel history">{{cite web|title=Maryculter House and the Precatory of the Knights Templar|url=http://www.maryculterhousehotel.com/perch/resources/history.pdf|website=Maryculter House Hotel|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> It is a [[Historic Environment Scotland]] Category B [[Listed building]].<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB16496|desc=Old Maryculter House (now incorporated into Deeside Hotel)|access-date=15 April 2019|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://maryculterhouse.com Maryculter House Hotel website] * [https://whereismynextadventure.com/2014/03/09/a-city-a-river-a-kirkyard-a-castel Blog post about the house and graveyard] * [http://www.ancient-tree-hunt.org.uk/discoveries/newdiscoveries/2009/Maryculter+House+Sweet+Chestnut Maryculter House Sweet Chestnut] * [http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/4501 Details of film, Maryculter Calling, 1934] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7E_QtfwOoI Video footage of St Mary's Chapel] ==Bibliography== * Nicol, Norman D (1999) ''Maryculter in the Eighteenth Century: Lairds, Kirk and People in a Lower Deeside Parish'' {{coord|57.0897|-2.2590|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}} [[Category:Category B listed buildings in Aberdeenshire]] [[Category:Houses in Aberdeenshire]] [[Category:Knights Hospitaller]]

1,205,665,043

[]

false

# Vought SB2U Vindicator The Vought SB2U Vindicator is an American carrier-based dive bomber developed for the United States Navy in the 1930s, the first monoplane in this role. Vindicators still remained in service at the time of the Battle of Midway, but by 1943, all had been withdrawn to training units. It was known as the Chesapeake in Royal Navy service. ## Design and development In 1934, the United States Navy issued a requirement for a new Scout Bomber for carrier use, and received proposals from six manufacturers. The specification was issued in two parts, one for a monoplane, and one for a biplane. Vought submitted designs in both categories, which would become the XSB2U-1 and XSB3U-1 respectively. The biplane was considered alongside the monoplane design as a hedge against the U.S. Navy's reluctance to pursue the modern configuration. The XSB2U-1 was of conventional low-wing monoplane configuration with a retractable conventional tailwheel landing gear, the pilot and tail gunner being seated in tandem under a long greenhouse-style canopy. The fuselage was of steel tube construction, covered with aluminum panels from the nose to the rear cockpit with a fabric-covered rear fuselage, while the folding cantilever wing was of all-metal construction. A Pratt & Whitney R-1535 Twin-Wasp Junior radial engine drove a two-blade constant-speed propeller, which was intended to act as a dive brake during a dive bombing attack. The use of propeller braking was not entirely successful, and in practice US Navy Vindicators lowered the aircraft's undercarriage to act as a speed brake and dived at shallower angles. A single 1,000 lb (450 kg) bomb could be carried on a swinging trapeze to allow it to clear the propeller in a steep dive, while further bombs could be carried under the wings to give a maximum bombload of 1,500 lb (680 kg). The SB2U was evaluated against the Brewster XSBA-1, Curtiss XSBC-3, Great Lakes XB2G-1, Grumman XSBF-1 and Northrop XBT-1. All but the Great Lakes and Grumman submissions were ordered into production. Designated XSB2U-1, one prototype was ordered on 15 October 1934 and was delivered on 15 April 1936. Accepted for operational evaluation on 2 July 1936, the prototype XSB2U-1, BuNo 9725, crashed on 20 August 1936. Its successful completion of trials led to further orders, with 56 SB2U-1s ordered on 26 October 1936, and a further 58 of a slightly modified version, the SB2U-2, on 6 October 1938. The SB2U-3 was a more heavily modified version, intended as a long-range scout bomber, capable of being fitted with a conventional wheeled undercarriage, for operations from aircraft carriers or land airbases, or with floats. To give the required increased range, the fuselage fuel tank fitted to the SB2U-1 and -2 was supplemented by integral wing tanks, while the aircraft's tail had an increased span. The prototype XSB2U-3, converted from the last SB2U-1, flew in February 1939, and after testing as both a landplane and floatplane, 57 SB2U-3s were ordered on 25 September 1939, mainly for the United States Marine Corps. The SB2U is prominently featured in the 1941 film Dive Bomber. There were 260 examples of all Vindicator variants produced, and a single surviving SB2U-2 is preserved at the National Naval Aviation Museum at NAS Pensacola, Florida. ## Operational history ### U.S. Navy Deliveries to the U.S. Navy began in December 1937, when four aircraft joined VB-3 aboard the aircraft carrier Saratoga, replacing Curtiss BFC-2 biplanes. As well as Saratoga, Vindicators served on the carriers Lexington, Ranger, and Wasp. Air Group Nine, destined for Essex, trained in Vindicators aboard the escort carrier Charger, but they transitioned to the Douglas SBD Dauntless before Essex joined the war. During the attack on Pearl Harbor, seven Vindicators from the U.S. squadron VMSB-231 were destroyed at Ewa Field. ### U.S. Marine Corps VMSB-231 and VMSB-241 were the only two USMC squadrons that fielded the Marine-specific SB2U-3 between March 1941 and September 1943. VMSB-241's Vindicators saw combat at the Battle of Midway in June 1942. Airmen with experience in more modern aircraft spoke disparagingly of SB2Us as "vibrators" or "wind indicators" in their later combat assignments. Captain Richard E. Fleming piloted a SB2U-3 Vindicator in an attack on the Japanese cruiser Mikuma on 5 June 1942, for which he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. ### French Navy On 22 February 1939, France placed an order for 20 V-156-Fs for the carrier-based squadrons of the Aéronautique Navale (French Naval Aviation), with an order for 20 more V-156-Fs following in May 1939. Based on the SB2U-2, the V-156-F incorporated specific French equipment, included 7.5 mm (0.30 in) Darne machine guns and French radios, while the aircraft were fitted with dive brakes, as tested and rejected by the US Navy. The aircraft were delivered to France in crates and reassembled at Orly, with the first example flying in France on 6 August 1939. On the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, the French Navy decided that its only aircraft carrier, Béarn was too slow for operational service, and the ship's squadrons disembarked for land-based service. By mid-October 1939, the first escadrille, AB 1, had reequipped with the V-156-F, while a second escadrille, AB 3, was formed in November 1939. In March–April 1940, AB 1's pilots carried out successful deck-landing training aboard Béarn, and were declared carrier qualified. On 10 May 1940, on the opening day of the German invasion of France, all 12 of AB 3's aircraft were destroyed in a German air raid on Boulogne airfield. AB 1 was ordered up to Northern France from Hyères as a replacement, sustaining heavy losses while attacking bridges and German ground targets in Northern France, including seven aircraft shot down by Messerschmitt Bf 109s during an attack on a bridge over the Sambre–Oise Canal on 20 May 1940, and later that month provided air cover for the Evacuation of Dunkirk. AB 3, which had had its losses replaced by V-156-Fs taken out of storage, was deployed against the Italians following the Italian invasion of France on 10 June and on 14 June, four V-156s attacked the Italian submarine Gondar, which was unharmed. By the time of the Armistice, there were only a handful of remaining Voughts in French hands, and the type was phased out of service. ### Royal Navy France had placed an order for a further 50 V-156-Fs in March 1940, with delivery planned from March 1941. Following the defeat of France, this order was taken over by the British government for use by the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, who named the aircraft the Chesapeake. The British required several modifications to the Chesapeake, including the additional fuel tank fitted to the SB2U-3, additional armor and heavier forward firing armament, with four rifle caliber machine guns replacing the single forward-firing Darne machine gun of the French aircraft. Fourteen Chesapeakes were used to equip a reformed 811 Naval Air Squadron on 14 July 1941 at RNAS Lee-on-Solent. The squadron, whose crews referred to the aircraft as the "cheesecake", intended to use them for anti-submarine patrols, and they were earmarked for the escort carrier HMS Archer. By the end of October that year, it had been decided that the Chesapeakes were underpowered for the planned duties and would not be able to lift a useful payload from the small escort carriers. Accordingly, they were withdrawn from 811 Squadron in November 1941 for use as training aircraft and the unit was re-equipped with the biplane Fairey Swordfish. ## Variants XSB2U-1 Single prototype, powered by a 750 hp (560 kW) R-1535-78 engine. SB2U-1 Initial production version powered by an 825 hp (615 kW) R-1535-96 engine, 54 built. SB2U-2 Same as SB2U-1 but with minor equipment changed, 58 built. XSB2U-3 Single prototype of the extended-range version with twin floats, converted from the SB2U-1. SB2U-3 Similar to the SB2U-2 but fitted with an 825 hp (615 kW) R-1535-102 engine, crew armor and two 0.5 in (12.7 mm) guns, 57 built V-156F-3 Export version for the French Navy, 40 built. V-156B-1 Export version similar to the SB2U-3 and powered by a 750 hp (560 kW) R-1535-SB4-G engine for the British Royal Navy. Designated Chesapeake Mk.I; 50 built. V-167 The V-156 company demonstrator was fitted with a more powerful Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engine and redesignated V-167. It remained a one-off. ## Operators France - French Navy Aéronavale United Kingdom - Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm - 811 Naval Air Squadron[29] United States - United States Navy - United States Marine Corps ## Surviving aircraft Only one known survivor exists today: - SB2U-2 Vindicator, Bureau Number 1383, is on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum at NAS Pensacola, Florida.[35] ## Specifications (SB2U-3) Data from The Annals of Sugar Baker Two Uncle General characteristics - Crew: 2 - Length: 33 ft 11+3⁄4 in (10.36 m) - Wingspan: 41 ft 10+7⁄8 in (12.77 m) - Height: 14 ft 3 in (4.34 m) (tail down, propeller vertical) - Wing area: 305.3 sq ft (28.36 m2) - Empty weight: 5,634 lb (2,556 kg) - Gross weight: 7,474 lb (3,390 kg) - Max takeoff weight: 9,421 lb (4,273 kg) - Fuel capacity: 370 US gal (310 imp gal; 1,400 L) internal fuel - Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney R-1535-02 Twin Wasp Jr 14-cylinder two-row air-cooled radial engine, 825 hp (615 kW) (take-off power) : 750 hp (560 kW) (continuous power) - Propellers: 2-bladed Hamilton Standard constant-speed propeller, 11 ft 0 in (3.35 m) diameter Performance - Maximum speed: 211 kn (243 mph, 391 km/h) at 9,500 ft (2,900 m) - Cruise speed: 132 kn (152 mph, 245 km/h) (range cruise) - Range: 970 nmi (1,120 mi, 1,800 km) (main and wing center-section tanks only), 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombload - Ferry range: 2,130 nmi (2,450 mi, 3,940 km) (max internal and external fuel) - Service ceiling: 23,600 ft (7,200 m) - Rate of climb: 1,070 ft/min (5.4 m/s) - Time to altitude: 17.5 min to 15,000 ft (4,600 m) Armament - Guns: - 1 × forward firing 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gun in starboard wing - 1 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine gun in flexible mount in rear cockpit - Bombs: - 1 × 1,000 lb (450 kg) or 500 lb (230 kg) bomb under fuselage - 2 × 100 lb (45 kg) and 8 × 30 lb (14 kg) bombs under wings

enwiki/982690

enwiki

982,690

Vought SB2U Vindicator

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_SB2U_Vindicator

2025-08-09T22:28:05

en

Q1076655

222,937

{{Short description|US Navy dive bomber}} {{Use American English|date=October 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}  {{Infobox aircraft |name= SB2U Vindicator |image= File:Vought SB2U-3 Vindicator VS-1 1-S-16 (16140609435).jpg |caption= |type= [[Dive bomber]] |national_origin= United States |manufacturer= [[Vought]] |first_flight= 4 January 1936 |introduction= [[1937 in aviation|1937]] |retired= 1945 |status= |primary_user= [[United States Navy]] |more_users= [[United States Marine Corps]] [[French Navy]] [[Royal Navy]] |produced= |number_built= 260 }} The '''Vought SB2U Vindicator''' is an American [[Carrier-based aircraft|carrier-based]] [[dive bomber]] developed for the [[United States Navy]] in the 1930s, the first [[monoplane]] in this role. Vindicators still remained in service at the time of the [[Battle of Midway]], but by 1943, all had been withdrawn to training units. It was known as the '''Chesapeake''' in [[Royal Navy]] service. ==Design and development== In 1934, the [[United States Navy]] issued a requirement for a new Scout Bomber for carrier use, and received proposals from six manufacturers. The specification was issued in two parts, one for a [[monoplane]], and one for a [[biplane]]. [[Vought]] submitted designs in both categories, which would become the '''XSB2U-1''' and [[Vought XSB3U|XSB3U-1]] respectively. The biplane was considered alongside the monoplane design as a hedge against the U.S. Navy's reluctance to pursue the modern configuration.<ref name="McKillop">{{cite web|last1=McKillop|first1=Jack|url=http://www.microworks.net/PACIFIC/aviation/sb2u_vindicator.htm|title=Chance-Vought SB2U Vindicator|website=microworks.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009020949/http://www.microworks.net/PACIFIC/aviation/sb2u_vindicator.htm|archive-date=2007-10-09}}</ref> The XSB2U-1 was of conventional low-wing monoplane configuration with a retractable conventional tailwheel [[landing gear]], the pilot and tail gunner being seated in tandem under a long greenhouse-style canopy. The [[fuselage]] was of steel tube construction, covered with [[aluminum]] panels from the nose to the rear cockpit with a fabric-covered rear fuselage, while the folding cantilever wing was of all-metal construction. A [[Pratt & Whitney R-1535]] Twin-Wasp Junior [[radial engine]] drove a two-blade [[constant-speed propeller]], which was intended to act as a [[dive brake]] during a dive bombing attack. The use of propeller braking was not entirely successful, and in practice US Navy Vindicators lowered the aircraft's undercarriage to act as a speed brake and dived at shallower angles. A single {{cvt|1000|lb}} bomb could be carried on a swinging trapeze to allow it to clear the propeller in a steep dive, while further bombs could be carried under the wings to give a maximum bombload of {{cvt|1500|lb}}.<ref name="AE p2-3">Green and Swanborough 1978, pp. 2–3.</ref><ref name="Wixey p64-5">Wixey 2000, pp. 64–65.</ref> The SB2U was evaluated against the [[Brewster SBA|Brewster XSBA-1]], [[Curtiss SBC|Curtiss XSBC-3]], [[Great Lakes XB2G]]-1, [[Grumman XSBF]]-1 and [[Northrop BT|Northrop XBT-1]]. All but the Great Lakes and Grumman submissions were ordered into production. Designated XSB2U-1, one prototype was ordered on 15 October 1934 and was delivered on 15 April 1936. Accepted for operational evaluation on 2 July 1936, the prototype XSB2U-1, BuNo ''9725'', crashed on 20 August 1936.<ref>Larkins, William T., "U.S. Navy Aircraft 1921-1941, U.S. Marine Corps Aircraft 1914-1959", Orion Books, New York, 1988, Library of Congress card number 88-17753, {{ISBN|0-517-56920-5}}, page 196.</ref> Its successful completion of trials led to further orders,<ref name="McKillop"/> with 56 SB2U-1s ordered on 26 October 1936,<ref name="AE p3">Green and Swanborough 1978, p. 3.</ref> and a further 58 of a slightly modified version, the SB2U-2, on 6 October 1938.<ref name="AE p6">Green and Swanborough 1978, p. 6.</ref> The SB2U-3 was a more heavily modified version, intended as a long-range scout bomber, capable of being fitted with a conventional wheeled undercarriage, for operations from aircraft carriers or land airbases, or with floats. To give the required increased range, the fuselage fuel tank fitted to the SB2U-1 and -2 was supplemented by integral wing tanks, while the aircraft's tail had an increased span. The prototype XSB2U-3, converted from the last SB2U-1, flew in February 1939, and after testing as both a landplane and floatplane, 57 SB2U-3s were ordered on 25 September 1939, mainly for the United States Marine Corps.<ref name="AE p76">Green and Swanborough 1978, p. 76.</ref><ref name="Wixey p67-8">Wixey 2000, pp. 67–68.</ref> The SB2U is prominently featured in the 1941 film [[Dive Bomber (film)|''Dive Bomber'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jesse |date=2020-10-15 |title=The SB2U Vindicator: the Forgotten Bird in 24 Images - I Love WWII Planes |url=https://www.ilovewwiiplanes.com/2020/10/15/sb2u/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=ilovewwiiplanes |language=en}}</ref> There were 260 examples of all Vindicator variants produced,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-12-04 |title=Vought SB2U Vindicator (1936) |url=https://naval-encyclopedia.com/naval-aviation/ww2/us/vought-sb2u-vindicator.php#google_vignette |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Naval Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref> and a single surviving SB2U-2 is preserved at the [[National Naval Aviation Museum]] at NAS Pensacola, Florida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SB2U Vindicator |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nnam/explore/collections/aircraft/s/sb2u-vindicator.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=National Naval Aviation Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Operational history== ===U.S. Navy=== [[File:SB2U-3 VMSB-231 Ewa 7Dec1941.jpg|thumb|SB2U destroyed at Pearl Harbor]] [[File:Convoy WS-12 en route to Cape Town, 1941.jpg|thumb|SB2U from {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|2}} in November 1941.]] [[File:SB2U taking off from Midway Jun 1942.jpg|thumb|SB2U-3 of VMSB-241, MAG-21, takes off from Eastern Island shortly before the Battle of Midway.]] [[File:USS Wasp (CV-7) in at anchor in Casco Bay, Maine (USA), on 25 March 1942 (80-G-K-447).jpg|thumb|SB2U-3s on deck of {{USS|Wasp|CV-7|2}} in June 1942.]] Deliveries to the U.S. Navy began in December 1937, when four aircraft joined [[VFA-14 (U.S. Navy)|VB-3]] aboard the aircraft carrier {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|2}}, replacing [[Curtiss F11C Goshawk|Curtiss BFC]]-2 biplanes. As well as ''Saratoga'', Vindicators served on the carriers {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|2}}, {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|2}}, and {{USS|Wasp|CV-7|2}}.<ref name="AE p5-6">Green and Swanborough 1978, pp. 5–6.</ref> Air Group Nine, destined for {{USS|Essex|CV-9|2}}, trained in Vindicators aboard the escort carrier {{USS|Charger|CVE-30|2}}, but they transitioned to the [[Douglas SBD Dauntless]] before ''Essex'' joined the war.<ref name="McKillop"/> During the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], seven Vindicators from the U.S. squadron VMSB-231 were destroyed at [[Marine Corps Air Station Ewa|Ewa Field]].<ref>Doll 1992, p. 5</ref> ===U.S. Marine Corps=== [[VMA-231|VMSB-231]] and [[VMA-241|VMSB-241]] were the only two USMC squadrons that fielded the Marine-specific SB2U-3 between March 1941 and September 1943. VMSB-241's Vindicators saw combat at the Battle of Midway in June 1942.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://midway1942.org/docs/usn_doc_18.shtml|title=Midway 1942 : Documents : Commanding Officer Marine Scout-Bombing Squadron 241. Action report. June 12, 1942|access-date=2013-06-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172622/http://midway1942.org/docs/usn_doc_18.shtml|archive-date=2014-02-01}}</ref> Airmen with experience in more modern aircraft spoke disparagingly of SB2Us as "vibrators" or "wind indicators" in their later combat assignments.<ref name="Proceedings">O'Rourke, G.G, CAPT USN. "Of Hosenoses, Stoofs, and Lefthanded Spads". ''United States Naval Institute Proceedings'', July 1968.</ref><ref name="P2">Spangenburg, Walt, CAPT USN. "Comment and Discussion". ''United States Naval Institute Proceedings'', October 1968.</ref> Captain [[Richard E. Fleming]] piloted a SB2U-3 Vindicator in an attack on the [[Japanese cruiser Mikuma|Japanese cruiser ''Mikuma'']] on 5 June 1942, for which he was posthumously awarded the [[Medal of Honor]].<ref name="Always Faithful">{{citation|title=Always Faithful|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/histories/naval-aviation/Naval%20Aviation%20News/2000/2003/may-june/always.pdf|publisher=Naval Aviation News|author=Hill Goodspeed|date=May 2003|access-date=2016-03-10}}</ref> ===French Navy=== On 22 February 1939, France placed an order for 20 V-156-Fs for the carrier-based squadrons of the ''[[Aéronautique Navale]]'' (French Naval Aviation), with an order for 20 more V-156-Fs following in May 1939.<ref name="AE p7">Green and Swanborough 1978, p.7.</ref><ref name="avn54p378">Ledet September 1997, pp. 37–38</ref> Based on the SB2U-2, the V-156-F incorporated specific French equipment, included {{cvt|7.5|mm}} [[Darne machine gun]]s and French radios, while the aircraft were fitted with dive brakes, as tested and rejected by the US Navy.<ref name="AE p7"/> The aircraft were delivered to France in crates and reassembled at [[Orly]], with the first example flying in France on 6 August 1939.<ref name="avn54p389">Ledet September 1997, pp. 38–39</ref> On the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] in September 1939, the French Navy decided that its only aircraft carrier, {{Ship|French aircraft carrier|Béarn||2}} was too slow for operational service, and the ship's squadrons disembarked for land-based service.<ref name="fana297p42">Morareau February 1997, p. 42</ref> By mid-October 1939, the first ''[[escadrille]]'', AB 1, had reequipped with the V-156-F,<ref name="fana297p42"/> while a second ''escadrille'', AB 3, was formed in November 1939.<ref name="fana298p42">Morareau March 1997, p. 42</ref> In March–April 1940, AB 1's pilots carried out successful deck-landing training aboard ''Béarn'', and were declared carrier qualified.<ref name="fana297p45">Morareau February 1997, p. 45</ref><ref name="AE p8"/> On 10 May 1940, on the opening day of the [[Battle of France|German invasion of France]], all 12 of AB 3's aircraft were destroyed in a German air raid on [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] airfield.<ref name="AE p8"/><ref name="fana298p44">Morareau March 1997, p. 44</ref> AB 1 was ordered up to Northern France from [[Hyères]] as a replacement, sustaining heavy losses while attacking bridges and German ground targets in Northern France, including seven aircraft shot down by [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]]s during an attack on a bridge over the [[Sambre–Oise Canal]] on 20 May 1940, and later that month provided air cover for the [[Evacuation of Dunkirk]].<ref name="AE p8"/> AB 3, which had had its losses replaced by V-156-Fs taken out of storage,<ref name="AE p8"/> was deployed against the Italians following the [[Italian invasion of France]] on 10 June and on 14 June, four V-156s attacked the {{ship|Italian submarine|Gondar}}, which was unharmed.<ref name="fana298p45">Morareau March 1997, p. 45</ref> By the time of the [[Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)|Armistice]], there were only a handful of remaining Voughts in French hands, and the type was phased out of service.<ref name="fana297p54">Morareau February 1997, p. 54</ref> ===Royal Navy=== France had placed an order for a further 50 V-156-Fs in March 1940, with delivery planned from March 1941. Following the [[Second Armistice at Compiègne|defeat of France]], this order was taken over by the British government for use by the [[Royal Navy]]'s [[Fleet Air Arm]], who named the aircraft the Chesapeake.<ref name="AE p8">Green and Swanborough 1978, p.8.</ref> The British required several modifications to the Chesapeake, including the additional fuel tank fitted to the SB2U-3,<ref name="AE p8"/> additional armor and heavier forward firing armament, with four rifle caliber machine guns replacing the single forward-firing [[Darne machine gun]] of the French aircraft.<ref name="AE p74">Green and Swanborough 1978, p.74.</ref> Fourteen Chesapeakes were used to equip a reformed [[811 Naval Air Squadron]] on 14 July 1941 at [[RNAS Lee-on-Solent (HMS Daedalus)|RNAS Lee-on-Solent]].<ref name="Thetford Navy p340">Thetford 1978, p.340.</ref> The squadron, whose crews referred to the aircraft as the "cheesecake", intended to use them for [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] patrols, and they were earmarked for the [[escort aircraft carrier|escort carrier]] {{HMS|Archer|D78|6}}.<ref>Moran 1978, p. 65</ref> By the end of October that year, it had been decided that the Chesapeakes were underpowered for the planned duties and would not be able to lift a useful payload from the small escort carriers. Accordingly, they were withdrawn from 811 Squadron in November 1941 for use as training aircraft and the unit was re-equipped with the biplane [[Fairey Swordfish]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-01 |title=Historic Aircraft - No Vindication for the Vindicator |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2014/december/historic-aircraft-no-vindication-vindicator#:~:text=An%20additional%20order%20soon%20was,and%20a%20larger%20horizontal%20tail. |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=U.S. Naval Institute |language=en}}</ref> ==Variants== ;XSB2U-1 :Single prototype, powered by a {{cvt|750|hp}} R-1535-78 engine. ;SB2U-1 :Initial production version powered by an {{cvt|825|hp}} R-1535-96 engine, 54 built. ;SB2U-2 :Same as SB2U-1 but with minor equipment changed, 58 built. ;XSB2U-3 :Single prototype of the extended-range version with twin floats, converted from the SB2U-1. ;SB2U-3 :Similar to the SB2U-2 but fitted with an {{cvt|825|hp}} R-1535-102 engine, crew armor and two {{cvt|0.5|in|1}} guns, 57 built ;V-156F-3 :Export version for the French Navy, 40 built. ;V-156B-1 :Export version similar to the SB2U-3 and powered by a {{cvt|750|hp}} R-1535-SB4-G engine for the British Royal Navy. Designated '''Chesapeake Mk.I'''; 50 built. ;V-167 :The V-156 company demonstrator was fitted with a more powerful Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engine and redesignated V-167. It remained a one-off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/products/html/sb2uquant.html|title=SB2U Quantities|website=Vought Heritage and Education Web Site|access-date=2013-04-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529140912/http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/products/html/sb2uquant.html|archive-date=2012-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/photo/html/pv-167_2.html|title=Photo Gallery: V-167|website=Vought Heritage and Education Web Site|access-date=2013-04-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109021426/http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/photo/html/pv-167_2.html|archive-date=2007-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://celticowboy.com/VCorsairs%20Photos.htm|title=Archived copy|access-date=2013-04-08|archive-date=2014-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170131/http://celticowboy.com/VCorsairs%20Photos.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Operators== [[File:Restored Vought SB2U-2 Vindicator at the U.S. National Naval Aviation Museum, Pensacola, Florida (USA), in 1999.jpg|thumb|SB2U-2 of VB-9 from the [[National Museum of Naval Aviation]]]] ;{{FRA}} *[[French Navy]] [[Aéronavale]] ;{{UK}} *[[Royal Navy]] [[Fleet Air Arm]] **[[811 Naval Air Squadron]]<ref name="Thetford Navy p340"/> ;{{USA}} *[[United States Navy]] *[[United States Marine Corps]] ==Surviving aircraft== Only one known survivor exists today: *SB2U-2 Vindicator, Bureau Number ''1383'', is on display at the [[National Naval Aviation Museum]] at [[NAS Pensacola]], [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=sb2u_vindicator|title=SB2U Vindicator/Bu. 1383|website=National Naval Aviation Museum|access-date=2012-04-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313071646/http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=sb2u_vindicator|archive-date=2014-03-13}}</ref> ==Specifications (SB2U-3)== [[File:Vought SB2U-1 Vindicator.svg|thumb|400px|Vought SB2U-1 Vindicator]] {{Aircraft specs |ref=The Annals of Sugar Baker Two Uncle<ref name="AE p8,77">Green and Swanborough 1978, pp. 8, 77.</ref> |prime units?=kts  |genhide= |crew=2 |capacity= |length ft=33 |length in=11+3/4 |length sigfig=4 |span ft=41 |span in=10+7/8 |span sigfig=4 |height m= |height ft=14 |height in=3 |height note= (tail down, propeller vertical) |wing area sqm= |wing area sqft=305.3 |wing area note= |swept area sqm= |swept area sqft= |aspect ratio= |airfoil= |empty weight kg= |empty weight lb=5634 |empty weight note= |gross weight kg= |gross weight lb=7474 |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight lb=9421 |fuel capacity={{cvt|370|USgal|impgal L}} internal fuel |more general=  |eng1 number=1 |eng1 name=[[Pratt & Whitney R-1535]]-02 Twin Wasp Jr |eng1 type=14-cylinder two-row air-cooled [[radial engine]] |eng1 kw= |eng1 hp=825 |eng1 note= (take-off power) : {{cvt|750|hp|kW}} (continuous power) |prop blade number=2 |prop name=Hamilton Standard [[constant-speed propeller]] |prop dia m= |prop dia ft=11 |prop dia in=0 |prop note=  |perfhide= |max speed kmh= |max speed mph=243 |max speed kts= |max speed note=at {{cvt|9500|ft}} |cruise speed kmh= |cruise speed mph=152 |cruise speed note=(range cruise) |never exceed speed kmh= |never exceed speed mph= |never exceed speed kts= |range km= |range miles=1120 |range note=(main and wing center-section tanks only), {{cvt|1000|lb}} bombload |ferry range miles=2450 |ferry range note=(max internal and external fuel) |endurance= |ceiling m= |ceiling ft=23600 |climb rate ms= |climb rate ftmin=1070 |time to altitude=17.5 min to {{cvt|15000|ft}}  |guns= ** 1 × forward firing {{cvt|0.50|in|1}} [[M2 Browning machine gun]] in starboard wing ** 1 × {{cvt|0.50|in|1}} machine gun in flexible mount in rear cockpit |bombs= **1 × {{cvt|1000|lb}} ''or'' {{cvt|500|lb}} bomb under fuselage **2 × {{cvt|100|lb}} and 8 × {{cvt|30|lb}} bombs under wings |rockets= |missiles= |hardpoints= |hardpoint capacity= |hardpoint rockets= |hardpoint missiles= |hardpoint bombs= |hardpoint other= |avionics= }} ==See also== {{Portal|Aviation}} {{aircontent| |related= |similar aircraft= *[[Aichi D3A]] *[[Blackburn Skua]] *[[Breda Ba.65]] *[[Brewster SBA]] *[[Douglas SBD Dauntless]] *[[Junkers Ju 87]] *[[Loire-Nieuport LN.401]] *[[Northrop BT]] |lists= *[[List of aircraft of World War II]] *[[List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)]] |see also= }} ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== *{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Eric|last2=Green|first2=William|last3=Swanborough|first3=Gordon|chapter=Vought Chesapeake|title=Wings of the Navy, Flying Allied Carrier Aircraft of World War Two|year=1980|location=London|publisher=Jane's Publishing Company|pages=20–29|isbn=0-7106-0002-X}} *{{cite book|last=Doll|first=Tom|title=SB2U Vindicator in Action (Aircraft No. 122)|year=1992|location=Carrollton, Texas|publisher= Squadron/Signal Publications Inc.|isbn=0-89747-274-8}} *{{cite magazine|last1=Green|first1=William|author-link1=William Green (author)|first2=Gordon|last2=Swanborough|title=The Annals of Sugar Baker Two Uncle|magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]]|issue=Eight|date=October 1978 – January 1979|location= Bromley, UK|publisher=Fine Scroll|pages=1–8, 74–79}} *{{cite magazine|last1=Ledet|first1=Michel|title=Le Vought SB2U "Vindicator" (1ère partie)|magazine=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire|date=July 1997|issue=52|pages=22–29|language=fr|issn=1243-8650}} *{{cite magazine|last1=Ledet|first1=Michel|title=Le Vought SB2U "Vindicator" (2ème partie)|magazine=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire|date=August 1997|issue=53|pages=9–13|language=fr|issn=1243-8650}} *{{cite magazine|last1=Ledet|first1=Michel|title=Le Vought SB2U "Vindicator" (3ème partie)|magazine=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire|date=September 1997|issue=54|pages=37–41|language=fr|issn=1243-8650}} *{{cite magazine|last1=Ledet|first1=Michel|title=Le Vought SB2U "Vindicator" (4ème et dernière partie)|magazine=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire|date=October 1997|issue=55|pages=14–18|language=fr|issn=1243-8650}} *{{cite book|last=Mondey|first=David|title=The Hamlyn Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II|year=1982|location=London|publisher=Chancellor Press|isbn=1-85152-706-0}} *{{Cite book |last=Moran |first=Gerard P. |url=https://archive.org/details/aeroplanesvought0000mora/mode/2up?q=Archer |title=Aeroplanes Vought, 1917-1977 |publisher=Historical Aviation Album |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-911852-83-7 |location=Temple City, California}} * {{cite magazine|last=Morareau|first=Lucien|title=Histoire de l'Aviation Embarquée en France, De la torpille... ...à la bombe (Deuxième partie)|magazine=Le Fana de l'Aviation|date=February 1997|issue=327|pages=42–54|language=fr}} * {{cite magazine|last=Morareau|first=Lucien|title=Histoire de l'Aviation Embarquée en France, De la torpille... ...à la bombe (Troisième partie et fin)|magazine=Le Fana de l'Aviation|date=March 1997|issue=328|pages=42–47|language=fr}} *{{cite magazine|last1=Rivière|first1=Pierre|title=Les malheureux "Helldiver" français de 1940|magazine=Le Fana de l'Aviation|date=May 1983|issue=162|pages=27–29|issn=0757-4169|language=fr|trans-title=The Unlucky French "Helldivers" of 1940}} *{{cite book|last=Taylor|first= John W. R.|author-link=John W. R. Taylor|chapter=SB2U Vindicator|title=Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present|year=1969|location=New York|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|isbn=0-425-03633-2}} *{{cite book|last=Thetford|first=Owen|title=British Naval Aircraft since 1912|year=1978|edition=Fourth|location=London|publisher=Putnam|isbn=0-370-30021-1}} *{{cite magazine|last=Wixey|first=Ken|title='Flying Fuel Cans': Vought's SB2U Vindicator|magazine=Air Enthusiast|issue=86|date= March–April 2000|location=Stamford, UK|publisher=Key Publishing|pages=62–69|issn=0143-5450}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.vought.org/products/html/sb2u.html SB2U page on Vought official website] *[http://www.vought.org/products/html/v-156-f.html V-156F page on Vought official website] *[http://www.airtoaircombat.com/detail.asp?id=539 AirToAirCombat.Com: Vought SB2U-1 Vindicator] {{Vought aircraft}} {{USN scout aircraft}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Vought aircraft|SB02U]] [[Category:1930s United States attack aircraft|SBU2 Vindicator]] [[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]] [[Category:Low-wing aircraft]] [[Category:Carrier-based aircraft]] [[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1936]] [[Category:Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear]] [[Category:Single-engined piston aircraft]]

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[{"title": "General information", "data": {"Type": "Dive bomber", "National origin": "United States", "Manufacturer": "Vought", "Primary users": "United States Navy United States Marine Corps \u00b7 French Navy \u00b7 Royal Navy", "Number built": "260"}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"Introduction date": "1937", "First flight": "4 January 1936", "Retired": "1945"}}]

false

# James Tuttiett James Edward Tuttiett (born October 1963) is a British businessman, who through his company, E&J Estates, owns the freehold of 40,000 residential properties in the UK. ## Early life James Edward Tuttiett was born in October 1963. ## Career Tuttiett founded E&J Estates in 1991. According to data from Companies House, Tuttiett is a director of 85 companies, and often the only director, that own the freehold of numerous large developments in UK cities including Newcastle, Birmingham, Leeds, Coventry and London. ## Personal life Tuttiett lives in a "listed property in an exclusive part of Hampshire near Winchester, surrounded by his own vineyard".

enwiki/54683536

enwiki

54,683,536

James Tuttiett

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tuttiett

2025-04-18T23:14:39

en

Q33830245

23,903

{{short description|British businessman (born 1963)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} '''James Edward Tuttiett''' (born October 1963) is a British businessman, who through his company, E&J Estates, owns the freehold of 40,000 residential properties in the UK.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news|last1=Collinson|first1=Patrick|title=Leasehold tycoon: man whose firms control 40,000 UK homes|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2017/jul/29/leasehold-tycoon-man-whose-firms-control-40000-uk-homes|accessdate=29 July 2017|work=The Guardian|date=29 July 2017}}</ref> ==Early life== James Edward Tuttiett was born in October 1963.<ref name="beta.companieshouse.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/NZKfP4HDdhbXUFbUrKryC99AkHU/appointments|publisher=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk|title=James Edward TUTTIETT - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> ==Career== Tuttiett founded E&J Estates in 1991.<ref name="eandjcapitalpartners">{{cite web|url=http://www.eandjcapitalpartners.co.uk/the-team.html|publisher=eandjcapitalpartners.co.uk|title=The Team|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> According to data from [[Companies House]], Tuttiett is a director of 85 companies, and often the only director, that own the freehold of numerous large developments in UK cities including Newcastle, Birmingham, Leeds, Coventry and London.<ref name="The Guardian"/><ref name="beta.companieshouse.gov.uk"/> ==Personal life== Tuttiett lives in a "listed property in an exclusive part of Hampshire near Winchester, surrounded by his own vineyard".<ref name="The Guardian" /> == See also == * [[Mike Greene (British entrepreneur)|Mike Greene]], former business partner and Brexit Party candidate ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.eandjcapitalpartners.co.uk/the-team.html Tuttiett profile] at E&J Capital Partners {{DEFAULTSORT:Tuttiety, James}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:British businesspeople]] {{UK-business-bio-1960s-stub}}

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false

# Fuzzy electronics Fuzzy electronics is an electronic technology that uses fuzzy logic, instead of the two-state Boolean logic more commonly used in digital electronics. Fuzzy electronics is fuzzy logic implemented on dedicated hardware. This is to be compared with fuzzy logic implemented in software running on a conventional processor. Fuzzy electronics has a wide range of applications, including control systems and artificial intelligence. ## History The first fuzzy electronic circuit was built by Takeshi Yamakawa et al. in 1980 using discrete bipolar transistors. The first industrial fuzzy application was in a cement kiln in Denmark in 1982. The first VLSI fuzzy electronics was by Masaki Togai and Hiroyuki Watanabe in 1984. In 1987, Yamakawa built the first analog fuzzy controller. The first digital fuzzy processors came in 1988 by Togai (Russo, pp. 2–6). In the early 1990s, the first fuzzy logic chips were presented to the public. Two companies which are Omron and NEC have announced the development of dedicated fuzzy electronic hardware in the year 1991. Two years later, the Japanese Omron Cooperation has shown a working fuzzy chip during a technical fair. ## Bibliography - Ibrahim, Ahmad M. (1997). Introduction to Applied Fuzzy Electronics. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-206400-6. - Abraham Kandel, Gideon Langholz (eds), Fuzzy Hardware: Architectures and Applications, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 ISBN 1461540909. - Russo, Marco (1998). "Fuzzy Hardware Research from Historical Point of View". Fuzzy Hardware. pp. 1–25. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4090-8_1. ISBN 978-1-4613-6831-1.

enwiki/1958097

enwiki

1,958,097

Fuzzy electronics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_electronics

2024-11-14T18:50:17

en

Q5511117

23,774

'''Fuzzy electronics''' is an [[electronics|electronic]] technology that uses [[fuzzy logic]], instead of the two-state [[Boolean logic]] more commonly used in [[digital electronics]]. Fuzzy electronics is fuzzy logic implemented on dedicated hardware. This is to be compared with fuzzy logic implemented in software running on a conventional processor. Fuzzy electronics has a wide range of applications, including [[control system]]s and [[artificial intelligence]]. ==History== The first fuzzy electronic circuit was built by Takeshi Yamakawa ''et al.'' in 1980 using discrete bipolar transistors. The first industrial fuzzy application was in a cement kiln in Denmark in 1982. The first [[VLSI]] fuzzy electronics was by Masaki Togai and Hiroyuki Watanabe in 1984. In 1987, Yamakawa built the first analog fuzzy controller. The first digital fuzzy processors came in 1988 by Togai (Russo, pp. 2–6). In the early 1990s, the first fuzzy logic chips were presented to the public. Two companies which are Omron and NEC have announced the development of dedicated fuzzy [[electronic hardware]] in the year 1991.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Fuzzy plan with a purpose |date=1991-10-14 |magazine=Computerworld |volume=25 |issue=41 }}</ref> Two years later, the Japanese Omron Cooperation has shown a working fuzzy chip during a technical fair.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Ahmad Kushairi |title=Omron showcases latest in fuzzy logic |date=1993-12-26 |magazine=New Straits Times }}</ref> == See also == * [[Defuzzification]] * [[Fuzzy set]] * [[Fuzzy set operations]] == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == *{{cite book|last1=Ibrahim |first1=Ahmad M. |title=Introduction to Applied Fuzzy Electronics |date=1997 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=0-13-206400-6}} * Abraham Kandel, Gideon Langholz (eds), ''Fuzzy Hardware: Architectures and Applications'', Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 {{ISBN|1461540909}}. **{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-4090-8_1 |chapter=Fuzzy Hardware Research from Historical Point of View |title=Fuzzy Hardware |date=1998 |last1=Russo |first1=Marco |pages=1–25 |isbn=978-1-4613-6831-1 }} ==Further reading== * Yamakawa, T.; Inoue, T.; Ueno, F.; Shirai, Y., "Implementation of Fuzzy Logic hardware systems-Three fundamental arithmetic circuits", ''Transactions of the Institute of Electronics and Communications Engineers'', vol. 63, 1980, pp. 720–721. * Togai, M.; Watanabe, H., [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0020025586900174 "A VLSI implementation of a fuzzy inference engine: towards an expert system on a chip"], ''Information Sciences'', vol. 38, iss. 2, April 1986, pp. 147–163 ==External links== * [http://www.articleworld.org/index.php/Fuzzy_electronics Applications of Fuzzy logic in electronics] [[Category:Fuzzy logic]] [[Category:Digital electronics]] [[Category:Electronic engineering]] {{electronics-stub}}

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[]

false

# One Hour of Girl Power One Hour of Girl Power (also known as Spice—the Official Video—Vol. 1) is a VHS production by the Spice Girls released in the spring of 1997. It shows various performances and all the music videos filmed until that point, as well as behind the scenes of the videos. On iTunes, a five-minute abridged version of the video was released as a bonus track with the Greatest Hits album. ## Summary One Hour of Girl Power shows private footage of the pre-fame Spice Girls arriving at a hotel in the United States in 1995, where they are seen running through the corridors in their robes and playing around by the pool (briefly singing the then yet to be released 'Love Thing' a cappella). Included on the video are the promotional video clips for their debut single, "Wannabe", as well as those for the following singles, "Say You'll Be There", "2 Become 1", "Mama" and "Who Do You Think You Are". The videos are interspersed with behind the scenes footage of the making of the videos, and a running commentary by the band. The video for "Who Do You Think You Are" appears in an alternate version, interspersed with behind the scenes footage featuring the 'Sugar Lumps', a Spice Girls spoof group made up of British celebrities Dawn French, Jennifer Saunders, Kathy Burke, Lulu and actress Llewella Gideon. The complete Sugar Lumps version was made to promote Comic Relief (Who Do You Think You Are was the Comic Relief single for 1997). Footage of the girls on promotional tours in America, Hong Kong and the UK make up the rest of the documentary portion of the video. The presentation concludes with an edited version of the Spice Girls' classic performance at the 1997 BRIT Awards, presented by Ben Elton. ## Sales The video was very successful at the time of its release, selling almost 500,000 copies in the UK between April and June to become the best-selling pop video in the UK ever. The video peaked at number one on the UK Video Charts, and was the fifth best-selling video of 1997. It was also successful in many other countries such as Japan and the US. In the US, the video was the 20th best-selling video of 1998. ## Track listing | No. | Title | Writer(s) | Director(s) | Length | | ------------- | --------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | -------------- | ------ | | 1. | "Interviews and Footage with The Girls' Commentary" | | | | | 2. | "Wannabe" (music video) | Spice Girls Matt Rowe Richard Stannard | Johan Camitz | 3:55 | | 3. | "Say You'll Be There" (music video) | Spice Girls Eliot Kennedy Jon B. | Vaughan Arnell | 3:52 | | 4. | "2 Become 1" (music video) | Spice Girls Matt Rowe Richard Stannard | Big TV! | 3:52 | | 5. | "Mama" (music video) | Spice Girls Matt Rowe Richard Stannard | Big TV! | 3:33 | | 6. | "Who Do You Think You Are" (exclusive version[a]) | Spice Girls Andy Watkins Paul Wilson | | 3:40 | | Total length: | Total length: | Total length: | Total length: | 60:00 | Notes - ^[a] 1997 Brit Awards performance. ## Certifications | Region | Certification | Certified units/sales | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------- | --------------------- | | Canada (Music Canada) | 8× Platinum | 80,000^ | | France (SNEP) | 3× Platinum | 60,000* | | United Kingdom (BPI) | 13× Platinum | 650,000* | | * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. | | |

enwiki/21409340

enwiki

21,409,340

One Hour of Girl Power

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hour_of_Girl_Power

2024-05-29T22:10:26

en

Q7092732

70,309

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox album | name = One Hour of Girl Power | type = video | artist = [[Spice Girls]] | cover = One Hour of Girl Power.jpg | alt = | released = 1997 | recorded = 1995–1997 | venue = | studio = | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] | length = 60 minutes | label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] | producer = | prev_title = | prev_year = | next_title = [[Girl Power! Live in Istanbul]] | next_year = 1997 }} '''''One Hour of Girl Power''''' (also known as '''''Spice—the Official Video—Vol. 1''''') is a [[VHS]] production by the [[Spice Girls]] released in the spring of 1997. It shows various performances and all the music videos filmed until that point, as well as behind the scenes of the videos. On [[iTunes]], a five-minute abridged version of the video was released as a bonus track with the ''[[Greatest Hits (Spice Girls album)|Greatest Hits]]'' album. ==Summary== ''One Hour of Girl Power'' shows private footage of the pre-fame Spice Girls arriving at a hotel in the [[United States]] in 1995, where they are seen running through the corridors in their robes and playing around by the pool (briefly singing the then yet to be released 'Love Thing' a cappella). Included on the video are the promotional video clips for their debut single, "[[Wannabe (song)|Wannabe]]", as well as those for the following singles, "[[Say You'll Be There]]", "[[2 Become 1]]", "[[Mama (Spice Girls song)|Mama]]" and "[[Who Do You Think You Are (Spice Girls song)|Who Do You Think You Are]]". The videos are interspersed with behind the scenes footage of the making of the videos, and a running commentary by the band. The video for "Who Do You Think You Are" appears in an alternate version, interspersed with behind the scenes footage featuring the 'Sugar Lumps', a Spice Girls spoof group made up of British celebrities [[Dawn French]], [[Jennifer Saunders]], [[Kathy Burke]], [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]] and actress Llewella Gideon. The complete Sugar Lumps version was made to promote [[Comic Relief]] (Who Do You Think You Are was the Comic Relief single for 1997). Footage of the girls on promotional tours in America, [[Hong Kong]] and the UK make up the rest of the documentary portion of the video. The presentation concludes with an edited version of the Spice Girls' classic performance at the [[1997 BRIT Awards]], presented by [[Ben Elton]]. ==Sales== The video was very successful at the time of its release, selling almost 500,000 copies in the UK between April and June to become the best-selling pop video in the UK ever.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQoEAAAAMBAJ&q=spice+girls+fan+club+magazine+catalogue+products&pg=PA45|title=Newsline: Music Video Shipments|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=20 September 1997|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> The video peaked at number one on the [[UK Video Charts]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/video-chart/19970511/12/|title=Official Video Chart Top 100: 11 May 1997 - 17 May 1997 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref> and was the fifth best-selling video of 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-video-chart/19970105/30012/|title=End of Year Video Chart Top 100 - 1997 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6w4EAAAAMBAJ&q=spice+girls+movie+dvd+sales+billboard&pg=PA119|page=119|date=14 March 1998|first=Sam|last=Andrews|title=The Scene From The U.K.: Video Turns A Corner, DVD Debut Delayed|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=10 March 2017|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> It was also successful in many other countries such as Japan and the US. In the US, the video was the 20th best-selling video of 1998.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Fw0EAAAAMBAJ|page=52|title=The Year in Video: Top Video Sales |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |first=Eileen|last=Fitzpatrick|date=9 January 1999 |access-date=18 February 2017|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> ==Track listing== {{Track listing | headline = | extra_column = Director(s) | total_length = 60:00 | title1 = Interviews and Footage with The Girls' Commentary | note1 = | writer1 = | extra1 = | length1 = | title2 = [[Wannabe]] | note2 = music video | writer2 = {{hlist|[[Spice Girls]]|Matt Rowe|[[Biffco|Richard Stannard]]}} | extra2 = [[Johan Camitz]] | length2 = 3:55 | title3 = [[Say You'll Be There]] | note3 = music video | writer3 = {{hlist|Spice Girls|[[Eliot Kennedy]]|[[Jon B.]]}} | extra3 = [[Vaughan Arnell]] | length3 = 3:52 | title4 = [[2 Become 1]] | note4 = music video | writer4 = {{hlist|[[Spice Girls]]|Matt Rowe|[[Biffco|Richard Stannard]]}} | extra4 = [[Big TV!]] | length4 = 3:52 | title5 = [[Mama (Spice Girls song)|Mama]] | note5 = music video | writer5 = {{hlist|[[Spice Girls]]|Matt Rowe|[[Biffco|Richard Stannard]]}} | extra5 = [[Big TV!]] | length5 = 3:33 | title6 = [[Who Do You Think You Are (Spice Girls song)|Who Do You Think You Are]] | note6 = exclusive version{{ref|a|[a]}} | writer6 = {{hlist|[[Spice Girls]]|[[Andy Watkins]]|Paul Wilson}} | length6 = 3:40 }} '''Notes''' * {{note|a|[a]}} [[1997 Brit Awards]] performance. ==Certifications== {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Canada|title=One Hour of Girl Power|artist=Spice Girls|type=video|award=Platinum|number=8|relyear=1997|certyear=1998|access-date=2016-07-26}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=France|artist=Spice Girls|title=One Hour of Girl Power|type=video|award=Platinum|number=3|relyear=1998|certyear=1998|access-date=September 28, 2015|certref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1998&type=19|title=Certifications Video Triple Platine - année 1998|publisher=Disque en France|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925055455/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1998&type=19|archive-date=2012-09-25}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|title=Spice - The Official Video - Vol 1|artist=Spice Girls|type=video|award=Platinum|number=13|relyear=1997|certyear=2013|certmonth=7|id=11499-1952-5|access-date=2016-07-26}} {{Certification Table Bottom}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Spice Girls}} [[Category:1997 video albums]] [[Category:Spice Girls video albums]] [[Category:Documentary films about women in music]]

1,226,321,019

[{"title": "Video by Spice Girls", "data": {"Released": "1997", "Recorded": "1995\u20131997", "Genre": "Pop", "Length": "60 minutes", "Label": "Virgin"}}, {"title": "Spice Girls", "data": {"Studio albums": "Spice Spiceworld Forever", "Compilation album": "Greatest Hits", "Video albums": "One Hour of Girl Power Girl Power! Live in Istanbul Live at Wembley Stadium", "Singles": "\" Wannabe \" \" Say You'll Be There \" \" 2 Become 1 \" \" Mama \" \" Who Do You Think You Are \" \" Spice Up Your Life \" \" Too Much \" \" Stop \" \" Viva Forever \" \" Goodbye \" \" Holler \" \" Let Love Lead the Way \" \" Headlines (Friendship Never Ends) \"", "Featured singles": "\" (How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World \" \" It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It) \"", "Promotional singles": "\" Step to Me \" \" Move Over \" \" Tell Me Why \"", "Concerts and tours": "Girl Power! Live in Istanbul Spiceworld Tour Christmas in Spiceworld Tour The Return of the Spice Girls Tour Spice World \u2013 2019 Tour", "Filmography": "Spice World Spice Girls in America: A Tour Story Giving You Everything", "Merchandise": "Merchandise and sponsorship deals Dolls Spice Cam Spice World (video game)", "Works about Spice Girls": "Raw Spice Seven Days That Shook the Spice Girls Spice Girls: How Girl Power Changed Britain Wannabe: How the Spice Girls Reinvented Pop Fame Spiceworld: The Exhibition Viva Forever! musical", "Associated people": "Michelle Stephenson Simon Fuller Simon Ellis", "Related articles": "Girl power Union Jack dress Spice Girls Present... The Best Girl Power Album... Ever! Spice Girls Ltd v Aprilia World Service BV \" Spicy \""}}]

false

# Popover (GUI) A popover is a container-type graphical control element that hovers over its parent window. It can contain various other graphical control elements such as checkboxes, radio buttons, or list boxes. Like any container-type graphical control element, it is meant to group elements that belong together. Popover graphical control elements were introduced in GTK+ 3.12. Apple included popovers in their human interface guidelines. Popovers are in use on the web. Bootstrap has a component to create popovers, similar to those found in iOS. When hovering a link in Wikipedia, by default, there is a popup of page preview that is in a way popover: it includes a button and it has more content than in tooltip.

enwiki/43195828

enwiki

43,195,828

Popover (GUI)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popover_(GUI)

2024-11-18T23:09:54

en

Q18343642

28,217

{{Short description|User interface element}} [[File:Gedit 3.11.92.png|thumb|This popover belongs to the [[status bar]] of [[gedit]]. It contains two [[checkbox|checkboxes]] and a [[radio button]].]] A '''popover''' is a container-type [[graphical control element]] that hovers over its parent window. It can contain various other graphical control elements such as [[checkbox|checkboxes]], [[radio button]]s, or [[list box|list boxes]]. Like any container-type graphical control element, it is meant to group elements that belong together. Popover graphical control elements were introduced in [[GTK+]] 3.12.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.gnome.org/mclasen/2014/01/22/and-now-popovers/ |title=Popovers in GTK+ |date=2014-01-22}}</ref> Apple included popovers in their [[human interface guidelines]].<ref>[https://developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/components/presentation/popovers/ Popovers], ''developer.apple.com''</ref> Popovers are in use on the web. [[Bootstrap (front-end framework)|Bootstrap]] has a component to create popovers, similar to those found in iOS.<ref>[https://getbootstrap.com/docs/5.0/components/popovers/ Popovers]</ref> When hovering a link in Wikipedia, by default, there is a popup of [[Wikipedia:Page Previews|page preview]] that is in a way popover: it includes a button and it has more content than in [[tooltip]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Graphical control elements}} [[Category:Graphical control elements]]

1,258,247,698

[]

false

# Cathayia lineata Cathayia lineata is a species of snout moth in the genus Cathayia. It was described by Turner in 1942, and is known from Queensland, Australia.

enwiki/33720023

enwiki

33,720,023

Cathayia lineata

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathayia_lineata

2025-08-02T04:37:24

en

Q5052155

20,834

{{Short description|Species of moth}} {{Speciesbox | image = | image_caption = | taxon = Cathayia lineata | authority = (Turner, 1942)<ref name="Pyraloidea db">{{cite web |url=http://globiz.pyraloidea.org/Pages/Reports/TaxonReport.aspx |title=GlobIZ search |website=Global Information System on Pyraloidea |access-date=2011-09-29 }}</ref> | synonyms = *''Dinopleura lineata'' Turner, 1942 }} '''''Cathayia lineata''''' is a species of [[Pyralidae|snout moth]] in the genus ''[[Cathayia]]''. It was described by Turner in 1942, and is known from [[Queensland]], [[Australia]].<ref name="Pyraloidea db"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q5052155}} [[Category:Moths described in 1942]] [[Category:Galleriini]] {{Galleriinae-stub}}

1,303,807,011

[{"title": "Scientific classification", "data": {"Kingdom": "Animalia", "Phylum": "Arthropoda", "Class": "Insecta", "Order": "Lepidoptera", "Family": "Pyralidae", "Genus": "Cathayia", "Species": "C. lineata"}}, {"title": "Binomial name", "data": {"Binomial name": "Cathayia lineata \u00b7 (Turner, 1942)"}}, {"title": "Synonyms", "data": {"Synonyms": "- Dinopleura lineata Turner, 1942"}}]

false

# 1994 Houston Oilers season The 1994 Houston Oilers season was the 35th season overall the Oilers played and their 25th with the National Football League (NFL), and was part of the 1994 NFL season. The Oilers missed the playoffs for the first time since 1986. Two notable losses the Oilers suffered were the trading of Warren Moon, the team’s longtime starting quarterback, to the Minnesota Vikings and the departure of defensive coordinator Buddy Ryan, who was hired to coach the Arizona Cardinals. With Moon being replaced by career backup Cody Carlson and the defense left without its leader, the 1994 Oilers went into a tailspin despite returning several of their explosive offensive players such as Ernest Givins and Haywood Jeffires. The team started out with only one win in their first ten games, which led to head coach Jack Pardee and offensive coordinator Kevin Gilbride being fired. Jeff Fisher, who had just joined the team that year as Ryan's replacement as defensive coordinator, was promoted to head coach. Carlson did not last the season as he suffered a series of injuries that proved to be career ending. Billy Joe Tolliver ended up making the most starts of any Oilers quarterback, losing all seven of his starts. Neither Tolliver, Carlson, or third quarterback Bucky Richardson threw for more than six touchdowns (Carlson only managed one in five starts) and Tolliver and Carlson threw more interceptions than touchdowns. Running back Gary Brown could not repeat his 1,000-yard total from the previous year, managing only 648. Givins, who had recorded nearly 900 receiving yards in 1993, fell to 521 in 1994 while seeing his receptions total drop to 35. Jeffires' numbers improved slightly, and he led the Oilers in receiving touchdowns with six, but he was not elected to the Pro Bowl as he had been in 1993. Slaughter, meanwhile, only caught two touchdowns, which was his lowest total to that point in his career. The offense finished last in the league in points scored and 26th in total yardage. The defense, which lost several of its key pieces from the previous season including its two leaders in sacks, also fell off. After giving up the fourth-lowest point total in 1993, the Oilers allowed a total of 352 points in 1994. Despite that, three players recorded at least six sacks with Lamar Lathon leading with 8.5. Darryll Lewis recorded five interceptions in his first full season as a starter, with fellow cornerback Cris Dishman getting four and returning one for a touchdown, and safety Marcus Robertson adding three of his own. The defense also managed to improve on their total yardage allowed from 1993, moving up from ninth in that category despite finishing near the bottom of the league in points allowed. When the season was over the Oilers stood at 2–14, tying their 1983 squad with the team’s fewest wins in a sixteen game season and the second-fewest overall, with the 1972, 1973, 1982 squads only winning once each season. The ten-game swing is the worst season-to-season drop in games won in NFL history, which would later be tied by the 2013 Houston Texans. Seven of their fourteen losses came by three points or fewer. Although the Oilers finished with the worst record that season, they did not receive the #1 pick in the 1995 NFL draft due to the entry of the expansion Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars into the league (under NFL rules, a new team is automatically granted the first pick in their first draft, unless they decide to give it up as the Panthers would do). However, the news was not all negative. With the high pick the Oilers chose Steve McNair, who would go on to become one of the franchise’s all-time great players. ## Offseason After having imploded in the playoffs against Kansas City in the 1993 playoffs, the Oilers traded longtime quarterback Warren Moon to Minnesota, leaving Cody Carlson as the starter for the 1994 season. Carlson, however, was severely injured early in the season and would eventually retire due to said injuries after the season. ### NFL draft | 1994 Houston Oilers draft | | | | | | | Round | Pick | Player | Position | College | Notes | | 1 | 26 | Henry Ford | Defensive tackle | Arkansas | | | 2 | 60 | Jeremy Nunley | Defensive end | Alabama | | | 3 | 101 | Malcolm Floyd | Wide receiver | Fresno State | | | 4 | 119 | Mike Davis | Cornerback | Cincinnati | | | 4 | 129 | Sean Jackson | Running back | Florida State | | | 5 | 157 | Roderick Lewis | Tight end | Arizona | | | 5 | 161 | Jim Reid | Offensive tackle | Virginia | | | 6 | 187 | Lee Gissendaner | Wide receiver | Northwestern | | | 6 | 194 | Barron Wortham | Linebacker | UTEP | | | 7 | 220 | Lemanski Hall | Linebacker | Alabama | | | Made roster | | | | | | ## Regular season ### Schedule | Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue | Recap | | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------ | ---------------------- | ----------- | ------ | ----------------------------- | ----- | | 1 | September 4 | at Indianapolis Colts | L 21–45 | 0–1 | RCA Dome | Recap | | 2 | September 11 | at Dallas Cowboys | L 17–20 | 0–2 | Texas Stadium | Recap | | 3 | September 18 | Buffalo Bills | L 7–15 | 0–3 | Astrodome | Recap | | 4 | September 25 | Cincinnati Bengals | W 20–13 | 1–3 | Astrodome | Recap | | 5 | October 3 | at Pittsburgh Steelers | L 14–30 | 1–4 | Three Rivers Stadium | Recap | | 6 | Bye | Bye | Bye | Bye | Bye | Bye | | 7 | October 13 | Cleveland Browns | L 8–11 | 1–5 | Astrodome | Recap | | 8 | October 24 | at Philadelphia Eagles | L 6–21 | 1–6 | Veterans Stadium | Recap | | 9 | October 30 | at Los Angeles Raiders | L 14–17 | 1–7 | Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum | Recap | | 10 | November 6 | Pittsburgh Steelers | L 9–12 (OT) | 1–8 | Astrodome | Recap | | 11 | November 13 | at Cincinnati Bengals | L 31–34 | 1–9 | Riverfront Stadium | Recap | | 12 | November 21 | New York Giants | L 10–13 | 1–10 | Astrodome | Recap | | 13 | November 27 | at Cleveland Browns | L 10–34 | 1–11 | Cleveland Stadium | Recap | | 14 | December 4 | Arizona Cardinals | L 12–30 | 1–12 | Astrodome | Recap | | 15 | December 11 | Seattle Seahawks | L 14–16 | 1–13 | Astrodome | Recap | | 16 | December 18 | at Kansas City Chiefs | L 9–31 | 1–14 | Arrowhead Stadium | Recap | | 17 | December 24 | New York Jets | W 24–10 | 2–14 | Astrodome | Recap | | Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. | | | | | | | ### Game summaries #### Week 14 This ninth successive defeat for the Oilers has the unusual distinction of being the most recent NFL game as of 2019 during which both teams scored a safety, and one of only eight since at least 1940. ### Standings | AFC Central | AFC Central | AFC Central | AFC Central | AFC Central | AFC Central | AFC Central | AFC Central | | view talk edit | W | L | T | PCT | PF | PA | STK | | ----------------------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | (1) Pittsburgh Steelers | 12 | 4 | 0 | .750 | 316 | 234 | L1 | | (4) Cleveland Browns | 11 | 5 | 0 | .688 | 340 | 204 | W1 | | Cincinnati Bengals | 3 | 13 | 0 | .188 | 276 | 406 | W1 | | Houston Oilers | 2 | 14 | 0 | .125 | 226 | 352 | W1 |

enwiki/19549288

enwiki

19,549,288

1994 Houston Oilers season

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Houston_Oilers_season

2025-05-18T09:14:39

en

Q4589485

152,563

{{short description|35th season in franchise history}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}} {{Infobox NFL team season | team = Houston Oilers | year = 1994 | record = 2–14 | division_place = 4th [[AFC North|AFC Central]] | general_manager = [[Floyd Reese]] | owner = [[Bud Adams]] | coach = [[Jack Pardee]] (fired on November 14, 1-9 record) [[Jeff Fisher]] (interim; 1-5 record) | stadium = [[Reliant Astrodome|Houston Astrodome]] | playoffs = ''Did not qualify'' | pro_bowlers = C [[Bruce Matthews (American football)|Bruce Matthews]] CB [[Darryll Lewis]] | uniform = [[File:Houston oilers uniforms.png|180px]] | shortnavlink = Oilers seasons }} The '''1994 [[Houston Oilers]] season''' was the 35th season overall the Oilers played and their 25th with the [[National Football League]] (NFL), and was part of the [[1994 NFL season]].<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/oti/1994.htm 1994 Houston Oilers]</ref> The Oilers missed the playoffs for the first time since 1986. Two notable losses the Oilers suffered were the trading of [[Warren Moon]], the team’s longtime starting quarterback, to [[1994 Minnesota Vikings season|the Minnesota Vikings]] and the departure of defensive coordinator [[Buddy Ryan]], who was hired to coach the [[Arizona Cardinals]]. With Moon being replaced by career backup [[Cody Carlson]] and the defense left without its leader, the 1994 Oilers went into a tailspin despite returning several of their explosive offensive players such as [[Ernest Givins]] and [[Haywood Jeffires]]. The team started out with only one win in their first ten games, which led to head coach [[Jack Pardee]] and offensive coordinator [[Kevin Gilbride]] being fired. [[Jeff Fisher]], who had just joined the team that year as Ryan's replacement as defensive coordinator, was promoted to head coach. Carlson did not last the season as he suffered a series of injuries that proved to be career ending. [[Billy Joe Tolliver]] ended up making the most starts of any Oilers quarterback, losing all seven of his starts. Neither Tolliver, Carlson, or third quarterback [[Bucky Richardson]] threw for more than six touchdowns (Carlson only managed one in five starts) and Tolliver and Carlson threw more interceptions than touchdowns. Running back Gary Brown could not repeat his 1,000-yard total from the previous year, managing only 648. Givins, who had recorded nearly 900 receiving yards in 1993, fell to 521 in 1994 while seeing his receptions total drop to 35. Jeffires' numbers improved slightly, and he led the Oilers in receiving touchdowns with six, but he was not elected to the Pro Bowl as he had been in 1993. Slaughter, meanwhile, only caught two touchdowns, which was his lowest total to that point in his career. The offense finished last in the league in points scored and 26th in total yardage. The defense, which lost several of its key pieces from the previous season including its two leaders in sacks, also fell off. After giving up the fourth-lowest point total in 1993, the Oilers allowed a total of 352 points in 1994. Despite that, three players recorded at least six sacks with [[Lamar Lathon]] leading with 8.5. [[Darryll Lewis]] recorded five interceptions in his first full season as a starter, with fellow cornerback [[Cris Dishman]] getting four and returning one for a touchdown, and safety [[Marcus Robertson]] adding three of his own. The defense also managed to improve on their total yardage allowed from 1993, moving up from ninth in that category despite finishing near the bottom of the league in points allowed. When the season was over the Oilers stood at 2–14, tying their [[1983 Houston Oilers season|1983 squad]] with the team’s fewest wins in a sixteen game season and the second-fewest overall, with the [[1972 Houston Oilers season|1972]], [[1973 Houston Oilers season|1973]], [[1982 Houston Oilers season|1982]] squads only winning once each season. The ten-game swing is the worst season-to-season drop in games won in NFL history, which would later be tied by the [[2013 Houston Texans season|2013 Houston Texans]]. Seven of their fourteen losses came by three points or fewer. Although the Oilers finished with the worst record that season, they did not receive the #1 pick in the [[1995 NFL draft]] due to the entry of the expansion [[History of the Carolina Panthers|Carolina Panthers]] and [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] into the league (under NFL rules, a new team is automatically granted the first pick in their first draft, unless they decide to give it up as the Panthers would do). However, the news was not all negative. With the high pick the Oilers chose [[Steve McNair]], who would go on to become one of the franchise’s all-time great players. ==Offseason== After having imploded in the playoffs against [[1993 Kansas City Chiefs season|Kansas City]] in the [[1993–94 NFL playoffs#AFC: Kansas City Chiefs 28.2C Houston Oilers 20|1993 playoffs]], the Oilers traded longtime [[quarterback]] [[Warren Moon]] to [[1994 Minnesota Vikings season|Minnesota]], leaving [[Cody Carlson]] as the starter for the 1994 season. Carlson, however, was severely injured early in the season and would eventually retire due to said injuries after the season. ===NFL draft=== {{main|1994 NFL draft}} {{NFL team draft start | year = 1994 | teamname = Houston Oilers }} {{NFL team draft entry | round = 1 | pick = 26 | player = [[Henry Ford (defensive lineman)|Henry Ford]] | position = [[Defensive tackle]] | college = [[Arkansas Razorbacks football|Arkansas]] | notes = | maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry | round = 2 | pick = 60 | player = [[Jeremy Nunley]] | position = [[Defensive end]] | college = [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]] | notes = | maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry | round = 3 | pick = 101 | player = [[Malcolm Floyd]] | position = [[Wide receiver]] | college = [[Fresno State Bulldogs football|Fresno State]] | notes = | maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry | round = 4 | pick = 119 | player = [[Mike Davis (defensive back, born 1972)|Mike Davis]] | position = [[Cornerback]] | college = [[Cincinnati Bearcats football|Cincinnati]] | notes = | maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry | round = 4 | pick = 129 | player = Sean Jackson | position = [[Running back]] | college = [[Florida State Seminoles football|Florida State]] | notes = }} {{NFL team draft entry | round = 5 | pick = 157 | player = [[Roderick Lewis]] | position = [[Tight end]] | college = [[Arizona Wildcats football|Arizona]] | notes = | maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry | round = 5 | pick = 161 | player = Jim Reid | position = [[Offensive tackle]] | college = [[Virginia Cavaliers football|Virginia]] | notes = | maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry | round = 6 | pick = 187 | player = [[Lee Gissendaner]] | position = [[Wide receiver]] | college = [[Northwestern Wildcats football|Northwestern]] | notes = }} {{NFL team draft entry | round = 6 | pick = 194 | player = [[Barron Wortham]] | position = [[Linebacker]] | college = [[UTEP Miners football|UTEP]] | notes = | maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry | round = 7 | pick = 220 | player = [[Lemanski Hall]] | position = Linebacker | college = Alabama | notes = | maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft end | probowl = no | hof = no }} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/oti/1994_draft.htm |title=1994 Houston Oilers draftees |work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |access-date=October 27, 2014 }}</ref> ==Personnel== ===Staff=== {{NFL final staff | year = 1994 | team = Houston Oilers | front_office = * Owner/chairman of the board/president – [[Bud Adams]] * Executive vice-president/general manager – [[Floyd Reese]] * Vice-president of player personnel and scouting – [[Mike Holovak]] | head_coach = * Head coach – [[Jack Pardee]] * Assistant head coach/offense – [[Kevin Gilbride]] | offensive = * Offensive coordinator – [[Dick Coury]] * Running backs – [[Frank Novak (American football)|Frank Novak]] * Receivers – [[Charlie Baggett]] * Offensive line – [[Bob Young (offensive lineman)|Bob Young]] | defensive = * Defensive coordinator – [[Jeff Fisher]] * Defensive line – [[Jim Stanley (American football)|Jim Stanley]] * Linebackers – [[Gregg Williams]] * Defensive backs – [[Tom Bettis]] * Quality control – [[Frank Bush]] | special_teams = * Special teams – Frank Novak | strength = * Strength and Rehabilitation – Steve Watterson }} ===Roster=== {{NFL season roster | year = 1994 | team = Houston Oilers | quarterbacks = {{NFLplayer|14|Cody Carlson}} {{NFLplayer| 7|Bucky Richardson}} {{NFLplayer|11|Billy Joe Tolliver}} {{NFLplayer|10|Lee Williamson|d=American football}} | running_backs = {{NFLplayer|33|Gary Brown|d=running back}} {{NFLplayer|47|Le'Shai Maston|FB}} {{NFLplayer|37|Todd McNair}} {{NFLplayer|32|Spencer Tillman}} {{NFLplayer|44|Lorenzo White}} | wide_receivers = {{NFLplayer|87|Pat Coleman}} * {{player|83}} ''[[Malcolm Floyd|Malcolm Seabron]]'' {{NFLplayer|81|Ernest Givins}} {{NFLplayer|82|Travis Hannah}} {{NFLplayer|80|Haywood Jeffires}} {{NFLplayer|84|Webster Slaughter}} {{NFLplayer|88|Gary Wellman}} | tight_ends = {{NFLplayer|85|Pat Carter}} {{NFLplayer|49|Roderick Lewis|rookie=y}} {{NFLplayer|48|John Henry Mills}} | offensive_linemen = {{NFLplayer|77|Kevin Donnalley|G}} {{NFLplayer|55|John Flannery|d=American football|G}} {{NFLplayer|72|Brad Hopkins|T}} {{NFLplayer|74|Bruce Matthews|d=American football|C}} {{NFLplayer|64|Erik Norgard|G}} {{NFLplayer|67|Jim Reid|d=offensive lineman|rookie=y|T}} {{NFLplayer|75|Bill Schultz|d=American football|G}} {{NFLplayer|70|Stan Thomas|d=American football|T}} {{NFLplayer|73|David Williams|d=offensive lineman|T}} | defensive_linemen = {{NFLplayer|79|Ray Childress|DT}} {{NFLplayer|90|Kenny Davidson|d=American football|DE}} {{NFLplayer|92|Henry Ford|d=defensive lineman|rookie=y|DE}} {{NFLplayer|57|Lamar Lathon|DE}} {{NFLplayer|94|Glenn Montgomery|DT}} {{NFLplayer|93|Jeremy Nunley|rookie=y|DE}} {{NFLplayer|68|Tim Roberts|d=American football|DT}} | linebackers = {{NFLplayer|56|Micheal Barrow|OLB}} {{NFLplayer|59|Joe Bowden|OLB}} {{NFLplayer|53|Brett Faryniarz|OLB}} {{NFLplayer|51|Lemanski Hall|rookie=y|OLB}} {{NFLplayer|50|Eddie Robinson|d3=Jr.|OLB}} {{NFLplayer|54|Al Smith|d=American football|MLB}} {{NFLplayer|52|Barron Wortham|rookie=y|MLB}} | defensive_back = {{NFLplayer|22|Tomur Barnes|CB}} {{NFLplayer|23|Blaine Bishop|SS}} {{NFLplayer|30|Mike Davis|d=defensive back, born 1972|rookie=y|CB}} {{NFLplayer|28|Cris Dishman|CB}} {{NFLplayer|24|Steve Jackson|d=defensive back|CB}} {{NFLplayer|29|Darryll Lewis|CB}} {{NFLplayer|25|Bubba McDowell|SS}} {{NFLplayer|26|Bo Orlando|FS}} {{NFLplayer|31|Marcus Robertson|FS}} | special_teams = {{NFLplayer|16|Rich Camarillo|P}} {{NFLplayer| 3|Al Del Greco|K}} | reserve_lists = {{NFLplayer|89|Reggie Brown|d=wide receiver, born 1970|WR|IR}} {{NFLplayer|41|Sean Jackson|d=American football|rookie=y|RB|IR}} {{NFLplayer|71|Mike Teeter|DE|IR}} 53 active, 3 inactive, 2 practice squad | practice_squad = {{NFLplayer|86|Mario Bailey|WR}} {{NFLplayer|98|Willie Jennings|rookie=y|DT}} }} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/oti/1994_roster.htm |title=1994 Houston Oilers starters, roster, and players |work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |access-date=October 28, 2014 }}</ref> ==Regular season== ===Schedule=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|Houston Oilers|year=1994|border=2}}"| Week ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|Houston Oilers|year=1994|border=2}}"| Date ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|Houston Oilers|year=1994|border=2}}"| Opponent ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|Houston Oilers|year=1994|border=2}}"| Result ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|Houston Oilers|year=1994|border=2}}"| Record ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|Houston Oilers|year=1994|border=2}}"| Venue ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|Houston Oilers|year=1994|border=2}}"| Recap |-style="background:#fcc" ! 1 | September 4 | at [[1994 Indianapolis Colts season|Indianapolis Colts]] | '''L''' 21–45 | 0–1 | [[RCA Dome]] | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409040clt.htm Recap] |-style="background:#fcc" ! 2 | September 11 | at [[1994 Dallas Cowboys season|Dallas Cowboys]] | '''L''' 17–20 | 0–2 | [[Texas Stadium]] | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409110dal.htm Recap] |-style="background:#fcc" ! 3 | September 18 | [[1994 Buffalo Bills season|Buffalo Bills]] | '''L''' 7–15 | 0–3 | [[Astrodome]] | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409180oti.htm Recap] |-style="background:#cfc" ! 4 | September 25 | '''[[1994 Cincinnati Bengals season|Cincinnati Bengals]]''' | '''W''' 20–13 | 1–3 | Astrodome | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409250oti.htm Recap] |-style="background:#fcc" ! 5 | {{dow tooltip|October 3, 1994}} | at '''[[1994 Pittsburgh Steelers season|Pittsburgh Steelers]]''' | '''L''' 14–30 | 1–4 | [[Three Rivers Stadium]] | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410030pit.htm Recap] |- ! 6 | colspan=6 |''[[Bye (sports)|Bye]]'' |-style="background:#fcc" ! 7 | {{dow tooltip|October 13, 1994}} | '''[[1994 Cleveland Browns season|Cleveland Browns]]''' | '''L''' 8–11 | 1–5 | Astrodome | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410130oti.htm Recap] |-style="background:#fcc" ! 8 |{{dow tooltip| October 24, 1994}} | at [[1994 Philadelphia Eagles season|Philadelphia Eagles]] | '''L''' 6–21 | 1–6 | [[Veterans Stadium]] | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410240phi.htm Recap] |-style="background:#fcc" ! 9 | October 30 | at [[1994 Los Angeles Raiders season|Los Angeles Raiders]] | '''L''' 14–17 | 1–7 | [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410300rai.htm Recap] |-style="background:#fcc" ! 10 | November 6 | '''Pittsburgh Steelers''' | '''L''' 9–12 {{Small|(OT)}} | 1–8 | Astrodome | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411060oti.htm Recap] |-style="background:#fcc" ! 11 | November 13 | at '''Cincinnati Bengals''' | '''L''' 31–34 | 1–9 | [[Riverfront Stadium]] | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411130cin.htm Recap] |-style="background:#fcc" ! 12 | November 21 | [[1994 New York Giants season|New York Giants]] | '''L''' 10–13 | 1–10 | Astrodome | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411210oti.htm Recap] |-style="background:#fcc" ! 13 | November 27 | at '''Cleveland Browns''' | '''L''' 10–34 | 1–11 | [[Cleveland Stadium]] | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411270cle.htm Recap] |-style="background:#fcc" ! 14 | December 4 | [[1994 Arizona Cardinals season|Arizona Cardinals]] | '''L''' 12–30 | 1–12 | Astrodome | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412040oti.htm Recap] |-style="background:#fcc" ! 15 | December 11 | [[1994 Seattle Seahawks season|Seattle Seahawks]] | '''L''' 14–16 | 1–13 | Astrodome | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412110oti.htm Recap] |-style="background:#fcc" ! 16 | December 18 | at [[1994 Kansas City Chiefs season|Kansas City Chiefs]] | '''L''' 9–31 | 1–14 | [[Arrowhead Stadium]] | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412180kan.htm Recap] |-style="background:#cfc" ! 17 | {{dow tooltip|December 24, 1994}} | [[1994 New York Jets season|New York Jets]] | '''W''' 24–10 | 2–14 | Astrodome | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412240oti.htm Recap] |-style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle|Houston Oilers|year=1994|border=2}}" |colspan="8"| '''Note:''' Intra-division opponents are in '''bold''' text. |} ===Game summaries=== ====Week 14==== {{AFB game box start |Title= |Visitor=Cardinals |V1=0 |V2=10 |V3=0 |V4=20 |Host=Oilers |H1=9 |H2=3 |H3=0 |H4=0 |Date=December 4 |Location=[[Astrodome]], [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], [[Texas]] |StartTime=3:00 p.m. |TimeZone=CST |ElapsedTime= |Attendance=39,821 |Weather=played indoors, [[dome]]d stadium |Referee=[[Red Cashion]] |TVAnnouncers= |TVStation=Fox }} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry |FirstEntry=yes |Quarter=Q1 |Time=9:33 |Team=HOU |Event=Safety, [[Lamar Lathon]] tackled [[Jay Schroeder]] in end zone |Score=HOU 2–0}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry |Quarter=Q1 |Time=11:50 |Team=HOU |Event=[[Cris Dishman]] 36 yard interception return ([[Al Del Greco]] kick) |Score=HOU 9–0}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry |Quarter=Q2 |Time=2:59 |Team=ARI |Event=[[Larry Centers]] 1 yard rush ([[Greg Davis (placekicker)|Greg Davis]] kick) |Score=HOU 9–7}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry |Quarter=Q2 |Time=10:45 |Team=ARI |Event=[[Greg Davis (placekicker)|Greg Davis]] 25 yard field goal |Score=ARI 10–9}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry |Quarter=Q2 |Time=13:42 |Team=HOU |Event=[[Al Del Greco]] 34 yard field goal |Score=HOU 12–10}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry |Quarter=Q4 |Time=2:57 |Team=ARI |Event=[[Gary Clark (American football)|Gary Clark]] 13 yard pass from [[Jay Schroeder]] ([[Ronald Moore (American football)|Ronald Moore]] run) |Score=ARI 18–12}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry |Quarter=Q4 |Time= |Team=ARI |Event=[[Greg Davis (placekicker)|Greg Davis]] 23 yard field goal |Score=ARI 21–12}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry |Quarter=Q4 |Time= |Team=ARI |Event=[[Larry Centers]] 4 yard rush ([[Greg Davis (placekicker)|Greg Davis]] kick) |Score=ARI 28–12}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry |Quarter=Q4 |Time= |Team=ARI |Event=Safety, [[Eric Swann]] tackled [[Billy Joe Tolliver]] in end zone |Score=ARI 30–12|LastEntry=yes}} {{AFB game box end}} <ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412040oti.htm Arizona Cardinals at Houston Oilers – December 4th, 1994]. Retrieved 2018-Sep-10.</ref> {{Clear}} This ninth successive defeat for the Oilers has the unusual distinction of being the most recent NFL game as of [[2019 NFL season|2019]] during which ''both'' teams scored a [[Safety (gridiron football score)|safety]], and one of only eight since at least [[1940 NFL season|1940]].<ref>''[[Pro-Football-Reference.com|Pro Football Reference]]''; [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/tgl_finder.cgi?request=1&match=game&year_min=1940&year_max=2017&game_type=E&game_num_min=0&game_num_max=99&week_num_min=0&week_num_max=99&temperature_gtlt=lt&c1stat=safety_md_opp&c1comp=gte&c1val=1&c2stat=safety_md&c2comp=gte&c2val=1&c5val=1.0&order_by=game_date&order_by_asc=Y In a single game, from 1940 to 2017, requiring opp Safeties >= 1 and Safeties >= 1, sorted by ascending Date]</ref> ====Week 17==== {{Clear}} ===Standings=== {{1994 AFC Central standings}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/oti/1994.htm 1994 Houston Oilers] at [[Pro-Football-Reference.com]] {{Tennessee Titans}} {{Tennessee Titans seasons}} {{1994 NFL season by team}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1994 Houston Oilers Season}} [[Category:Houston Oilers seasons]] [[Category:1994 NFL season by team|Houston Oilers]] [[Category:1994 in sports in Texas|Houston]]

1,290,979,376

[{"title": "1994 Houston Oilers season", "data": {"Owner": "Bud Adams", "General manager": "Floyd Reese", "Head coach": "Jack Pardee (fired on November 14, 1-9 record) \u00b7 Jeff Fisher (interim; 1-5 record)", "Home stadium": "Houston Astrodome"}}, {"title": "Results", "data": {"Record": "2\u201314", "Division place": "4th AFC Central", "Playoffs": "Did not qualify", "Pro Bowlers": "C Bruce Matthews \u00b7 CB Darryll Lewis"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"\u2022 Cardinals": "0 \u00b7 10 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 20 \u00b7 30", "Oilers": "9 \u00b7 3 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 12", "Q1": ["9:33 \u00b7 HOU \u00b7 Safety, Lamar Lathon tackled Jay Schroeder in end zone \u00b7 HOU 2\u20130", "11:50 \u00b7 HOU \u00b7 Cris Dishman 36 yard interception return (Al Del Greco kick) \u00b7 HOU 9\u20130"], "Q2": ["2:59 \u00b7 ARI \u00b7 Larry Centers 1 yard rush (Greg Davis kick) \u00b7 HOU 9\u20137", "10:45 \u00b7 ARI \u00b7 Greg Davis 25 yard field goal \u00b7 ARI 10\u20139", "13:42 \u00b7 HOU \u00b7 Al Del Greco 34 yard field goal \u00b7 HOU 12\u201310"], "Q4": ["2:57 \u00b7 ARI \u00b7 Gary Clark 13 yard pass from Jay Schroeder (Ronald Moore run) \u00b7 ARI 18\u201312", "ARI \u00b7 Greg Davis 23 yard field goal \u00b7 ARI 21\u201312", "ARI \u00b7 Larry Centers 4 yard rush (Greg Davis kick) \u00b7 ARI 28\u201312", "ARI \u00b7 Safety, Eric Swann tackled Billy Joe Tolliver in end zone \u00b7 ARI 30\u201312"]}}]

false

# Pilot (The West Wing) "Pilot" is the first episode of the American serial drama The West Wing. The episode aired on September 22, 1999 on NBC. ## Plot The White House staff is being called into work early to deal with the press fallout after President Josiah Bartlet has crashed his bicycle into a tree. As the staff try to perform damage control, it is revealed that Deputy Chief of Staff Josh Lyman made a gaffe when, after provocation by Christian activist Mary Marsh on a recent televised debate, quipped "Lady, the God you pray to is too busy being indicted for tax fraud." Also, Deputy Communications Director Sam Seaborn spends an evening with Laurie (Lisa Edelstein), unaware that she's a call girl, and then tells Chief of Staff Leo McGarry's daughter, Mallory O'Brien, about it before he knows whose daughter she is. While Lyman and Marsh are discussing a proposed public debate on one of several religious wedge issues, President Bartlet enters and corrects one of the attendees on a theological point (namely, he quotes the First Commandment, settling a dispute on which one it is). He explains that he crashed his bicycle while distracted by anger after discovering that his granddaughter, after expressing herself as pro-choice during a magazine interview, was mailed a Raggedy Ann doll with a knife stuck in its throat. The doll was sent by an extremist group whose activities the attendees, to his displeasure, have not denounced. He tells them that not only will there be no debate, but that they will denounce the extremists publicly, and are barred from the White House until they do so. Bartlet implies to Lyman that he will be allowed to keep his job despite the gaffe. ## Reception In a retrospective, Brittany Frederick of CBR called it the best pilot in television history and giving it a 9/10 rating, citing the episode's character development and world-building. Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A-, explaining that the episode "had [him] hooked almost instantly." Screen Rant's Amelia Brantley harbored ambivalent feelings, praising the writing, and Allison Janney and Bradley Whitford's acting, while opining that the episode "hasn't aged well" in multiple aspects. Under the Media Research Center, L. Brent Bozell III critiqued the episode and wrote that he felt it had promoted anti-Catholicism. ## Awards - The pilot was nominated for an ASC award.[2] ### Emmy Awards Won - Outstanding Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series (recipients: Tony Fanning, Jon Hutman, and Ellen Totleben) - Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (recipient: Thomas Del Ruth, A.S.C.) - Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series (recipient: Thomas Schlamme) Nominated - Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series (nominee: Aaron Sorkin; "In Excelsis Deo," in the same category, won)

enwiki/4654279

enwiki

4,654,279

Pilot (The West Wing)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_(The_West_Wing)

2025-08-09T21:50:19

en

Q7194391

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{{Use American English|date=January 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox television episode | series = [[The West Wing]] | image = | caption = | season = 1 | episode = 1 | airdate = {{Start date|1999|09|22}} | production = 475151 | writer = [[Aaron Sorkin]] | director = [[Thomas Schlamme]] | guests = *[[Annie Corley]] as Mary Marsh *[[Lisa Edelstein]] as Laurie *[[Suzy Nakamura]] as Cathy *[[Allison Smith (actress)|Allison Smith]] as Mallory O'Brien *[[Marc Grapey]] as Billy *[[Janel Moloney]] as [[Donna Moss]] *F. William Parker as Rev. Al Caldwell |episode_list = List of The West Wing episodes |season_article = The West Wing season 1 | prev = | next = [[The West Wing season 1#ep2|Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc]] }} "'''Pilot'''" is the first episode of the American serial drama ''[[The West Wing]]''. The episode aired on September 22, 1999 on [[NBC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pilot Script from The West Wing |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_1194332 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=americanhistory.si.edu}}</ref> ==Plot== The [[White House]] staff is being called into work early to deal with the press fallout after [[President of the United States|President]] [[Josiah Bartlet]] has crashed his bicycle into a tree. As the staff try to perform damage control, it is revealed that [[White House Deputy Chief of Staff|Deputy Chief of Staff]] [[Josh Lyman]] made a [[gaffe]] when, after provocation by Christian activist Mary Marsh on a recent televised debate, quipped "Lady, the God you pray to is too busy being indicted for tax fraud." Also, Deputy [[White House Communications Director|Communications Director]] [[Sam Seaborn]] spends an evening with Laurie ([[Lisa Edelstein]]), unaware that she's a [[call girl]], and then tells [[White House Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff]] [[Leo McGarry]]'s daughter, Mallory O'Brien, about it before he knows whose daughter she is. While Lyman and Marsh are discussing a proposed public debate on one of several religious [[wedge issue]]s, President Bartlet enters and corrects one of the attendees on a theological point (namely, he quotes the First Commandment, settling a dispute on which one it is). He explains that he crashed his bicycle while distracted by anger after discovering that his granddaughter, after expressing herself as pro-choice during a magazine interview, was mailed a [[Raggedy Ann]] doll with a knife stuck in its throat. The doll was sent by an extremist group whose activities the attendees, to his displeasure, have not denounced. He tells them that not only will there be no debate, but that they will denounce the extremists publicly, and are barred from the White House until they do so. Bartlet implies to Lyman that he will be allowed to keep his job despite the gaffe. ==Reception== In a retrospective, Brittany Frederick of [[Comic Book Resources|CBR]] called it the best [[Television pilot|pilot]] in television history and giving it a 9/10 rating, citing the episode's character development and world-building.<ref name=":0" /> Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A-, explaining that the episode "had [him] hooked almost instantly."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heisler |first=Steve |date=June 1, 2009 |title=The West Wing: "Pilot" |url=https://www.avclub.com/the-west-wing-pilot-1798206332 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=AV Club |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Screen Rant]]'s Amelia Brantley harbored ambivalent feelings, praising the writing, and [[Allison Janney]] and [[Bradley Whitford]]'s acting, while opining that the episode "hasn't aged well" in multiple aspects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brantley |first=Amelia |date=2020-03-25 |title=5 Reasons The West Wing's Pilot Is Perfect (& 5 It's Not) |url=https://screenrant.com/west-wing-pilot-reasons-perfect-wrong/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref> Under the [[Media Research Center]], [[L. Brent Bozell III]] critiqued the episode and wrote that he felt it had promoted [[anti-Catholicism]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Bozell | first = L. Brent III | title = Again, Faith Flogged in Prime Time | publisher = [[Media Research Center]] | date = 1999-10-06 | url = http://www.mediaresearch.org/bozellcolumns/entertainmentcolumn/1999/col19991006.asp | access-date = 2007-09-08 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080119211135/http://www.mediaresearch.org/bozellcolumns/entertainmentcolumn/1999/col19991006.asp | archive-date = 2008-01-19 }} (episode cited: "Pilot")</ref> ==Awards== * The pilot was nominated for an [[American Society of Cinematographers|ASC award]].<ref name=":0">[http://www.theasc.com/awards/history/1999.htm ASC awards]</ref> ===Emmy Awards=== ;Won: * Outstanding Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series (recipients: Tony Fanning, [[Jon Hutman]], and Ellen Totleben) * Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (recipient: [[Thomas Del Ruth]], A.S.C.) * Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series (recipient: [[Thomas Schlamme]]) ;Nominated: * Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series (nominee: [[Aaron Sorkin]]; "[[In Excelsis Deo]]," in the same category, won) ==References==  {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * {{IMDb episode|0745667}} *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200128102909/http://www.westwingepguide.com/S1/Episodes/1_PILOT.html "Pilot" West Wing Episode Guide]}} *[https://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/West_Wing_Pilot.pdf West Wing Pilot Script] {{The West Wing}} {{EmmyAward DirectingDrama 1976–2000}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pilot (West Wing)}} [[Category:The West Wing season 1 episodes]] [[Category:Television episodes directed by Thomas Schlamme]] [[Category:Television episodes written by Aaron Sorkin]] [[Category:1990s American television series premieres|West Wing, The]] [[Category:1999 American television episodes]] [[Category:Emmy Award–winning episodes]]

1,305,070,738

[{"title": "\"Pilot\"", "data": {"Episode no.": "Season 1 \u00b7 Episode 1", "Directed by": "Thomas Schlamme", "Written by": "Aaron Sorkin", "Production code": "475151", "Original air date": "September 22, 1999"}}, {"title": "Guest appearances", "data": {"Guest appearances": "- Annie Corley as Mary Marsh - Lisa Edelstein as Laurie - Suzy Nakamura as Cathy - Allison Smith as Mallory O'Brien - Marc Grapey as Billy - Janel Moloney as Donna Moss - F. William Parker as Rev. Al Caldwell"}}, {"title": "Episode chronology", "data": {"\u2190 Previous \u00b7 \u2014": "Next \u2192 \u00b7 \"Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc\""}}]

false

# Tam Tòa Church Tam Tòa Church (Vietnamese: Nhà thờ Tam Tòa) is a ruined Catholic church in Đồng Hới, central Vietnam. Built in the late 19th century, the church was destroyed by American bombing on February 11, 1965, during the Vietnam War. It has remained undisturbed as a war relic. ## History Tam Tòa parish is one of the oldest Catholic parishes in Vietnam with its roots dating back to the mid 17th century. There have been ongoing disputes between the government and the rebuilding of the church. The Diocese of Vinh and the Archdiocese of Huế have been trying to reclaim the church (what is left of it and its ground) since 1996 when it was taken back by the local government in an attempt to turn it into a war symbol of American aggression. Up until 1996, mass was celebrated weekly in front of the church's tower. In February 2009 after years of fruitless negotiation, 14 parish priests and Bishop Cao of Vinh Diocese decided to concelebrate mass on the property without obtaining permission. In July 2009 a rumor was spreading that the local government would build a tourist resort next to the church. Parishioners in response started building an altar and erecting a cross on the property. On July 21, the government sent in police to disperse the crowd gathering to continue its construction and protest. A dozen people were arrested and some were beaten by the police. The situation was made worse when the police attacked two priests from other parishes who went to Vinh Diocese to show support. The two are in critical condition. Some of the Vietnamese Catholics in Vietnam (about seven million, or 7% of the population) responded by holding vigil masses and silent protests all weekend long in central Vietnam. This is a direct challenge to the government. Even though the situation was viewed as conflict between the Catholic Church and the Vietnamese government by the rest of the country, the issue of confiscated land and the rights of land ownership have been a flashing point between government and the general public for years. Whether the Tam Tòa crisis will lead to changes in the government or force the government to take actions against those who challenge its authority remains to be seen.

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23,919,703

Tam Tòa Church

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_T%C3%B2a_Church

2025-02-03T03:18:28

en

Q7680488

26,533

[[File:TamToa.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Ruins of Tam Tòa Church]] '''Tam Tòa Church''' ({{langx|vi|Nhà thờ Tam Tòa}}) is a ruined Catholic church in [[Đồng Hới]], central Vietnam. Built in the late 19th century, the church was destroyed by American bombing on February 11, 1965, during the [[Vietnam War]]. It has remained undisturbed as a war relic.<ref>[[Lonely Planet]] ''Vietnam'' -Nick Ray, Yu-Mei Balasingamchow - 2010 Page 204 "A landscaped riverside promenade runs beside the haunting Tam Toa Church, which was bombed in 1965. Only part of the front facade and a ...</ref> ==History== Tam Tòa parish is one of the oldest Catholic parishes in Vietnam with its roots dating back to the mid 17th century. There have been ongoing disputes between the government and the rebuilding of the church. The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vinh|Diocese of Vinh]] and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Huế|Archdiocese of Huế]] have been trying to reclaim the church (what is left of it and its ground) since 1996 when it was taken back by the local government in an attempt to turn it into a war symbol of American aggression. Up until 1996, mass was celebrated weekly in front of the church's tower. In February 2009 after years of fruitless negotiation, 14 parish priests and Bishop Cao of Vinh Diocese decided to concelebrate mass on the property without obtaining permission. In July 2009 a rumor was spreading that the local government would build a tourist resort next to the church. Parishioners in response started building an altar and erecting a cross on the property. On July 21, the government sent in police to disperse the crowd gathering to continue its construction and protest.<ref>Leonard Leo ''International Religious Freedom (2010): Annual Report'' Page 197 "... Quang Binh province after police destroyed a temporary church structure erected near the ruins of the historic Tam Toa Church in Vinh Diocese. ... Reportedly, not all Vietnamese government officials condoned the destruction of the crucifix."</ref> A dozen people were arrested and some were beaten by the police. The situation was made worse when the police attacked two priests from other parishes who went to Vinh Diocese to show support. The two are in critical condition. Some of the Vietnamese Catholics in Vietnam (about seven million, or 7% of the population) responded by holding vigil masses and silent protests all weekend long in central Vietnam. This is a direct challenge to the government.<ref>''International Religious Freedom (2010): Annual Report to Congress'' - Page 197 Leonard Leo "In July 2009, as many as 200000 Catholics peacefully protested in Quang Binh province after police destroyed a temporary church structure erected near the ruins of the historic Tam Toa Church in Vinh Diocese."</ref> Even though the situation was viewed{{By whom|date=February 2010}} as conflict between the Catholic Church and the Vietnamese government by the rest of the country, the issue of confiscated land and the rights of land ownership have been a flashing point between government and the general public for years. Whether the Tam Tòa crisis will lead to changes in the government or force the government to take actions against those who challenge its authority remains to be seen. ==References== {{reflist}} {{coord missing|Vietnam}} {{French Colonial Architecture in Vietnam}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tam Toa Church}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Quảng Bình province]] [[Category:Churches completed in 1886]] [[Category:19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Vietnam]] [[Category:French colonial architecture in Vietnam]]

1,273,596,222

[]

false

# Little Smoky Little Smoky is a hamlet in northwest Alberta, Canada within the Municipal District of Greenview No. 16. It is located on Highway 43, approximately 39 kilometres (24 mi) south of Valleyview and 47 kilometres (29 mi) northwest of Fox Creek. The hamlet is adjacent to the Little Smoky River. ## Demographics Little Smoky recorded a population of 28 in the 1991 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada. ## Services and amenities Little Smoky has a community hall, a motel, a playground, and an ice rink. The Waskahigan River Provincial Recreation Area is located across Highway 43. ## Infrastructure The hamlet has two locally significant rural roads near it: Little Smoky Road (formerly Highway 745), which connects the hamlet to Highway 665, and Simonette Road, which connects to Forestry Trunk Road (formerly Highway 734). The Little Smoky transfer station is located southwest of the hamlet on Range Road 221. The Greenview Regional Landfill was built northeast of Little Smoky on the corner of Township Road 672 and Range Road 210.

enwiki/20775896

enwiki

20,775,896

Little Smoky

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Smoky

2023-09-10T03:23:45

en

Q6651971

103,238

{{About||the river|Little Smoky River|the Central Nevada Desert Basins|Little Smoky Valley}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}} {{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}} {{Infobox settlement   |name = Little Smoky |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Hamlet (place)|Hamlet]] |motto =  |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Canada Alberta |pushpin_label_position = none |pushpin_map_caption = Location of Little Smoky in [[Alberta]] |pushpin_mapsize = 220  |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Canada |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Alberta]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of census divisions of Alberta|Census division]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Division No. 18, Alberta|No. 18]] |subdivision_type3 = [[List of municipal districts in Alberta|Municipal district]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Municipal District of Greenview No. 16]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 =  |government_footnotes = |government_type = [[Municipal incorporation|Unincorporated]] |leader_title = Governing body |leader_name = [[Municipal District of Greenview No. 16]] Council |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 =  |established_date2 = |established_title3 =  |established_date3 =  |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_land_km2 =  |population_as_of = 1991 |population_footnotes = <ref name=1991unincorporated>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/download/1991933061993engfra/1991933061993engfra.pdf | title=91 Census: Unincorporated Places — Population and Dwelling Counts | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=June 1993 | access-date=September 25, 2021}}</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 28 |population_density_km2 = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi =  |timezone = [[Mountain Time Zone|MST]] |utc_offset = −7 |timezone_DST = MDT |utc_offset_DST = −6 |coordinates = {{coord|54.7389|-117.1797|region:CA-AB|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes =  |elevation_m =  |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = Waterways |blank1_info = [[Little Smoky River]], Waskahigan River, Iosegun River |website = |footnotes = }} '''Little Smoky''' is a [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]] in northwest [[Alberta]], Canada within the [[Municipal District of Greenview No. 16]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca/documents/msb/2010-ruralmun.pdf |title=Specialized and Rural Municipalities and Their Communities |author=Alberta Municipal Affairs |author-link=Alberta Municipal Affairs |date=2010-04-01 |access-date=2010-06-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229060335/http://municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca/documents/msb/2010-ruralmun.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-29 }}</ref> It is located on [[Alberta Highway 43|Highway 43]], approximately {{convert|39|km|mi}} south of [[Valleyview, Alberta|Valleyview]] and {{convert|47|km|mi}} northwest of [[Fox Creek, Alberta|Fox Creek]]. The hamlet is adjacent to the [[Little Smoky River]]. == Demographics == Little Smoky recorded a population of 28 in the [[1991 Canadian census|1991 Census of Population]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]].<ref name=1991unincorporated/> == Services and amenities == Little Smoky has a [[community hall]], a [[motel]], a [[playground]], and an [[ice rink]]. The ''Waskahigan River Provincial Recreation Area'' is located across Highway 43. == Infrastructure == The hamlet has two locally significant rural roads near it: [[Little Smoky Road]] (formerly Highway 745), which connects the hamlet to [[Alberta Highway 665|Highway 665]], and Simonette Road, which connects to [[Forestry Trunk Road]] (formerly [[Alberta Highway 734|Highway 734]]). The Little Smoky transfer station is located southwest of the hamlet on Range Road 221. The Greenview Regional Landfill was built northeast of Little Smoky on the corner of Township Road 672 and Range Road 210. == See also == {{Commons category|Little Smoky, Alberta}} *[[List of communities in Alberta]] *[[List of hamlets in Alberta]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Geographic location | Centre = Little Smoky | North = [[Valleyview, Alberta|Valleyview]] | Northeast = [[High Prairie]] | East = [[Swan Hills, Alberta|Swan Hills]] | Southeast = [[Fox Creek, Alberta|Fox Creek]] | South = [[Hinton, Alberta|Hinton]] | Southwest = [[Grande Cache]] | West = [[Musreau Lake (Alberta)|Musreau Lake]] | Northwest = [[Grande Prairie]] }} {{Alberta|hamlets=yes}} [[Category:Municipal District of Greenview No. 16]] [[Category:Hamlets in Alberta]] {{NorthernAlberta-geo-stub}}

1,174,698,476

[{"title": "Little Smoky", "data": {"Country": "Canada", "Province": "Alberta", "Census division": "No. 18", "Municipal district": "Municipal District of Greenview No. 16"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 Type": "Unincorporated", "\u2022 Governing body": "Municipal District of Greenview No. 16 Council"}}, {"title": "Population (1991)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "28", "Time zone": "UTC\u22127 (MST)", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC\u22126 (MDT)", "Waterways": "Little Smoky River, Waskahigan River, Iosegun River"}}]

false

# Greenfield School (West Allis, Wisconsin) The Greenfield School in West Allis, Wisconsin was built as a two-room school in 1887, but in an elegant Romanesque Revival style unusual for such buildings. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. ## History The first settlers in the area arrived in the 1830s to form a community then called Honey Creek, named for 13 beehives along the stream. In 1835 they built a one-room log schoolhouse on the site of the current Greenfield School on land donated by Reuben Strong, starting out with seven students. In 1861 they replaced that log schoolhouse with a one-room red brick schoolhouse. In 1887 the red brick school was replaced by the current elaborate building. It was designed by Herman P. Schnetzky, a 1.5-story building with walls of load-bearing cream brick. Its style is Romanesque Revival, with hallmarks being the rough stone of the foundation and the round-arched windows and entry door. Also striking are the grouped windows in the gables, the parapets on the gable ends, and the square bell tower with flared eaves. The new school had two classrooms instead of one. At this time, people were becoming aware of some of the shortcomings of one-room schools, and the two rooms let the teachers split the elementary grades by age to provide more age-appropriate instruction. Soon they split the rooms again to make four classrooms. A few years later, the school added a high school program, with the students studying physics, history, algebra, geometry, grammar, rhetoric, physiology, English history, the Constitution, arithmetic, and some studying bookkeeping and botany. The first high school students graduated in 1897. The building functioned as a school until 1923. After closing, it served as the School District Maintenance Department. Later it was used as a greenhouse, a Civil Defense office, and temporarily as offices of a hospital. About 1966 it was taken over by the West Allis Historical Society, restored, and put into use as the West Allis Historical Museum.

enwiki/34953179

enwiki

34,953,179

Greenfield School (West Allis, Wisconsin)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield_School_(West_Allis,_Wisconsin)

2025-07-24T03:35:20

en

Q5603988

39,857

{{Use American English|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox NRHP | name = Greenfield School | image = Greenfield-School Apr09.jpg | caption = Greenfield School | location = 8405 W. National Ave. [[West Allis, Wisconsin]] | coordinates = {{coord|43|0|41|N|88|1|3|W|display=inline,title}} | locmapin = Wisconsin#USA | built = {{Start date|1887}} | architect = Herman P. Schnetzky | architecture = Romanesque | area = less than one acre | refnum = 06000207<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref> | added = March 29, 2006 }} The '''Greenfield School''' in West Allis, Wisconsin was built as a two-room school in 1887, but in an elegant [[Romanesque Revival]] style unusual for such buildings. It was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://landmarkhunter.com/131572-greenfield-school/|title=Greenfield School|publisher=Landmark Hunter.com|accessdate=2012-03-03}}</ref><ref name=whs>{{cite web|title=Greenfield School|url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Property/HI27252|publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society|accessdate=2018-10-07}}</ref> ==History== The first settlers in the area arrived in the 1830s to form a community then called Honey Creek, named for 13 beehives along the stream. In 1835 they built a one-room log schoolhouse on the site of the current Greenfield School on land donated by Reuben Strong, starting out with seven students. In 1861 they replaced that log schoolhouse with a one-room red brick schoolhouse.<ref name=nrhpdoc>{{cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=06000207}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Greenfield School|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|author=Daniel O'Keefe|date=2005-08-01|accessdate=2018-10-07}} With {{NRHP url|id=06000207|photos=y|title=six photos}}.</ref> In 1887 the red brick school was replaced by the current elaborate building. It was designed by Herman P. Schnetzky, a 1.5-story building with walls of load-bearing cream brick. Its style is Romanesque Revival, with hallmarks being the rough stone of the foundation and the round-arched windows and entry door. Also striking are the grouped windows in the gables, the [[parapets]] on the gable ends, and the square bell tower with flared eaves.<ref name=nrhpdoc/> The new school had two classrooms instead of one.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMBYRK_Greenfield_School_West_Allis_WI|title=Greenfield School - West Allis, WI|publisher=Waymarking.com|accessdate=2012-03-03}}</ref> At this time, people were becoming aware of some of the shortcomings of one-room schools, and the two rooms let the teachers split the [[elementary school|elementary grades]] by age to provide more age-appropriate instruction. Soon they split the rooms again to make four classrooms. A few years later, the school added a [[high school]] program, with the students studying physics, history, algebra, geometry, grammar, [[rhetoric]], physiology, English history, the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]], arithmetic, and some studying bookkeeping and botany. The first high school students graduated in 1897.<ref name=nrhpdoc/> The building functioned as a school until 1923. After closing, it served as the School District Maintenance Department. Later it was used as a greenhouse, a Civil Defense office, and temporarily as offices of a hospital. About 1966 it was taken over by the West Allis Historical Society, restored, and put into use as the '''West Allis Historical Museum'''.<ref name=nrhpdoc/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130721100717/http://www.westallishistory.org/ West Allis Historical Society] [[Category:School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin]] [[Category:Defunct schools in Wisconsin]] [[Category:Schools in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]] [[Category:Museums in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]] [[Category:School buildings completed in 1887]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]]

1,302,221,827

[{"title": "", "data": {"Location": "8405 W. National Ave. \u00b7 West Allis, Wisconsin", "Coordinates": "43\u00b00\u203241\u2033N 88\u00b01\u20323\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff43.01139\u00b0N 88.01750\u00b0W", "Area": "less than one acre", "Built": "1887", "Architect": "Herman P. Schnetzky", "Architectural style": "Romanesque", "NRHP reference No.": "06000207", "Added to NRHP": "March 29, 2006"}}]

false

# Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers Captain at sea Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers (21 October 1772 – 26 July 1806) was a Dutch naval officer who served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. As an officer in the Dutch States Navy, he served in the Dutch East Indies from 1789 to 1792 prior to the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars. Continuing to serve in the Batavian Navy, Aalbers returned to the East Indies in 1803 as part of a squadron under Vice-admiral Pieter Hartsinck. In late July 1806, he led a Dutch convoy which was defeated by the Royal Navy in the action of 26 July 1806, with Aalbers dying of wounds sustained during the battle. ## Early life Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers was born on 21 October 1772 in Terborg, Gelderland. His parents were Berend Aalbers and Barta Meijerink Aalbers. He joined the Dutch States Navy in the late 1780s and in spring 1789 captained the brig Zwaluw as part of a squadron under Captain at sea A. H. C. van Staringh which set sail for the Dutch East Indies, arriving there in December. Over the course of the next year, Aalbers participated in military operations against the Bone State and helped to prevent an anti-Dutch rebellion from breaking out in Surakarta. He continued to serve in the Spice Islands until 1792, when Aalbers returned to Holland with van Staringh's squadron; as Zwaluw was by now too weak to make the return voyage, Aalbers sailed on board the ship Merkuur instead. He continued to serve in the Dutch navy when it was transformed into the Batavian Navy in 1795. ## Napoleonic Wars and death In 1803, Aalbers again returned to the Dutch East Indies as part of a squadron under Vice-admiral Pieter Hartsinck, captaining the 36-gun frigate Pallas. Promoted to captain at sea in 1804, he continued to serve in the East Indies when the Batavian navy was transformed into the navy of the Kingdom of Holland in mid-1806. In June of that year, Royal Navy forces under Rear-admiral Edward Pellew, having received information on Hartsinck's squadron and fearing that it could attack British trade routes in the region, began a campaign to destroy it. In late July, Aalbers led a convoy from the Maluku Islands which consisted of Pallas and the 24-gun corvette William under Captain at Sea P. Feteris acting as escorts for two East Indiamen, Victoria and Batavier. On 25 July, the convoy was spotted passing the Selayar Strait by lookouts from two nearby British warships, the 32-gun frigate HMS Greyhound under Captain Edward Elphinstone and the 18-gun brig-sloop HMS Harrier under Commander Edward Troubridge. Elphinstone immediately started to chase the Dutch convoy, with Aalbers responding by forming a line of battle and retaining close formation as his ships passed the Dutch-controlled ports of Bonthain and Balacomba on the Celebes coast. At around 21:00, Aalbers ordered his convoy to anchor 7 nmi (8.1 mi; 13 km) offshore and prepare for the British attack. Elphinstone, fearing Victoria might be a ship of the line, halted his advance and Greyhound and Harrier stopped to observe the Dutch convoy during the night, maintaining a position 2 nmi (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) windward of Aalbers' ships. At dawn, Greyhound's lookouts were able to ascertain that Victoria was a large merchantman rather than a warship and Elphinstone resumed the attack. Aalbers ordered his convoy to set sail shortly afterwards, his ships tacking away from the shore in line of battle ready for the British. However, in doing so Pallas drew ahead of the next ship in the line, creating a gap through which a British attack could be directed. At 05:00, Elphinstone raised French colours in an effort to confuse the Dutch and indicated that he wished to speak with Aalbers, who was not fooled; when Elphinstone opened fire on Pallas at close range at 05:30, the Dutch frigate immediately responded in kind. With the frigates engaged, Harrier cut between Pallas and Victoria, Troubridge ordering his ship's carronades to fire at Victoria and his men to fire muskets at Pallas's crew. Greyhound took advantage of the confusion Harrier's attack had created, passing Pallas's bow and raking her. As Pallas's damage and casualties mounted, Harrier joined the attack; a wounded Aalbers passed control over the ship to one of his lieutenants. Gunfire from the Dutch frigate gradually slackened, and finally stopped at 06:10 when she struck her colours from the ship's mast with over 40 casualties from a crew of 250, 50 of whom were inexperienced native recruits. The British also captured Victoria and Batavier, with William escaping. All three captured ships were taken over by British prize crews and brought to Port Cornwallis on South Andaman Island. Eight members of Pallas's crew were killed and a further 32 were wounded, including Aalbers and three lieutenants. Six of the Dutch wounded later died of their injuries, including Aalbers. British losses by contrast were light, with one man killed and eight wounded on Greyhound and just three wounded on Harrier. The Royal Navy subsequently took Pallas into service as HMS Makassar, and by the end of 1807 had all but destroyed Hartsinck's squadron. ### Citations 1. 1 2 3 4 5 Ministry of the Interior 1807, p. 1583. 2. ↑ Das 2016, pp. 176–177. 3. 1 2 3 4 James 2002, p. 251. 4. 1 2 3 Clowes 2022, pp. 386–387. 5. ↑ Syrett & Dinardo 1994. ### Bibliography - Clowes, William Laird (2022) [1900]. The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900. Vol. 5. Legare Street Press. ISBN 978-1-0-1607-0720. - Das, Amita (2016). Defending British India Against Napoleon: The Foreign Policy of Governor-General Lord Minto, 1807-13. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-7-8327-1290. - James, William (2002) [1827]. The Naval History of Great Britain During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Vol. 4. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8-1170-0238. - Ministry of the Interior (1807). Staatsalmanak voor het Koningrijk der Nederlanden. Vol. 1. Van Cleef & Belinfante. - Syrett, David; Dinardo, Richard L. (1994). Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, 1660-1815. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-8-5928-1222.

enwiki/79524687

enwiki

79,524,687

Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Sebastiaan_Aalbers

2025-05-08T16:16:29

en

Q133462424

53,231

{{Short description|Dutch naval officer (1772–1806)}} {{Infobox military person | name=Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers | birth_place = [[Terborg]], [[Gelderland]] | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1772|10|21}} | death_place = Off [[Sulawesi|Celebes]], [[Java Sea]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1806|7|26|1772|10|21}} | allegiance = [[Dutch Republic]] [[Batavian Republic]] [[Kingdom of Holland]] | branch = [[Dutch States Navy]] [[Batavian Navy]] [[Navy of the Kingdom of Holland]] | serviceyears = 1780s–1806 | rank = [[Captain (naval)#Netherlands|Captain at sea]] | commands = ''Zwaluw'' [[HMS Celebes (1806)|''Pallas'']] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[French Revolutionary Wars]] * [[Napoleonic Wars]] ** [[Java campaign of 1806–1807]] *** [[Action of 26 July 1806]] {{tree list/end}} }} [[Captain (naval)#Netherlands|Captain at sea]] '''Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers''' (21 October 1772 – 26 July 1806) was a Dutch naval officer who served in the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]]. As an officer in the [[Dutch States Navy]], he served in the [[Dutch East Indies]] from 1789 to 1792 prior to the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]. Continuing to serve in the [[Batavian Navy]], Aalbers returned to the East Indies in 1803 as part of a squadron under [[Vice admiral|Vice-admiral]] [[Pieter Hartsinck]]. In late July 1806, he led a Dutch convoy which was defeated by the [[Royal Navy]] in the [[action of 26 July 1806]], with Aalbers dying of wounds sustained during the battle. ==Early life== Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers was born on 21 October 1772 in [[Terborg]], [[Gelderland]]. His parents were Berend Aalbers and Barta Meijerink Aalbers. He joined the [[Dutch States Navy]] in the late 1780s and in spring 1789 captained the [[brig]] ''Zwaluw'' as part of a squadron under [[Captain (naval)#Netherlands|Captain at sea]] [[A. H. C. van Staringh]] which set sail for the [[Dutch East Indies]], arriving there in December.{{sfn|Ministry of the Interior|1807|p=1583}} Over the course of the next year, Aalbers participated in military operations against the [[Bone State]] and helped to prevent an anti-Dutch rebellion from breaking out in [[Surakarta]]. He continued to serve in the [[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands]] until 1792, when Aalbers returned to Holland with van Staringh's squadron; as ''Zwaluw'' was by now too weak to make the return voyage, Aalbers sailed on board the ship ''Merkuur'' instead. He continued to serve in the Dutch navy when it was transformed into the [[Batavian Navy]] in 1795.{{sfn|Ministry of the Interior|1807|p=1583}} ==Napoleonic Wars and death== [[File:Thomas Buttersworth - Funchal Roadstead, H.M.S. Blenheim with Greyhound and Harrier Outward Bound, 1805 NYR 2012.jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Harrier|1804|6}} (first from left) off [[Funchal]], 1805]] In 1803, Aalbers again returned to the Dutch East Indies as part of a squadron under [[Vice admiral|Vice-admiral]] [[Pieter Hartsinck]], captaining the 36-gun frigate [[HMS Celebes (1806)|''Pallas'']]. Promoted to captain at sea in 1804, he continued to serve in the East Indies when the Batavian navy was transformed into the [[navy of the Kingdom of Holland]] in mid-1806.{{sfn|Ministry of the Interior|1807|p=1583}} In June of that year, [[Royal Navy]] forces under [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear-admiral]] [[Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth|Edward Pellew]], having received information on Hartsinck's squadron and fearing that it could attack British trade routes in the region, began [[Java campaign of 1806–1807|a campaign]] to destroy it.{{sfn|Das|2016|pp=176–177}} In late July, Aalbers led a convoy from the Maluku Islands which consisted of ''Pallas'' and the 24-gun [[corvette]] ''William'' under Captain at Sea [[P. Feteris]] acting as escorts for two [[East Indiaman|East Indiamen]], ''Victoria'' and ''Batavier''.{{sfn|Ministry of the Interior|1807|p=1583}}{{sfn|James|2002|p=251}} On 25 July, the convoy [[Action of 26 July 1806|was spotted]] passing the [[Selayar Strait]] by lookouts from two nearby British warships, the 32-gun frigate [[HMS Greyhound (1783)|HMS ''Greyhound'']] under Captain [[Edward Elphinstone]] and the 18-gun [[Sloop-of-war#Brig sloop|brig-sloop]] {{HMS|Harrier|1804|6}} under Commander [[Edward Troubridge]]. Elphinstone immediately started to chase the Dutch convoy, with Aalbers responding by forming a [[line of battle]] and retaining close formation as his ships passed the Dutch-controlled ports of [[Bantaeng Regency|Bonthain]] and [[Bulukumba Regency|Balacomba]] on the [[Sulawesi|Celebes]] coast. At around 21:00, Aalbers ordered his convoy to anchor {{convert|7|nmi|mi km|lk=on|abbr=on}} offshore and prepare for the British attack. Elphinstone, fearing ''Victoria'' might be a [[ship of the line]], halted his advance and ''Greyhound'' and ''Harrier'' stopped to observe the Dutch convoy during the night, maintaining a position {{convert|2|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} windward of Aalbers' ships.{{sfn|James|2002|p=251}}{{sfn|Clowes|2022|pp=386–387}} At dawn, ''Greyhound''{{'}}s lookouts were able to ascertain that ''Victoria'' was a large merchantman rather than a warship and Elphinstone resumed the attack. Aalbers ordered his convoy to set sail shortly afterwards, his ships tacking away from the shore in line of battle ready for the British. However, in doing so ''Pallas'' drew ahead of the next ship in the line, creating a gap through which a British attack could be directed. At 05:00, Elphinstone raised French colours in an effort to confuse the Dutch and indicated that he wished to speak with Aalbers, who was not fooled; when Elphinstone opened fire on ''Pallas'' at close range at 05:30, the Dutch frigate immediately responded in kind. With the frigates engaged, ''Harrier'' cut between ''Pallas'' and ''Victoria'', Troubridge ordering his ship's [[carronade]]s to fire at ''Victoria'' and his men to fire muskets at ''Pallas''{{'}}s crew. ''Greyhound'' took advantage of the confusion ''Harrier''{{'}}s attack had created, passing ''Pallas''{{'}}s bow and [[Raking fire|raking]] her.{{sfn|James|2002|p=251}}{{sfn|Clowes|2022|pp=386–387}} As ''Pallas''{{'}}s damage and casualties mounted, ''Harrier'' joined the attack; a wounded Aalbers passed control over the ship to one of his lieutenants.{{sfn|Ministry of the Interior|1807|p=1583}} Gunfire from the Dutch frigate gradually slackened, and finally stopped at 06:10 when she [[Striking the colors|struck her colours]] from the ship's mast with over 40 casualties from a crew of 250, 50 of whom were inexperienced native recruits. The British also captured ''Victoria'' and ''Batavier'', with ''William'' escaping. All three captured ships were taken over by British [[prize crew]]s and brought to [[Port Blair|Port Cornwallis]] on [[South Andaman Island]]. Eight members of ''Pallas''{{'}}s crew were killed and a further 32 were wounded, including Aalbers and three lieutenants. Six of the Dutch wounded later died of their injuries, including Aalbers.{{sfn|Syrett|Dinardo|1994}} British losses by contrast were light, with one man killed and eight wounded on ''Greyhound'' and just three wounded on ''Harrier''. The Royal Navy subsequently took ''Pallas'' into service as HMS ''Makassar'', and by the end of 1807 had all but destroyed Hartsinck's squadron.{{sfn|James|2002|p=251}}{{sfn|Clowes|2022|pp=386–387}} ==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book|first=William Laird|last=Clowes|author-link=William Laird Clowes|year=2022|orig-year=1900|title=The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900|volume=5|publisher=Legare Street Press|isbn=978-1-0-1607-0720}} * {{Cite book|first=Amita|last=Das|title=Defending British India Against Napoleon: The Foreign Policy of Governor-General Lord Minto, 1807-13|year=2016|publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer]]|isbn=978-1-7-8327-1290}} * {{cite book|first=William|last=James|author-link=William James (naval historian)|title=The Naval History of Great Britain During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|year=2002|orig-year=1827|volume=4|publisher=[[Stackpole Books]]|isbn=978-0-8-1170-0238}} * {{Cite book|author=Ministry of the Interior|author-link=Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations|title=Staatsalmanak voor het Koningrijk der Nederlanden|year=1807|volume=1|publisher=Van Cleef & Belinfante}} * {{Cite book|first1=David|last1=Syrett|author-link1=David Syrett|first2=Richard L.|last2=Dinardo|title=Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, 1660-1815|year=1994|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-8-5928-1222}} {{refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aalbers, Nicolaas Sebastiaan}} [[Category:1772 births]] [[Category:1806 deaths]] [[Category:18th-century Dutch military personnel]] [[Category:Dutch military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars]] [[Category:Dutch military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]] [[Category:People from Oude IJsselstreek]]

1,289,434,405

[{"title": "Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers", "data": {"Born": "21 October 1772 \u00b7 Terborg, Gelderland", "Died": "26 July 1806 (aged 33) \u00b7 Off Celebes, Java Sea", "Allegiance": "Dutch Republic \u00b7 Batavian Republic \u00b7 Kingdom of Holland", "Service / branch": "Dutch States Navy \u00b7 Batavian Navy \u00b7 Navy of the Kingdom of Holland", "Years of service": "1780s\u20131806", "Rank": "Captain at sea", "Commands": "Zwaluw \u00b7 Pallas", "Battles / wars": "- French Revolutionary Wars - Napoleonic Wars - Java campaign of 1806\u20131807 - Action of 26 July 1806"}}]

false

# Sidney Sager Sidney Sager (17 May 1917 – 3 December 2002) was an English composer, conductor and trombonist, best known for his music for television and radio. ## Biography ### Early life Born into a Jewish family in London's East End, he joined the British Army at the age of 14 as a band boy, and as a result of his natural ability was sponsored by the Army to study at the Royal College of Music. He is the younger brother of Terry Burns (born Mark Sager) the medical inventor and picture restorer. There is also a half-brother, Edward Tunnicliff (born Edward Sager), who now lives in North Norfolk. Sidney Sager's musical career was interrupted by the Second World War, during which he fought with the British Expeditionary Force in France and was evacuated from Dunkirk. Following a brief spell in England he was transferred to North Africa, where he served until the end of hostilities. He returned to civilian life as a musician, playing brass for some time for the Royal Opera at Covent Garden. ### Conductor During the 1950s he studied composition and conducting in Geneva, and shortly after his return to the UK moved to Bristol, where he conducted the BBC West of England Light Orchestra and founded the Paragon, the city's first symphony orchestra, which subsequently reformed as Bristol Sinfonia. ### Composer Sager was involved for many years with the BBC Wildlife Unit at Bristol, although he also wrote scores for drama on television and radio. He is perhaps best known for the music he wrote for children's drama while Director of Music at HTV West from 1976 to 1992. ### Television work - Expedition ins Unbekannte (1958) TV series by Hans Hass (West Germany) - Saturday Playhouse (TV Series); Haul for the Shore (1959), Devonshire Cream (1960) - Play for Today TV series; The Fishing Party (1972), Shakespeare or Bust (1973), Three for the Fancy (1974) - Children of the Stones (1977) TV series - King of the Castle (1977) TV series - Into the Labyrinth (1981) TV series One of the most well-remembered programmes he scored was The Best of Friends, starring John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, and Patrick McGoohan as Sydney Cockerell, Laurentia McLachlan, and George Bernard Shaw respectively. This work was scored for string quintet modelled after Schubert. He also composed orchestral, band and choral works for festivals, often with children's themes (much like his television scores). In 1960 he wrote the score for Delilah The Sensitive Cow, a story written and narrated by his friend Johnny Morris, the television presenter, which was released as a record by Decca. #### Children of the Stones For Children of the Stones, Sager's combination of A cappella vocalizations fixated on a single, repeated Icelandic word ("Hadave"), along with its dissonant wordless counterpoint, made this score unique among children's programming. The vocals were provided by the Ambrosian Singers, featuring Lynda Richardson on the solo soprano line. The vocals were supplemented by electric guitar, bass guitar and percussion. The main theme of Children of the Stones is written on the acoustic scale, ambiguously fluctuating between a tonality of C and D major. A signature two-chord harmonic progression, Em9 to G/C, is heard throughout the seven-part series at key dramatic points. A secondary theme is treated in canon and is diegetic music, representing a hymn sung by the spellbound villagers in the story. This theme is later echoed in the guitar and bass when the main child protagonist, Matt, uses his latent psychometric abilities. The secondary theme also concludes the series in a light jazz arrangement, establishing a lighter tone before the final twist is revealed. The musical texture was the suggestion of producer Peter Graham Scott, who, while driving to Avebury to begin filming, had heard music by Krzysztof Penderecki on the radio. ### Marriage and children Sidney Sager married Naomi Burgess, who he met while working at the BBC in 1964. They have one child, Daniel.

enwiki/9545670

enwiki

9,545,670

Sidney Sager

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Sager

2025-04-03T06:06:09

en

Q7509324

22,614

{{Short description|English composer 1917–2002}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} '''Sidney Sager''' (17 May 1917 – 3 December 2002) was an English [[composer]], [[conducting|conductor]] and [[trombone|trombonist]], best known for his music for television and radio.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141027113440/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article2087619.ece ''The Times'' obituary, 18 Dec 2002]. Thetimes.co.uk, Accessed 27 October 2014</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141027120228/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba067aef6 BFI]. Web.archive.org, Accessed 27 October 2014</ref> ==Biography== === Early life === Born into a [[Jew]]ish family in [[London]]'s [[East End]], he joined the [[British Army]] at the age of 14 as a band boy, and as a result of his natural ability was sponsored by the Army to study at the [[Royal College of Music]]. He is the younger brother of Terry Burns (born Mark Sager) the medical inventor and picture restorer. There is also a half-brother, Edward Tunnicliff (born Edward Sager), who now lives in North Norfolk. Sidney Sager's musical career was interrupted by the [[Second World War]], during which he fought with the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] in [[France]] and was evacuated from [[Dunkirk]]. Following a brief spell in England he was transferred to North Africa, where he served until the end of hostilities. He returned to civilian life as a musician, playing brass for some time for the [[Royal Opera, London|Royal Opera]] at [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]]. === Conductor === During the 1950s he studied composition and conducting in [[Geneva]], and shortly after his return to the UK moved to [[Bristol]], where he conducted the [[BBC]] West of England Light Orchestra and founded the Paragon, the city's first symphony orchestra, which subsequently reformed as Bristol Sinfonia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/garlands/167.htm |title=A 167th garland of British light music composers |accessdate=3 November 2009|last=Scowcroft |first=Philip L. |website=Musicweb-international.com}}</ref> === Composer === Sager was involved for many years with the BBC Wildlife Unit at Bristol, although he also wrote scores for drama on television and radio. He is perhaps best known for the music he wrote for children's drama while Director of Music at [[HTV West]] from 1976 to 1992. ===Television work=== * ''Expedition ins Unbekannte'' (1958) TV series by [[Hans Hass]] (West Germany) *[[Saturday Playhouse]] (TV Series); Haul for the Shore (1959), Devonshire Cream (1960) *''[[Play for Today]]'' TV series; The Fishing Party (1972), Shakespeare or Bust (1973), Three for the Fancy (1974) *''[[Children of the Stones]]'' (1977) TV series *''[[King of the Castle (TV series)|King of the Castle]]'' (1977) TV series *''[[Into the Labyrinth (TV series)|Into the Labyrinth]]'' (1981) TV series One of the most well-remembered programmes he scored was ''The Best of Friends'', starring [[John Gielgud]], [[Wendy Hiller]], and [[Patrick McGoohan]] as [[Sydney Cockerell]], [[Laurentia McLachlan]], and [[George Bernard Shaw]] respectively. This work was scored for string quintet modelled after [[Schubert]]. He also composed orchestral, band and choral works for festivals, often with children's themes (much like his television scores). In 1960 he wrote the score for Delilah The Sensitive Cow,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.45cat.com/record/dfe6617|title=Johnny Morris - Delilah The Sensitive Cow - Part 1|accessdate=27 July 2020|website=45cat.com}}</ref> a story written and narrated by his friend [[Johnny Morris (television presenter)|Johnny Morris]], the television presenter, which was released as a record by Decca. ====Children of the Stones==== For ''Children of the Stones'', Sager's combination of [[A cappella]] vocalizations fixated on a single, repeated Icelandic word ("Hadave"), along with its dissonant wordless [[counterpoint]], made this score unique among children's programming. The vocals were provided by the [[Ambrosian Singers]], featuring Lynda Richardson on the solo soprano line. The vocals were supplemented by electric guitar, bass guitar and percussion. The main theme of ''Children of the Stones'' is written on the [[acoustic scale]], ambiguously fluctuating between a tonality of [[C major|C]] and [[D major]]. A signature two-chord harmonic progression, Em9 to G/C, is heard throughout the seven-part series at key dramatic points. A secondary theme is treated in canon and is [[diegesis|diegetic]] music, representing a hymn sung by the spellbound villagers in the story. This theme is later echoed in the guitar and bass when the main child protagonist, Matt, uses his latent [[psychometric]] abilities. The secondary theme also concludes the series in a light jazz arrangement, establishing a lighter tone before the final twist is revealed. The musical texture was the suggestion of producer [[Peter Graham Scott]], who, while driving to [[Avebury]] to begin filming, had heard music by [[Krzysztof Penderecki]] on the radio. === Marriage and children === Sidney Sager married Naomi Burgess, who he met while working at the BBC in 1964. They have one child, Daniel. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{IMDb name|nm0756108}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sager, Sidney}} [[Category:1917 births]] [[Category:2002 deaths]] [[Category:English composers]] [[Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Music]] [[Category:Composers from London]] [[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]] [[Category:20th-century British Army personnel]]

1,283,715,026

[]

false

# Benefit of the Doubt (1967 film) Benefit of the Doubt (also known as US) is a 1967 documentary by Peter Whitehead. It covers Peter Brook's anti-Vietnam protest play US, with the Royal Shakespeare Company. It was filmed at London's Aldwych Theatre and features Peter Brook, Michael Kustow, Michael Williams and Glenda Jackson. Brook also adapted US as a film, Tell Me Lies (1968). ## Cast - Peter Brook - Michael Kustow - Michael Williams - Glenda Jackson

enwiki/6135161

enwiki

6,135,161

Benefit of the Doubt (1967 film)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_of_the_Doubt_(1967_film)

2025-03-13T21:57:17

en

Q4887452

34,260

{{Short description|1967 British film by Peter Whitehead}} {{see also|precautionary principle}} {{see Wiktionary||benefit of the doubt|phrase}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Use British English|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox film | name = Benefit of the Doubt | image = BenefitOfTheDoubt.jpg | caption = Screenshot | director = [[Peter Lorrimer Whitehead|Peter Whitehead]] | producer = | writer = | narrator = | starring = [[Peter Brook]] [[Michael Kustow]] [[Michael Williams (actor)|Michael Williams]] [[Glenda Jackson]] | music = | cinematography = | editing = | distributor = | released = {{Film date|1967}} | runtime = 60 minutes | country = United Kingdom | language = English | budget = }} '''''Benefit of the Doubt''''' (also known as '''''US''''') is a 1967 documentary by Peter Whitehead.<ref name="BFIsearch">{{Cite web |title=Benefit of the Doubt |url=https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150117292 |access-date=12 August 2024 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> It covers [[Peter Brook]]'s anti-Vietnam protest play ''[[US (play)|US]]'', with the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]]. It was filmed at London's [[Aldwych Theatre]] and features Peter Brook, [[Michael Kustow]], [[Michael Williams (actor)|Michael Williams]] and [[Glenda Jackson]]. Brook also adapted ''US'' as a film, ''[[Tell Me Lies (film)|Tell Me Lies]]'' (1968).<ref name=BFI>{{cite web|title=Benefit of the Doubt (1967)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1379869/index.html|publisher=British Film Institute|accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref> ==Cast== * [[Peter Brook]] * Michael Kustow * [[Michael Williams (actor)|Michael Williams]] * [[Glenda Jackson]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *{{IMDb title|id=0061396|title=Benefit of the Doubt}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070502053456/http://s120937152.websitehome.co.uk/pw/html/benefit.html Film's entry on Peter Whitehead's website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Benefit of the Doubt}} [[Category:1967 films]] [[Category:British documentary films]] [[Category:1967 documentary films]] [[Category:Documentary films about theatre]] [[Category:Documentary films about the Vietnam War]] [[Category:1960s English-language films]] [[Category:1960s British films]] [[Category:English-language documentary films]] {{art-documentary-film-stub}} {{1960s-UK-film-stub}} {{1960s-documentary-film-stub}}

1,280,316,356

[{"title": "Benefit of the Doubt", "data": {"Directed by": "Peter Whitehead", "Starring": "Peter Brook \u00b7 Michael Kustow \u00b7 Michael Williams \u00b7 Glenda Jackson", "Release date": "- 1967", "Running time": "60 minutes", "Country": "United Kingdom", "Language": "English"}}]

false

# William Dawson (New Zealand politician) William Dawson (January 1852 – 27 July 1923) was a 19th-century Liberal Party Member of Parliament in Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. ## Early life Dawson was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in January 1852. He followed his father into the profession as a brewer. ## Political career | Years | Term | Electorate | Electorate | Party | Party | | ------- | ---- | --------------- | --------------- | ----- | ------- | | 1890–93 | 11th | Dunedin Suburbs | Dunedin Suburbs | | Liberal | He was first elected to Dunedin City Council in 1885. Two years later, he was elected Mayor of Dunedin for one term. In 1892, he was again elected onto the city council. He represented the Dunedin Suburbs electorate in Parliament from 1890 to 1893, when he retired.

enwiki/28283482

enwiki

28,283,482

William Dawson (New Zealand politician)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dawson_(New_Zealand_politician)

2025-07-07T00:22:55

en

Q8007680

38,294

{{Short description|New Zealand politician}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}} {{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2014}} {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = |name = William Dawson |honorific-suffix = |image = William Dawson.jpg |caption = |office2 = 16th [[Mayor of Dunedin]] |term_start2 = 1887 |term_end2 = 1888 |predecessor2 = [[Richard Henry Leary]] |successor2 = [[Hugh Gourley]] |constituency_MP3 = [[Dunedin Suburbs (New Zealand electorate)|Dunedin Suburbs]] |parliament3 = New Zealand |term_start3 = 1890 |term_end3 = 1893 |birth_date = January 1852 |birth_place = [[Aberdeen]], Scotland |death_date = 27 July 1923 |death_place = [[Wellington]], New Zealand |spouse = |children = Three |relations = |party = [[New Zealand Liberal Party|Liberal]] |religion = |profession = }} '''William Dawson''' (January 1852 – 27 July 1923) was a 19th-century [[New Zealand Liberal Party|Liberal Party]] Member of Parliament in [[Dunedin]], [[Otago]], New Zealand. ==Early life== Dawson was born in [[Aberdeen]], Scotland, in January 1852. He followed his father into the profession as a brewer.<ref name="NZETC Dawson">{{cite book |title=The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Otago & Southland Provincial Districts |year=1905 |url= https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1-d2-d6-d2.html#name-427776-mention |publisher=[[The Cyclopedia of New Zealand]] |author=Cyclopedia Company Limited |access-date= 5 October 2010 |location=Christchurch |chapter= Ex-Members}}</ref> ==Political career== {{NZ parlbox header|nolist=true|align=left}} {{NZ parlbox|start={{NZ election link year|1890}}|end=93|term=11th|electorate={{NZ electorate link|Dunedin Suburbs}}|party=New Zealand Liberal Party}} {{End}} He was first elected to [[Dunedin City Council]] in 1885. Two years later, he was elected [[Mayor of Dunedin]] for one term. In 1892, he was again elected onto the city council.<ref name="NZETC Dawson (DCC)">{{cite book |title=The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Otago & Southland Provincial Districts |year=1905 |url= https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1-d2-d10-d76.html#name-427776-mention |publisher=[[The Cyclopedia of New Zealand]] |author=Cyclopedia Company Limited |access-date= 5 October 2010 |location=Christchurch |chapter= Mr. William Dawson, J.P}}</ref> He represented the {{NZ electorate link|Dunedin Suburbs}} electorate in Parliament from {{NZ election link year|1890}} to 1893, when he retired.<ref name=Wilson>{{cite book |last= Wilson |first= James Oakley |title= New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 |edition= 4th |orig-date= First ed. published 1913 |year= 1985 |publisher=V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer |location= Wellington |oclc=154283103 |page=192}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Richard Henry Leary]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Mayor of Dunedin]]|years=1887–1888}} {{s-aft|after=[[Hugh Gourley]]}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dawson, William}} [[Category:1852 births]] [[Category:1923 deaths]] [[Category:Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives]] [[Category:Mayors of Dunedin]] [[Category:New Zealand Liberal Party MPs]] [[Category:New Zealand MPs for Dunedin electorates]] [[Category:19th-century New Zealand politicians]] {{NewZealand-Liberal-politician-stub}} {{NewZealand-mayor-stub}}

1,299,188,665

[{"title": "16th Mayor of Dunedin", "data": {"16th Mayor of Dunedin": "In office \u00b7 1887\u20131888", "Preceded by": "Richard Henry Leary", "Succeeded by": "Hugh Gourley"}}, {"title": "Member of the New Zealand Parliament \u00b7 for Dunedin Suburbs", "data": {"Member of the New Zealand Parliament \u00b7 for Dunedin Suburbs": "In office \u00b7 1890\u20131893"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "January 1852 \u00b7 Aberdeen, Scotland", "Died": "27 July 1923 \u00b7 Wellington, New Zealand", "Political party": "Liberal", "Children": "Three"}}]

false

# Smolary, Gniezno County Smolary [smɔˈlarɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzemeszno, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

enwiki/20975148

enwiki

20,975,148

Smolary, Gniezno County

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolary,_Gniezno_County

2025-08-15T09:26:40

en

Q7546235

40,793

{{Other places|Smolary (disambiguation){{!}}Smolary}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Smolary | settlement_type = Village | total_type =   | image_skyline = | image_caption = | image_flag = | image_shield = | image_map = | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{POL}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Greater Poland Voivodeship|Greater Poland]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Gniezno County|Gniezno]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Trzemeszno|Trzemeszno]] | pushpin_map = Poland | coordinates = {{coord|52|37|N|17|45|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}} | elevation_m = | population_total = | website = }} '''Smolary''' {{IPAc-pl|s|m|o|'|l|a|r|y}} is a [[village]] in the administrative district of [[Gmina Trzemeszno]], within [[Gniezno County]], [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]], in west-central [[Poland]].{{TERYT}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Gmina Trzemeszno}} [[Category:Villages in Gniezno County]] {{Gniezno-geo-stub}}

1,305,998,802

[{"title": "Smolary", "data": {"Country": "Poland", "Voivodeship": "Greater Poland", "County": "Gniezno", "Gmina": "Trzemeszno"}}]

false

# Hermann, Freiherr von Soden Baron Hermann von Soden (16 August 1852 – 15 January 1914) was a German Biblical scholar, minister, professor of divinity, and textual theorist. ## Life Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 16, 1852, Soden was educated at the University of Tübingen. In 1881 he was appointed as the minister at Dresden-Striesen and in 1887 he became minister of the Jerusalem Church in Berlin. In 1889 he also became a privatdozent, a form of tutor, in the University of Berlin, and four years later was appointed as an extraordinary professor of divinity. He fought for a more presbyterian and democratic constitution in the congregations of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces. His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof II der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. II of the congregations of the Jerusalem's Church and the New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of the Hallesches Tor. Soden introduced a new notation of manuscripts and also developed a new theory of textual history. He believed that in the 4th century there were in existence three recensions of the text of the New Testament, which he distinguished as K, H and I. After establishing the text of I, H and K, Soden reconstructed a hypothetical text, I-H-K, which he believed to have been their ancestor. He then tried to show that this text was known to all the writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Soden died in a railway accident in Berlin on January 15, 1914. His descendant Wolfram von Soden became a noted Assyriologist. ## Works His most important book is Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte (4 vols., Berlin: Glaue, 1902-1910); certainly the most important work on the text of the New Testament which had been published since Westcott and Hort's The New Testament in the Original Greek. Other works include: - Der Brief des Apostels Paulus an die Philipper, Freiburg i. Br., 1880. - Hebräerbrief, Briefe des Petrus, Jakobus, Judas, Freiburg i. Br., 1890. - Und was thut die evangelische Kirche? Erwogen angesichts der Reichstagswahlen, zumal in unseren Großstädten, 3rd. ed., Berlin: Nauck, 1890 (a pamphlet written during the campaign for the Reichstag election) - Die Briefe an die Kolosser, Epheser, Philemon; die Pastoralbriefe, Freiburg i. Br., 1891. - "Untersuchungen über neutestamentliche Schriften" in Protestantisches Jahrbuch für theologische Studien und Schriftkommentar, 1895–1897. - Palästina und seine Geschichte, sechs volkstümliche Vorträge, Leipzig, 1899. - Die wichtigsten Fragen im Leben Jesu, Ferienkurs-Vorträge Berlin, 1904. - Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte. 4 volumes, Berlin, 1902–1913. - Urchristliche Literaturgeschichte, die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, Berlin: Duncker, 1905. - Hat Jesus gelebt? Aus den geschichtlichen Urkunden beantwortet von Hermann von Soden, Berlin, 1910. He contributed to the 1903 Encyclopaedia Biblica and to the "Hand-Commentar zum Neuen Testament", several editions, started in 1855 by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann and Hans von Soden

enwiki/2145370

enwiki

2,145,370

Hermann, Freiherr von Soden

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann,_Freiherr_von_Soden

2025-05-15T21:32:25

en

Q119398

35,176

{{Short description|German Biblical scholar}} [[File:Hermann von Soden.jpg|thumb|Hermann von Soden]] '''Baron Hermann von Soden''' (16 August 1852 – 15 January 1914) was a German [[Biblical scholar]], minister, professor of divinity, and textual theorist. ==Life== Born in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], on August 16, 1852, Soden was educated at the [[University of Tübingen]]. In 1881 he was appointed as the [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]] at [[Dresden]]-[[Striesen]] and in 1887 he became minister of the [[Jerusalem's Church|Jerusalem Church]] in [[Berlin]]. In 1889 he also became a ''[[privatdozent]]'', a form of tutor, in the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]], and four years later was appointed as an extraordinary professor of [[divinity]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Soden, Hermann, Freiherr von|volume=25|pages=339–340|first=Kirsopp|last=Lake|author-link=Kirsopp Lake}}</ref> He fought for a more [[Presbyterianism|presbyterian]] and democratic constitution in the congregations of the [[Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces]]. His grave is preserved in the [[Protestant]] ''Friedhof II der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde'' (Cemetery No. II of the congregations of the [[Jerusalem's Church]] and the [[Deutscher Dom|New Church]]) in [[Kreuzberg|Berlin-Kreuzberg]], south of the [[Hallesches Tor (Berlin U-Bahn)|Hallesches Tor]]. Soden introduced a new notation of manuscripts and also developed a new theory of textual history. He believed that in the 4th century there were in existence three recensions of the text of the [[New Testament]], which he distinguished as ''K'', ''H'' and ''I''. After establishing the text of ''I'', ''H'' and ''K'', Soden reconstructed a hypothetical text, ''I-H-K'', which he believed to have been their ancestor. He then tried to show that this text was known to all the writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries.<ref name="EB1911"/> Soden died in a railway accident in [[Berlin]] on January 15, 1914. His descendant [[Wolfram von Soden]] became a noted Assyriologist. ==Works== His most important book is ''Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte'' (4 vols., Berlin: Glaue, 1902-1910); certainly the most important work on the text of the [[New Testament]] which had been published since Westcott and Hort's ''[[The New Testament in the Original Greek]]''.<ref name="EB1911"/> Other works include: * ''Der Brief des Apostels Paulus an die Philipper'', Freiburg i. Br., 1880. * ''Hebräerbrief, Briefe des Petrus, Jakobus, Judas'', Freiburg i. Br., 1890. * ''Und was thut die evangelische Kirche? Erwogen angesichts der Reichstagswahlen, zumal in unseren Großstädten'', 3rd. ed., Berlin: Nauck, 1890 (a pamphlet written during the campaign for the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] election) * ''Die Briefe an die Kolosser, Epheser, Philemon; die Pastoralbriefe'', Freiburg i. Br., 1891. * "Untersuchungen über neutestamentliche Schriften" in ''Protestantisches Jahrbuch für theologische Studien und Schriftkommentar'', 1895–1897. * [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL12438539W/Pal%C3%A4stina_und_seine_Geschichte_sechs_volkst%C3%BCmliche_Vortr%C3%A4ge_.. ''Palästina und seine Geschichte, sechs volkstümliche Vorträge''], Leipzig, 1899. * ''Die wichtigsten Fragen im Leben Jesu'', Ferienkurs-Vorträge Berlin, 1904. * ''Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte''. 4 volumes, Berlin, 1902–1913. * ''Urchristliche Literaturgeschichte, die Schriften des Neuen Testaments'', Berlin: Duncker, 1905. * ''Hat Jesus gelebt? Aus den geschichtlichen Urkunden beantwortet von Hermann von Soden'', Berlin, 1910. He contributed to the 1903 ''[[Encyclopaedia Biblica]]'' and to the "Hand-Commentar zum Neuen Testament", several editions, started in 1855 by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann and Hans von Soden ==References== {{reflist}} == External links == * {{BBKL|s/soden_he|band=10|autor=Klaus-Gunther Wesseling|artikel=Soden, Hermann Freiherr von|spalten=722-727}} * [https://archive.org/details/VonSoden1-1/mode/2up Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 1] at the [[Internet Archive]]. * [https://printedbooks.csntm.org/PrintedBook/Group/DieSchriftendesneuenTestamentsvol1 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 1] at the [[CSNTM]]. * [https://archive.org/details/VonSoden2 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 2] at the [[Internet Archive]]. * [https://printedbooks.csntm.org/PrintedBook/Group/DieSchriftendesneuenTestamentsvol2 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 2] at the [[CSNTM]]. * [https://archive.org/details/dieschriftendesn0003sode Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 3] at the [[Internet Archive]]. * [https://printedbooks.csntm.org/PrintedBook/Group/DieSchriftendesneuenTestamentsvol3 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 3] at the [[CSNTM]]. * [https://printedbooks.csntm.org/PrintedBook/Group/DieSchriftendesneuenTestamentsvol4 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 4] at the [[CSNTM]]. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soden, Hermann, Freiherr von}} [[Category:1852 births]] [[Category:1914 deaths]] [[Category:Educators from Cincinnati]] [[Category:19th-century German scholars]] [[Category:19th-century German Protestant theologians]] [[Category:20th-century German Protestant theologians]] [[Category:German biblical scholars]] [[Category:New Testament scholars]] [[Category:Religious leaders from Ohio]] [[Category:German male non-fiction writers]] [[Category:German barons]] [[Category:19th-century German male writers]] [[Category:Railway accident deaths in Germany]]

1,290,609,492

[]

false

# Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses The Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses are two neighboring houses at 450 and 456 Woodland Road in Highland Park, Illinois. The earlier house at 450 Woodland was built in 1923–1925, while the later house was built in 1930. John S. Van Bergen, a prominent Chicago architect who designed several other homes in Highland Park, designed both houses in the Prairie School style. The house at 450 Woodland is a cottage-style building with a stucco exterior and wood detail work. The house at 456 Woodland is a brick building with an entrance pavilion, a balcony, and overhanging eaves. The houses were added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 29, 1982.

enwiki/62726863

enwiki

62,726,863

Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Frank_Geyso_Houses

2025-07-29T11:20:44

en

Q85786845

64,591

{{short description|Historic houses in Illinois, United States}} {{Use American English|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}} {{Infobox NRHP | name = Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses | nrhp_type = | image = Frank Geyso House.JPG | caption = 450 Woodland Road | location = 450 and 456 Woodland Rd., [[Highland Park, Illinois]] | coordinates = {{coord|42|09|41|N|87|46|39|W|region:US_type:landmark|name=Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses|display=inline,title}} | locmapin = Chicago#Illinois#USA | built = 1923-25, 1930 | architect = John S. Van Bergen | architecture = Prairie School | added = September 29, 1982 | area = {{convert|1|acre}} | mpsub = [https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/64000175.pdf Highland Park MRA] | refnum = 82002561<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2013a}}</ref> }} The '''Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses''' are two neighboring houses at 450 and 456 Woodland Road in [[Highland Park, Illinois]]. The earlier house at 450 Woodland was built in 1923–1925, while the later house was built in 1930. [[John S. Van Bergen]], a prominent [[Chicago]] architect who designed several other homes in Highland Park, designed both houses in the [[Prairie School]] style. The house at 450 Woodland is a cottage-style building with a [[stucco]] exterior and wood detail work. The house at 456 Woodland is a brick building with an entrance pavilion, a balcony, and overhanging [[eaves]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benjamin |first1=Susan S. |last2=Cook |first2=Nancy W. |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Highland Park Multiple Resource Area |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/64000175.pdf |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=January 2, 2020 |date=September 1981}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cook |first1=Nancy W. |title=Highland Park Multiple Resource Inventory Sheet: Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses |url=http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/201322.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103025350/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/201322.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-01-03 |publisher=[[Illinois Historic Preservation Division]] |access-date=January 2, 2020 |date=September 1981}}</ref> The houses were added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on September 29, 1982.<ref name="nris"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{National Register of Historic Places}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Geyso, Mrs. Frank, Houses}} [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Lake County, Illinois]] [[Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois]] [[Category:Houses in Lake County, Illinois]] [[Category:Prairie School architecture in Illinois]] [[Category:Highland Park, Illinois]] {{LakeCountyIL-NRHP-stub}}

1,303,158,875

[{"title": "", "data": {"Location": "450 and 456 Woodland Rd., Highland Park, Illinois", "Coordinates": "42\u00b009\u203241\u2033N 87\u00b046\u203239\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff42.16139\u00b0N 87.77750\u00b0W", "Area": "1 acre (0.40 ha)", "Built": "1923-25, 1930", "Architect": "John S. Van Bergen", "Architectural style": "Prairie School", "MPS": "Highland Park MRA", "NRHP reference No.": "82002561", "Added to NRHP": "September 29, 1982"}}]

false

# Agnew Burlie Agnew Burlie (1 July 1906 – 24 January 1952) was a Canadian boxer. He competed in the men's featherweight event at the 1924 Summer Olympics.

enwiki/58984999

enwiki

58,984,999

Agnew Burlie

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnew_Burlie

2025-04-24T22:40:45

en

Q58331985

23,481

{{Short description|Canadian boxer (1906–1952)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox sportsperson | name = Agnew Burlie | full_name = | image = | caption = | nationality = Canadian | sport = [[Boxing]] | birth_date = 1 July 1906 | birth_place = Dundee, Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|1952|1|24|1906|7|1|df=yes}} | death_place = Toronto, Ontario, Canada }} '''Agnew Burlie''' (1 July 1906 – 24 January 1952) was a Canadian [[boxing|boxer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/1147 |title=Agnew Burlie |publisher=Olympedia |access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref> He competed in the [[Boxing at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's featherweight|men's featherweight]] event at the [[1924 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bu/agnew-burlie-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418075109/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bu/agnew-burlie-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Agnew Burlie Olympic Results |accessdate=6 November 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{sports links}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Burlie, Agnew}} [[Category:1906 births]] [[Category:1952 deaths]] [[Category:Canadian male boxers]] [[Category:Olympic boxers for Canada]] [[Category:Boxers at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Dundee]] [[Category:Featherweight boxers]] [[Category:20th-century Canadian sportsmen]] {{Canada-boxing-bio-stub}}

1,287,239,088

[{"title": "Agnew Burlie", "data": {"Nationality": "Canadian", "Born": "1 July 1906 \u00b7 Dundee, Scotland", "Died": "24 January 1952 (aged 45) \u00b7 Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}}, {"title": "Sport", "data": {"Sport": "Boxing"}}]

false

# Valérie Perrin Valérie Perrin (born 19 January 1967, in Remiremont) is a French novelist, screenwriter, and photographer. She is best known as the author of the novels Les Oubliés du dimanche (2015), and Changer l'eau des fleurs (2018), and for screenwriting on the films Salaud, on t'aime (2014), Un plus une (2015), and Everyone's Life (2017). Her works have been translated into over 30 languages. ## Life and career Perrin was born 19 January 1967 in Remiremont, France, and grew up in Burgundy in a family of footballers. She moved to Paris in 1986, working odd jobs before settling with Claude Lelouch, whom she had met in 2006 after writing him a letter. She began screenwriting when she collaborated with Lelouch for 2014 French drama Salaud, on t'aime. She would go on to collaborate with him for the screenplays of Un plus une (2015) and Everyone's Life (2017). After having worked on Salaud, on t'aime, Perrin published her first novel Les Oubliés du dimanche, published by Éditions Albin Michel in 2015 and Le Livre de Poche in 2017. The book was a success, being awarded a Booksellers Choice Award, a Chronos Award, the National Lion's Prize for Literature, the Prix du Premier Roman in 2016. Perrin's following novel, Changer l'eau des fleurs, was published in 2018 by Albin Michel and Les Livres de Poche in 2019. In 2020, it was translated into English by Hildegarde Serle for Europa Editions, where the novel became an international success. Her novel Trois, was published in 2021. She married Lelouch in a civil ceremony in Paris in 2023. ## Literary work ### Novels - Les Oubliés du dimanche, Éditions Albin Michel (2015), Le Livre de Poche (2017), Europa Editions (2023) - Changer l'eau des fleurs, Éditions Albin Michel (2018), Les Livres de Poche (2019), Europa Editions (2020) - Trois, Éditions Albin Michel (2021), Les Livres de Poche (2022), Europa Editions (2022) - Tata, Edition Albin Michel (2024) ### Short stories - 24 hours together (with Wilfried N'sondé and Brigitte Giraud), Editións ActuSF, 2019 ### Screenplays - Salaud, on t'aime (2014) - Un plus une (2015) - Everyone's Life (2017) ## Awards - Forgotten on Sunday - National Lion's Prize for Literature, 2016[6] - Chronos award, 2016[6] - Poulet-Malassis Prize, 2016[6] - Fresh Water for Flowers - Maison de la Presse, 2018[13] - Les Livres de Poche Reader's Prize, 2019

enwiki/74657185

enwiki

74,657,185

Valérie Perrin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_Perrin

2025-07-25T19:41:49

en

Q71314286

67,110

{{Short description|French novelist and screenwriter (born 1967)}}  {{Infobox writer | name = Valérie Perrin | image = Valérie Perrin 2021.jpg | birth_date = {{Birthdate and age|1967|01|19}} | birth_place = [[Remiremont]], [[France]] | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Claude Lelouch]]|2023}} | occupation = Novelist, screenwriter, photographer | notable_works = ''Les Oubliés du dimanche'' (2015), ''Changer l'eau des fleurs'' (2018) | awards = {{ubl|Bookseller's Choice Award (2015)|Prix du premier roman de Chambéry (2016)|Prix Maison de la Presse (2018)|Paperback Readers Prize (2020)}} }} '''Valérie Perrin''' (born 19 January 1967, in [[Remiremont]]) is a French novelist, screenwriter, and photographer. She is best known as the author of the novels ''Les Oubliés du dimanche'' (2015), and ''Changer l'eau des fleurs'' (2018), and for screenwriting on the films ''[[Salaud, on t'aime]]'' (2014), ''[[Un plus une]]'' (2015), and ''[[Everyone's Life]]'' (2017). Her works have been translated into over 30 languages. == Life and career == Perrin was born 19 January 1967 in [[Remiremont]], [[France]], and grew up in [[Burgundy]] in a family of footballers. She moved to [[Paris]] in 1986, working odd jobs before settling with [[Claude Lelouch]], whom she had met in 2006 after writing him a letter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Valérie Perrin : "Pour Claude Lelouch, j'ai tout quitté !" |url=https://www.public.fr/News/Valerie-Perrin-Pour-Claude-Lelouch-j-ai-tout-quitte-1725659 |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=Public.fr |date=3 February 2019 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Liger |first=Baptiste |date=April 2021 |title=Un Coer Simple |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/424bd89e74b6617ac8b808ec98ae6d60/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=5001983 |magazine=Lire |page=53 |access-date=22 August 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> She began screenwriting when she collaborated with Lelouch for 2014 French drama ''[[Salaud, on t'aime]]''. She would go on to collaborate with him for the screenplays of ''[[Un plus une]]'' (2015) and ''[[Everyone's Life]]'' (2017).<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Gary |first=Nicholas |date=28 July 2020 |title=Valérie Perrin: "I write while playing with my reader, while thinking of him." |url=https://actualitte.com/article/6390/les-mots-en-boite/valerie-perrin-j-ecris-en-jouant-avec-mon-lecteur-en-pensant-a-lui |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Actualitte}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Reboulleau |first1=Laetitia |title=Couple mythique : Claude Lelouch et Valérie Perrin, l'amour envers et contre tous |url=https://fr.style.yahoo.com/claude-lelouch-couple-valerie-perrin-infidelite-113756523.html?guccounter=1 |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=Yahoo! Style |date=19 January 2022 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Valérie Perrin e Claude Lelouch, un amore nato grazie al cinema |url=https://libreriamo.it/storie/valerie-perrin-claude-lelouch-amore/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=Libreri Amo |date=28 July 2021 |language=it-IT}}</ref> After having worked on ''Salaud, on t'aime'', Perrin published her first novel ''Les Oubliés du dimanche'', published by [[Éditions Albin Michel]] in 2015 and [[Le Livre de Poche]] in 2017. The book was a success, being awarded a Booksellers Choice Award, a Chronos Award, the National Lion's Prize for Literature, the [[Prix du Premier Roman]] in 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Lemoine |first=Christophe |date=20 September 2019 |title=Valérie Perrin's second novel on the winners of the Pocket Book Readers' Prize |url=https://actu.fr/normandie/deauville_14220/le-deuxieme-roman-valerie-perrin-palmares-prix-lecteurs-livre-poche_27416338.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823120705/https://actu.fr/normandie/deauville_14220/le-deuxieme-roman-valerie-perrin-palmares-prix-lecteurs-livre-poche_27416338.html |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |work=Actu.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=La biographie de Valérie Perrin |url=https://www.gala.fr/stars_et_gotha/valerie_perrin |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=Gala.fr |publisher=Prisma Média |date=22 June 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> Perrin's following novel, ''Changer l'eau des fleurs'', was published in 2018 by Albin Michel and Les Livres de Poche in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Littérature - Valérie Perrin, une Gueugnonnaise qui change l'eau des fleurs à Guillaume Musso |url=https://linformateurdebourgogne.com/litterature-valerie-perrin-une-gueugnonnaise-qui-change-leau-des-fleurs-a-guillaume-musso/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=L'infoRmateur de Bourgogne |date=28 August 2019 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> In 2020, it was translated into English by Hildegarde Serle for [[Europa Editions]], where the novel became an international success.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ginori |first1=Anais |title=Valérie Perrin: "Ora il mio bestseller diventa una serie tv" |url=https://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2021/07/01/news/vale_rie_perrin_ora_il_mio_bestseller_diventa_una_serie_tv_-308512542/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=La Repubblica |date=1 July 2021 |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Knowles |first=Madeleine |title=Time Passing: A Conversation with Valérie Perrin |url=https://www.nbmagazine.co.uk/editorialarchive/valerie-perrin |access-date=22 August 2023 |work=NB Magazine}}</ref> Her novel ''Trois'', was published in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bajos |first1=Sandrine |title=Livres : Valérie Perrin réussit la passe de «Trois» |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/livres/livres-valerie-perrin-reussit-la-passe-de-trois-09-04-2021-Y22KZ5UXDNFEDAY43D3LMMY3UQ.php |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=Le Parisien |date=9 April 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> She married Lelouch in a civil ceremony in Paris in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Minucci |first1=Emanuela |title=Parigi, Claude Lelouch e Valérie Perrin sposi: il regista e la scrittrice hanno detto sì |url=https://www.lastampa.it/cultura/2023/06/18/news/lelouch_perrin_sposi_parigi-12864942/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=La Stampa |date=18 June 2023 |language=it}}</ref> == Literary work == === Novels === * ''Les Oubliés du dimanche'', [[Éditions Albin Michel]] (2015), [[Le Livre de Poche]] (2017), [[Europa Editions]] (2023) * ''Changer l'eau des fleurs'', Éditions Albin Michel (2018), Les Livres de Poche (2019), Europa Editions (2020) * ''Trois'', Éditions Albin Michel (2021), Les Livres de Poche (2022), Europa Editions (2022) * ''Tata'', Edition Albin Michel (2024) === Short stories === * ''24 hours together'' (with [[Wilfried N'sondé]] and [[Brigitte Giraud]]), [[Editións ActuSF]], 2019 === Screenplays === * ''[[Salaud, on t'aime]]'' (2014) * ''[[Un plus une]]'' (2015) * ''[[Everyone's Life]]'' (2017) == Awards == * '''''Forgotten on Sunday''''' ** National Lion's Prize for Literature, 2016<ref name=":1" /> ** Chronos award, 2016<ref name=":1" /> ** Poulet-Malassis Prize, 2016<ref name=":1" /> * '''''Fresh Water for Flowers''''' ** Maison de la Presse, 2018<ref>{{Cite news |last=Solym |first=Clement |date=30 May 2018 |title=The Maison de la Presse 2018 Prize goes to Valérie Perrin |url=https://actualitte.com/article/18975/prix-litteraires/le-prix-maison-de-la-presse-2018-revient-a-valerie-perrin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823122419/https://actualitte.com/article/18975/prix-litteraires/le-prix-maison-de-la-presse-2018-revient-a-valerie-perrin |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |work=Actualitte |language=fr}}</ref> ** Les Livres de Poche Reader's Prize, 2019 == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Perrin, Valérie}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:French novelists]] [[Category:French women novelists]] [[Category:French writers]] [[Category:French screenwriters]] [[Category:French women screenwriters]] [[Category:French photographers]] [[Category:French women photographers]] [[Category:People from Remiremont]]

1,302,495,928

[{"title": "Val\u00e9rie Perrin", "data": {"Born": "January 19, 1967 \u00b7 Remiremont, France", "Occupation": "Novelist, screenwriter, photographer", "Notable works": "Les Oubli\u00e9s du dimanche (2015), Changer l'eau des fleurs (2018)", "Notable awards": "- Bookseller's Choice Award (2015) - Prix du premier roman de Chamb\u00e9ry (2016) - Prix Maison de la Presse (2018) - Paperback Readers Prize (2020)", "Spouse": "Claude Lelouch \u200b(m. 2023)\u200b"}}]

false

# Sørøya Sørøya (Norwegian) or Sállan (Northern Sami) is Norway's fourth largest island in terms of area and the largest in Finnmark county. The 811-square-kilometre (313 sq mi) island is divided between Hasvik Municipality and Hammerfest Municipality. It is often claimed to be "one of the most beautiful" of the islands in Norway. In 2018, the population of the island was 1,100. The island is very rocky and mountainous. The highest point on the island is the 659-metre (2,162 ft) tall mountain Komagaksla on the southern shore of the island. The coastline is very jagged and has numerous fjords that cut inland from the open ocean. The island is surrounded by the Norwegian Sea on the north and the Sørøysundet strait to the south. Across the Sørøysundet to the south are three large islands: Stjernøya, Seiland and Kvaløya. The island of Sørøya has no bridge or tunnel access, only a regular ferry route from the village of Hasvik to the village of Øksfjord on the mainland. Hasvik Airport is located on the southern tip of the island. Most settlements on the island are along the southwestern shore in Hasvik, but there are scattered settlements in other areas of the island as well. The northeastern part of the island in Hammerfest has some settlements as well with some roads, but the roads are not all connected to each other. There is no upper secondary school on the island. ## World War II During World War II, a guerrilla group operated on the island, fighting against the occupying German forces. On 15 February 1945, less than three months before the end of World War II in Europe, 525 Norwegian civilians were evacuated from Sørøya by four British Royal Navy destroyers and brought to safety in Scotland via Murmansk in the Soviet Union. The rescue operation was code named Operation Open Door. Later in February and March, fighting between Norwegian volunteers and German soldiers resulted in six dead Norwegians and fourteen captured, while between 30 and 100 German soldiers were killed.

enwiki/6419720

enwiki

6,419,720

Sørøya

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r%C3%B8ya

2025-08-17T22:04:39

en

Q3286995

49,826

{{Short description|Island in Finnmark, Norway}} {{Infobox islands |name = {{native name list|tag1=no|name1=Sørøya|tag2=se|name2=Sállan}} |native_name = |native_name_link = |sobriquet = |image_name = Sørøya, Nórsko, 2013 - panoramio.jpg |image_size = |image_caption = View of the island |image_alt = |location = [[Finnmark]], [[Norway]] |coordinates = {{coord|70|35|N|22|44|E|display=inline,title|region:NO_type:isle}} |archipelago = |area_km2 = 811 |rank = 4th largest in Norway |length_km = 64.3 |width_km = 23.3 |coastline_km = |elevation_m = 659 |highest_mount = [[Komagaksla]] |country = Norway |country_admin_divisions_title = County |country_admin_divisions = [[Finnmark]] |country_admin_divisions_title_1 = Municipalities |country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Hammerfest Municipality]] and [[Hasvik Municipality]] |population = 1,100<ref name="SNL">{{cite web |title=Sørøya - Finnmark |last=Askheim |first=Svein |date=2009-02-15 |work=Store Norske Leksikon |url=https://snl.no/Sørøya_-_Finnmark }}</ref> |population_as_of = 2015 |density_km2 = 1.3 |density_footnotes = }} {{native name|no|'''Sørøya'''}} or {{native name|se|'''Sállan'''}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stadnamn.kartverket.no/fakta/140319|title=Informasjon om stadnamn|website=Norgeskart|publisher=[[Norwegian Mapping Authority|Kartverket]]|language=no|accessdate=2024-06-28}}</ref> is [[List of islands of Norway by area|Norway's fourth largest island in terms of area]] and the largest in [[Finnmark]] county. The {{convert|811|km2|adj=on}}<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/aarbok/kart/i.html |title=Statistisk årbok 2009: Geografisk oversikt |language=no |publisher=Ssb.no |accessdate=2019-05-15}}</ref> island is divided between [[Hasvik Municipality]] and [[Hammerfest Municipality]]. It is often claimed to be "one of the most beautiful" of the islands in Norway.{{by whom|date=September 2020}} In 2018, the population of the island was 1,100.<ref name="SNL"></ref> [[File:Hespervika, Sørøya, Nórsko, 2013.jpg|thumb|left|Scene in the North West of Sørøya]] The island is very rocky and mountainous. The highest point on the island is the {{convert|659|m|adj=on}} tall mountain [[Komagaksla]] on the southern shore of the island. The coastline is very jagged and has numerous [[fjord]]s that cut inland from the open ocean. The island is surrounded by the [[Norwegian Sea]] on the north and the [[Sørøysundet]] strait to the south. Across the Sørøysundet to the south are three large islands: [[Stjernøya]], [[Seiland]] and [[Kvaløya, Finnmark|Kvaløya]]. The island of Sørøya has no bridge or tunnel access, only a regular ferry route from the village of [[Hasvik (village)|Hasvik]] to the village of [[Øksfjord]] on the mainland. [[Hasvik Airport]] is located on the southern tip of the island. Most settlements on the island are along the southwestern shore in Hasvik, but there are scattered settlements in other areas of the island as well. The northeastern part of the island in Hammerfest has some settlements as well with some roads, but the roads are not all connected to each other. There is no [[Education in Norway#Upper secondary school (Videregående skole, Grades VG1-VG3, ages 16–19)|upper secondary school]] on the island.<ref>{{cite news |title=Flukten fra Øya |lang=no |trans-title=Escape From The Island |first1=Thea |last1=Rosef |first2=Hanna Kristin |last2=Hjardar |date=2020-10-17 |newspaper=[[Verdens Gang]] |url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/7KlkPK/flukten-fra-oeya |url-access=registration |access-date=2020-10-17}}</ref> ==World War II== During [[World War II]], a guerrilla group operated on the island, fighting against the occupying German forces.<ref name=Teens>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/fordypning/ungdomsgeriljaen-mot-tyskerne-1.7580543|first=Rune|last=Ytreberg|date=2011-04-11|title=Norske tenåringssoldater kjempet mot tyskerne|trans-title=Norwegian teenage soldiers fought against the Germans|publisher=nrk.no|language=Norwegian|accessdate=2018-06-18}}</ref> On 15 February 1945, less than three months before the [[end of World War II in Europe]], 525 Norwegian civilians were evacuated from Sørøya by four British [[Royal Navy]] [[destroyer]]s and brought to safety in [[Scotland]] via [[Murmansk]] in the [[Soviet Union]]. The rescue operation was code named ''Operation Open Door''. Later in February and March, fighting between Norwegian volunteers and German soldiers resulted in six dead Norwegians and fourteen captured, while between 30 and 100 German soldiers were killed.<ref name=Teens/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *{{Commons category-inline}} *[https://www.google.com/maps/@70.5760737,23.7574297,101545m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en Google Earth view] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soeroeya}} [[Category:Islands of Finnmark]] [[Category:Hammerfest Municipality]] [[Category:Hasvik Municipality]]

1,306,463,442

[{"title": "Geography", "data": {"Location": "Finnmark, Norway", "Coordinates": "70\u00b035\u2032N 22\u00b044\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff70.583\u00b0N 22.733\u00b0E", "Area": "811 km2 (313 sq mi)", "Area rank": "4th largest in Norway", "Length": "64.3 km (39.95 mi)", "Width": "23.3 km (14.48 mi)", "Highest elevation": "659 m (2162 ft)", "Highest point": "Komagaksla"}}, {"title": "Administration", "data": {"Administration": "Norway", "County": "Finnmark", "Municipalities": "Hammerfest Municipality and Hasvik Municipality"}}, {"title": "Demographics", "data": {"Population": "1,100 (2015)", "Pop. density": "1.3/km2 (3.4/sq mi)"}}]

false

# Henry Chauncey Henry Chauncey (February 9, 1905 – December 3, 2002) was a founder and the first president of the Educational Testing Service (ETS). As a Harvard University administrator, he helped popularize the use of the Scholastic Aptitude Test in college admissions. ## Early life and education Chauncey was born in Brooklyn, New York to the Reverend Egisto Fabbri Chauncey and Edith Lockwood Taft Chauncey. Although Chauncey's father was an Episcopalian, he came from a long Puritan lineage; his ancestors on his father's side included Charles Chauncy, president of Harvard College from 1654 to 1671. The Chaunceys originally descended from Norman nobility that participated in William the Conqueror's 1066 conquest of England. In 1913, the Chaunceys moved to Columbus, Ohio when Egisto became the rector of Trinity Episcopal Church. By this time the family had lost much of its old wealth. Chauncey returned to the East Coast when he won a scholarship to Groton School, his father's old boarding school. Groton had recently begun offering scholarships by competitive examination, but its exams bore little resemblance to modern standardized tests. Sample questions from the 1921 exam included "Name month and year when United States broke diplomatic relations with Germany", "Name three animals that hibernate", and "How is vinegar made?" Since his parents could not afford to send him to Harvard, Chauncey returned to Columbus after high school and spent his freshman year at Ohio State University, where he studied psychology under Herbert Toops, an early proponent of standardized testing. He transferred to Harvard after Groton's headmaster arranged for Wall Street financier Clarence Dillon to subsidize his Harvard tuition. An excellent athlete, Chauncey lettered in football and baseball at Harvard (he declined an offer to turn professional with the Boston Braves) and was elected class president. He graduated from Harvard in 1928. ## Career ### Background Chauncey's year at Ohio State proved formative for his career, as that year, Professor Toops convinced the university to allow him to administer a "psychological examination" to the incoming freshmen. Toops hoped that the exam would be predictive of freshman grades, which (at least for Chauncey) it was. For Chauncey, this ignited a lifelong interest in "the application of objective tests to college admission." After transferring to Harvard, Chauncey continued studying the emerging science of testing under Philip Rulon. He was particularly fascinated by a Carnegie Foundation study that found that standardized testing was only weakly correlated with a student's real-life level of education, suggesting that "students' educational achievement could be scientifically measured across a long range of schools." After graduating from college, Chauncey taught at Penn Charter School for a year. Harvard president A. Lawrence Lowell then gave him a job as the assistant faculty dean and head of the scholarship committee. Lowell strongly opposed any strict reliance on objective criteria in college admissions. Although he had reformed Harvard's entrance examination process to encourage public school students to apply, he soon realized that his reforms had drastically increased the number of Jewish students at Harvard and began looking for ways to limit Jewish enrollment (see Jewish quota). He implemented subjective policies such as applicant interviews, teacher recommendations, and character references, which gave Harvard's admissions office discretion to choose well-born gentile students over academically superior Jewish students. ### Introduction of the SAT Lowell died in 1933 and was succeeded by James Bryant Conant, who was more interested than Lowell in improving the academic quality of the undergraduate student body. Conant provided Chauncey with a financial aid budget and encouraged him to "figure out a way to select the scholarship students." This was an initially daunting task, since Harvard traditionally drew most of its students from a select group of feeder schools with whom Harvard had a close relationship. He was unsure how to evaluate report cards from schools across the country, which might have tougher or more relaxed standards than the traditional feeder schools. After evaluating several proposals, Chauncey selected Carl Brigham's Scholastic Aptitude Test, which had been introduced on an experimental basis in 1926 but had not gained significant traction with college admissions offices. By 1936 Harvard required all scholarship applicants to take the SAT, and by 1937 other colleges, including Yale, Princeton, and Columbia, agreed to accept the SAT. Even so, the SAT was not a national exam. Before World War II, the SAT was never administered to more than 18,000 people in a single year. Chauncey broadened his testing efforts during World War II, when the military used standardized tests to grant intellectually promising students draft deferments so that they could spend some time in college and then enter the military at higher grades. Conant released Chauncey to the Pentagon to help the war effort. In April 1943, Chauncey successfully administered a standardized test to 325,000 young men. ### Expansion of the SAT After the war, Chauncey left Harvard to join the College Entrance Examination Board. He then established the Educational Testing Service in 1947, with funding from Devereux Josephs of the Carnegie Corporation. He led the organization until his retirement in 1970. Before the war, the adoption of the SAT had not significantly altered the composition of Harvard's student body. Financial aid was limited (as Chauncey's own experience as a Harvard undergraduate illustrated), and even top universities "were for the most part willing to accept any boys who could pass the [entrance examinations of the period] and whose fathers could pay the tuition." In 1940, Harvard accepted 76 out of 77 applicants from the St. Grottlesex schools. During Chauncey's years at ETS, the SAT evolved from an Ivy League scholarship examination into a national allocator of student talent. The postwar government expanded the pool of students who could afford college by backing student loans (Higher Education Act of 1965) and providing G.I. Bill funding for veterans. As such, many more college admissions offices were facing the same problem that Chauncey had faced at Harvard: how to evaluate students from around the country. University admissions became significantly more competitive, pressuring out many students from the Ivy League's traditional feeder schools: a 1969 study of 14 private feeder high schools found that while 52% of their alumni matriculated to Harvard, Yale, and Princeton in 1953, the figure had more than halved to 25% by 1967. Educational historian Nicholas Lemann wrote that Chauncey "work[ed] ceaselessly to replace the elite he grew up in with a new elite that he probably wouldn't have been in." Chauncey was not inflexible about the use of standardized testing. At ETS, Chauncey periodically considered supplementing the SAT with a wider battery of personality and psychological tests, which were not implemented. In addition, according to Chauncey's son Sam (who later became an admissions officer at Yale), Chauncey acknowledged that the SAT did not perfectly gauge intellectual promise since students from more privileged socioeconomic backgrounds tended to perform better on the test. Chauncey also felt that in contrast to the 1930s and 1940s, improving data about individual high schools across the country made it easier for admissions offices to evaluate report cards from a diverse range of secondary schools without recourse to a standardized test.

enwiki/51277741

enwiki

51,277,741

Henry Chauncey

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Chauncey

2025-05-28T18:16:25

en

Q26243398

84,420

{{Short description|American educational administrator (1905-2002)}} {{distinguish|Henry Chauncy}} '''Henry Chauncey''' (February 9, 1905 – December 3, 2002) was a founder and the first president of the [[Educational Testing Service]] (ETS). As a [[Harvard University]] administrator, he helped popularize the use of the [[SAT|Scholastic Aptitude Test]] in [[College admissions in the United States|college admissions]]. == Early life and education == Chauncey was born in [[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]] to the Reverend Egisto Fabbri Chauncey and Edith Lockwood Taft Chauncey.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/04/nyregion/henry-chauncey-dies-at-97-shaped-admission-testing-for-the-nation-s-colleges.html |title=Henry Chauncey Dies at 97; Shaped Admission Testing For the Nation's Colleges |newspaper=New York Times |date=December 4, 2002 |last=Lewin |first=Tamar }}</ref> Although Chauncey's father was an [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]], he came from a long [[Puritans|Puritan]] lineage; his ancestors on his father's side included [[Charles Chauncy]], president of [[Harvard College]] from 1654 to 1671.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=SAT Father, Harvard Advisor Dies at 97 |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2002/12/6/sat-father-harvard-advisor-dies-at/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Harvard Crimson}}</ref> The Chaunceys originally descended from [[Anglo-Normans|Norman nobility]] that participated in [[William the Conqueror]]'s [[Norman Conquest|1066 conquest of England]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lassila |first=Kathrin Day |date=March 2024 |title=From France to Yale |url=https://yalealumnimagazine.org/articles/5854-from-france-to-yale |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=yalealumnimagazine.org |language=en}}</ref> In 1913, the Chaunceys moved to [[Columbus, Ohio]] when Egisto became the rector of [[Trinity Episcopal Church (Columbus, Ohio)|Trinity Episcopal Church]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 29, 1913 |title=Personal Mention |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsGBzfOESLQC |access-date=2024-02-29 |work=The Living Church |pages=167}}</ref> By this time the family had lost much of its old wealth.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Kabaservice |first=Geoffrey |date=2022-02-02 |title=A Veteran Administrator’s Perspective on Higher Education, with Sam Chauncey |url=https://www.niskanencenter.org/a-veteran-administrators-perspective-on-higher-education-with-sam-chauncey/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Niskanen Center |language=en}}</ref> Chauncey returned to the East Coast when he won a scholarship to [[Groton School]], his father's old boarding school.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsonAAAAYAAJ |title=Harvard College Class of 1899 - Secretary's Fourth Report |date=1914 |publisher=Harvard University |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref> Groton had recently begun offering scholarships by competitive examination,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sargent |first=Porter |title=A Handbook of American Private Schools |publisher=Plimpton Press |year=1926 |edition=10th |location=Norwood, MA |pages=118}}</ref> but its exams bore little resemblance to modern standardized tests. Sample questions from the 1921 exam included "Name month and year when United States broke diplomatic relations with Germany", "Name three animals that hibernate", and "How is vinegar made?"<ref>{{Cite news |date=1921-05-18 |title=Submits Counter Test for Edison |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/05/18/archives/submits-counter-test-for-edison-college-man-who-flunked-suggests.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Since his parents could not afford to send him to Harvard, Chauncey returned to Columbus after high school and spent his freshman year at [[Ohio State University]], where he studied psychology under Herbert Toops, an early proponent of standardized testing. He transferred to Harvard after Groton's headmaster arranged for Wall Street financier [[Clarence Dillon]] to subsidize his Harvard tuition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lemann |first=Nicholas |title=The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |year=2000 |edition=Revised |location=New York |pages=16}}</ref> An excellent athlete, Chauncey lettered in football and baseball at Harvard (he declined an offer to turn professional with the [[Boston Braves]]) and was elected class president.<ref name=":0" /> He graduated from Harvard in 1928.<ref name=":0" /> == Career == {{See also|History of the SAT}} === Background === Chauncey's year at Ohio State proved formative for his career, as that year, Professor Toops convinced the university to allow him to administer a "psychological examination" to the incoming freshmen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bleeds Scarlet and Gray: Herbert A. Toops {{!}} From Woody's Couch |url=https://library.osu.edu/site/archives/2012/02/10/bleeds-scarlet-and-gray-herbert-a-toops/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Ohio State University Libraries |language=en-US}}</ref> Toops hoped that the exam would be predictive of freshman grades, which (at least for Chauncey) it was.<ref>Lemann, p. 18.</ref> For Chauncey, this ignited a lifelong interest in "the application of objective tests to college admission."<ref name=":1">Lemann, p. 20.</ref> After transferring to Harvard, Chauncey continued studying the emerging science of testing under Philip Rulon.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Lemann |first=Nicholas |date=1995-09-01 |title=The Structure of Success in America |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1995/09/the-structure-of-success-in-america/376452/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |work=The Atlantic |language=en |issn=2151-9463}}</ref> He was particularly fascinated by a [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]] study that found that standardized testing was only weakly correlated with a student's real-life level of education, suggesting that "students' educational achievement could be scientifically measured across a long range of schools."<ref name=":3" /> After graduating from college, Chauncey taught at [[William Penn Charter School|Penn Charter School]] for a year. Harvard president [[A. Lawrence Lowell]] then gave him a job as the assistant faculty dean and head of the scholarship committee.<ref name=":1" /> Lowell strongly opposed any strict reliance on objective criteria in college admissions. Although he had reformed Harvard's entrance examination process to encourage public school students to apply,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karabel |first=Jerome |title=The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton |publisher=[[Mariner Books]] |year=2006 |edition=Revised |location=New York |pages=50}}</ref> he soon realized that his reforms had drastically increased the number of Jewish students at Harvard and began looking for ways to limit Jewish enrollment (see ''[[Jewish quota]]'').<ref>{{Cite news |date=1922-06-17 |title=LOWELL TELLS JEWS LIMIT AT COLLEGES MIGHT HELP THEM; Says It Might Tend to Combat the Increasing Tendency to Anti-Semitism. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/06/17/archives/lowell-tells-jews-limit-at-colleges-might-help-them-says-it-might.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He implemented subjective policies such as applicant interviews, teacher recommendations, and character references, which gave Harvard's admissions office discretion to choose well-born gentile students over academically superior Jewish students.<ref>Karabel, pp. 96, 102-03, 108.</ref> === Introduction of the SAT === Lowell died in 1933 and was succeeded by [[James B. Conant|James Bryant Conant]], who was more interested than Lowell in improving the academic quality of the undergraduate student body.<ref name=":02" /> Conant provided Chauncey with a financial aid budget and encouraged him to "figure out a way to select the scholarship students."<ref name=":3" /> This was an initially daunting task, since Harvard traditionally drew most of its students from a select group of feeder schools with whom Harvard had a close relationship. He was unsure how to evaluate report cards from schools across the country, which might have tougher or more relaxed standards than the traditional feeder schools.<ref name=":02" /> After evaluating several proposals, Chauncey selected [[Carl Brigham]]'s [[SAT|Scholastic Aptitude Test]], which had been introduced on an experimental basis in 1926 but had not gained significant traction with college admissions offices. By 1936 Harvard required all scholarship applicants to take the SAT, and by 1937 other colleges, including Yale, Princeton, and Columbia, agreed to accept the SAT. Even so, the SAT was not a national exam. Before [[World War II]], the SAT was never administered to more than 18,000 people in a single year.<ref name=":3" /> Chauncey broadened his testing efforts during World War II, when the military used standardized tests to grant intellectually promising students draft deferments so that they could spend some time in college and then enter the military at higher grades. Conant released Chauncey to the Pentagon to help the war effort. In April 1943, Chauncey successfully administered a standardized test to 325,000 young men.<ref name=":3" /> === Expansion of the SAT === After the war, Chauncey left Harvard to join the [[College Board|College Entrance Examination Board]]. He then established the [[Educational Testing Service]] in 1947, with funding from Devereux Josephs of the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York|Carnegie Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toch |first=Thomas |date=1999-12-01 |title=The Meritocracy's Caste System: What's Good and Bad about the SAT |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-meritocracys-caste-system-whats-good-and-bad-about-the-sat/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> He led the organization until his retirement in 1970.<ref name=":2" /> Before the war, the adoption of the SAT had not significantly altered the composition of Harvard's student body. Financial aid was limited (as Chauncey's own experience as a Harvard undergraduate illustrated), and even top universities "were for the most part willing to accept any boys who could pass the [entrance examinations of the period] and whose fathers could pay the tuition."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Edward Tuck |title=Saint Mark's School: A Centennial History |publisher=Stinehour Press |year=1967 |location=Lunenberg, VT |pages=18}}</ref> In 1940, Harvard accepted 76 out of 77 applicants from the [[Saint Grottlesex|St. Grottlesex]] schools.<ref>Karabel, p. 174.</ref> During Chauncey's years at ETS, the SAT evolved from an Ivy League scholarship examination into a national allocator of student talent. The postwar government expanded the pool of students who could afford college by backing [[Student loans in the United States|student loans]] ([[Higher Education Act of 1965]]) and providing [[G.I. Bill]] funding for veterans.<ref>Karabel, p. 258.</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=December 1999 |title=The Birth of a New Institution |url=http://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_12/admissions.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016120418/http://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_12/admissions.html |archive-date=2023-10-16 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Yale Alumni Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Higher Education Act |url=https://www.lbjlibrary.org/news-and-press/media-kits/higher-education-act |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=LBJ Library |language=en}}</ref> As such, many more college admissions offices were facing the same problem that Chauncey had faced at Harvard: how to evaluate students from around the country. University admissions became significantly more competitive, pressuring out many students from the Ivy League's traditional feeder schools: a 1969 study of 14 private feeder high schools found that while 52% of their alumni matriculated to Harvard, Yale, and Princeton in 1953, the figure had more than halved to 25% by 1967.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Michael |date=1969 |title=Changing Patterns of Upper-Class Prep School College Placements |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1388210 |journal=The Pacific Sociological Review |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=24 |doi=10.2307/1388210 |issn=0030-8919 |jstor=1388210|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Educational historian [[Nicholas Lemann]] wrote that Chauncey "work[ed] ceaselessly to replace the elite he grew up in with a new elite that he probably wouldn't have been in."<ref name=":2" /> Chauncey was not inflexible about the use of standardized testing. At ETS, Chauncey periodically considered supplementing the SAT with a wider battery of personality and psychological tests, which were not implemented.<ref name=":2" /> In addition, according to Chauncey's son [[Sam Chauncey|Sam]] (who later became an admissions officer at [[Yale University|Yale]]), Chauncey acknowledged that the SAT did not perfectly gauge intellectual promise since students from more privileged socioeconomic backgrounds tended to perform better on the test. Chauncey also felt that in contrast to the 1930s and 1940s, improving data about individual high schools across the country made it easier for admissions offices to evaluate report cards from a diverse range of secondary schools without recourse to a standardized test.<ref name=":02" /> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |last=Lemann |first=Nicholas |title=The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy |date=1999 |publisher=Farrar, Straus, and Giroux |location=New York}} * {{cite book |last=Norbert |first=Elliot |title=Henry Chauncey: An American Life |date=2014 |publisher=Peter Lang Publishing |location=New York}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chauncey, Henry}} [[Category:1905 births]] [[Category:2002 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American educators]] [[Category:Harvard College alumni]]

1,292,768,741

[]

false

# Goki Dam Goki Dam, is an earthfill and gravity dam on Goki river near Darwha, Yavatmal district in state of Maharashtra in India. ## Specifications The height of the dam above lowest foundation is 23.06 m (75.7 ft) while the length is 1,572 m (5,157 ft). The volume content is 658 km3 (158 cu mi) and gross storage capacity is 50,220.00 km3 (12,048.42 cu mi). ## Purpose - Irrigation - Water supply

enwiki/29344265

enwiki

29,344,265

Goki Dam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goki_Dam

2021-03-28T20:42:59

en

Q5578070

28,427

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox dam | name = Goki Dam | image = | image_caption = | name_official = Goki Dam D01438 | dam_crosses = Goki river | location = Darwha | dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] | dam_length = {{convert|1572|m|abbr=on}} | dam_height = {{convert|23.06|m|abbr=on}} | dam_width_base = | dam_width_crest = | dam_volume = {{convert|658|km3|abbr=on}} | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | construction_began = | opening = 1981<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Goki_D01438 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412235236/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Goki_D01438 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2013 |title=Goki D01438 |accessdate=28 February 2013 }}</ref> | cost = | owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]] | res_name = | res_capacity_total = {{convert|42710|km3|abbr=on}} | res_catchment = | res_surface = {{convert|11360|km2|abbr=on}} | res_max_depth = | plant_operator = | plant_turbines = | plant_capacity = | plant_annual_gen = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | location_map = India Maharashtra | location_map_caption = | location_map_size = | coordinates = {{coord|20.3008416|77.9177856|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | website = | extra = }} '''Goki Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] and [[dam#Gravity dams|gravity]] dam on Goki river near [[Darwha]], [[Yavatmal district]] in state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]]. ==Specifications== The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert|23.06|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|1572|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|658|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|50220.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> ==Purpose== * Irrigation * Water supply ==See also== * [[Dams in Maharashtra]] * [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Dams in Yavatmal district]] [[Category:Dams completed in 1981]] [[Category:1981 establishments in Maharashtra]]

1,014,740,011

[{"title": "Goki Dam", "data": {"Official name": "Goki Dam D01438", "Location": "Darwha", "Coordinates": "20\u00b018\u203203\u2033N 77\u00b055\u203204\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff20.3008416\u00b0N 77.9177856\u00b0E", "Opening date": "1981", "Owner(s)": "Government of Maharashtra, India"}}, {"title": "Dam and spillways", "data": {"Type of dam": "Earthfill \u00b7 Gravity", "Impounds": "Goki river", "Height": "23.06 m (75.7 ft)", "Length": "1,572 m (5,157 ft)", "Dam volume": "658 km3 (158 cu mi)"}}, {"title": "Reservoir", "data": {"Total capacity": "42,710 km3 (10,250 cu mi)", "Surface area": "11,360 km2 (4,390 sq mi)"}}]

false

# David L. Birch David L. Birch (born 1937) is an American economist studying small businesses. Birch was working as a director at MIT in 1979 when he published his report The Job Generation Process, in which he showed that, contrary to the prevailing conventional wisdom, most new jobs in the US are created by small and new companies. This study caught the attention of politicians at home and abroad. Birch followed in 1987 with the book Job creation in America : how our smallest companies put the most people to work. Birch's work has been heavily criticized but is nevertheless considered groundbreaking as it opened the field for the study of small businesses, which had been so far disregarded by economists.

enwiki/52899419

enwiki

52,899,419

David L. Birch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Birch

2025-06-27T14:22:15

en

Q28377743

23,687

{{Short description|American economist}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}} '''David L. Birch''' (born 1937) is an American [[economist]] studying small businesses. Birch was working as a director at [[MIT]] in 1979 when he published his report ''The Job Generation Process'', in which he showed that, contrary to the prevailing conventional wisdom, most new jobs in the US are created by small and new companies. This study caught the attention of politicians at home and abroad. Birch followed in 1987 with the book ''Job creation in America : how our smallest companies put the most people to work''. Birch's work has been heavily criticized but is nevertheless considered groundbreaking as it opened the field for the study of small businesses, which had been so far disregarded by economists.<ref>{{cite book|last=Landström |first=Hans |date=2005 |title=Pioneers in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research |location=New York |publisher=Springer |chapter=6. David Birch}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Case |first=John |date=1989 |title=The Disciples of David Birch |newspaper=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]] }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Birch, David L.}} [[Category:1937 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American economists]] {{US-economist-stub}}

1,297,640,194

[]

false

# Ōokayama Station Ōokayama Station (大岡山駅, Ōokayama-eki) is a railway station in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan. The station is right on the border between the wards of Meguro and Ōta. The station is facing the main campus of the Tokyo Institute of Technology. Connected to the station is the Tokyu Hospital. ## Lines This station is served by the Tōkyū Ōimachi Line and Tōkyū Meguro Line. ## Station layout This station consists of two island platforms serving four tracks. All platforms are underground and are connected by a surface building. | 1 | ■ Tōkyū Meguro Line | Den-en-chōfu, Musashi-Kosugi, Hiyoshi, Shin-Yokohama, and Futamatagawa | | 2 | ■ Tōkyū Ōimachi Line | Jiyūgaoka, Futako-Tamagawa, Mizonokuchi (Den-en-toshi Line) Saginuma, Chuo-Rinkan | | 3 | ■ Tōkyū Ōimachi Line | Hatanodai, Oimachi | | 4 | ■ Tōkyū Meguro Line | Musashi-Koyama, Meguro (Tokyo Metro Namboku Line) Akabane-Iwabuchi, (Saitama Rapid Railway Line) Urawa-Misono (Toei Mita Line) Nishi-Takashimadaira | ## Surrounding area - Tokyo Institute of Technology[3] - Ōokayama Kitaguchi Shopping Street[4]

enwiki/9288430

enwiki

9,288,430

Ōokayama Station

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cokayama_Station

2025-04-27T19:39:47

en

Q843724

78,666

{{For|the major railway station in Okayama Prefecture|Okayama Station}} {{short description|Railway station in Tokyo, Japan}} {{Infobox station | name = {{TQSN|MG|06|50}} {{TQSN|OM|08|50}} Ōokayama Station | native_name = 大岡山駅 | native_name_lang = ja | type = | image = Tokyu_Oookayama_sta_002.jpg | alt = | caption = | other_name = | address = 3-27-1 Kita-senzoku, [[Ōta, Tokyo|Ōta Ward]], [[Tokyo]] | country = Japan | coordinates = | operator = {{ric|Tokyu|name=y}} | line = {{Plainlist| *{{TQLS|MG|18}} {{lnl|Tokyu|MG}} *{{TQLS|OM|18}} {{lnl|Tokyu|OM}} }} | platforms = 2 [[island platforms]] | tracks = 4 | connections = | structure = Underground | code = MG06, OM08 | opened = {{start date and age|1927|07|06|df=y}} | closed = | former = | passengers = | pass_year = |map_dot_label={{PAGENAME}} |map_type=Japan Tokyo city#Japan Tokyo Bay and Boso Peninsula#Japan Tokyo#Japan | services = {{Adjstn|system=Tokyu|line=MG |note-mid={{SLL|Express|c=red|t=#FFF}}|left=Den-en-chōfu|right=Musashi-Koyama|note-left={{TQSN|MG|08|25}}|note-right={{TQSN|MG|03|25}} |note-mid2={{SLL|Local|c=blue|t=#FFF}}|left2=Okusawa|right2=Senzoku|note-left2={{TQSN|MG|07|30}}|note-right2={{TQSN|MG|05|30}} |line5=OM|note-mid5={{SLL|Express|c=red|t=#FFF}}|left5=Jiyūgaoka|right5=Hatanodai|note-left5={{TQSN|OM|10|25}}|note-right5={{TQSN|OM|06|25}} |note-mid6={{SLL|Local|c=blue|t=#FFF}}{{SLL|Local|c=green|t=#FFF}}|left6=Midorigaoka|right6=Kita-senzoku|note-left6={{TQSN|OM|09|30}}|note-right6={{TQSN|OM|07|30}} }} }} {{Nihongo|'''Ōokayama Station'''|大岡山駅|Ōokayama-eki}} is a railway station in [[Ōta, Tokyo]], Japan. The station is right on the border between the wards of [[Meguro-ku, Tokyo|Meguro]] and Ōta. The station is facing the main campus of the [[Tokyo Institute of Technology]].<ref name="TokyuMap"/> Connected to the station is the Tokyu Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centerforactivedesign.org/tokyuhospital|title=The Healing Environment at Tokyu Hospital|website=centerforactivedesign.org|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref> ==Lines== This station is served by the [[Tōkyū Ōimachi Line]] and [[Tōkyū Meguro Line]]. ==Station layout== This station consists of two [[island platform]]s serving four tracks. All platforms are underground and are connected by a surface building.<ref name="TokyuMap">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tokyu.co.jp/global/english/station/ookayama.html|title=Ōokayama｜Meguro Line｜Route｜Tokyu Corporation|website=Tokyu Corporation|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref> {{Ja-rail-line|pfn=1|first=2|name=Tōkyū Meguro Line|col=#{{rcr|Tokyu|MG}}|dir=Den-en-chōfu, Musashi-Kosugi, Hiyoshi, Shin-Yokohama, and Futamatagawa}} {{Ja-rail-line|pfn=2|name=Tōkyū Ōimachi Line|col=#{{rcr|Tokyu|OM}}|dir=Jiyūgaoka, Futako-Tamagawa, Mizonokuchi ([[Tokyu Den-en-toshi Line|Den-en-toshi Line]]) Saginuma, Chuo-Rinkan}} {{Ja-rail-line|pfn=3|nidx=Tōkyū Ōimachi Line|col=#{{rcr|Tokyu|OM}}|dir=Hatanodai, Oimachi}} {{Ja-rail-line|pfn=4|first=3|nidx=Tōkyū Meguro Line|col=#{{rcr|Tokyu|MG}}|dir=Musashi-Koyama, Meguro ([[Tokyo Metro Namboku Line]]) Akabane-Iwabuchi, ([[Saitama Rapid Railway Line]]) Urawa-Misono ([[Toei Mita Line]]) Nishi-Takashimadaira}} ==Surrounding area== * [[Tokyo Institute of Technology]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.titech.ac.jp/english/public-relations/about/campus-maps/ookayama | title=Ookayama Campus }}</ref> * [[Ōokayama Kitaguchi Shopping Street]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=大岡山北口商店街 | url=http://www.oookayama.or.jp/ | access-date=2025-04-27 | website=www.oookayama.or.jp}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Tokyu Oimachi Line}} {{Tokyu Meguro Line}} {{Coord|35|36|26|N|139|41|08|E|display=title|region:JP-13_type:railwaystation}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ookayama Station}} [[Category:Railway stations in Japan opened in 1927]] [[Category:Railway stations in Tokyo]] {{Tokyo-railstation-stub}}

1,287,680,980

[{"title": "General information", "data": {"Location": "3-27-1 Kita-senzoku, \u014cta Ward, Tokyo \u00b7 Japan", "Operated by": "T\u014dky\u016b Railways", "Line(s)": "- MG Meguro Line - OM \u014cimachi Line", "Platforms": "2 island platforms", "Tracks": "4"}}, {"title": "Construction", "data": {"Structure type": "Underground"}}, {"title": "Other information", "data": {"Station code": "MG06, OM08"}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"Opened": "6 July 1927"}}, {"title": "Services", "data": {"Preceding station": "T\u014dky\u016b Railways \u00b7 Following station", "Den-en-ch\u014dfuMG08towards Hiyoshi": "Meguro LineExpress \u00b7 Musashi-KoyamaMG03towards Meguro", "OkusawaMG07towards Hiyoshi": "Meguro LineLocal \u00b7 SenzokuMG05towards Meguro", "Jiy\u016bgaokaOM10towards Mizonokuchi": "\u014cimachi LineExpress \u00b7 HatanodaiOM06towards \u014cimachi", "MidorigaokaOM09towards Mizonokuchi": "\u014cimachi LineLocal \u00b7 Kita-senzokuOM07towards \u014cimachi"}}]

false

# Enarthromyces Enarthromyces is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Enarthromyces indicus.

enwiki/22490687

enwiki

22,490,687

Enarthromyces

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enarthromyces

2021-02-24T22:47:43

en

Q5375248

26,500

{{Short description|Genus of fungi}} {{Taxobox | image = | image_caption = | regnum = [[Fungi]] | divisio = [[Ascomycota]] | classis = [[Laboulbeniomycetes]] | ordo = [[Laboulbeniales]] | familia = [[Laboulbeniaceae]] | genus = '''''Enarthromyces''''' | genus_authority = [[Roland Thaxter|Thaxt.]] | type_species = '''''Enarthromyces indicus''''' | type_species_authority = Thaxt. }} '''''Enarthromyces''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] in the family [[Laboulbeniaceae]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. |date=December 2007 |title=Outline of Ascomycota – 2007 |journal=Myconet |volume=13 |pages=1–58 |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |publisher=The Field Museum, Department of Botany |location=Chicago, USA |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318003134/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |archivedate=2009-03-18 }}</ref> This is a [[monotypic]] genus, containing the single species '''''Enarthromyces indicus'''''. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *''[http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=1775 Enarthromyces]'' at [[Index Fungorum]] {{Taxonbar|from=Q5375248}} [[Category:Laboulbeniomycetes]] [[Category:Monotypic Laboulbeniomycetes genera]] {{ascomycota-stub}}

1,008,761,297

[{"title": "Scientific classification", "data": {"Kingdom": "Fungi", "Division": "Ascomycota", "Class": "Laboulbeniomycetes", "Order": "Laboulbeniales", "Family": "Laboulbeniaceae", "Genus": "Enarthromyces \u00b7 Thaxt."}}, {"title": "Type species", "data": {"Type species": "Enarthromyces indicus \u00b7 Thaxt."}}]

false

# Romani hip-hop Romani hip hop is a musical genre from Eastern Europe, formed through a fusion of hip hop with Romani melodies and lyrics. Artists include Kmetoband and Gipsy.cz. The Turkish Romani hip hop group Tahribad-ı İsyan was founded in Istanbul's Sulukule neighbourhood, a historically Roma area.

enwiki/12628765

enwiki

12,628,765

Romani hip-hop

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_hip-hop

2025-03-14T11:52:22

en

Q7362864

73,733

{{Short description|Musical genre from Eastern Europe}} '''Romani hip hop''' is a musical genre from [[Eastern Europe]], formed through a fusion of [[hip hop music|hip hop]] with [[Romani music|Romani]] melodies and lyrics.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Miszczynski |first1=Milosz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huQ6DgAAQBAJ |title=Hip Hop at Europe's Edge: Music, Agency, and Social Change |last2=Helbig |first2=Adriana |date=2017-03-27 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-02321-6 |pages=216–223 |language=en}}</ref> Artists include [[Kmetoband]] and [[Gipsy.cz]]. The Turkish Romani hip hop group Tahribad-ı İsyan was founded in Istanbul's [[Sulukule]] neighbourhood, a historically Roma area.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Langford |first=Martha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQolDwAAQBAJ |title=Narratives Unfolding: National Art Histories in an Unfinished World |date=2017-07-18 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-5081-0 |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Romani music]] * [[Romani people]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Hip hop}} {{Romani topics}} [[Category:Hip-hop genres]] [[Category:Romani music]] {{Hiphop-stub}}

1,280,399,272

[]

false

# 2023 World Para Swimming Championships – Women's 150 metre individual medley The women's 150m individual medley events at the 2023 World Para Swimming Championships will be held at the Manchester Aquatics Centre between 31 July and 6 August. ## Medalists | Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze | | ----- | ---------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | | SM3 | Tanja Scholz · Germany | Marta Fernandez Infante · Spain | Ellie Challis · Great Britain | | SM4 | Kat Swanepoel · South Africa | Gina Böttcher · Germany | Patricia Pereira dos Santos · Brazil |

enwiki/74501981

enwiki

74,501,981

2023 World Para Swimming Championships – Women's 150 metre individual medley

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_World_Para_Swimming_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_150_metre_individual_medley

2023-10-20T00:01:20

en

Q121494217

37,304

{{Short description|none}} {{one source|date=August 2023}} {{Main|2023 World Para Swimming Championships}} {{2023 World Para Swimming Championships}} The '''women's 150m individual medley''' events at the '''[[2023 World Para Swimming Championships]]''' will be held at the [[Manchester Aquatics Centre]] between 31 July and 6 August.<ref>https://www.paralympic.org/static/info/sw7g23/eng/sw/SWR173A_SW7G23SWW519101ENG.htm</ref> ==Medalists== {| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}} |- |SM3 |{{flagmedalist|[[Tanja Scholz]]|GER}} |{{flagmedalist|[[Marta Fernández Infante|Marta Fernandez Infante]]|ESP}} |{{flagmedalist|[[Ellie Challis]]|GBR}} |- |SM4 |{{flagmedalist|[[Kat Swanepoel]]|RSA}} |{{flagmedalist|[[Gina Böttcher]]|GER}} |{{flagmedalist|[[Patricia Pereira dos Santos]]|BRA}} |} ==Results==  ==References== {{reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2023 World Para Swimming Championships - Women's 150 metre individual medley}} [[Category:2023 World Para Swimming Championships]] [[Category:2023 in women's swimming]]

1,180,966,181

[]

false

# Smith Memorial Playground & Playhouse Smith Memorial Playground & Playhouse is a free young children's playground near North 33rd Street and Oxford Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, within the borders of Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia magazine awarded it Best Playground of Philly in 2006 and 2008, calling it "a city treasure." The playground was highlighted during a May 2024 episode of the Abbott Elementary television show. ## Renovations Established in 1899 by the wills of Richard and Sarah Smith and designed by architect James H. Windrim, it occupies nearly 61⁄2 acres, and is visited by more than 1000 children per day. From 2003 to 2005, the playground was closed while a citizen's non-profit group began a rejuvenation of its play equipment and landscape, as well as a renovation of its 24,000 sq ft (2,200 m2) Playhouse for very young children. The Playhouse underwent an extensive renovation in 2021 to offer additional unique indoor play spaces. ### Playhouse The playhouse is for children 5 and under, with any baby who can play welcome, but accompanied by at least one adult 18 or older. ### Playground In July 2005, the Ann Newman Giant Wooden Slide was reopened, and in August 2006 a new complex of swings called "Swing City" was opened. By 2009, an area about three football fields in size had been redone, and the outside of the Playhouse preserved. On July 31, 2019, a statue inspired by Ora Washington, titled "MVP", was added to the playground. The Giant Slide is 40 feet (12 m) long, 12 feet (3.7 m) wide, 10 feet (3.0 m) high, and 12 children can use it at once. The playground is for children 10 and under, accompanied by at least one adult 18 or older. There is a special play area for very young children.

enwiki/24716700

enwiki

24,716,700

Smith Memorial Playground & Playhouse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Memorial_Playground_%26_Playhouse

2024-05-16T15:44:53

en

Q7545221

60,734

{{Infobox historic site | name = Smith Memorial Playhouse | image = Phila SmithPlaygroundl12.JPG | image_size = 250 | caption = Smith Playhouse | locmapin = Pennsylvania#USA | coordinates = {{coord|39|58|54|N|75|11|44|W|display=inline,title}} | location = [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] | area = | built = | architect = | architecture = | governing_body = | owner = | designation1 = Philadelphia Register of Historic Places | designation1_offname = | designation1_date = | designation1_number = }} '''Smith Memorial Playground & Playhouse''' is a free young children's playground near North 33rd Street and Oxford Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, within the borders of [[Fairmount Park]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philly.com/community/50044577.html|title=Free play at Smith Playhouse|last=Treacy|first=Michelle S.|date=6 July 2009|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|accessdate=2009-11-15}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> [[Philadelphia (magazine)|''Philadelphia'' magazine]] awarded it Best Playground of Philly in 2006 and 2008, calling it "a city treasure."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phillymag.com/best_of/detail/best_of_philly_2008_playground/ |title=Best of Philly 2008: Playground |work=Phillymag |accessdate=13 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113120830/http://www.phillymag.com/best_of/detail/best_of_philly_2008_playground/ |archivedate=13 January 2010 }}</ref> The playground was highlighted during a May 2024 episode of the [[Abbott Elementary]] television show.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dobrin |first1=Peter |title=‘Abbott Elementary’ takes a field trip to what might be Philly’s best-kept secret |url=https://www.inquirer.com/arts/abbott-elementary-quinta-brunson-smith-memorial-playground-20240515.html?query=abbott%20elementary |website=www.inquirer.com |publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> ==Renovations== Established in 1899 by the wills of Richard and Sarah Smith and designed by architect [[James H. Windrim]], it occupies nearly 6{{frac|1|2}} acres,<ref name=fodor>{{cite web|url=http://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/pennsylvania/philadelphia/review-428715.html|title=Smith Memorial Playground and Playhouse|work=Fodor's|publisher=Random House, Inc.|accessdate=13 February 2010}}</ref> and is visited by more than 1000 children per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recmanagement.com/200701fp01.php|title=Passing the Test of Time: Smith Memorial Playground & Playhouse in Philadelphia|last=Anderson|first=Kelli|date=January 2007|work=Recreation Management|accessdate=13 February 2010}}</ref> From 2003 to 2005, the playground was closed while a citizen's non-profit group began a rejuvenation of its play equipment and landscape, as well as a renovation of its {{convert|24000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} Playhouse for very young children. The Playhouse underwent an extensive renovation in 2021 to offer additional unique indoor play spaces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saffron |first=Inga |title=Newly renovated Fairmount Park playhouse offers kids serious fun as an antidote to screen time {{!}} Inga Saffron |url=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/fairmount-park-smith-playhouse-screen-time-kids-20211128.html |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=inquirer.com |language=en}}</ref> ===Playhouse=== The playhouse is for children 5 and under, with any baby who can play welcome, but accompanied by at least one adult 18 or older. ===Playground=== [[Image:Phila SmithPlaygroundl20.JPG|thumb|220px|right|Smith Playground]] In July 2005, the Ann Newman Giant Wooden Slide was reopened,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-134031499/historic-slide-reopens-today.html|title=Historic slide reopens today with new generation of rides|last=Salisbury|first=Stephan|date=14 July 2005|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|accessdate=13 February 2010}}</ref> and in August 2006 a new complex of swings called "Swing City" was opened.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmtpi/is_200608/ai_n16967942/|title=Smith Memorial Playground|date=August 2006|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|accessdate=13 February 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> By 2009, an area about three football fields in size had been redone, and the outside of the Playhouse preserved.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/15032/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070623105856/http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/15032/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2007 |title=Playground Still Flourishes as a 'Safe Haven' for Urban Kids |last=Mostovy-Eisenberg |first=Michelle |date=10 January 2008 |work=Jewish Exponent |accessdate=2009-11-15 }}</ref> On July 31, 2019, a statue inspired by [[Ora Washington]], titled "MVP", was added to the playground.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whyy.org/articles/it-looks-like-me-new-south-philly-statue-meant-to-inspire-young-women-and-girls/|title=One-of-a-kind statue unveiled at Smith Playground in South Philly|website=Whyy.org|access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref> The Giant Slide is {{convert|40|ft|m}} long, {{convert|12|ft|m}} wide, {{convert|10|ft|m}} high, and 12 children can use it at once.<ref name=fodor/> The playground is for children 10 and under, accompanied by at least one adult 18 or older. There is a special play area for very young children. ==See also== * [[List of houses in Fairmount Park]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category|Smith Memorial Playground & Playhouse}} * {{official website|http://www.smithkidsplayplace.org}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxH4IPxPscQ 2006–2007 Smith Memorial Playground and Play House]. Film by students from [[Drexel University]] for the Great Philadelphia Filmmakers Tripod Initiative. {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith Memorial Playground and Playhouse}} [[Category:Organizations based in Philadelphia]] [[Category:Playgrounds in the United States]] [[Category:Organizations established in 1899]] [[Category:Philadelphia Register of Historic Places]] [[Category:East Fairmount Park]] [[Category:Houses in Fairmount Park]]

1,224,155,622

[{"title": "Smith Memorial Playhouse", "data": {"Location": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania", "Coordinates": "39\u00b058\u203254\u2033N 75\u00b011\u203244\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff39.98167\u00b0N 75.19556\u00b0W"}}, {"title": "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places", "data": {"Philadelphia Register of Historic Places": "Location of Smith Memorial Playhouse in PennsylvaniaSmith Memorial Playground & Playhouse (the United States)"}}]

false

# Natural trumpet A natural trumpet is a valveless brass instrument that is able to play the notes of the harmonic series. ## History See: Clarion The natural trumpet was used as a military instrument to facilitate communication (e.g. break camp, retreat, etc.). Even before the late Baroque period the natural trumpet had been accepted into Western art music. There is evidence, for example, of extensive use of trumpet ensembles in Venetian ceremonial music of the 16th century. Although neither Andrea nor Giovanni Gabrieli wrote music specifically for the trumpet, they would have been very familiar with its technical possibilities. Later, talented players such as the early baroque composer Girolamo Fantini demonstrated that by playing in the extreme upper register and "lipping" the notes of the 11th and 13th harmonics (that is, flattening or sharpening those impure harmonics into tune with the embouchure), it was possible to play diatonic major and minor scales (and, hence, actual melodies rather than arpeggios) on a natural trumpet. The most talented players were even able to produce certain chromatic notes outside the harmonic series by this process (such as lipping a natural C down to B), although these notes were mostly used as brief passing tones. (In Germany, this technique was called Heruntertreiben, literally "driving down".) Other "impure" harmonics (such as the 7th and 14th – B♭ on an instrument pitched in C – which are very flat) were avoided by most composers, but were sometimes deliberately used, for example, where their unusual sonic qualities would complement the accompanying text in a sacred work. Baroque composers – such as Antonio Vivaldi, Georg Philipp Telemann, George Frideric Handel and Johann Sebastian Bach – made frequent use of trumpets in sacred, orchestral, and even solo works. Many of these trumpet parts are technically quite difficult to play on a natural instrument, and were often written with a specific virtuoso performer in mind, such as Gottfried Reiche (Bach's chief trumpeter and the subject of a famous painting of the era) or Valentine Snow, for whom Handel composed some of his more noted trumpet parts. Indeed, highly skilled trumpeters were a prized commodity in the era, held in high esteem and avidly sought after by musical patrons. The vast majority of baroque trumpet parts were written for a natural instrument pitched in C or D, although there were occasional exceptions. J. S. Bach, for example, calls for a trumpet in B♭ in his Cantatas Nos. 5 and 90, trumpets in E♭ in the first version of his Magnificat and, most famously, the solo trumpet in high F in his Brandenburg Concerto No. 2. In the 18th century various attempts were made to overcome the limitations in the notes available to natural trumpets. As early as the time of Bach, crooks (additional lengths of tubing) were introduced between the mouthpiece and the body which lowered the pitch of the instrument and allowed it to be used in a variety of keys. In the latter part of the 18th century side holes covered with keys and a sliding mechanism were tried. Later Anton Weidinger, court trumpeter in Vienna, invented a 5-key trumpet. These experiments were not completely successful, however, since side holes, which work well on instruments with a conical bore, such as cornets and bugles, cause a muffled sound in those with a cylindrical bore. Natural trumpets continued to be used through the Classical era and even into the early Romantic period. But changing musical styles along with a growing lack of sufficiently capable players spelled an end to the high, florid, complicated parts typical of Baroque music. A few transitional composers, such as Michael Haydn, Leopold Mozart and Johann Molter, wrote concerti for natural trumpets in the early Classical era. In fact, it could be argued that the concertos of Haydn and Molter represent the zenith of the natural trumpet in terms of technical demands, containing as they do some of the highest notes ever penned for the trumpet in symphonic works (in the case of Haydn, a G above high C – the 24th harmonic on a natural instrument). However, for many decades following, most orchestral trumpet writing consisted of basic harmonic support (what many trumpeters derisively refer to as "thumps and bumps") and fanfare-like passages, with very little in the way of melody. There were a few notable exceptions, such as Mozart's Symphony No. 39 in E♭ major, where the trumpets intone the main theme of the opening movement; Haydn's Symphony No. 103 in E-flat major ("Drum Roll"), where the trumpets often outline the melody in all four movements; or Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in which the trumpets double the melody of the famous "Ode to Joy" in the finale of the work. After the brief attempt at developing a keyed trumpet, the instrument for which Joseph Haydn and Johann Nepomuk Hummel wrote their famous concerti, the development of the more versatile valve trumpet (c. 1815) spelled the eventual demise of the natural trumpet in Western music, until its resurrection in the 20th century. Throughout the first half of the 19th century, the valveless, natural trumpet and the valved trumpet (also the cornet) vied for position in the orchestra, with the valved trumpet establishing a permanent position only in the second half. Even as late as 1843, for example, Wagner was writing for valveless trumpets in his opera The Flying Dutchman. In modern-day performances of Baroque and Classical works by period orchestras, the trumpets used are usually altered copies of natural instruments of the period, with the addition of anachronistic nodal "tone holes" (also called "venting holes") used to more easily and accurately correct the intonation of the instrument and the use of altered copies of mouthpieces or baroque inspired modern ones. (There is a growing consensus to refer to these instruments as "baroque trumpets" to distinguish them from pure "natural trumpets".) The use of finger holes on reconstructions of natural trumpets is traceable to Otto Steinkopf, who early in the 20th century discovered holes on a few museum originals. However, it appears that these holes were usually placed at antinodes, and thus designed to prevent the note from sounding, rather than allowing it to be played in tune. While modern reconstructions with nodal finger holes may not be completely authentic in comparison with the originals, they nevertheless allow a close approximation of the sound of the natural trumpet (and its ability to more easily blend with other instruments in an ensemble) without the "quirks" of intonation to which modern ears are unaccustomed. Though such vented instruments have been the norm in period orchestras for decades, in recent years ensembles such as La Petite Bande and soloists such as Jean-François Madeuf have been performing and recording using pure natural trumpets. In conventional (non-period) orchestras, the highest baroque trumpet parts are usually played on the modern piccolo trumpet, an instrument that provides firm support of range, attack and intonation, while producing a brighter sound – very different from the natural trumpet the composers had in mind. The natural trumpet is differentiated from another valveless brass instrument, the bugle, in that it is nearly twice the length. This places the higher harmonics (from the 8th harmonic up, which are closer together in pitch) in a playable range, enabling the performance of diatonic melodies. The bugle, by contrast, is only useful for performing simple fanfares and military calls (such as "Taps") in a lower range (normally only utilizing the 2nd through 6th harmonics), based on the notes of a major triad (for example, the notes B♭, D, and F on a bugle pitched in B♭). ### Period instruments Some of the finest surviving examples of pre-Baroque and Baroque era trumpets date back as far as the 1580s, and were made by Anton Schnitzer of Nuremberg. Other notable trumpet makers include the Hainlein family of Nuremberg, the Haas family of Nuremberg, the Ehe family of Nuremberg, and William Bull of London. All of these instrument makers built what are now called natural trumpets. During the period, however, these instruments were simply called trumpets, not "natural trumpets", as a valved instrument had yet to be developed. ## Modern replicas In the second half of the 20th century as historically-informed performance came into fashion, modern instrument makers began building instruments based on historical instruments. Among the pioneers were Meinl & Lauber, Adolf Egger, Robert Barclay, Frank Tomes. Makers active as of 2021 include Matthew Parker, Graham Nicholson, Markus Raquet, Geert Jan van der Heide, Cristian Bosc, Rainer Egger, Bernhard (Ewald) Meinl, Tony Esparis, Nikolai Mänttäri, Nathaniel Wood, and Gunther Cogen. ## Construction The natural trumpet has a mouthpiece, which is inserted into the receiver. The receiver is attached to the long tubing, called the first yard, with a short connector, called a ferrule. The first yard is connected with a ferrule to the first bow, followed by another ferrule and the second yard. The second yard is attached with a ferrule to the second bow. On the baroque trumpet, the vent holes are located at the top of the second yard, and possibly on the second bow. After the second bow are the bellpipe, the ball, the bell, garland, and bezel. The bellpipe and first yard are separated by a wood block, and over that there is a cord for binding. ## Players Notable living players of the natural trumpet include Don Smithers and Jean-François Madeuf. Living players of the Baroque trumpet include Robert Farley, Anna Freeman, Alison Balsom, Crispian Steele-Perkins, Friedemann Immer, Niklas Eklund, David Blackadder, Will Wroth and John Thiessen.

enwiki/1982094

enwiki

1,982,094

Natural trumpet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_trumpet

2025-05-06T07:37:59

en

Q1662735

76,094

{{Short description|Early form of trumpet preceding the invention of keys or valves}} {{Infobox instrument |name = Natural trumpet |names = |image = Natural Trumpet in D MET DP-12679-012.jpg |image_capt = Natural trumpet in D, Germany 1790 |classification = [[Brass instrument]] |hornbostel_sachs = 423.121 | hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Natural trumpets]] – There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips; end-blown trumpets – The mouth-hole faces the axis of the trumpet. |range = |related =[[Clarion (instrument)|Clarion]], [[Bugle]] |musicians = |builders = |articles = }} A '''natural trumpet''' is a [[Brass instrument#Valves|valveless]] [[brass instrument]] that is able to play the notes of the [[harmonic series (music)|harmonic series]]. ==History== :''See: [[Clarion (instrument)|Clarion]]'' The natural trumpet was used as a military instrument to facilitate communication (e.g. break camp, retreat, etc.). Even before the late [[Baroque]] period the natural trumpet had been accepted into Western art music. There is evidence, for example, of extensive use of [[trumpet]] ensembles in Venetian ceremonial music of the 16th century. Although neither [[Andrea Gabrieli|Andrea]] nor [[Giovanni Gabrieli]] wrote music specifically for the [[trumpet]], they would have been very familiar with its technical possibilities.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} Later, talented players such as the early baroque composer [[Girolamo Fantini]] demonstrated that by playing in the extreme upper register and "lipping" the notes of the 11th and 13th harmonics (that is, flattening or sharpening those impure harmonics into tune with the [[embouchure]]), it was possible to play diatonic major and minor scales (and, hence, actual [[melody|melodies]] rather than [[arpeggio]]s) on a natural trumpet. The most talented players were even able to produce certain [[chromatic]] notes outside the harmonic series by this process (such as lipping a natural C down to B), although these notes were mostly used as brief passing tones. (In Germany, this technique was called ''Heruntertreiben'', literally "driving down".) Other "impure" harmonics (such as the 7th and 14th – B{{music|b}} on an instrument pitched in C – which are very flat) were avoided by most composers, but were sometimes deliberately used, for example, where their unusual sonic qualities would complement the accompanying text in a sacred work. [[File:Harmseries 1.svg|thumb|400px|left|The commonly used range (from the 3rd to the 16th harmonic) of the harmonic series for a natural trumpet pitched in C. In practice, lower harmonics were never used, and intervals above the 16th harmonic only occasionally called for. Notes that are filled-in are inherently flat and must be lipped up, with the exception of the 11th harmonic, which is lipped down to produce an F and up to produce an F{{music|#}}. Chromatic notes not in the natural series are produced by lipping the upper adjacent harmonic down a semitone.]] Baroque composers – such as [[Antonio Vivaldi]], [[Georg Philipp Telemann]], [[George Frideric Handel]] and [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] – made frequent use of trumpets in sacred, orchestral, and even solo works. Many of these trumpet parts are technically quite difficult to play on a natural instrument, and were often written with a specific virtuoso performer in mind, such as [[Gottfried Reiche]] (Bach's chief trumpeter and the subject of a famous painting of the era) or [[Valentine Snow]], for whom Handel composed some of his more noted trumpet parts. Indeed, highly skilled trumpeters were a prized commodity in the era, held in high esteem and avidly sought after by musical patrons. The vast majority of baroque trumpet parts were written for a natural instrument pitched in C or D, although there were occasional exceptions. J. S. Bach, for example, calls for a trumpet in B{{music|flat}} in his Cantatas Nos. 5 and 90, trumpets in E{{music|flat}} in the first version of his Magnificat and, most famously, the solo trumpet in high F in his [[Brandenburg concertos#Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, BWV 1047|Brandenburg Concerto No. 2]]. In the 18th century various attempts were made to overcome the limitations in the notes available to natural trumpets. As early as the time of Bach, [[Crook (music)|crooks]] (additional lengths of tubing) were introduced between the mouthpiece and the body which lowered the pitch of the instrument and allowed it to be used in a variety of keys. In the latter part of the 18th century side holes covered with keys and a sliding mechanism were tried. Later [[Anton Weidinger]], court trumpeter in Vienna, invented a 5-key trumpet. These experiments were not completely successful, however, since side holes, which work well on instruments with a conical bore, such as [[cornet]]s and [[bugle]]s, cause a muffled sound in those with a cylindrical bore.<ref>Apel, Willi, ed. (1969). ''Harvard Dictionary of Music'' (2nd ed.), p. 874. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-674-37501-7}}.</ref> Natural trumpets continued to be used through the [[Classical music era|Classical]] era and even into the early [[romantic music|Romantic]] period. But changing musical styles along with a growing lack of sufficiently capable players spelled an end to the high, florid, complicated parts typical of [[Baroque music]]. A few transitional composers, such as [[Michael Haydn]], [[Leopold Mozart]] and [[Johann Molter]], wrote concerti for natural trumpets in the early Classical era. In fact, it could be argued that the concertos of Haydn and Molter represent the zenith of the natural trumpet in terms of technical demands, containing as they do some of the highest notes ever penned for the trumpet in symphonic works (in the case of Haydn, a G above high C – the 24th harmonic on a natural instrument). However, for many decades following, most orchestral trumpet writing consisted of basic harmonic support (what many trumpeters derisively refer to as "thumps and bumps") and fanfare-like passages, with very little in the way of melody. There were a few notable exceptions, such as [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s [[Symphony No. 39 (Mozart)|Symphony No. 39]] in E{{music|flat}} major, where the trumpets intone the main theme of the opening movement; [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]]'s [[Symphony No. 103 (Haydn)|Symphony No. 103]] in E-flat major ("Drum Roll"), where the trumpets often outline the melody in all four movements; or [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 9]] in which the trumpets double the melody of the famous "Ode to Joy" in the finale of the work. After the brief attempt at developing a [[keyed trumpet]], the instrument for which [[Joseph Haydn]] and [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel]] wrote their famous concerti, the development of the more versatile [[trumpet|valve trumpet]] (c. 1815) spelled the eventual demise of the natural trumpet in Western music, until its resurrection in the 20th century. Throughout the first half of the 19th century, the valveless, natural trumpet and the valved trumpet (also the [[cornet]]) vied for position in the orchestra, with the valved trumpet establishing a permanent position only in the second half. Even as late as 1843, for example, [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] was writing for valveless trumpets in his opera ''[[The Flying Dutchman (opera)|The Flying Dutchman]]''. In modern-day performances of Baroque and Classical works by period orchestras, the trumpets used are usually altered copies of natural instruments of the period, with the addition of anachronistic nodal "tone holes" (also called "venting holes") used to more easily and accurately correct the [[Intonation (music)|intonation]] of the instrument and the use of altered copies of mouthpieces or baroque inspired modern ones. (There is a growing consensus to refer to these instruments as "[[baroque trumpet]]s" to distinguish them from pure "natural trumpets".) The use of finger holes on reconstructions of natural trumpets is traceable to Otto Steinkopf, who early in the 20th century discovered holes on a few museum originals. However, it appears that these holes were usually placed at ''antinodes'', and thus designed to prevent the note from sounding, rather than allowing it to be played in tune. While modern reconstructions with nodal finger holes may not be completely authentic in comparison with the originals, they nevertheless allow a close approximation of the sound of the natural trumpet (and its ability to more easily blend with other instruments in an ensemble) without the "quirks" of intonation to which modern ears are unaccustomed. Though such vented instruments have been the norm in period orchestras for decades, in recent years ensembles such as [[La Petite Bande]] and soloists such as Jean-François Madeuf have been performing and recording using pure natural trumpets. In conventional (non-period) orchestras, the highest baroque trumpet parts are usually played on the modern [[piccolo trumpet]], an instrument that provides firm support of range, attack and intonation, while producing a brighter sound – very different from the natural trumpet the composers had in mind. The natural trumpet is differentiated from another valveless brass instrument, the bugle, in that it is nearly twice the length. This places the higher harmonics (from the 8th harmonic up, which are closer together in pitch) in a playable range, enabling the performance of diatonic melodies. The bugle, by contrast, is only useful for performing simple fanfares and military calls (such as "[[Taps (bugle call)|Taps]]") in a lower range (normally only utilizing the 2nd through 6th harmonics), based on the notes of a [[Major chord|major triad]] (for example, the notes B{{music|flat}}, D, and F on a bugle pitched in B{{music|flat}}). ===Period instruments=== Some of the finest surviving examples of pre-Baroque and Baroque era trumpets date back as far as the 1580s, and were made by Anton Schnitzer of [[Nuremberg]].<ref name="Barclay 1992">Barclay, Robert. 1992. ''The Art of the Trumpet-Maker''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> Other notable trumpet makers include the Hainlein family of Nuremberg, the Haas family of Nuremberg, the Ehe family of Nuremberg, and William Bull of [[London]].<ref name="Bate 1978">Bate, Philip. 1978. ''Instruments of the Orchestra: The Trumpet and Trombone''. London: Ernest Benn.</ref> All of these instrument makers built what are now called natural trumpets.{{when|date=November 2022}} During the period, however, these instruments were simply called trumpets, not "natural trumpets", as a valved instrument had yet to be developed. ==Modern replicas== In the second half of the 20th century as historically-informed performance came into fashion, modern instrument makers began building instruments based on historical instruments. Among the pioneers were Meinl & Lauber, Adolf Egger, Robert Barclay, Frank Tomes. Makers active as of 2021 include Matthew Parker, Graham Nicholson, Markus Raquet, Geert Jan van der Heide, Cristian Bosc, Rainer Egger, Bernhard (Ewald) Meinl, Tony Esparis, Nikolai Mänttäri, Nathaniel Wood, and Gunther Cogen. {{citation needed|date=March 2015}} ==Construction== The natural trumpet has a [[Mouthpiece (brass)|mouthpiece]], which is inserted into the receiver. The receiver is attached to the long tubing, called the first yard, with a short connector, called a [[ferrule]]. The first yard is connected with a ferrule to the first bow, followed by another ferrule and the second yard. The second yard is attached with a ferrule to the second bow. On the baroque trumpet, the vent holes are located at the top of the second yard, and possibly on the second bow. After the second bow are the bellpipe, the ball, the bell, garland, and bezel. The bellpipe and first yard are separated by a wood block, and over that there is a cord for binding.<ref name="Barclay 1992"/> ==Players== Notable living players of the natural trumpet include [[Don Smithers]] and [[Jean-François Madeuf]]. Living players of the Baroque trumpet include Robert Farley, [[Anna Freeman]], [[Alison Balsom]], [[Crispian Steele-Perkins]], {{Interlanguage link|Friedemann Immer|de}}, [[Niklas Eklund]], [[David Blackadder]], Will Wroth and John Thiessen.<ref>Wilcox, Beverly (May 20, 2008). [https://www.sfcv.org/reviews/miracle-nodal-vent Miracle of the Nodal Vent]. ''San Francisco Classical Voice''. Retrieved March 6, 2015.</ref> ==See also== *[[History of primitive, ancient Western and non-Western trumpets]] *[[Birch trumpet]] *[[Natural horn]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.euchmi.ed.ac.uk/ujia.html Photos, discussion, and sound samples of a natural trumpet from 1760 (from the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, search page for "natural trumpet")] *[https://www.academia.edu/2627765/The_European_Folk_Music_Scale_A_New_Theory Early Trumpet History and Connection to the Baroque-Era Natural Trumpet] *[https://www.academia.edu/35544469/The_Provenience_Predominance_and_Persistence_of_the_Melodic_Natural_Scale_and_Triadic_Harmony_in_Early_Europe_formed_from_Indo-European_Herding_Instruments The origin of triads and heroic fanfares in the diatonic scale] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEJ-xcblCMo Jean-Francois Maduef performing the 3rd movement from ''Brandenburg Concerto No.2 in F'' on a natural trumpet in a live concert] {{Brass instruments}}{{Natural horns}} {{Trumpets}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Natural Trumpet}} [[Category:Natural horns and trumpets| ]] [[Category:Baroque instruments]] [[Category:Orchestral instruments]]

1,289,063,188

[{"title": "Natural trumpet", "data": {"Classification": "Brass instrument", "Hornbostel\u2013Sachs classification": "423.121 \u00b7 (Natural trumpets \u2013 There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips; end-blown trumpets \u2013 The mouth-hole faces the axis of the trumpet.)"}}, {"title": "Related instruments", "data": {"Related instruments": "Clarion, Bugle"}}]

false

# Ultraphobic | Review scores | Review scores | | Source | Rating | | ------------- | ------------- | | Allmusic | [ 1 ] | | Q | [ 2 ] | Ultraphobic is the fourth studio album by American glam metal band Warrant. Released on March 7, 1995, on CMC International, after the apparent breakup of the band, the record was regarded as the band's "comeback" album. It is the first album to feature former Kingdom Come and Wild Horses members Rick Steier and James Kottak who came in to replace original band members Joey Allen and Steven Sweet. ## Production and marketing Warrant began recording Ultraphobic in November 1994 with producer Beau Hill. The band supported the release of the record with a national tour beginning in Dallas, Texas. A music video was made for the first single "Family Picnic" with a strong message against family violence and for the second single "Stronger Now", which ended up becoming Lane's best song because it was therapeutic to him. "Followed" was released as the third single of the album. ## Musical style Ultraphobic saw Warrant acknowledging the grunge phenomenon with a record that openly admitted to a Seattle influence, although it was still a natural progression from the hard edged Dog Eat Dog. It is vaguely similar to Danger Danger's Dawn, which was also released in 1995. In particular, the record represented an experimentation with the grunge sounds which had by this time become popular, and which, ironically, had contributed to the band's commercial demise. In songs such as "Undertow" and "Followed", the band attempted to mix pop metal sounds with the alternative stylings of Seattle bands such as Alice in Chains and Soundgarden. ## Lyrics Many of the lyrics on Ultraphobic were inspired by Jani Lane's divorce from Bobbie Brown, the video model who appeared in the "Cherry Pie" music video. ## Track listing | No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length | | ------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- | ------ | | 1. | "Undertow" | Jani Lane, Rick Steier | 3:12 | | 2. | "Followed" | Beau Hill, Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon | 3:41 | | 3. | "Family Picnic" | Beau Hill, James Kottak, Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon | 4:43 | | 4. | "Sum of One" | Jani Lane | 3:37 | | 5. | "Chameleon" | Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon, Rick Steier | 5:23 | | 6. | "Crawl Space" | Jani Lane, Rick Steier | 2:38 | | 7. | "Live Inside of You" | Erik Turner, James Kottak, Jani Lane, Rick Steier | 3:17 | | 8. | "High" | Jani Lane, M. Tanner, Rick Steier | 4:02 | | 9. | "Ride #2" | Erik Turner, Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon | 5:07 | | 10. | "Ultraphobic" | James Kottak, Jani Lane, Rick Steier | 3:25 | | 11. | "Stronger Now" | Jani Lane | 3:57 | | Total length: | Total length: | Total length: | 43:03 | ## Personnel - Jani Lane – lead vocals - Erik Turner – rhythm guitar - Jerry Dixon – bass guitar - Rick Steier – lead guitar - James Kottak – drums Additional personnel - Dave White – keyboards Production - Beau Hill – mixing - Mixed at Enterprise Studios, Burbank, California - Mastered at Sterling Sound, New York City ## Charts | Chart (1995) | Peak position | | ---------------------------- | ------------- | | UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) | 10 |

enwiki/2842155

enwiki

2,842,155

Ultraphobic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraphobic

2025-07-27T15:53:30

en

Q4003276

63,990

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022}} {{Infobox album | name = Ultraphobic | type = studio | artist = [[Warrant (American band)|Warrant]] | cover = Warrantultra.jpg | alt = | released = March 7, 1995 | recorded = 1994 | venue = | studio = *[[Extasy Records#Extasy Recording Studios|One on One]] (Los Angeles) *The Complex (Los Angeles) | genre = *[[Alternative metal]] *[[hard rock]] | length = 43:03 | label = [[CMC International]] | producer = [[Beau Hill]] | prev_title = [[Dog Eat Dog (Warrant album)|Dog Eat Dog]] | prev_year = 1992 | next_title = [[The Best of Warrant]] | next_year = 1996 | misc = {{Singles | name = Ultraphobic | type = studio | single1 = Family Picnic | single1date = 1995 | single2 = Stronger Now | single2date = 1995 | single3 = Followed | single3date = 1995 }} }} {{Album ratings | rev1 = [[Allmusic]] | rev1Score = {{Rating|3|5}} <ref>{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r229270}}</ref> | rev2 = ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'' | rev2Score = {{Rating|3|5}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cduniverse.com/productinfo.asp?pid=1076801&style=music |title=Warrant – Ultraphobic CD Album |publisher=[[CD Universe]] |access-date=February 1, 2013}}</ref> }} '''''Ultraphobic''''' is the fourth studio album by American [[glam metal]] band [[Warrant (American band)|Warrant]]. Released on March 7, 1995, on CMC International, after the apparent breakup of the band, the record was regarded as the band's "comeback" album. It is the first album to feature former [[Kingdom Come (German band)|Kingdom Come]] and [[Wild Horses (US rock band)|Wild Horses]] members [[Rick Steier]] and [[James Kottak]] who came in to replace original band members Joey Allen and Steven Sweet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sleazeroxx.com/bands/warrant/ultraphobic.shtml|title=Warrant – Ultaphobic details|publisher=Sleaze Roxx|year=2008|access-date=May 20, 2012|archive-date=March 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316100739/http://www.sleazeroxx.com/bands/warrant/ultraphobic.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Production and marketing == Warrant began recording ''Ultraphobic'' in November 1994 with producer [[Beau Hill]]. The band supported the release of the record with a national tour beginning in [[Dallas, Texas]]. A music video was made for the first single "Family Picnic" with a strong message against family violence and for the second single "Stronger Now",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sleazeroxx.com/reviews/warrant-ultraphobic-2/|title=Warrant – Ultaphobic videos|publisher=Sleaze Roxx|year=2020}}</ref> which ended up becoming Lane's best song because it was therapeutic to him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chaospin.com/tragic-life-jani-lane/|title=The Tragic Life and Sad Ending to the Life of Jani Lane|publisher=Chaospin|year=2021}}</ref> "Followed" was released as the third single of the album. == Musical style == ''Ultraphobic'' saw Warrant acknowledging the [[grunge]] phenomenon with a record that openly admitted to a [[Seattle music scene|Seattle influence]], although it was still a natural progression from the hard edged ''[[Dog Eat Dog (Warrant album)|Dog Eat Dog]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicmight.com/artist/united+states/california/los+angeles/warrant|title=Warrant biography|publisher=Music Might|year=2009|access-date=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102125322/http://www.musicmight.com/artist/united+states/california/los+angeles/warrant|archive-date=November 2, 2012}}</ref> It is vaguely similar to [[Danger Danger]]'s ''[[Dawn (Danger Danger album)|Dawn]]'', which was also released in 1995. In particular, the record represented an experimentation with the grunge sounds which had by this time become popular, and which, ironically, had contributed to the band's commercial demise. In songs such as "Undertow" and "Followed", the band attempted to mix pop metal sounds with the alternative stylings of Seattle bands such as [[Alice in Chains]] and [[Soundgarden]]. == Lyrics == Many of the lyrics on ''Ultraphobic'' were inspired by Jani Lane's divorce from [[Bobbie Brown]], the video model who appeared in the "Cherry Pie" music video.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.noecho.net/features/warrants-ultraphobic-album-is-an-underrated-hard-rock-gem|title=Warrant's Ultraphobic Album is an Underrated Hard Rock Gem|publisher=No Echo|year=2016}}</ref> == Track listing == {{tracklist | title1 = Undertow | writer1 = Jani Lane, Rick Steier | length1 = 3:12 | title2 = Followed | writer2 = Beau Hill, Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon | length2 = 3:41 | title3 = Family Picnic | writer3 = Beau Hill, James Kottak, Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon | length3 = 4:43 | title4 = Sum of One | writer4 = Jani Lane | length4 = 3:37 | title5 = Chameleon | writer5 = Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon, Rick Steier | length5 = 5:23 | title6 = Crawl Space | writer6 = Jani Lane, Rick Steier | length6 = 2:38 | title7 = Live Inside of You | writer7 = Erik Turner, James Kottak, Jani Lane, Rick Steier | length7 = 3:17 | title8 = High | writer8 = Jani Lane, M. Tanner, Rick Steier | length8 = 4:02 | title9 = Ride #2 | writer9 = Erik Turner, Jani Lane, Jerry Dixon | length9 = 5:07 | title10 = Ultraphobic | writer10 = James Kottak, Jani Lane, Rick Steier | length10 = 3:25 | title11 = Stronger Now | writer11 = Jani Lane | length11 = 3:57 | total_length = 43:03 }} == Personnel == *[[Jani Lane]] – lead vocals *Erik Turner – rhythm guitar *Jerry Dixon – bass guitar *[[Rick Steier]] – lead guitar *[[James Kottak]] – drums ;Additional personnel * Dave White – keyboards ;Production *Beau Hill – mixing *Mixed at Enterprise Studios, Burbank, California *Mastered at [[Sterling Sound]], New York City == Charts == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- ! Chart (1995) ! Peak position |- {{Album chart|UKRock|10|date=19950305|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 1, 2023}} |} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * [http://www.warrantweb.net/ Warrant Official Site] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070713054340/http://musicbox.sonybmg.com/warrant Classic Warrant Videos on Sony BMG MusicBox] {{Warrant}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Warrant (American band) albums]] [[Category:1995 albums]] [[Category:Albums produced by Beau Hill]] [[Category:CMC International albums]]

1,302,813,388

[{"title": "Studio album by Warrant", "data": {"Released": "March 7, 1995", "Recorded": "1994", "Studio": "- One on One (Los Angeles) - The Complex (Los Angeles)", "Genre": "Alternative metal hard rock", "Length": "43:03", "Label": "CMC International", "Producer": "Beau Hill"}}, {"title": "Warrant chronology", "data": {"Dog Eat Dog \u00b7 (1992)": "Ultraphobic \u00b7 (1995) \u00b7 The Best of Warrant \u00b7 (1996)"}}, {"title": "Singles from Ultraphobic", "data": {"Singles from Ultraphobic": "1. \"Family Picnic\" \u00b7 Released: 1995 2. \"Stronger Now\" \u00b7 Released: 1995 3. \"Followed\" \u00b7 Released: 1995"}}, {"title": "Warrant", "data": {"Studio albums": "Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich (1989) Cherry Pie (1990) Dog Eat Dog (1992) Ultraphobic (1995) Belly to Belly (1996) Greatest & Latest (1999) Under the Influence (2001) Born Again (2006) Rockaholic (2011) Louder Harder Faster (2017)", "Compilations": "The Best of Warrant (1996) Rocking Tall (1996) Then and Now (2004)", "Live albums": "Warrant Live 86\u201397 (1997) Warrant Live Extended Versions (2005) Warrant 10 Live! (2014)", "Videos": "Warrant: Live - Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich Cherry Pie: Quality You Can Taste Born Again: Delvis Video Diaries", "Singles": "\" Down Boys \" \" Heaven \" \" Big Talk \" \" Sometimes She Cries \" \" Cherry Pie \" \" I Saw Red \" \" Uncle Tom's Cabin \" \" Blind Faith \" \" We Will Rock You \" \" Machine Gun \" \" The Bitter Pill \" \" Heaven '99' \" \" Cherry Pie '99 \" \" I Think I'll Just Stay Here and Drink \"", "Related articles": "Discography List of Warrant members Back Down to One Saints of the Underground Love the Sin, Hate the Sinner"}}]

false

# Douglas L. Coleman Douglas L. Coleman (October 6, 1931 - April 16, 2014) was a scientist and professor emeritus at the Jackson Laboratory, in Bar Harbor, Maine. His work predicted that there exists a hormone that can cause mice to feel full, and that a mutation in the gene encoding this hormone can lead to obesity. The gene and corresponding hormone were discovered about 20 years later by Jeffrey M. Friedman, Rudolph Leibel, and their research teams at Rockefeller University, which Friedman named leptin. ## Early life and education Coleman was born in Stratford, Ontario, Canada in 1931. He was the first in his family to finish high school. He obtained his BSc from McMaster University in 1954. At the encouragement of a biochemistry professor at McMaster, Coleman attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison for a PhD, which he obtained in 1958. ## Career After receiving his PhD, Coleman did not continue in academia or entered the industry, as was common at the time. Instead, he became an associate staff scientist at the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory (now Jackson Laboratory) in Bar Harbor, Maine. Initially planning to stay one to two years, Coleman ended up spending his entire career at the Jackson Laboratory. He was promoted to a staff scientist at Jackson Laboratory in 1961 and became a senior staff scientist in 1968. He was the assistant director of research from 1968 to 1970 and interim director between 1975 and 1976. Coleman retired in 1991 at the age of 62. ## Research Before Coleman's experiments, there was evidence that the hypothalamus was a master regulator of energy balance by responding to a factor that traveled in blood. When Coleman joined the Jackson Laboratory, only one obese mouse strain existed. This strain contained a mutation, called ob (for obese), at both copies of the DNA at chromosome 6, and so was designated ob/ob. In 1966, Coleman and his colleagues reported a second obese mouse strain that looked very similar to ob/ob mice but had another mutation. The mutation occurred in chromosome 4 and was called db (for diabetes). A major difference between the two strains was that the db/db mice had severe diabetes while the ob/ob mice only mild diabetes. Importantly, only mice that were homozygous with the ob or db mutation (meaning they had the mutation at both copies of the DNA) were obese. This meant in these two strains, obesity was an autosomal recessive trait. Coleman wondered if there existed a biological molecule that caused obesity and was produced in a db/db but not normal mice, or, conversely, if there existed a molecule that prevented obesity in normal mice. Aware of previous parabiosis experiments by William Hervey from the University of Cambridge, who surgically joined the blood vessels of normal rats with rats that had injuries at the hypothalamus, Coleman performed similar experiments on normal, ob/ob and db/db mice. He first joined db/db mice to normal ones, and found that normal mice dramatically ate less, had a large decrease in plasma glucose and insulin levels, and eventually died, while db/db mice were unaffected and kept gaining fat and weight. He then joined ob/ob mice with normal mice, and observed a completely different scenario: normal mice had no changes but ob/ob mice ate less and lost weight. When Coleman ended the union, ob/ob mice gained weight and became obese again. Lastly, when ob/ob and db/db mice were surgically joined together, db/db mice kept gaining weight whereas ob/ob mice significantly reduced their food intake and weight and died. His findings led Coleman to conclude that ob/ob mice lacked a circulating factor that regulates food intake and weight, and that db/db mice overproduced this factor but could not respond to it. When db/db mice was joined to ob/ob or normal mice, however, this factor traveled through blood to the other mouse and reduced their eating and weight. Connecting these results to contemporary understanding, he also hypothesized that the hypothalamus contained the area that responded to the circulating factor. About 20 years later, the genes where ob and db mutations occurred were identified by Jeffrey M. Friedman, Rudolph Leibel (both from Rockefeller University) and Louis Tartaglia (from Millennium Pharmaceuticals, now acquired by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company and renamed Takeda Oncology). The ob gene is now known as LEP and the protein hormone it encodes leptin, a name that Friedman coined. The db gene has been confirmed to be a receptor for the leptin protein, and was renamed LEPR. ## Personal life, philanthropy, and death Coleman met his wife, Beverly J. Benallick, during his undergraduate years at McMaster University, where Benallick was the only female chemistry major at the time. Benallick passed away in 2009. After retirement, Coleman was involved in forest management, land protection, and nature conservation. He created recreational trails in his 20-hectare woodland for the public and especially students, and also helped his wife found a wildlife garden for people not able to walk the woodland. He was a director and president of the Frenchman Bay Conservancy, and a longtime member of the Lamoine Planning Board. He established two USD $100,000 funds at the Jackson Laboratory: the Douglas Coleman Research Fund to support early-career scientists studying obesity and diabetes, and the Beverly Coleman Memorial Fund to support young students and educational programmes. Coleman died in Lamoine, Maine on April 16, 2014. ## Honors and awards - Member of the National Academy of Sciences (1998)[18] - Canada Gairdner International Award (2005)[19] - Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine (2009)[20] - Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (2010)[21] - BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2012)[22] - King Faisal International Prize in Medicine (now King Faisal Prize in Medicine) (2013)[23][24]

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enwiki

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Douglas L. Coleman

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_L._Coleman

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{{Short description|Canadian-American physiologist and biochemist}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}} {{Use American English|date=October 2023}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Douglas L. Coleman | image = | birth_name = Douglas Leonard Coleman<ref name="lancet">{{cite journal |last1=Watts |first1=Geoff |title=Douglas Leonard Coleman |journal=[[The Lancet]] |date=2014 |volume=383 |issue=9933 |page=1966 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60946-6 |pmid=24936629 |s2cid=39828635 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2960946-6/fulltext |access-date=October 2, 2023 |archive-date=October 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002141104/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2960946-6/fulltext|doi-access=free }}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date|1931|10|6}} | birth_place = [[Stratford, Ontario|Stratford]], [[Ontario]] [[Canada]]<ref name="jax">{{cite news |last1=Peterson |first1=Joyce |title=Douglas L. Coleman, Ph.D., Jackson Laboratory Professor Emeritus, 1931-2014 |url=https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/2014/April/douglas-l-coleman-phd-jackson-laboratory-professor-emeritus-1931-2014 |access-date=October 2, 2023 |publisher=[[Jackson Laboratory]] |date=April 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002141437/https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/2014/April/douglas-l-coleman-phd-jackson-laboratory-professor-emeritus-1931-2014 |archive-date=October 2, 2023}}</ref> | death_date = {{death date and age|2014|04|16|1931|10|6}} | death_place = [[Lamoine, Maine|Lamoine]], [[Maine]] [[United States]]<ref name="jax"/> | fields = [[Physiology]] [[Biochemistry]] | workplaces = [[Jackson Laboratory]] | education = [[McMaster University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]) [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) | alma_mater = | doctoral_advisor = Carl August Baumann | doctoral_students = | thesis_title = Studies on the saturation of sterols by intestinal bacteria | thesis_year = 1958 | thesis_url = https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999873583502121 | known_for = Prediction of the existence of [[leptin]] | awards = [[Canada Gairdner International Award]] [[Shaw Prize|Shaw Prize in Life science and Medicine]] [[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] [[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] [[King Faisal Prize|King Faisal International Prize in Medicine]] | spouse = {{marriage|Beverly J. Benallick||2009|end=died}} | children = 3 }} '''Douglas L. Coleman''' (October 6, 1931 - April 16, 2014) was a scientist and [[professor]] [[emeritus]] at the [[Jackson Laboratory]], in [[Bar Harbor, Maine|Bar Harbor]], [[Maine]]. His work predicted that there exists a [[hormone]] that can cause mice to feel [[Satiety|full]], and that a [[mutation]] in the [[gene]] encoding this hormone can lead to obesity.<ref name="natmed">{{cite journal |last1=Coleman |first1=Douglas L. |title=A historical perspective on leptin |journal=[[Nature Medicine]] |date=2010 |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=1097–1099 |doi=10.1038/nm1010-1097 |pmid=20930752 |s2cid=21890417 |url=https://laskerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2010_b_coleman.pdf |access-date=October 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004081207/https://laskerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2010_b_coleman.pdf |archive-date=October 4, 2023}}</ref> The gene and corresponding hormone were discovered about 20 years later by [[Jeffrey M. Friedman]], [[Rudolph Leibel]], and their research teams at [[Rockefeller University]], which Friedman named [[leptin]].<ref name="cell">{{cite journal |last1=Flier |first1=Jeffrey S. |last2=Maratos-Flier |first2=Eleftheria |title=Lasker lauds leptin |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |date=2010 |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=9–12 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.021 |pmid=20887884 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Early life and education == Coleman was born in [[Stratford, Ontario|Stratford]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] in 1931. He was the first in his family to finish [[Secondary school|high school]].<ref name="diabetologia">{{cite journal |first1=Thomas R. |last1=Coleman |title=Douglas L. Coleman, 1931–2014 |journal=[[Diabetologia]] |date=2014 |volume=57 |issue=12 |pages=2429–2430 |doi=10.1007/s00125-014-3393-7 |pmid=25287710 |pmc=4218972 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He obtained his [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] from [[McMaster University]] in 1954. At the encouragement of a [[biochemistry]] professor at McMaster,<ref name="natmed"/> Coleman attended the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] for a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]], which he obtained in 1958. == Career == After receiving his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]], Coleman did not continue in academia or entered the industry, as was common at the time. Instead, he became an associate staff scientist at the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory (now [[Jackson Laboratory]]) in [[Bar Harbor, Maine|Bar Harbor]], [[Maine]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neill |first1=Ushma S. |title=Leaping for leptin: the 2010 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award goes to Douglas Coleman and Jeffrey M. Friedman |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Investigation]] |date=2010 |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=3413–3418 |doi=10.1172/JCI45094 |pmc=2947251 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Initially planning to stay one to two years, Coleman ended up spending his entire career at the Jackson Laboratory.<ref name="autobio">{{cite web |title=Autobiography of Douglas L Coleman |url=https://www.shawprize.org/autobiography/douglas-l-coleman/ |publisher=[[Shaw Prize]] |access-date=October 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006160312/https://www.shawprize.org/autobiography/douglas-l-coleman/ |archive-date=October 6, 2023}}</ref> He was promoted to a staff scientist at Jackson Laboratory in 1961 and became a senior staff scientist in 1968. He was the assistant director of research from 1968 to 1970 and interim director between 1975 and 1976.<ref name="jax"/> Coleman retired in 1991<ref name="autobio"/> at the age of 62.<ref name="nature">{{cite journal |last1=Friedman |first1=Jeffrey |author1-link=Jeffrey M. Friedman |title=Douglas Coleman (1931–2014) |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=2014 |volume=509 |issue=7502 |page=564 |doi=10.1038/509564a |pmid=24870535 |bibcode=2014Natur.509..564F |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Research == Before Coleman's experiments, there was evidence that the [[hypothalamus]] was a master regulator of [[Energy homeostasis|energy balance]] by responding to a factor that traveled in [[blood]].<ref name="cell"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fève |first1=Bruno |last2=Bastard |first2=Jean-Philippe |title=From the conceptual basis to the discovery of leptin |journal=[[Biochimie]] |date=2012 |volume=94 |issue=10 |pages=2065–2068 |doi=10.1016/j.biochi.2012.06.028 |pmid=22771464 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0300908412002635 |access-date=October 11, 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> When Coleman joined the [[Jackson Laboratory]], only one [[Obesity|obese]] [[Laboratory mouse|mouse]] strain existed. This strain contained a [[mutation]], called ''ob'' (for obese), at both copies of the [[DNA]] at [[chromosome 6]], and so was designated ''ob/ob''.<ref name="natmed"/> In 1966, Coleman and his colleagues reported a second obese mouse strain that looked very similar to ''ob/ob'' mice but had another mutation. The mutation occurred in [[chromosome 4]] and was called ''db'' (for diabetes).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hummel |first1=Katharine P. |last2=Dickie |first2=Margaret M. |last3=Coleman |first3=Douglas L. |title=Diabetes, a New Mutation in the Mouse |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=1966 |volume=153 |issue=3740 |pages=1127–1128 |doi=10.1126/science.153.3740.1127 |pmid=5918576 |bibcode=1966Sci...153.1127H |s2cid=8718770 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.153.3740.1127 |access-date=October 11, 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A major difference between the two strains was that the ''db/db'' mice had severe diabetes while the ''ob/ob'' mice only mild diabetes. Importantly, only mice that were [[Zygosity#Homozygous|homozygous]] with the ''ob'' or ''db'' mutation (meaning they had the mutation at both copies of the DNA) were obese. This meant in these two strains, obesity was an [[Genetic disorder#Autosomal recessive|autosomal recessive]] trait. Coleman wondered if there existed a biological molecule that caused obesity and was produced in a ''db/db'' but not normal mice, or, conversely, if there existed a molecule that prevented obesity in normal mice. Aware of previous [[parabiosis]] experiments by William Hervey from the [[University of Cambridge]], who surgically joined the [[blood vessel]]s of normal [[Laboratory rat|rats]] with rats that had injuries at the hypothalamus, Coleman performed similar experiments on normal, ''ob/ob'' and ''db/db'' mice. He first joined ''db/db'' mice to normal ones, and found that normal mice dramatically ate less, had a large decrease in [[Blood sugar level|plasma glucose]] and [[insulin]] levels, and eventually died, while ''db/db'' mice were unaffected and kept gaining [[Adipose tissue|fat]] and weight.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coleman |first1=D. L. |last2=Hummel |first2=K. P. |title=Effects of parabiosis of normal with genetically diabetic mice |journal=[[American Journal of Physiology]] |date=1969 |volume=217 |issue=5 |pages=1298–1304 |doi=10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.217.5.1298 |pmid=5346292 |url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.217.5.1298 |access-date=October 12, 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He then joined ''ob/ob'' mice with normal mice, and observed a completely different scenario: normal mice had no changes but ''ob/ob'' mice ate less and lost weight. When Coleman ended the union, ''ob/ob'' mice gained weight and became obese again. Lastly, when ''ob/ob'' and ''db/db'' mice were surgically joined together, ''db/db'' mice kept gaining weight whereas ''ob/ob'' mice significantly reduced their [[Eating|food intake]] and weight and died.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coleman |first1=D. L. |title=Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice |journal=[[Diabetologia]] |date=1973 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=294–298 |pmid=4767369 |doi=10.1007/BF01221857 |access-date=October 12, 2023 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01221857.pdf |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012083024/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01221857.pdf |archive-date=October 12, 2023}}</ref> His findings led Coleman to conclude that ''ob/ob'' mice lacked a [[Circulatory system|circulating]] factor that regulates food intake and weight, and that ''db/db'' mice overproduced this factor but could not respond to it. When ''db/db'' mice was joined to ''ob/ob'' or normal mice, however, this factor traveled through [[blood]] to the other mouse and reduced their [[eating]] and weight.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coleman |first1=D. L. |title=Obese and diabetes: Two mutant genes causing diabetes-obesity syndromes in mice |journal=Diabetologia |date=1978 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=141–148 |doi=10.1007/BF00429772 |pmid=350680 |doi-access=free |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00429772.pdf |access-date=October 11, 2023 |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011064125/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00429772.pdf}}</ref> Connecting these results to contemporary understanding, he also hypothesized that the hypothalamus contained the area that responded to the circulating factor. About 20 years later, the [[gene]]s where ''ob'' and ''db'' mutations occurred were identified by [[Jeffrey M. Friedman]], [[Rudolph Leibel]] (both from [[Rockefeller University]]) and [[Louis Tartaglia]] (from [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], now acquired by [[Takeda Pharmaceutical Company]] and renamed [[Takeda Oncology]]).<ref name="cell"/> The ''ob'' gene is now known as [[leptin|LEP]] and the [[protein]] [[hormone]] it encodes [[leptin]], a name that Friedman coined. The ''db'' gene has been confirmed to be a [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]] for the leptin protein, and was renamed [[Leptin receptor|LEPR]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=David W. |last1=White |first2=Karen K. |last2=Kuropatwinski |first3=Rene |last3=Devos |first4=Heinz |last4=Baumann |first5=Louis A. |last5=Tartaglia |authorlink5=Louis Tartaglia |title=Leptin receptor (OB-R) signaling. Cytoplasmic domain mutational analysis and evidence for receptor homo-oligomerization |journal=[[Journal of Biological Chemistry]] |date=1997 |volume=272 |issue=7 |pages=4065–4071 |doi=10.1074/jbc.272.7.4065 |pmid=9020115 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Personal life, philanthropy, and death == Coleman met his wife, Beverly J. Benallick, during his [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] years at [[McMaster University]], where Benallick was the only female [[chemistry]] major at the time.<ref name="diabetologia"/> Benallick passed away in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beverly Coleman |url=https://obituaries.bangordailynews.com/obituary/beverly-coleman-804159631 |access-date=October 6, 2023 |work=[[Bangor Daily News]] |date=April 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006155902/https://obituaries.bangordailynews.com/obituary/beverly-coleman-804159631 |archive-date=October 6, 2023}}</ref> After retirement, Coleman was involved in [[forest management]], land protection, and nature conservation. He created recreational trails in his 20-hectare [[woodland]] for the public and especially students, and also helped his wife found a wildlife garden for people not able to walk the woodland. He was a director and president of the [[Frenchman Bay]] Conservancy, and a longtime member of the [[Lamoine, Maine|Lamoine]] Planning Board.<ref name="jax"/> He established two [[United States dollar|USD]] $100,000 funds at the [[Jackson Laboratory]]: the Douglas Coleman Research Fund to support early-career scientists studying [[obesity]] and [[diabetes]], and the Beverly Coleman Memorial Fund to support young students and educational programmes.<ref name="jax"/> Coleman died in [[Lamoine, Maine|Lamoine]], [[Maine]] on April 16, 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Altman |first1=Lawrence K. |title=Douglas L. Coleman, 82, Dies; Found a Genetic Cause of Obesity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/26/us/douglas-l-coleman-82-dies-found-a-genetic-cause-of-obesity.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015142241/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/26/us/douglas-l-coleman-82-dies-found-a-genetic-cause-of-obesity.html |archive-date=October 15, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Douglas L. Coleman |url=https://www.ellsworthamerican.com/obituaries/douglas-l-coleman/article_625bcc30-0ccc-51da-bd8b-4d3f4693f7ae.html |access-date=October 15, 2023 |work=[[The Ellsworth American]] |date=April 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015142319/https://www.ellsworthamerican.com/obituaries/douglas-l-coleman/article_625bcc30-0ccc-51da-bd8b-4d3f4693f7ae.html |archive-date=October 15, 2023}}</ref> == Honors and awards == * [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences|Member]] of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (1998)<ref>{{cite web |title=Douglas L. Coleman |url=https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/3005913.html |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |access-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010140534/https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/3005913.html |archive-date=October 10, 2023}}</ref> * [[Canada Gairdner International Award]] (2005)<ref>{{cite web |title=Douglas Coleman |url=https://www.gairdner.org/winner/douglas-coleman |publisher=[[Gairdner Foundation]] |access-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010140826/https://www.gairdner.org/winner/douglas-coleman |archive-date=October 10, 2023}}</ref> * [[Shaw Prize|Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine]] (2009)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Prize in Life Science & Medicine 2009 |url=https://www.shawprize.org/laureates/2009-life-science-medicine/ |publisher=Shaw Prize |access-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010141301/https://www.shawprize.org/laureates/2009-life-science-medicine/ |archive-date=October 10, 2023}}</ref> * [[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award |url=https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/leptin-a-hormone-that-regulates-appetite-and-body-weight/ |publisher=[[Lasker Award]] |access-date=October 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007161442/https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/leptin-a-hormone-that-regulates-appetite-and-body-weight/ |archive-date=October 7, 2023}}</ref> * [[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] (2012)<ref>{{cite web |title=Douglas L. Coleman |url=https://www.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es/galardonados/douglas-l-coleman-2/ |publisher=[[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] |access-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014150103/https://www.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es/galardonados/douglas-l-coleman-2/ |archive-date=October 14, 2023}}</ref> * [[King Faisal Prize|King Faisal International Prize in Medicine]] (now [[King Faisal Prize|King Faisal Prize in Medicine]]) (2013)<ref>{{cite news |title=Jackson Laboratory professor emeritus Douglas Coleman wins BBVA, King Faisal awards |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/571637 |access-date=October 14, 2023 |date=January 29, 2013 |work=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science#EurekAlert!|EurekAlert!]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014150849/https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/571637 |archive-date=October 14, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shypula |first1=Brian |title=Douglas Coleman's research found biological basis for some forms of obesity in humans |url=https://www.stratfordbeaconherald.com/2013/02/11/douglas-colemans-research-found-biological-basis-for-some-forms-of-obesity-in-humans |access-date=October 14, 2023 |work=[[The Beacon Herald]] |date=February 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014151422/https://www.stratfordbeaconherald.com/2013/02/11/douglas-colemans-research-found-biological-basis-for-some-forms-of-obesity-in-humans |archive-date=October 14, 2023}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Shaw Prize}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coleman, Douglas L.}} [[Category:Canadian emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:Canadian biochemists]] [[Category:American biochemists]] [[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:2014 deaths]] [[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] [[Category:McMaster University alumni]] [[Category:Scientists from Ontario]] [[Category:People from Stratford, Ontario]]

1,291,857,834

[{"title": "Douglas L. Coleman", "data": {"Born": "Douglas Leonard Coleman \u00b7 October 6, 1931 \u00b7 Stratford, Ontario \u00b7 Canada", "Died": "April 16, 2014 (aged 82) \u00b7 Lamoine, Maine \u00b7 United States", "Education": "McMaster University (BSc) \u00b7 University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison (PhD)", "Known for": "Prediction of the existence of leptin", "Spouse": "Beverly J. Benallick \u200b (died 2009)\u200b", "Children": "3", "Awards": "Canada Gairdner International Award \u00b7 Shaw Prize in Life science and Medicine \u00b7 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research \u00b7 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award \u00b7 King Faisal International Prize in Medicine", "Fields": "Physiology \u00b7 Biochemistry", "Institutions": "Jackson Laboratory", "Thesis": "Studies on the saturation of sterols by intestinal bacteria (1958)", "Doctoral advisor": "Carl August Baumann"}}]

false

# 2008–09 Football League Two The Football League 2008–09, known as the Coca-Cola Football League for sponsorship reasons, was the 17th season under its current league division format. It began in August 2008 and concluded in May 2009, with the promotion play-off finals. The Football League is contested through three Divisions. The third division of these is League Two. The winner, runner up and third-placed team of League Two will be automatically promoted to Football League One and they will be joined by the winner of the League Two playoff. The bottom two teams in the league will be relegated from the Football League to the Conference National for the 2009–10 season. Before the season started, Luton Town, Rotherham United and AFC Bournemouth were all docked points for the League Two season for, in all cases, financial problems and additionally, in the case of Luton, for criminal matters regarding transfers of players. Bournemouth and Rotherham both started on −17 points while Luton had to begin on −30 points. On 25 January, Darlington were docked ten points after going into administration. ## Changes from last season ### From League Two Promoted to League One - Milton Keynes Dons - Peterborough United - Hereford United - Stockport County Relegated to Conference National - Wrexham - Mansfield Town ### To League Two Relegated from League One - Bournemouth - Gillingham - Port Vale - Luton Town Promoted from Conference National - Aldershot Town - Exeter City ## League table | Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion, qualification or relegation | | --- | --------------------- | --- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | --- | --- | -------------------------------------- | | 1 | Brentford (C, P) | 46 | 23 | 16 | 7 | 65 | 36 | +29 | 85 | Promotion to Football League One | | 2 | Exeter City (P) | 46 | 22 | 13 | 11 | 65 | 50 | +15 | 79 | Promotion to Football League One | | 3 | Wycombe Wanderers (P) | 46 | 20 | 18 | 8 | 54 | 33 | +21 | 78 | Promotion to Football League One | | 4 | Bury | 46 | 21 | 15 | 10 | 63 | 43 | +20 | 78 | Qualification for League Two play-offs | | 5 | Gillingham (O, P) | 46 | 21 | 12 | 13 | 58 | 55 | +3 | 75 | Qualification for League Two play-offs | | 6 | Rochdale | 46 | 19 | 13 | 14 | 70 | 59 | +11 | 70 | Qualification for League Two play-offs | | 7 | Shrewsbury Town | 46 | 17 | 18 | 11 | 61 | 44 | +17 | 69 | Qualification for League Two play-offs | | 8 | Dagenham & Redbridge | 46 | 19 | 11 | 16 | 77 | 53 | +24 | 68 | | | 9 | Bradford City | 46 | 18 | 13 | 15 | 66 | 55 | +11 | 67 | | | 10 | Chesterfield | 46 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 62 | 57 | +5 | 63 | | | 11 | Morecambe | 46 | 15 | 18 | 13 | 53 | 56 | −3 | 63 | | | 12 | Darlington | 46 | 20 | 12 | 14 | 61 | 44 | +17 | 62 | | | 13 | Lincoln City | 46 | 14 | 17 | 15 | 53 | 52 | +1 | 59 | | | 14 | Rotherham United | 46 | 21 | 12 | 13 | 60 | 46 | +14 | 58 | | | 15 | Aldershot Town | 46 | 14 | 12 | 20 | 59 | 80 | −21 | 54 | | | 16 | Accrington Stanley | 46 | 13 | 11 | 22 | 42 | 59 | −17 | 50 | | | 17 | Barnet | 46 | 11 | 15 | 20 | 56 | 74 | −18 | 48 | | | 18 | Port Vale | 46 | 13 | 9 | 24 | 44 | 66 | −22 | 48 | | | 19 | Notts County | 46 | 11 | 14 | 21 | 49 | 69 | −20 | 47 | | | 20 | Macclesfield Town | 46 | 13 | 8 | 25 | 45 | 77 | −32 | 47 | | | 21 | Bournemouth | 46 | 17 | 12 | 17 | 59 | 51 | +8 | 46 | | | 22 | Grimsby Town | 46 | 9 | 14 | 23 | 51 | 69 | −18 | 41 | | | 23 | Chester City (R) | 46 | 8 | 13 | 25 | 43 | 81 | −38 | 37 | Relegated to Conference National | | 24 | Luton Town (R) | 46 | 13 | 17 | 16 | 58 | 65 | −7 | 26 | Relegated to Conference National | 1. ↑ Darlington deducted 10 points for entering administration.[1] 2. ↑ Rotherham United deducted 17 points for leaving administration without a Company Voluntary Agreement.[2] 3. ↑ Bournemouth deducted 17 points for leaving administration without a Company Voluntary Agreement.[3] 4. ↑ Luton Town deducted 30 points; 20 points for leaving administration without a Company Voluntary Agreement, and 10 points for making illegal payments to agents.[4] ### Play-offs | | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | | | Final at Wembley | Final at Wembley | Final at Wembley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 | Shrewsbury Town | 0 | 1 (4) | 1 | | | | | | | | | 7 | Shrewsbury Town | 0 | 1 (4) | 1 | | | | | | | | | 4 | Bury | 1 | 0 (3) | 1 | | | | | | | | | 4 | Bury | 1 | 0 (3) | 1 | | Shrewsbury Town | Shrewsbury Town | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | Shrewsbury Town | Shrewsbury Town | 0 | | | | | | | Gillingham | Gillingham | 1 | | | | | | | | | 6 | Rochdale | Gillingham | Gillingham | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | | | | | 6 | Rochdale | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | 5 | Gillingham | 0 | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | ## Stadia and locations | Team | Stadium | Capacity | | -------------------- | -------------------- | -------- | | Darlington | The Darlington Arena | 25,294* | | Bradford City | Valley Parade | 25,136 | | Rotherham United | Don Valley Stadium | 25,000 | | Port Vale | Vale Park | 22,356 | | Notts County | Meadow Lane | 19,588 | | Brentford | Griffin Park | 12,763 | | Bury | Gigg Lane | 11,840 | | Gillingham | Priestfield Stadium | 11,582 | | Bournemouth | Dean Court | 10,700 | | Luton Town | Kenilworth Road | 10,260 | | Rochdale | Spotland Stadium | 10,249 | | Lincoln City | Sincil Bank | 10,127 | | Wycombe Wanderers | Adams Park | 10,000 | | Shrewsbury Town | New Meadow | 9,875 | | Grimsby Town | Blundell Park | 9,106 | | Exeter City | St James Park | 9,036 | | Chesterfield | Saltergate | 8,504 | | Aldershot Town | Recreation Ground | 7,100 | | Morecambe | Christie Park | 6,400 | | Macclesfield Town | Moss Rose | 6,335 | | Dagenham & Redbridge | Victoria Road | 6,000 | | Barnet | Underhill Stadium | 5,568 | | Chester City | Deva Stadium | 5,376 | | Accrington Stanley | Crown Ground | 5,057 | *Capacity limited to 6,000 because of planning regulations ## Results | Home \ Away | ACC | ALD | BAR | BOU | BRA | BRE | BRY | CHE | CHF | D&R | DAR | EXE | GIL | GRI | LIN | LUT | MAC | MOR | NTC | PTV | ROC | ROT | SHR | WYC | | -------------------- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Accrington Stanley | | 0–1 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 2–3 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 3–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–3 | 1–3 | 2–1 | 0–1 | | Aldershot Town | 3–1 | | 1–1 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 1–1 | 3–3 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 2–4 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 3–2 | | Barnet | 2–1 | 0–3 | | 1–0 | 4–1 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 3–1 | 1–3 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 2–2 | 3–3 | 3–2 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 1–1 | 0–4 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | | Bournemouth | 1–0 | 2–0 | 0–2 | | 4–1 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 3–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 4–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 3–1 | | Bradford City | 1–1 | 5–0 | 3–3 | 1–3 | | 1–1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 4–1 | 2–2 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 4–0 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 | | Brentford | 3–0 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 | | 1–0 | 3–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 4–0 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 3–3 | | Bury | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | | 1–1 | 1–2 | 2–2 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 4–0 | 0–2 | 3–1 | 1–2 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 0–0 | | Chester City | 2–0 | 0–1 | 5–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 1–1 | | 1–3 | 2–2 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 0–2 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 0–2 | 1–5 | 1–1 | 0–2 | | Chesterfield | 1–1 | 5–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 0–2 | 0–1 | 1–3 | 1–1 | | 1–1 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 2–4 | 1–2 | 3–1 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 0–1 | | Dagenham & Redbridge | 0–0 | 3–1 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 3–1 | 1–3 | 6–0 | 3–0 | | 0–1 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 4–0 | 0–3 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 6–1 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | | Darlington | 3–0 | 2–0 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1–3 | 2–2 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 3–0 | | 1–1 | 1–2 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 5–1 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–2 | | Exeter City | 2–1 | 3–2 | 2–1 | 1–3 | 1–0 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 1–6 | 2–1 | 2–0 | | 3–0 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 4–0 | 2–2 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 4–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 1–0 | | Gillingham | 1–0 | 4–4 | 0–2 | 1–0 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | | 3–0 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 3–1 | 5–0 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 4–0 | 2–2 | 1–1 | | Grimsby Town | 0–1 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 3–3 | 1–3 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 1–3 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 2–2 | 3–0 | | 5–1 | 2–2 | 0–0 | 2–3 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | | Lincoln City | 5–1 | 0–2 | 2–0 | 3–3 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 1–3 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 1–0 | | Luton Town | 1–2 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 3–3 | 3–3 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 3–2 | | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 1–1 | 2–4 | 3–1 | 0–1 | | Macclesfield Town | 0–2 | 4–2 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 0–4 | 0–6 | 1–4 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 1–2 | 2–1 | | 0–1 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 3–0 | 0–0 | | Morecambe | 1–1 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 0–4 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 1–2 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 4–1 | | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 1–0 | 0–0 | | Notts County | 1–1 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 0–3 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 1–0 | | 4–2 | 1–2 | 0–3 | 2–2 | 0–2 | | Port Vale | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 0–2 | 0–3 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 3–1 | 1–3 | 1–3 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 1–3 | 1–4 | 2–1 | 1–2 | | 2–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | | Rochdale | 3–1 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 6–1 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 2–2 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 1–0 | | 1–2 | 2–1 | 0–1 | | Rotherham United | 0–0 | 1–2 | 3–4 | 1–0 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 4–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 3–2 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 2–2 | | 1–2 | 0–0 | | Shrewsbury Town | 2–0 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 4–1 | 2–0 | 1–3 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 7–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 4–0 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 1–0 | | 0–1 | | Wycombe Wanderers | 2–1 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 4–0 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 4–2 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 | | ## Top scorers | Pos | Player | Team | Goals | | --- | ----------------- | -------------------- | ----- | | 1 | Simeon Jackson | Gillingham | 20 | | 1 | Grant Holt | Shrewsbury Town | 20 | | 1 | Jack Lester | Chesterfield | 20 | | 4 | Adam Le Fondre | Rochdale | 17 | | 4 | John O'Flynn | Barnet | 17 | | 4 | Reuben Reid | Rotherham United | 17 | | 7 | Charlie MacDonald | Brentford | 16 | | 8 | Andy Bishop | Bury | 15 | | 8 | Peter Thorne | Bradford City | 15 | | 10 | Paul Benson | Dagenham & Redbridge | 14 | | 10 | Ryan Lowe | Chester City | 14 | | 10 | Brett Pitman | Bournemouth | 14 | | 10 | Jamie Ward | Chesterfield | 14 | ## Monthly awards | Month | Manager of the Month | Manager of the Month | Player of the Month | Player of the Month | Notes | | Month | Manager | Club | Player | Club | Notes | | --------- | -------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------- | -------------------- | ------------- | | August | Mark Robins | Rotherham United | Solomon Taiwo | Dagenham & Redbridge | [ 6 ] [ 7 ] | | September | Alan Knill | Bury | Matthew Gill | Exeter City | [ 8 ] [ 9 ] | | October | Peter Jackson | Lincoln City | Jamie Ward | Chesterfield | [ 10 ] [ 11 ] | | November | Peter Taylor | Wycombe Wanderers | Grant Holt | Shrewsbury Town | [ 12 ] [ 13 ] | | December | John Still | Dagenham & Redbridge | Marcus Bean | Brentford | [ 14 ] [ 15 ] | | January | Alan Knill | Bury | Dany N'Guessan | Lincoln City | [ 16 ] [ 17 ] | | February | Sammy McIlroy | Morecambe | Charlie MacDonald | Brentford | [ 18 ] [ 19 ] | | March | Lee Richardson | Chesterfield | Reuben Reid | Rotherham United | [ 20 ] [ 21 ] | | April | Andy Scott | Brentford | Sam Saunders | Dagenham & Redbridge | [ 22 ] [ 23 ] | ## Key events 25 February 2009 – Darlington are docked 10 points by the FA for entering administration 2 May 2009 – Brentford crowned Champions of League 2 after 3–1 win at Darlington. ## Managerial changes | Team | Outgoing manager | Manner of departure | Date of vacancy | Replaced by | Date of appointment | Position in table | | ------------ | ---------------- | ------------------- | ----------------- | ----------- | ------------------- | ----------------- | | Bournemouth | Kevin Bond | Contract terminated | 1 September 2008 | Jimmy Quinn | 2 September 2008 | 23rd | | Grimsby Town | Alan Buckley | Contract terminated | 15 September 2008 | Mike Newell | 6 October 2008 | 20th | | Port Vale | Lee Sinnott | Mutual consent | 22 September 2008 | Dean Glover | 6 October 2008 | 16th | | Chester City | Simon Davies | Contract terminated | 11 November 2008 | Mark Wright | 14 November 2008 | 19th | | Barnet | Paul Fairclough | Resigned | 28 December 2008 | Ian Hendon | 21 April 2009 | 16th | | Bournemouth | Jimmy Quinn | Contract terminated | 31 December 2008 | Eddie Howe | 31 December 2008 | 23rd |

enwiki/18795125

enwiki

18,795,125

2008–09 Football League Two

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Football_League_Two

2025-04-16T11:45:38

en

Q1010682

323,984

{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}} {{Infobox football league season | competition=[[Football League Two]] | season=[[2008–09 in English football|2008–09]] | winners= [[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] | promoted= [[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] [[Exeter City F.C.|Exeter City]] [[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.|Wycombe Wanderers]] [[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]] | relegated= [[Chester City F.C.|Chester City]] [[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]] | matches=557 | total goals= | league topscorer=[[Grant Holt]] [[Simeon Jackson]] (20) | biggest home win= | biggest away win= | highest scoring=  | longest wins=7 games | longest unbeaten= | longest losses= | highest attendance= | lowest attendance= | average attendance= | prevseason=[[2007–08 Football League Two|2007–08]] | nextseason=[[2009–10 Football League Two|2009–10]] }} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}} '''The Football League 2008–09''', known as the '''Coca-Cola Football League''' for sponsorship reasons, was the 17th season under its current league division format. It began in August 2008 and concluded in May 2009, with the promotion play-off finals. [[The Football League]] is contested through three Divisions. The third division of these is [[Football League Two|League Two]]. The winner, runner up and third-placed team of League Two will be automatically promoted to [[Football League One]] and they will be joined by the winner of the League Two playoff. The bottom two teams in the league will be relegated from the Football League to the [[Football Conference|Conference National]] for the [[2009–10 in English football|2009–10 season]]. Before the season started, [[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]], [[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham United]] and [[AFC Bournemouth]] were all docked points for the League Two season for, in all cases, financial problems and additionally, in the case of Luton, for criminal matters regarding transfers of players. Bournemouth and Rotherham both started on −17 points while Luton had to begin on −30 points. On 25 January, [[Darlington F.C.|Darlington]] were docked ten points after going into administration. ==Changes from last season== ===From League Two=== '''Promoted to League One''' * [[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.|Milton Keynes Dons]] * [[Peterborough United F.C.|Peterborough United]] * [[Hereford United F.C.|Hereford United]] * [[Stockport County F.C.|Stockport County]] '''Relegated to Conference National''' * [[Wrexham F.C.|Wrexham]] * [[Mansfield Town F.C.|Mansfield Town]] ===To League Two=== '''Relegated from League One''' * [[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] * [[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]] * [[Port Vale F.C.|Port Vale]] * [[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]] '''Promoted from Conference National''' * [[Aldershot Town F.C.|Aldershot Town]] * [[Exeter City F.C.|Exeter City]] ==League table== <onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=football |update=complete |show_limit=5 |team1=BRE|name_BRE=[[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] |team2=EXE|name_EXE=[[Exeter City F.C.|Exeter City]] |team3=WYC|name_WYC=[[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.|Wycombe Wanderers]] |team4=BRY|name_BRY=[[Bury F.C.|Bury]] |team5=GIL|name_GIL=[[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]] |team6=ROC|name_ROC=[[Rochdale A.F.C.|Rochdale]] |team7=SHR|name_SHR=[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]] |team8=D&R|name_D&R=[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.|Dagenham & Redbridge]] |team9=BRA|name_BRA=[[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]] |team10=CHF|name_CHF=[[Chesterfield F.C.|Chesterfield]] |team11=MOR|name_MOR=[[Morecambe F.C.|Morecambe]] |team12=DAR|name_DAR=[[Darlington F.C.|Darlington]] |team13=LIN|name_LIN=[[Lincoln City F.C.|Lincoln City]] |team14=ROT|name_ROT=[[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham United]] |team15=ALD|name_ALD=[[Aldershot Town F.C.|Aldershot Town]] |team16=ACC|name_ACC=[[Accrington Stanley F.C.|Accrington Stanley]] |team17=BAR|name_BAR=[[Barnet F.C.|Barnet]] |team18=PTV|name_PTV=[[Port Vale F.C.|Port Vale]] |team19=NTC|name_NTC=[[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]] |team20=MAC|name_MAC=[[Macclesfield Town F.C.|Macclesfield Town]] |team21=BOU|name_BOU=[[A.F.C. Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] |team22=GRI|name_GRI=[[Grimsby Town F.C.|Grimsby Town]] |team23=CHE|name_CHE=[[Chester City F.C.|Chester City]] |team24=LUT|name_LUT=[[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]] |win_BRE=23|draw_BRE=16|loss_BRE=7|gf_BRE=65|ga_BRE=36|status_BRE=C,P |win_EXE=22|draw_EXE=13|loss_EXE=11|gf_EXE=65|ga_EXE=50|status_EXE=P |win_WYC=20|draw_WYC=18|loss_WYC=8|gf_WYC=54|ga_WYC=33|status_WYC=P |win_BRY=21|draw_BRY=15|loss_BRY=10|gf_BRY=63|ga_BRY=43 |win_GIL=21|draw_GIL=12|loss_GIL=13|gf_GIL=58|ga_GIL=55|status_GIL=O,P |win_ROC=19|draw_ROC=13|loss_ROC=14|gf_ROC=70|ga_ROC=59 |win_SHR=17|draw_SHR=18|loss_SHR=11|gf_SHR=61|ga_SHR=44 |win_D&R=19|draw_D&R=11|loss_D&R=16|gf_D&R=77|ga_D&R=53 |win_BRA=18|draw_BRA=13|loss_BRA=15|gf_BRA=66|ga_BRA=55 |win_CHF=16|draw_CHF=15|loss_CHF=15|gf_CHF=62|ga_CHF=57 |win_MOR=15|draw_MOR=18|loss_MOR=13|gf_MOR=53|ga_MOR=56 |win_DAR=20|draw_DAR=12|loss_DAR=14|gf_DAR=61|ga_DAR=44|adjust_points_DAR=-10 |win_LIN=14|draw_LIN=17|loss_LIN=15|gf_LIN=53|ga_LIN=52 |win_ROT=21|draw_ROT=12|loss_ROT=13|gf_ROT=60|ga_ROT=46|adjust_points_ROT=-17 |win_ALD=14|draw_ALD=12|loss_ALD=20|gf_ALD=59|ga_ALD=80 |win_ACC=13|draw_ACC=11|loss_ACC=22|gf_ACC=42|ga_ACC=59 |win_BAR=11|draw_BAR=15|loss_BAR=20|gf_BAR=56|ga_BAR=74 |win_PTV=13|draw_PTV=9|loss_PTV=24|gf_PTV=44|ga_PTV=66 |win_NTC=11|draw_NTC=14|loss_NTC=21|gf_NTC=49|ga_NTC=69 |win_MAC=13|draw_MAC=8|loss_MAC=25|gf_MAC=45|ga_MAC=77 |win_BOU=17|draw_BOU=12|loss_BOU=17|gf_BOU=59|ga_BOU=51|adjust_points_BOU=-17 |win_GRI=9|draw_GRI=14|loss_GRI=23|gf_GRI=51|ga_GRI=69 |win_CHE=8|draw_CHE=13|loss_CHE=25|gf_CHE=43|ga_CHE=81|status_CHE=R |win_LUT=13|draw_LUT=17|loss_LUT=16|gf_LUT=58|ga_LUT=65|adjust_points_LUT=-30|status_LUT=R |hth_DAR=Darlington deducted 10 points for entering administration.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/LatestNewsDetail/0,,10794~1569989,00.html |title=Darlington in administration |date=25 February 2009 |access-date=25 February 2009 |publisher=[[The Football League]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228043914/http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/LatestNewsDetail/0%2C%2C10794~1569989%2C00.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 }}</ref> |hth_ROT=Rotherham United deducted 17 points for leaving administration without a Company Voluntary Agreement.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rotherham_utd/7543195.stm |title=Rotherham set to lose 17 points |date=6 August 2008 |access-date=6 August 2008 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> |hth_BOU=Bournemouth deducted 17 points for leaving administration without a Company Voluntary Agreement.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bournemouth/7547284.stm |title= Bournemouth face 17-point penalty |date=7 August 2008 |access-date=7 August 2008 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> |hth_LUT=Luton Town deducted 30 points; 20 points for leaving administration without a Company Voluntary Agreement, and 10 points for making illegal payments to agents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/luton_town/7500435.stm |title= Luton to face 30-point deduction |date=10 July 2008 |access-date=10 July 2008 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> |res_col_header=PQR |col_P=green1|text_P=Promotion to [[2009–10 Football League One|Football League One]] |result1=P|result2=P|result3=P |col_PP=yellow1|text_PP=Qualification for League Two play-offs |result4=PP|result5=PP|result6=PP|result7=PP |col_R=red1|text_R=Relegated to [[2009–10 Football Conference#Conference National|Conference National]] |result23=R|result24=R |class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored. |source=[http://www.football-league.premiumtv.co.uk/page/DivisionalLeagueTable/0,,10794~20077,00.html The Football League] }}</onlyinclude> ===Play-offs=== {{4TeamBracket | sets=2/1 | aggregate=y | nowrap=y | RD1=Semifinals | RD2=Final at [[Wembley Stadium|Wembley]] | RD1-seed1=7 | RD1-team1='''[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]]''' | RD1-score1-1= 0 | RD1-score1-2= 1 (4) | RD1-score1-agg='''1''' | RD1-seed2=4 | RD1-team2=[[Bury F.C.|Bury]] | RD1-score2-1= 1 | RD1-score2-2= 0 (3) | RD1-score2-agg=1 | RD1-seed3=6 | RD1-team3=[[Rochdale F.C.|Rochdale]] | RD1-score3-1= 0 | RD1-score3-2= 1 | RD1-score3-agg= 1 | RD1-seed4=5 | RD1-team4='''[[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]]''' | RD1-score4-1= 0 | RD1-score4-2= 2 | RD1-score4-agg= 2 | RD2-seed1= | RD2-team1=[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]] | RD2-score1= 0 | RD2-seed2= | RD2-team2=[[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]] | RD2-score2= 1 }} ==Stadia and locations== {{location map+ |UK England|float=right |width=395 |caption=Locations of the League Two 2008–09 teams |places= {{location map~ |UK England|lat=53.765356 |long=-2.370911 |label=[[Accrington Stanley F.C.|Accrington]]|position=left}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=51.248386 |long=-0.754789 |label=[[Aldershot Town F.C.|Aldershot]]|position=bottom}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=51.646158 |long=-0.191733 |label= [[Barnet F.C.|Barnet]]|position=top}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=50.735278 |long=-1.838333 |label=[[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]]|position=bottom}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=53.804222 |long=-1.759022 |label= [[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford]]|position=top}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=51.488183 |long=-0.302639 |label= [[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]]|position=left}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=53.580506 |long=-2.294822 |label=[[Bury F.C.|Bury]]|position=right}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=53.189181 |long=-2.923814 |label=[[Chester City F.C.|Chester]]|position=left}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=53.2394 |long=-1.435458 |label=[[Chesterfield F.C.|Chesterfield]]|position=top}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=51.5478 |long=0.159867 |label=[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.|Dag & Red]]|position=right}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=54.508425 |long=-1.534394 |label=[[Darlington F.C.|Darlington]]|position=right}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=50.730714 |long=-3.52115 |label=[[Exeter City F.C.|Exeter]]|position=bottom}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=51.38425 |long=0.560753 |label= [[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]]|position=right}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=53.570225 |long=-0.046497 |label=[[Grimsby Town F.C.|Grimsby]]|position=right}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=53.218289 |long=-0.540811 |label=[[Lincoln City F.C.|Lincoln]]|position=right}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=51.884189 |long=-0.431672 |label=[[Luton Town F.C.|Luton]]|position=right}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=53.242781 |long=-2.127136 |label= [[Macclesfield Town F.C.|Macclesfield]]|position=right}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=54.067519 |long=-2.847081 |label=[[Morecambe F.C.|Morecambe]]|position=right}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=52.9425 |long=-1.137222 |label=[[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]]|position=bottom}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=53.049722 |long=-2.1925 |label= [[Port Vale F.C.|Port Vale]]|position=left}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=53.620844 |long=-2.180033 |label=[[Rochdale F.C.|Rochdale]]|position=left}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=53.396064 |long=-1.425798 |label=[[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham]]|position=left}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=52.688489 |long=-2.749297 |label=[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury]]|position=left}} {{location map~ |UK England|lat=51.630578 |long=-0.800242 |label=[[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.|Wycombe]]|position=left}} }} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Team ! Stadium ! Capacity |- | [[Darlington F.C.|Darlington]] || [[The Darlington Arena]] || style="text-align:center;"| 25,294<nowiki>*</nowiki> |- | [[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]] || [[Valley Parade]] || style="text-align:center;"| 25,136 |- | [[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham United]] || [[Don Valley Stadium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 25,000 |- | [[Port Vale F.C.|Port Vale]] || [[Vale Park]] || style="text-align:center;"| 22,356 |- | [[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]] || [[Meadow Lane]] || style="text-align:center;"| 19,588 |- | [[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] || [[Griffin Park]] || style="text-align:center;"| 12,763 |- | [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] || [[Gigg Lane]] || style="text-align:center;"| 11,840 |- | [[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]] || [[Priestfield Stadium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 11,582 |- | [[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] || [[Dean Court]] || style="text-align:center;"| 10,700 |- | [[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]] || [[Kenilworth Road]] || style="text-align:center;"| 10,260 |- | [[Rochdale A.F.C.|Rochdale]] || [[Spotland Stadium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 10,249 |- | [[Lincoln City F.C.|Lincoln City]] || [[Sincil Bank]] || style="text-align:center;"| 10,127 |- | [[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.|Wycombe Wanderers]] || [[Adams Park]] || style="text-align:center;"| 10,000 |- | [[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]] || [[New Meadow]] || style="text-align:center;"| 9,875 |- | [[Grimsby Town F.C.|Grimsby Town]] || [[Blundell Park]] || style="text-align:center;"| 9,106 |- | [[Exeter City F.C.|Exeter City]] || [[St James Park, Exeter|St James Park]] || style="text-align:center;"| 9,036 |- | [[Chesterfield F.C.|Chesterfield]] || [[Saltergate]] || style="text-align:center;"| 8,504 |- | [[Aldershot Town F.C.|Aldershot Town]] || [[Recreation Ground (Aldershot)|Recreation Ground]] || style="text-align:center;"| 7,100 |- | [[Morecambe F.C.|Morecambe]] || [[Christie Park (stadium)|Christie Park]] || style="text-align:center;"| 6,400 |- | [[Macclesfield Town F.C.|Macclesfield Town]] || [[Moss Rose]] || style="text-align:center;"| 6,335 |- | [[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.|Dagenham & Redbridge]] || [[Victoria Road (stadium)|Victoria Road]] || style="text-align:center;"| 6,000 |- | [[Barnet F.C.|Barnet]] || [[Underhill Stadium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 5,568 |- | [[Chester City F.C.|Chester City]] || [[Deva Stadium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 5,376 |- | [[Accrington Stanley F.C.|Accrington Stanley]] || [[Crown Ground]] || style="text-align:center;"| 5,057 |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>Capacity limited to 6,000 because of planning regulations<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/2309598.club_nears_backing_for_its_first_concert/ |title=Club nears backing for its first concert |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=10 August 2008 |publisher=The Northern Echo |first=Paul |last=Cook}}</ref> ==Results== {{#invoke:Sports results|main |matches_style=FBR|solid_cell=grey |team1=ACC|team2=ALD|team3=BAR|team4=BOU|team5=BRA |team6=BRE|team7=BRY|team8=CHE|team9=CHF|team10=D&R |team11=DAR|team12=EXE|team13=GIL|team14=GRI|team15=LIN |team16=LUT|team17=MAC|team18=MOR|team19=NTC|team20=PTV |team21=ROC|team22=ROT|team23=SHR|team24=WYC |name_ACC=[[Accrington Stanley F.C.|Accrington Stanley]] |match_ACC_ALD=0–1 |match_ACC_BAR=1–1 |match_ACC_BOU=3–0 |match_ACC_BRA=2–3 |match_ACC_BRE=1–1 |match_ACC_BRY=1–2 |match_ACC_CHE=0–1 |match_ACC_CHF=1–0 |match_ACC_D&R=0–0 |match_ACC_DAR=1–0 |match_ACC_EXE=2–1 |match_ACC_GIL=0–2 |match_ACC_GRI=3–1 |match_ACC_LIN=0–2 |match_ACC_LUT=0–0 |match_ACC_MAC=2–0 |match_ACC_MOR=1–0 |match_ACC_NTC=1–1 |match_ACC_PTV=2–0 |match_ACC_ROC=1–3 |match_ACC_ROT=1–3 |match_ACC_SHR=2–1 |match_ACC_WYC=0–1 |name_ALD=[[Aldershot Town F.C.|Aldershot Town]] |match_ALD_ACC=3–1 |match_ALD_BAR=1–1 |match_ALD_BOU=1–1 |match_ALD_BRA=3–2 |match_ALD_BRE=1–1 |match_ALD_BRY=3–3 |match_ALD_CHE=2–2 |match_ALD_CHF=1–1 |match_ALD_D&R=1–2 |match_ALD_DAR=2–1 |match_ALD_EXE=1–0 |match_ALD_GIL=2–1 |match_ALD_GRI=2–2 |match_ALD_LIN=2–0 |match_ALD_LUT=2–1 |match_ALD_MAC=1–1 |match_ALD_MOR=0–2 |match_ALD_NTC=2–2 |match_ALD_PTV=1–0 |match_ALD_ROC=2–4 |match_ALD_ROT=0–1 |match_ALD_SHR=0–0 |match_ALD_WYC=3–2 |name_BAR=[[Barnet F.C.|Barnet]] |match_BAR_ACC=2–1 |match_BAR_ALD=0–3 |match_BAR_BOU=1–0 |match_BAR_BRA=4–1 |match_BAR_BRE=0–1 |match_BAR_BRY=1–2 |match_BAR_CHE=3–1 |match_BAR_CHF=1–3 |match_BAR_D&R=1–1 |match_BAR_DAR=0–1 |match_BAR_EXE=0–1 |match_BAR_GIL=2–2 |match_BAR_GRI=3–3 |match_BAR_LIN=3–2 |match_BAR_LUT=1–1 |match_BAR_MAC=1–3 |match_BAR_MOR=1–1 |match_BAR_NTC=0–4 |match_BAR_PTV=1–2 |match_BAR_ROC=2–1 |match_BAR_ROT=2–0 |match_BAR_SHR=0–0 |match_BAR_WYC=1–1 |name_BOU=[[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] |match_BOU_ACC=1–0 |match_BOU_ALD=2–0 |match_BOU_BAR=0–2 |match_BOU_BRA=4–1 |match_BOU_BRE=0–1 |match_BOU_BRY=2–0 |match_BOU_CHE=1–0 |match_BOU_CHF=1–1 |match_BOU_D&R=2–1 |match_BOU_DAR=3–1 |match_BOU_EXE=0–1 |match_BOU_GIL=1–1 |match_BOU_GRI=2–1 |match_BOU_LIN=0–1 |match_BOU_LUT=1–1 |match_BOU_MAC=0–1 |match_BOU_MOR=0–0 |match_BOU_NTC=0–1 |match_BOU_PTV=0–0 |match_BOU_ROC=4–0 |match_BOU_ROT=0–0 |match_BOU_SHR=1–0 |match_BOU_WYC=3–1 |name_BRA=[[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]] |match_BRA_ACC=1–1 |match_BRA_ALD=5–0 |match_BRA_BAR=3–3 |match_BRA_BOU=1–3 |match_BRA_BRE=1–1 |match_BRA_BRY=1–0 |match_BRA_CHE=0–0 |match_BRA_CHF=3–2 |match_BRA_D&R=1–1 |match_BRA_DAR=0–0 |match_BRA_EXE=4–1 |match_BRA_GIL=2–2 |match_BRA_GRI=2–0 |match_BRA_LIN=1–1 |match_BRA_LUT=1–1 |match_BRA_MAC=1–0 |match_BRA_MOR=4–0 |match_BRA_NTC=2–1 |match_BRA_PTV=0–1 |match_BRA_ROC=2–0 |match_BRA_ROT=3–0 |match_BRA_SHR=0–0 |match_BRA_WYC=1–0 |name_BRE=[[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] |match_BRE_ACC=3–0 |match_BRE_ALD=3–0 |match_BRE_BAR=1–0 |match_BRE_BOU=2–0 |match_BRE_BRA=2–1 |match_BRE_BRY=1–0 |match_BRE_CHE=3–0 |match_BRE_CHF=0–1 |match_BRE_D&R=2–1 |match_BRE_DAR=1–1 |match_BRE_EXE=1–1 |match_BRE_GIL=1–1 |match_BRE_GRI=4–0 |match_BRE_LIN=1–1 |match_BRE_LUT=2–0 |match_BRE_MAC=1–0 |match_BRE_MOR=3–1 |match_BRE_NTC=1–1 |match_BRE_PTV=2–0 |match_BRE_ROC=1–2 |match_BRE_ROT=0–0 |match_BRE_SHR=1–1 |match_BRE_WYC=3–3 |name_BRY=[[Bury F.C.|Bury]] |match_BRY_ACC=1–0 |match_BRY_ALD=2–1 |match_BRY_BAR=1–0 |match_BRY_BOU=1–0 |match_BRY_BRA=1–0 |match_BRY_BRE=1–0 |match_BRY_CHE=1–1 |match_BRY_CHF=1–2 |match_BRY_D&R=2–2 |match_BRY_DAR=2–2 |match_BRY_EXE=0–1 |match_BRY_GIL=4–0 |match_BRY_GRI=0–2 |match_BRY_LIN=3–1 |match_BRY_LUT=1–2 |match_BRY_MAC=3–0 |match_BRY_MOR=2–1 |match_BRY_NTC=2–0 |match_BRY_PTV=3–0 |match_BRY_ROC=2–1 |match_BRY_ROT=1–2 |match_BRY_SHR=2–1 |match_BRY_WYC=0–0 |name_CHE=[[Chester City F.C.|Chester City]] |match_CHE_ACC=2–0 |match_CHE_ALD=0–1 |match_CHE_BAR=5–1 |match_CHE_BOU=0–2 |match_CHE_BRA=0–0 |match_CHE_BRE=3–0 |match_CHE_BRY=1–1 |match_CHE_CHF=1–3 |match_CHE_D&R=2–2 |match_CHE_DAR=1–2 |match_CHE_EXE=0–0 |match_CHE_GIL=0–1 |match_CHE_GRI=1–1 |match_CHE_LIN=0–2 |match_CHE_LUT=2–2 |match_CHE_MAC=0–2 |match_CHE_MOR=1–2 |match_CHE_NTC=2–0 |match_CHE_PTV=1–2 |match_CHE_ROC=0–2 |match_CHE_ROT=1–5 |match_CHE_SHR=1–1 |match_CHE_WYC=0–2 |name_CHF=[[Chesterfield F.C.|Chesterfield]] |match_CHF_ACC=1–1 |match_CHF_ALD=5–1 |match_CHF_BAR=1–1 |match_CHF_BOU=1–0 |match_CHF_BRA=0–2 |match_CHF_BRE=0–1 |match_CHF_BRY=1–3 |match_CHF_CHE=1–1 |match_CHF_D&R=1–1 |match_CHF_DAR=0–0 |match_CHF_EXE=2–1 |match_CHF_GIL=0–1 |match_CHF_GRI=2–1 |match_CHF_LIN=1–1 |match_CHF_LUT=2–2 |match_CHF_MAC=2–4 |match_CHF_MOR=1–2 |match_CHF_NTC=3–1 |match_CHF_PTV=2–1 |match_CHF_ROC=3–0 |match_CHF_ROT=1–0 |match_CHF_SHR=2–2 |match_CHF_WYC=0–1 |name_D&R=[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.|Dagenham & Redbridge]] |match_D&R_ACC=0–0 |match_D&R_ALD=3–1 |match_D&R_BAR=2–0 |match_D&R_BOU=0–1 |match_D&R_BRA=3–0 |match_D&R_BRE=3–1 |match_D&R_BRY=1–3 |match_D&R_CHE=6–0 |match_D&R_CHF=3–0 |match_D&R_DAR=0–1 |match_D&R_EXE=1–2 |match_D&R_GIL=2–0 |match_D&R_GRI=4–0 |match_D&R_LIN=0–3 |match_D&R_LUT=2–1 |match_D&R_MAC=2–1 |match_D&R_MOR=0–2 |match_D&R_NTC=6–1 |match_D&R_PTV=1–1 |match_D&R_ROC=3–2 |match_D&R_ROT=1–1 |match_D&R_SHR=1–2 |match_D&R_WYC=0–1 |name_DAR=[[Darlington F.C.|Darlington]] |match_DAR_ACC=3–0 |match_DAR_ALD=2–0 |match_DAR_BAR=2–2 |match_DAR_BOU=2–1 |match_DAR_BRA=2–1 |match_DAR_BRE=1–3 |match_DAR_BRY=2–2 |match_DAR_CHE=1–2 |match_DAR_CHF=0–0 |match_DAR_D&R=3–0 |match_DAR_EXE=1–1 |match_DAR_GIL=1–2 |match_DAR_GRI=1–0 |match_DAR_LIN=2–0 |match_DAR_LUT=5–1 |match_DAR_MAC=1–2 |match_DAR_MOR=0–0 |match_DAR_NTC=1–0 |match_DAR_PTV=2–1 |match_DAR_ROC=1–2 |match_DAR_ROT=1–0 |match_DAR_SHR=1–1 |match_DAR_WYC=1–2 |name_EXE=[[Exeter City F.C.|Exeter City]] |match_EXE_ACC=2–1 |match_EXE_ALD=3–2 |match_EXE_BAR=2–1 |match_EXE_BOU=1–3 |match_EXE_BRA=1–0 |match_EXE_BRE=0–2 |match_EXE_BRY=0–0 |match_EXE_CHE=2–0 |match_EXE_CHF=1–6 |match_EXE_D&R=2–1 |match_EXE_DAR=2–0 |match_EXE_GIL=3–0 |match_EXE_GRI=0–0 |match_EXE_LIN=2–1 |match_EXE_LUT=0–1 |match_EXE_MAC=4–0 |match_EXE_MOR=2–2 |match_EXE_NTC=2–2 |match_EXE_PTV=1–0 |match_EXE_ROC=4–1 |match_EXE_ROT=1–1 |match_EXE_SHR=0–1 |match_EXE_WYC=1–0 |name_GIL=[[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]] |match_GIL_ACC=1–0 |match_GIL_ALD=4–4 |match_GIL_BAR=0–2 |match_GIL_BOU=1–0 |match_GIL_BRA=0–2 |match_GIL_BRE=1–1 |match_GIL_BRY=0–0 |match_GIL_CHE=2–0 |match_GIL_CHF=2–1 |match_GIL_D&R=2–1 |match_GIL_DAR=1–0 |match_GIL_EXE=1–0 |match_GIL_GRI=3–0 |match_GIL_LIN=1–2 |match_GIL_LUT=0–1 |match_GIL_MAC=3–1 |match_GIL_MOR=5–0 |match_GIL_NTC=2–2 |match_GIL_PTV=1–0 |match_GIL_ROC=1–1 |match_GIL_ROT=4–0 |match_GIL_SHR=2–2 |match_GIL_WYC=1–1 |name_GRI=[[Grimsby Town F.C.|Grimsby Town]] |match_GRI_ACC=0–1 |match_GRI_ALD=1–0 |match_GRI_BAR=0–1 |match_GRI_BOU=3–3 |match_GRI_BRA=1–3 |match_GRI_BRE=0–1 |match_GRI_BRY=1–2 |match_GRI_CHE=1–3 |match_GRI_CHF=0–1 |match_GRI_D&R=1–1 |match_GRI_DAR=1–2 |match_GRI_EXE=2–2 |match_GRI_GIL=3–0 |match_GRI_LIN=5–1 |match_GRI_LUT=2–2 |match_GRI_MAC=0–0 |match_GRI_MOR=2–3 |match_GRI_NTC=0–1 |match_GRI_PTV=3–0 |match_GRI_ROC=0–0 |match_GRI_ROT=3–0 |match_GRI_SHR=1–0 |match_GRI_WYC=1–1 |name_LIN=[[Lincoln City F.C.|Lincoln City]] |match_LIN_ACC=5–1 |match_LIN_ALD=0–2 |match_LIN_BAR=2–0 |match_LIN_BOU=3–3 |match_LIN_BRA=0–0 |match_LIN_BRE=2–2 |match_LIN_BRY=1–1 |match_LIN_CHE=1–1 |match_LIN_CHF=3–1 |match_LIN_D&R=1–3 |match_LIN_DAR=0–1 |match_LIN_EXE=0–1 |match_LIN_GIL=2–0 |match_LIN_GRI=1–1 |match_LIN_LUT=0–0 |match_LIN_MAC=1–0 |match_LIN_MOR=1–1 |match_LIN_NTC=1–1 |match_LIN_PTV=0–1 |match_LIN_ROC=1–1 |match_LIN_ROT=0–1 |match_LIN_SHR=0–0 |match_LIN_WYC=1–0 |name_LUT=[[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]] |match_LUT_ACC=1–2 |match_LUT_ALD=3–1 |match_LUT_BAR=3–1 |match_LUT_BOU=3–3 |match_LUT_BRA=3–3 |match_LUT_BRE=0–1 |match_LUT_BRY=1–2 |match_LUT_CHE=1–1 |match_LUT_CHF=0–0 |match_LUT_D&R=2–1 |match_LUT_DAR=1–2 |match_LUT_EXE=1–2 |match_LUT_GIL=0–0 |match_LUT_GRI=2–1 |match_LUT_LIN=3–2 |match_LUT_MAC=1–0 |match_LUT_MOR=1–1 |match_LUT_NTC=1–1 |match_LUT_PTV=1–3 |match_LUT_ROC=1–1 |match_LUT_ROT=2–4 |match_LUT_SHR=3–1 |match_LUT_WYC=0–1 |name_MAC=[[Macclesfield Town F.C.|Macclesfield Town]] |match_MAC_ACC=0–2 |match_MAC_ALD=4–2 |match_MAC_BAR=2–1 |match_MAC_BOU=0–2 |match_MAC_BRA=0–2 |match_MAC_BRE=2–0 |match_MAC_BRY=1–1 |match_MAC_CHE=3–1 |match_MAC_CHF=1–1 |match_MAC_D&R=0–4 |match_MAC_DAR=0–6 |match_MAC_EXE=1–4 |match_MAC_GIL=0–1 |match_MAC_GRI=1–0 |match_MAC_LIN=1–2 |match_MAC_LUT=2–1 |match_MAC_MOR=0–1 |match_MAC_NTC=1–1 |match_MAC_PTV=0–2 |match_MAC_ROC=0–1 |match_MAC_ROT=1–2 |match_MAC_SHR=3–0 |match_MAC_WYC=0–0 |name_MOR=[[Morecambe F.C.|Morecambe]] |match_MOR_ACC=1–1 |match_MOR_ALD=2–0 |match_MOR_BAR=2–1 |match_MOR_BOU=0–4 |match_MOR_BRA=2–1 |match_MOR_BRE=2–0 |match_MOR_BRY=0–0 |match_MOR_CHE=3–1 |match_MOR_CHF=2–2 |match_MOR_D&R=1–2 |match_MOR_DAR=1–0 |match_MOR_EXE=1–1 |match_MOR_GIL=0–1 |match_MOR_GRI=1–1 |match_MOR_LIN=1–1 |match_MOR_LUT=1–2 |match_MOR_MAC=4–1 |match_MOR_NTC=1–0 |match_MOR_PTV=1–1 |match_MOR_ROC=1–1 |match_MOR_ROT=1–3 |match_MOR_SHR=1–0 |match_MOR_WYC=0–0 |name_NTC=[[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]] |match_NTC_ACC=1–1 |match_NTC_ALD=2–1 |match_NTC_BAR=2–0 |match_NTC_BOU=1–1 |match_NTC_BRA=3–1 |match_NTC_BRE=1–1 |match_NTC_BRY=0–1 |match_NTC_CHE=1–2 |match_NTC_CHF=0–1 |match_NTC_D&R=0–3 |match_NTC_DAR=0–0 |match_NTC_EXE=2–1 |match_NTC_GIL=0–1 |match_NTC_GRI=0–2 |match_NTC_LIN=0–1 |match_NTC_LUT=0–2 |match_NTC_MAC=1–1 |match_NTC_MOR=1–0 |match_NTC_PTV=4–2 |match_NTC_ROC=1–2 |match_NTC_ROT=0–3 |match_NTC_SHR=2–2 |match_NTC_WYC=0–2 |name_PTV=[[Port Vale F.C.|Port Vale]] |match_PTV_ACC=0–2 |match_PTV_ALD=0–0 |match_PTV_BAR=0–0 |match_PTV_BOU=3–1 |match_PTV_BRA=0–2 |match_PTV_BRE=0–3 |match_PTV_BRY=1–1 |match_PTV_CHE=3–0 |match_PTV_CHF=0–1 |match_PTV_D&R=0–1 |match_PTV_DAR=3–1 |match_PTV_EXE=1–3 |match_PTV_GIL=1–3 |match_PTV_GRI=2–1 |match_PTV_LIN=0–1 |match_PTV_LUT=1–3 |match_PTV_MAC=1–4 |match_PTV_MOR=2–1 |match_PTV_NTC=1–2 |match_PTV_ROC=2–1 |match_PTV_ROT=0–0 |match_PTV_SHR=1–1 |match_PTV_WYC=1–1 |name_ROC=[[Rochdale A.F.C.|Rochdale]] |match_ROC_ACC=3–1 |match_ROC_ALD=3–1 |match_ROC_BAR=3–1 |match_ROC_BOU=1–1 |match_ROC_BRA=3–0 |match_ROC_BRE=1–2 |match_ROC_BRY=1–1 |match_ROC_CHE=6–1 |match_ROC_CHF=2–1 |match_ROC_D&R=0–2 |match_ROC_DAR=0–2 |match_ROC_EXE=2–2 |match_ROC_GIL=0–1 |match_ROC_GRI=2–0 |match_ROC_LIN=2–2 |match_ROC_LUT=2–0 |match_ROC_MAC=1–1 |match_ROC_MOR=1–1 |match_ROC_NTC=3–0 |match_ROC_PTV=1–0 |match_ROC_ROT=1–2 |match_ROC_SHR=2–1 |match_ROC_WYC=0–1 |name_ROT=[[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham United]] |match_ROT_ACC=0–0 |match_ROT_ALD=1–2 |match_ROT_BAR=3–4 |match_ROT_BOU=1–0 |match_ROT_BRA=0–2 |match_ROT_BRE=0–0 |match_ROT_BRY=1–1 |match_ROT_CHE=3–1 |match_ROT_CHF=3–0 |match_ROT_D&R=1–1 |match_ROT_DAR=0–1 |match_ROT_EXE=0–1 |match_ROT_GIL=2–0 |match_ROT_GRI=4–1 |match_ROT_LIN=1–0 |match_ROT_LUT=1–0 |match_ROT_MAC=2–0 |match_ROT_MOR=3–2 |match_ROT_NTC=2–1 |match_ROT_PTV=1–0 |match_ROT_ROC=2–2 |match_ROT_SHR=1–2 |match_ROT_WYC=0–0 |name_SHR=[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]] |match_SHR_ACC=2–0 |match_SHR_ALD=1–0 |match_SHR_BAR=2–2 |match_SHR_BOU=4–1 |match_SHR_BRA=2–0 |match_SHR_BRE=1–3 |match_SHR_BRY=1–0 |match_SHR_CHE=1–0 |match_SHR_CHF=2–1 |match_SHR_D&R=2–1 |match_SHR_DAR=1–0 |match_SHR_EXE=1–1 |match_SHR_GIL=7–0 |match_SHR_GRI=1–1 |match_SHR_LIN=0–0 |match_SHR_LUT=3–0 |match_SHR_MAC=4–0 |match_SHR_MOR=0–0 |match_SHR_NTC=3–2 |match_SHR_PTV=1–2 |match_SHR_ROC=1–1 |match_SHR_ROT=1–0 |match_SHR_WYC=0–1 |name_WYC=[[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.|Wycombe Wanderers]] |match_WYC_ACC=2–1 |match_WYC_ALD=3–0 |match_WYC_BAR=1–1 |match_WYC_BOU=3–1 |match_WYC_BRA=1–0 |match_WYC_BRE=0–0 |match_WYC_BRY=2–1 |match_WYC_CHE=2–0 |match_WYC_CHF=1–1 |match_WYC_D&R=2–1 |match_WYC_DAR=1–1 |match_WYC_EXE=1–1 |match_WYC_GIL=1–0 |match_WYC_GRI=0–1 |match_WYC_LIN=1–0 |match_WYC_LUT=0–0 |match_WYC_MAC=4–0 |match_WYC_MOR=1–1 |match_WYC_NTC=1–2 |match_WYC_PTV=4–2 |match_WYC_ROC=0–1 |match_WYC_ROT=0–0 |match_WYC_SHR=1–1 |update=complete |source=[http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/ResultsLast7Days/0,,10794,00.html The Football League] }} ==Top scorers== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pos!!Player!!Team!!Goals |- !rowspan="3"|1 |[[Simeon Jackson]] |[[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]] !rowspan="3"|20 |- |[[Grant Holt]] |[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]] |- |[[Jack Lester]] |[[Chesterfield F.C.|Chesterfield]] |- !rowspan="3"|4 |[[Adam Le Fondre]] |[[Rochdale A.F.C.|Rochdale]] !rowspan="3"|17 |- |[[John O'Flynn]] |[[Barnet F.C.|Barnet]] |- |[[Reuben Reid]] |[[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham United]] |- !7 |[[Charlie MacDonald]] |[[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] !16 |- !rowspan="2"|8 |[[Andy Bishop]] |[[Bury F.C.|Bury]] !rowspan="2"|15 |- |[[Peter Thorne (English footballer)|Peter Thorne]] |[[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]] |- !rowspan="4"|10 |[[Paul Benson]] |[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.|Dagenham & Redbridge]] !rowspan="4"|14 |- |[[Ryan Lowe]] |[[Chester City F.C.|Chester City]] |- |[[Brett Pitman]] |[[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] |- |[[Jamie Ward]] |[[Chesterfield F.C.|Chesterfield]] |} ==Monthly awards== {| class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"|Month !colspan="2"|Manager of the Month !colspan="2"|Player of the Month !rowspan="2"|Notes |- !width=21%|Manager !width=21%|Club !width=21%|Player !width=21%|Club |- !August |[[Mark Robins]] |[[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham United]] |[[Solomon Taiwo]] |[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.|Dagenham & Redbridge]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rotherham_utd/7598316.stm |title=Millers boss nets monthly award |date=2 October 2008 |access-date=2 October 2008 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.setantasports.com/en/Sport/News/Football/2008/09/08/Football-League-Powerade-awards-announced/?facets/sport-space/football/great-britain-locale/Coca-Cola-Football-League-Two/ |title=Player of the Month Awards announced |date=8 September 2008 |access-date=18 November 2008 |publisher=Setanta Sports}}{{dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> |- !September |[[Alan Knill]] |[[Bury F.C.|Bury]] |[[Matthew Gill]] |[[Exeter City F.C.|Exeter City]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bury/7648637.stm |title=Bury's Knill scoops monthly award |date=2 October 2008 |access-date=2 October 2008 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/e/exeter_city/7658691.stm |title=Gill is named Player of the Month |date=8 October 2008 |access-date=18 November 2008 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> |- !October |[[Peter Jackson (footballer, born 1961)|Peter Jackson]] |[[Lincoln City F.C.|Lincoln City]] |[[Jamie Ward]] |[[Chesterfield F.C.|Chesterfield]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/lincoln_city/7713775.stm |title=Jackson wins manager of the month |date=6 November 2008 |access-date=6 November 2008 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/News/LeagueTwoNewsDetail/0,,10794~1447567,00.html |title=Ward wins League 2 award |access-date=18 November 2008 |publisher=The Football League |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324063920/http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/News/LeagueTwoNewsDetail/0,,10794~1447567,00.html |archive-date=24 March 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- !November |[[Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953)|Peter Taylor]] |[[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.|Wycombe Wanderers]] |[[Grant Holt]] |[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wycombe_wanderers/7765116.stm |title=November honour for Wycombe boss |date=4 December 2008 |access-date=4 December 2008 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/shrewsbury/7774030.stm |title=Team success won my award – Holt |date=9 December 2008 |access-date=16 December 2008 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> |- !December |[[John Still (footballer)|John Still]] |[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.|Dagenham & Redbridge]] |[[Marcus Bean]] |[[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/7807109.stm |title=Reading boss scoops monthly award |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=2 January 2009 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7826263.stm |title=Reading's Hunt wins monthly award |date=13 January 2009 |access-date=13 January 2009 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> |- !January |[[Alan Knill]] |[[Bury F.C.|Bury]] |[[Dany N'Guessan]] |[[Lincoln City F.C.|Lincoln City]] |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bury/7872435.stm |title=Bury boss earns League Two honour |date=5 February 2009 |access-date=5 February 2009 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/g/gillingham/7870885.stm |title=N'Guessan is player of the month |date=10 February 2009 |access-date=10 February 2009 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> |- !February |[[Sammy McIlroy]] |[[Morecambe F.C.|Morecambe]] ||[[Charlie MacDonald]] |[[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7926410.stm |title=Coventry boss wins monthly award |date=5 March 2009 |access-date=7 March 2009 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/League2PlayeroftheMonth/0,,10794~1585282,00.html |title=MacDonald the pick of League 2 |date=9 March 2009 |publisher=Football League |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427032415/http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/League2PlayeroftheMonth/0%2C%2C10794~1585282%2C00.html |archive-date=27 April 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- !March |[[Lee Richardson (footballer)|Lee Richardson]] |[[Chesterfield F.C.|Chesterfield]] ||[[Reuben Reid]] |[[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham United]] |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/News/LeagueTwoNewsDetail/0,,10794~1610424,00.html |title=WINNERS ANNOUNCED |date=2 April 2009 |access-date=22 April 2009 |publisher=The Football League }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.darlington-fc.net/page/NewsDetail/0,,10339~1615484,00.html|title=Powerade Player-of-the-Month awards|date=7 April 2009|access-date=22 May 2009|publisher=darlington-fc.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704213143/http://www.darlington-fc.net/page/NewsDetail/0,,10339~1615484,00.html|archive-date=4 July 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |- !April |[[Andy Scott (footballer, born 1972)|Andy Scott]] |[[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] ||[[Sam Saunders (footballer)|Sam Saunders]] |[[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.|Dagenham & Redbridge]] |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/07052009/58/league-bees-boss-scott-wins-april-award.html|title=League Two – Bees boss Scott wins April award|date=7 May 2009 |access-date=22 May 2009 |publisher=Yahoo! Eurosport UK}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/LatestNewsDetail/0,,10794~1651790,00.html |title=Powerade winners announced |date=4 May 2009 |access-date=22 May 2009 |publisher=Football League |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526142528/http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/LatestNewsDetail/0%2C%2C10794~1651790%2C00.html |archive-date=26 May 2009 }}</ref> |} ==Key events== 25 February 2009 – Darlington are docked 10 points by the FA for entering administration 2 May 2009 – Brentford crowned Champions of League 2 after 3–1 win at Darlington. ==Managerial changes== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Team ! Outgoing manager ! Manner of departure ! Date of vacancy ! Replaced by ! Date of appointment ! Position in table |- | [[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] | [[Kevin Bond (English footballer)|Kevin Bond]] | Contract terminated | 1 September 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/bournemouth/7592896.stm |title=Bond sacked as Bournemouth boss|work=BBC Sport|date=1 September 2008 |access-date=3 September 2008}}</ref> | [[Jimmy Quinn (Northern Irish footballer)|Jimmy Quinn]] | 2 September 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/bournemouth/7593850.stm |title=Bournemouth name Quinn as manager |work=BBC Sport |date=2 September 2008 |access-date=3 September 2008 }}</ref> | 23rd |- | [[Grimsby Town F.C.|Grimsby Town]] | [[Alan Buckley]] | Contract terminated | 15 September 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.grimsby-townfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10417~1393011,00.html |title=GTFC Statement |publisher=Grimsby Town official website |date=15 September 2008 |access-date=15 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918015859/http://www.grimsby-townfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10417~1393011,00.html |archive-date=18 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | [[Mike Newell (footballer)|Mike Newell]] | 6 October 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/g/grimsby_town/7654352.stm |title=Newell takes over as Grimsby boss |work=BBC Sport |date=6 October 2008 |access-date=7 October 2008}}</ref> | 20th |- | [[Port Vale F.C.|Port Vale]] | [[Lee Sinnott]] | Mutual consent | 22 September 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/p/port_vale/7629851.stm |title= Sinnott parts company with Vale |work=BBC Sport |date=22 September 2008 |access-date=23 September 2008}}</ref> | [[Dean Glover]] | 6 October 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/port_vale/7653984.stm |title=Glover named new Port Vale boss |work=BBC Sport |date=6 October 2008 |access-date=30 October 2008}}</ref> | 16th |- | [[Chester City F.C.|Chester City]] | [[Simon Davies (footballer, born 1974)|Simon Davies]] | Contract terminated | 11 November 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chester/7721512.stm |title=Chester part company with Davies |work=BBC Sport |date=11 November 2008 |access-date=11 November 2008 }}</ref> | [[Mark Wright (footballer, born 1963)|Mark Wright]] | 14 November 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chester/7730031.stm |title=Chester reappoint Wright as boss |work=BBC Sport |date=14 November 2008 |access-date=15 November 2008}}</ref> | 19th |- | [[Barnet F.C.|Barnet]] | [[Paul Fairclough]] | Resigned | 28 December 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/barnet/7801204.stm |title=Fairclough stands down at Barnet |date=27 December 2008 |access-date=27 December 2008 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> | [[Ian Hendon]] | 21 April 2009<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/barnet/8012466.stm |title=Barnet appoint Hendon as manager |work=BBC Sport |date=22 April 2009 |access-date=22 April 2009}}</ref> | 16th |- | [[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] | [[Jimmy Quinn (Northern Irish footballer)|Jimmy Quinn]] | Contract terminated | 31 December 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bournemouth/7806809.stm |title=Quinn parts company with Cherries |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=1 January 2009 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> | [[Eddie Howe]] | 31 December 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bournemouth/7837089.stm |title=Cherries appoint Howe for season |date=19 January 2009 |access-date=19 January 2009 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> | 23rd |} ==See also== *[[2008–09 Football League]] *[[2008–09 in English football]] *[[2008–09 Aldershot Town F.C. season]] *[[2008–09 Bradford City A.F.C. season]] *[[2008–09 Grimsby Town F.C. season]] *[[2008–09 Luton Town F.C. season]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{commons category}} {{2008–09 in English football}} {{Football League Two seasons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2008-09 Football League Two}} [[Category:2008–09 Football League Two| ]] [[Category:EFL League Two seasons]] [[Category:2008–09 Football League|3]] [[Category:2008–09 in English football leagues|4]] [[Category:2008–09 in European fourth-tier association football leagues|Eng]]

1,285,891,218

[{"title": "Football League Two", "data": {"Season": "2008\u201309", "Champions": "Brentford", "Promoted": "Brentford \u00b7 Exeter City \u00b7 Wycombe Wanderers \u00b7 Gillingham", "Relegated": "Chester City \u00b7 Luton Town", "Matches played": "557", "Top goalscorer": "Grant Holt \u00b7 Simeon Jackson (20)", "Longest winning run": "7 games"}}]

false

# Eryk Kobza Eryk Kobza (born November 23, 2001) is a Canadian professional soccer player who plays as a center back for Canadian Premier League club Cavalry FC. ## Early life Kobza began playing youth soccer at age five with North Vancouver FC. In 2012, he joined the Vancouver Whitecaps Academy, before joining Mountain United FC in 2013. In 2014, he returned to the Whitecaps academy. In March 2016, he was named the Whitecaps FC Youth Player of the Month. ## University career In 2019, he began attending the University of Calgary, where he played for the men's soccer team. He made his collegiate debut and first start in the season opener on August 24, 2019 against the Mount Royal Cougars. He scored his first goals on September 13, netting a brace in a 3–2 victory over the UFV Cascades, including the first goal just 20 seconds into the match. That season, he helped the team reach the men’s soccer National Championship for the first time in 40 years, as well as earning the school's male Rookie of the Year honours (across all sports), and was also named to the Canada West All-Rookie Team. In 2022, he was named team captain. On October 16, 2022, he scored another brace in a 3–2 win over the Saskatchewan Huskies. At the end of the 2022 season, he was named a Canada West Second Team All-Star. ## Club career In August 2020, he signed with Sokół Ostróda in the Polish II liga. He made his debut on September 19 against Olimpia Grudziądz, in a substitute appearance. In the next match on September 26, he scored his first goal in a 2–0 victory over Znicz Pruszków. On January 6, 2021, it was announced that he had terminated his contract with the club by mutual consent. In late January 2021, he signed with Podlasie Biała Podlaska in the III liga. At the 2023 CPL-U Sports Draft, Kobza was selected in the second round (14th overall) by Cavalry FC. In April 2023, he signed a U Sports developmental contract with the club. He scored his first CPL goal on July 8, in a 2–1 victory over Pacific FC. In July 2023, Kobza signed a professional deal with Cavalry until the end of the 2025 season, with a club option for 2026. ## International career Kobza was born in Canada to Polish parents. In February 2016, he was called up to a training camp with the Canada U15 team. ## Career statistics As of match played August 9, 2025 | Club | Season | League | League | League | Playoffs | Playoffs | Domestic Cup | Domestic Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total | | Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | | ----------------------- | ------------ | ----------------------- | ------ | ------ | -------- | -------- | ------------ | ------------ | ----------- | ----------- | ----- | ----- | | Sokół Ostróda | 2020–21 | II liga | 6 | 1 | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | 6 | 1 | | Podlasie Biała Podlaska | 2020–21 | III liga, group IV | 20 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 20 | 1 | | Cavalry FC | 2023 | Canadian Premier League | 26 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 29 | 2 | | Cavalry FC | 2024 | Canadian Premier League | 18 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 25 | 0 | | Cavalry FC | 2025 | Canadian Premier League | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 0 | | Cavalry FC | Total | Total | 53 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 66 | 2 | | Career total | Career total | Career total | 79 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 92 | 4 |

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Eryk Kobza

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryk_Kobza

2025-08-10T13:35:58

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{{Short description|Canadian soccer player (born 2001)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox football biography |name = Eryk Kobza |image = |image_size = |caption = |fullname = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|11|23|mf=yes}} |birth_place = [[North Vancouver (city)|North Vancouver, British Columbia]], Canada |height = {{height|ft=6|in=3}} |position = [[Center Back]] |currentclub = [[Cavalry FC]] |clubnumber = 24 |youthyears1 = 2007–2012 |youthclubs1 = North Vancouver FC |youthyears2 = 2012–2013 |youthclubs2 = [[Whitecaps FC Academy|Vancouver Whitecaps]] |youthyears3 = 2013–2014 |youthclubs3 = Mountain United FC |youthyears4 = 2014–2019 |youthclubs4 = [[Whitecaps FC Academy|Vancouver Whitecaps]] |collegeyears1 = 2019–2022 |college1 = [[Calgary Dinos]] |collegecaps1 = 41 |collegegoals1 = 7 |years1 = 2020–2021 |clubs1 = [[Sokół Ostróda]] |caps1 = 6 |goals1 = 1 |years2 = 2021 |clubs2 = [[Podlasie Biała Podlaska]] |caps2 = 20 |goals2 = 1 |years3 = 2023– |clubs3 = [[Cavalry FC]] |caps3 = 53 |goals3 = 2 |club-update = August 9, 2025 }} '''Eryk Kobza''' (born November 23, 2001) is a Canadian professional [[association football|soccer]] player who plays as a [[center back]] for [[Canadian Premier League]] club [[Cavalry FC]]. ==Early life== Kobza began playing youth soccer at age five with North Vancouver FC.<ref name=canada>{{Canada Soccer player|id=5620}}</ref> In 2012, he joined the [[Vancouver Whitecaps Academy]], before joining Mountain United FC in 2013.<ref name=caps>{{cite web|title=Eryk Kobza VWFC profile|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 5, 2015|url=http://www.whitecapsfc.com/youth/eliteteams/residency/eryk-kobza|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905203444/http://www.whitecapsfc.com/youth/eliteteams/residency/eryk-kobza|work=[[Vancouver Whitecaps FC]]}}</ref> In 2014, he returned to the Whitecaps academy.<ref name=caps /> In March 2016, he was named the Whitecaps FC Youth Player of the Month.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitecapsfc.com/news/whitecaps-fc-player-month-presented-coldwell-banker|title=Morales voted as Whitecaps FC Player of the Month, presented by Coldwell Banker|date=April 1, 2016|work=[[Vancouver Whitecaps FC]]}}</ref> ==University career== In 2019, he began attending the [[University of Calgary]], where he played for the [[Calgary Dinos|men's soccer team]]. He made his collegiate debut and first start in the season opener on August 24, 2019 against the [[Mount Royal Cougars]].<ref name=dino>{{cite web|url=https://godinos.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/eryk-kobza/13522|title=Eryk Kobza Calgary Dinos profile|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> He scored his first goals on September 13, netting a brace in a 3–2 victory over the [[UFV Cascades]], including the first goal just 20 seconds into the match.<ref name=dino/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://godinos.com/news/2019/9/14/mens-soccer-kobza-dinos-rally-for-3-2-win-over-cascades.aspx|title=Kobza, Dinos rally for 3-2 win over Cascades|date=September 14, 2019|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> That season, he helped the team reach the men’s soccer National Championship for the first time in 40 years,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://onesoccer.ca/a/i-feel-really-comfortable-here-versatile-eryk-kobza-making-the-most-of-his-opportunity-in-rookie-season-for-league-leading-cavalry|title="I feel really comfortable here": Versatile Eryk Kobza making the most of his opportunity in rookie season for league-leading Cavalry|date=September 15, 2023|first=Adam|last=Palermo|work=[[OneSoccer]]}}</ref> as well as earning the school's male Rookie of the Year honours (across all sports),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://godinos.com/news/2020/4/8/athletics-news-notd-guy-kobza-named-bill-popplewell-rookies-of-the-year.aspx|title=NOTD: Guy, Kobza named Bill Popplewell Rookies of the Year|date=April 8, 2020|first=Ben|last=Matchett|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> and was also named to the [[Canada West Universities Athletic Association|Canada West]] All-Rookie Team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://godinos.com/news/2019/10/24/mens-soccer-three-dinos-honoured-by-canada-west.aspx|title=Three Dinos honoured by Canada West|date=October 24, 2019|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> In 2022, he was named team captain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saitjournalism.ca/thepress/2023/03/10/get-to-know-calgary-calvarys-new-draftee-eryk-kobza/|title=Get to know Calgary Calvary’s new draftee, Eryk Kobza|date=March 10, 2023|work=SAIT Journalism|first=Craig|last=MacDonald}}</ref> On October 16, 2022, he scored another brace in a 3–2 win over the [[Saskatchewan Huskies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://godinos.com/news/2022/10/16/mens-soccer-kobza-delivers-three-points-for-dinos.aspx|title=Kobza delivers three points for Dinos|date=October 16, 2022|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> At the end of the 2022 season, he was named a Canada West Second Team All-Star.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://godinos.com/news/2022/10/27/mens-soccer-kobza-omoreniye-named-cw-all-stars.aspx|title=Kobza, Omoreniye named CW All Stars|date=October 27, 2022|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> ==Club career== In August 2020, he signed with [[Sokół Ostróda]] in the Polish [[II liga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://godinos.com/news/2020/10/29/mens-soccer-family-roots-send-kobza-to-poland.aspx|title=Family roots send Kobza to Poland|date=October 29, 2020|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]|first=Lance|last=Doucet}}</ref> He made his debut on September 19 against [[Olimpia Grudziądz]], in a substitute appearance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sokolostroda.com/pogrom-w-grudziadzu-sokol-rozbil-olimpie/|title=Pogrom w grudziądzu! Sokół rozbił Olimpię|trans-title=Porgue in grudziądz! The Sokół destroyed Olympia|language=pl|date=September 19, 2020|work=[[Sokół Ostróda]]}}</ref> In the next match on September 26, he scored his first goal in a 2–0 victory over [[Znicz Pruszków]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sokolostroda.com/znicz-zgaszony-w-ostrodzie/|title=Znicz zgaszony w Ostródzie!|language=pl|trans-title=Znicz is turned out in Ostróda!|work=[[Sokół Ostróda]]|date=September 26, 2020}}</ref> On January 6, 2021, it was announced that he had terminated his contract with the club by mutual consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sokolostroda.com/eryk-kobza-odchodzi-z-sokola/|title=Eryk Kobza odchodzi z Sokoła|trans-title=Eryk Kobza leaves Sokół|language=pl|date=January 6, 2021|work=[[Sokół Ostróda]]}}</ref> In late January 2021, he signed with [[Podlasie Biała Podlaska]] in the [[III liga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bialasiedzieje.pl/sport/eryk-kobza-zawodnikiem-podlasia/XzctKPyfeIvEhJzujPND|title=Eryk Kobza zawodnikiem Podlasia!|trans-title=Eryk Kobza is a player of Podlasie!|language=pl|date=January 29, 2021|first=Mateusz|last=Połynka|work=Biała się dzieje}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/309/news3096401-Eryk-Kobza-w-Podlasiu-Biala-Podlaska.html|title=Eryk Kobza w Podlasiu Biała Podlaska|trans-title=Eryk Kobza in Podlasie Biała Podlaska|work=90minut|language=pl}}</ref> At the [[2023 CPL-U Sports Draft]], Kobza was selected in the second round (14th overall) by [[Cavalry FC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cavalryfc.canpl.ca/article/cavalry-fc-select-william-omoreniye-and-eryk-kobza-in-2023-cpl-u-sports-draft|title=Cavalry FC Select William Omoreniye and Eryk Kobza in 2023 CPL–U SPORTS Draft|date=December 15, 2022|work=[[Cavalry FC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://calgarysun.com/sports/soccer/calgary-cavalry/cavalry-keeps-it-close-to-home-in-drafting-dinos-omoreniye-kobza|title=Cavalry keeps it close to home in drafting Dinos Omoreniye, Kobza|first=Tim|last=Prahl|date=December 15, 2022|work=[[Calgary Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://godinos.com/news/2022/12/15/mens-soccer-kobza-omoreniye-selected-in-cpl-draft.aspx|title=Kobza, Omoreniye selected in CPL Draft|date=December 15, 2022|work=[[Calgary Dinos]]}}</ref> In April 2023, he signed a U Sports developmental contract with the club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cavalryfc.canpl.ca/article/cavalry-fc-signs-four-youth-players-to-developmental-contracts|title=Cavalry FC Signs Four Youth Players to Developmental Contracts|date=April 14, 2023|work=[[Cavalry FC]]}}</ref> He scored his first CPL goal on July 8, in a 2–1 victory over [[Pacific FC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgarysun.com/sports/first-goals-for-kobza-aird-lift-cavalry-to-third-straight-victory|title=First goals for Kobza, Aird lift Cavalry to third straight victory|date=July 8, 2023|work=[[Calgary Sun]]|first=Todd|last=Saelhof}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://canpl.ca/article/i-didnt-think-it-was-going-to-go-this-well-cavalry-fcs-eryk-kobza-a-true-cpl-u-sports-draft-success-story|title=‘I didn’t think it was going to go this well’: Cavalry FC’s Eryk Kobza a true CPL-U SPORTS Draft success story|first=Mitchell|last=Tierney|date=December 12, 2023|work=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> In July 2023, Kobza signed a professional deal with Cavalry until the end of the 2025 season, with a club option for 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://calgarysun.com/sports/versatile-cavalry-youngster-eryk-kobza-earns-pro-contract-with-terrific-first-year-effort|title='Versatile' Cavalry youngster Eryk Kobza earns pro contract with 'terrific' first-year effort|website=[[Calgary Sun]]|first=Todd|last=Saelhof|date=July 28, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cavalryfc.canpl.ca/article/eryk-kobza|title=Cavalry FC Signs Eryk Kobza to Professional Contract|date=July 28, 2023|work=[[Cavalry FC]]}}</ref> ==International career== Kobza was born in Canada to Polish parents.<ref name=canada/> In February 2016, he was called up to a training camp with the Canada U15 team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitecapsfc.com/youth/post/2016/02/07/18-whitecaps-fc-residency-players-called-canada-soccer-camp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108104919/https://www.whitecapsfc.com/youth/post/2016/02/07/18-whitecaps-fc-residency-players-called-canada-soccer-camp|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 8, 2020|date=February 7, 2016|title=18 Whitecaps FC Residency players called up to Canada Soccer camp|work=[[Vancouver Whitecaps FC]]}}</ref> ==Career statistics== {{updated|match played August 9, 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|eryk-kobza/512572}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|Playoffs !colspan="2"|Domestic Cup !colspan="2"|Continental !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |[[Sokół Ostróda]] |[[2020–21 II liga|2020–21]] |[[II liga]] |6||1||colspan=2|—||0||0||colspan=2|—||6||1 |- |[[Podlasie Biała Podlaska]] |[[2020–21 III liga|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kieleckapilka.pl/plyr.php?plyrid=38104|title=Eryk Kobza Stats|work=Kielecka Piłka|language=pl}}</ref> |[[III liga, group IV]] |20||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||20||1 |- |rowspan="4"|[[Cavalry FC]] |[[2023 Cavalry FC season|2023]] |rowspan="3"|[[Canadian Premier League]] |26||2||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||29||2 |- |[[2024 Cavalry FC season|2024]] |18||0||2||0||3||0||2||0||25||0 |- |[[2025 Cavalry FC season|2025]] |9||0||0||0||1||0||2||0||12||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !53!!2!!5!!0!!4!!0!!4!!0!!66!!2 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !79!!4!!5!!0!!4!!0!!4!!0!!92!!4 |} ==External links== *{{soccerway|eryk-kobza/512572}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Cavalry FC squad}} {{2023 CPL–U Sports Draft}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kobza, Eryk}} [[Category:2001 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Soccer players from North Vancouver]] [[Category:Men's association football midfielders]] [[Category:Canadian men's soccer players]] [[Category:Canadian people of Polish descent]] [[Category:Whitecaps FC Academy players]] [[Category:II liga players]] [[Category:III liga players]] [[Category:Canadian Premier League players]] [[Category:Calgary Dinos men's soccer players]] [[Category:Sokół Ostróda players]] [[Category:Podlasie Biała Podlaska players]] [[Category:Cavalry FC draft picks]] [[Category:Cavalry FC players]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian sportsmen]] [[Category:University and college men's soccer players in Canada]]

1,305,171,883

[{"title": "Eryk Kobza", "data": {"Date of birth": "November 23, 2001", "Place of birth": "North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada", "Height": "6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)", "Position(s)": "Center Back"}}, {"title": "Team information", "data": {"Current team": "Cavalry FC", "Number": "24"}}, {"title": "Youth career", "data": {"2007\u20132012": "North Vancouver FC", "2012\u20132013": "Vancouver Whitecaps", "2013\u20132014": "Mountain United FC", "2014\u20132019": "Vancouver Whitecaps"}}, {"title": "College career", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2019\u20132022": "Calgary Dinos \u00b7 41 \u00b7 (7)"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2020\u20132021": "Sok\u00f3\u0142 Ostr\u00f3da \u00b7 6 \u00b7 (1)", "2021": "Podlasie Bia\u0142a Podlaska \u00b7 20 \u00b7 (1)", "2023\u2013": "Cavalry FC \u00b7 53 \u00b7 (2)"}}]

false

# Þuríður Sturludóttir Þuríður Sturludóttir (1199–1238; Modern Icelandic: [ˈθʏːrˌiːðʏr ˈstʏ(r)tlʏˌtouhtɪr̥]; Old Norse: Þuríðr Sturludóttir [ˈθurˌiːðz̠ ˈsturloˌdoːtːez̠]) was daughter of Icelandic chieftain Sturla Sighvatsson and Sólveig Sæmundsdóttir. Mother of Jón korpur Hrafnsson in whom the warring clans of Haraldur hárfagri (Harald Fairhair) and Egill Skallagrímsson were genetically united in Iceland in 1255. The bloodline of Þuríður Sturludóttir from Haraldur hárfagri Hálfdánarson: - Haraldur “Hárfagri” Hálfdánarson (850) – King in Norway - Sigurður “Hrísi” Haraldsson (880) - Hálfdán Sigurðsson (930) - Sigurður “Sýr” Hálfdánarson (970) - Haraldur “Harðráði” Sigurðsson (1047) – King in Norway - Ólafur “Kyrri” Haraldsson (1066) – King in Norway - Magnús “Berfættur” Ólafsson (1090) – King in Norway - Þóra Magnúsdóttir (1100) - Jón Loftsson (1124–1197) - Sæmundur Jónsson (1154–1222) - Sólveig Sæmundsdóttir (1200–1244) - Þuríður Sturludóttir (1228–1288) ## Sources - Islendingabók (Book of Icelanders): http://www.islendingabok.is - Konungasögur (Kings' sagas) - Egils saga Skallagrímssonar (Egils saga)

enwiki/5334402

enwiki

5,334,402

Þuríður Sturludóttir

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eur%C3%AD%C3%B0ur_Sturlud%C3%B3ttir

2025-01-17T14:45:23

en

Q8079565

7,603

{{icelandic name|Þuríður}} '''Þuríður Sturludóttir''' (1199–1238; [[Modern Icelandic]]: {{IPA|is|ˈθʏːrˌiːðʏr ˈstʏ(r)tlʏˌtouhtɪr̥|}}; [[Old Norse]]: {{lang|non|Þuríð'''r''' Sturludóttir}} {{IPA|non|ˈθurˌiːðz̠ ˈsturloˌdoːtːez̠|}}) was daughter of [[Iceland]]ic chieftain [[Sturla Sighvatsson]] and [[Sólveig Sæmundsdóttir]]. Mother of [[Jón korpur Hrafnsson]] in whom the warring clans of Haraldur hárfagri ([[Harald Fairhair]]) and [[Egill Skallagrímsson]] were genetically united in Iceland in 1255. The bloodline of Þuríður Sturludóttir from Haraldur hárfagri Hálfdánarson: * '''Haraldur “Hárfagri” Hálfdánarson''' (850) – King in Norway * Sigurður “Hrísi” Haraldsson (880) * Hálfdán Sigurðsson (930) * Sigurður “Sýr” Hálfdánarson (970) * Haraldur “Harðráði” Sigurðsson (1047) – King in Norway * Ólafur “Kyrri” Haraldsson (1066) – King in Norway * Magnús “Berfættur” Ólafsson (1090) – King in Norway * [[Þóra Magnúsdóttir]] (1100) * [[Jón Loftsson]] (1124–1197) * Sæmundur Jónsson (1154–1222) * Sólveig Sæmundsdóttir (1200–1244) * '''Þuríður Sturludóttir (1228–1288)''' ==Sources== *Islendingabók (Book of Icelanders): http://www.islendingabok.is *Konungasögur ([[Kings' sagas]]) *Egils saga Skallagrímssonar ([[Egils saga]]) {{DEFAULTSORT:Thuridur Sturludottir}} [[Category:1199 births]] [[Category:1238 deaths]] [[Category:13th-century Icelandic people|Thuridur Sturludottir]] [[Category:13th-century Icelandic women]]

1,270,019,306

[]

false

# Bruno Giacomelli Bruno Giacomelli (Italian pronunciation: [ˈbruno dʒakoˈmɛlli]; born 10 September 1952) is an Italian former racing driver, who competed in Formula One between 1977 and 1990. Giacomelli won one of the two 1976 British Formula 3 Championships and the 1978 Formula Two championship. From 1977 to 1983, Giacomelli participated in 82 Formula One Grands Prix for McLaren, Alfa Romeo and Toleman, debuting at the 1977 Italian Grand Prix. He achieved one podium, and scored a total of 14 championship points. He returned to Formula One in 1990 with Life, infamously failing to qualify in each of his 12 attempts driving the F190, prior to the team's withdrawal after the Spanish Grand Prix. ## Early career Giacomelli began his career in Formula Italia, which he won in 1975. In 1976, he graduated to Formula Three where he competed with March and finished runner up in his first season, to Rupert Keegan, in the B.A.R.C Championship and won the B.R.D.C. title. He also led from start to finish in a March-Toyota in the 1976 Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three support race. His average speed was 74.84 miles per hour. Giacomelli moved into Formula Two in 1977, working in close association with Robin Herd and the March factory. He retired from the Formula Two Pau Grand Prix in May 1977, after his car made contact with one driven by Jacques Laffite. However, he managed to score three F2 wins in 1977 (at Vallelunga, Mugello and Donington Park) and finished fifth in the championship. He also made his Formula One World Championship debut in 1977 in a third works McLaren M23-Cosworth at the 1977 Italian Grand Prix at Monza, retiring with an engine problem which caused him to spin off. Giacomelli dominated the following F2 season. Apart from a third-place finish in the Mugello Grand Prix in May 1978 and a second-place in Vallelunga, Giacomelli won eight of the twelve races and won the title, beating the runner up Marc Surer by 29 points. Giacomelli became the first Italian to win the European Formula Two Championship. ## Formula One After his sole F1 race in 1977, Giacomelli entered five races in 1978 for McLaren, when his Formula Two commitments allowed. He achieved his best finish, of seventh place, in the 1978 British Grand Prix. After winning the European F2 title, he switched to Alfa Romeo for their return to building F1 cars in 1979. Alfa only entered their 177 and 179 cars in a handful of events that year, and Giacomelli could only achieve a best of 17th place in the 1979 French Grand Prix. However, the following year the team looked more promising. Giacomelli earned a surprise 6th place qualifying position for Alfa Romeo at Brands Hatch for the 1980 British Grand Prix. Giacomelli posted a third-place qualifying time for the 1980 Italian Grand Prix at Imola. Three of his six mechanics sustained injuries on the Friday before the race, when their helicopter crashed en route to the track. He won the pole position for the 1980 United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, New York in his Alfa Romeo. Giacomelli improved on his opening day time by 1.25 seconds, with a time of 1 minute 33.29 seconds over the 3.37 mile track. However, despite these flashes of speed Giacomelli only managed to finish three of the season's fourteen races due to crashes or mechanical breakdowns; although two of his finishes were fifth places at the season-opening 1980 Argentine Grand Prix and the 1980 German Grand Prix, thus netting him four points and placing him 16th in the Drivers' Championship. In 1981, the car was somewhat more reliable, with Giacomelli being a classified finisher in eight of the season's 15 races - however he struggled to achieve good results until the end of the year, with a fourth and a third in the season-ending Canadian and Caesars Palace Grands Prix respectively - the latter was Giacomelli's only podium finish in F1, and he achieved his best-ever championship finish by ending up 15th in the drivers' standings. For 1982 Alfa introduced their new Alfa Romeo 182 to replace the ageing 179, however, the new chassis proved to be unreliable in the first half of the season. In the second half, it was reliable enough to allow Giacomelli to finish all but two of the races, however, the year only yielded one points finish for him, with a fifth in Germany. Giacomelli was eliminated at the start of the 1982 Belgian Grand Prix at Zolder when his Alfa Romeo collided with the two ATS cars of Eliseo Salazar and Manfred Winkelhock. Alfa recruited Mauro Baldi to partner Andrea de Cesaris for the 1983 Formula One season and Giacomelli joined Toleman. Giacomelli was outperformed by his teammate Derek Warwick, though he did manage to pick up a final F1 point at the 1983 European Grand Prix at Brands Hatch. Giacomelli was the test driver for the Leyton House March team in 1988 and 1989, as well as in 1990 in its Leyton House incarnation. He was offered a test driver position with McLaren for 1990 but turned it down. In 1990, Giacomelli returned to F1 with the Life outfit, taking over from Gary Brabham (who left the team two races into the season). The car, saddled with an ineffectual and fragile W12 engine, struggled to get within 20 seconds of the pole time at many circuits and Giacomelli failed to even get out of pre-qualifying at any of the 12 Grands Prix he contested with the team. At the Portuguese Grand Prix the team reverted to a more conventional Judd V8 engine, but the car had not been adapted for the new engine and the team were unable to properly fit the engine cover, leading to them pulling out of the event without completing a single lap. When Giacomelli was able to drive the Judd-powered car in Spain he found himself 18 seconds off the pace despite the new engine. With money in short supply and few hopes of improving their desperately noncompetitive package the team folded before the final two races of the season, ending Giacomelli's F1 career. ## CART He made 11 starts in CART in 1984 and 1985, 10 of which were for Patrick Racing. His best finish was a 5th place on the Meadowlands street course in 1985. He attempted but failed to qualify for the 1984 Indianapolis 500. ## Racing record ### Career summary | Season | Series | Team | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Podiums | Points | Position | | ------ | ----------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ----- | ---- | ----- | ------ | ------- | ------ | -------- | | 1974 | Formula Italia | | ? | 1 | ? | ? | ? | 0 | NC | | 1975 | Formula Italia | Cevenini | ? | 5 | ? | ? | ? | 45 | 1st | | 1976 | BARC BP Super Visco British Formula Three | March Engineering | 12 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 71 | 2nd | | 1976 | BRDC Shellsport British Formula Three | March Engineering | 5 | 2 | 5 | ? | 5 | 79 | 1st | | 1976 | FIA European Formula 3 Championship | March Engineering | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | | 1977 | European Formula Two | AFMP Euroracing / March Engineering | 13 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 32 | 4th | | 1977 | CASC Formula Atlantic | Ecurie Canada | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | | 1977 | Formula One | Marlboro Team McLaren | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | | 1978 | European Formula Two | Polifac BMW Junior Team | 12 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 78 | 1st | | 1978 | Formula One | Marlboro Team McLaren | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | | 1978 | Japanese Formula Two | | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | NC | | 1979 | BMW M1 Procar Championship | Osella Squadra Corse | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 19th | | 1979 | Formula One | Autodelta | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | | 1980 | Formula One | Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo | 14 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 16th | | 1981 | Formula One | Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 15th | | 1982 | Formula One | Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 22nd | | 1983 | Formula One | Candy Toleman Motorsport | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 19th | | 1984 | CART PPG Indy Car World Series | Theodore Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 32nd | | 1984 | CART PPG Indy Car World Series | Patrick Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 32nd | | 1985 | CART PPG Indy Car World Series | Patrick Racing | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 19th | | 1985 | World Sportscar Championship | Porsche Kremer Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC‡ | | 1986 | World Sportscar Championship | Sponsor Guest Team | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 44th | | 1986 | World Sportscar Championship | Porsche Kremer Racing | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 44th | | 1987 | World Touring Car Championship | Pro Team Italia/Imberti | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 31st | | 1987 | World Sportscar Championship | Britten – Lloyd Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | | 1987 | World Sportscar Championship | Mussato Action Car | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | | 1988 | World Sportscar Championship | Porsche Kremer Racing | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 37th | | 1988 | All-Japan Sports Prototype Championship | Leyton House Racing | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 10th | | 1988 | 24 Hours of Le Mans | Kenwood Kremer Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 9th | | 1989 | World Sportscar Championship | Mussato Action Car | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | | 1989 | World Sportscar Championship | Porsche Kremer Racing | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | | 1989 | 24 Hours of Le Mans | Porsche Kremer Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | DNF | | 1990 | World Sportscar Championship | Spice Engineering | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 17th | | 1990 | 24 Hours of Le Mans | Richard Lloyd Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 11th | | 1990 | All-Japan Sports Prototype Championship | Davey Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | | 1990 | Formula One | Life Racing Engines | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | | 1995 | BPR Global GT Series | Freisinger Motorsport | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 115th | ‡ Not eligible for Championship points. ### Complete European Formula Two Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) | Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | Pos. | Pts | | ---- | ----------------------- | ---------- | ------ | ------- | ------- | ------- | ----- | ----- | ------- | ----- | ------- | ----- | ----- | ------ | ------ | ----- | ---- | --- | | 1977 | AFMP Euroracing | March 772 | Hart | SIL Ret | THR Ret | HOC Ret | NÜR 6 | | | | | | | | | | 4th | 32 | | 1977 | March Engineering | March 772P | BMW | | | | | VLL 1 | PAU Ret | MUG 1 | ROU Ret | NOG 4 | PER 7 | MIS 10 | EST 14 | | 4th | 32 | | 1977 | March Engineering | March 782 | BMW | | | | | | | | | | | | | DON 1 | 4th | 32 | | 1978 | Polifac BMW Junior Team | March 782 | BMW | THR 1 | HOC 1 | NÜR Ret | PAU 1 | MUG 3 | VLL 2 | ROU 1 | DON Ret | NOG 1 | PER 1 | MIS 1 | HOC 1 | | 1st | 78 | ### Complete Formula One results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) | Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | WDC | Pts | | ---- | ------------------------ | --------------- | ------------------------- | ------- | ------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | ------- | ------ | --- | ---- | --- | | 1977 | Marlboro Team McLaren | McLaren M23 | Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 | ARG | BRA | RSA | USW | ESP | MON | BEL | SWE | FRA | GBR | GER | AUT | NED | ITA Ret | USA | CAN | JPN | NC | 0 | | 1978 | Marlboro Team McLaren | McLaren M26 | Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 | ARG | BRA | RSA | USW | MON | BEL 8 | ESP | SWE | FRA Ret | GBR 7 | GER | AUT | NED Ret | ITA 14 | USA | CAN | | NC | 0 | | 1979 | Autodelta | Alfa Romeo 177 | Alfa Romeo 115-12 3.0 F12 | ARG | BRA | RSA | USW | ESP | BEL Ret | MON | FRA 17 | GBR | GER | AUT | NED | | | | | | NC | 0 | | 1979 | Autodelta | Alfa Romeo 179 | Alfa Romeo 1260 3.0 V12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ITA Ret | CAN | USA Ret | | | NC | 0 | | 1980 | Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo | Alfa Romeo 179 | Alfa Romeo 1260 3.0 V12 | ARG 5 | BRA 13 | RSA Ret | USW Ret | BEL Ret | MON Ret | FRA Ret | GBR Ret | GER 5 | AUT Ret | NED Ret | ITA Ret | CAN Ret | USA Ret | | | | 16th | 4 | | 1981 | Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo | Alfa Romeo 179C | Alfa Romeo 1260 3.0 V12 | USW Ret | BRA NC | ARG 10 | SMR Ret | BEL 9 | MON Ret | ESP 10 | | | | | | ITA 8 | CAN 4 | CPL 3 | | | 15th | 7 | | 1981 | Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo | Alfa Romeo 179B | Alfa Romeo 1260 3.0 V12 | | | | | | | | FRA 15 | GBR Ret | GER 15 | AUT Ret | NED Ret | | | | | | 15th | 7 | | 1982 | Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo | Alfa Romeo 179D | Alfa Romeo 1260 3.0 V12 | RSA 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 22nd | 2 | | 1982 | Marlboro Team Alfa Romeo | Alfa Romeo 182 | Alfa Romeo 1260 3.0 V12 | | BRA Ret | USW Ret | SMR Ret | BEL Ret | MON Ret | DET Ret | CAN Ret | NED 11 | GBR 7 | FRA 9 | GER 5 | AUT Ret | SUI 12 | ITA Ret | CPL 10 | | 22nd | 2 | | 1983 | Candy Toleman Motorsport | Toleman TG183B | Hart 415T 1.5 L4t | BRA Ret | USW Ret | FRA 13 | SMR Ret | MON DNQ | BEL 8 | DET 9 | CAN Ret | GBR Ret | GER Ret | AUT Ret | NED 13 | ITA 7 | EUR 6 | RSA Ret | | | 19th | 1 | | 1990 | Life Racing Engines | Life F190 | Life F35 3.5 W12 | USA | BRA | SMR DNPQ | MON DNPQ | CAN DNPQ | MEX DNPQ | FRA DNPQ | GBR DNPQ | GER DNPQ | HUN DNPQ | BEL DNPQ | ITA DNPQ | | | | | | NC | 0 | | 1990 | Life Racing Engines | Life F190 | Judd CV 3.5 V8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | POR DNPQ | ESP DNPQ | JPN | AUS | | NC | 0 | ### Complete BMW M1 Procar results (key) | Year | Entrant | Car | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Pos. | Pts | | ---- | -------------------- | ------ | ------- | ------- | ------ | ------- | ----- | ----- | --- | ------- | ---- | --- | | 1979 | Osella Squadra Corse | BMW M1 | ZOL Ret | MON Ret | DIJ 10 | SIL Ret | HOC 8 | ÖST 9 | ZAN | MNZ Ret | 19th | 6 | ### American Open-Wheel racing (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) #### CART PPG Indy Car World Series | Year | Team | No. | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | Pos. | Pts | Ref | | ---- | --------------- | --- | ------------ | ---------------- | ------ | ------- | -------- | ------ | ----- | ------ | --- | ------ | --- | ----- | ------ | --- | ----- | --- | ------ | --- | ---- | --- | ------ | | 1984 | Theodore Racing | 44 | Theodore T83 | Cosworth DFX V8t | LBH 27 | PHX DNS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 32nd | 5 | [ 10 ] | | 1984 | Theodore Racing | 44 | Theodore T84 | Cosworth DFX V8t | | | INDY DNQ | MIL | POR | MEA | CLE | MCH | ROA | POC | MDO | SAN | MCH | PHX | | | 32nd | 5 | [ 10 ] | | 1984 | Patrick Racing | 40 | March 84C | Cosworth DFX V8t | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LAG 8 | CPL | 32nd | 5 | [ 10 ] | | 1985 | Patrick Racing | 20 | March 85C | Cosworth DFX V8t | LBH 18 | INDY | MIL | POR 10 | MEA 5 | CLE 10 | MCH | ROA 22 | POC | MDO 6 | SAN 16 | MCH | LAG 6 | PHX | MIA 14 | | 19th | 32 | [ 11 ] | ### Complete World Endurance/World Sports Protype Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) | Year | Entrant | Class | Car | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Pos. | Pts | | ---- | ---------------------- | ----- | ---------------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | ----- | ------ | --- | ---- | --- | | 1985 | Porsche Kremer Racing | C1 | Porsche 956B | MUG | MNZ 8 | SIL | LMS | HOC | MOS | SPA | BRH | FUJ | SHA | | NC | 0‡ | | 1986 | Sponsor Guest Team | C1 | Lancia LC2 | MNZ | SIL | LMS | NOR Ret | BRH Ret | JER | NÜR | | | | | 44th | 10 | | 1986 | Porsche Kremer Racing | C1 | Porsche 962C | | | | | | | | SPA 12 | FUJ 4 | | | 44th | 10 | | 1987 | Britten – Lloyd Racing | C1 | Porsche 962C GTi | JAR | JER | MNZ Ret | SIL | LMS | | | | | | | NC | 0 | | 1987 | Mussato Action Car | C1 | Lancia LC2 | | | | | | NOR DSQ | BRH | NÜR | SPA | FUJ | | NC | 0 | | 1988 | Porsche Kremer Racing | C1 | Porsche 962C | JER | JAR | MNZ 6 | SIL | | | | | | | | 37th | 20 | | 1988 | Porsche Kremer Racing | C1 | Porsche 962-CK6 | | | | | LMS 9 | BRN | BRH | NÜR 10 | SPA | FUJ 16 | SAN | 37th | 20 | | 1989 | Porsche Kremer Racing | C1 | Porsche 962-CK6 | SUZ Ret | DIJ 18 | JAR | | | | | | | | | NC | 0 | | 1989 | Mussato Action Car | C1 | Lancia LC2 | | | | BRH Ret | NÜR NC | DON Ret | SPA DSQ | MEX Ret | | | | NC | 0 | | 1990 | Spice Engineering | C | Spice SE90C | SUZ Ret | | SIL 3 | SPA | DIJ | NÜR | DON 5 | CGV | MEX | | | 17th | 6 | | 1990 | Team Lee-Davey | C | Porsche 962C | | MNZ DSQ | | | | | | | | | | 17th | 6 | ‡ Not eligible for Championship points ### 24 Hours of Le Mans results | Year | Team | Co-Drivers | Car | Class | Laps | Pos. | Class Pos. | | ------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------ | -------------- | ----- | ---- | ---- | ---------- | | 1988 | Kenwood Kremer Racing | Kunimitsu Takahashi Hideki Okada | Porsche 962CK6 | C1 | 370 | 9th | 9th | | 1989 | Porsche Kremer Racing | Kunimitsu Takahashi Giovanni Lavaggi | Porsche 962C | C1 | 303 | DNF | DNF | | 1990 | Richard Lloyd Racing | John Watson Allen Berg | Porsche 962C | C1 | 335 | 11th | 11th | | Source: | | | | | | | | ### Complete World Touring Car Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) | Year | Entrant | Car | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Pos. | Pts | | ---- | --------------- | ---------------- | ------ | ------- | ------- | ------- | --- | ------ | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---- | --- | | 1987 | Pro Team Italia | Maserati Biturbo | MNZ 17 | JAR DNS | DIJ Ret | NÜR Ret | SPA | BRN 24 | SIL | BAT | CLD | WEL | FUJ | 31st | 43 |

enwiki/1219697

enwiki

1,219,697

Bruno Giacomelli

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Giacomelli

2025-08-05T04:06:35

en

Q173112

243,838

{{short description|Italian racing driver (born 1952)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{BLP sources|date=August 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = Bruno Giacomelli | image = Bruno Giacomelli 1982.jpg | caption = Giacomelli in 1982 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|9|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Poncarale]], [[Province of Brescia|Brescia]], Italy | module = {{Infobox F1 driver|embed=yes | nationality = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Formula One drivers from Italy|Italian]] | Years = {{F1|1977}}–{{F1|1983}}, {{F1|1990}} | Team(s) = [[Team McLaren|McLaren]], [[Alfa Romeo (Formula One)|Alfa Romeo]], [[Toleman]], [[Life Racing Engines|Life]] | Races = 82 (69 starts) | Championships = 0 | Wins = 0 | Podiums = 1 | Points = 14 | Poles = 1 | Fastest laps = 0 | First race = [[1977 Italian Grand Prix]] | Last race = [[1990 Spanish Grand Prix]] }} | module2 = {{infobox racing driver|embed=yes | last series = [[World Sportscar Championship]] career | years active = [[1985 World Sportscar Championship|1985]]–[[1990 World Sportscar Championship|1990]] | teams = [[Porsche in motorsport|Porsche]], [[Lancia]], [[Richard Lloyd Racing|RLR]], [[Spice Engineering|Spice]] | starts = 22 | championships = 0 | wins = 0 | podiums = 1 | poles = 0 | fastest laps = 0 }} | module3 = {{infobox Le Mans driver|embed=yes | Years = {{24hLM|1988}}–{{24hLM|1990}} | Team(s) = [[Porsche in motorsport|Porsche]], [[Richard Lloyd Racing|RLR]] | Best Finish = 9th ({{24hLM|1988}}) | Class Wins = 0 }} }} '''Bruno Giacomelli''' ({{IPA|it|ˈbruno dʒakoˈmɛlli}}; born 10 September 1952) is an Italian former [[racing driver]], who competed in [[Formula One]] between {{F1|1977}} and {{F1|1990}}.{{efn|The exact years Giacomelli competed in [[Formula One]]: {{F1|1977}}–{{F1|1983}}, {{F1|1990}}.}} Giacomelli won one of the two [[1976 British Formula 3 season|1976]] [[British Formula 3 Championship]]s and the {{F2|1978}} [[Formula Two]] championship. From {{F1|1977}} to {{F1|1983}}, Giacomelli participated in 82 [[Formula One Grands Prix]] for [[Team McLaren|McLaren]], [[Alfa Romeo (Formula One)|Alfa Romeo]] and [[Toleman]], debuting at the [[1977 Italian Grand Prix]]. He achieved one podium, and scored a total of 14 championship points. He returned to Formula One in {{F1|1990}} with [[Life Racing Engines|Life]], infamously failing to qualify in each of his 12 attempts driving the [[Life F190|F190]], prior to the team's withdrawal after the {{F1GP|1990|Spanish}}. ==Early career== Giacomelli began his career in Formula Italia, which he won in 1975. In 1976, he graduated to [[Formula Three]] where he competed with [[March Engineering|March]] and finished runner up in his first season, to [[Rupert Keegan]],<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|last=Small|first=Steve|title=The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who|publisher=Guinness|date=1994|page=156|ISBN=0851127029}}</ref> in the [[1976 British Formula 3 season#B.A.R.C. BP Super Visco British F3 Championship|B.A.R.C Championship]] and won the [[1976 British Formula 3 season#B.R.D.C. Shellsport British F3 Championship|B.R.D.C.]] title. He also led from start to finish in a March-[[Toyota in motorsports|Toyota]] in the 1976 [[Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three support race]]. His average speed was 74.84 miles per hour.<ref>''Auto Racing'', Syracuse Herald-Journal, May 30, 1976, Page 72.</ref> Giacomelli moved into [[Formula Two]] in 1977, working in close association with [[Robin Herd]] and the March factory.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He retired from the Formula Two [[Pau Grand Prix]] in May 1977, after his car made contact with one driven by [[Jacques Laffite]]. However, he managed to score three F2 wins in 1977<ref name="ReferenceA"/> (at [[Vallelunga]], [[Mugello Circuit|Mugello]] and [[Donington Park]]) and finished fifth in the [[1977 European Formula Two season|championship]]. He also made his [[Formula One]] World Championship debut in 1977 in a third works [[McLaren]] [[McLaren M23|M23]]-[[Cosworth]] at the [[1977 Italian Grand Prix]] at [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|Monza]], retiring with an engine problem which caused him to spin off.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Giacomelli dominated the [[1978 European Formula Two season|following F2 season]]. Apart from a third-place finish in the [[Mugello Circuit|Mugello Grand Prix]] in May 1978<ref>''Auto Racing'', Syracuse Herald Journal, May 29, 1978, Page 21.</ref> and a second-place in [[Vallelunga]], Giacomelli won eight of the twelve races<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and won the title, beating the runner up [[Marc Surer]] by 29 points.<ref>''Sports Briefs'', Syracuse Herald Journal, June 19, 1978, Page 25.</ref> Giacomelli became the first Italian to win the [[European Formula Two Championship]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> ==Formula One== After his sole F1 race in {{f1|1977}}, Giacomelli entered five races in {{f1|1978}} for McLaren, when his Formula Two commitments allowed. He achieved his best finish, of seventh place, in the [[1978 British Grand Prix]]. After winning the European F2 title, he switched to [[Alfa Romeo in motorsport|Alfa Romeo]] for their return to building F1 cars in {{f1|1979}}. Alfa only entered their [[Alfa Romeo 177|177]] and [[Alfa Romeo 179|179]] cars in a handful of events that year, and Giacomelli could only achieve a best of 17th place in the [[1979 French Grand Prix]]. [[File:1979-05 Bruno Giacomelli - Zolder - Alfa Romeo - Formel 1.jpg|left|thumb|Giacomelli driving for [[Autodelta|Alfa Romeo]] at the [[1979 Belgian Grand Prix]].]] However, the [[1980 Formula One season|following year]] the team looked more promising. Giacomelli earned a surprise 6th place qualifying position for [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] at [[Brands Hatch]] for the [[1980 British Grand Prix]].<ref>''French teams dominate'', Syracuse Herald Journal, July 13, 1980, Page 46.</ref> Giacomelli posted a third-place qualifying time for the [[1980 Italian Grand Prix]] at [[Imola]]. Three of his six mechanics sustained injuries on the Friday before the race, when their helicopter crashed en route to the track.<ref>''Andretti May Drive for a New Team'', [[Syracuse Post Standard]], Page 15.</ref> He won the pole position for the [[1980 United States Grand Prix]] at [[Watkins Glen, New York]] in his Alfa Romeo. Giacomelli improved on his opening day time by 1.25 seconds, with a time of 1 minute 33.29 seconds over the 3.37 mile track.<ref>''Formula Ones Go crazy at the Glen'', Syracuse Herald-American, October 5, 1980, Page D13.</ref> However, despite these flashes of speed Giacomelli only managed to finish three of the season's fourteen races due to crashes or mechanical breakdowns; although two of his finishes were fifth places at the season-opening [[1980 Argentine Grand Prix]] and the [[1980 German Grand Prix]], thus netting him four points and placing him 16th in the Drivers' Championship. In {{f1|1981}}, the car was somewhat more reliable, with Giacomelli being a classified finisher in eight of the season's 15 races - however he struggled to achieve good results until the end of the year, with a fourth and a third in the season-ending [[1981 Canadian Grand Prix|Canadian]] and [[1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix|Caesars Palace]] Grands Prix respectively - the latter was Giacomelli's only podium finish in F1, and he achieved his best-ever championship finish by ending up 15th in the drivers' standings. For [[1982 Formula One season|1982]] Alfa introduced their new [[Alfa Romeo 182]] to replace the ageing 179, however, the new chassis proved to be unreliable in the first half of the season. In the second half, it was reliable enough to allow Giacomelli to finish all but two of the races, however, the year only yielded one points finish for him, with a fifth in [[1982 German Grand Prix|Germany]]. Giacomelli was eliminated at the start of the [[1982 Belgian Grand Prix]] at [[Zolder]] when his Alfa Romeo collided with the two [[ATS (wheels)|ATS]] cars of [[Eliseo Salazar]] and [[Manfred Winkelhock]].<ref>''Watson Wins Grand Prix'', Syracuse Post Standard, May 10, 1982, Page 25.</ref> Alfa recruited [[Mauro Baldi]] to partner [[Andrea de Cesaris]] for the [[1983 Formula One season]] and Giacomelli joined [[Toleman]]. Giacomelli was outperformed by his teammate [[Derek Warwick]], though he did manage to pick up a final F1 point at the [[1983 European Grand Prix]] at [[Brands Hatch]]. Giacomelli was the test driver for the [[March Engineering|Leyton House March]] team in 1988 and 1989, as well as in 1990 in its [[Leyton House]] incarnation. He was offered a test driver position with [[McLaren]] for 1990 but turned it down. In 1990, Giacomelli returned to F1 with the [[Life Racing Engines|Life]] outfit, taking over from [[Gary Brabham]] (who left the team two races into the season). The car, saddled with an ineffectual and fragile W12 engine, struggled to get within 20 seconds of the pole time at many circuits and Giacomelli failed to even get out of pre-qualifying at any of the 12 Grands Prix he contested with the team. At the Portuguese Grand Prix the team reverted to a more conventional Judd V8 engine, but the car had not been adapted for the new engine and the team were unable to properly fit the engine cover,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://f1rejects.com/teams/life/profile.html |title=Life - Profile |publisher=f1rejects.com |date=2001-01-13 |access-date=2011-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926220936/http://f1rejects.com/teams/life/profile.html |archive-date=September 26, 2011 }}</ref> leading to them pulling out of the event without completing a single lap. When Giacomelli was able to drive the Judd-powered car in Spain he found himself 18 seconds off the pace despite the new engine. With money in short supply and few hopes of improving their desperately noncompetitive package the team folded before the final two races of the season, ending Giacomelli's F1 career. ==CART== He made 11 starts in [[Champ Car|CART]] in 1984 and 1985, 10 of which were for [[Patrick Racing]]. His best finish was a 5th place on the [[Meadowlands Sports Complex|Meadowlands]] street course in 1985. He attempted but failed to qualify for the [[1984 Indianapolis 500]].{{clear}} ==Racing record== ===Career summary=== {{Incomplete list|date=December 2021}} {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center" !Season !Series !Team !Races !Wins !Poles !F/Laps !Podiums !Points !Position |- !1974 |align=left|Formula Italia |align=left| |? |1 |? |? |? |0 |NC |- !1975 |align=left|Formula Italia |align=left|Cevenini |? |5 |? |? |? |45 |style="background:#FFFFBF"|'''1st''' |- !rowspan=3|1976 |align=left nowrap|[[1976 British Formula Three season#B.A.R.C. BP Super Visco British F3 Championship|BARC BP Super Visco British Formula Three]] |rowspan="3" style="text-align:left"|[[March Engineering]] |12 |5 |5 |4 |9 |71 |style="background:#DFDFDF"|'''2nd''' |- |align=left|[[1976 British Formula Three season#B.R.D.C. Shellsport British F3 Championship|BRDC Shellsport British Formula Three]] |5 |2 |5 |? |5 |79 |style="background:#FFFFBF"|'''1st''' |- |align=left|[[1976 FIA European Formula 3 Championship|FIA European Formula 3 Championship]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |NC |- !rowspan=3|1977 |align=left|[[1977 European Formula Two Championship|European Formula Two]] |align=left nowrap|[[Alfa Romeo in Formula One#Autodelta, Marlboro and Benetton Team Alfa Romeo (1979–1985)|AFMP Euroracing]] / [[March Engineering]] |13 |3 |3 |3 |3 |32 |4th |- |align=left|[[1977 Formula Atlantic season|CASC Formula Atlantic]] |align=left|Ecurie Canada |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |NC |- |align=left|[[1977 Formula One season|Formula One]] |align=left|[[Marlboro]] [[McLaren|Team McLaren]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |NC |- !rowspan=3|1978 |align=left|[[1978 European Formula Two Championship|European Formula Two]] |align=left|[[BMW in motorsport|Polifac BMW Junior Team]] |12 |8 |8 |6 |10 |78 |style="background:#FFFFBF"|'''1st''' |- |align=left|[[1978 Formula One season|Formula One]] |align=left|[[Marlboro]] [[McLaren|Team McLaren]] |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |NC |- |align=left|[[Super Formula Championship|Japanese Formula Two]] |align=left| |1 |0 |1 |1 |0 |0 |NC |- !rowspan=2|1979 |align=left|[[1979 BMW M1 Procar Championship|BMW M1 Procar Championship]] |align=left|[[Osella|Osella Squadra Corse]] |8 |0 |0 |0 |1 |6 |19th |- |align=left|[[1979 Formula One season|Formula One]] |align=left|[[Autodelta]] |4 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |NC |- !1980 |align=left|[[1980 Formula One season|Formula One]] |align=left|[[Marlboro]] [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Team Alfa Romeo]] |14 |0 |1 |0 |0 |4 |16th |- !1981 |align=left|[[1981 Formula One season|Formula One]] |align=left|[[Marlboro]] [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Team Alfa Romeo]] |15 |0 |0 |0 |1 |7 |15th |- !1982 |align=left|[[1982 Formula One World Championship|Formula One]] |align=left|[[Marlboro]] [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Team Alfa Romeo]] |16 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |22nd |- !1983 |align=left|[[1983 Formula One World Championship|Formula One]] |align=left|[[Candy (company)|Candy]] [[Toleman|Toleman Motorsport]] |14 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |19th |- !rowspan=2|1984 |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left"|[[1984 CART PPG Indy Car World Series|CART PPG Indy Car World Series]] |align=left|[[Theodore Racing]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |rowspan=2|5 |rowspan=2|32nd |- |align=left|[[Patrick Racing]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !rowspan=2|1985 |align=left|[[1985 CART PPG Indy Car World Series|CART PPG Indy Car World Series]] |align=left|[[Patrick Racing]] |9 |0 |0 |0 |0 |32 |19th |- |align=left|[[1985 World Sportscar Championship|World Sportscar Championship]] |align=left|[[Kremer Racing|Porsche Kremer Racing]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |NC‡ |- !rowspan=2|1986 |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left"|[[1986 World Sportscar Championship|World Sportscar Championship]] |align=left|Sponsor Guest Team |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |rowspan=2|10 |rowspan=2|44th |- |align=left|[[Kremer Racing|Porsche Kremer Racing]] |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !rowspan=3|1987 |align=left|[[1987 World Touring Car Championship|World Touring Car Championship]] |align=left|Pro Team Italia/Imberti |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 |42 |31st |- |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left"|[[1987 World Sportscar Championship|World Sportscar Championship]] |align=left|[[Richard Lloyd Racing|Britten – Lloyd Racing]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |rowspan=2|0 |rowspan=2|NC |- |align=left|Mussato Action Car |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !rowspan=3|1988 |align=left|[[1988 World Sportscar Championship|World Sportscar Championship]] |align=left|[[Kremer Racing|Porsche Kremer Racing]] |4 |0 |0 |0 |0 |20 |37th |- |align=left|[[1988 All Japan Sports Prototype Car Endurance Championship|All-Japan Sports Prototype Championship]] |align=left|Leyton House Racing |2 |1 |0 |0 |1 |30 |10th |- |align=left|[[1988 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]] |align=left|[[Kenwood Corporation|Kenwood]] [[Kremer Racing]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |N/A |9th |- !rowspan=3|1989 |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left"|[[1989 World Sportscar Championship|World Sportscar Championship]] |align=left|Mussato Action Car |4 |0 |0 |0 |0 |rowspan=2|0 |rowspan=2|NC |- |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left"|[[Kremer Racing|Porsche Kremer Racing]] |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |align=left|[[1989 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |N/A |DNF |- !rowspan=4|1990 |align=left|[[1990 World Sportscar Championship|World Sportscar Championship]] |align=left|[[Spice Engineering]] |3 |0 |0 |0 |1 |6 |17th |- |align=left|[[1990 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans]] |align=left|[[Richard Lloyd Racing]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |N/A |11th |- |align=left|[[1990 All Japan Sports Prototype Car Endurance Championship|All-Japan Sports Prototype Championship]] |align=left|Davey Racing |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |NC |- |align=left|[[1990 Formula One World Championship|Formula One]] |align=left|[[Life Racing Engines]] |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |NC |- !1995 |align=left|[[1995 BPR Global GT Series|BPR Global GT Series]] |align=left|[[Freisinger Motorsport]] |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 |15 |115th |- |} ‡ Not eligible for Championship points. ===Complete European Formula Two Championship results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" |- ! Year ! Entrant ! Chassis ! Engine ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! {{Tooltip|Pos.|Championship position}} ! Pts |- |rowspan=3| {{F2|1977}} ! nowrap| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One#Return to Formula One, 1979–1985|AFMP Euroracing]] ! nowrap| [[March Engineering|March 772]] ! nowrap| [[Brian Hart Ltd.|Hart]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Thruxton Circuit|THR]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Eifelrennen|NÜR]] {{tooltip|6|Received 2 championship poins as Jochen Mass who finished ahead was ineligible for points}} |colspan=9| !rowspan=3| 4th !rowspan=3| 32 |- !rowspan=2 nowrap| [[March Engineering]] ! nowrap| [[March Engineering|March 772P]] !rowspan=2 nowrap| [[BMW in motorsport|BMW]] |colspan=4| |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL]]''''' {{small|1}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Pau Grand Prix|PAU]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[Mugello Circuit|MUG]] {{small|1}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Rouen-Les-Essarts|ROU]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit Paul Armagnac|NOG]] {{small|4}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Autodromo di Pergusa|PER]] {{small|7}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| '''''[[Misano Circuit|MIS]]''''' {{small|10}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Autódromo do Estoril|EST]] {{small|14}} | |- ! nowrap| [[March Engineering|March 782]] |colspan=12| |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[Donington Park|DON]]''''' {{small|1}} |- | {{F2|1978}} ! nowrap| [[BMW in motorsport|Polifac BMW Junior Team]] ! nowrap| [[March Engineering|March 782]] ! nowrap| [[BMW in motorsport|BMW]] |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[Thruxton Circuit|THR]]''''' {{small|1}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[Hockenheimring|HOC]]''''' {{small|1}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[Eifelrennen|NÜR]]''' {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[Pau Grand Prix|PAU]]'' {{small|1}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''[[Mugello Circuit|MUG]]''' {{small|3}} |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''''[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL]]''''' {{small|2}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[Rouen-Les-Essarts|ROU]]''' {{small|1}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[Donington Park|DON]]''' {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[Circuit Paul Armagnac|NOG]]''''' {{small|1}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[Autodromo di Pergusa|PER]] {{small|1}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[Misano World Circuit|MIS]]'' {{small|1}} |style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC]] {{small|1}} | |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1st''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''78''' |} ===Complete Formula One results=== ([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 2|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" |- ! Year ! Entrant ! Chassis ! Engine ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! {{Tooltip|WDC|World Drivers' Championship}} ! [[List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems|Pts]] |- | [[1977 Formula One season|1977]] ! nowrap| [[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro]] [[McLaren|Team McLaren]] ! nowrap| [[McLaren]] [[McLaren M23|M23]] ! nowrap| [[Cosworth DFV|Ford Cosworth DFV]] 3.0 [[V8 engine|V8]] | [[1977 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]] | [[1977 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | [[1977 South African Grand Prix|RSA]] | [[1977 United States Grand Prix West|USW]] | [[1977 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[1977 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] | [[1977 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] | [[1977 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]] | [[1977 French Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[1977 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[1977 German Grand Prix|GER]] | [[1977 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] | [[1977 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1977 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] {{small|Ret}} | [[1977 United States Grand Prix|USA]] | [[1977 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] | [[1977 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] ! NC ! 0 |- | [[1978 Formula One season|1978]] ! nowrap| [[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro]] [[McLaren|Team McLaren]] ! nowrap| [[McLaren]] [[McLaren M26|M26]] ! nowrap| [[Cosworth DFV|Ford Cosworth DFV]] 3.0 [[V8 engine|V8]] | [[1978 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]] | [[1978 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | [[1978 South African Grand Prix|RSA]] | [[1978 United States Grand Prix West|USW]] | [[1978 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1978 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] {{small|8}} | [[1978 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[1978 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1978 French Grand Prix|FRA]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1978 British Grand Prix|GBR]] {{small|7}} | [[1978 German Grand Prix|GER]] | [[1978 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1978 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1978 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] {{small|14}} | [[1978 United States Grand Prix|USA]] | [[1978 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] | ! NC ! 0 |- |rowspan=2| [[1979 Formula One season|1979]] !rowspan=2| [[Autodelta]] ! nowrap| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 177|177]] ! nowrap| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 12-cylinder engine|115-12]] 3.0 [[Flat-12|F12]] | [[1979 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]] | [[1979 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] | [[1979 South African Grand Prix|RSA]] | [[1979 United States Grand Prix West|USW]] | [[1979 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1979 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] {{small|Ret}} | [[1979 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1979 French Grand Prix|FRA]] {{small|17}} | [[1979 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[1979 German Grand Prix|GER]] | [[1979 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] | [[1979 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] |colspan=5| !rowspan=2| NC !rowspan=2| 0 |- ! nowrap| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 179|179]] ! nowrap| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 12-cylinder engine|1260]] 3.0 [[V12 engine|V12]] |colspan=12| |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1979 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] {{small|Ret}} | [[1979 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1979 United States Grand Prix|USA]] {{small|Ret}} |colspan=2| |- | [[1980 Formula One season|1980]] ! nowrap| [[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro]] [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Team Alfa Romeo]] ! nowrap| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 179|179]] ! nowrap| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 12-cylinder engine|1260]] 3.0 [[V12 engine|V12]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[1980 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]] {{small|5}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1980 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] {{small|13}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1980 South African Grand Prix|RSA]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1980 United States Grand Prix West|USW]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1980 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1980 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1980 French Grand Prix|FRA]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1980 British Grand Prix|GBR]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[1980 German Grand Prix|GER]] {{small|5}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1980 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1980 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1980 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1980 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[1980 United States Grand Prix|USA]]''' {{small|Ret}} |colspan=3| ! 16th ! 4 |- |rowspan=2| [[1981 Formula One season|1981]] !rowspan=2 nowrap| [[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro]] [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Team Alfa Romeo]] ! nowrap| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 179|179C]] !rowspan=2 nowrap| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 12-cylinder engine|1260]] 3.0 [[V12 engine|V12]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1981 United States Grand Prix West|USW]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1981 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] {{small|NC}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1981 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]] {{small|10}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1981 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1981 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] {{small|9}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1981 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1981 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] {{small|10}} |colspan=5| |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1981 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] {{small|8}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[1981 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] {{small|4}} |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix|CPL]] {{small|3}} |colspan=2| !rowspan=2| 15th !rowspan=2| 7 |- ! nowrap| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 179|179B]] |colspan=7| |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1981 French Grand Prix|FRA]] {{small|15}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1981 British Grand Prix|GBR]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1981 German Grand Prix|GER]] {{small|15}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1981 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1981 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] {{small|Ret}} |colspan=5| |- |rowspan=2| [[1982 Formula One season|1982]] !rowspan=2 nowrap| [[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro]] [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Team Alfa Romeo]] ! nowrap| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 179|179D]] !rowspan=2 nowrap| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 12-cylinder engine|1260]] 3.0 [[V12 engine|V12]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1982 South African Grand Prix|RSA]] {{small|11}} |colspan=16| !rowspan=2| 22nd !rowspan=2| 2 |- ! nowrap| [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] [[Alfa Romeo 182|182]] | |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1982 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1982 United States Grand Prix West|USW]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1982 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1982 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1982 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1982 Detroit Grand Prix|DET]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1982 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1982 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] {{small|11}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1982 British Grand Prix|GBR]] {{small|7}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1982 French Grand Prix|FRA]] {{small|9}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[1982 German Grand Prix|GER]] {{small|5}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1982 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1982 Swiss Grand Prix|SUI]] {{small|12}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1982 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1982 Caesars Palace Grand Prix|CPL]] {{small|10}} | |- | [[1983 Formula One season|1983]] ! nowrap| [[Candy (company)|Candy]] [[Toleman|Toleman Motorsport]] ! nowrap| [[Toleman]] [[Toleman TG183|TG183B]] ! nowrap| [[Hart Racing Engines|Hart]] [[Hart 415T engine|415T]] 1.5 [[Inline-four engine|L4]][[Turbocharger|t]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1983 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1983 United States Grand Prix West|USW]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1983 French Grand Prix|FRA]] {{small|13}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1983 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffcfcf;"| [[1983 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] {{small|DNQ}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1983 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] {{small|8}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1983 Detroit Grand Prix|DET]] {{small|9}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1983 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1983 British Grand Prix|GBR]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1983 German Grand Prix|GER]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1983 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1983 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] {{small|13}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[1983 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] {{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[1983 European Grand Prix|EUR]] {{small|6}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[1983 South African Grand Prix|RSA]] {{small|Ret}} |colspan=2| ! 19th ! 1 |- |rowspan=2| [[1990 Formula One season|1990]] !rowspan=2 nowrap| [[Life Racing Engines]] !rowspan=2 nowrap| [[Life Racing Engines|Life]] [[Life F190|F190]] ! nowrap| [[Life Racing Engines|Life F35]] 3.5 [[W12 engine|W12]] | [[1990 United States Grand Prix|USA]] | [[1990 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] |style="background:#ffcfcf;"| [[1990 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] {{small|DNPQ}} |style="background:#ffcfcf;"| [[1990 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] {{small|DNPQ}} |style="background:#ffcfcf;"| [[1990 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] {{small|DNPQ}} |style="background:#ffcfcf;"| [[1990 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]] {{small|DNPQ}} |style="background:#ffcfcf;"| [[1990 French Grand Prix|FRA]] {{small|DNPQ}} |style="background:#ffcfcf;"| [[1990 British Grand Prix|GBR]] {{small|DNPQ}} |style="background:#ffcfcf;"| [[1990 German Grand Prix|GER]] {{small|DNPQ}} |style="background:#ffcfcf;"| [[1990 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]] {{small|DNPQ}} |style="background:#ffcfcf;"| [[1990 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] {{small|DNPQ}} |style="background:#ffcfcf;"| [[1990 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] {{small|DNPQ}} |colspan=5| !rowspan=2| NC !rowspan=2| 0 |- ! nowrap| [[Judd (engine)#CV|Judd CV]] 3.5 [[V8 engine|V8]] |colspan=12| |style="background:#ffcfcf;"| [[1990 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]] {{small|DNPQ}} |style="background:#ffcfcf;"| [[1990 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] {{small|DNPQ}} | [[1990 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[1990 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]] | |} ===Complete BMW M1 Procar results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" ! Year ! Entrant ! Car ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! {{Tooltip|Pos.|Championship position}} ! Pts |- | [[1979 BMW M1 Procar Championship|1979]] ! nowrap| [[Osella|Osella Squadra Corse]] ! nowrap| [[BMW M1]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Zolder|ZOL]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Monaco|MON]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Dijon-Prenois|DIJ]] {{small|10}} |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC]] {{small|8}} |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Österreichring|ÖST]] {{small|9}} | [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ]] {{small|Ret}} ! 19th ! 6 |} ===American Open-Wheel racing=== ([[Template:American Open Wheel driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) ====CART PPG Indy Car World Series==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" ! Year ! Team ! No. ! Chassis ! Engine ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! {{Tooltip|Pos.|Championship position}} ! Pts ! Ref |- |rowspan=3| [[1984 IndyCar season|1984]] !rowspan=2 nowrap| [[Theodore Racing]] !rowspan=2| 44 !nowrap| [[Theodore Racing|Theodore]] T83 !rowspan=3 nowrap| [[Cosworth]] [[Cosworth DFV#DFX|DFX]] [[V8 engine|V8]][[Turbocharger|t]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Grand Prix of Long Beach|LBH]] {{small|27}} |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[XM Satellite Radio Indy 200|PHX]] {{small|DNS}} |colspan=14| !rowspan=3 style="background:#cfcfff;"| 32nd !rowspan=3 style="background:#cfcfff;"| 5 !rowspan=3| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://racing-reference.info/drivdet/giacobr01/1984/R|title=Bruno Giacomelli – 1984 CART Results|work=Racing-Reference|publisher=NASCAR Digital Media, LLC|access-date=August 17, 2023}}</ref> |- ! nowrap| [[Theodore Racing|Theodore]] T84 |colspan=2| |style="background:#FFCFCF;"| [[1984 Indianapolis 500|INDY]] {{small|DNQ}} | [[Milwaukee IndyFest|MIL]] | [[Grand Prix of Portland|POR]] | [[Meadowlands Grand Prix|MEA]] | [[Grand Prix of Cleveland|CLE]] | [[Firestone Indy 400|MCH]] | [[Champ Car Grand Prix of Road America|ROA]] | [[Pocono IndyCar 400|POC]] | [[Honda Indy 200|MDO]] | [[Grand Prix of Montreal|SAN]] | [[Firestone Indy 400|MCH]] | [[XM Satellite Radio Indy 200|PHX]] |colspan=2| |- ! nowrap| [[Patrick Racing]] ! 40 ! nowrap| [[March Engineering|March]] 84C |colspan=14| |style="background:#CFEAFF;"| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|LAG]] {{small|8}} | [[Caesars Palace Grand Prix|CPL]] |- | [[1985 IndyCar season|1985]] ! nowrap| [[Patrick Racing]] ! 20 ! nowrap| [[March Engineering|March]] 85C ! nowrap| [[Cosworth]] [[Cosworth DFV#DFX|DFX]] [[V8 engine|V8]][[Turbocharger|t]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Grand Prix of Long Beach|LBH]] {{small|18}} | [[1985 Indianapolis 500|INDY]] | [[Milwaukee IndyFest|MIL]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Grand Prix of Portland|POR]] {{small|10}} |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Meadowlands Grand Prix|MEA]] {{small|5}} |style="background:#CFEAFF;"| [[Grand Prix of Cleveland|CLE]] {{small|10}} | [[Firestone Indy 400|MCH]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Champ Car Grand Prix of Road America|ROA]] {{small|22}} | [[Pocono IndyCar 400|POC]] |style="background:#CFEAFF;"| [[Honda Indy 200|MDO]] {{small|6}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Grand Prix of Montreal|SAN]] {{small|16}} | [[Firestone Indy 400|MCH]] |style="background:#CFEAFF;"| [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca|LAG]] {{small|6}} | [[XM Satellite Radio Indy 200|PHX]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Tamiami Park|MIA]] {{small|14}} | !style="background:#cfcfff;"| 19th !style="background:#cfcfff;"| 32 !<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racing-reference.info/drivdet/giacobr01/1985/R|title=Bruno Giacomelli – 1985 CART Results|work=Racing-Reference|publisher=NASCAR Digital Media, LLC|access-date=August 17, 2023}}</ref> |} ===Complete World Endurance/World Sports Protype Championship results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" ! Year ! Entrant ! Class ! Car ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! {{Tooltip|Pos.|Championship position}} ! Pts |- | [[1985 World Sportscar Championship season|1985]] ! nowrap| [[Porsche Kremer Racing]] ! C1 ! nowrap| [[Porsche 956B]] | [[1985 1000 km of Mugello|MUG]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[1985 1000 km of Monza|MNZ]] {{small|8}} | [[1985 1000 km of Silverstone|SIL]] | [[1985 24 Hours of Le Mans|LMS]] | [[1985 1000 km of Hockenheim|HOC]] | [[1985 1000 km of Mosport|MOS]] | [[1985 1000 km of Spa|SPA]] | [[1985 1000 km of Brands Hatch|BRH]] | [[1985 1000 km of Fuji|FUJ]] | [[1985 800 km of Selangor|SHA]] | ! NC ! 0{{smallsup|‡}} |- |rowspan=2| [[1986 World Sportscar Championship season|1986]] ! nowrap| Sponsor Guest Team !rowspan=2| C1 ! nowrap| [[Lancia LC2]] | [[1986 360 km of Monza|MNZ]] | [[1986 1000 km of Silverstone|SIL]] | [[1986 24 Hours of Le Mans|LMS]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[1986 100 Miles of Norisring|NOR]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[1986 1000 km of Brands Hatch|BRH]] {{small|Ret}} | [[1986 360 km of Jerez|JER]] | [[1986 1000 km of Nürburgring|NÜR]] |colspan=4| !rowspan=2| 44th !rowspan=2| 10 |- ! nowrap| [[Porsche Kremer Racing]] ! nowrap| [[Porsche 962C]] |colspan=7| |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[1986 1000 km of Spa|SPA]] {{small|12}} |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[1986 1000 km of Fuji|FUJ]] {{small|4}} |colspan=2| |- |rowspan=2| [[1987 World Sportscar Championship season|1987]] ! nowrap| [[Richard Lloyd Racing|Britten – Lloyd Racing]] !rowspan=2| C1 ! [[Porsche 962C|Porsche 962C GTi]] | [[1987 360 km of Jarama|JAR]] | [[1987 1000 km of Jerez|JER]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[1987 1000 km of Monza|MNZ]] {{small|Ret}} | [[1987 1000 km of Silverstone|SIL]] | [[1987 24 Hours of Le Mans|LMS]] |colspan=6| !rowspan=2| NC !rowspan=2| 0 |- ! nowrap| Mussato Action Car ! nowrap| [[Lancia LC2]] |colspan=5| |style="background:#000; color:#fff;"| [[1987 200 Miles of Norisring|NOR]] {{small|DSQ}} | [[1987 1000 km of Brands Hatch|BRH]] | [[1987 1000 km of Nürburgring|NÜR]] | [[1987 1000 km of Spa|SPA]] | [[1987 1000 km of Fuji|FUJ]] | |- |rowspan=2| [[1988 World Sportscar Championship season|1988]] !rowspan=2 nowrap| [[Porsche Kremer Racing]] !rowspan=2| C1 ! nowrap| [[Porsche 962C]] | [[1988 800 km of Jerez|JER]] | [[1988 360 km of Jarama|JAR]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[1988 1000 km of Monza|MNZ]] {{small|6}} | [[1988 1000 km of Silverstone|SIL]] |colspan=7| !rowspan=2| 37th !rowspan=2| 20 |- ! nowrap| [[Porsche 962C|Porsche 962-CK6]] |colspan=4| |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[1988 24 Hours of Le Mans|LMS]] {{small|9}} | [[1988 360 km of Brno|BRN]] | [[1988 1000 km of Brands Hatch|BRH]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[1988 1000 km of Nürburgring|NÜR]] {{small|10}} | [[1988 1000 km of Spa|SPA]] |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[1988 1000 km of Fuji|FUJ]] {{small|16}} | [[1988 360 km of Sandown Park|SAN]] |- |rowspan=2| [[1989 World Sportscar Championship season|1989]] ! nowrap| [[Porsche Kremer Racing]] !rowspan=2| C1 ! nowrap| [[Porsche 962C|Porsche 962-CK6]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[1989 480 km of Suzuka|SUZ]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[1989 480 km of Dijon|DIJ]] {{small|18}} | [[1989 480 km of Jarama|JAR]] |colspan=8| !rowspan=2| NC !rowspan=2| 0 |- ! nowrap| Mussato Action Car ! nowrap| [[Lancia LC2]] |colspan=3| |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[1989 480 km of Brands Hatch|BRH]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[1989 480 km of Nürburgring|NÜR]] {{small|NC}} |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[1989 480 km of Donington|DON]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#000; color:#fff;"| [[1989 480 km of Spa|SPA]] {{small|DSQ}} |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[1989 480 km of Mexico|MEX]] {{small|Ret}} |colspan=3| |- |rowspan=2| [[1990 World Sportscar Championship season|1990]] ! nowrap| [[Spice Engineering]] !rowspan=2| C ! nowrap| [[Spice Engineering|Spice SE90C]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[1990 480 km of Suzuka|SUZ]] {{small|Ret}} | |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[1990 480 km of Silverstone|SIL]] {{small|3}} | [[1990 480 km of Spa|SPA]] | [[1990 480 km of Dijon|DIJ]] | [[1990 480 km of Nürburgring|NÜR]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[1990 480 km of Donington|DON]] {{small|5}} | [[1990 480 km of Montreal|CGV]] | [[1990 480 km of Mexico City|MEX]] |colspan=2| !rowspan=2| 17th !rowspan=2| 6 |- ! nowrap| Team Lee-Davey ! nowrap| [[Porsche 962C]] | |style="background:#000; color:#fff;"| [[1990 480 km of Monza|MNZ]] {{small|DSQ}} |colspan=9| |} {{smallsup|‡}} Not eligible for Championship points ===24 Hours of Le Mans results=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" |- ! Year ! Team ! Co-Drivers ! Car ! Class ! Laps ! {{Tooltip|Pos.|Overall Position}} ! {{Tooltip|Class Pos.|Class Position}} |- ! [[1988 24 Hours of Le Mans|1988]] |align="left" nowrap| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Kenwood Electronics|Kenwood]] [[Kremer Racing]] |align="left" nowrap| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kunimitsu Takahashi]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hideki Okada (racing driver)|Hideki Okada]] |align="left" nowrap| [[Porsche 962]]CK6 | C1 | 370 | 9th | 9th |- ! [[1989 24 Hours of Le Mans|1989]] |align="left" nowrap| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Porsche]] [[Kremer Racing]] |align="left" nowrap| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kunimitsu Takahashi]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Giovanni Lavaggi]] |align="left" nowrap| [[Porsche 962]]C | C1 | 303 | DNF | DNF |- ! [[1990 24 Hours of Le Mans|1990]] |align="left" nowrap| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Richard Lloyd Racing]] |align="left" nowrap| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[John Watson (racing driver)|John Watson]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Allen Berg]] |align="left" nowrap| [[Porsche 962]]C | C1 | 335 | 11th | 11th |- !colspan="8"|{{center|{{small|Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.racingsportscars.com/driver/Bruno-Giacomelli-I.html|title=Bruno Giacomelli, Italy|work=racingsportscars.com|access-date=September 22, 2017}}</ref>}}}} |} ===Complete World Touring Car Championship results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" |- ! Year ! Entrant ! Car ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! {{Tooltip|Pos.|Championship position}} ! Pts |- | [[1987 WTCC season|1987]] ! nowrap| Pro Team Italia ! nowrap| [[Maserati Biturbo]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[1987 Monza 500|MNZ]] {{small|17}} |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[1987 Jarama 4 Hours|JAR]] {{small|DNS}} |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[1987 Burgundy 500|DIJ]] {{small|Ret}} |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[1987 Nürburgring Touring Car Grand Prix|NÜR]] {{small|Ret}} | [[1987 Spa 24 Hour|SPA]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[1987 Grand Prix Brno|BRN]] {{small|24}} | [[1987 RAC Tourist Trophy|SIL]] | [[1987 James Hardie 1000|BAT]] | [[1987 Bob Jane T-Marts 500|CLD]] | [[1987 Wellington 500|WEL]] | [[1987 Fuji InterTEC 500|FUJ]] ! 31st ! 43 |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box | before = [[Renzo Zorzi]] | title = [[List of Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three support race winners|Monaco Formula Three Race Winner]]| after = [[Didier Pironi]]| years = 1976}} {{succession box|title= [[British Formula 3 Championship]] [[British Racing Drivers' Club|BRDC]] Series Champion |before=None |after= [[Stephen South]]|years= 1976}} {{succession box | before = [[René Arnoux]] | title = [[European Formula Two Championship|European Formula Two]] Champion | years=1978 | after=[[Marc Surer]]}} {{s-end}} {{British F3 champions}} {{Toleman}} {{Patrick Racing}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Giacomelli, Bruno}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Sportspeople from the Province of Brescia]] [[Category:Italian racing drivers]] [[Category:Italian Formula One drivers]] [[Category:Alfa Romeo Formula One drivers]] [[Category:McLaren Formula One drivers]] [[Category:Toleman Formula One drivers]] [[Category:Life Racing Engines Formula One drivers]] [[Category:European Formula Two Championship drivers]] [[Category:British Formula Three Championship drivers]] [[Category:World Touring Car Championship drivers]] [[Category:Champ Car drivers]] [[Category:24 Hours of Le Mans drivers]] [[Category:World Sportscar Championship drivers]]

1,304,289,871

[{"title": "Bruno Giacomelli", "data": {"Born": "10 September 1952 \u00b7 Poncarale, Brescia, Italy"}}, {"title": "Formula One World Championship career", "data": {"Nationality": "Italian", "Active years": "1977\u20131983, 1990", "Teams": "McLaren, Alfa Romeo, Toleman, Life", "Entries": "82 (69 starts)", "Championships": "0", "Wins": "0", "Podiums": "1", "Career points": "14", "Pole positions": "1", "Fastest laps": "0", "First entry": "1977 Italian Grand Prix", "Last entry": "1990 Spanish Grand Prix"}}, {"title": "World Sportscar Championship career", "data": {"Years active": "1985\u20131990", "Teams": "Porsche, Lancia, RLR, Spice", "Starts": "22", "Championships": "0", "Wins": "0", "Podiums": "1", "Poles": "0", "Fastest laps": "0"}}, {"title": "24 Hours of Le Mans career", "data": {"Years": "1988\u20131990", "Teams": "Porsche, RLR", "Best finish": "9th (1988)", "Class wins": "0"}}]

false

# Marching Sound Machine The Sound Machine is the official marching band of North Carolina Central University. The Sound Machine performs pre-game and halftime shows at all North Carolina Central home games and travels to most away games. ## History The history of the North Carolina Central's Marching Band dates back to the 1930s when Dr. Stephen Junius Wright, an assistant professor of education at the then North Carolina College in Durham, was asked to organize the first marching band. The inaugural band was believed to have about 25 musicians. In 1958, Dr. Richard Henry Lee Jones, became the fifth band director to lead the program. Jones is credited for growing the band to around 120 members and gaining both national and local recognition for their performances. In 1960, the band performed at the inauguration for then Governor of North Carolina, Terry Sanford. The following year, the band performed during halftime of the New York Giants-Dallas Cowboys football game in front of 56,000 fans at Yankee Stadium. Following the tenure of Dr. Jones, a number of succeeding directors carried on the legacy of the band program, including Ms. Robyn Reaves who in 1997 became the first female band director in the CIAA. In 2001, Mr. Jorim Reid was named band director. Reid was responsible for a number of changes to the program, including the introduction of marching techniques commonly found in corp style marching. Under Reid's leadership the Marching Sound Machine increased to around 200 members, and made a number of national appearances including six appearances at the Honda Battle of the Bands in Atlanta, Georgia and participation in the 122nd Rose Parade in Pasadena, California. In 2015, Mr. Thurman D. Hollins assumed leadership as director of bands. ## Leadership Directly overseeing the Sound Machine is Mr. Jovan Alexander Wilson. Jovan Alexander Wilson is a 2017 graduate of Delaware State University in Dover, DE, where he received baccalaureate degrees: one in Music Performance with a focus in Trumpet Studies and another Music Education. As a professional, Wilson has also completed a master level degree in education (M.Ed.) from National University, where he studied Leadership in Higher Education & completed a second masters degree in Music and Music education (MMME) from the Longy School of Music at Bard College in Instrumental Conducting. Wilson is a doctoral candidate, graduating with his Doctorate Degree (D.M.A.) from the Winter’s Conservatory of Music at William Carey University in Music Education with a focus in Wind Ensemble Conducting. ## Composition The Marching Sound Machine contains numerous woodwind, brass, percussion, and auxiliary members, divided into section which are run by their respective section leaders. woodwind instruments include clarinets, piccolos, and saxophones sections. The brass instruments consists of the trumpet, mellophone, trombone, baritone, and sousaphone sections. The percussion section contains snare, tenor and bass drums; in addition to cymbal players. Members of the band's auxiliary units include the drum majors, Color guard, and dancers ## Marching style As is the style commonly found in HBCU bands, The Sound Machine utilizes a variation of the high step marching style. This involves the lifting of the knee with legs directly in front, thighs parallel to the ground, and toes pointed downward. When the leg is elevated, there should be a 90-degree angle with the body and the thigh, and a 90-degree angle with the thigh and the shin. The leg is then lowered, and this is repeated with the other leg. This is informally referred to as the "chair step". ## Notable Performances - 1960 Inauguration of the Governor of North Carolina - 1961 New York Giants vs Dallas Cowboys Halftime in Yankee Stadium - 2005 Honda Battle of the Bands - 2006 Honda Battle of the Bands - 2007 Honda Battle of the Bands - 2008 Honda Battle of the Bands - 2009 Honda Battle of the Bands - 2010 Honda Battle of the Bands - 2011 Rose Parade

enwiki/48842589

enwiki

48,842,589

Marching Sound Machine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_Sound_Machine

2025-04-12T18:10:06

en

Q22095930

82,095

{{Short description|Marching Band of North Carolina Central University}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox college marching band | band name=NCCU Sound Machine Marching Band | logo= | image=UNC vs Central 2024 - 026 - Marching Sound Machine.jpg | caption=Drumline of the marching band in 2024 | school=[[North Carolina Central University]] | location=[[Durham, North Carolina]] | conference=[[Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference|MEAC]] | founded=1938 | director= Jovan Alexander Wilson | assistant director= Kynan J. Hudson | members=210 | fight song= NCCU Fight Song | uniform= | website= }}The '''Sound Machine''' is the official marching band of [[North Carolina Central University]]. The Sound Machine performs pre-game and halftime shows at all [[North Carolina Central Eagles football|North Carolina Central]] home games and travels to most away games. == History == The history of the North Carolina Central's Marching Band dates back to the 1930s when Dr. Stephen Junius Wright, an assistant professor of education at the then North Carolina College in Durham, was asked to organize the first marching band. The inaugural band was believed to have about 25 musicians.<ref name=History>{{cite web|title=Brief History of the North Carolina Central University Marching Band and Band Directors|url=http://nccusmbc.tripod.com/BandHistory.pdf|website=nccusmbc.tripod.com|publisher=NCCU Sound Machine Booster Club|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref> In 1958, Dr. Richard Henry Lee Jones, became the fifth band director to lead the program. Jones is credited for growing the band to around 120 members and gaining both national and local recognition for their performances. In 1960, the band performed at the inauguration for then [[Governor of North Carolina]], [[Terry Sanford]]. The following year, the band performed during halftime of the [[New York Giants]]-[[Dallas Cowboys]] football game in front of 56,000 fans at [[Yankee Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Richard Henry Lee Jones – NCCU Director of Bands (1958 -1967)|url=http://nccusmbc.tripod.com/Richard_Jones.pdf|website=nccusmbc.tripod.com|publisher=NCCU Sound Machine Booster Club|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref> Following the tenure of Dr. Jones, a number of succeeding directors carried on the legacy of the band program, including Ms. Robyn Reaves who in 1997 became the first female band director in the [[Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference|CIAA]].<ref name=History/> In 2001, Mr. Jorim Reid was named band director. Reid was responsible for a number of changes to the program, including the introduction of marching techniques commonly found in corp style marching. Under Reid's leadership the Marching Sound Machine increased to around 200 members, and made a number of national appearances including six appearances at the [[Honda Battle of the Bands]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]] and participation in the 122nd [[Rose Parade]] in [[Pasadena, California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Queen City Battle of the Bands- NCCU|url=http://www.queencitybattleofthebands.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=204|website=queencitybattleofthebands.com|publisher=Queen City BOTB|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref> In 2015, Mr. Thurman D. Hollins assumed leadership as director of bands. == Leadership == Directly overseeing the Sound Machine is Mr. Jovan Alexander Wilson. Jovan Alexander Wilson is a 2017 graduate of Delaware State University in Dover, DE, where he received baccalaureate degrees: one in Music Performance with a focus in Trumpet Studies and another Music Education. As a professional, Wilson has also completed a master level degree in education (M.Ed.) from National University, where he studied Leadership in Higher Education & completed a second masters degree in Music and Music education (MMME) from the Longy School of Music at Bard College in Instrumental Conducting. Wilson is a doctoral candidate, graduating with his Doctorate Degree (D.M.A.) from the Winter’s Conservatory of Music at William Carey University in Music Education with a focus in Wind Ensemble Conducting. == Composition == The Marching Sound Machine contains numerous [[woodwind]], [[brass]], [[percussion]], and auxiliary members, divided into section which are run by their respective section leaders. [[woodwind instrument]]s include [[clarinet]]s, [[piccolo]]s, and [[saxophone]]s sections. The [[brass instrument]]s consists of the [[trumpet]], [[mellophone]], [[trombone]], [[baritone]], and [[sousaphone]] sections. The [[Percussion instrument|percussion]] section contains [[Snare drums|snare]], [[tenor drums|tenor]] and [[bass drums]]; in addition to [[Cymbals|cymbal]] players. Members of the band's auxiliary units include the [[Drum major (marching band)|drum major]]s, [[Color guard]], and [[dancer]]s == Marching style == As is the style commonly found in [[HBCU band]]s, The Sound Machine utilizes a variation of the high step marching style. This involves the lifting of the knee with legs directly in front, thighs parallel to the ground, and toes pointed downward. When the leg is elevated, there should be a 90-degree angle with the body and the thigh, and a 90-degree angle with the thigh and the shin. The leg is then lowered, and this is repeated with the other leg. This is informally referred to as the "chair step". ==Notable Performances == * 1960 Inauguration of the [[Governor of North Carolina]] * 1961 [[New York Giants]] vs [[Dallas Cowboys]] Halftime in [[Yankee Stadium]] * 2005 [[Honda Battle of the Bands]] * 2006 Honda Battle of the Bands * 2007 Honda Battle of the Bands * 2008 Honda Battle of the Bands * 2009 Honda Battle of the Bands * 2010 Honda Battle of the Bands * 2011 [[Rose Parade]] == References == {{reflist}} {{North Carolina Central University}} {{North Carolina Central Eagles football navbox}} {{Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference Marching Bands |state=autocollapse}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marching Sound Machine}} [[Category:North Carolina Central University]] [[Category:North Carolina Central Eagles football]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 1938]] [[Category:Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference marching bands]] [[Category:1938 establishments in North Carolina]]

1,285,270,308

[{"title": "NCCU Sound Machine Marching Band", "data": {"School": "North Carolina Central University", "Location": "Durham, North Carolina", "Conference": "MEAC", "Founded": "1938", "Director": "Jovan Alexander Wilson", "Assistant Director": "Kynan J. Hudson", "Members": "210", "Fight song": "\"NCCU Fight Song\""}}]

false

# Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal | Review scores | Review scores | | Source | Rating | | ------------- | ------------- | | Allmusic | [ 1 ] | Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal is a live album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded live on location at the Spotlite Club in Washington, DC on September 5–6, 1958 and released on Argo in 1959. It includes additional selections from the engagement where Ahmad Jamal Trio Volume IV was recorded, and the complete recordings from these shows were released on 2007's Complete Live at the Spotlight Club 1958 on the Gambit label. The original release was a 2-LP set. Pianist Keith Jarrett has said this album changed his life. ## Reception AllMusic rates the album 3 out of 5 stars. ## Track listing All compositions by Ahmad Jamal except as indicated 1. "This Can't Be Love" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) 2. "Autumn Leaves" (Joseph Kosma, Johnny Mercer, Jacques Prévert) 3. "Ahmad's Blues" 4. "Old Devil Moon" (E.Y. "Yip" Harburg, Burton Lane) 5. "Serelitus" 6. "It Could Happen to You" (Johnny Burke, James Van Heusen) 7. "Ivy" (Hoagy Carmichael) 8. "Tater Pie" (Irving Ashby) 9. "Let's Fall in Love" (Harold Arlen, Ted Koehler) 10. "Aki and Ukthay (Brother & Sister)" 11. "You Don't Know What Love Is" (Gene DePaul, Don Raye) 12. "I Didn't Know What Time It Was" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) 13. "So Beats My Heart for You" (Pat Ballard, Charles Henderson, Tom Waring) 14. "Gal in Calico" (Leo Robin, Arthur Schwartz) 15. "Our Delight" (Tadd Dameron) ## Personnel - Ahmad Jamal – piano - Israel Crosby – double bass - Vernel Fournier – drums

enwiki/52384005

enwiki

52,384,005

Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_of_Ahmad_Jamal

2025-05-19T04:55:28

en

Q28405853

56,034

{{more citations needed|date=April 2017}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox album | name = Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal | type = Live album | artist = [[Ahmad Jamal]] | cover = File:Album_cover_for_Portait_Of_Ahmad_Jamal_by_Ahmad_Jamal.jpg | alt = | released = 1959 | recorded = September 5–6, 1958 The Spotlight Club, DC | venue = | studio = | genre = [[Jazz]] | length = | label = [[Argo Records|Argo]] LPS-638 | producer = | chronology = [[Ahmad Jamal]] | prev_title = [[Ahmad Jamal Trio Volume IV]] | prev_year = 1958 | next_title = [[Jamal at the Penthouse]] | next_year = 1959 }} {{Music ratings | rev1 = ''[[Allmusic]]'' | rev1Score = {{rating|2|5}}<ref name ="Allmusic">[http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-portfolio-of-ahmad-jamal-mw0000382571 Allmusic Review] accessed November 25, 2016</ref> }} '''''Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal''''' is a live album by American [[jazz]] [[Jazz piano|pianist]] [[Ahmad Jamal]] featuring performances recorded live on location at the Spotlite Club in Washington, DC on September 5–6, 1958 and released on [[Argo Records|Argo]] in 1959.<ref name="Ahmad Jamal Discography">[http://www.ahmadjamal.com/about/discography Ahmad Jamal discography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221201651/http://www.ahmadjamal.com/about/discography |date=2017-02-21 }} accessed November 25, 2016</ref> It includes additional selections from the engagement where [[Ahmad Jamal Trio Volume IV]] was recorded, and the complete recordings from these shows were released on 2007's [[Complete Live at the Spotlight Club 1958]] on the Gambit label. The original release was a 2-LP set. Pianist [[Keith Jarrett]] has said this album changed his life.<ref name="Keith Jarrett: Alone in a Crowded Room">{{cite web |url=https://jazztimes.com/features/keith-jarrett-alone-in-a-crowded-room/ |title=Keith Jarrett: Alone in a Crowded Room |website=jazztimes.com |access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref> ==Reception== AllMusic rates the album 3 out of 5 stars.<ref name="Allmusic"/> ==Track listing== :''All compositions by Ahmad Jamal except as indicated'' # "[[This Can't Be Love (song)|This Can't Be Love]]" ([[Lorenz Hart]], [[Richard Rodgers]]) # "[[Autumn Leaves (1945 song)|Autumn Leaves]]" ([[Joseph Kosma]], [[Johnny Mercer]], [[Jacques Prévert]]) # "Ahmad's Blues" # "[[Old Devil Moon]]" ([[E.Y. "Yip" Harburg]], [[Burton Lane]]) # "Serelitus" # "[[It Could Happen to You (song)|It Could Happen to You]]" ([[Johnny Burke (lyricist)|Johnny Burke]], [[James Van Heusen]]) # "[[Ivy]]" ([[Hoagy Carmichael]]) # "Tater Pie" ([[Irving Ashby]]) # "[[Let's Fall in Love]]" ([[Harold Arlen]], [[Ted Koehler]]) # "Aki and Ukthay (Brother & Sister)" # "[[You Don't Know What Love Is]]" ([[Gene DePaul]], [[Don Raye]]) # "[[I Didn't Know What Time It Was]]" ([[Lorenz Hart]], [[Richard Rodgers]]) # "So Beats My Heart for You" ([[Pat Ballard]], [[Charles E. Henderson|Charles Henderson]], [[Tom Waring]]) # "Gal in Calico" ([[Leo Robin]], [[Arthur Schwartz]]) # "[[Our Delight]]" ([[Tadd Dameron]]) ==Personnel== * Ahmad Jamal – piano * [[Israel Crosby]] – [[double bass]] * [[Vernel Fournier]] – [[drums]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Ahmad Jamal}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ahmad Jamal live albums]] [[Category:1958 live albums]] [[Category:Argo Records live albums]] {{1950s-jazz-album-stub}}

1,291,113,404

[{"title": "Live album by Ahmad Jamal", "data": {"Released": "1959", "Recorded": "September 5\u20136, 1958 \u00b7 The Spotlight Club, DC", "Genre": "Jazz", "Label": "Argo \u00b7 LPS-638"}}, {"title": "Ahmad Jamal chronology", "data": {"Ahmad Jamal Trio Volume IV \u00b7 (1958)": "Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal \u00b7 (1959) \u00b7 Jamal at the Penthouse \u00b7 (1959)"}}, {"title": "Ahmad Jamal", "data": {"Studio albums": "Ahmad Jamal Plays (1955) The Ahmad Jamal Trio (1955) Count 'Em 88 (1956) Ahmad's Blues (1958) The Piano Scene of Ahmad Jamal (1959) Jamal at the Penthouse (1959) Happy Moods (1960) Listen to the Ahmad Jamal Quintet (1960) Macanudo (1962) The Roar of the Greasepaint (1965) Extensions (1965) Rhapsody (1966) Heat Wave (1966) Cry Young (1967) The Bright, the Blue and the Beautiful (1968) Tranquility (1968) The Awakening (1970) Ahmad Jamal '73 (1973) Jamalca (1974) Jamal Plays Jamal (1974) Genetic Walk (1975) Steppin' Out with a Dream (1976) One (1978) Intervals (1980) Night Song (1980) Digital Works (1985) Rossiter Road (1986) Crystal (1987) Pittsburgh (1989) I Remember Duke, Hoagy & Strayhorn (1994) The Essence Part One (1995) Big Byrd: The Essence Part 2 (1995) Nature: The Essence Part Three (1997) Picture Perfect (2001) Ballades (2019)", "Live albums": "Ahmad Jamal Trio Volume IV (1958) At the Pershing: But Not for Me (1958) At the Pershing, Vol. 2 (1958) Portfolio of Ahmad Jamal (1958) Ahmad Jamal's Alhambra (1961) All of You (1961) Ahmad Jamal at the Blackhawk (1962) Poinciana (1963) Naked City Theme (1964) Ahmad Jamal at the Top: Poinciana Revisited (1968) Freeflight (1971) Outertimeinnerspace (1972) Recorded Live at Oil Can Harry's (1976) Live at Bubba's (1980) In Concert (1981) American Classical Music (1982) Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival 1985 (1985) Live! At Blues Alley (1991) Live in Paris 1992 (1992) Chicago Revisited: Live at Joe Segal's Jazz Showcase (1992) Live in Paris 1996 (1996) Ahmad Jamal with the Assai Quartet (1998) Complete Live at the Pershing Lounge 1958 (2007) Complete Live at the Spotlite Club 1958 (2007)", "Compilations": "Standard Eyes (1967)"}}]

false

# Seishun Heavy Rotation Seishun Heavy Rotation (青春ヘビーローテーション, Seishun Hebī Rōtēshon; lit. "The Springtime of My Life") is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Ai Minase. It began serialization in Shogakukan's Sho-Comi manga magazine in February 2020. ## Characters Nao Kosaka (小坂奈緒, Kosaka Nao) Voiced by: Nao Tōyama (voice comic) Keiji Haruna (榛名圭司, Haruna Keiji) Voiced by: Ryōhei Kimura (voice comic) Mizuno-senpai (水野先輩) Voiced by: Takahiro Sakurai (voice comic) Tsugumi Furusawa (古沢つぐみ, Furusawa Tsugumi) Voiced by: Mariko Honda (voice comic) ## Publication Written and illustrated by Ai Minase, Seishun Heavy Rotation began serialization in Shogakukan's Sho-Comi manga magazine on February 5, 2020. The series went on hiatus on February 10, 2023, and resumed serialization on June 20, 2023. The series' chapters have been compiled into seventeen tankōbon volumes as of July 2025. ### Volumes | No. | Release date | ISBN | | --- | ------------------ | ----------------- | | 1 | July 27, 2020 | 978-4-09-871129-1 | | 2 | July 27, 2020 | 978-4-09-871131-4 | | 3 | September 25, 2020 | 978-4-09-871184-0 | | 4 | December 25, 2020 | 978-4-09-871222-9 | | 5 | April 26, 2021 | 978-4-09-871331-8 | | 6 | July 26, 2021 | 978-4-09-871444-5 | | 7 | October 26, 2021 | 978-4-09-871540-4 | | 8 | January 26, 2022 | 978-4-09-871612-8 | | 9 | April 26, 2022 | 978-4-09-871677-7 | | 10 | July 26, 2022 | 978-4-09-871735-4 | | 11 | November 25, 2022 | 978-4-09-871826-9 | | 12 | September 26, 2023 | 978-4-09-872064-4 | | 13 | February 26, 2024 | 978-4-09-872467-3 | | 14 | June 26, 2024 | 978-4-09-872632-5 | | 15 | October 24, 2024 | 978-4-09-872777-3 | | 16 | March 26, 2025 | 978-4-09-873004-9 | | 17 | July 25, 2025 | 978-4-09-873138-1 | ## Reception The series was nominated for the 67th and 68th Shogakukan Manga Award in the shōjo category in 2022 and 2023, respectively.

enwiki/74641021

enwiki

74,641,021

Seishun Heavy Rotation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seishun_Heavy_Rotation

2025-07-24T17:50:13

en

Q122227102

109,343

{{Short description|Manga Series (2020)}} {{Infobox animanga/Header | name = Seishun Heavy Rotation | image = Seishun Heavy Rotation volume 1 cover.jpg | caption = First ''[[tankōbon]]'' volume cover | ja_kanji = 青春ヘビーローテーション | ja_romaji = Seishun Hebī Rōtēshon | genre =  | creator = }} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = manga | author = Ai Minase | illustrator = | publisher = [[Shogakukan]] | publisher_en = | demographic = ''[[Shōjo manga|Shōjo]]'' | imprint = Flower Comics | magazine = [[Sho-Comi]] | first = February 5, 2020 | last = | volumes = 17 | volume_list = }} {{Infobox animanga/Footer}} {{Nihongo|'''''Seishun Heavy Rotation'''''|青春ヘビーローテーション|Seishun Hebī Rōtēshon|lit. "The Springtime of My Life"}} is a Japanese [[manga]] series written and illustrated by Ai Minase. It began serialization in [[Shogakukan]]'s ''[[Sho-Comi]]'' manga magazine in February 2020. ==Characters== ;{{Nihongo|Nao Kosaka|小坂奈緒|Kosaka Nao}} :{{voiced by|[[Nao Tōyama]] (voice comic)}}<ref name="voice comic">{{cite web|script-title=ja:木村良平・東山奈央ら出演「青春ヘビーローテーション」ボイスコミックがSho-Comiに|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/415160|website=[[Natalie (website)|Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|date=February 5, 2021|access-date=August 23, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> ;{{Nihongo|Keiji Haruna|榛名圭司|Haruna Keiji}} :{{voiced by|[[Ryōhei Kimura]] (voice comic)}}<ref name="voice comic"/> ;{{Nihongo|Mizuno-senpai|水野先輩}} :{{voiced by|[[Takahiro Sakurai]] (voice comic)}}<ref name="voice comic"/> ;{{Nihongo|Tsugumi Furusawa|古沢つぐみ|Furusawa Tsugumi}} :{{voiced by|[[Mariko Honda]] (voice comic)}}<ref name="voice comic"/> ==Publication== Written and illustrated by Ai Minase, ''Seishun Heavy Rotation'' began serialization in [[Shogakukan]]'s ''[[Sho-Comi]]'' manga magazine on February 5, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:全力JKが難攻不落なイケメン王子に恋…？水瀬藍の新連載がSho-Comiで開幕|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/366017|website=[[Natalie (website)|Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|date=February 5, 2020|access-date=August 23, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> The series went on hiatus on February 10, 2023,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sho-comi.com/11042/|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション休載のお知らせ|website=sho-comi.com|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=August 24, 2023|date=February 10, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> and resumed serialization on June 20, 2023.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:かわいいものを“食べたくなる”少女が急接近したのは…Sho-Comiで新鋭の新連載|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/529575|website=[[Natalie (website)|Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=August 24, 2023 |date=June 20, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> The series' chapters have been compiled into seventeen ''[[tankōbon]]'' volumes as of July 2025.<ref name="vol17"/> ===Volumes=== {{Graphic novel list/header | OneLanguage = yes | Width = 72% }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 1 | RelDate = July 27, 2020<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098711291|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-871129-1 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 2 | RelDate = July 27, 2020<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション２|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098711314 |publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-871131-4 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 3 | RelDate = September 25, 2020<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション３|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098711840|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-871184-0 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 4 | RelDate = December 25, 2020<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション４|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098712229|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-871222-9 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 5 | RelDate = April 26, 2021<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション５|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098713318|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-871331-8 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 6 | RelDate = July 26, 2021<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション６|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098714445|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-871444-5 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 7 | RelDate = October 26, 2021<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション７|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098715404|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-871540-4 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 8 | RelDate = January 26, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション８|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098716128|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-871612-8 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 9 | RelDate = April 26, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション９|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098716777|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-871677-7 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 10 | RelDate = July 26, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１０|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098717354|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-871735-4 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 11 | RelDate = November 25, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１１|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098718269|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-871826-9 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 12 | RelDate = September 26, 2023<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１２|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098720644|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=August 25, 2023|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-872064-4 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 13 | RelDate = February 26, 2024<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１３|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098724673|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=February 3, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-872467-3 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 14 | RelDate = June 26, 2024<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１４|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098726325|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 20, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-872632-5 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 15 | RelDate = October 24, 2024<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１５|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098727773|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=October 30, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-872777-3 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 16 | RelDate = March 26, 2025<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１６|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098730049|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=April 15, 2025|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-873004-9 }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 17 | RelDate = July 25, 2025<ref name="vol17">{{cite web|script-title=ja:青春ヘビーローテーション１７|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098731381|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=July 12, 2025|lang=ja}}</ref> | ISBN = 978-4-09-873138-1 }} {{Graphic novel list/footer}} ==Reception== The series was nominated for the 67th and 68th [[Shogakukan Manga Award]] in the ''shōjo'' category in 2022 and 2023, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mateo|first=Alex|title=Komi Can't Communicate, My Love Mix-Up!, Do not say mystery Manga Win 67th Shogakukan Manga Awards|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-01-18/komi-cant-communicate-my-love-mix-up-do-not-say-mystery-manga-win-67th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.181657|website=Anime News Network|access-date=August 23, 2023|date=January 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hodgkins|first=Crystalyn|title=Chi, Blood on the Tracks, Sakamoto Days, More Nominated for 68th Shogakukan Manga Awards|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-12-02/chi-blood-on-the-tracks-sakamoto-days-more-nominated-for-68th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.192490|website=Anime News Network|access-date=August 23, 2023|date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *{{Official website|https://sho-comi.com/category/minase_ai_003/|Official manga website}} {{in lang|ja}} *{{ann|manga|26958}} {{Sho-Comi}} [[Category:2020 manga]] [[Category:Romantic comedy anime and manga]] [[Category:Anime and manga set in schools]] [[Category:Shogakukan manga]] [[Category:Shōjo manga]]

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# Malcolm Wallop Malcolm Wallop (February 27, 1933 – September 14, 2011) was an American rancher and politician. He served as a United States Senator from Wyoming from 1977 to 1995. He was a member of the Republican Party. ## Early years Wallop was born at Doctors Hospital in Manhattan, New York City, on February 27, 1933. He was the second son of Jean Moore Wallop and the Hon. Oliver Malcolm Wallop. His paternal grandfather, Wyoming cattle rancher Oliver Henry Wallop, immigrated to the United States from England in the late 19th century and inherited the Earldom of Portsmouth. His maternal great-grandfather was American lawyer, jurist, financier and industrialist William Henry Moore. Wallop attended public schools in Big Horn, Wyoming. He then attended the Cate School in Carpenteria, California. He graduated from the Cate School in Santa Barbara, California. He then attended Yale University where he was a member of St. Anthony Hall. Following his graduation from Yale with a B.A. in 1954, Malcolm Wallop served in the U.S. Army as a first lieutenant from 1955 to 1957. ## Career After his discharge from the Army, Wallop began cattle ranching in Wyoming. He entered politics in 1969 as a successful candidate for the Wyoming House of Representatives. He served two terms, from 1969 to 1972, followed by one term in the Wyoming State Senate from 1973 to 1976. In 1974, Wallop sought the Republican gubernatorial nomination, but was defeated in the primaries. ### Senate In 1976 Wallop successfully unseated three-term Democratic U.S. Senator Gale W. McGee, winning 55 percent of the vote to win a seat in the United States Senate. He made a campaign pledge to serve only two terms, although he went on to serve three. During his Senate tenure, Wallop supported strong national security, tax reform (including reductions in estate and gift taxes), and other elements of Reagan conservatism. While in the Senate, Wallop served on the Senate Judiciary Committee, Energy and Natural Resources Committee, and Select Committee on Intelligence. From 1981 to 1983, he served as chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Ethics. In his first term, Wallop authored the legislation that established the Congressional Award program to recognize outstanding volunteerism among America's youth. The 1977 Wallop Amendment to the Surface Mining Control Act was hailed by property rights advocates for forcing the federal government to compensate property owners whose ability to mine was undercut by regulation. Three years later, Wallop successfully amended the Clean Water Act to protect states' interests. His bill to cut inheritance and gift taxes in 1981 was a key component of President Ronald Reagan's tax reform package and is remembered as one of the most substantive changes to tax policy that decade, and four years earlier, Wallop was partially responsible for phasing out President Jimmy Carter's windfall profits tax. In 1977, Wallop was one of nine Senators to vote against the Senate adopting a stringent code of ethics intended to assist with the restoration of public confidence in Congress. In 1982, Wallop was re-elected by a 14-point margin over Democrat Rodger McDaniel, a Wyoming state legislator. In his second term, Wallop supported the 1983 Strategic Defense Initiative, a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack from nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles. In 1988, Wallop won his final term by just 1,322 votes over his opponent, Democratic state senator John Vinich. Wallop's last term was characterized largely by his participation in the foreign policy and trade debates of the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was a member of the Helsinki Commission and traveled extensively in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union as an arms control negotiator. Wallop was also a strong advocate of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and U.S. participation in the World Trade Organization. From 1990 to 1994, he was the ranking Republican member of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, and in 1992, was a key force behind passage of the far-reaching Energy Policy Act. In 1994, Wallop opted out of a race for a fourth term. He was succeeded by Republican Craig Thomas. Upon his retirement from the Senate, The Economist wrote of Wallop: "Although his detractors have steadily grown in number, even Democrats grudgingly admitted to liking his candor and his willingness to be stupendously politically incorrect." ### Post-Senate career After his retirement from the Senate in January 1995, Wallop founded the Frontiers of Freedom Institute, a Virginia-based non-profit group that lobbies for constitutionally limited government and a strong national defense. In 1996, Wallop served as General Chairman and Executive Director of the Steve Forbes presidential campaign, which succeeded in winning primary victories in Delaware and Arizona. ## Publications - Wallop, Malcolm. "The Environment: Air, Water & Public Lands," In A Changing America: Conservatives View the 80s from the United States Senate, edited by Paul Laxalt and Richard S. Williamson, pp. 133–56. South Bend, Ind.: Regnery/Gateway, 1980. - Wallop, Malcolm, and Angelo Codevilla. The Arms Control Delusion. San Francisco: ICS Press, 1987 ## Honors - In 2010, the University of Wyoming established the Malcolm Wallop Fund for Conversations on Democracy to support speaker and workshops for students.[11] - The University of Wyoming houses Wallop's papers in its American Heritage Center.[11][2] ## Personal life Wallop was married four times: He married Vail Stebbins in 1956. They had three sons and one daughter before divorcing in 1965. He married Judith Warren in 1967; divorced in 1981. Next, he married French Carter Gamble Goodwyn in 1984; they divorced in 2001. Finally, he married Isabel Brooke Thomasson Ferguson in 2005. His sister, Jean, married Henry Herbert, 7th Earl of Carnarvon in 1956. Lord Carnarvon was a childhood friend of Queen Elizabeth II and was in 1969 appointed her horse racing manager. Queen Elizabeth II was a house guest of Wallop at Canyon Ranch in Big Horn, Wyoming, in 1984 during the Queen's visit to the United States with Lord and Lady Carnarvon (née Jean Wallop, the Senator's sister). Wallop's nephew is George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon, whose family seat in England, Highclere Castle, has achieved prominence as a filming location for the ITV television series Downton Abbey. Wallop died at his home near Big Horn on September 14, 2011, at the age of 78.

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{{short description|US Senator from Wyoming (1933-2011)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder | image = malcolmwallop.JPG | jr/sr = United States Senator | state = [[Wyoming]] | term_start = January 3, 1977 | term_end = January 3, 1995 | predecessor = [[Gale W. McGee]] | successor = [[Craig L. Thomas]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1933|2|27}} | birth_place = New York City, New York, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2011|9|14|1933|2|27}} | death_place = [[Sheridan County, Wyoming]], U.S. | party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | spouse = {{ubl |{{marriage|Vail Stebbins|1956|1965|end=div}} |{{marriage|Judith Warren|1967|1981|end=div}} |{{marriage|French Carter Gamble Goodwyn|1984|2001|end=div}} |{{marriage|Isabel Thomasson Ferguson|2005}}}} | children = 4 | relatives = [[Jean Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon|Jean Herbert]] (sister) [[Oliver Wallop, 8th Earl of Portsmouth|Oliver Wallop]] (grandfather) | education = [[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) }} '''Malcolm Wallop''' (February 27, 1933 – September 14, 2011) was an American rancher and politician. He served as a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Wyoming]] from 1977 to 1995.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Malcolm Wallop |url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/w000092 |access-date=June 3, 2022 |website=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref name=":2" /> ==Early years== Wallop was born at [[Doctors Hospital (Manhattan)|Doctors Hospital]] in [[Manhattan]], New York City, on February 27, 1933.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Malcolm Wallop papers - Archives West |url=https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv582607 |access-date=June 3, 2022 |website=archiveswest.orbiscascade.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/02/28/119090887.html?pageNumber=16|title = Son Born to Mrs. O.M. Wallop.|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = February 28, 1933|accessdate = September 2, 2024|page = 16|url-access = subscription}}</ref> He was the second son of Jean Moore Wallop and the Hon. Oliver Malcolm Wallop.<ref>{{cite web |title=Conqueror 39 |url=http://www.william1.co.uk/w39.html |access-date=October 11, 2015 |work=william1.co.uk}}</ref> His paternal grandfather, Wyoming cattle rancher [[Oliver Wallop, 8th Earl of Portsmouth|Oliver Henry Wallop]], immigrated to the United States from England in the late 19th century and inherited [[Earl of Portsmouth|the Earldom of Portsmouth]].<ref name="NYTobit" /> His maternal great-grandfather was American lawyer, jurist, financier and industrialist [[William Henry Moore (judge)|William Henry Moore]]. Wallop attended public schools in [[Big Horn, Wyoming]].<ref name=":0" /> He then attended the [[Cate School]] in [[Carpinteria, California|Carpenteria, California]].<ref name=":0" /> He graduated from the [[Cate School]] in [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], California. He then attended [[Yale University]] where he was a member of [[St. Anthony Hall]]. Following his graduation from Yale with a B.A. in 1954, Malcolm Wallop served in the [[U.S. Army]] as a [[first lieutenant]] from 1955 to 1957.<ref name="ffbio" /><ref name=":0" /> == Career == After his discharge from the Army, Wallop began cattle ranching in Wyoming.<ref name=":0" /> He entered politics in 1969 as a successful candidate for the [[Wyoming House of Representatives]]. He served two terms, from 1969 to 1972, followed by one term in the [[Wyoming State Senate]] from 1973 to 1976.<ref name="ffbio" /><ref name="NYTobit" /><ref name=":0" /> In 1974, Wallop sought the Republican [[gubernatorial]] nomination, but was defeated in the primaries.<ref name="NYTobit" /> === Senate === In 1976 Wallop successfully unseated three-term Democratic U.S. Senator [[Gale W. McGee]], winning 55 percent of the vote to win a seat in the [[United States Senate]].<ref name="NYTobit" /> He made a campaign pledge to serve only two terms, although he went on to serve three. During his Senate tenure, Wallop supported strong [[national security]], [[tax reform#United States|tax reform]] (including reductions in estate and gift taxes), and other elements of [[Reagan administration|Reagan conservatism]].<ref name="NYTobit">{{cite news |last=Fox |first=Margalit |date=September 15, 2011 |title=Malcolm Wallop, Senator From Wyoming, Dies at 78 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/16/us/malcolm-wallop-ex-senator-of-wyoming-dies-at-78.html?_r=1 |newspaper=New York Times |location=New York |access-date=January 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|JiW2PjGQjrA}}</ref> While in the Senate, Wallop served on the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]], [[Energy and Natural Resources Committee]], and [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|Select Committee on Intelligence]]. From 1981 to 1983, he served as chairman of the [[Senate Ethics Committee|Senate Select Committee on Ethics]].<ref name=NYTobit/> In his first term, Wallop authored the legislation that established the [[Congressional Award]] program to recognize outstanding volunteerism among America's youth. The 1977 Wallop Amendment to the [[Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977|Surface Mining Control Act]] was hailed by property rights advocates for forcing the federal government to compensate property owners whose ability to mine was undercut by regulation. Three years later, Wallop successfully amended the [[Clean Water Act]] to protect states' interests.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} His bill to cut inheritance and gift taxes in 1981 was a key component of President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s tax reform package and is remembered as one of the most substantive changes to tax policy that decade, and four years earlier, Wallop was partially responsible for phasing out President [[Jimmy Carter]]'s [[windfall profits tax]].<ref name="NYTobit" /> In 1977, Wallop was one of nine Senators to vote against the Senate adopting a stringent code of ethics intended to assist with the restoration of public confidence in Congress.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 2, 1977 |title=Senate, 86-9, Adopts a Strict Ethics Code to Build Confidence. |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/02/archives/long-island-opinion-senate-869-adopts-a-strict-ethics-code-to-build.html}}</ref> In 1982, Wallop was re-elected by a 14-point margin over Democrat [[Rodger McDaniel]], a Wyoming state legislator. In his second term, Wallop supported the 1983 [[Strategic Defense Initiative]],<ref name=NYTobit/> a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack from nuclear [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]]s.<ref>Baucom, Donald R. [https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/milestone.htm "Missile Defense Milestones"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023546/http://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/milestone.htm |date=March 6, 2016 }}. [[Federation of American Scientists]]. Accessed January 11, 2016</ref> In 1988, Wallop won his final term by just 1,322 votes over his opponent, Democratic state senator [[John Vinich]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Wallop's last term was characterized largely by his participation in the foreign policy and trade debates of the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was a member of the [[Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe|Helsinki Commission]] and traveled extensively in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union as an arms control negotiator. Wallop was also a strong advocate of the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT) and U.S. participation in the [[World Trade Organization]]. From 1990 to 1994, he was the ranking Republican member of the Senate [[Energy and Natural Resources Committee]], and in 1992, was a key force behind passage of the far-reaching [[Energy Policy Act of 1992|Energy Policy Act]]. In 1994, Wallop opted out of a race for a fourth term. He was succeeded by Republican [[Craig L. Thomas|Craig Thomas]]. Upon his retirement from the Senate, ''The Economist'' wrote of Wallop: "Although his detractors have steadily grown in number, even Democrats grudgingly admitted to liking his candor and his willingness to be stupendously politically incorrect."<ref name=NYTobit/> === Post-Senate career === After his retirement from the Senate in January 1995, Wallop founded the '''Frontiers of Freedom Institute''', a Virginia-based non-profit group that lobbies for [[constitutionally limited government]] and a strong national defense.<ref name="ffbio">[http://www.ff.org/?s=Senator+Malcolm+Wallop+bio Senator Malcolm Wallop bio]. Frontiers of Freedom. ff.org. Accessed January 11, 2016</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 1995 |title=Frontier Freedom: An Interview with Malcolm Wallop |url=https://reason.com/1995/11/01/frontier-freedom/ |access-date=June 3, 2022 |website=Reason.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1996, Wallop served as General Chairman and Executive Director of the [[Steve Forbes]] [[1996 United States presidential election|presidential campaign]], which succeeded in winning primary victories in [[Delaware]] and [[Arizona]].<ref name="ffbio"/> == Publications == *Wallop, Malcolm. "The Environment: Air, Water & Public Lands," In ''A Changing America: Conservatives View the 80s from the United States Senate'', edited by Paul Laxalt and Richard S. Williamson, pp. 133–56. South Bend, Ind.: Regnery/Gateway, 1980. *Wallop, Malcolm, and [[Angelo Codevilla]]. ''The Arms Control Delusion.'' San Francisco: ICS Press, 1987 == Honors == * In 2010, the [[University of Wyoming]] established the Malcolm Wallop Fund for Conversations on Democracy to support speaker and workshops for students.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |date=September 19, 2011 |title=University Preserves Legacy of Late Senator Wallop |url=https://ahcwyo.org/2011/09/19/university-preserves-legacy-of-late-senator-wallop/ |access-date=June 3, 2022 |website=American Heritage Center (AHC) #AlwaysArchiving |language=en-US}}</ref> * The University of Wyoming houses Wallop's papers in its American Heritage Center.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> ==Personal life== Wallop was married four times:<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8856442/Malcolm-Wallop.html |title=Malcolm Wallop| newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]] |date=October 29, 2011 |access-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref> He married Vail Stebbins in 1956. They had three sons and one daughter before divorcing in 1965. He married Judith Warren in 1967; divorced in 1981. Next, he married French Carter Gamble Goodwyn in 1984; they divorced in 2001. Finally, he married Isabel Brooke Thomasson Ferguson in 2005. His sister, [[Jean Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon|Jean]], married [[Henry Herbert, 7th Earl of Carnarvon]] in 1956. Lord Carnarvon was a childhood friend of [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and was in 1969 appointed her [[horse racing]] manager.<ref>"''[[Time Magazine]]'' October 22, 1984</ref> Queen Elizabeth II was a house guest of Wallop at Canyon Ranch in Big Horn, Wyoming, in 1984 during the Queen's visit to the United States with Lord and Lady Carnarvon (''née'' Jean Wallop, the Senator's sister).<ref>"Ranch's Royal Guest Arrives for Weekend", AP, The New York Times, October 13, 1984.[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/13/us/ranch-s-royal-guest-arrives-for-weekend.html]</ref> Wallop's nephew is [[George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon]], whose family seat in England, [[Highclere Castle]], has achieved prominence as a filming location for the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] television series ''[[Downton Abbey]]''.<ref>Pickett, Mary - "Downton Abbey" Close to Wyoming Rancher's Heart", Billings Gazette, January 11, 2013.[http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/wyoming/downton-abbey-close-to-wyoming-rancher-s-heart/article_338c1aa8-5c51-53e6-8d0e-a93dbf1b9841.html]</ref> Wallop died at his home near Big Horn on September 14, 2011, at the age of 78.<ref name="NYTobit" /><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/malcolm-wallop-three-term-republican-senator-from-wyoming-dies-at-78/2011/09/15/gIQAVUlMVK_story.html|title = Malcolm Wallop, three-term Republican senator from Wyoming, dies at 78|last = Moen|first = Bob|date = September 15, 2011|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]|url-access = limited|accessdate = September 2, 2024}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.ff.org/ Frontiers of Freedom Institute] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060604045221/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/w000092/ Voting record maintained by the Washington Post] * [https://archive.org/details/WyomingSenatorMalcolmWallopMemorialService Audio of Malcolm Wallop's Memorial Service] * {{C-SPAN|6078}} * [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv582607?q=08011 Malcolm Wallop papers] at the [https://www.uwyo.edu/ahc/ American Heritage Center] {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[John S. Wold]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[List of United States Senators from Wyoming|U.S. Senator]] from [[Wyoming]] ([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 1]])|years=[[1976 United States Senate election in Wyoming|1976]], [[1982 United States Senate election in Wyoming|1982]], [[1988 United States Senate election in Wyoming|1988]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Craig L. Thomas]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Jim McClure (politician)|Jim McClure]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Chair of the Senate Republican Steering Committee|years=1989–1995}} {{s-aft|after=[[Larry Craig]]}} |- {{s-par|us-sen}} {{s-bef|before=[[Craig L. Thomas]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States senators from Wyoming|U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Wyoming]]|years=1977–1995|alongside=[[Clifford Hansen]], [[Alan Simpson (American politician)|Alan Simpson]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Gale McGee]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Harrison Schmitt]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Vice Chair of the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics|Senate Ethics Committee]]|years=1979–1981}} {{s-aft|after=[[Howell Heflin]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Howell Heflin]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics|Senate Ethics Committee]]|years=1981–1983}} {{s-aft|after=[[Ted Stevens]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Jim McClure (politician)|Jim McClure]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Ranking Member of the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|Senate Energy Committee]]|years=1991–1995}} {{s-aft|after=[[J. Bennett Johnston]]}} {{s-end}} {{USSenWY}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wallop, Malcolm}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2011 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century members of the Wyoming Legislature]] [[Category:20th-century United States senators]] [[Category:20th-century Wyoming politicians]] [[Category:American people of English descent]] [[Category:Candidates in the 1974 United States elections]] [[Category:Military personnel from New York City]] [[Category:Moore family]] [[Category:People from Big Horn, Wyoming]] [[Category:Politicians from New York City]] [[Category:Ranchers from Wyoming]] [[Category:Republican Party members of the Wyoming House of Representatives]] [[Category:Republican Party United States senators from Wyoming]] [[Category:Republican Party Wyoming state senators]] [[Category:Wallop family|Malcolm]] [[Category:Writers from Wyoming]]

1,305,361,174

[{"title": "United States Senator \u00b7 from Wyoming", "data": {"United States Senator \u00b7 from Wyoming": "In office \u00b7 January 3, 1977 \u2013 January 3, 1995", "Preceded by": "Gale W. McGee", "Succeeded by": "Craig L. Thomas"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "February 27, 1933 \u00b7 New York City, New York, U.S.", "Died": "September 14, 2011 (aged 78) \u00b7 Sheridan County, Wyoming, U.S.", "Political party": "Republican", "Spouses": "- Vail Stebbins \u200b (m. 1956; div. 1965)\u200b - Judith Warren \u200b (m. 1967; div. 1981)\u200b - French Carter Gamble Goodwyn \u200b (m. 1984; div. 2001)\u200b - Isabel Thomasson Ferguson \u200b (m. 2005)\u200b", "Children": "4", "Relatives": "Jean Herbert (sister) \u00b7 Oliver Wallop (grandfather)", "Education": "Yale University (BA)"}}]

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# Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election The following is the official canvassing of votes by the Congress of the Philippines for the 2016 Philippine presidential and vice presidential election. The canvassing started on May 25, 2016 and ended 2 days later. This was the fastest congressional canvassing process in Philippine electoral history since 1998 until 2022. The Congress is mandated to declare a winner 30 days after the elections (June 8). ## Process After voters had finished voting, the counting machines will then count the votes received by each candidate in each position. For positions elected on a national basis (president, vice president, senators and party-list representatives), the counting machine will then print an election return for that precinct, and will transmit the results to the municipal/city board of canvassers, Congress, Commission on Elections, the citizen's arm authorized by the commission, political parties, and others. The city or municipality will then tally the votes for all positions and will issue two documents at its conclusion: a statement of votes where the votes obtained by candidates in each precinct in a city/municipality is stated; and a certificate of canvass (COC), a document in electronic and printed form containing the total votes in figures obtained by each candidate in the city or municipality. The city or municipal COC will either be sent electronically to Congress (if the city is an Independent city with its own legislative district) or to the provincial board of canvassers in which the process is repeated; this time the provincial COC will be sent to Congress. Congress, sitting as the National Board of Canvassers, will canvass the votes to determine who among the candidates are elected president and vice president. In theory, all of the votes from the election returns when added must be equal to the votes canvassed by Congress coming from the city/provincial COCs. The provincial/city board of canvassers will send an electronically transmitted COC to the Congress' Consolidation and Canvassing System (CCS) server, which was activated minutes after voting closed on May 9. Meanwhile, the manually counted and physically delivered COCs from the provincial and/or city board of canvassers will be sent first to the Senate then it will be brought to the Batasang Pambansa Complex, the home of the House of Representatives upon the convening of both the Senate and the House of Representatives in a joint session. The canvassing committee will tabulate the results of each COC in the order they were received electronically in the Consolidation and Canvassing System (CCS) and physically delivered to Congress for manually prepared COCs with no electronic transmission. The committee will then compare the electronically received COC from the physically delivered COC for any discrepancy. In cases of discrepancies, Congress may summon the chairperson of the provincial/city board of canvassers from where city/province the COC came from. For overseas absentee voting COCs, the board of canvassers may be contacted through any forms of communication deemed safe and reliable by the committee. After all of the COCs were canvassed, the joint committee will furnish a report to be approved by majority vote by both House and Senate voting separately. ## Members of the canvassing committee Instead of the whole Congress canvassing the votes, a committee comprised evenly between the Senate and the House of Representatives will canvass the votes at the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City, the home of the House of Representatives. Senator Aquilino Pimentel III and House Majority Leader Neptali Gonzales II will co-chair the proceedings instead of Senate President Franklin Drilon and the House Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. Previously, the Senate President and the House Speaker played this role. The composition of the joint congressional canvassing committee was announced on May 24, 2016. | Senate | Position | House of Representatives | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Aquilino Pimentel III (PDP–Laban) | Co-chairpersons | House Majority Leader Neptali Gonzales II (Mandaluyong, Liberal) | | - Senate President pro tempore Ralph Recto (Liberal) - Senate Minority Leader Juan Ponce Enrile (UNA) - Sonny Angara (LDP) - TG Guingona (Liberal) - Sergio Osmeña III (independent) - Tito Sotto (NPC) | Members | - Elpidio Barzaga, Jr. (Cavite, NUP) - Silvestre Bello III (Party-list, 1-BAP) - Fredenil Castro (Capiz, NUP) - Romero Quimbo (Marikina, Liberal) - Rufus Rodriguez (Cagayan de Oro, CDP) - Reynaldo Umali (Oriental Mindoro, Liberal) | | - Cynthia Villar (Nacionalista) - JV Ejercito (UNA) | Alternates | - House Minority Leader Ronaldo Zamora (San Juan, Nacionalista) - Rolando Andaya, Jr. (Camarines Sur, NPC) - Ibarra Gutierrez (Party-list, Akbayan) - Oscar Rodriguez (Pampanga, Liberal) | Members of Congress who ran for president (Grace Poe and Miriam Defensor Santiago) and vice president (Alan Peter Cayetano, Francis Escudero, Gregorio Honasan, Bongbong Marcos, Leni Robredo and Antonio Trillanes) are banned from attending the proceedings. Each political party is entitled to two lawyers who may file motions before Congress. All presidential candidates and 4 vice presidential candidates (except Honasan and Trillanes) have lawyers for the canvassing period. ## Proceedings | Date | Scheduled start | Actual start | Ended | COCs canvassed | | ------ | --------------- | ------------ | ---------- | -------------- | | May 25 | 2:00 p.m. | 2:57 p.m. | 9:30 p.m. | 45 | | May 26 | 2:00 p.m. | 2:27 p.m. | 10:00 p.m. | 68 | | May 27 | 2:00 p.m. | 2:30 p.m. | 7:16 p.m. | 53 | ### May 25 On May 25, before the start of canvassing, Didagen Dilangalen, lawyer of Bongbong Marcos, requested for separate canvassing of presidential and vice presidential results. This motion was made for an early proclamation of presumptive president Rodrigo Duterte and for more thorough examination of the tight vice presidential race. The joint committee rejected his motion and proceeded on canvassing on a per certificate of canvass (COC) basis. Davao del Sur's COC was first canvassed. Discrepancies of COCs of Davao del Norte, Ilocos Sur and Laguna were found and their results were deferred. The Provincial Board of Canvassers of these provinces were summoned to address these issues. The committee have admitted for canvassing a total of 45 COCs from 20 provinces, 15 cities, 1 district and 9 countries. ### May 26 On May 26, the camp of Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte urged Bongbong Marcos to convince his running mate, Miriam Defensor Santiago to concede in the presidential race so that it would hasten the canvassing and the proclamation of Duterte as the President. Discrepancies of COCs of Antique were found and their results were deferred, while the canvassing of COCs from Kuwait and Canada were suspended since the physically delivered COCs were not yet delivered to Congress and their respective electronically transmitted COCs are only available. The Certificate of Canvass for Iloilo City was not found inside the ballot boxes sent to Congress and ordered the chairperson of the Iloilo City Board of Canvassers to appear on May 27. The COCs for Davao del Norte, Ilocos Sur and Laguna were admitted to the canvass after their respective PBOC chairpersons appeared to the committee and explained the discrepancies. In total, the joint committee admitted to canvass 69 CoCs from 54 provinces, 8 cities, and 6 countries. ### May 27 The committee first resumed consideration for the canvassing the COCs for Antique, Kuwait, and Iloilo City. The Antique COC was admitted for canvassing after the chairman of the provincial board of canvassers appeared before the joint committee to explain the discrepancies. The COC from Kuwait has been delivered by Comelec representatives before the joint committee convened. The COC for Iloilo City were canvassed after the chairperson of its city board of canvassers located the COC inside the ballot box that were sent to Congress. For the COC from Canada, the Comelec representative explained that the physical COC was only shipped on May 26 and it will take about three to five days before it will be delivered to Congress. However, they have a certified true copy of the COC, which Comelec received via e-mail. This was also the case for the COC from Austria. The committee finished the canvassing of all electronically transmitted and manually prepared COCs (including the local absentee and detainee voting COCs) in three days, the fastest canvassing of results for President and Vice President in Philippine election history. ## Presidential election Based on the official canvass of the Congress of the Philippines. | Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % | | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | --------------------------- | ---------- | ------ | | | Rodrigo Duterte | PDP–Laban | 16,601,997 | 39.02 | | | Mar Roxas | Liberal Party | 9,978,175 | 23.45 | | | Grace Poe | Independent | 9,100,991 | 21.39 | | | Jejomar Binay | United Nationalist Alliance | 5,416,140 | 12.73 | | | Miriam Defensor Santiago | People's Reform Party | 1,455,532 | 3.42 | | Total | Total | Total | 42,552,835 | 100.00 | | | | | | | | Valid votes | Valid votes | Valid votes | 42,552,835 | 94.61 | | Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 2,426,316 | 5.39 | | Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 44,979,151 | 100.00 | | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 55,739,911 | 80.69 | | Source: Congress | | | | | 1. ↑ Includes 25,779 votes for Roy Señeres (Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka) who withdrew and died after the ballots were printed. | Province/City | Duterte | Roxas | Poe | Binay | Defensor Santiago | Señeres* | | ------------------- | ---------- | --------- | --------- | ----------------- | ----------------- | -------- | | Province/City | | | | | | | | Abra | 24,120 | 11,050 | 37,029 | 50,245 | 7,411 | 77 | | Agusan del Norte | 195,814 | 76,267 | 53,879 | 11,559 | 2,135 | 154 | | Agusan del Sur | 115,869 | 150,613 | 13,847 | 7,329 | 968 | 195 | | Aklan | 52,481 | 134,763 | 53,360 | 30,996 | 6,407 | 190 | | Albay | 80,361 | 221,778 | 221,578 | 63,144 | 15,595 | 599 | | Antique | 45,520 | 102,311 | 61,572 | 31,675 | 8,538 | 293 | | Apayao | 7,056 | 8,215 | 10,439 | 22,239 | 1,529 | 36 | | Aurora | 19,149 | 16,029 | 33,776 | 27,290 | 2,699 | 63 | | Bacolod | 69,871 | 106,268 | 32,443 | 6,597 | 10,296 | 132 | | Baguio | 37,768 | 15,731 | 24,569 | 9,079 | 26,735 | 96 | | Basilan | 95,625 | 56,881 | 15,512 | 9,747 | 581 | 48 | | Bataan | 145,902 | 42,504 | 144,540 | 50,640 | 17,133 | 132 | | Batanes | 1,107 | 3,690 | 2,984 | 1,181 | 175 | 3 | | Batangas | 336,974 | 215,266 | 334,379 | 294,510 | 42,921 | 425 | | Benguet | 30,948 | 39,374 | 54,543 | 13,437 | 27,648 | 16 | | Biliran | 30,712 | 21,060 | 10,901 | 14,885 | 1,038 | 84 | | Bohol | 315,596 | 203,628 | 68,912 | 42,917 | 6,191 | 441 | | Bukidnon | 345,677 | 129,057 | 88,551 | 24,053 | 4,359 | 500 | | Bulacan | 506,046 | 187,710 | 418,962 | 157,788 | 61,121 | 658 | | Cagayan | 89,180 | 64,765 | 100,623 | 228,041 | 16,577 | 338 | | Cagayan de Oro | 164,446 | 27,416 | 34,509 | 17,354 | 2,833 | 102 | | Caloocan | 232,918 | 69,143 | 116,128 | 59,070 | 28,010 | 269 | | Camarines Norte | 40,000 | 64,444 | 114,239 | 18,555 | 4,308 | 233 | | Camarines Sur | 98,236 | 305,670 | 276,855 | 97,232 | 13,439 | 591 | | Camiguin | 11,285 | 35,613 | 625 | 326 | 109 | 13 | | Capiz | 35,443 | 274,023 | 22,702 | 19,322 | 4,740 | 302 | | Catanduanes | 20,486 | 39,353 | 58,612 | 20,621 | 2,711 | 179 | | Cavite | 557,812 | 232,427 | 297,681 | 196,228 | 70,325 | 538 | | Cebu | 762,559 | 459,089 | 192,235 | 70,867 | 19,386 | 1,023 | | Cebu City | 296,246 | 90,420 | 52,169 | 51,002 | 13,512 | 226 | | Compostela Valley | 255,555 | 55,184 | 17,758 | 5,889 | 1,095 | 133 | | Cotabato | 397,096 | 69,490 | 35,109 | 22,137 | 2,347 | 196 | | Davao City | 614,192 | 7,546 | 9,053 | 3,329 | 1,671 | 64 | | Davao del Norte | 398,192 | 13,654 | 12,545 | 4,803 | 1,171 | 111 | | Davao del Sur | 269,660 | 12,714 | 8,264 | 3,013 | 750 | 74 | | Davao Occidental | 94,373 | 6,371 | 6,341 | 2,138 | 275 | 42 | | Davao Oriental | 208,059 | 22,676 | 13,460 | 5,788 | 997 | 142 | | Dinagat Islands | 33,395 | 11,935 | 3,557 | 3,838 | 205 | 19 | | Eastern Samar | 46,298 | 80,824 | 72,778 | 29,073 | 3,501 | 226 | | Guimaras | 9,059 | 50,507 | 11,939 | 12,527 | 2,654 | 56 | | Ifugao | 11,685 | 25,452 | 25,629 | 21,263 | 4,606 | 76 | | Iligan | 85,901 | 16,618 | 12,464 | 4,331 | 1,047 | 41 | | Ilocos Norte | 103,394 | 13,162 | 61,012 | 66,007 | 64,375 | 253 | | Ilocos Sur | 86,364 | 52,868 | 89,925 | 66,460 | 44,857 | 223 | | Iloilo | 107,364 | 543,001 | 137,393 | 31,647 | 44,940 | 607 | | Iloilo City | 39,680 | 119,972 | 31,159 | 6,141 | 15,011 | 150 | | Isabela | 119,259 | 68,473 | 139,637 | 372,371 | 16,008 | 332 | | Kalinga | 13,361 | 13,142 | 26,746 | 38,517 | 4,703 | 63 | | La Union | 85,988 | 39,523 | 111,253 | 106,449 | 36,301 | 220 | | Laguna | 454,593 | 175,922 | 386,241 | 180,338 | 64,478 | 607 | | Lanao del Norte | 126,052 | 69,375 | 25,835 | 17,239 | 1,073 | 137 | | Lanao del Sur | 303,184 | 44,801 | 15,809 | 13,635 | 815 | 71 | | Lapu-Lapu | 83,283 | 44,676 | 15,951 | 3,719 | 2,663 | 112 | | Las Piñas | 104,387 | 28,923 | 52,983 | 17,654 | 16,589 | 108 | | Leyte | 332,306 | 222,276 | 128,643 | 190,865 | 16,382 | 724 | | Maguindanao | 255,031 | 117,851 | 22,006 | 63,569 | 964 | 115 | | Makati | 89,047 | 40,067 | 25,661 | 133,367 | 21,291 | 87 | | Malabon | 66,125 | 20,147 | 39,862 | 15,384 | 8,545 | 103 | | Mandaluyong | 63,860 | 22,069 | 28,731 | 26,330 | 11,777 | 54 | | Manila | 325,050 | 88,047 | 180,170 | 96,997 | 58,535 | 366 | | Marikina | 76,393 | 35,559 | 39,209 | 11,550 | 15,448 | 67 | | Marinduque | 22,352 | 26,164 | 45,125 | 15,387 | 2,133 | 102 | | Masbate | 64,086 | 150,128 | 78,587 | 41,954 | 3,433 | 517 | | Misamis Occidental | 109,812 | 137,015 | 18,616 | 8,785 | 1,658 | 182 | | Misamis Oriental | 237,184 | 99,402 | 68,238 | 35,480 | 3,103 | 264 | | Mountain Province | 9,111 | 18,973 | 22,553 | 15,122 | 7,965 | 60 | | Muntinlupa | 94,012 | 35,651 | 44,123 | 33,221 | 13,062 | 83 | | Navotas | 35,890 | 6,820 | 18,974 | 34,428 | 4,066 | 36 | | Negros Occidental | 190,196 | 579,810 | 222,440 | 39,786 | 20,100 | 1,200 | | Negros Oriental | 173,968 | 248,099 | 86,406 | 48,474 | 9,162 | 748 | | Northern Samar | 42,157 | 100,436 | 74,021 | 67,655 | 3,600 | 338 | | Nueva Ecija | 275,136 | 148,269 | 326,715 | 221,135 | 26,946 | 438 | | Nueva Vizcaya | 40,656 | 24,374 | 60,468 | 58,773 | 8,296 | 109 | | Occidental Mindoro | 38,701 | 72,644 | 36,171 | 37,886 | 2,024 | 116 | | Oriental Mindoro | 70,560 | 104,554 | 104,772 | 60,246 | 5,266 | 197 | | Palawan | 104,410 | 168,592 | 126,181 | 30,392 | 6,838 | 432 | | Pampanga | 433,969 | 141,715 | 238,866 | 159,753 | 46,827 | 535 | | Pangasinan | 346,081 | 204,081 | 572,249 | 210,876 | 52,258 | 913 | | Parañaque | 99,940 | 41,625 | 42,879 | 27,055 | 15,166 | 120 | | Pasay | 81,472 | 26,119 | 30,185 | 44,232 | 12,295 | 85 | | Pasig | 136,007 | 50,175 | 75,880 | 31,529 | 23,993 | 141 | | Quezon | 184,950 | 205,791 | 305,814 | 175,002 | 21,768 | 553 | | Quezon City | 415,671 | 164,012 | 168,432 | 82,438 | 66,982 | 457 | | Quirino | 14,750 | 21,008 | 17,290 | 22,978 | 2,197 | 41 | | Rizal | 415,816 | 134,038 | 259,998 | 150,030 | 56,164 | 483 | | Romblon | 26,134 | 56,369 | 31,736 | 17,868 | 1,842 | 86 | | Samar | 68,206 | 129,660 | 115,582 | 64,575 | 5,030 | 289 | | San Juan | 25,922 | 9,061 | 11,508 | 5,833 | 4,837 | 34 | | Sarangani | 141,511 | 22,972 | 16,983 | 27,084 | 883 | 112 | | Siquijor | 16,252 | 26,626 | 5,256 | 6,778 | 623 | 44 | | Sorsogon | 44,560 | 108,068 | 143,420 | 42,636 | 5,716 | 373 | | South Cotabato | 349,904 | 121,170 | 64,115 | 31,512 | 5,265 | 215 | | Southern Leyte | 93,625 | 73,499 | 20,007 | 15,955 | 1,933 | 149 | | Sultan Kudarat | 174,317 | 59,212 | 29,464 | 18,240 | 1,651 | 133 | | Sulu | 197,559 | 26,443 | 9,455 | 23,666 | 389 | 35 | | Surigao del Norte | 148,387 | 59,778 | 38,706 | 8,667 | 1,547 | 172 | | Surigao del Sur | 186,077 | 58,673 | 30,947 | 8,660 | 1,444 | 164 | | Taguig–Pateros | 166,834 | 25,330 | 42,473 | 33,454 | 16,272 | 114 | | Tarlac | 159,187 | 194,974 | 185,918 | 47,177 | 17,675 | 356 | | Tawi-Tawi | 69,344 | 26,413 | 12,398 | 18,957 | 331 | 51 | | Valenzuela | 113,745 | 30,845 | 80,671 | 20,361 | 17,045 | 106 | | Zambales | 103,274 | 67,366 | 132,705 | 37,309 | 21,217 | 202 | | Zamboanga City | 107,565 | 43,031 | 84,728 | 22,201 | 7,068 | 221 | | Zamboanga del Norte | 174,548 | 175,008 | 53,122 | 40,806 | 2,563 | 394 | | Zamboanga del Sur | 141,065 | 81,348 | 149,570 | 20,058 | 3,073 | 381 | | Zamboanga Sibugay | 115,173 | 84,151 | 34,385 | 14,291 | 1,422 | 194 | | Absentee voters | 318,528 | 51,300 | 27,582 | 13,138 | 37,900 | 118 | | Total | 16,601,997 | 9,978,175 | 9,100,991 | 5,416,140 | 1,455,532 | 25,779 | | Province/City | | | | | | | | Duterte | Roxas | Poe | Binay | Defensor Santiago | Señeres* | | *withdrew from the race but is included in the ballot; all votes cast for him are spoiled. ### Absentee voters | Country | Duterte | Roxas | Poe | Binay | Defensor Santiago | Señeres* | | ----------------------------- | ------- | ------ | ------ | ----------------- | ----------------- | -------- | | Country | | | | | | | | Local absentee voters | 10,283 | 1,419 | 1,628 | 4,375 | 1,253 | 2 | | Detainee voters | 387 | 331 | 896 | 549 | 26 | 4 | | Argentina | 41 | 12 | 11 | 2 | 4 | 0 | | Australia | 1,889 | 768 | 266 | 57 | 291 | 1 | | Austria | 561 | 167 | 65 | 18 | 76 | 0 | | Bahrain | 5,413 | 712 | 405 | 169 | 509 | 3 | | Bangladesh | 168 | 48 | 18 | 9 | 31 | 0 | | Belgium | 729 | 229 | 100 | 20 | 93 | 0 | | Brazil | 201 | 22 | 12 | 9 | 18 | 0 | | Brunei | 3,147 | 339 | 228 | 65 | 331 | 0 | | Cambodia | 715 | 123 | 54 | 14 | 102 | 0 | | Canada | 15,643 | 2,681 | 1,582 | 397 | 2,227 | 7 | | Chile | 196 | 15 | 11 | 6 | 46 | 0 | | China | 34,004 | 4,927 | 3,173 | 1,252 | 7,573 | 12 | | Czech Republic | 183 | 26 | 5 | 3 | 30 | 0 | | East Timor | 299 | 46 | 26 | 6 | 43 | 2 | | Egypt | 715 | 88 | 62 | 29 | 68 | 0 | | France | 1,123 | 354 | 149 | 25 | 151 | 0 | | Germany | 1,206 | 281 | 174 | 63 | 176 | 2 | | Greece & Cyprus | 1,470 | 253 | 274 | 108 | 343 | 2 | | Guam | 1,490 | 1,030 | 515 | 95 | 164 | 0 | | Hungary | 185 | 8 | 21 | 5 | 46 | 0 | | India | 42 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 0 | | Indonesia | 951 | 287 | 68 | 27 | 199 | 0 | | Iran | 62 | 9 | 12 | 3 | 7 | 0 | | Israel | 4,431 | 323 | 250 | 99 | 629 | 2 | | Italy | 9,249 | 1,859 | 1,276 | 322 | 1,209 | 6 | | Japan | 11,216 | 1,274 | 829 | 269 | 1,080 | 9 | | Jordan | 1,516 | 147 | 168 | 45 | 164 | 0 | | Kenya | 292 | 37 | 44 | 12 | 32 | 0 | | Kuwait | 9,747 | 1,021 | 598 | 224 | 580 | 3 | | Laos | 455 | 43 | 15 | 21 | 79 | 0 | | Lebanon | 3,039 | 271 | 359 | 135 | 326 | 2 | | Malaysia | 2,275 | 210 | 122 | 62 | 383 | 3 | | Mexico | 179 | 40 | 7 | 5 | 27 | 0 | | Myanmar | 127 | 51 | 11 | 6 | 29 | 0 | | Netherlands | 573 | 103 | 55 | 9 | 72 | 0 | | New Zealand | 2,269 | 264 | 119 | 34 | 243 | 0 | | Nigeria | 255 | 38 | 15 | 5 | 27 | 0 | | Norway | 1,314 | 144 | 79 | 15 | 152 | 0 | | Oman | 2,779 | 436 | 217 | 67 | 284 | 0 | | Pakistan | 184 | 24 | 9 | 6 | 20 | 0 | | Papua New Guinea | 588 | 225 | 65 | 22 | 60 | 1 | | Poland | 120 | 25 | 6 | 3 | 20 | 0 | | Portugal | 343 | 31 | 32 | 19 | 26 | 0 | | Qatar | 12,475 | 1,333 | 558 | 250 | 997 | 2 | | Russia | 753 | 61 | 41 | 11 | 134 | 1 | | Saudi Arabia | 35,713 | 4,890 | 2,515 | 934 | 2,589 | 11 | | Singapore | 30,389 | 3,746 | 1,276 | 424 | 3,587 | 7 | | South Africa | 217 | 40 | 13 | 13 | 28 | 0 | | South Korea | 2,915 | 160 | 84 | 28 | 274 | 0 | | Spain | 4,170 | 531 | 452 | 131 | 610 | 1 | | Switzerland | 1,729 | 588 | 224 | 68 | 291 | 1 | | Taiwan | 11,544 | 343 | 319 | 122 | 725 | 1 | | Thailand | 2,604 | 342 | 93 | 40 | 384 | 1 | | Turkey | 492 | 50 | 37 | 9 | 69 | 0 | | United Arab Emirates | 51,879 | 3,985 | 1,708 | 786 | 3,483 | 9 | | United Kingdom | 6,451 | 1,491 | 685 | 192 | 1,060 | 3 | | United States of America | 24,789 | 12,820 | 5,480 | 1,423 | 4,339 | 20 | | Vatican City | 74 | 98 | 43 | 12 | 20 | 0 | | Vietnam, Maldives & Sri Lanka | 280 | 70 | 20 | 6 | 56 | 0 | | Total | 318,528 | 51,300 | 27,582 | 13,138 | 37,900 | 118 | | Country | | | | | | | | Duterte | Roxas | Poe | Binay | Defensor Santiago | Señeres* | | *withdrew from the race but is included in the ballot; all votes cast for him are spoiled. ## Vice presidential election Based on the official canvass of the Congress of the Philippines. | Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % | | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | --------------------------- | ---------- | ------ | | | Leni Robredo | Liberal Party | 14,418,817 | 35.11 | | | Bongbong Marcos | Independent | 14,155,344 | 34.47 | | | Alan Peter Cayetano | Independent | 5,903,379 | 14.38 | | | Francis Escudero | Independent | 4,931,962 | 12.01 | | | Antonio Trillanes | Independent | 868,501 | 2.11 | | | Gregorio Honasan | United Nationalist Alliance | 788,881 | 1.92 | | Total | Total | Total | 41,066,884 | 100.00 | | | | | | | | Valid votes | Valid votes | Valid votes | 41,066,884 | 91.30 | | Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 3,912,267 | 8.70 | | Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 44,979,151 | 100.00 | | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 55,739,911 | 80.69 | | Source: Congress | | | | | 1. ↑ Running mate of Miriam Defensor Santiago (People's Reform Party) 2. 1 2 3 Nacionalista Party member running as an independent 3. ↑ Running mate of Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban) 4. ↑ Running mate of Grace Poe (independent) 5. ↑ Supporting Grace Poe (independent) | Province/City | Robredo | Marcos | Cayetano | Escudero | Trillanes | Honasan | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Province/City | | | | | | | | Abra | 5,457 | 112,694 | 1,754 | 4,212 | 689 | 1,470 | | Agusan del Norte | 116,063 | 82,696 | 86,548 | 28,313 | 3,676 | 4,004 | | Agusan del Sur | 151,451 | 48,494 | 51,594 | 18,595 | 3,435 | 4,162 | | Aklan | 148,280 | 51,395 | 19,225 | 34,428 | 8,411 | 5,373 | | Albay | 380,745 | 42,324 | 23,713 | 117,113 | 17,095 | 7,434 | | Antique | 119,055 | 44,663 | 17,002 | 33,578 | 15,011 | 5,722 | | Apayao | 2,762 | 40,846 | 876 | 1,979 | 566 | 904 | | Aurora | 27,029 | 42,600 | 4,479 | 16,684 | 2,698 | 3,453 | | Basilan | 77,321 | 32,326 | 31,868 | 16,488 | 3,412 | 4,104 | | Bataan | 84,241 | 184,670 | 27,632 | 80,197 | 7,121 | 6741 | | Batanes | 4,566 | 1,079 | 416 | 2,236 | 116 | 380 | | Batangas | 514,608 | 261,499 | 110,448 | 233,406 | 34,984 | 36,358 | | Benguet • Baguio | 33,413 21,341 | 95,927 76,009 | 7,326 5,965 | 17,275 6,990 | 5,675 2,235 | 2,893 1,048 | | Biliran | 18,231 | 33,440 | 8,901 | 7,668 | 1,072 | 1,901 | | Bohol | 276,486 | 80,593 | 171,234 | 54,789 | 10,843 | 9,964 | | Bukidnon | 218,585 | 131,468 | 121,455 | 56,841 | 12,669 | 11,171 | | Bulacan | 366,079 | 556,480 | 121,108 | 226,311 | 22,442 | 16,921 | | Cagayan | 54,971 | 383,657 | 10,140 | 24,795 | 5,662 | 6,993 | | Camarines Norte | 132,757 | 25,899 | 9,405 | 60,208 | 5,405 | 3,182 | | Camarines Sur | 664,190 | 41,219 | 14,933 | 37,122 | 11,468 | 7,223 | | Camiguin | 38,030 | 2,148 | 5,498 | 666 | 185 | 161 | | Capiz | 253,290 | 43,684 | 12,197 | 19,977 | 11,009 | 3,678 | | Catanduanes | 72,964 | 12,894 | 5,981 | 39,551 | 2,626 | 2,896 | | Cavite | 404,241 | 556,785 | 142,511 | 193,961 | 17,793 | 22,428 | | Cebu • Cebu City • Lapu-Lapu | 590,777 162,509 63,766 | 196,943 92,007 21,104 | 447,955 167,705 46,469 | 146,498 41,390 11,840 | 23,993 7,972 2,167 | 21,767 23,506 1,695 | | Compostela Valley | 86,941 | 66,187 | 134,323 | 23,299 | 3,472 | 4,097 | | Cotabato | 129,141 | 169,177 | 154,194 | 33,295 | 11,174 | 11,332 | | Davao del Norte | 42,684 | 130,796 | 216,058 | 21,429 | 2,433 | 3,925 | | Davao del Sur • Davao City | 29,288 30,718 | 80,303 122,620 | 150,910 451,296 | 13,551 17,645 | 2,887 1,879 | 3,518 3,236 | | Davao Occidental | 10,129 | 41,194 | 41,644 | 3,561 | 757 | 1,951 | | Davao Oriental | 45,543 | 45,990 | 113,284 | 18,667 | 3,134 | 4,967 | | Dinagat Islands | 16,153 | 21,825 | 7,560 | 2,660 | 423 | 1,121 | | Eastern Samar | 94,061 | 54,985 | 15,039 | 41,494 | 5,467 | 4,863 | | Guimaras | 56,249 | 7,853 | 3,774 | 6,721 | 2,014 | 6,022 | | Ifugao | 28,986 | 35,256 | 5,181 | 11,191 | 2,687 | 2,533 | | Ilocos Norte | 3,704 | 298,786 | 1,326 | 2,479 | 619 | 1,680 | | Ilocos Sur | 14,140 | 316,121 | 2,260 | 4,397 | 1,391 | 1,415 | | Iloilo • Iloilo City | 573,729 137,662 | 94,411 33,778 | 43,352 14,229 | 74,480 15,766 | 39,419 6,052 | 11,870 1,852 | | Isabela | 88,317 | 516,926 | 17,924 | 46,338 | 7,780 | 14,489 | | Kalinga | 11,636 | 64,023 | 2,574 | 9,589 | 2,587 | 2,103 | | La Union | 19,596 | 338,455 | 4,204 | 9,694 | 2,791 | 2,309 | | Laguna | 390,541 | 441,154 | 122,752 | 242,788 | 22,825 | 23,075 | | Lanao del Norte • Iligan | 68,974 27,166 | 67,817 29,847 | 45,367 46,243 | 21,101 11,271 | 5,219 1,621 | 15,705 1,808 | | Lanao del Sur | 180,539 | 56,243 | 53,745 | 17,796 | 13,607 | 11,082 | | Leyte | 241,960 | 406,815 | 88,267 | 67,339 | 7,650 | 10,842 | | Maguindanao | 220,125 | 80,591 | 35,233 | 50,536 | 12,922 | 31,532 | | Marinduque | 40,598 | 22,022 | 8,035 | 27,720 | 5,413 | 2,632 | | Masbate | 169,297 | 47,220 | 21,305 | 45,505 | 7,224 | 9,112 | | Metro Manila • Caloocan • Las Piñas • Makati • Malabon • Mandaluyong • Manila • Marikina • Muntinlupa • Navotas • Parañaque • Pasay • Pasig • Quezon City • San Juan • Taguig–Pateros • Valenzuela | 129,057 63,456 91,484 38,045 45,462 183,346 66,558 68,843 18,193 80,710 51,790 103,040 297,899 18,696 41,782 67,097 | 245,068 97,641 149,645 67,992 73,495 394,192 69,530 86,252 47,943 85,786 97,776 129,145 412,681 26,543 86,270 116,455 | 50,103 30,720 24,606 16,489 16,235 75,295 18,394 29,225 10,051 30,289 20,417 36,604 86,604 6,459 134,608 26,972 | 63,536 22,899 20,325 22,566 13,598 74,112 18,794 26,813 14,860 23,185 18,287 39,895 80,180 4,262 16,615 44,731 | 7,410 2,455 2,304 1,799 1,344 8,989 2,325 2,586 1,294 2,426 1,804 3,661 8,738 458 1,751 3,258 | 5,409 2,286 19,590 1,502 1,694 7,398 1,625 3,879 6,482 2,456 2,797 3,093 7,669 509 2,030 2,135 | | Misamis Occidental | 143,402 | 36,912 | 52,107 | 17,408 | 3,548 | 2,838 | | Misamis Oriental • Cagayan de Oro | 147,884 69,859 | 102,911 73,167 | 104,603 68,487 | 40,554 19,307 | 8,045 3,148 | 9,546 6,318 | | Mountain Province | 17,653 | 34,286 | 3,295 | 10,038 | 3,619 | 2,030 | | Negros Occidental • Bacolod | 614,440 119,447 | 119,149 42,923 | 72,832 28,132 | 136,634 19,854 | 51,143 8,319 | 12,145 2,064 | | Negros Oriental | 255,598 | 66,506 | 100,839 | 52,920 | 21,221 | 13,972 | | Northern Samar | 111,461 | 73,214 | 14,779 | 45,842 | 6,184 | 9,516 | | Nueva Ecija | 216,204 | 541,980 | 45,492 | 128,162 | 21,823 | 20,186 | | Nueva Vizcaya | 29,437 | 126,248 | 6,263 | 17,407 | 4,740 | 4,992 | | Occidental Mindoro | 79,411 | 57,115 | 9,236 | 21,975 | 5,576 | 8,000 | | Oriental Mindoro | 141,410 | 71,808 | 21,586 | 73,393 | 12,677 | 10,874 | | Palawan | 183,884 | 93,647 | 38,431 | 67,835 | 18,418 | 9,914 | | Pampanga | 293,420 | 434,235 | 102,539 | 141,106 | 13,336 | 12,721 | | Pangasinan | 265,016 | 832,711 | 57,051 | 156,118 | 32,260 | 17,056 | | Quezon | 385,164 | 173,394 | 54,702 | 191,444 | 29,752 | 27,946 | | Quirino | 14,906 | 49,158 | 2,554 | 6,525 | 1,931 | 1,460 | | Rizal | 285,417 | 435,471 | 97,453 | 154,365 | 15,396 | 16,775 | | Romblon | 61,915 | 24,645 | 8,046 | 22,712 | 4,418 | 3,576 | | Samar | 132,775 | 128,401 | 17,043 | 62,472 | 5,446 | 7,940 | | Sarangani | 47,803 | 66,484 | 47,826 | 15,660 | 7,131 | 7,990 | | Siquijor | 30,468 | 5,746 | 7,281 | 4,141 | 1,230 | 2,066 | | Sorsogon | 97,129 | 20,709 | 6,909 | 203,689 | 3,514 | 5,115 | | South Cotabato | 177,396 | 191,461 | 126,303 | 37,865 | 18,001 | 8,919 | | Southern Leyte | 94,972 | 32,792 | 40,689 | 16,120 | 2,476 | 3,739 | | Sultan Kudarat | 84,225 | 104,592 | 46,197 | 19,489 | 8,980 | 8,250 | | Sulu | 46,218 | 127,437 | 39,254 | 13,744 | 1,663 | 7,110 | | Surigao del Norte | 89,688 | 37,946 | 73,403 | 31,273 | 3,913 | 4,357 | | Surigao del Sur | 88,503 | 48,326 | 88,519 | 30,619 | 4,984 | 6,161 | | Tarlac | 243,756 | 214,166 | 31,821 | 75,224 | 20,715 | 7,884 | | Tawi-Tawi | 42,252 | 35,165 | 20,567 | 8,937 | 2,383 | 4,914 | | Zambales | 103,972 | 163,760 | 20,163 | 49,941 | 10,456 | 7,066 | | Zamboanga del Norte | 209,491 | 72,255 | 63,847 | 41,866 | 8,135 | 14,500 | | Zamboanga del Sur • Zamboanga City | 100,188 73,730 | 145,455 67,522 | 57,863 50,552 | 34,391 45,352 | 8,110 15,406 | 6,609 7,365 | | Zamboanga Sibugay | 101,141 | 42,336 | 51,528 | 19,810 | 8,952 | 6,425 | | Absentee voters | 92,639 | 188,959 | 137,699 | 19,689 | 4,973 | 3,385 | | Total | 14,418,817 | 14,155,344 | 5,903,379 | 4,931,962 | 868,501 | 788,881 | | Province/City | | | | | | | | Robredo | Marcos | Cayetano | Escudero | Trillanes | Honasan | | ### Absentee voters | Country | Robredo | Marcos | Cayetano | Escudero | Trillanes | Honasan | | ----------------------------- | ------- | -------- | -------- | --------- | --------- | ------- | | Country | | | | | | | | Local Absentee voters | 2,341 | 11,683 | 2,134 | 944 | 1,588 | 314 | | Detainee voters | 393 | 607 | 170 | 689 | 139 | 160 | | Argentina | 16 | 18 | 25 | 8 | 2 | 1 | | Australia | 1,280 | 657 | 1,077 | 189 | 44 | 18 | | Austria | 259 | 272 | 286 | 50 | 6 | 12 | | Bahrain | 1,388 | 3,228 | 2,085 | 352 | 65 | 60 | | Bangladesh | 72 | 134 | 57 | 7 | 1 | 2 | | Belgium | 321 | 356 | 381 | 80 | 18 | 9 | | Brazil | 30 | 91 | 82 | 76 | 5 | 2 | | Brunei | 682 | 1,904 | 1,254 | 185 | 41 | 38 | | Cambodia | 203 | 420 | 330 | 55 | 6 | 5 | | Canada | 5,391 | 8,622 | 6,993 | 1,168 | 183 | 116 | | Chile | 28 | 147 | 90 | 5 | 2 | 1 | | China | 6,911 | 28,080 | 13,802 | 1,578 | 330 | 205 | | Czech Republic | 53 | 90 | 91 | 9 | 2 | 2 | | East Timor | 72 | 177 | 140 | 25 | 3 | 4 | | Egypt | 182 | 391 | 284 | 45 | 13 | 31 | | France | 467 | 661 | 540 | 123 | 9 | 4 | | Germany | 458 | 540 | 756 | 134 | 34 | 39 | | Greece & Cyprus | 388 | 1,346 | 501 | 176 | 29 | 43 | | Guam | 1,429 | 809 | 564 | 394 | 50 | 40 | | Hungary | 39 | 116 | 84 | 16 | 3 | 6 | | India | 22 | 19 | 19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | Indonesia | 630 | 398 | 441 | 40 | 9 | 9 | | Iran | 22 | 47 | 21 | 3 | 2 | 0 | | Israel | 580 | 3,350 | 1,519 | 194 | 38 | 33 | | Italy | 2,873 | 6,374 | 3,489 | 778 | 131 | 195 | | Japan | 2,246 | 5,212 | 6,148 | 669 | 104 | 193 | | Jordan | 289 | 903 | 589 | 162 | 27 | 56 | | Kenya | 64 | 176 | 140 | 29 | 6 | 11 | | Kuwait | 1,999 | 4,777 | 4,666 | 545 | 85 | 70 | | Laos | 96 | 285 | 195 | 22 | 9 | 3 | | Lebanon | 353 | 2,408 | 1,064 | 229 | 23 | 52 | | Malaysia | 534 | 1,322 | 1,055 | 102 | 27 | 16 | | Mexico | 56 | 118 | 70 | 8 | 5 | 1 | | Myanmar | 89 | 63 | 60 | 10 | 0 | 3 | | Netherlands | 220 | 213 | 335 | 30 | 6 | 6 | | New Zealand | 581 | 768 | 1,401 | 128 | 26 | 22 | | Nigeria | 77 | 131 | 99 | 22 | 4 | 6 | | Norway | 271 | 515 | 793 | 86 | 16 | 7 | | Oman | 699 | 1,477 | 1,214 | 170 | 18 | 25 | | Pakistan | 28 | 116 | 79 | 14 | 2 | 4 | | Papua New Guinea | 362 | 298 | 212 | 65 | 10 | 6 | | Poland | 47 | 57 | 62 | 5 | 2 | 2 | | Portugal | 64 | 237 | 111 | 34 | 4 | 2 | | Qatar | 3,268 | 6,119 | 5,442 | 545 | 103 | 95 | | Russia | 93 | 566 | 301 | 38 | 5 | 1 | | Saudi Arabia | 10,934 | 19,645 | 13,089 | 1,973 | 412 | 347 | | Singapore | 8,187 | 14,915 | 14,960 | 911 | 242 | 160 | | South Africa | 82 | 131 | 78 | 12 | 3 | 2 | | South Korea | 363 | 1,721 | 1,266 | 82 | 12 | 5 | | Spain | 857 | 3,124 | 1,594 | 240 | 36 | 57 | | Switzerland | 939 | 909 | 839 | 167 | 22 | 22 | | Taiwan | 950 | 7,594 | 3,858 | 496 | 66 | 65 | | Thailand | 615 | 1,284 | 1,464 | 72 | 17 | 19 | | Turkey | 114 | 299 | 210 | 25 | 5 | 6 | | United Arab Emirates | 10,347 | 25,319 | 23,583 | 1,880 | 302 | 255 | | United Kingdom | 2,616 | 3,358 | 3,328 | 378 | 82 | 76 | | United States of America | 18,407 | 14,193 | 11,980 | 3,181 | 525 | 432 | | Vatican City | 135 | 37 | 53 | 19 | 9 | 2 | | Vietnam, Maldives & Sri Lanka | 127 | 132 | 146 | 16 | 4 | 6 | | Total | 92,639 | 188,959 | 137,699 | 19,689 | 4,973 | 3,385 | | Country | | | | | | | | Robredo | Marcos | Cayetano | Escudero | Trillanes | Honasan | |

enwiki/50328305

enwiki

50,328,305

Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_2016_Philippine_presidential_election

2025-02-06T19:36:02

en

Q24908733

282,752

{{Short description|none}} {{Politics of the Philippines}} The following is the official canvassing of votes by the [[Congress of the Philippines]] for the [[2016 Philippine presidential election|2016 Philippine presidential and vice presidential election]]. The canvassing started on May 25, 2016<ref name="gmacanvass">{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/567433/news/nation/canvassing-of-votes-for-president-vp-to-begin-wednesday |title=Canvassing of votes for president, VP to begin Wednesday |date=May 24, 2016 |access-date=May 25, 2016 |publisher=[[GMA News Online]]}}</ref> and ended 2 days later. This was the fastest congressional canvassing process in Philippine electoral history since 1998 until [[Congressional canvass for the 2022 Philippine presidential election|2022]]. The Congress is mandated to declare a winner 30 days after the elections (June 8). ==Process== After voters had finished voting, the counting machines will then count the votes received by each candidate in each position. For positions elected on a national basis (president, vice president, senators and party-list representatives), the counting machine will then print an election return for that precinct, and will transmit the results to the municipal/city board of canvassers, Congress, [[Commission on Elections (Philippines)|Commission on Elections]], the citizen's arm authorized by the commission, political parties, and others. The city or municipality will then tally the votes for all positions and will issue two documents at its conclusion: a statement of votes where the votes obtained by candidates in each precinct in a city/municipality is stated; and a certificate of canvass (COC), a document in electronic and printed form containing the total votes in figures obtained by each candidate in the city or municipality. The city or municipal COC will either be sent electronically to Congress (if the city is an [[Cities of the Philippines#Independent cities|Independent city with its own legislative district]]) or to the provincial board of canvassers in which the process is repeated; this time the provincial COC will be sent to Congress. Congress, sitting as the National Board of Canvassers, will canvass the votes to determine who among the candidates are elected president and vice president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2007/ra_9369_2007.html |title=Republic Act No. 9369 |date=January 23, 2007 |access-date=May 24, 2016 |publisher=The LawPhil Project}}</ref> In theory, all of the votes from the election returns when added must be equal to the votes canvassed by Congress coming from the city/provincial COCs. The provincial/city board of canvassers will send an electronically transmitted COC to the Congress' Consolidation and Canvassing System (CCS) server, which was activated minutes after voting closed on May 9.<ref>[https://www.senate.gov.ph/photo_release/2016/0509_01.asp DRILON INITIALIZES CONSOLIDATION AND CANVASSING SYSTEM], [[Senate of the Philippines]], May 9, 2016</ref> Meanwhile, the manually counted and physically delivered COCs from the provincial and/or city board of canvassers will be sent first to the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] then it will be brought to the [[Batasang Pambansa Complex]], the home of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] upon the convening of both the Senate and the House of Representatives in a [[joint session]]. The canvassing committee will tabulate the results of each COC in the order they were received electronically in the Consolidation and Canvassing System (CCS) and physically delivered to Congress for manually prepared COCs with no electronic transmission. The committee will then compare the electronically received COC from the physically delivered COC for any discrepancy. In cases of discrepancies, Congress may summon the chairperson of the provincial/city board of canvassers from where city/province the COC came from. For overseas absentee voting COCs, the board of canvassers may be contacted through any forms of communication deemed safe and reliable by the committee. After all of the COCs were canvassed, the joint committee will furnish a report to be approved by majority vote by both House and Senate voting separately.<ref>[http://senate.gov.ph/2016_Presidential_and_VP_Canvassing_Rules%20.pdf Rules of the Joint Public Session of Congress for the Canvassing of the Votes for the Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates in the May 9, 2016 Elections ], [[Senate of the Philippines]] website</ref> ==Members of the canvassing committee== Instead of the whole Congress canvassing the votes, a committee comprised evenly between the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] and the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] will canvass the votes at the [[Batasang Pambansa Complex]] in [[Quezon City]], the home of the House of Representatives. Senator [[Aquilino Pimentel III]] and House Majority Leader [[Neptali Gonzales II]] will co-chair the proceedings instead of Senate President [[Franklin Drilon]] and the House Speaker [[Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.]] Previously, the Senate President and the House Speaker played this role. The composition of the joint congressional canvassing committee was announced on May 24, 2016.<ref name="gmacanvass" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/787357/vp-issue-divides-congress |title=VP issue divides Congress |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=May 25, 2016 |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]}}</ref> {|class=wikitable |- !width=45%|Senate !!width=10%|Position !!width=45%|House of Representatives |- |[[Aquilino Pimentel III]] ([[PDP–Laban]]) !Co-chairpersons |House Majority Leader [[Neptali Gonzales II]] (Mandaluyong, [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal]]) |-valign=top | * *Senate President pro tempore [[Ralph Recto]] (Liberal) *Senate Minority Leader [[Juan Ponce Enrile]] ([[United Nationalist Alliance|UNA]]) *[[Sonny Angara]] ([[Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino|LDP]]) *[[TG Guingona]] (Liberal) *[[Sergio Osmeña III]] (independent) *[[Tito Sotto]] ([[Nationalist People's Coalition|NPC]]) !Members | *[[Elpidio Barzaga, Jr.]] (Cavite, [[National Unity Party (Philippines)|NUP]]) *[[Silvestre Bello III]] (Party-list, 1-BAP) *[[Fredenil Castro]] (Capiz, NUP) *[[Romero Quimbo]] (Marikina, Liberal) *[[Rufus Rodriguez]] (Cagayan de Oro, [[Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines|CDP]]) *Reynaldo Umali (Oriental Mindoro, Liberal) |-valign=top | *[[Cynthia Villar]] ([[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]]) *[[JV Ejercito]] (UNA) !Alternates | *House Minority Leader [[Ronaldo Zamora]] (San Juan, [[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]]) *[[Rolando Andaya, Jr.]] (Camarines Sur, [[Nationalist People's Coalition|NPC]]) *[[Barry Gutierrez|Ibarra Gutierrez]] (Party-list, [[Akbayan]]) *[[Oscar Samson Rodriguez|Oscar Rodriguez]] (Pampanga, Liberal) |} Members of Congress who ran for president ([[Grace Poe]] and [[Miriam Defensor Santiago]]) and vice president ([[Alan Peter Cayetano]], [[Francis Escudero]], [[Gregorio Honasan]], [[Bongbong Marcos]], [[Leni Robredo]] and [[Antonio Trillanes]]) are banned from attending the proceedings. Each political party is entitled to two lawyers who may file motions before Congress. All presidential candidates and 4 vice presidential candidates (except Honasan and Trillanes) have lawyers for the canvassing period. ==Proceedings== {|class="wikitable" |- !Date !!Scheduled start !! Actual start !! Ended !! COCs canvassed |- |May 25<ref name="gmacanvass" /> || 2:00 p.m. || 2:57 p.m. || 9:30 p.m. || 45 |- |May 26 || 2:00 p.m. || 2:27 p.m. || 10:00 p.m. || 68 |- |May 27 || 2:00 p.m. || 2:30 p.m. || 7:16 p.m. || 53 |- |} ===May 25=== On May 25, before the start of canvassing, Didagen Dilangalen, lawyer of Bongbong Marcos, requested for separate canvassing of presidential and vice presidential results. This motion was made for an early proclamation of presumptive president Rodrigo Duterte and for more thorough examination of the tight vice presidential race. The joint committee rejected his motion and proceeded on canvassing on a per certificate of canvass (COC) basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/567545/news/nation/nboc-shoots-down-marcos-camp-request-for-separate-canvassing-for-president-vp |title=NBOC shoots down Marcos camp request for separate canvassing for president, VP |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=May 26, 2016 |publisher=[[GMA News Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/787539/congress-nixes-marcos-plea |title=Congress nixes Marcos plea |date=May 26, 2016 |access-date=May 26, 2016 |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]}}</ref> [[Davao del Sur]]'s COC was first canvassed. Discrepancies of COCs of [[Davao del Norte]], [[Ilocos Sur]] and [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] were found and their results were deferred. The Provincial Board of Canvassers of these provinces were summoned to address these issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/134279-provincial-canvassers-summoned-congress |title=Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Davao del Norte canvassers ordered to face Congress |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=May 26, 2016 |publisher=[[Rappler]]}}</ref> The committee have admitted for canvassing a total of 45 COCs from 20 provinces, 15 cities, 1 district and 9 countries.<ref name = "senate_pimentel_sponsorship_speech">[http://senate.gov.ph/press_release/2016/0531_pimentel1.asp SPONSORSHIP SPEECH OF SENATOR AQUILINO "KOKO" PIMENTEL III ON THE REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE AND RESOLUTION OF BOTH HOUSES NO. 1 APPROVING THE REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE, DECLARING THE RESULTS OF THE NATIONAL ELECTIONS HELD ON MAY 9, 2016, FOR THE OFFICES OF PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT, AND PROCLAIMING THE DULY ELECTED PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES], [[Senate of the Philippines]]</ref> ===May 26=== On May 26, the camp of [[Davao City]] mayor Rodrigo Duterte urged Bongbong Marcos to convince his running mate, Miriam Defensor Santiago to concede in the presidential race so that it would hasten the canvassing and the proclamation of Duterte as the President.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/567681/news/nation/duterte-camp-urges-marcos-to-convince-miriam-to-concede-to-fast-track-canvass|title=Duterte camp urges Marcos to convince Miriam to concede to fast-track canvass|publisher=[[GMA News Online]]|date=May 26, 2016|accessdate=May 27, 2016}}</ref> Discrepancies of COCs of [[Antique (province)|Antique]] were found and their results were deferred,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/567760/news/nation/solid-north-votes-push-marcos-past-robredo-after-2nd-day-of-official-vp-tally|title='Solid North' votes push Marcos past Robredo after 2nd day of official VP tally|publisher=[[GMA News Online]]|date=May 26, 2016|accessdate=May 27, 2016}}</ref> while the canvassing of COCs from [[Kuwait]] and [[Canada]] were suspended since the physically delivered COCs were not yet delivered to Congress and their respective electronically transmitted COCs are only available. The Certificate of Canvass for [[Iloilo City]] was not found inside the ballot boxes sent to Congress and ordered the chairperson of the Iloilo City Board of Canvassers to appear on May 27. The COCs for Davao del Norte, Ilocos Sur and Laguna were admitted to the canvass after their respective PBOC chairpersons appeared to the committee and explained the discrepancies. In total, the joint committee admitted to canvass 69 CoCs from 54 provinces, 8 cities, and 6 countries.<ref name = "senate_pimentel_sponsorship_speech"/> ===May 27=== The committee first resumed consideration for the canvassing the COCs for Antique, Kuwait, and Iloilo City. The Antique COC was admitted for canvassing after the chairman of the provincial board of canvassers appeared before the joint committee to explain the discrepancies. The COC from Kuwait has been delivered by Comelec representatives before the joint committee convened. The COC for Iloilo City were canvassed after the chairperson of its city board of canvassers located the COC inside the ballot box that were sent to Congress.<ref>[http://interaksyon.com/article/128330/oops--missing-iloilo-city-coc-was-right-there-all-along Oops! Missing Iloilo City COC was right there all along] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530051605/http://interaksyon.com/article/128330/oops--missing-iloilo-city-coc-was-right-there-all-along |date=2016-05-30 }}, Tricia Aquino, InterAksyon.com, May 27, 2016</ref> For the COC from Canada, the Comelec representative explained that the physical COC was only shipped on May 26 and it will take about three to five days before it will be delivered to Congress. However, they have a certified true copy of the COC, which Comelec received via e-mail. This was also the case for the COC from Austria.<ref name = "senate_pimentel_sponsorship_speech"/> The committee finished the canvassing of all electronically transmitted and manually prepared COCs (including the local absentee and detainee voting COCs) in three days, the fastest canvassing of results for President and Vice President in Philippine election history.<ref>[http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/28/Duterte-Robredo-proclamation-set-on-Monday.html Lawmakers set Monday proclamation for Duterte, Robredo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530193202/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/28/Duterte-Robredo-proclamation-set-on-Monday.html |date=2016-05-30 }}, Eimor P. Santos, [[CNN Philippines]], May 29, 2016</ref><ref>[http://interaksyon.com/article/128336/fastest-in-ph-history--how-did-congress-manage-to-complete-canvassing-in-just-three-days How did Congress manage to pull off fastest canvass in PH history?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531175831/http://interaksyon.com/article/128336/fastest-in-ph-history--how-did-congress-manage-to-complete-canvassing-in-just-three-days |date=2016-05-31 }}, Lira Dalangin-Fernandez, InterAksyon.com, May 27, 2016</ref> ==Presidential election== Based on the official canvass of the [[Congress of the Philippines]]. {{Philippine presidential election, 2016}} {| class="wikitable" width="99%" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%" |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! rowspan=2 width=12% align=left|[[Provinces of the Philippines|Province]]/[[Cities of the Philippines|City]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Rodrigo Duterte|Duterte]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Mar Roxas|Roxas]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Grace Poe|Poe]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Jejomar Binay|Binay]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Miriam Defensor Santiago|Defensor Santiago]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Roy Señeres|Señeres]]* |- | {{party color cell|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} | {{party color cell|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} | {{party color cell|Partido Galing at Puso}} | {{party color cell|United Nationalist Alliance}} | {{party color cell|People's Reform Party}} | {{party color cell|Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka}} |- |align=left|[[Abra (province)|Abra]] || 24,120 || 11,050 || 37,029 || '''50,245''' || 7,411 || 77 |- |align=left|[[Agusan del Norte]] || '''195,814''' || 76,267 || 53,879 || 11,559 || 2,135 || 154 |- |align=left|[[Agusan del Sur]] || 115,869 || '''150,613''' || 13,847 || 7,329 || 968 || 195 |- |align=left|[[Aklan]] || 52,481 || '''134,763''' || 53,360 || 30,996 || 6,407 || 190 |- |align=left|[[Albay]] || 80,361 || '''221,778''' || 221,578 || 63,144 || 15,595 || 599 |- |align=left|[[Antique (province)|Antique]] || 45,520 || '''102,311''' || 61,572 || 31,675 || 8,538 || 293 |- |align=left|[[Apayao]] || 7,056 || 8,215 || 10,439 || '''22,239''' || 1,529 || 36 |- |align=left|[[Aurora (province)|Aurora]] || 19,149 || 16,029 || '''33,776''' || 27,290 || 2,699 || 63 |- |align=left|[[Bacolod]] |69,871 |'''106,268''' |32,443 |6,597 |10,296 |132 |- |align=left|[[Baguio]] |'''37,768''' |15,731 |24,569 |9,079 |26,735 |96 |- |align=left|[[Basilan]] ||'''95,625'''||56,881||15,512||9,747||581||48 |- |align=left|[[Bataan]] || '''145,902''' || 42,504 || 144,540 || 50,640 || 17,133 || 132 |- |align=left|[[Batanes]] || 1,107 || '''3,690''' || 2,984 || 1,181 || 175 || 3 |- |align=left|[[Batangas]] || '''336,974''' || 215,266 || 334,379 || 294,510 || 42,921 || 425 |- |align=left|[[Benguet]] || 30,948 || 39,374 || '''54,543''' || 13,437 || 27,648 || 16 |- |align=left|[[Biliran]] || '''30,712''' || 21,060 || 10,901 || 14,885 || 1,038 || 84 |- |align=left|[[Bohol]] || '''315,596''' || 203,628 || 68,912 || 42,917 || 6,191 || 441 |- |align=left|[[Bukidnon]] || '''345,677''' || 129,057 || 88,551 || 24,053 || 4,359 || 500 |- |align=left|[[Bulacan]] || '''506,046''' || 187,710 || 418,962 || 157,788 || 61,121 || 658 |- |align=left|[[Cagayan]] || 89,180 || 64,765 || 100,623 || '''228,041''' || 16,577 || 338 |- |align=left|[[Cagayan de Oro]] |'''164,446''' |27,416 |34,509 |17,354 |2,833 |102 |- |align=left|[[Caloocan]] |'''232,918''' |69,143 |116,128 |59,070 |28,010 |269 |- |align=left|[[Camarines Norte]] || 40,000 || 64,444 || '''114,239''' || 18,555 || 4,308 || 233 |- |align=left|[[Camarines Sur]] || 98,236 || '''305,670''' || 276,855 || 97,232 || 13,439 || 591 |- |align=left|[[Camiguin]] || 11,285 || '''35,613''' || 625 || 326 || 109 || 13 |- |align=left|[[Capiz]] || 35,443 || '''274,023''' || 22,702 || 19,322 || 4,740 || 302 |- |align=left|[[Catanduanes]] || 20,486 || 39,353 || '''58,612''' || 20,621 || 2,711 || 179 |- |align=left|[[Cavite]] || '''557,812''' || 232,427 || 297,681 || 196,228 || 70,325 || 538 |- |align=left|[[Cebu]] ||'''762,559''' ||459,089 ||192,235 ||70,867 ||19,386 ||1,023 |- |align=left|[[Cebu City]] |'''296,246''' |90,420 |52,169 |51,002 |13,512 |226 |- |align=left|[[Compostela Valley]] || '''255,555''' || 55,184 || 17,758 || 5,889 || 1,095 || 133 |- |align=left|[[Cotabato]] || '''397,096''' || 69,490 || 35,109 || 22,137 || 2,347 || 196 |- |align=left|[[Davao City]] |'''614,192''' |7,546 |9,053 |3,329 |1,671 |64 |- |align=left|[[Davao del Norte]] || '''398,192''' || 13,654 || 12,545 || 4,803 || 1,171 || 111 |- |align=left|[[Davao del Sur]] ||'''269,660'''||12,714||8,264||3,013||750||74 |- |align=left|[[Davao Occidental]] || '''94,373''' || 6,371 || 6,341 || 2,138 || 275 || 42 |- |align=left|[[Davao Oriental]] || '''208,059''' || 22,676 || 13,460 || 5,788 || 997 || 142 |- |align=left|[[Dinagat Islands]] || '''33,395''' || 11,935 || 3,557 || 3,838 || 205 || 19 |- |align=left|[[Eastern Samar]] || 46,298 || '''80,824''' || 72,778 || 29,073 || 3,501 || 226 |- |align=left|[[Guimaras]] || 9,059 || '''50,507''' || 11,939 || 12,527 || 2,654 || 56 |- |align=left|[[Ifugao]] || 11,685 || 25,452 || '''25,629''' || 21,263 || 4,606 || 76 |- |align=left|[[Iligan]] |'''85,901''' |16,618 |12,464 |4,331 |1,047 |41 |- |align=left|[[Ilocos Norte]] || '''103,394''' || 13,162 || 61,012 || 66,007 || 64,375 || 253 |- |align=left|[[Ilocos Sur]] || 86,364 || 52,868 || '''89,925''' || 66,460 || 44,857 || 223 |- |align=left|[[Iloilo]] || 107,364 || '''543,001''' || 137,393 || 31,647 || 44,940 || 607 |- |align=left|[[Iloilo City]] |39,680 |'''119,972''' |31,159 |6,141 |15,011 |150 |- |align=left|[[Isabela (province)|Isabela]] || 119,259 || 68,473 || 139,637 || '''372,371''' || 16,008 || 332 |- |align=left|[[Kalinga (province)|Kalinga]] || 13,361 || 13,142 || 26,746 || '''38,517''' || 4,703 || 63 |- |align=left|[[La Union]] || 85,988 || 39,523 || '''111,253''' || 106,449 || 36,301 || 220 |- |align=left|[[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] || '''454,593''' || 175,922 || 386,241 || 180,338 || 64,478 || 607 |- |align=left|[[Lanao del Norte]] ||'''126,052'''||69,375||25,835||17,239||1,073||137 |- |align=left|[[Lanao del Sur]] || '''303,184''' || 44,801 || 15,809 || 13,635 || 815 || 71 |- |align=left|[[Lapu-Lapu City|Lapu-Lapu]] |'''83,283''' |44,676 |15,951 |3,719 |2,663 |112 |- |align=left|[[Las Piñas]] |'''104,387''' |28,923 |52,983 |17,654 |16,589 |108 |- |align=left|[[Leyte]] || '''332,306''' || 222,276 || 128,643 || 190,865 || 16,382 || 724 |- |align=left|[[Maguindanao]] || '''255,031''' || 117,851 || 22,006 || 63,569 || 964 || 115 |- |align=left|[[Makati]] |89,047 |40,067 |25,661 |'''133,367''' |21,291 |87 |- |align=left|[[Malabon]] |'''66,125''' |20,147 |39,862 |15,384 |8,545 |103 |- |align=left|[[Mandaluyong]] |'''63,860''' |22,069 |28,731 |26,330 |11,777 |54 |- |align=left|[[Manila]] |'''325,050''' |88,047 |180,170 |96,997 |58,535 |366 |- |align=left|[[Marikina]] |'''76,393''' |35,559 |39,209 |11,550 |15,448 |67 |- |align=left|[[Marinduque]] || 22,352 || 26,164 || '''45,125''' || 15,387 || 2,133 || 102 |- |align=left|[[Masbate]] || 64,086 || '''150,128''' || 78,587 || 41,954 || 3,433 || 517 |- |align=left|[[Misamis Occidental]] || 109,812 || '''137,015''' || 18,616 || 8,785 || 1,658 || 182 |- |align=left|[[Misamis Oriental]] || '''237,184''' || 99,402 || 68,238 || 35,480 || 3,103 || 264 |- |align=left|[[Mountain Province]] || 9,111 || 18,973 || '''22,553''' || 15,122 || 7,965 || 60 |- |align=left|[[Muntinlupa]] |'''94,012''' |35,651 |44,123 |33,221 |13,062 |83 |- |align=left|[[Navotas]] |'''35,890''' |6,820 |18,974 |34,428 |4,066 |36 |- | align="left" |[[Negros Occidental]] || 190,196 || '''579,810''' || 222,440 || 39,786 || 20,100 || 1,200 |- |align=left|[[Negros Oriental]] || 173,968 || '''248,099''' || 86,406 || 48,474 || 9,162 || 748 |- |align=left|[[Northern Samar]] || 42,157 ||'''100,436''' || 74,021 || 67,655 || 3,600 || 338 |- |align=left|[[Nueva Ecija]] || 275,136 || 148,269 || '''326,715''' || 221,135 || 26,946 || 438 |- |align=left|[[Nueva Vizcaya]] || 40,656 || 24,374 || '''60,468''' || 58,773 || 8,296 || 109 |- |align=left|[[Occidental Mindoro]] || 38,701 || '''72,644''' || 36,171 || 37,886 || 2,024 || 116 |- |align=left|[[Oriental Mindoro]] || 70,560 || 104,554 || '''104,772''' || 60,246 || 5,266 || 197 |- |align=left|[[Palawan]] || 104,410 || '''168,592''' || 126,181 || 30,392 || 6,838 || 432 |- |align=left|[[Pampanga]] || '''433,969''' || 141,715 || 238,866 || 159,753 || 46,827 || 535 |- |align=left|[[Pangasinan]] || 346,081 || 204,081 || '''572,249''' || 210,876 || 52,258 || 913 |- |align=left|[[Parañaque]] |'''99,940''' |41,625 |42,879 |27,055 |15,166 |120 |- |align=left|[[Pasay]] |'''81,472''' |26,119 |30,185 |44,232 |12,295 |85 |- |align=left|[[Pasig]] |'''136,007''' |50,175 |75,880 |31,529 |23,993 |141 |- |align=left|[[Quezon]] || 184,950 || 205,791 || '''305,814''' || 175,002 || 21,768 || 553 |- |align=left|[[Quezon City]] |'''415,671''' |164,012 |168,432 |82,438 |66,982 |457 |- |align=left|[[Quirino]] || 14,750 || 21,008 || 17,290 || '''22,978''' || 2,197 || 41 |- |align=left|[[Rizal (province)|Rizal]] || '''415,816''' || 134,038 || 259,998 || 150,030 || 56,164 || 483 |- |align=left|[[Romblon]] || 26,134 || '''56,369''' || 31,736 || 17,868 || 1,842 || 86 |- |align=left|[[Samar]] || 68,206 || '''129,660''' || 115,582 || 64,575 || 5,030 || 289 |- |align=left|[[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]] |'''25,922''' |9,061 |11,508 |5,833 |4,837 |34 |- |align=left|[[Sarangani]] || '''141,511''' || 22,972 || 16,983 || 27,084 || 883 || 112 |- |align=left|[[Siquijor]] ||16,252||'''26,626'''||5,256||6,778||623||44 |- |align=left|[[Sorsogon]] || 44,560 || 108,068 || '''143,420''' || 42,636 || 5,716 || 373 |- |align=left|[[South Cotabato]] || '''349,904''' || 121,170 || 64,115 || 31,512 || 5,265 || 215 |- |align=left|[[Southern Leyte]] || '''93,625''' || 73,499 || 20,007 || 15,955 || 1,933 || 149 |- |align=left|[[Sultan Kudarat]] || '''174,317''' || 59,212 || 29,464 || 18,240 || 1,651 || 133 |- |align=left|[[Sulu]] || '''197,559''' || 26,443 || 9,455 || 23,666 || 389 || 35 |- |align=left|[[Surigao del Norte]] || '''148,387''' || 59,778 || 38,706 || 8,667 || 1,547 || 172 |- |align=left|[[Surigao del Sur]] || '''186,077''' || 58,673 || 30,947 || 8,660 || 1,444 || 164 |- |align=left|[[Taguig]]–[[Pateros]] |'''166,834''' |25,330 |42,473 |33,454 |16,272 |114 |- |align=left|[[Tarlac]] || 159,187 || '''194,974''' || 185,918 || 47,177 || 17,675 || 356 |- |align=left|[[Tawi-Tawi]] || '''69,344''' || 26,413 || 12,398 || 18,957 || 331 || 51 |- |align=left|[[Valenzuela, Metro Manila|Valenzuela]] |'''113,745''' |30,845 |80,671 |20,361 |17,045 |106 |- |align=left|[[Zambales]] || 103,274 || 67,366 || '''132,705''' || 37,309 || 21,217 || 202 |- |align=left|[[Zamboanga City]] |'''107,565''' |43,031 |84,728 |22,201 |7,068 |221 |- |align=left|[[Zamboanga del Norte]] || 174,548 || '''175,008''' || 53,122 || 40,806 || 2,563 || 394 |- |align=left|[[Zamboanga del Sur]] || 141,065 || 81,348 || '''149,570''' || 20,058 || 3,073 || 381 |- |align=left|[[Zamboanga Sibugay]] || '''115,173''' || 84,151 || 34,385 || 14,291 || 1,422 || 194 |- |align=left|[[Absentee ballot|Absentee voters]] || '''318,528''' || 51,300 || 27,582 || 13,138 || 37,900 || 118 |- |-style="background:#E9E9E9" |align="center"|'''Total''' || '''16,601,997 ''' || 9,978,175 || 9,100,991 || 5,416,140 || 1,455,532 || 25,779 |- ! rowspan=2 style="background: #E9E9E9" width=12% align=left|[[Provinces of the Philippines|Province]]/[[Cities of the Philippines|City]] | {{party color cell|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} | {{party color cell|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} | {{party color cell|Partido Galing at Puso}} | {{party color cell|United Nationalist Alliance}} | {{party color cell|People's Reform Party}} | {{party color cell|Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka}} |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Rodrigo Duterte|Duterte]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Mar Roxas|Roxas]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Grace Poe|Poe]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Jejomar Binay|Binay]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Miriam Defensor Santiago|Defensor Santiago]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Roy Señeres|Señeres]]* |}*withdrew from the race but is included in the ballot; all votes cast for him are spoiled. ===Absentee voters=== {| class="wikitable" width=99% style="text-align:right; font-size:92%" |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! rowspan=2 style="background: #E9E9E9" width=12% align=left|[[Country]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Rodrigo Duterte|Duterte]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Mar Roxas|Roxas]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Grace Poe|Poe]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Jejomar Binay|Binay]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Miriam Defensor Santiago|Defensor Santiago]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Roy Señeres|Señeres]]* |- | {{party color cell|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} | {{party color cell|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} | {{party color cell|Partido Galing at Puso}} | {{party color cell|United Nationalist Alliance}} | {{party color cell|People's Reform Party}} | {{party color cell|Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka}} |- | align=left| [[Absentee ballot|Local absentee voters]] || '''10,283''' || 1,419 || 1,628 || 4,375 || 1,253 || 2 |- | align=left| [[Absentee ballot|Detainee voters]] || 387 || 331 || '''896''' || 549 || 26 || 4 |- | align=left| [[Argentina]] || '''41''' || 12 || 11 || 2 || 4 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Australia]] || '''1,889''' || 768 || 266 || 57 || 291 || 1 |- | align=left| [[Austria]] || '''561''' || 167 || 65 || 18 || 76 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Bahrain]] || '''5,413''' || 712 || 405 || 169 || 509 || 3 |- | align=left| [[Bangladesh]] || '''168''' || 48 || 18 || 9 || 31 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Belgium]] || '''729''' || 229 || 100 || 20 || 93 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Brazil]] || '''201''' || 22 || 12 || 9 || 18 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Brunei]] || '''3,147''' || 339 || 228 || 65 || 331 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Cambodia]] || '''715''' || 123 || 54 || 14 || 102 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Canada]] || '''15,643''' || 2,681 || 1,582 || 397 || 2,227 || 7 |- | align=left| [[Chile]] || '''196''' || 15 || 11 || 6 || 46 || 0 |- | align=left| [[China]] || '''34,004''' || 4,927 || 3,173 || 1,252 || 7,573 || 12 |- | align=left| [[Czech Republic]] || '''183''' || 26 || 5 || 3 || 30 || 0 |- | align=left| [[East Timor]] || '''299''' || 46 || 26 || 6 || 43 || 2 |- | align=left| [[Egypt]] || '''715''' || 88 || 62 || 29 || 68 || 0 |- | align=left| [[France]] || '''1,123''' || 354 || 149 || 25 || 151 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Germany]] || '''1,206''' || 281 || 174 || 63 || 176 || 2 |- | align=left| [[Greece]] & [[Cyprus]] || '''1,470''' || 253 || 274 || 108 || 343 || 2 |- | align=left| [[Guam]] || '''1,490''' || 1,030 || 515 || 95 || 164 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Hungary]] || '''185''' || 8 || 21 || 5 || 46 || 0 |- | align=left| [[India]] || '''42''' || 11 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Indonesia]] || '''951''' || 287 || 68 || 27 || 199 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Iran]] || '''62''' || 9 || 12 || 3 || 7 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Israel]] || '''4,431''' || 323 || 250 || 99 || 629 || 2 |- | align=left| [[Italy]] || '''9,249''' || 1,859 || 1,276 || 322 || 1,209 || 6 |- | align=left| [[Japan]] || '''11,216''' || 1,274 || 829 || 269 || 1,080 || 9 |- | align=left| [[Jordan]] || '''1,516''' || 147 || 168 || 45 || 164 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Kenya]] || '''292''' || 37 || 44 || 12 || 32 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Kuwait]] || '''9,747''' || 1,021 || 598 || 224 || 580 || 3 |- | align=left| [[Laos]] || '''455''' || 43 || 15 || 21 || 79 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Lebanon]] || '''3,039''' || 271 || 359 || 135 || 326 || 2 |- | align=left| [[Malaysia]] || '''2,275''' || 210 || 122 || 62 || 383 || 3 |- | align=left| [[Mexico]] || '''179''' || 40 || 7 || 5 || 27 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Myanmar]] || '''127''' || 51 || 11 || 6 || 29 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Netherlands]] || '''573''' || 103 || 55 || 9 || 72 || 0 |- | align=left| [[New Zealand]] || '''2,269''' || 264 || 119 || 34 || 243 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Nigeria]] || '''255''' || 38 || 15 || 5 || 27 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Norway]] || '''1,314''' || 144 || 79 || 15 || 152 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Oman]] || '''2,779''' || 436 || 217 || 67 || 284 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Pakistan]] || '''184''' || 24 || 9 || 6 || 20 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Papua New Guinea]] || '''588''' || 225 || 65 || 22 || 60 || 1 |- | align=left| [[Poland]] || '''120''' || 25 || 6 || 3 || 20 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Portugal]] || '''343''' || 31 || 32 || 19 || 26 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Qatar]] || '''12,475''' || 1,333 || 558 || 250 || 997 || 2 |- | align=left| [[Russia]] || '''753''' || 61 || 41 || 11 || 134 || 1 |- | align=left| [[Saudi Arabia]] || '''35,713''' || 4,890 || 2,515 || 934 || 2,589 || 11 |- | align=left| [[Singapore]] || '''30,389''' || 3,746 || 1,276 || 424 || 3,587 || 7 |- | align=left| [[South Africa]] || '''217''' || 40 || 13 || 13 || 28 || 0 |- | align=left| [[South Korea]] || '''2,915''' || 160 || 84 || 28 || 274 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Spain]] || '''4,170''' || 531 || 452 || 131 || 610 || 1 |- | align=left| [[Switzerland]] || '''1,729''' || 588 || 224 || 68 || 291 || 1 |- | align=left| [[Taiwan]] || '''11,544''' || 343 || 319 || 122 || 725 || 1 |- | align=left| [[Thailand]] || '''2,604''' || 342 || 93 || 40 || 384 || 1 |- | align=left| [[Turkey]] || '''492''' || 50 || 37 || 9 || 69 || 0 |- | align=left| [[United Arab Emirates]] || '''51,879''' || 3,985 || 1,708 || 786 || 3,483 || 9 |- | align=left| [[United Kingdom]] || '''6,451''' || 1,491 || 685 || 192 || 1,060 || 3 |- | align=left| [[United States of America]] || '''24,789''' || 12,820 || 5,480 || 1,423 || 4,339 || 20 |- | align=left| [[Vatican City]] || 74 || '''98''' || 43 || 12 || 20 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Vietnam]], [[Maldives]] & [[Sri Lanka]] || '''280''' || 70 || 20 || 6 || 56 || 0 |- |align="center"|'''Total''' || '''318,528''' || 51,300 || 27,582 || 13,138 || 37,900 || 118 |- ! rowspan=2 style="background: #E9E9E9" width=12% align=left|[[Country]] | {{party color cell|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} | {{party color cell|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} | {{party color cell|Partido Galing at Puso}} | {{party color cell|United Nationalist Alliance}} | {{party color cell|People's Reform Party}} | {{party color cell|Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka}} |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Rodrigo Duterte|Duterte]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Mar Roxas|Roxas]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Grace Poe|Poe]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Jejomar Binay|Binay]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Miriam Defensor Santiago|Defensor Santiago]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Roy Señeres|Señeres]]* |}*withdrew from the race but is included in the ballot; all votes cast for him are spoiled. ==Vice presidential election== [[Image:Overseas Breakdown of VP Race 2016.png|thumb|500px|Overseas breakdown of the vice presidential election]] Based on the official canvass of the [[Congress of the Philippines]]. {{Philippine vice presidential election, 2016}} {| class="wikitable" width="99%" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;" |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! rowspan=2 width=12% align=left|[[Provinces of the Philippines|Province]]/[[Cities of the Philippines|City]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Leni Robredo|Robredo]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Bongbong Marcos|Marcos]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Alan Peter Cayetano|Cayetano]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Francis Escudero|Escudero]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Antonio Trillanes|Trillanes]] ! style="background: #E9E9E9" width=8.8% align=center|[[Gregorio Honasan|Honasan]] |- | {{party color cell|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} | {{party color cell|People's Reform Party}} | {{party color cell|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} | {{party color cell|Partido Galing at Puso}} | {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}} | {{party color cell|United Nationalist Alliance}} |- |align=left|[[Abra (province)|Abra]] || 5,457 || '''112,694''' || 1,754 || 4,212 || 689 || 1,470 |- |align=left|[[Agusan del Norte]] || '''116,063''' || 82,696 || 86,548 || 28,313 || 3,676 || 4,004 |- |align=left|[[Agusan del Sur]] || '''151,451''' || 48,494 || 51,594 || 18,595 || 3,435 || 4,162 |- |align=left|[[Aklan]] || '''148,280''' || 51,395 || 19,225 || 34,428 || 8,411 || 5,373 |- |align=left|[[Albay]] || '''380,745''' || 42,324 || 23,713 || 117,113 || 17,095 || 7,434 |- |align=left|[[Antique (province)|Antique]] || '''119,055''' || 44,663 || 17,002 || 33,578 || 15,011 || 5,722 |- |align=left|[[Apayao]] || 2,762 || '''40,846''' || 876 || 1,979 || 566 || 904 |- |align=left|[[Aurora (province)|Aurora]] || 27,029 || '''42,600''' || 4,479 || 16,684 || 2,698 || 3,453 |- |align=left|[[Basilan]] || '''77,321'''|| 32,326 || 31,868 || 16,488 || 3,412 || 4,104 |- |align=left|[[Bataan]] || 84,241 || '''184,670''' || 27,632 || 80,197 || 7,121 || 6741 |- |align=left|[[Batanes]] || '''4,566''' || 1,079 || 416 || 2,236 || 116 || 380 |- |align=left|[[Batangas]] || '''514,608''' || 261,499 || 110,448 || 233,406 || 34,984 || 36,358 |- |align=left|[[Benguet]]     •  [[Baguio]] || 33,413 21,341 || '''95,927''' '''76,009''' || 7,326 5,965 || 17,275 6,990 || 5,675 2,235 || 2,893 1,048 |- |align=left|[[Biliran]] || 18,231 || '''33,440''' || 8,901 || 7,668 || 1,072 || 1,901 |- |align=left|[[Bohol]] || '''276,486''' || 80,593 || 171,234 || 54,789 || 10,843 || 9,964 |- |align=left|[[Bukidnon]] || '''218,585''' || 131,468 || 121,455 || 56,841 || 12,669 || 11,171 |- |align=left|[[Bulacan]] || 366,079 || '''556,480''' || 121,108 || 226,311 || 22,442 || 16,921 |- |align=left|[[Cagayan]] || 54,971 || '''383,657''' || 10,140 || 24,795 || 5,662 || 6,993 |- |align=left|[[Camarines Norte]] || '''132,757''' || 25,899 || 9,405 || 60,208 || 5,405 || 3,182 |- |align=left|[[Camarines Sur]] || '''664,190''' || 41,219 || 14,933 || 37,122 || 11,468 || 7,223 |- |align=left|[[Camiguin]] || '''38,030''' || 2,148 || 5,498 || 666 || 185 || 161 |- |align=left|[[Capiz]] || '''253,290''' || 43,684 || 12,197 || 19,977 || 11,009 || 3,678 |- |align=left|[[Catanduanes]] || '''72,964''' || 12,894 || 5,981 || 39,551 || 2,626 || 2,896 |- |align=left|[[Cavite]] || 404,241 || '''556,785''' || 142,511 || 193,961 || 17,793 || 22,428 |- |align=left|[[Cebu]]     •  [[Cebu City]]     •  [[Lapu-Lapu City|Lapu-Lapu]] || '''590,777''' 162,509 '''63,766''' || 196,943 92,007 21,104 || 447,955 '''167,705''' 46,469 || 146,498 41,390 11,840 || 23,993 7,972 2,167 || 21,767 23,506 1,695 |- |align=left|[[Compostela Valley]] || 86,941 || 66,187 || '''134,323''' || 23,299 || 3,472 || 4,097 |- |align=left|[[Cotabato]] || 129,141 || '''169,177''' || 154,194 || 33,295 || 11,174 || 11,332 |- |align=left|[[Davao del Norte]] || 42,684 || 130,796 || '''216,058''' || 21,429 || 2,433 || 3,925 |- |align=left|[[Davao del Sur]]     •  [[Davao City]] || 29,288 30,718 || 80,303 122,620 || '''150,910''' '''451,296''' || 13,551 17,645 || 2,887 1,879 || 3,518 3,236 |- |align=left|[[Davao Occidental]] || 10,129 || 41,194 || '''41,644''' || 3,561 || 757 || 1,951 |- |align=left|[[Davao Oriental]] || 45,543 || 45,990 || '''113,284''' || 18,667 || 3,134 || 4,967 |- |align=left|[[Dinagat Islands]] || 16,153 || '''21,825''' || 7,560 || 2,660 || 423 || 1,121 |- |align=left|[[Eastern Samar]] || '''94,061''' || 54,985 || 15,039 || 41,494 || 5,467 || 4,863 |- |align=left|[[Guimaras]] ||'''56,249'''||7,853||3,774||6,721||2,014||6,022 |- |align=left|[[Ifugao]] || 28,986 || '''35,256''' || 5,181 || 11,191 || 2,687 || 2,533 |- |align=left|[[Ilocos Norte]] || 3,704 || '''298,786''' || 1,326 || 2,479 || 619 || 1,680 |- |align=left|[[Ilocos Sur]] || 14,140 || '''316,121''' || 2,260 || 4,397 || 1,391 || 1,415 |- |align=left|[[Iloilo]]     •  [[Iloilo City]] || '''573,729''' '''137,662''' || 94,411 33,778 || 43,352 14,229 || 74,480 15,766 || 39,419 6,052 || 11,870 1,852 |- |align=left|[[Isabela (province)|Isabela]] || 88,317 || '''516,926''' || 17,924 || 46,338 || 7,780 || 14,489 |- |align=left|[[Kalinga (province)|Kalinga]] || 11,636 || '''64,023''' || 2,574 || 9,589 || 2,587 || 2,103 |- |align=left|[[La Union]] || 19,596 || '''338,455''' || 4,204 || 9,694 || 2,791 || 2,309 |- |align=left|[[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] || 390,541 || '''441,154''' || 122,752 || 242,788 || 22,825 || 23,075 |- |align=left|[[Lanao del Norte]]     •  [[Iligan City|Iligan]] ||'''68,974''' 27,166||67,817 29,847||45,367 '''46,243'''||21,101 11,271||5,219 1,621||15,705 1,808 |- |align=left|[[Lanao del Sur]] || '''180,539''' || 56,243 || 53,745 || 17,796 || 13,607 || 11,082 |- |align=left|[[Leyte]] || 241,960 || '''406,815''' || 88,267 || 67,339 || 7,650 || 10,842 |- |align=left|[[Maguindanao]] || '''220,125''' || 80,591 || 35,233 || 50,536 || 12,922 || 31,532 |- |align=left|[[Marinduque]] || '''40,598''' || 22,022 || 8,035 || 27,720 || 5,413 || 2,632 |- |align=left|[[Masbate]] || '''169,297''' || 47,220 || 21,305 || 45,505 || 7,224 || 9,112 |- |align=left|''[[Metro Manila]]''     •  [[Caloocan]]     •  [[Las Piñas]]     •  [[Makati]]     •  [[Malabon]]     •  [[Mandaluyong]]     •  [[Manila]]     •  [[Marikina]]     •  [[Muntinlupa]]     •  [[Navotas]]     •  [[Parañaque]]     •  [[Pasay]]     •  [[Pasig]]     •  [[Quezon City]]     •  [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]]     •  [[Taguig]]–[[Pateros]]     •  [[Valenzuela City|Valenzuela]] || 129,057 63,456 91,484 38,045 45,462 183,346 66,558 68,843 18,193 80,710 51,790 103,040 297,899 18,696 41,782 67,097 || '''245,068''' '''97,641''' '''149,645''' '''67,992''' '''73,495''' '''394,192''' '''69,530''' '''86,252''' '''47,943''' '''85,786''' '''97,776''' '''129,145''' '''412,681''' '''26,543''' 86,270 '''116,455''' || 50,103 30,720 24,606 16,489 16,235 75,295 18,394 29,225 10,051 30,289 20,417 36,604 86,604 6,459 '''134,608''' 26,972 || 63,536 22,899 20,325 22,566 13,598 74,112 18,794 26,813 14,860 23,185 18,287 39,895 80,180 4,262 16,615 44,731 || 7,410 2,455 2,304 1,799 1,344 8,989 2,325 2,586 1,294 2,426 1,804 3,661 8,738 458 1,751 3,258 || 5,409 2,286 19,590 1,502 1,694 7,398 1,625 3,879 6,482 2,456 2,797 3,093 7,669 509 2,030 2,135 |- |align=left|[[Misamis Occidental]] || '''143,402''' || 36,912 || 52,107 || 17,408 || 3,548 || 2,838 |- |align=left|[[Misamis Oriental]]     •  [[Cagayan de Oro]] || '''147,884''' 69,859 || 102,911 '''73,167''' || 104,603 68,487 || 40,554 19,307 || 8,045 3,148 || 9,546 6,318 |- |align=left|[[Mountain Province]] || 17,653 || '''34,286''' || 3,295 || 10,038 || 3,619 || 2,030 |- |align=left|[[Negros Occidental]]     •  [[Bacolod]] || '''614,440''' '''119,447''' || 119,149 42,923 || 72,832 28,132 || 136,634 19,854 || 51,143 8,319 || 12,145 2,064 |- |align=left|[[Negros Oriental]] || '''255,598''' || 66,506 || 100,839 || 52,920 || 21,221 || 13,972 |- |align=left|[[Northern Samar]] || '''111,461''' || 73,214 || 14,779 || 45,842 || 6,184 || 9,516 |- |align=left|[[Nueva Ecija]] || 216,204 || '''541,980''' || 45,492 || 128,162 || 21,823 || 20,186 |- |align=left|[[Nueva Vizcaya]] || 29,437 || '''126,248''' || 6,263 || 17,407 || 4,740 || 4,992 |- |align=left|[[Occidental Mindoro]] || '''79,411''' || 57,115 || 9,236 || 21,975 || 5,576 || 8,000 |- |align=left|[[Oriental Mindoro]] || '''141,410''' || 71,808 || 21,586 || 73,393 || 12,677 || 10,874 |- |align=left|[[Palawan]] || '''183,884''' || 93,647 || 38,431 || 67,835 || 18,418 || 9,914 |- |align=left|[[Pampanga]] || 293,420 || '''434,235''' || 102,539 || 141,106 || 13,336 || 12,721 |- |align=left|[[Pangasinan]] || 265,016 || '''832,711''' || 57,051 || 156,118 || 32,260 || 17,056 |- |align=left|[[Quezon]] || '''385,164''' || 173,394 || 54,702 || 191,444 || 29,752 || 27,946 |- |align=left|[[Quirino]] || 14,906 || '''49,158''' || 2,554 || 6,525 || 1,931 || 1,460 |- |align=left|[[Rizal (province)|Rizal]] || 285,417 || '''435,471''' || 97,453 || 154,365 || 15,396 || 16,775 |- |align=left|[[Romblon]] || '''61,915''' || 24,645 || 8,046 || 22,712 || 4,418 || 3,576 |- |align=left|[[Samar]] || '''132,775''' || 128,401 || 17,043 || 62,472 || 5,446 || 7,940 |- |align=left|[[Sarangani]] || 47,803 || '''66,484''' || 47,826 || 15,660 || 7,131 || 7,990 |- |align=left|[[Siquijor]] || '''30,468''' || 5,746 || 7,281 || 4,141 || 1,230 || 2,066 |- |align=left|[[Sorsogon]] || 97,129 || 20,709 || 6,909 || '''203,689''' || 3,514 || 5,115 |- |align=left|[[South Cotabato]] || 177,396 || '''191,461''' || 126,303 || 37,865 || 18,001 || 8,919 |- |align=left|[[Southern Leyte]] || '''94,972''' || 32,792 || 40,689 || 16,120 || 2,476 || 3,739 |- |align=left|[[Sultan Kudarat]] || 84,225 || '''104,592''' || 46,197 || 19,489 || 8,980 || 8,250 |- |align=left|[[Sulu]] || 46,218 || '''127,437''' || 39,254 || 13,744 || 1,663 || 7,110 |- |align=left|[[Surigao del Norte]] || '''89,688''' || 37,946 || 73,403 || 31,273 || 3,913 || 4,357 |- |align=left|[[Surigao del Sur]] || 88,503 || 48,326 || '''88,519''' || 30,619 || 4,984 || 6,161 |- |align=left|[[Tarlac]] || '''243,756''' || 214,166 || 31,821 || 75,224 || 20,715 || 7,884 |- |align=left|[[Tawi-Tawi]] || '''42,252''' || 35,165 || 20,567 || 8,937 || 2,383 || 4,914 |- |align=left|[[Zambales]] || 103,972 || '''163,760''' || 20,163 || 49,941 || 10,456 || 7,066 |- |align=left|[[Zamboanga del Norte]] || '''209,491''' || 72,255 || 63,847 || 41,866 || 8,135 || 14,500 |- |align=left|[[Zamboanga del Sur]]     •  [[Zamboanga City]] || 100,188 '''73,730''' || '''145,455''' 67,522 || 57,863 50,552 || 34,391 45,352 || 8,110 15,406 || 6,609 7,365 |- |align=left|[[Zamboanga Sibugay]] || '''101,141''' || 42,336 || 51,528 || 19,810 || 8,952 || 6,425 |- |align=left|[[Absentee ballot|Absentee voters]] || 92,639 || '''188,959''' || 137,699 || 19,689 || 4,973 || 3,385 |- |-style="background:#E9E9E9" |align="center"|'''Total''' || '''14,418,817''' || 14,155,344 || 5,903,379 || 4,931,962 || 868,501 || 788,881 |-style="background: #E9E9E9" ! rowspan=2 width=12% align=left|[[Provinces of the Philippines|Province]]/[[Cities of the Philippines|City]] | {{party color cell|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} | {{party color cell|People's Reform Party}} | {{party color cell|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} | {{party color cell|Partido Galing at Puso}} | {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}} | {{party color cell|United Nationalist Alliance}} |- style="background: #E9E9E9" ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Leni Robredo|Robredo]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Bongbong Marcos|Marcos]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Alan Peter Cayetano|Cayetano]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Francis Escudero|Escudero]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Antonio Trillanes|Trillanes]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Gregorio Honasan|Honasan]] |} ===Absentee voters=== {| class="wikitable" width=99% style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;" |- style="background: #E9E9E9" ! rowspan=2 width=12% align=left|[[Country]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Leni Robredo|Robredo]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Bongbong Marcos|Marcos]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Alan Peter Cayetano|Cayetano]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Francis Escudero|Escudero]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Antonio Trillanes|Trillanes]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Gregorio Honasan|Honasan]] |- | {{party color cell|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} | {{party color cell|People's Reform Party}} | {{party color cell|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} | {{party color cell|Partido Galing at Puso}} | {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}} | {{party color cell|United Nationalist Alliance}} |- | align=left| [[Absentee ballot|Local Absentee voters]] || 2,341 || '''11,683''' || 2,134 || 944 || 1,588 || 314 |- | align=left| [[Absentee ballot|Detainee voters]] || 393 || 607 || 170 || '''689''' || 139 || 160 |- | align=left| [[Argentina]] || 16 || 18 || '''25''' || 8 || 2 || 1 |- | align=left| [[Australia]] || '''1,280''' || 657 || 1,077 || 189 || 44 || 18 |- | align=left| [[Austria]] || 259 || 272 || '''286''' || 50 || 6 || 12 |- | align=left| [[Bahrain]] || 1,388 || '''3,228''' || 2,085 || 352 || 65 || 60 |- | align=left| [[Bangladesh]] || 72 || '''134''' || 57 || 7 || 1 || 2 |- | align=left| [[Belgium]] || 321 || 356 || '''381''' || 80 || 18 || 9 |- | align=left| [[Brazil]] || 30 || '''91''' || 82 || 76 || 5 || 2 |- | align=left| [[Brunei]] || 682 || '''1,904''' || 1,254 || 185 || 41 || 38 |- | align=left| [[Cambodia]] || 203 || '''420''' || 330 || 55 || 6 || 5 |- | align=left| [[Canada]] || 5,391 || '''8,622''' || 6,993 || 1,168 || 183 || 116 |- | align=left| [[Chile]] || 28 || '''147''' || 90 || 5 || 2 || 1 |- | align=left| [[China]] || 6,911 || '''28,080''' || 13,802 || 1,578 || 330 || 205 |- | align=left| [[Czech Republic]] || 53 || 90 || '''91''' || 9 || 2 || 2 |- | align=left| [[East Timor]] || 72 || '''177''' || 140 || 25 || 3 || 4 |- | align=left| [[Egypt]] || 182 || '''391''' || 284 || 45 || 13 || 31 |- | align=left| [[France]] || 467 || '''661''' || 540 || 123 || 9 || 4 |- | align=left| [[Germany]] || 458 || 540 || '''756''' || 134 || 34 || 39 |- | align=left| [[Greece]] & [[Cyprus]] || 388 || '''1,346''' || 501 || 176 || 29 || 43 |- | align=left| [[Guam]] || '''1,429''' || 809 || 564 || 394 || 50 || 40 |- | align=left| [[Hungary]] || 39 || '''116''' || 84 || 16 || 3 || 6 |- | align=left| [[India]] || '''22''' || 19 || 19 || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | align=left| [[Indonesia]] || '''630''' || 398 || 441 || 40 || 9 || 9 |- | align=left| [[Iran]] || 22 || '''47''' || 21 || 3 || 2 || 0 |- | align=left| [[Israel]] || 580 || '''3,350''' || 1,519 || 194 || 38 || 33 |- | align=left| [[Italy]] || 2,873 || '''6,374''' || 3,489 || 778 || 131 || 195 |- | align=left| [[Japan]] || 2,246 || 5,212 || '''6,148''' || 669 || 104 || 193 |- | align=left| [[Jordan]] || 289 || '''903''' || 589 || 162 || 27 || 56 |- | align=left| [[Kenya]] || 64 || '''176''' || 140 || 29 || 6 || 11 |- | align=left| [[Kuwait]] || 1,999 || '''4,777''' || 4,666 || 545 || 85 || 70 |- | align=left| [[Laos]] || 96 || '''285''' || 195 || 22 || 9 || 3 |- | align=left| [[Lebanon]] || 353 || '''2,408''' || 1,064 || 229 || 23 || 52 |- | align=left| [[Malaysia]] || 534 || '''1,322''' || 1,055 || 102 || 27 || 16 |- | align=left| [[Mexico]] || 56 || '''118''' || 70 || 8 || 5 || 1 |- | align=left| [[Myanmar]] || '''89''' || 63 || 60 || 10 || 0 || 3 |- | align=left| [[Netherlands]] || 220 || 213 || '''335''' || 30 || 6 || 6 |- | align=left| [[New Zealand]] || 581 || 768 || '''1,401''' || 128 || 26 || 22 |- | align=left| [[Nigeria]] || 77 || '''131''' || 99 || 22 || 4 || 6 |- | align=left| [[Norway]] || 271 || 515 || '''793''' || 86 || 16 || 7 |- | align=left| [[Oman]] || 699 || '''1,477''' || 1,214 || 170 || 18 || 25 |- | align=left| [[Pakistan]] || 28 || '''116''' || 79 || 14 || 2 || 4 |- | align=left| [[Papua New Guinea]] || '''362''' || 298 || 212 || 65 || 10 || 6 |- | align=left| [[Poland]] || 47 || 57 || '''62''' || 5 || 2 || 2 |- | align=left| [[Portugal]] || 64 || '''237''' || 111 || 34 || 4 || 2 |- | align=left| [[Qatar]] || 3,268 || '''6,119''' || 5,442 || 545 || 103 || 95 |- | align=left| [[Russia]] || 93 || '''566''' || 301 || 38 || 5 || 1 |- | align=left| [[Saudi Arabia]] || 10,934 || '''19,645''' || 13,089 || 1,973 || 412 || 347 |- | align=left| [[Singapore]] || 8,187 || 14,915 || '''14,960''' || 911 || 242 || 160 |- | align=left| [[South Africa]] || 82 || '''131''' || 78 || 12 || 3 || 2 |- | align=left| [[South Korea]] || 363 || '''1,721''' || 1,266 || 82 || 12 || 5 |- | align=left| [[Spain]] || 857 || '''3,124''' || 1,594 || 240 || 36 || 57 |- | align=left| [[Switzerland]] || '''939''' || 909 || 839 || 167 || 22 || 22 |- | align=left| [[Taiwan]] || 950 || '''7,594''' || 3,858 || 496 || 66 || 65 |- | align=left| [[Thailand]] || 615 || 1,284 || '''1,464''' || 72 || 17 || 19 |- | align=left| [[Turkey]] || 114 || '''299''' || 210 || 25 || 5 || 6 |- | align=left| [[United Arab Emirates]] || 10,347|| '''25,319''' || 23,583 || 1,880 || 302 || 255 |- | align=left| [[United Kingdom]] || 2,616 || '''3,358''' || 3,328 || 378 || 82 || 76 |- | align=left| [[United States of America]] || '''18,407''' || 14,193 || 11,980 || 3,181 || 525 || 432 |- | align=left| [[Vatican City]] || '''135''' || 37 || 53 || 19 || 9 || 2 |- | align=left| [[Vietnam]], [[Maldives]] & [[Sri Lanka]] || 127 || 132 || '''146''' || 16 || 4 || 6 |- |-style="background:#E9E9E9" |align="center"|'''Total''' || 92,639 || '''188,959''' || 137,699 || 19,689 || 4,973 || 3,385 |-style="background: #E9E9E9" ! rowspan=2 width=12% align=left|[[Country]] | {{party color cell|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} | {{party color cell|People's Reform Party}} | {{party color cell|Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan}} | {{party color cell|Partido Galing at Puso}} | {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}} | {{party color cell|United Nationalist Alliance}} |- style="background: #E9E9E9" ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Leni Robredo|Robredo]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Bongbong Marcos|Marcos]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Alan Peter Cayetano|Cayetano]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Francis Escudero|Escudero]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Antonio Trillanes|Trillanes]] ! width=11.25% align=center|[[Gregorio Honasan|Honasan]] |} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} {{2016 Philippine elections}} {{PhilippinePresElections}} [[Category:2016 Philippine presidential election]]

1,274,336,708

[]

false

# Otis Chandler Otis Chandler (November 23, 1927 – February 27, 2006) was the publisher of the Los Angeles Times between 1960 and 1980, leading a large expansion of the newspaper and its ambitions. He was the fourth and final member of the Chandler family to hold the paper's top position. Chandler made improvement of the paper's quality a top priority, succeeding in raising the product's reputation, as well as its profit margins. "No publisher in America improved a paper so quickly on so grand a scale, took a paper that was marginal in qualities and brought it to excellence as Otis Chandler did," journalist David Halberstam wrote in his history of the company. ## Family pedigree Chandler's family owned a stake in the newspaper since his great-grandfather Harrison Gray Otis joined the company in 1882, the year after the Los Angeles Daily Times began publication. He was the son of Norman Chandler, his predecessor as publisher, and Dorothy Buffum Chandler, a patron of the arts and a Regent of the University of California. His grandfather, Charles Abel Buffum, was a businessman who founded Buffum's, a department store chain, with his brother, Edwin E. Buffum, and a politician, who served as Mayor of Long Beach, California. Chandler was raised to share his family's distaste for labor unions, a tradition that favored the family's financial interests. As a child, each year his parents held a memorial for the 1910 Los Angeles Times bombing, linked to political agitators, that killed 20 Times workers. "I was raised to hate the unions", Chandler said. "Oats" was Chandler's nickname within the family. Times editorial page editor Anthony Day observed that Chandler "had been raised to be a prince". Later, Chandler said his motivation to invest in The Times' quality could be attributed, at least in part, to his desire to combat the East Coast opinion that, "The Times was regarded as a bad newspaper from a hick town". Chandler attributed his pursuit of solo athletics like shotputting and weightlifting to the same sources, saying, "No one could say that the team carried me or that the coach put me in because my name was Chandler". ## Youth ### Childhood Chandler was raised on a 10-acre (40,000 m2) citrus ranch in Sierra Madre owned by his parents. Despite his family's wealth, Chandler's father insisted that he perform field labor and did not spoil him with gifts. There Chandler spent much of his time alone, later in life unable to name a single childhood friend. At the age of 8, Chandler was thrown to the ground during a horseback riding lesson. His mother rushed him to a hospital, where doctors initially reported he was dead. His mother rushed him to a second hospital, where a doctor she knew revived him with an adrenaline shot to the heart. ### Education and athletics Chandler first attended the Polytechnic School in Pasadena, often making his commute by bicycle. Later he would briefly attend the Cate School boarding school in Carpinteria before his parents elected to send him east to attend Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. At the time he enrolled at Phillips, Chandler weighed 155 pounds. As a student he competed in basketball, soccer, the high jump, running and weightlifting. By the time of graduation, he weighed 200 pounds. Chandler enrolled at his parents' alma mater, Stanford University, in 1946. Like his father, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Sigma Rho chapter). At Stanford he was a successful shot putter. He broke the freshman school record with a toss of 48 feet (15 m), 761/47 inches. At 6-foot 3-inches (190 cm) tall, after bulking-up to and 220 pounds he won the Pacific Coast Conference title and finished second in the nation during his senior year with a toss of 57 feet (17 m), 63/47 of an inch while serving as his team's captain. As a weightlifter, Chandler finished third in the nation competing in the heavyweight division. A sprained wrist kept him from competing as a shot putter for the United States in the 1952 Summer Olympics. ### Early adulthood After graduation, Chandler tried to enroll in an Air Force training program, but was turned down because he was too large to fit in the cockpit of a jet. Instead, he spent 1951 to 1953 in the Air Force's ground service, as a co-captain of the track team and supervisor of athletics and drama at Camp Stoneman in Pittsburg, California. On his 23rd birthday, Chandler proposed to his college sweetheart, Marilyn Brant, on the seventh hole of the Pebble Beach golf course. Their first child was a boy named Norman after Chandler's father. ### Preparation for power Chandler visited The Times frequently as a child, sliding down chutes that were used to drop papers to delivery trucks. While in college, he sometimes worked summers at the paper, most often moving printing plates and other heavy equipment. Despite that, Chandler did not envision journalism as a career during his youth; instead, he often said he would like to become a doctor. After leaving the Air Force in 1953, he had little direction for his career. When he arrived at his parents' home with his wife and first child, his father presented him with credentials for a seven-year executive training program at The Times. He started work right away as a pressroom apprentice on the graveyard shift. The pay was $48 a week. His father made sure that Chandler experienced work in all sections of the organization, assigning him to jobs in the industrial production of the paper, business management, clerical administration, and the news-gathering operation. ## Professional career In 1960, he became publisher of the Los Angeles Times. He quickly increased the budget of the paper, allowing it to expand its coverage. This coincided with the shift of the paper's editorial stance from overtly conservative to independent. Under Otis Chandler, The Times became a critically lauded newspaper. When Chandler took the job, the paper had only two outside offices. During his tenure it would expand to 34 foreign and domestic bureaus. In 1966 Chandler received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College. Chandler retired as publisher in 1980 at the age of 52 to become chairman of Times Mirror, reducing his involvement in the day-to-day operations of the company. The decision stunned the staff and outside observers, many of whom expected him to serve much longer. In 1986, Chandler won the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism to honor his years of service to the newspaper. He handed control of the paper to people outside the family in the mid-1980s and threw himself into other interests such as the Chandler Vintage Museum of Transportation and Wildlife in Oxnard, California, which he founded in 1987 (It was regularly open to the public, primarily as a fundraiser for charities, including the Oxnard Police Activities League). ## Retirement Chandler re-entered the public eye in 1999 when he publicly criticized the LA Times for creating a special issue of its Sunday magazine dedicated to the new Staples Center in downtown LA when the paper shared a financial interest in the property. The paper's Sunday magazine on October 10, 1999, was a special issue dedicated to the new Staples Center sports arena in downtown L.A., home to the Lakers, Clippers and Kings. Such special issues were financial windfalls for the Times, generating a record $2 million in ad revenue. But as one of the arena's 10 "founding partners", the paper had agreed to share the issue's ad revenue with the Staples Center without telling its reporters or readers about the fiscal arrangement. Chandler, who had retired 19 years prior, sent his message directly to reporters, to the dismay of the newspaper's management. His successors, he said, had been "unbelievably stupid" and caused "the most serious single threat to the future" of the paper his family had bought in 1882 for this dangerous compromise of the paper's objectivity. He was not involved in negotiations by other members of the Chandler family to sell The Times to Tribune Company, a clear sign of how his influence had eroded. Regardless, Chandler welcomed the outcome, largely because of his dissatisfaction with the existing management of Times-Mirror. Chandler died at his home in Ojai at the age of 78 due to the effects of Lewy body disease, seven months after his diagnosis. Chandler had had earlier problems with his health, suffering from prostate cancer in 1989 and a 1998 heart attack. ## Recreation Chandler was an enthusiastic athlete and thrill seeker, an image he actively cultivated. He was featured on the cover of sporting magazines like Road & Track, Strength and Health, and Safari Club. When photographed for the cover of the literary magazine Atlantic Monthly he was depicted on a surfboard crafted from newspapers across a wave of dollar bills. On a 1964 safari in Mozambique, an elephant charged his party. After the guide missed his shot and fled, Chandler shot the elephant when it was only 10 yards away, preventing himself and his wife from being trampled. In 1990, Chandler was trampled by a musk ox in the Northwest Territories of Canada. He was airlifted to a hospital. Doctors estimated that his dislocated right arm would never fully heal, but, citing a disciplined training regimen, Chandler claimed to regain virtually all use. In 1995, at age 68, he crashed his motorcycle into a tractor while in New Zealand. He lost part of the big toe on his left foot, saw another toe severely damaged and the rest of the foot became largely numb. In 1998, at age 71, Chandler suffered minor head injuries when he spun out a Ferrari automobile on the road in Oxnard. His son, Mike Chandler, was a race-car driver in the CART Championship Car series. Otis enthusiastically supported Michael's racing career until a near-fatal crash while qualifying at Indianapolis in 1984.

enwiki/4217974

enwiki

4,217,974

Otis Chandler

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Chandler

2025-08-20T12:42:48

en

Q7108767

86,731

{{short description|American newspaper publisher}} {{Infobox person | name = Otis Chandler | image = Otis Chandler, 1972.jpg |caption=Chandler in 1972 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|11|23|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|2006|2|27|1927|11|23}} | death_place = [[Ojai, California]], U.S. | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | other_names = | known_for = | alma_mater = [[Stanford University]] | employer = | occupation = Publisher | party = | boards = | spouse = Marilyn "Missy" Chandler, ''nee'' Brant (June 1951–July 1981) Bettina Chandler, ''nee'' Whitaker (August 1981–February 2006, his death) | partner = | children = 5, including [[Mike Chandler]] | relatives = [[Charles Abel Buffum]] (grandfather) [[Harrison Gray Otis (publisher)|Harrison Gray Otis]] (great-grandfather) [[Eliza Ann Otis]] (great-grandmother) [[Marian Otis Chandler]] (grandmother) | parents = [[Dorothy Buffum Chandler]] [[Norman Chandler]] }} '''Otis Chandler''' (November 23, 1927 – February 27, 2006) was the publisher of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' between 1960 and 1980, leading a large expansion of the newspaper and its ambitions. He was the fourth and final member of the Chandler family to hold the paper's top position.<ref name="LatObit" /> Chandler made improvement of the paper's quality a top priority, succeeding in raising the product's reputation, as well as its profit margins. "No publisher in America improved a paper so quickly on so grand a scale, took a paper that was marginal in qualities and brought it to excellence as Otis Chandler did," journalist [[David Halberstam]] wrote in his history of the company.<ref name="LatObit">{{cite news| last1 = Shaw| first1 = David|first2=Mitchell|last2=Landsberg| title = L.A. Icon Otis Chandler Dies at 78| work= [[The Los Angeles Times]]| date =February 27, 2006| url = http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-chandler-obit,0,7195252.story?page=1&coll=la-home-headlines| access-date =July 23, 2008}}</ref> ==Family pedigree== Chandler's family owned a stake in the newspaper since his great-grandfather [[Harrison Gray Otis (publisher)|Harrison Gray Otis]] joined the company in 1882, the year after the ''Los Angeles Daily Times'' began publication.<ref name="LatObit" /> He was the son of [[Norman Chandler]], his predecessor as publisher, and [[Dorothy Buffum Chandler]], a patron of the arts and a Regent of the [[University of California]]. His grandfather, [[Charles Abel Buffum]], was a businessman who founded [[Buffum's]], a department store chain, with his brother, Edwin E. Buffum, and a politician, who served as [[Mayor of Long Beach, California]]. Chandler was raised to share his family's distaste for [[labor unions]], a tradition that favored the family's financial interests. As a child, each year his parents held a memorial for the 1910 [[Los Angeles Times bombing|''Los Angeles Times'' bombing]], linked to political agitators, that killed 20 ''Times'' workers. "I was raised to hate the unions", Chandler said.<ref name="LatObit" /> "Oats" was Chandler's nickname within the family.<ref name="LatObit" /> Times editorial page editor [[Anthony Day]] observed that Chandler "had been raised to be a prince".<ref name="LatObit" /> Later, Chandler said his motivation to invest in ''The Times' '' quality could be attributed, at least in part, to his desire to combat the East Coast opinion that, "''The Times'' was regarded as a bad newspaper from a hick town". Chandler attributed his pursuit of solo athletics like shotputting and weightlifting to the same sources, saying, "No one could say that the team carried me or that the coach put me in because my name was Chandler".<ref name="LatObit" /> ==Youth== ===Childhood=== Chandler was raised on a {{convert|10|acre|m2|adj=on}} citrus ranch in [[Sierra Madre, California|Sierra Madre]] owned by his parents. Despite his family's wealth, Chandler's father insisted that he perform field labor and did not spoil him with gifts. There Chandler spent much of his time alone, later in life unable to name a single childhood friend.<ref name="LatObit" /> At the age of 8, Chandler was thrown to the ground during a horseback riding lesson. His mother rushed him to a hospital, where doctors initially reported he was dead. His mother rushed him to a second hospital, where a doctor she knew revived him with an [[adrenaline]] shot to the heart.<ref name="LatObit" /> ===Education and athletics=== Chandler first attended the [[Polytechnic School]] in [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], often making his commute by bicycle. Later he would briefly attend the [[Cate School]] boarding school in [[Carpinteria]] before his parents elected to send him east to attend [[Phillips Academy]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]], [[Massachusetts]]. At the time he enrolled at Phillips, Chandler weighed 155 pounds. As a student he competed in basketball, soccer, the high jump, running and weightlifting. By the time of graduation, he weighed 200 pounds.<ref name="LatObit" /> Chandler enrolled at his parents' alma mater, [[Stanford University]], in 1946. Like his father, he was a member of [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]] fraternity (Sigma Rho chapter).<ref name=stanmag>{{cite journal|url=http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/mayjun/classnotes/chandler.html|title=Publisher Who Couldn't Get Enough Competition|journal=Stanford Magazine|date=May–June 2006|access-date=2008-03-31}}</ref> At Stanford he was a successful [[shot put]]ter. He broke the freshman school record with a toss of {{convert|48|ft|m}}, 761/47 inches. At 6-foot 3-inches (190 cm) tall, after bulking-up to and 220 pounds he won the [[Pacific Coast Conference]] title and finished second in the nation during his senior year with a toss of {{convert|57|ft|m}}, 63/47 of an inch while serving as his team's captain. As a weightlifter, Chandler finished third in the nation competing in the heavyweight division.<ref name="LatObit" /> A sprained wrist kept him from competing as a shot putter for the United States in the [[1952 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="LatObit" /><ref name=stanmag /> ===Early adulthood=== After graduation, Chandler tried to enroll in an [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] training program, but was turned down because he was too large to fit in the cockpit of a jet.<ref name="LatObit" /> Instead, he spent 1951 to 1953 in the Air Force's ground service, as a co-captain of the track team and supervisor of athletics and drama at [[Camp Stoneman]] in [[Pittsburg, California|Pittsburg]], [[California]].<ref name=stanmag /> On his 23rd birthday, Chandler proposed to his college sweetheart, Marilyn Brant, on the seventh hole of the [[Pebble Beach]] golf course. Their first child was a boy named Norman after Chandler's father.<ref name="LatObit" /> ===Preparation for power=== Chandler visited ''The Times'' frequently as a child, sliding down chutes that were used to drop papers to delivery trucks. While in college, he sometimes worked summers at the paper, most often moving printing plates and other heavy equipment. Despite that, Chandler did not envision journalism as a career during his youth; instead, he often said he would like to become a doctor. After leaving the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] in 1953, he had little direction for his career. When he arrived at his parents' home with his wife and first child, his father presented him with credentials for a seven-year executive training program at ''The Times''. He started work right away as a pressroom apprentice on the [[shift work|graveyard shift]]. The pay was $48 a week. His father made sure that Chandler experienced work in all sections of the organization, assigning him to jobs in the industrial production of the paper, business management, clerical administration, and the news-gathering operation.<ref name="LatObit" /> ==Professional career== [[File:Otis Chandler (Los Angeles Times).jpg|thumb|left|A bust of Otis Chandler in the lobby of the former [[Los Angeles Times Building]], 2014.]] [[File:Tom Bradley, Otis Chandler, and Hugh Hefner, 1980.jpg|thumb|right|Chandler with Mayor [[Tom Bradley (American politician)|Tom Bradley]] and [[Hugh Hefner]], 1980.]] In 1960, he became publisher of the ''Los Angeles Times''. He quickly increased the budget of the paper, allowing it to expand its coverage. This coincided with the shift of the paper's editorial stance from overtly conservative to independent. Under Otis Chandler, ''The Times'' became a critically lauded newspaper. When Chandler took the job, the paper had only two outside offices. During his tenure it would expand to 34 foreign and domestic bureaus.<ref name="LatObit" /> In 1966 Chandler received the [[Elijah P. Lovejoy|Elijah Parish Lovejoy]] Award as well as an honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree from [[Colby College]]. Chandler retired as publisher in 1980 at the age of 52 to become chairman of [[Times Mirror]], reducing his involvement in the day-to-day operations of the company. The decision stunned the staff and outside observers, many of whom expected him to serve much longer.<ref name="LatObit" /> In 1986, Chandler won the [[Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism]] to honor his years of service to the newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arizona State University|title=Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication|url=https://cronkite.asu.edu/about/walter-cronkite-and-asu/walter-cronkite-award|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> He handed control of the paper to people outside the family in the mid-1980s and threw himself into other interests such as the [[Chandler Vintage Museum of Transportation and Wildlife]] in [[Oxnard, California]], which he founded in 1987 (It was regularly open to the public, primarily as a fundraiser for charities, including the Oxnard Police Activities League). ==Retirement== Chandler re-entered the public eye in 1999 when he publicly criticized the ''LA Times'' for creating a special issue of its Sunday magazine dedicated to the new [[Staples Center]] in downtown LA when the paper shared a financial interest in the property. The paper's Sunday magazine on October 10, 1999, was a special issue dedicated to the new Staples Center sports arena in downtown L.A., home to the [[Los Angeles Lakers|Lakers]], [[Los Angeles Clippers|Clippers]] and [[Los Angeles Kings|Kings]]. Such special issues were financial windfalls for the ''Times'', generating a record $2 million in ad revenue. But as one of the arena's 10 "founding partners", the paper had agreed to share the issue's ad revenue with the Staples Center without telling its reporters or readers about the fiscal arrangement. Chandler, who had retired 19 years prior, sent his message directly to reporters, to the dismay of the newspaper's management. His successors, he said, had been "unbelievably stupid" and caused "the most serious single threat to the future" of the paper his family had bought in 1882 for this dangerous compromise of the paper's objectivity.<ref name="timeNov1999">{{Cite news | last = Booth | first = Cathy | title = Worst of Times | newspaper = [[Time Magazine]] | date = November 15, 1999 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,992554,00.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080308110015/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,992554,00.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = March 8, 2008}}</ref> He was not involved in negotiations by other members of the Chandler family to sell ''The Times'' to [[Tribune Company]], a clear sign of how his influence had eroded. Regardless, Chandler welcomed the outcome, largely because of his dissatisfaction with the existing management of Times-Mirror.<ref name="LatObit" /> Chandler died at his home in [[Ojai]] at the age of 78 due to the effects of [[Lewy body disease]], seven months after his diagnosis. Chandler had had earlier problems with his health, suffering from prostate cancer in 1989 and a 1998 heart attack.<ref name="LatObit" /> ==Recreation== Chandler was an enthusiastic athlete and thrill seeker, an image he actively cultivated. He was featured on the cover of sporting magazines like ''[[Road & Track]]'', ''Strength and Health'', and ''[[Safari Club]]''. When photographed for the cover of the literary magazine ''[[Atlantic Monthly]]'' he was depicted on a surfboard crafted from newspapers across a wave of dollar bills.<ref name="LatObit" /> On a 1964 [[safari]] in [[Mozambique]], an elephant charged his party. After the guide missed his shot and fled, Chandler shot the elephant when it was only 10 yards away, preventing himself and his wife from being trampled.<ref name="LatObit" /> In 1990, Chandler was trampled by a [[musk ox]] in the [[Northwest Territories]] of [[Canada]]. He was airlifted to a hospital. Doctors estimated that his dislocated right arm would never fully heal, but, citing a disciplined training regimen, Chandler claimed to regain virtually all use.<ref name="LatObit" /> In 1995, at age 68, he crashed his motorcycle into a tractor while in [[New Zealand]]. He lost part of the big toe on his left foot, saw another toe severely damaged and the rest of the foot became largely numb.<ref name="LatObit" /> In 1998, at age 71, Chandler suffered minor head injuries when he spun out a [[Ferrari]] automobile on the road in [[Oxnard]].<ref name="LatObit"/> His son, [[Mike Chandler]], was a race-car driver in the [[Champ Car|CART]] [[Championship Car]] series. Otis enthusiastically supported Michael's racing career until a near-fatal crash while qualifying at Indianapolis in 1984.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{Cite book |edition = 1st Carol Pub. Group |publisher = Birch Lane Press |isbn = 9781559722155 |last = Coleridge |first = Nicholas |title = Paper Tigers: The Latest, Greatest Newspaper Tycoons |location = Secaucus, N.J |date = March 1994}} * {{cite magazine |last1=Didion |first1=Joan |author-link=Joan Didion |title=Letter from Los Angeles |journal=The New Yorker |date=18 February 1990 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1990/02/26/letter-from-los-angeles-la-times |issn=0028-792X}} (Later included in Didion's 1992 essay collection ''[[After Henry (book)|After Henry]]'' under the title "Times Mirror Square"). * {{cite book |last=Halberstam |first=David |author-link=David Halberstam |year=1979 |title=The Powers That Be |title-link=The Powers That Be (book) |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=0394503813 }} ==External links== * David Shaw and Mitchell Landsberg, [http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-chandler-obit,0,7195252.story?page=1&coll=la-home-headlines "LA Icon Otis Chandler dies at 78"], ''Los Angeles Times'', February 27, 2006 *"Otis Chandler", ''Contemporary Authors Online''. The Gale Group, 2001. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006. *{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2006/02/28/otis_chandler_78_transformed_la_times_into_leading_paper/|title=Otis Chandler, 78; transformed L.A. Times into a leading paper|first=Gary|last=Gentile|date=February 28, 2006|work=[[The Boston Globe]]}} *{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/28/obituaries/28chandler.html?ex=1298782800&en=418b087af329012c&ei=5090|title=Otis Chandler, Publisher Who Transformed Los Angeles Times, Dies at 78|date=February 28, 2006|work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Jonathan |last=Kandell |access-date=May 20, 2010}} {{NCAA Theodore Roosevelt Award}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chandler, Otis}} [[Category:1927 births]] [[Category:2006 deaths]] [[Category:American newspaper publishers (people)]] [[Category:Deaths from dementia in California]] [[Category:Deaths from Lewy body dementia]] [[Category:Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award recipients]] [[Category:Los Angeles Times people]] [[Category:Otis family]] [[Category:Mass media people from Los Angeles]] [[Category:Stanford Cardinal men's track and field athletes]] [[Category:Stanford University trustees]] [[Category:People from Sierra Madre, California]] [[Category:Chandler family (publishing)|Otis]] [[Category:People from Ojai, California]] [[Category:American male shot putters]]

1,306,918,059

[{"title": "Otis Chandler", "data": {"Born": "November 23, 1927 \u00b7 Los Angeles, California, U.S.", "Died": "February 27, 2006 (aged 78) \u00b7 Ojai, California, U.S.", "Alma mater": "Stanford University", "Occupation": "Publisher", "Spouse(s)": "Marilyn \"Missy\" Chandler, nee Brant (June 1951\u2013July 1981) Bettina Chandler, nee Whitaker (August 1981\u2013February 2006, his death)", "Children": "5, including Mike Chandler", "Parent(s)": "Dorothy Buffum Chandler \u00b7 Norman Chandler", "Relatives": "Charles Abel Buffum (grandfather) \u00b7 Harrison Gray Otis (great-grandfather) \u00b7 Eliza Ann Otis (great-grandmother) \u00b7 Marian Otis Chandler (grandmother)"}}]

false

# Akhund Mullah Shah Mosque The Akhund Mullah Shah Masjid, also known as the Akhoon Mullah Masjid, the Dara Shikoh Masjid, and the Mala Shah Mashid, is a former mosque, now in partial ruins, located in Kashmiri, Srinagar, in the Srinagar District, Kashmir Valley, in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The former mosque structure is a Monument of National Importance. The mosque was built by Dara Shikoh in 1649 for his spiritual mentor and is a mosque inside a mosque. The prime sanctuary is entirely separated from the main building through a courtyard that surrounds it. There is a stone lotus that crowns the podium of the mosque. ## Gallery - Mosque remnants in 2016 - Window with Jaali work and floral motifs

enwiki/65561538

enwiki

65,561,538

Akhund Mullah Shah Mosque

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhund_Mullah_Shah_Mosque

2025-06-19T09:38:00

en

Q104862860

112,777

{{Short description|Mosque in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}} {{Infobox religious building | name = | image = Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque 01.jpg | image_upright = 1.4 | caption = Ruins of the former mosque in 2016 | religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}} | status = [[Mosque]] {{small|(former)}} | functional_status = '''Inactive'''; {{small|(partial ruinous state)}} | map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir | map_size = 250 | map_relief = 1 | map_caption = Location of the former mosque in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] | coordinates = {{coord|34.103587|74.817359|region:IN-JK_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}} | location = [[Srinagar]], [[Srinagar District]], [[Kashmir Valley]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] | country = [[India]] | year_completed = {{start date and age|1649}} | founded_by = [[Dara Shikoh]] | architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}} | architecture_style = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] | materials = Grey [[limestone]] | dome_quantity = Three {{small|(maybe more)}} | module = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-JK-38 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }} }} The '''Akhund Mullah Shah Masjid''', also known as the '''Akhoon Mullah Masjid''', the '''Dara Shikoh Masjid''', and the '''Mala Shah Mashid''',<ref name="KashirEncyclopedia">{{Cite book|last=|first= |url=https://archive.org/details/Wkmv_kashir-encyclopedia-vol-1-jk-culture-academy/mode/1up |title=Kashir Encyclopedia |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages |year=1986 |isbn= |volume=1 |location= |page=367 |language=Ks}}</ref> is a former [[mosque]], now in partial ruins, located in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Srinagar]], in the [[Srinagar District]], [[Kashmir Valley]], in the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. The former mosque structure is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Jammu & Kashmir |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date= |access-date=2016-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507130954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp|archive-date=2012-05-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> The mosque was built by [[Dara Shikoh]] in 1649 for his spiritual mentor<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mosque of Akhund Mullah Shah {{!}} Srinagar, India Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/attractions/mosque-of-akhund-mullah-shah/a/poi-sig/1377899/356307|access-date=2020-10-12|website=Lonely Planet|language=en}}</ref> and is a mosque inside a mosque. The prime [[sanctuary]] is entirely separated from the main building through a courtyard that surrounds it. There is a stone lotus that crowns the podium of the mosque.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Masjid Of Akhund Mullah, Srinagar|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/srinagar/attractions/masjid-of-akhund-mullah/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=www.nativeplanet.com|language=en}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque 20.jpg|Mosque remnants in 2016 Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque , Window-Srinagar district -J&K -013.jpg|Window with Jaali work and floral motifs </gallery> == See also == {{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}} * [[Islam in India]] * [[List of mosques in India]] * [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Jammu and Kashmir]] == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{commons category-inline}} {{Mosques in India}} [[Category:17th-century mosques in India]] [[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Category:Mosques in Srinagar]] [[Category:Mughal mosques]] [[Category:Mosque ruins in India]] [[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]] {{India-mosque-stub}} {{Asia-archaeology-stub}}

1,296,329,960

[{"title": "Religion", "data": {"Affiliation": "Islam (former)", "Ecclesiastical or organizational status": "Mosque (former)", "Status": "Inactive; \u00b7 (partial ruinous state)"}}, {"title": "Location", "data": {"Location": ["Srinagar, Srinagar District, Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Kashmir", "Location of the former mosque in Jammu and Kashmir"], "Country": "India", "Geographic coordinates": "34\u00b006\u203213\u2033N 74\u00b049\u203202\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff34.103587\u00b0N 74.817359\u00b0E"}}, {"title": "Architecture", "data": {"Type": "Mosque architecture", "Style": "Mughal", "Founder": "Dara Shikoh", "Completed": "1649"}}, {"title": "Specifications", "data": {"Dome(s)": "Three (maybe more)", "Materials": "Grey limestone"}}, {"title": "Monument of National Importance", "data": {"Official name": "Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque", "Reference no.": "N-JK-38"}}]

false

# Liz Lawrence Elizabeth Lawrence (born 9 July 1990) is an English singer, songwriter and guitarist, known for her solo work and for being half of electro-pop duo Cash+David. She has toured with Bombay Bicycle Club, and supported Black, Scouting for Girls, and Ani DiFranco, amongst others. Q magazine compared Lawrence favourably to indie rock band Florence and the Machine, considering her "a starlet in the making". ## Career Having played in various bands in her youth before embarking on a solo career and relocating to London, Lawrence's debut studio album, Bedroom Hero, was released in 2012, reaching No. 2 on the Bandcamp album chart. In February 2017, Lawrence featured on the song "Party for Two" from the album The Pace of the Passing by former Bombay Bicycle Club member Ed Nash's solo project, Toothless. 2018 saw the release of singles "The Good Part" and "Woman"; the former was mixed by Bombay Bicycle Club's Jack Steadman. Her second album, Pity Party, was released on October 25, 2019. NME called the album "powerful" and considered that it "embraces her lo-fi folk past but also brings it into the here and now with satisfying pop elements" Lawrence featured as a vocalist on Bombay Bicycle Club's 2020 album Everything Else Has Gone Wrong. On September 17, 2021, Lawrence’s third album “The Avalanche” was released. ## Discography ### Albums | Title | Release details | | ------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Bedroom Hero | - Release date: 2012 - Label: Ceol Music Ltd - Formats: CD, streaming, digital download | | Pity Party | - Release date: October 25, 2019 - Label: Second Breakfast - Formats: CD, LP, streaming, digital download | | The Avalanche | - Release date: September 17, 2021 - Label: Second Breakfast - Formats: CD, LP, streaming, digital download | | Peanuts | - Release date: June 7, 2024 - Label: Chrysalis - Formats: CD, LP, streaming, digital download | ### Singles | Title | Year | Album | | ------------------------------ | ---- | -------------------- | | "Oo Song" | 2012 | Bedroom Hero | | "Bedroom Hero" | 2012 | Bedroom Hero | | "Health & Safety" | 2014 | Health & Safety (EP) | | "Chainsmoking" / "We Got Love" | 2017 | non-album single | | "Circling Numbers" / "Floors" | 2018 | non-album single | | "The Good Part" / "Woman" | 2018 | non-album single | | "Navigator" | 2019 | Pity Party | | "None Of My Friends" | 2019 | Pity Party | | "USP" | 2019 | Pity Party | | "California Screaming" | 2020 | Whoosh (EP) | | "Hope (Or Something Like It)" | 2020 | Whoosh (EP) | | "Where The Bodies Are Buried" | 2021 | The Avalanche | | "Down For Fun" | 2021 | The Avalanche | | "Saturated" | 2021 | The Avalanche |

enwiki/49363039

enwiki

49,363,039

Liz Lawrence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Lawrence

2025-07-19T23:27:30

en

Q23762478

82,043

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox musical artist | image = LizLawrence2020.jpg | alt = | caption = Lawrence at the merch stand at the Deaf Institute in [[Manchester]], England, 2020 | birth_name = Elizabeth Lawrence<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#ace/writer/584168323/LAWRENCE+ELIZABETH|title=ACE Repertory|website=Ascap.com|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|07|09|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Stratford-upon-Avon]], [[Warwickshire]], England<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://pocketmags.com/diva-magazine/january-2020/articles/694353/what-people-do|title=What people do | Pocketmags.com|website=Pocketmags.com|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0008q7m|title=BBC Radio 6 Music - Chris Hawkins, Liz Lawrence|website=Bbc.co.uk|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sos-music.co.uk/2014/03/liz-lawrence-health-safety.html|title=Liz Lawrence | Health & Safety|website=Sos-music.co.uk|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref> | genre = [[Indie pop]] | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|composer|musician|record producer}} | instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|keyboards|synthesizer}} | years_active = 2012–present | label = {{hlist|[[Chrysalis Records|Chrysalis]]|Ceol Music Ltd|Second Breakfast}} | associated_acts = {{hlist|Cash+David|[[Bombay Bicycle Club]]|[[Black (singer)|Black]]|[[Scouting for Girls]]|[[Ani DiFranco]]}} | website = {{URL|lizlawrencemusic.co.uk}} }} '''Elizabeth Lawrence''' (born 9 July 1990)<ref>American Society of Composers Authors and Publishers, IPI no. 584168323</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#ace/work/882909568|title=ACE Repertory|website=Ascap.com}}</ref> is an English singer, songwriter and guitarist, known for her solo work and for being half of electro-pop duo Cash+David.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/new-music/11268527/CashDavid-elevated-electro-pop.html|title=Cash+David: elevated electro-pop - Telegraph|date=8 December 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/ewh8q9/acts/arvhj5|title=2015 - Cash+David|website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/16/the-playlist-new-bands-beach-baby-cash-david-ellenberg-and-more|title=The playlist: new bands – Beach Baby, Cash + David, Ellenberg and more|author=Paul Lester|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> She has toured with [[Bombay Bicycle Club]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/bombay-bicycle-club/81729|title=Pink Floyd's Dave Gilmour joins Bombay Bicycle Club to perform 'Wish You Were Here'|website=Nme.com|date=14 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://themostcake.co.uk/musicmakers/tmc-interviews-singer-liz-lawrence/|title=TMC Interviews: singer Liz Lawrence|work=The Most Cake|date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/live-music-reviews/10697874/Bombay-Bicycle-Club-Brixton-Academy-review.html|title=Bombay Bicycle Club, Brixton Academy, review|author=Patrick Smith|date=14 March 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> and supported [[Black (singer)|Black]], [[Scouting for Girls]], and [[Ani DiFranco]], amongst others.<ref>[http://www.visitsouthdevon.co.uk/whats-on/liz-lawrence-hannahs-at-seale-hayne-p1256993]{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/music/interviews/Liz+Lawrence+Interview-268247.html|title=Liz Lawrence Exclusive Interview|author=Helen Earnshaw|date=26 November 2012|website=Femalefirst.co.uk}}</ref> [[Q (magazine)|Q magazine]] compared Lawrence favourably to [[indie rock]] band [[Florence and the Machine]], considering her "a starlet in the making".<ref name="jakemorley">{{cite web|url=http://www.redgrapemusic.com/red-grape-management/liz-lawrence/|title=Liz Lawrence|author=Jake Morley|website=Redgrapemusic.com}}</ref> ==Career== Having played in various bands in her youth before embarking on a solo career and relocating to London,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/liz-lawrence-mn0003383576/biography|title=Liz Lawrence | Biography & History|website=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redgrapemusic.com/red-grape-management/liz-lawrence/|title=Liz Lawrence|website=Redgrapemusic.com|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref> Lawrence's debut [[Album#Studio|studio album]], ''Bedroom Hero'', was released in 2012, reaching No. 2 on the [[Bandcamp]] album chart.<ref name="jakemorley"/> In February 2017, Lawrence featured on the song "Party for Two" from the album ''The Pace of the Passing'' by former Bombay Bicycle Club member Ed Nash's solo project, [[Bombay Bicycle Club|Toothless]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indieisnotagenre.com/ed-nash-bombay-bicycle-club-releases-solo-album/|title=Ed Nash (Bombay Bicycle Club) releases solo album|website=Indieisnotagenre.com|date=January 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8WPIU8XJmY|title=Toothless - Party For Two ft. Liz Lawrence|date=February 28, 2017|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diymag.com/2017/03/01/toothless-liz-lawrence-party-for-two-video-watch|title=Toothless pumps iron in his 'Party For Two' video|website=Diymag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegryphon.co.uk/2017/02/03/the-pace-of-the-passing-by-toothless-2/|title=The Pace of the Passing by Toothless|first=The Gryphon Web|last=Editor|date=February 3, 2017|website=The Gryphon}}</ref> 2018 saw the release of singles "The Good Part" and "Woman"; the former was mixed by Bombay Bicycle Club's Jack Steadman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/liz-lawrence-blasts-back-with-two-new-singles|title=Liz Lawrence Blasts Back With Two New Singles|website=Clash Magazine|date=21 June 2018 }}</ref> Her second album, ''Pity Party'', was released on October 25, 2019. [[NME]] called the album "powerful" and considered that it "embraces her lo-fi folk past but also brings it into the here and now with satisfying pop elements"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/liz-lawrences-pity-party-is-a-sly-middle-finger-to-her-doubters-2561096|title=Liz Lawrence's powerful new album 'Pity Party' is a sly middle finger to her doubters|website=Nme.com|date=28 October 2019|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref> Lawrence featured as a vocalist on Bombay Bicycle Club's 2020 album ''[[Everything Else Has Gone Wrong]]''.<ref name="liner notes">{{cite AV media notes |title=Everything Else Has Gone Wrong |others=[[Bombay Bicycle Club]] |publisher=Mmm...Records, [[Caroline International]], [[Island Records]] |year=2020 |type=liner notes |id=0827596}}</ref> On September 17, 2021, Lawrence’s third album “The Avalanche” was released. ==Discography== ===Albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Release details |- ! scope="row"| ''Bedroom Hero'' | * Release date: 2012 * Label: Ceol Music Ltd * Formats: [[CD]], [[Streaming media|streaming]], [[Music download|digital download]] |- ! scope="row"| ''Pity Party'' | * Release date: October 25, 2019 * Label: Second Breakfast * Formats: CD, [[LP record|LP]], streaming, digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''The Avalanche'' | * Release date: September 17, 2021 * Label: Second Breakfast * Formats: CD, LP, streaming, digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''Peanuts'' | * Release date: June 7, 2024 * Label: Chrysalis * Formats: CD, LP, streaming, digital download |} ===Singles=== {{Update|date=January 2025}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row"| "Oo Song" | rowspan="2"| 2012 | rowspan="2"| ''Bedroom Hero'' |- ! scope="row"| "Bedroom Hero" |- ! scope="row"| "Health & Safety" | 2014 | ''Health & Safety (EP)'' |- ! scope="row"| "Chainsmoking" / "We Got Love" | 2017 | rowspan="3" {{n/a|non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Circling Numbers" / "Floors" | rowspan="2" | 2018 |- ! scope="row"| "The Good Part" / "Woman" |- ! scope="row"| "Navigator" | rowspan="3" | 2019 | rowspan="3" | ''Pity Party'' |- ! scope="row"| "None Of My Friends" |- ! scope="row"| "USP" |- ! scope="row"| "California Screaming" | rowspan="2"| 2020 | rowspan="2"| ''Whoosh (EP)'' |- ! scope="row"| "Hope (Or Something Like It)" |- ! scope="row"| "Where The Bodies Are Buried" | rowspan="3"|2021 | rowspan="3"| ''The Avalanche'' |- ! scope="row"| "Down For Fun" |- ! scope="row"| "Saturated" |} ==References== {{Reflist|}} ==External links== * {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0003383576}} * {{discogs artist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, Liz}} [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:21st-century English women singers]] [[Category:21st-century English singers]] [[Category:English women singer-songwriters]] [[Category:English singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Musicians from London]] [[Category:People from Stratford-upon-Avon]]

1,301,454,814

[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Birth name": "Elizabeth Lawrence", "Born": "9 July 1990 \u00b7 Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England", "Genres": "Indie pop", "Occupations": "Singer songwriter composer musician record producer", "Instruments": "Vocals guitar keyboards synthesizer", "Years active": "2012\u2013present", "Labels": "Chrysalis Ceol Music Ltd Second Breakfast"}}]

false

# IECO Green Warriors The IECO Green Warriors (stylized as iECO) are a Philippine basketball team. It were formed in 2018, as a selection team of players and staff from teams of the PBA Developmental League and was tasked to compete in the 2018 The Terrific 12 tournament of the Asia League. They were also an applicant team seeking to play in the ASEAN Basketball League. The team's namesake was its sponsor, IECO, an incinerator-waste management firm. ## History Two teams from the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) were invited to compete in The Terrific 12 tournament of the Asia Basketball League to take place from September 18 to 23, 2018 in Macau but the PBA was unable to accept the invitation due to the tournament having scheduling conflict with the 2018 PBA Governors' Cup. Only one Philippine team was sent to the tournament; a selection team from the PBA Developmental League. The Asia League decided to invite another team from the Chinese Basketball Association to fill in a berth initially intended for a second Philippine team. Ariel Vanguardia was tasked to coach the PBA D-League All Stars in The Terrific 12. The selection team competed as the "PBA D-League All Stars IECO Green Warriors". The team's roster was formed primarily of players from the finalists of the 2018 PBA D-League Foundation Cup, namely Che'Lu Bar and Grill Revellers and the Go for Gold Scratchers with Richard Howell and Sam Logwood as imports. The team had a tune-up match against the Philippine national team on September 9 at the Meralco Gym in Pasig which it lost 82–99. The IECO Green Warriors management has considered entering the 2018–19 ASEAN Basketball League season with the team's All-Stars participation in The Terrific 12 considered as a "try-out" for players of the team. By September 11, 2018, the management already applied for a franchise at the ABL. The franchise would have been owned by Dioceldo Sy and Manny Pacquiao should the application have gotten approved. Instead San Miguel Alab Pilipinas were the representatives for that season.

enwiki/58493028

enwiki

58,493,028

IECO Green Warriors

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IECO_Green_Warriors

2025-05-26T00:17:47

en

Q60775394

31,547

{{use mdy|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox basketball club | name = IECO Green Warriors | color1 = white | color2 = green | color3 = black | logo = IECO Green Warriors.png | nickname = Green Warriors | league = N/A ([[Philippine Super Liga|League selection]]) | conference = | division = | founded = 2018 | dissolved =  | history = | arena = | capacity = | location = | colors =  | current = | sponsor = IECO | media = | president = | vice-presidents = | manager = | coach = [[Ariel Vanguardia]] | captain = | ownership = | championships = | conf_champs = | div_champs = | website = | h_body = | h_pattern_b = | h_shorts = | h_pattern_s = | a_body = | a_pattern_b = | a_shorts = | a_pattern_s = }} The '''IECO Green Warriors''' (stylized as '''iECO''') are a Philippine basketball team. It were formed in 2018, as a selection team of players and staff from teams of the [[PBA Developmental League]] and was tasked to compete in the [[2018 Asia League season|2018 The Terrific 12 tournament]] of the [[Asia League (basketball)|Asia League]]. They were also an applicant team seeking to play in the [[ASEAN Basketball League]]. The team's namesake was its sponsor, IECO, an incinerator-waste management firm.<ref name=iecoabl>{{cite news |last1=Ramos |first1=Gerry |title=Dioceldo Sy, Pacquiao in talks to field IECO squad in ABL |url=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/abl/dioceldo-sy-pacquiao-in-talks-to-field-ieco-squad-in-abl-a793-20180911 |accessdate=22 September 2018 |work=Sports Interactive Network Philippines |date=11 September 2018}}</ref> ==History== Two teams from the [[Philippine Basketball Association]] (PBA) were invited to compete in The Terrific 12 tournament of the [[Asia Basketball League]] to take place from September 18 to 23, 2018 in [[Macau]] but the PBA was unable to accept the invitation due to the tournament having scheduling conflict with the [[2018 PBA Governors' Cup]].<ref name="dugout">{{cite news |last1=Saldajeno |first1=Ivan |title=D-League All-Stars to represent PH in "Terrific 12" |url=https://www.dugout.ph/2018/08/d-league-all-stars-to-represent-ph.html |accessdate=15 September 2018 |date=14 August 2018}}</ref> Only one Philippine team was sent to the tournament; a selection team from the [[PBA Developmental League]]. The Asia League decided to invite another team from the Chinese Basketball Association to fill in a berth initially intended for a second Philippine team.<ref name=abs-cbn1>{{cite news |title=PBA D-League All-Stars will rep the Philippines in Terrific 12 |url=https://sports.abs-cbn.com/basketball/news/2018/08/17/d-league-all-stars-will-rep-philippines-terrific-12-45719 |accessdate=15 September 2018 |work=ABS-CBN Sports |date=17 August 2017}}</ref> [[Ariel Vanguardia]] was tasked to coach the PBA D-League All Stars in The Terrific 12.<ref name="abs-cbn2">{{cite news |title=Vanguardia-coached D-League All-Stars start prep for Macau invitational |url=https://sports.abs-cbn.com/basketball/news/2018/08/28/vanguardia-coached-d-league-all-stars-start-prep-macau-46149 |accessdate=15 September 2018 |work=ABS-CBN Sports |date=28 August 2018}}</ref> The selection team competed as the "PBA D-League All Stars IECO Green Warriors".<ref name=abs-cbn1/> The team's roster was formed primarily of players from the finalists of the 2018 PBA D-League Foundation Cup, namely Che'Lu Bar and Grill Revellers and the Go for Gold Scratchers with [[Richard Howell (basketball)|Richard Howell]] and Sam Logwood as imports.<ref name="abs-cbn2"/> The team had a tune-up match against the [[Philippines men's national basketball team|Philippine national team]] on September 9 at the Meralco Gym in [[Pasig]] which it lost 82–99.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bacnis |first1=Justine |title=Philippine Team mauls iECO in tune-up |url=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/philippine-team-mauls-ieco-tune/126879 |accessdate=15 September 2018 |work=Tiebreaker Times |date=9 September 2018}}</ref> The IECO Green Warriors management has considered entering the [[2018–19 ABL season|2018–19 ASEAN Basketball League season]] with the team's All-Stars participation in The Terrific 12 considered as a "try-out" for players of the team.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dy |first1=Richard |title=iECO Green Warriors eye spot in Asean Basketball League |url=http://tv5.espn.com/basketball/gilas/story/_/id/24636136/ieco-green-warriors-eye-spot-asean-basketball-league |accessdate=15 September 2018 |work=ESPN 5 |date=11 September 2018}}</ref> By September 11, 2018, the management already applied for a franchise at the ABL. The franchise would have been owned by [[Dioceldo Sy]] and [[Manny Pacquiao]] should the application have gotten approved.<ref name=iecoabl/> Instead [[San Miguel Alab Pilipinas]] were the representatives for that season. ==See also== *[[Philippine Super Liga All-Stars]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:PBA Developmental League teams|All Stars]] [[Category:Representative teams of sports leagues]] [[Category:Basketball teams established in 2018]] [[Category:2018 establishments in the Philippines]] [[Category:Basketball teams disestablished in 2018]] [[Category:2018 disestablishments in the Philippines]]

1,292,248,741

[{"title": "IECO Green Warriors", "data": {"Nickname": "Green Warriors", "League": "N/A (League selection)", "Founded": "2018", "Main sponsor": "IECO", "Head coach": "Ariel Vanguardia"}}]

false

# Harry Bonavia Harry Arthur Bonavia (born 4 January 1908, date of death unknown) was a Maltese water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

enwiki/62400007

enwiki

62,400,007

Harry Bonavia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Bonavia

2024-07-04T10:51:30

en

Q20028450

22,952

{{short description|Maltese water polo player}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Infobox sportsperson | name = Harry Bonavia | full_name = Henry Arthur Bonavia | image = Harry Bonavia (1928).jpg | caption = | nationality = Maltese | sport = [[Water polo]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1908|1|4|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sliema]], Malta | death_date = | death_place = }} '''Harry Arthur Bonavia''' (born 4 January 1908, date of death unknown) was a Maltese [[water polo]] player. He competed in the [[Water polo at the 1928 Summer Olympics|men's tournament]] at the [[1928 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/harry-bonavia-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418093434/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/harry-bonavia-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Harry Bonavia Olympic Results |accessdate=21 November 2019}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{sports links}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bonavia, Harry}} [[Category:1908 births]] [[Category:Year of death missing]] [[Category:Maltese male water polo players]] [[Category:Olympic water polo players for Malta]] [[Category:Water polo players at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] {{Malta-waterpolo-bio-stub}}

1,232,560,593

[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Full name": "Henry Arthur Bonavia", "Nationality": "Maltese", "Born": "4 January 1908 \u00b7 Sliema, Malta"}}, {"title": "Sport", "data": {"Sport": "Water polo"}}]

false

# Margaret Healy Margaret Healy is an Irish singer-songwriter. She specializes in acoustic ballads but also shows the influence of hip-hop and electro in her music. Healy started touring the Dublin singer-songwriter circuit in 1999 and released her first album, margaret healy...and you are?, in 2001. The album was a collaboration with South Bank Awards winner and Mercury nominee Nitin Sawhney in his London Dance studio and Pat Barrett (Ten Speed Racer) and Ken Burke (Fusebox) in Dublin. Reviews were generally positive and marked Healy as an up-and-coming talent. She has toured widely in Ireland to support the album, and the video for the track Call It a Moment has received some airplay. The track Something Real was included on several media projects: - Sirens, a compilation CD of female independent label artists including Patti Smith, PJ Harvey, Sinéad O'Connor, and Ani Di Franco - The Ruby Sessions, a compilation CD of Irish artists - The Big Bow Wow, RTÉ TV series aired in January 2004 Healy's second album, Girls, Boys & Clockwork Toys, was released in April 2009.

enwiki/2846848

enwiki

2,846,848

Margaret Healy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Healy

2024-02-11T05:26:58

en

Q6759502

23,865

{{short description|Irish singer-songwriter}} {{for|the American soccer player and Google employee|Tucka Healy}} {{BLP sources|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Margaret Healy | image = Margaret Healy.webp | image_size = 220px | alt = A photograph of Irish singer Margaret Healy wearing a blue dress and white belt. It is set against a white background. | caption = Margaret Healy in 2009 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|11|30}} | birth_place = [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | genre = [[Acoustic music|Acoustic]], [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[Electro (music)|Electro]] }} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} '''Margaret Healy''' is an Irish singer-songwriter. She specializes in [[Steel-string guitar|acoustic]] [[ballads]] but also shows the influence of [[hip-hop music|hip-hop]] and [[electro (music)|electro]] in her music. Healy started touring the [[Dublin]] singer-songwriter circuit in 1999 and released her first album, ''margaret healy...and you are?'', in 2001. The album was a collaboration with South Bank Awards winner and [[Mercury Award|Mercury]] nominee [[Nitin Sawhney]] in his London Dance studio and Pat Barrett (Ten Speed Racer) and Ken Burke (Fusebox) in Dublin. Reviews were generally positive and marked Healy as an up-and-coming talent. She has toured widely in Ireland to support the album, and the video for the track ''Call It a Moment'' has received some airplay. The track ''Something Real'' was included on several media projects: *''Sirens'', a compilation CD of female [[independent record label|independent label]] artists including [[Patti Smith]], [[PJ Harvey]], [[Sinéad O'Connor]], and [[Ani Di Franco]] *''The Ruby Sessions'', a compilation CD of Irish artists *''The Big Bow Wow'', [[RTÉ]] TV series aired in January 2004 Healy's second album, Girls, Boys & Clockwork Toys, was released in April 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://state.ie/album-reviews/margaret-healy-%E2%80%93-girls-boys-clockwork-toys |title=Margaret Healy – Girls, Boys & Clockwork Toys |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175427/http://state.ie/album-reviews/margaret-healy-%e2%80%93-girls-boys-clockwork-toys |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060307085851/http://www.rubyworks.com/rubysessions/album.html Ruby Sessions album notes with brief biography of Margaret Healy] *[http://www.rte.ie/arts/2001/1003/healym.html RTÉ review of ''margaret healy...and you are?''] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Healy, Margaret}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:21st-century Irish women singers]] [[Category:1969 births]]

1,206,090,127

[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Born": "November 30, 1969 \u00b7 Dublin, Ireland", "Genres": "Acoustic, Hip hop, Electro"}}]

false

# Corporate Town of Port Augusta West The Corporate Town of Port Augusta West was a local government area in South Australia centred on the suburb of Port Augusta West. It was gazetted on 6 October 1887. They met in council chambers in Loudon Road, which ceased to be used by its successor council upon its amalgamation, but remained in use by the community until their demolition in the 1940s, at which time the building was described as "definitely unsafe". It was not uncommon for positions to be elected unopposed or without any nominations at all; in the election of November 1903, no one nominated for either mayor or councillor. In 1923, the council controlled an area of 2,100 acres (8.5 km2), with a capital value of £59,710. It had a population of 384 at the 1921 census, residing in 90 dwellings. On 28 April 1932, along with the Corporate Town of Davenport and part of the District Council of Woolundunga, it merged into the existing Corporate Town of Port Augusta, predecessor of the current City of Port Augusta. Its second-last mayor, James Beerworth, would go on to serve as the first mayor of the amalgamated council, and subsequently serve in both houses of the Parliament of South Australia. ## Mayors - Norman Alexander Richardson (1896–1898)[9][10][11] - John Harris (1898)[12][13] - H. M. Sparkman (1898–1900)[14][15] - Edward Geering (1900–1903)[16][17][18] - Alexander Bothwell (1904)[19] - Edward Bowden Francis (1912)[20] - Michael John Cleary (1920–1921)[21] - Lyal Vance Herbert Dighton (1921)[21] - Thomas Charles Chinnery (1921–1924)[21] - Lindsay Mallett Sanderson (1924–1927)[21] - James Beerworth (1927–1930)[21] - Thomas Charles Chinnery (1930–1932)[21]

enwiki/48531053

enwiki

48,531,053

Corporate Town of Port Augusta West

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Town_of_Port_Augusta_West

2025-08-16T10:26:35

en

Q24189298

132,626

{{Use Australian English|date=August 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox Australian place | type = lga | name = Corporate Town of Port Augusta West | state = sa | image = | caption = | pop = 384 | pop_year = 1921 | pop_footnotes = <ref name=civic-record>{{cite book | title=The Civic record of South Australia, 1921-1923 | publisher=Associated Publishing Service | year=1924 | pages=223}}</ref> | established = 1887<ref name="SAGG-1887">{{cite web |last1=Ramsay |first1=J.G. |title=Corporation of Port Augusta West |url=http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1887/43.pdf |website=The South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=Government of South Australia |accessdate=29 March 2019 |pages=731-732 |date=6 October 1887}}</ref> | abolished = 1932<ref name="SAGG-1932">{{cite web |last1=Whitford |first1=S.R. |title=LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS (RE-ARRANGEMENT) ACTS, 1929 AND 1931.—AREAS UNITED |url=http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1932/18/745.pdf |website=The South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=Government of South Australia |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=745 |date=28 April 1932 |quote=" Unite the areas comprising the Municipalities of Port Augusta, Port Augusta West, and Davenport, and that portion of the District Council District of Woolundunga defined in the First Schedule"}}</ref> | area = 8.5 | area_footnotes = <ref name=civic-record/> | seat = | map_type = state | coordinates = {{coord|32.484255|S|137.758361|E|format=dms|display=title, inline}} | stategov = | fedgov = | logo = | logo_upright = | near-nw = | near-n = | near-ne = | near-e = | near-se = | near-s = | near-sw = | near-w = }} The '''Corporate Town of Port Augusta West''' was a [[Local government areas of South Australia|local government area]] in [[South Australia]] centred on the suburb of [[Port Augusta West, South Australia|Port Augusta West]]. It was gazetted on 6 October 1887.<ref name="SAGG-1887"/> They met in council chambers in Loudon Road, which ceased to be used by its successor council upon its amalgamation, but remained in use by the community until their demolition in the 1940s, at which time the building was described as "definitely unsafe".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article168203995 |title=First Meeting of Amalgamated Council. |newspaper=[[Transcontinental (Australian newspaper)|Transcontinental]] |location=Port Augusta, SA |date=13 May 1932 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article168462929 |title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST HALL. |newspaper=[[Transcontinental (Australian newspaper)|Transcontinental]] |location=Port Augusta, SA |date=22 December 1944 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article168305337 |title=MEETING ROOM AT PORT AUGUSTA WEST. |newspaper=[[Transcontinental (Australian newspaper)|Transcontinental]] |location=Port Augusta, SA |date=20 September 1946 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> It was not uncommon for positions to be elected unopposed or without any nominations at all; in the election of November 1903, no one nominated for either mayor or councillor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article188610818 |title=Municipal Elections |newspaper=[[The Laura Standard]] |location=SA |date=27 November 1903 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> In 1923, the council controlled an area of {{convert|2100|acres|km2}}, with a capital value of £59,710. It had a population of 384 at the 1921 census, residing in 90 dwellings.<ref name=civic-record/> On 28 April 1932, along with the [[Corporate Town of Davenport]] and part of the [[District Council of Woolundunga]], it merged into the existing Corporate Town of Port Augusta, predecessor of the current [[City of Port Augusta]].<ref name="SAGG-1932"/> Its second-last mayor, [[James Beerworth]], would go on to serve as the first mayor of the amalgamated council, and subsequently serve in both houses of the [[Parliament of South Australia]].<ref name="marsden">{{cite web | url=https://www.lga.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/LGA-89938_-_2011_18_-_FINAL_History_of_SA_Councils.pdf | title=A History of South Australian Councils to 1936 | publisher=Local Government Association of South Australia | date=2012 | accessdate=30 October 2015 | author=Marsden, Susan | pages=11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317082016/https://www.lga.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/LGA-89938_-_2011_18_-_FINAL_History_of_SA_Councils.pdf | archive-date=17 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Mayors== * Norman Alexander Richardson (1896–1898)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article87192766 |title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. |newspaper=[[The Chronicle (Adelaide)|The Chronicle]] |location=Adelaide |date=28 November 1896 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=19 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54522397 |title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. |newspaper=[[South Australian Register]] |location=Adelaide |date=25 November 1897 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article197606047 |title=Port Augusta West Council. |newspaper=[[The Port Augusta Dispatch, Newcastle and Flinders Chronicle]] |location=SA |date=4 February 1898 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> * John Harris (1898)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56544888 |title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. |newspaper=[[South Australian Register]] |location=Adelaide |date=3 December 1898 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56535516 |title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. |newspaper=[[South Australian Register]] |location=Adelaide |date=26 November 1898 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> * H. M. Sparkman (1898–1900)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56545274 |title=THE COUNTRY. |newspaper=[[South Australian Register]] |location=Adelaide |date=20 December 1898 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article197609975 |title=Municipal Nominations. |newspaper=[[The Port Augusta Dispatch, Newcastle and Flinders Chronicle]] |location=SA |date=24 November 1899 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> * Edward Geering (1900–1903)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article197612290 |title=municipal Elections. |newspaper=[[The Port Augusta Dispatch, Newcastle and Flinders Chronicle]] |location=SA |date=30 November 1900 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article196770123 |title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. |newspaper=[[The Port Augusta Dispatch, Newcastle and Flinders Chronicle]] |location=SA |date=29 November 1901 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article124971623 |title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. |newspaper=[[Petersburg Times]] |location=SA |date=28 November 1902 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> * Alexander Bothwell (1904)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article163058730 |title=PORT AUGUSTA WEST. |newspaper=[[Adelaide Observer]] |location=SA |date=3 December 1904 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=42 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> * Edward Bowden Francis (1912)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article196794601 |title=Municipal Matters. |newspaper=[[The Port Augusta Dispatch, Newcastle and Flinders Chronicle]] |location=SA |date=6 December 1912 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> * Michael John Cleary (1920–1921)<ref name="civrecord">{{cite book | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-11350397/view#page/n826/mode/1up | title=The Official civic record of South Australia : centenary year, 1936 | publisher=Universal Publicity Company | author=Hosking, P. | year=1936 | location=Adelaide | pages=355}}</ref> * Lyal Vance Herbert Dighton (1921)<ref name="civrecord" /> * Thomas Charles Chinnery (1921–1924)<ref name="civrecord" /> * Lindsay Mallett Sanderson (1924–1927)<ref name="civrecord" /> * [[James Beerworth]] (1927–1930)<ref name="civrecord" /> * Thomas Charles Chinnery (1930–1932)<ref name="civrecord" /> ==See also== *[[Local Government Areas (Re-arrangement) Acts 1929 and 1931]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Former local government areas in South Australia}} [[Category:Former local government areas of South Australia|Port Augusta West]]

1,306,179,341

[{"title": "Corporate Town of Port Augusta West \u00b7 South Australia", "data": {"Coordinates": "32\u00b029\u203203\u2033S 137\u00b045\u203230\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff32.484255\u00b0S 137.758361\u00b0E", "Population": "384 (1921)", "\u2022 Density": "45.2/km2 (117.0/sq mi)", "Established": "1887", "Abolished": "1932", "Area": "8.5 km2 (3.3 sq mi)"}}]

false

# 2002 Prague municipal election The 2002 Prague municipal election was held as part of 2002 Czech municipal elections. It was held on 1 and 2 November 2002. Civic Democratic Party has won the election and Pavel Bém became the Mayor of Prague. ## Background Civic Democratic Party (ODS) won 1998 municipal election in Prague and Jan Kasl became the mayor. He resigned on the position in May 2002 after conflicts with his colleagues in the party. He left ODS and formed new party called European Democrats. Igor Němec replaced Kasl as the Mayor of Prague. ### Campaign Pavel Bém became Civic Democratic Party candidate for Mayor. Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) was led by Jiří Paroubek. Freedom Union was led by Michael Hvížďala. European Democrats were led by Jan Kasl. Campaign started in October 2002. Parties filled the city with billboards. ODS focused on safety. Freedom Union promised easily available housing. ČSSD promised "City for Living." Leader of ČSSD Paroubek held many meeting with voters to be as visible as possible. ## Results | Party | Vote | %Vote | Seats | | ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------- | ------ | ----- | | Civic Democratic Party | 1,592,119 | 35.54% | 30 | | European Democrats | 822,894 | 18.37% | 15 | | Czech Social Democratic Party | 656,936 | 14.66% | 12 | | Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia | 485,322 | 10.83% | 8 | | Freedom Union | 252,540 | 5.64% | 2 | | Coalition of SNK, SZ and SOS | 225,530 | 5.03% | 2 | | Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party | 204,453 | 4.56% | 1 | | independents for Prague | 139,442 | 3.11% | 0 | Civic Democrats led by Pavel bém won the election. Bém then formed coalition with Czech Social Democratic Party and became the Mayor of Prague.

enwiki/54613944

enwiki

54,613,944

2002 Prague municipal election

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Prague_municipal_election

2022-09-21T22:48:04

en

Q11932251

59,245

{{Infobox election | election_name = 2002 Prague municipal election | country = Czech Republic | type = parliamentary | ongoing = no | previous_election = 1998 Prague municipal election | previous_year = 1998 | next_election = 2006 Prague municipal election | next_year = 2006 | seats_for_election = All 70 seats in the Assembly | majority_seats = 36 | election_date = 20–21 October 2002 | image1 = [[File:Pavel Bém s manželkou 2013 (cropped).JPG|150x150px]] | leader1 = [[Pavel Bém]] | party1 = Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic) | leader_since1 = | leaders_seat1 = | last_election1 = | seats1 = 30 | seat_change1 = | popular_vote1 = 1,592,119 | percentage1 = 35.5% | swing1 = | image2 = File:Jan Kasl 2017.jpg | leader2 = [[Jan Kasl]] | party2 = [[SNK European Democrats|ED]] | colour2 = FFCB03 | leader_since2 = | leaders_seat2 = | last_election2 = | seats2 = 15 | seat_change2 = | popular_vote2 = 822,894 | percentage2 = 18.4% | swing2 = | image3 = [[File:Jiří Paroubek 2013-08-07.jpg|150x150px]] | leader3 = [[Jiří Paroubek]] | party3 = Czech Social Democratic Party | leader_since3 = | leaders_seat3 = | last_election3 = | seats3 = 12 | seat_change3 = | popular_vote3 = 656,936 | percentage3 = 14.7% | swing3 = | title = Mayor | before_election = [[Igor Němec]] | before_party = [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|ODS]] | after_election = [[Pavel Bém]] | after_party = [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|ODS]] }} The '''2002 Prague municipal election''' was held as part of [[2002 Czech municipal elections]]. It was held on 1 and 2 November 2002. [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|Civic Democratic Party]] has won the election and [[Pavel Bém]] became the Mayor of Prague.<ref name="Prvním mužem Prahy je Pavel Bém">{{cite web|title=Prvním mužem Prahy je Pavel Bém|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/prvnim-muzem-prahy-je-pavel-bem-dm9-/domaci.aspx?c=A021128_094453_praha_zem|website=iDNES.cz|accessdate=21 July 2017|date=28 November 2002}}</ref> ==Background== Civic Democratic Party (ODS) won 1998 municipal election in Prague and [[Jan Kasl]] became the mayor. He resigned on the position in May 2002 after conflicts with his colleagues in the party. He left ODS and formed new party called [[SNK European Democrats|European Democrats]].<ref name="Kasl: Nemohu volit stranu demagogů">{{cite web|title=Kasl: Nemohu volit stranu demagogů|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/kasl-nemohu-volit-stranu-demagogu-dru-/domaci.aspx?c=A020418_092540_praha_lin|website=iDNES.cz|accessdate=21 July 2017|date=3 June 2002}}</ref><ref name="Kaslova strana má vycházet ze starého programu ODS">{{cite web|title=Kaslova strana má vycházet ze starého programu ODS|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/kaslova-strana-ma-vychazet-ze-stareho-programu-ods-f8b-/domaci.aspx?c=A020607_221039_domaci_pol|website=iDNES.cz|accessdate=21 July 2017|date=8 June 2002}}</ref> [[Igor Němec]] replaced Kasl as the Mayor of Prague.<ref name="Kasl mě velmi zklamal, říká nový primátor">{{cite web|title=Kasl mě velmi zklamal, říká nový primátor|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/kasl-me-velmi-zklamal-rika-novy-primator-ffg-/domaci.aspx?c=A020724_161433_praha_osob_ton|website=iDNES.cz|accessdate=21 July 2017|date=30 July 2002}}</ref> ===Campaign=== Pavel Bém became Civic Democratic Party candidate for Mayor.<ref name="ODS chce místo Němce Béma">{{cite web|title=ODS chce místo Němce Béma|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/ods-chce-misto-nemce-bema-08t-/domaci.aspx?c=A020902_154028_praha_ton|website=iDNES.cz|accessdate=21 July 2017|date=2 September 2002}}</ref> [[Czech Social Democratic Party]] (ČSSD) was led by [[Jiří Paroubek]].<ref name="Paroubek si troufá na primátorský post">{{cite web|title=Paroubek si troufá na primátorský post|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/paroubek-si-troufa-na-primatorsky-post-d9y-/domaci.aspx?c=A020116_100952_praha_ton|website=iDNES.cz|accessdate=21 July 2017|date=16 January 2002}}</ref> [[Freedom Union – Democratic Union|Freedom Union]] was led by Michael Hvížďala.<ref name="Pavel Bém kandidátem ODS na primátora">{{cite web|title=Pavel Bém kandidátem ODS na primátora|url=https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/pavel-bem-kandidatem-ods-na-primatora_200208311630_mtaborska|website=iROZHLAS|accessdate=21 July 2017|language=cs}}</ref> European Democrats were led by Jan Kasl. Campaign started in October 2002. Parties filled the city with billboards. ODS focused on safety. Freedom Union promised easily available housing. ČSSD promised "City for Living." Leader of ČSSD Paroubek held many meeting with voters to be as visible as possible.<ref name="V Praze začal souboj o primátora">{{cite web|title=V Praze začal souboj o primátora|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/v-praze-zacal-souboj-o-primatora-dah-/domaci.aspx?c=A021008_191054_praha_ton|website=iDNES.cz|accessdate=21 July 2017|date=9 October 2002}}</ref> ==Results== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Party !! Vote !! %Vote !! Seats |- | [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|Civic Democratic Party]] || 1,592,119 || 35.54% || 30 |- | [[SNK European Democrats|European Democrats]] || 822,894 || 18.37% || 15 |- | [[Czech Social Democratic Party]] || 656,936 || 14.66% || 12 |- | [[Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia]] || 485,322 || 10.83% || 8 |- | [[Freedom Union – Democratic Union|Freedom Union]] || 252,540 || 5.64% || 2 |- | Coalition of SNK, [[Green Party (Czech Republic)|SZ]] and [[Party for the Open Society|SOS]] || 225,530 || 5.03% || 2 |- | [[Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party]] || 204,453 || 4.56% || 1 |- | independents for Prague || 139,442 || 3.11% || 0 |} Civic Democrats led by Pavel bém won the election. Bém then formed coalition with [[Czech Social Democratic Party]] and became the Mayor of Prague.<ref name="Novým pražským primátorem Pavel Bém">{{cite web|title=Novým pražským primátorem Pavel Bém|url=https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/novym-prazskym-primatorem-pavel-bem_200211281451_mkaclova|website=iROZHLAS|accessdate=21 July 2017|language=cs}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Elections in Prague}} [[Category:Municipal elections in Prague|2002]] [[Category:2002 elections in the Czech Republic|Prague municipal election]] [[Category:2000s in Prague|Municipal election, 2002]]

1,111,608,316

[{"title": "2002 Prague municipal election", "data": {"\u2190 1998": "20\u201321 October 2002 \u00b7 2006 \u2192"}}, {"title": "All 70 seats in the Assembly \u00b7 36 seats needed for a majority", "data": {"Leader": "Pavel B\u00e9m \u00b7 Jan Kasl \u00b7 Ji\u0159\u00ed Paroubek", "Party": "ODS \u00b7 ED \u00b7 \u010cSSD", "Seats won": "30 \u00b7 15 \u00b7 12", "Popular vote": "1,592,119 \u00b7 822,894 \u00b7 656,936", "Percentage": "35.5% \u00b7 18.4% \u00b7 14.7%", "Mayor before election \u00b7 Igor N\u011bmec \u00b7 ODS": "Elected mayor \u00b7 Pavel B\u00e9m \u00b7 ODS"}}]

false

# Curtis Senior High School Curtis Senior High School is a public high school located in University Place, Washington. Curtis Senior High School is a part of the University Place School District and the only high school in the district. The University Place school district includes most of University Place and portions of Fircrest and Tacoma. ## History The school's namesake comes from the former UPSD Superintendent George R. Curtis. The school opened in 1957 as a joint junior-senior high school at the corner of 40th and Grandview. In 1962, a high school facility was built about 500 yards east of the junior high that then extended up 40th Street. This separated the schools from 8th-9th grade for the junior high and 10th-12th grade for the senior high school. And after this, the original site became just a junior high school. In 2009, the original junior high was torn down and a new facility was built about 400 yards northeast of that site. ## Academics Curtis Senior High School has both Advanced Placement classes and core classes for students. The school also offers Running Start, collaborating with Tacoma Community College, a program for Juniors and Seniors by taking classes to gain college credit while in high school. ## Notable alumni - Beau Baldwin - former offensive coordinator, Arizona State; former football head coach, Cal Poly [3] - Scott Cairns - poet and Guggenheim Fellow - Andrea Geubelle - 2016 Summer Olympics track and field, triple jump - Gary Larson - creator and writer of The Far Side - Mike Levenseller - professional football wide receiver, played 3 seasons in NFL[4] - Adrienne Martelli - 2012 Summer Olympics bronze medalist in rowing, women's quadruple sculls - Singor Mobley - former NFL and Canadian Football League defensive back [5] - Isaiah Thomas - NBA point guard, two-time NBA All-Star in 2016 & 2017 - Chuck Arnold - President of the Seattle Seahawks - Jennifer Cohen - University of Southern California Athletic Director - Morgan Weaver - professional soccer forward for the Portland Thorns FC[6] - Cindy Brunson - Sports anchor and reporter, most known for ESPN's SportsCenter - Zoom Diallo

enwiki/9380924

enwiki

9,380,924

Curtis Senior High School

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Senior_High_School

2025-01-22T01:03:20

en

Q5195885

72,408

{{for|the school of the same name in Staten Island|Curtis High School}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox school | name = George R. Curtis Senior High School | native_name = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | logo = CurtisVikings.jpg | motto = | established = 1957 | closed = | type = Public secondary | status = | category_label = | category = | gender_label = | gender = | affiliation = | affiliations = | administrator = | assst_admin = | president = | chairman_label = | chairman = | rector = | principal = Tom Adams | asst principal = | campus_director = | dean = | founder = | chaplain = | officer_in_charge = | faculty = | ratio = 24.26<ref name=NCES/> | teaching_staff = 53.70 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/> | enrollment = 1,303 (2023-2024)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=5309180&ID=530918001549|title=Curtis Senior High|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=January 3, 2025}}</ref> | grades_label = | grades = 10–12 | streetaddress = 8425 40th W | city = University Place | state = Washington | province = 98466 | country = United States | coordinates = | latitude = | longitude = | district = [[University Place School District]] | oversight = | accreditation = | campus = Suburban | colors = Blue and White {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|white|border=darkgray}} | colours = | athletics = | houses = | student_union = | nickname = | mascot = [[Vikings]] | free_label = [[Emblem]] | free_text = | rival = | yearbook = | newspaper = | free_label_1 = | free_1 = | free_label_2 = | free_2 = | free_label_3 = | free_3 = | test_name = | test_average = | national_ranking = | website = [https://chs.upsd83.org/ Curtis Senior High School] | footnotes = | picture = | picture_caption = | picture2 = | picture_caption2 = }} '''Curtis Senior High School''' is a public high school located in [[University Place, Washington]]. Curtis Senior High School is a part of the [[University Place School District]] and the only high school in the district. The University Place school district includes most of University Place and portions of [[Fircrest, Washington|Fircrest]] and [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]].<ref name=PierceCountyschools>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st53_wa/schooldistrict_maps/c53053_pierce/DC20SD_C53053.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Pierce County, WA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2022-07-20|pages=1-2 (PDF p. 2-3/4)}}</ref> ==History== The school's namesake comes from the former UPSD Superintendent George R. Curtis. The school opened in 1957 as a joint junior-senior high school at the corner of 40th and Grandview. In 1962, a high school facility was built about 500 yards east of the junior high that then extended up 40th Street. This separated the schools from 8th-9th grade for the junior high and 10th-12th grade for the senior high school. And after this, the original site became just a junior high school. In 2009, the original junior high was torn down and a new facility was built about 400 yards northeast of that site. ==Academics== Curtis Senior High School has both Advanced Placement classes and core classes for students. The school also offers Running Start, collaborating with [[Tacoma Community College]], a program for Juniors and Seniors by taking classes to gain college credit while in high school. ==Notable alumni== * [[Beau Baldwin]] - former offensive coordinator, Arizona State; former football head coach, Cal Poly <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gopoly.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/beau-baldwin/543|title = Beau Baldwin - Head Football Coach - Football Coaches}}</ref> * [[Scott Cairns]] - poet and Guggenheim Fellow * [[Andrea Geubelle]] - 2016 Summer Olympics track and field, triple jump * [[Gary Larson]] - creator and writer of ''[[The Far Side]]'' * [[Mike Levenseller]] - professional football wide receiver, played 3 seasons in NFL<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nfl.com/players/mike-levenseller/stats|title = Mike Levenseller Stats Summary| website=[[NFL.com]] }}</ref> * [[Adrienne Martelli]] - 2012 Summer Olympics bronze medalist in rowing, women's quadruple sculls * [[Singor Mobley]] - former NFL and Canadian Football League defensive back <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.codathletics.com/sports/fball/coaches/Singor_Mobley?view=bio|title=College of the Desert}}</ref> * [[Isaiah Thomas (basketball)|Isaiah Thomas]] - NBA point guard, two-time NBA All-Star in 2016 & 2017 * Chuck Arnold - President of the [[Seattle Seahawks]] * [[Jennifer Cohen (athletic director)|Jennifer Cohen]] - University of Southern California Athletic Director * [[Morgan Weaver]] - professional soccer forward for the Portland Thorns FC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/players/morgan-weaver|title=National Women's Soccer League Official Site | NWSL}}</ref> * [[Cindy Brunson]] - Sports anchor and reporter, most known for ESPN's [[SportsCenter]] * [[Zoom Diallo]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{WIAA West Central District 3|A|4A}} {{IBL Arenas}} {{coord|47|13|18|N|122|33|02|W|display=title|type:edu_region:US-WA}} [[Category:High schools in Pierce County, Washington]] [[Category:South Puget Sound League]] [[Category:Public high schools in Washington (state)]] [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1957]] [[Category:1957 establishments in Washington (state)]]

1,270,954,619

[{"title": "Address", "data": {"Address": "8425 40th W \u00b7 University Place, Washington, 98466 \u00b7 United States"}}, {"title": "Information", "data": {"Type": "Public secondary", "Established": "1957", "School district": "University Place School District", "Principal": "Tom Adams", "Teaching staff": "53.70 (FTE)", "Grades": "10\u201312", "Enrollment": "1,303 (2023-2024)", "Student to teacher ratio": "24.26", "Campus": "Suburban", "Color(s)": "Blue and White", "Mascot": "Vikings", "Website": "Curtis Senior High School"}}]

false

# Franz Rottensteiner Franz Rottensteiner (born 18 January 1942) is an Austrian publisher and critic in the fields of science fiction and speculative fiction in general. ## Biography Rottensteiner was born in Waidmannsfeld, Lower Austria. He studied journalism, English and history at the University of Vienna, receiving his doctorate in 1969. He served about fifteen years as librarian and editor at the Österreichisches Institut für Bauforschung in Vienna. In addition, he produced a number of translations into German of leading science fiction authors, including Herbert W. Franke, Stanislaw Lem, Philip K. Dick, Abe Kōbō, Cordwainer Smith, Brian W. Aldiss and the Strugatski brothers. In 1973 his anthology of science fiction View From Another Shore, published in the US by Seabury Press, introduced a number of European authors to the English-reading public. Selected authors included Stanislaw Lem, Josef Nesvadba, Gerard Klein, Lino Aldani and Jean-Pierre Andrevon. The year 1975 saw the start of his series Die phantastischen Romane. For seven years it re-published works of both lesser- and better-known writers as well as new ones, ending with a total of 28 volumes. In the years 1979-1985 he brought out translations of H. G. Wells's works in an eighteen volumes series. Rottensteiner provoked some controversy with his negative assessment of American science fiction; "what matters is the highest achievements, and there the US has yet to produce a figure comparable to H.G. Wells, Olaf Stapledon, Karel Čapek or Stanisław Lem." Rottensteiner described Roger Zelazny, Barry N. Malzberg, and Robert Silverberg as producing "travesties of fiction" and stated "Asimov is a typical non-writer, and Heinlein and Anderson are just banal". However, Rottensteiner praised Philip K. Dick, listing him as one of "the greatest SF writers". From 1980 through 1998 he was advisor for Suhrkamp Verlag's Phantastische Bibliothek, which brought out some three hundred books. In all, he has edited about fifty anthologies, produced two illustrated books (The Science Fiction Book (1975) und The Fantasy Book (1978)) as well as working on numerous reference works on science fiction. His close association with and promotion of Lem until 1995 was a factor in the recognition of the latter in the United States. Rottensteiner has been the editor of Quarber Merkur, the leading German language critical journal of science fiction, since 1963. In 2004, on the occasion of the hundredth number of this journal, he was awarded a special Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis.

enwiki/37587218

enwiki

37,587,218

Franz Rottensteiner

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rottensteiner

2025-04-18T21:46:34

en

Q89370

37,537

{{Short description|Austrian publisher and critic}} '''Franz Rottensteiner''' (born 18 January 1942) is an [[Austria]]n publisher and critic in the fields of [[science fiction]] and [[speculative fiction]] in general. ==Biography== Rottensteiner was born in [[Waidmannsfeld]], [[Lower Austria]]. He studied journalism, English and history at the [[University of Vienna]], receiving his doctorate in 1969. He served about fifteen years as librarian and editor at the [[Österreichisches Institut für Bauforschung]] in [[Vienna]]. In addition, he produced a number of translations into German of leading science fiction authors, including [[Herbert W. Franke]], [[Stanislaw Lem]], [[Philip K. Dick]], [[Abe Kōbō]], [[Cordwainer Smith]], [[Brian W. Aldiss]] and the [[Strugatski]] brothers. In 1973 his anthology of science fiction ''View From Another Shore'', published in the US by Seabury Press, introduced a number of European authors to the English-reading public. Selected authors included Stanislaw Lem, [[Josef Nesvadba]], [[Gerard Klein]], [[Lino Aldani]] and [[Jean-Pierre Andrevon]]. The year 1975 saw the start of his series ''Die phantastischen Romane''. For seven years it re-published works of both lesser- and better-known writers as well as new ones, ending with a total of 28 volumes. In the years 1979-1985 he brought out translations of [[H. G. Wells]]'s works in an eighteen volumes series. Rottensteiner provoked some controversy with his negative assessment of American science fiction; "what matters is the highest achievements, and there the US has yet to produce a figure comparable to [[H.G. Wells]], [[Olaf Stapledon]], [[Karel Čapek]] or [[Stanisław Lem]]."<ref name="sff">''Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature A Checklist, 1700-1974 : with Contemporary Science Fiction Authors II'' Robert Reginald, Douglas Menville, Mary A. Burgess Detroit - Gale Research Company. {{ISBN|0810310511}} (p.1056)</ref> Rottensteiner described [[Roger Zelazny]], [[Barry N. Malzberg]], and [[Robert Silverberg]] as producing "travesties of fiction" <ref name="sff"/> and stated "[[Isaac Asimov|Asimov]] is a typical non-writer, and [[Robert A. Heinlein|Heinlein]] and [[Poul Anderson|Anderson]] are just banal".<ref name="sff"/> However, Rottensteiner praised [[Philip K. Dick]], listing him as one of "the greatest SF writers".<ref>Franz Rottensteiner, "Introduction" to ''View From Another Shore'', Liverpool University Press, 1999.{{ISBN|0853239320}} (p. xvi)</ref> From 1980 through 1998 he was advisor for [[Suhrkamp Verlag]]'s ''Phantastische Bibliothek'', which brought out some three hundred books. In all, he has edited about fifty anthologies, produced two illustrated books (''{{lang|en|The Science Fiction Book}}'' (1975) und ''{{lang|en|The Fantasy Book}}'' (1978)) as well as working on numerous reference works on science fiction.  His close association with and promotion of Lem until 1995 was a factor in the recognition of the latter in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://50watts.com/View-From-Another-Shore-An-Interview-with-Franz-Rottensteiner|title = View from Another Shore: An Interview with Franz Rottensteiner - 50 Watts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/rottensteiner_franz|title = Authors : Rottensteiner, Franz : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia}}</ref> Rottensteiner has been the editor of ''[[Quarber Merkur]]'', the leading German language critical journal of science fiction, since 1963. In 2004, on the occasion of the hundredth number of this journal, he was awarded a special [[Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kurd-lasswitz-preis.de/2004/KLP_2004_Preistraeger.htm |title=KLP 2004 Preisträger |publisher=Kurd-lasswitz-preis.de |date= |accessdate=2012-12-23}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * "Recent Writings on German Science Fiction," ''Science Fiction Studies'', Vol. 28, No. 2 (Jul., 2001), pp. 284–290. *Franz Rottensteiner and Todd C. Hanlin (Translator) ''The Best of Austrian Science Fiction''. (Studies in Austrian Literature, Culture, and Thought. Translation Series. (Aug., 2001) * "SF in Germany: A Short Survey," ''Science Fiction Studies'', Vol. 27, No. 1 (Mar., 2000), pp. 118–123. *"Science Fiction: Eine Einführung." ''Insel Almanach auf das Jahr'' (1972): 5-21. ==External links== *{{isfdb name|id=Franz_Rottensteiner|name=Franz Rottensteiner}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rottensteiner, Franz}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Science fiction critics]] [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Austrian speculative fiction critics]] [[Category:Translators of Stanisław Lem]] [[Category:German magazine editors]] [[Category:Deutscher Fantasy Preis winners]]

1,286,280,622

[]

false

# Benzion Miller Benzion Miller (Hebrew: בֶּן צִיּוֹן מילר, Yiddish: בֶּן־צִיּוֹן מי(ל)לעֶר; 8 December 1947 – 3 February 2025) was a German-born American cantor, schochet (kosher slaughterer) and mohel (circumciser). ## Early life and career Miller was born in a displaced persons camp in Fernwald, Germany. Miller's singing career began at the age of five. Miller studied music theory and solfège under Cantor Samuel B. Taube of Montreal. He studied voice production at the Champagne School for Music in Montreal and with Dr. Puggell, cantor Avshalom Zfira, and Allan Bowers. As an interpreter of liturgical music, Benzion Miller sang an operatic repertoire as well as Jewish and Chassidic folk music. He appeared with the Israeli Philharmonic Orchestra, the Jerusalem Symphony, the Rishon L'Tzion Symphony, the Haifa Symphony and members of the London Symphony. He also recorded for the Milken Archive, in Barcelona, Spain with the Barcelona National Symphony Orchestra. Miller was among the first group of cantors to visit and sing in Eastern European countries after World War II. He appeared before capacity audiences in Romania, Russia, Poland and Hungary, where he sang with the Budapest State Opera Orchestra. Miller made many recordings of liturgical, Chassidic and Yiddish music. Miller held positions in Montreal at Sheves Achim Synagogue on Côte-des-Neiges, then in Toronto at Shaarei Tefillah Synagogue on Bathurst Street, in Canada. In 1981 he became cantor of Temple Beth El of Borough Park in Brooklyn, a pulpit served by Mordechai Hershman, Berele Chagy and Moshe Koussevitzky, and continued as cantor of the synagogue, now Congregation Young Israel Beth El, after its merger with Young Israel of Boro Park. Miller made an appearance in A Cantor's Tale, a documentary about Jackie Mendelson. Miller and Mendelson are shown greeting each other and briefly engaging in conversation. ## Personal life and death Benzion's father, cantor, schochet and mohel Aaron Daniel Miller, was born in the Jewish community of Oświęcim (Yiddish: Oshpitsin, German: Auschwitz) in Poland. Aaron, his father and grandfather were cantors at the Bobover courts. Aaron's wife and children were murdered in Nazi concentration camps. Aaron met Benzion's mother, who was from the Belz hasidic dynasty, after the war in a displaced persons camp in Munich, Germany. Benzion's son, cantor Shimmy Miller, was his choral director and they often performed duets with each other. Miller had five children; three daughters and two sons. He died on 3 February 2025, at the age of 77. ## Partial Discography 1. "Cantor Benzion Miller Sings Cantorial Concert Masterpieces" – The Milken Archive of Jewish Music, Naxos (18 May 2004; International: January 2005) 2. "HASC – Jerusalem The Experience" (2004) 3. "High Holidays" (1997) 4. "Shabbat"(1995) 5. "I Believe" (אני מאמין) 6. "The Soul Is Yours" 7. "The Two In Harmony" 8. "America, my wonderland" (אַמעריקע מײַן ווּנדערלאַנד)

enwiki/15637217

enwiki

15,637,217

Benzion Miller

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzion_Miller

2025-08-12T13:18:30

en

Q2896690

49,541

{{Short description|Polish-born American cantor (1947–2025)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}} '''Benzion Miller''' ({{langx|he|בֶּן צִיּוֹן מילר}}, {{langx|yi|בֶּן־צִיּוֹן מי(ל)לעֶר}}; 8 December 1947 – 3 February 2025) was a German-born American [[Hazzan|cantor]], [[Shechita|schochet]] (kosher slaughterer) and [[mohel]] (circumciser). ==Early life and career== Miller was born in a [[Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe|displaced persons camp]] in [[Fernwald]], Germany.<ref name="CBM">{{cite web |url=http://faujsa.fau.edu/miller/ |title=Cantor Benzion Miller |work=Judaica Sound Archives |access-date=7 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224032548/http://faujsa.fau.edu/miller/ |archive-date=24 February 2014 }}</ref> Miller's singing career began at the age of five. Miller studied music theory and [[solfège]] under Cantor Samuel B. Taube of [[Montreal]]. He studied voice production at the Champagne School for Music in Montreal and with Dr. Puggell, cantor Avshalom Zfira, and Allan Bowers. As an interpreter of liturgical music, Benzion Miller sang an operatic repertoire as well as Jewish and Chassidic folk music. He appeared with the [[Israeli Philharmonic Orchestra]], the Jerusalem Symphony, the Rishon L'Tzion Symphony, the Haifa Symphony and members of the London Symphony. He also recorded for the Milken Archive, in Barcelona, Spain with the Barcelona National Symphony Orchestra. Miller was among the first group of cantors to visit and sing in Eastern European countries after [[World War II]]. He appeared before capacity audiences in Romania, Russia, Poland and Hungary, where he sang with the Budapest State Opera Orchestra. Miller made many recordings of liturgical, Chassidic and Yiddish music. Miller held positions in Montreal at Sheves Achim Synagogue on [[Côte-des-Neiges]], then in [[Toronto]] at Shaarei Tefillah Synagogue on [[Bathurst Street (Toronto)|Bathurst Street]], in Canada. In 1981 he became cantor of [[Temple Beth El of Borough Park]] in [[Brooklyn]], a pulpit served by [[Mordechai Hershman]], [[Berele Chagy]] and [[Moshe Koussevitzky]], and continued as cantor of the synagogue, now Congregation Young Israel Beth El, after its merger with Young Israel of Boro Park. Miller made an appearance in ''[[A Cantor's Tale]]'', a documentary about Jackie Mendelson. Miller and Mendelson are shown greeting each other and briefly engaging in conversation. ==Personal life and death== Benzion's father, cantor, schochet and mohel Aaron Daniel Miller, was born in the Jewish community of [[Oświęcim]] (Yiddish: Oshpitsin, German: Auschwitz) in Poland. Aaron, his father and grandfather were cantors at the [[Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)|Bobover]] courts. Aaron's wife and children were murdered in [[Nazi concentration camps]]. Aaron met Benzion's mother, who was from the [[Belz (Hasidic dynasty)|Belz hasidic dynasty]], after the war in a [[displaced persons camp]] in [[Munich]], Germany.<ref name="CBM"/> Benzion's son, cantor Shimmy Miller, was his choral director and they often performed duets with each other.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://matzav.com/video-shimmy-miller-sings-rabbi-halpern-gives-chizuk-at-chinuch-atzmai-kumzitz-melava-malka/|title=Video: Shimmy Miller Sings, Rabbi Halpern Gives Chizuk at Chinuch Atzmai Kumzitz Melava Malka | Matzav.com|date=29 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|Wpt1qU7dR-k|Cantorial Concert: Benzion & Shimmy Miller Singing "Elokai Ad Shelo Notzarti"}}</ref> Miller had five children; three daughters and two sons. He died on 3 February 2025, at the age of 77.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Feldman |first1=Joseph |title=Renowned Cantor Benzion Miller Passes Away at 77 |url=https://vinnews.com/2025/02/03/renowned-cantor-benzion-miller-passes-away-at-77/ |access-date=6 February 2025 |publisher=VIN News |date=3 February 2025}}</ref> ==Partial Discography== # ''"Cantor Benzion Miller Sings Cantorial Concert Masterpieces" – The [[Milken Archive of Jewish Music]], [[Naxos Records|Naxos]]'' (18 May 2004; International: January 2005) # ''"HASC – Jerusalem The Experience"'' (2004) # ''"High Holidays"'' (1997) # ''"Shabbat"''(1995) # ''"I Believe"'' ({{lang|he|אני מאמין}}) # ''"The Soul Is Yours"'' # ''"The Two In Harmony"'' # "America, my wonderland" (אַמעריקע מײַן ווּנדערלאַנד) ==See also== * [[Hazzan]] * [[Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków]] ==External links== * [http://www.milkenarchive.org/people/view/all/31/Benzion+Miller Benzion Miller's profile on the Milken Archive of Jewish Music"] * [http://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/oral-history/benzion-miller Video: Interview with Benzion Miller] ; About Aaron Miller: * [http://www.milkenarchive.org/people/view/1102/Aaron+Miller Aaron Miller's profile on the Milken Archive of Jewish Music]{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Contemporary Jewish religious music}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Miller, Benzion}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:Hazzans]] [[Category:American tenors]] [[Category:Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)]] [[Category:American expatriates in Canada]] [[Category:Polish expatriates in Germany]] [[Category:American Orthodox Jews]] [[Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent]] [[Category:Polish Orthodox Jews]] [[Category:Musicians from Brooklyn]]

1,305,508,662

[]

false

# Ultunafjella Ultunafjella is a mountain ridge in Bünsow Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a length of about seven kilometers. At the western side of the ridge is the glacier Brucebreen, and at the eastern side is Tunabreen. The ridge is named after Ultuna, Sweden.

enwiki/39728759

enwiki

39,728,759

Ultunafjella

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultunafjella

2025-08-13T14:10:25

en

Q16897516

20,403

{{Short description|Mountain ridge in Svalbard, Norway}} '''Ultunafjella''' is a mountain ridge in [[Bünsow Land]] at [[Spitsbergen]], [[Svalbard]]. It has a length of about seven kilometers. At the western side of the ridge is the glacier [[Brucebreen]], and at the eastern side is [[Tunabreen]]. The ridge is named after [[Ultuna]], Sweden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://placenames.npolar.no/stadnamn/Ultunafjella |title=Ultunafjella (Svalbard) |publisher=[[Norwegian Polar Institute]] |accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{coord|78.4862|N|17.3387|E|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ultunafjella}} [[Category:Mountains of Spitsbergen]] {{Spitsbergen-mountain-stub}}

1,305,686,952

[]

false

# Jana Jurečková Jana Jurečková (née Přistoupilová, born 20 September 1940) is a Czech statistician, known for her work on rankings, robust statistics, outliers and tails, asymptotic theory, and the behavior of statistical estimates for finite sample sizes. ## Education and career Jurečková was born in Prague and grew up in Roudnice nad Labem. She earned a master's degree from Charles University, and completed her Ph.D. in 1967 from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences under the supervision of Jaroslav Hájek. She completed a habilitation in 1982 and a Dr.Sc. in 1984. She joined Charles University in 1964, becoming part of the Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics in the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, and has also been associated with the Jaroslav Hájek Center for Theoretical and Applied Statistics at Masaryk University. ## Books She is the author of Robust Statistical Procedures: Asymptotics and Interrelations (with Pranab K. Sen, Wiley, 1996), of Adaptive Regression (with Yadolah Dodge, Springer, 2000), of Robust Statistical Methods with R (with Jan Picek, Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2005), and of a textbook on robust statistics in Czech. ## Recognition She is a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics an elected member of the International Statistical Institute, and since 2003 a member of the Learned Society of the Czech Republic.

enwiki/55917199

enwiki

55,917,199

Jana Jurečková

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Jure%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1

2024-11-20T00:27:30

en

Q15119834

56,823

{{short description|Czech statistician (born 1940)}} {{bots|deny=Citation bot}} {{Infobox person | name = Jana Jurečková | image = | caption = | othername = | birth_name = Jana Přistoupilová | birth_date = 20 September 1940 | birth_place = [[Prague]] | death_date = | death_place = | burial_place = | nationality = Czech | alma_mater = [[Charles University]] Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences | occupation = Statistician }} '''Jana Jurečková''' (née Přistoupilová, born 20 September 1940) is a Czech [[statistician]], known for her work on [[ranking]]s, [[robust statistics]], [[outlier]]s and [[Long tail|tails]], [[Asymptotic theory (statistics)|asymptotic theory]], and the behavior of statistical estimates for finite sample sizes.{{r|lwjj}} ==Education and career== Jurečková was born in [[Prague]] and grew up in [[Roudnice nad Labem]]. She earned a master's degree from [[Charles University]], and completed her Ph.D. in 1967 from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences under the supervision of [[Jaroslav Hájek]]. She completed a [[habilitation]] in 1982 and a Dr.Sc. in 1984. She joined Charles University in 1964, becoming part of the Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics in the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, and has also been associated with the Jaroslav Hájek Center for Theoretical and Applied Statistics at [[Masaryk University]].{{r|lwjj}} ==Books== She is the author of ''Robust Statistical Procedures: Asymptotics and Interrelations'' (with [[Pranab K. Sen]], Wiley, 1996),{{r|rsp}} of ''Adaptive Regression'' (with [[Yadolah Dodge]],{{r|lwjj}} Springer, 2000), of ''Robust Statistical Methods with R'' (with Jan Picek, Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2005),{{r|rsmr}} and of a textbook on robust statistics in Czech.{{r|lwjj}} ==Recognition== She is a Fellow of the [[Institute of Mathematical Statistics]]{{r|fims}} an elected member of the [[International Statistical Institute]],{{r|isimem}} and since 2003 a member of the [[Learned Society of the Czech Republic]].{{r|lwjj}} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=fims>{{citation|url=http://www.imstat.org/awards/honored_fellows.htm|title=Honored Fellows|publisher=Institute of Mathematical Statistics|accessdate=2017-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302125855/http://www.imstat.org/awards/honored_fellows.htm|archive-date=2014-03-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=isimem>{{citation|url=https://www.isi-web.org/index.php/about-isi/who-is-isi/members/indivual|title=Individual members|publisher=International Statistical Institute|accessdate=2017-11-23|archive-date=2017-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729010059/https://www.isi-web.org/index.php/about-isi/who-is-isi/members/indivual|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=lwjj>{{citation | last1 = Antoch | first1 = Jaromír | last2 = Hušková | first2 = Marie | last3 = Sen | first3 = Pranab K. | contribution = Life and Work of Jana Jurečková: An Appreciation | doi = 10.1214/10-imscoll701 | pages = 1–11 | publisher = Institute of Mathematical Statistics | series = Institute of Mathematical Statistics Collections | title = Nonparametrics and Robustness in Modern Statistical Inference and Time Series Analysis: A Festschrift in honor of Professor Jana Jurečková | volume = 7 | year = 2010| doi-access = free }}</ref> <ref name=rsmr>Reviews of ''Robust Statistical Methods with R'': *{{citation | last = de Leeuw | first = Jan | doi = 10.18637/jss.v016.b02 | at = Book Review 2 | journal = Journal of Statistical Software | title = none | volume = 16 | year = 2006| doi-access = free }} *{{citation | last = Karlsson | first = Andreas | date = January 2007 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-985x.2006.00455_6.x | issue = 1 | journal = Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A | pages = 255–256 | title = none | volume = 170| doi-access = free }} *{{citation | last = Naranjo | first = J. | date = March 2007 | doi = 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2007.00743_4.x | issue = 1 | journal = Biometrics | pages = 303 | title = none | volume = 63}} *{{citation | last = Tyler | first = David E | date = June 2007 | doi = 10.1198/jasa.2007.s187 | issue = 478 | journal = Journal of the American Statistical Association | pages = 759–760 | title = none | volume = 102}} *{{citation | last = Olive | first = David J | date = November 2007 | doi = 10.1198/tech.2007.s692 | issue = 4 | journal = Technometrics | pages = 496 | title = none | volume = 49}} </ref> <ref name=rsp>Reviews of ''Robust Statistical Procedures'': *{{citation | last = Hossjer | first = Ola | date = December 1997 | doi = 10.2307/2965449 | issue = 440 | journal = Journal of the American Statistical Association | page = 1652 | title = none | volume = 92| jstor = 2965449 }} *{{citation | date = December 1998 | doi = 10.2307/2533702 | issue = 4 | journal = Biometrics | page = 1682 | title = none | volume = 54| jstor = 2533702 }} *{{citation | last = Le Vey | first = Georges | issue = 1 | journal = Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D | jstor = 2988447 | pages = 222–224 | title = none | volume = 47 | year = 1998}} </ref> }} ==External links== *[http://www.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~jurecko/janaus.htm Home page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711085814/http://www.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~jurecko/janaus.htm |date=2018-07-11 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jureckova, Jana}} [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Czech statisticians]] [[Category:Women statisticians]] [[Category:Charles University alumni]] [[Category:Academic staff of Charles University]] [[Category:Elected Members of the International Statistical Institute]] [[Category:Fellows of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics]] [[Category:Mathematicians from Prague]] [[Category:Mathematical statisticians]] [[Category:People from Prague]]

1,258,485,035

[{"title": "Jana Jure\u010dkov\u00e1", "data": {"Born": "Jana P\u0159istoupilov\u00e1 \u00b7 20 September 1940 \u00b7 Prague", "Nationality": "Czech", "Alma mater": "Charles University \u00b7 Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences", "Occupation": "Statistician"}}]

false

# Dave Knudson (guitarist) David Knudson (born October 13, 1976) is an American guitarist and founding member of Seattle based indie band Minus the Bear, as well as mathcore band Botch. Other credits include additional guitars on These Arms Are Snakes' album Oxeneers or The Lion Sleeps When Its Antelope Go Home. Since the breakup of Minus The Bear, Knudson has been working on solo material; his debut solo album, The Only Thing You Have to Change is Everything, was released on May 13, 2022. ## Discography Solo - The Only Thing You Have to Change is Everything (2022) with Botch - American Nervoso (1998) - We Are the Romans (1999) with Minus the Bear - Highly Refined Pirates (2002) - Menos el Oso (2005) - Planet of Ice (2007) - Omni (2010) - Infinity Overhead (2012) - Voids (2017) with These Arms Are Snakes - Oxeneers or the Lion Sleeps When Its Antelope Go Home (2004) ## Equipment - Guitars - PRS McCarty guitar with two humbuckers (as seen in the above photo.) - PRS Custom 24 with trem/two humbuckers. Seen on the Omni tour. - Fender Jaguar Special HH Baritone Guitar. Used on Secret Country live - First Act Delia 22 fret guitar with two humbuckers. - Gibson Les Paul Classic Custom silverburst edition electric guitar. - PRS DGT, black with maple trim. Used on Fall '08 tour. - Amplifiers: - Mesa Boogie Lonestar with custom white Tolex through a Mesa Boogie 2X12" extension cabinet - Fender Twin Reverb (used as rental abroad) - both amps are now used in conjunction in Knudson's Rig. - Effects pedals: - 4 × Line 6 DL-4s (Knudson also keeps three additional DL-4s as backups, and there are 8 on stage in total between Dave, Jake, and Cory. He will use the sampling abilities of multiple DL-4s at once. Examples are aplenty on Planet of Ice) - Strymon Timeline Delay - Enema FX Mingebox (custom made fuzz and octave effect) - Ibanez TS9 Tube Screamer - Fulltone OCD overdrive (used for the recording of Planet of Ice in place of the Tubescreamer, though not on tour) - Digitech Whammy - BOSS RC-3 Loop Station (added in 2007) - BOSS DD-20 Giga Delay - BOSS GE-7 EQ - BOSS CS-3 compressor - Barber Tone Press compressor - FMR Really Nice compressor (no longer used live.) - Electro-Harmonix HOG Guitar Synthesizer with foot controller (added in 2007, can be heard on "Burying Luck".) - Dunlop Cry Baby - Misc - Suzuki Omnichord (The Minus the Bear album "Omni" is named after this instrument.) ## Technique Dave Knudson is well known for his use of two-handed tapping. He uses this technique to create polyphony (countermelodies), whereby his right hand will tap a treble melody, whilst his left hand plays a bass accompaniment. This technique is most apparent on the album Highly Refined Pirates, where it is used on every single song (except the electronic interludes.) Dave is also known for his use of the Line 6 DL-4 delay modeller's sampler capability. The DL-4 can be used to record a phrase which can then be played back instantly by stepping on one of the DL-4's buttons. The sample can also be reversed, slowed down or sped up, effects which Dave makes use of both in the studio (notably on Menos El Oso), but can also be replicated live. Dave can often be heard recording and preparing the samples before the start of songs when playing live. ## Graphic design On top of playing and touring with Minus the Bear, Dave has also designed the artwork for the band's releases and the majority of apparel, as well as artwork for other bands such as Pretty Girls Make Graves.

enwiki/2360432

enwiki

2,360,432

Dave Knudson (guitarist)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Knudson_(guitarist)

2025-06-13T09:47:16

en

Q5229121

56,000

{{BLP sources|date=August 2011}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Dave Knudson | image = Dave knudson2.jpg  | caption = Dave in concert. | image_size =  | birth_name = | alias = | birth_place = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|10|13}} | death_date = | origin = [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States|U.S.]] | instrument = Guitar | genre = [[Indie rock]], [[Mathcore]] | occupation = Guitarist, songwriter | years_active = 1993–present | label = | current_member_of = [[Botch (band)|Botch]] | past_member_of = [[Minus the Bear]] | website = }} '''David Knudson''' (born October 13, 1976) is an American guitarist and founding member of [[Seattle]] based indie band [[Minus the Bear]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/minus-the-bear-p511137/biography|title=Minus the Bear|last=Greenidge|first=Laurel|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> as well as [[mathcore]] band [[Botch (band)|Botch]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/botch-p366056/biography|title=Botch|last=Downey|first=Ryan|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> Other credits include additional guitars on [[These Arms Are Snakes]]' album ''[[Oxeneers or the Lion Sleeps When Its Antelope Go Home|Oxeneers or The Lion Sleeps When Its Antelope Go Home]]''. Since the breakup of Minus The Bear, Knudson has been working on solo material;<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1376284771349712899|user=DavidKnudson|title=1000%|date=28 March 2021}}</ref> his debut solo album, ''The Only Thing You Have to Change is Everything'', was released on May 13, 2022. ==Discography== ;Solo * ''The Only Thing You Have to Change is Everything'' (2022) ;with Botch {{Main|Botch_(band)#Discography|l1=Botch discography}} * ''American Nervoso'' (1998) * ''We Are the Romans'' (1999) ;with Minus the Bear {{Main|Minus_the_Bear#Discography|l1=Minus the Bear discography}} * ''[[Highly Refined Pirates]]'' (2002) * ''[[Menos el Oso]]'' (2005) * ''[[Planet of Ice]]'' (2007) * ''[[Omni (Minus the Bear album)|Omni]]'' (2010) * ''[[Infinity Overhead]]'' (2012) * ''[[Voids (album)|Voids]]'' (2017) ;with These Arms Are Snakes * ''[[Oxeneers or the Lion Sleeps When Its Antelope Go Home]]'' (2004) ==Equipment== *Guitars **[[PRS Guitars|PRS]] McCarty guitar with two [[humbuckers]] (as seen in the above photo.) **[[PRS Guitars|PRS]] Custom 24 with trem/two humbuckers. Seen on the Omni tour. **[[Fender Musical Instruments Corporation|Fender]] Jaguar Special HH [[Baritone Guitar]]. Used on Secret Country live **[[First Act]] Delia 22 fret [[guitar]] with two humbuckers. **[[Gibson Les Paul]] Classic Custom silverburst edition electric guitar. **[[PRS Guitars|PRS]] DGT, black with maple trim. Used on Fall '08 tour. *[[Amplifiers]]: **[[Mesa Boogie]] Lonestar with custom white Tolex through a Mesa Boogie 2X12" extension cabinet **[[Fender Twin Reverb]] (used as rental abroad) **both amps are now used in conjunction in Knudson's Rig. *[[Effects pedal]]s: **4 × [[Line 6 (company)|Line 6]] DL-4s (Knudson also keeps three additional DL-4s as backups, and there are 8 on stage in total between Dave, Jake, and Cory. He will use the sampling abilities of multiple DL-4s at once. Examples are aplenty on Planet of Ice) **Strymon Timeline Delay **Enema FX Mingebox (custom made fuzz and octave effect) **[[Ibanez]] TS9 [[Ibanez Tube Screamer|Tube Screamer]] ** [[Fulltone]] OCD overdrive (used for the recording of [[Planet of Ice]] in place of the Tubescreamer, though not on tour) **[[Digitech]] [[Whammy pedal|Whammy]] **[[Boss Corporation|BOSS]] RC-3 Loop Station (added in 2007) **BOSS DD-20 Giga Delay **BOSS GE-7 [[Equalization (audio)|EQ]] **BOSS CS-3 [[Audio level compression|compressor]] **Barber Tone Press compressor **FMR Really Nice compressor (no longer used live.) **Electro-Harmonix HOG Guitar Synthesizer with foot controller (added in 2007, can be heard on "Burying Luck".) **[[Dunlop Cry Baby]] *Misc **Suzuki Omnichord (The Minus the Bear album "Omni" is named after this instrument.) ==Technique== [[File:Daveknudson1.jpg|thumb|right|Dave Knudson demonstrating his tapping technique.]] Dave Knudson is well known for his use of two-handed [[tapping]]. He uses this technique to create [[polyphony]] ([[countermelodies]]), whereby his right hand will tap a treble melody, whilst his left hand plays a bass accompaniment. This technique is most apparent on the album [[Highly Refined Pirates]], where it is used on every single song (except the electronic interludes.) Dave is also known for his use of the Line 6 DL-4 delay modeller's sampler capability. The DL-4 can be used to record a phrase which can then be played back instantly by stepping on one of the DL-4's buttons. The sample can also be reversed, slowed down or sped up, effects which Dave makes use of both in the studio (notably on [[Menos El Oso]]), but can also be replicated live. Dave can often be heard recording and preparing the samples before the start of songs when playing live. ==Graphic design== On top of playing and touring with Minus the Bear, Dave has also designed the artwork for the band's releases and the majority of [[apparel]], as well as artwork for other bands such as [[Pretty Girls Make Graves]]. == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.minusthebear.com Minus the Bear] *[http://www.myspace.com/botch Botch on Myspace] {{Botch}} {{Minus the Bear}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Knudson, Dave}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American rock guitarists]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:Musicians from Seattle]] [[Category:American indie rock musicians]] [[Category:Minus the Bear members]] [[Category:Guitarists from Washington (state)]]

1,295,372,878

[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Born": "October 13, 1976", "Origin": "Seattle, Washington, U.S.", "Genres": "Indie rock, Mathcore", "Occupation(s)": "Guitarist, songwriter", "Instrument": "Guitar", "Years active": "1993\u2013present", "Member of": "Botch", "Formerly of": "Minus the Bear"}}, {"title": "Botch", "data": {"Discography": "Albums American Nervoso We Are the Romans EPs An Anthology of Dead Ends Other releases The Unifying Themes of Sex, Death and Religion 061502 \" One Twenty Two \"", "Related articles": "People Matt Bayles John Pettibone Ben Verellen Bands Minus the Bear Narrows Roy Russian Circles These Arms Are Snakes Labels Hydra Head Records"}}, {"title": "Albums", "data": {"Albums": "American Nervoso We Are the Romans", "EPs": "An Anthology of Dead Ends", "Other releases": "The Unifying Themes of Sex, Death and Religion 061502 \" One Twenty Two \""}}, {"title": "People", "data": {"People": "Matt Bayles John Pettibone Ben Verellen", "Bands": "Minus the Bear Narrows Roy Russian Circles These Arms Are Snakes", "Labels": "Hydra Head Records"}}, {"title": "Minus the Bear", "data": {"Studio albums": "Highly Refined Pirates Menos el Oso Planet of Ice Omni Infinity Overhead VOIDS", "Remix albums": "Interpretaciones del Oso", "EPs": "This Is What I Know About Being Gigantic Bands Like It When You Yell \"Yar!\" at Them They Make Beer Commercials Like This Acoustics Acoustics II Lost Loves Fair Enough"}}]

false

# Annals of Nuclear Energy Annals of Nuclear Energy is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on nuclear energy and nuclear science. It was established in 1975 and is published by Elsevier. The current editors-in-chief are Lynn E. Weaver (Florida Institute of Technology), S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan (Georgia Institute of Technology) and Imre Pázsit (Chalmers University of Technology). ## Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: - Chemical Abstracts Service[1] - Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed[2] - Science Citation Index Expanded[3] - Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology[3] - Scopus[4] According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 1.020. ## Former titles history Annals of Nuclear Energy is derived from the following former titles: - Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954-1959)[6][Note 1] - Journal of Nuclear Energy. Part A. Reactor Science (1959-1961)[7][Note 2] - Journal of Nuclear Energy. Part B. Reactor Technology (1959)[8][Note 3] - Journal of Nuclear Energy. Parts A/B. Reactor Science and Technology (1961-1966)[9][Note 4] - Journal of Nuclear Energy (1967-1973)[10][Note 1] - Annals of Nuclear Science and Engineering (1974)[11][Note 5] - Annals of Nuclear Energy (1975–present)

enwiki/44794995

enwiki

44,794,995

Annals of Nuclear Energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Nuclear_Energy

2023-08-31T13:58:10

en

Q15757619

67,446

{{Infobox journal | title = Annals of Nuclear Energy | cover = Annals of Nuclear Energy.gif | caption = | former_name = Annals of Nuclear Science and Engineering | abbreviation = Ann. Nucl. Energy | discipline = [[Nuclear engineering]] | peer-reviewed = | language = | editor = Lynn E. Weaver, S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan, Imre Pázsit | publisher = [[Elsevier]] | country = | history = 1975–present | frequency = Monthly | openaccess = [[Hybrid open access journal|Hybrid]] | license = | impact = 1.020 | impact-year = 2013 | ISSNlabel = | ISSN = 0306-4549 | eISSN = 1873-2100 | CODEN = ANENDJ | JSTOR = | LCCN = | OCLC = 50375208 | website = http://www.journals.elsevier.com/annals-of-nuclear-energy/ | link1 = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03064549 | link1-name = Online access | link2 =  | link2-name =  | boxwidth = }} '''''Annals of Nuclear Energy''''' is a monthly [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] [[scientific journal]] covering research on [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]] and [[Nuclear physics|nuclear science]]. It was established in 1975 and is published by [[Elsevier]]. The current [[editors-in-chief]] are Lynn E. Weaver ([[Florida Institute of Technology]]), S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan ([[Georgia Institute of Technology]]) and Imre Pázsit ([[Chalmers University of Technology]]). ==Abstracting and indexing== The journal is abstracted and indexed in: * [[Chemical Abstracts Service]]<ref name=CASSI>{{cite web|url=http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp |title=CAS Source Index |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |work=[[Chemical Abstracts Service]] |accessdate=2014-12-27 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Index Medicus]]/[[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]]<ref name=MEDLINE>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/7600031 |title=Annals of Nuclear Energy |work=NLM Catalog |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] |accessdate=2014-12-27}}</ref> * [[Science Citation Index Expanded]]<ref name=ISI>{{cite web |url=http://ip-science.thomsonreuters.com/mjl/ |title=Master Journal List |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] |work=Intellectual Property & Science |accessdate=2014-12-27 |archive-date=2017-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926150543/http://ip-science.thomsonreuters.com/mjl/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Current Contents]]/Engineering, Computing & Technology<ref name=ISI/> * [[Scopus]]<ref name=Scopus>{{cite web |url=http://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/excel_doc/0005/226742/title_list.xlsx |title=Scopus title list |format=[[Microsoft Excel]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |work=Scopus coverage lists|accessdate=2014-12-31}}</ref> According to the ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'', the journal has a 2013 [[impact factor]] of 1.020.<ref name=WoS>{{cite book |year=2014 |chapter=Annals of Nuclear Energy |title=2013 Journal Citation Reports |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] |edition=Science |series=[[Web of Science]]|title-link=Journal Citation Reports }}</ref> ==Former titles history== ''Annals of Nuclear Energy'' is derived from the following former titles: *''Journal of Nuclear Energy'' (1954-1959)<ref name=JNE>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/08913919|title=Journal of Nuclear Energy - ScienceDirect.com|accessdate=2014-12-21}}</ref>{{refn|name=JNEn|group=Note|CASSI ISSN Search: 0022-3107.<ref name=CASSI />}} *''Journal of Nuclear Energy. Part A. Reactor Science'' (1959-1961)<ref name=JNEA>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03683265|title=Journal of Nuclear Energy. Part A. Reactor Science - ScienceDirect.com|accessdate=2014-12-21}}</ref>{{refn|group=Note|CASSI ISSN Search: 0368-3265.<ref name=CASSI />}} *''Journal of Nuclear Energy. Part B. Reactor Technology'' (1959)<ref name=JNEB>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03683273|title=Journal of Nuclear Energy. Part B. Reactor Technology - ScienceDirect.com|accessdate=2014-12-21}}</ref>{{refn|group=Note|CASSI ISSN Search: 0368-3273.<ref name=CASSI />}} *''Journal of Nuclear Energy. Parts A/B. Reactor Science and Technology'' (1961-1966)<ref name=JNEAB>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03683230|title=Journal of Nuclear Energy. Parts A/B. Reactor Science and Technology - ScienceDirect.com|accessdate=2014-12-21}}</ref>{{refn|group=Note|CASSI ISSN Search: 0368-3230.<ref name=CASSI />}} *''Journal of Nuclear Energy'' (1967-1973)<ref name=JNE2>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00223107|title=Journal of Nuclear Energy - ScienceDirect.com|accessdate=2014-12-21}}</ref>{{refn|name=JNEn|group=Note}} *''Annals of Nuclear Science and Engineering'' (1974)<ref name=ANSE>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03022927|title=Annals of Nuclear Science and Engineering - ScienceDirect.com|accessdate=2014-12-21}}</ref>{{refn|group=Note|CASSI ISSN Search: 0302-2927.<ref name=CASSI />}} *''Annals of Nuclear Energy'' (1975–present) ==Notes== {{reflist|group=Note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Official website|http://www.journals.elsevier.com/annals-of-nuclear-energy/}} [[Category:Energy and fuel journals]] [[Category:Elsevier academic journals]] [[Category:English-language journals]] [[Category:Monthly journals]] [[Category:Academic journals established in 1975]] {{engineering-journal-stub}}

1,173,135,521

[{"title": "Annals of Nuclear Energy", "data": {"Discipline": "Nuclear engineering", "Language": "English", "Edited by": "Lynn E. Weaver, S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan, Imre P\u00e1zsit"}}, {"title": "Publication details", "data": {"Former name(s)": "Annals of Nuclear Science and Engineering", "History": "1975\u2013present", "Publisher": "Elsevier", "Frequency": "Monthly", "Open access": "Hybrid", "Impact factor": "1.020 (2013)"}}, {"title": "Standard abbreviations \u00b7", "data": {"ISO 4": "Ann. Nucl. Energy"}}, {"title": "Indexing \u00b7", "data": {"CODEN": "ANENDJ", "ISSN": "0306-4549 (print) \u00b7 1873-2100 (web)", "OCLC no.": "50375208"}}, {"title": "Links", "data": {"Links": "- Journal homepage - Online access"}}]

false

# Human trafficking in Myanmar Human trafficking is a major and complex societal issue in Myanmar, which is both a source and destination for human trafficking. Both major forms of human trafficking, namely forced labor and forced prostitution, are common in the country, affecting men, women, and children. Myanmar's systemic political and economic problems have made the Burmese people particularly vulnerable to trafficking. Men, women, and children who migrate abroad to Thailand, Malaysia, China, Bangladesh, India, and South Korea for work are often trafficked into conditions of forced or bonded labor or commercial sexual exploitation. Economic conditions within Myanmar have led to the increased legal and illegal migration of citizens regionally and internationally, often to destinations as far from Myanmar as the Middle East. The border regions of Myanmar, including Shwe Kokko, are known human trafficking destinations. As of July 2023, Myanmar remained on the lowest tier (Tier 3) of countries in the Trafficking in Persons Report. Myanmar ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol in March 2004. In 2023, the Organised Crime Index gave Myanmar a score of 8.5 out of 10 for human trafficking, noting that Rohingya people in Rakhine were heavily targeted by traffickers. ## Types of trafficking ### Labour trafficking Men are subjected to forced labour in the fishing and construction industries abroad. The military's widespread use of and lack of accountability in forced labour and recruitment of child soldiers was the top causal factor for Myanmar's significant trafficking problem in 2009. Most notably in the area of forced labour, the Government of Myanmar is not complying with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. #### Forced to commit fraud Myanmar is an emerging destination for international labour trafficking, especially along its border areas. Victims include nationals from around the world, including China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, India, the Philippines, African countries and Brazil. Victims are lured by the false promise of high-paying jobs, and are trafficked through major cities like Yangon and Bangkok, and transit points like Mae Sot, Chiang Rai. They are then forced to work in industrial-scale fraud factories located in "special economic zones" along the country's borders such as Shwe Kokko. In 2023, the UN estimated that 120,000 people were trafficked into the country to work in scam call-centres; in March 2024, more 43,000 such workers were handed over to the Chinese government. The Ugandan government also repatriated 23 citizens. Another investigation in 2024 found that up to 3,000 people had been trafficked into border areas to work in casinos; nationalities included Thai, Vietnamese, Malaysian, Cambodian and Ethiopian. ### Sex trafficking Women of Myanmar who migrate to Thailand, China, and Malaysia for economic opportunities are coerced into prostitution. Some trafficking victims transit through Myanmar from Bangladesh to Malaysia and from China to Thailand and beyond. Exploiters traffic girls for the purpose of prostitution, and ‘birth trafficking’, particularly for Chinese families. A 2018 study by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the Kachin Women's Association Thailand (KWAT) found that thousands of women and girls were trafficked from Myanmar to China to be forced into marriage and childbirth. Furthermore, due to the vast number of people living below the national poverty line, many women are forced into illegal prostitution. In some areas, in particular international sex trafficking of women and girls, the Government of Myanmar is making significant efforts. ### Child soldiers The military of Myanmar engages in the unlawful conscription of child soldiers, and continues to be the main perpetrator of forced labor inside Myanmar. Since independence from Britain in 1948, Myanmar's political situation has been unstable and involved in civil conflicts, which has led to an increase in the recruitment of underage soldiers. In 2002, Human Rights Watch reported in "My Gun was as Tall as Me: Child Soldiers in Burma" that Myanmar was the world's largest recruiter of child soldiers. Not only political instability, but also the country's poverty favour the recruitment of children. The direct government and military use of forced or mandatory labor remains a widespread and pressing issue, particularly targeting members of ethnic minority groups, such as the Shan people. Military and civilian officials systematically used men, women, and children for forced labor for the development of infrastructure and state-run agricultural and commercial ventures, as well as forced portering for the military. Those living in areas with the highest military presence, including remote border areas predominated by ethnic groups, are most at risk for forced labor. Military and civilian officials subject men, women, and children to forced labor. Men and thousands of boys as young as 10 years old are forcibly recruited (due often to desertions) to serve in the National Army and ethnic armed groups through intimidation, coercion, threats, and violence. Children of the urban poor are at particular risk of involuntary conscription; UN reports indicate that the army has targeted orphans and children on the streets and in railway stations, and young novice monks from monasteries for recruitment. Children are slapped with jail if they do not agree to join the army, and are sometimes physically abused. Children are subjected to forced labor in tea shops, home industries, and agricultural plantations. In December 2009, the military of Myanmar reported that it dismissed a captain from the military via court martial and sentenced him to one year of imprisonment in a civilian jail for child soldier recruitment - the first ever criminal conviction of a military official involved in child soldier recruitment. In the same case, an additional two privates were sentenced to three months' and one-month military imprisonment, respectively. Myanmar law enforcement officials generally were not able to investigate or prosecute cases of military-perpetrated forced labor or child soldier recruitment absent assent from high-ranking military officers. The government also reported investigating, prosecuting, and convicting some internal trafficking offenders, though there was only one reported criminal prosecution of a member of the National Army for his role in child soldier cases. The government continued to incarcerate six individuals who reported forced labor cases involving the regime to the International Labour Organization (ILO) or were otherwise active in working with the ILO on forced labor issues. In 2022, it was noted that government forces were still using soldiers. ## Legal actions (2009) The Government of Myanmar reported some progress in law enforcement efforts against cross-border sex trafficking during 2009. Myanmar prohibits sex and labor trafficking through its 2005 Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law, which prescribes criminal penalties that are sufficiently stringent, deterrent and condign with those prescribed for rape. The recruitment of children into the army is a criminal offence under the Myanmar Penal Code Section 374, which could culminate in imprisonment for up to a year, or a fine, or both. ## Protection (2009) The regime did attempt to protect repatriated victims of cross-border sex trafficking to China and Thailand, though it exhibited no discernible efforts to protect victims of internal trafficking and transnational labor trafficking. In forced labor cases, some victims, notably 17 individuals in Magwe Division, were harassed, detained, or otherwise penalised for making accusations against officials who then pressed them into forced labour. The government reportedly identified 302 victims, most of whom were victims of forced marriage rather than explicitly trafficking victims, and reportedly assisted an additional 425 victims identified and repatriated by foreign governments in 2009, including 293 from China and 132 from Thailand. The regime did not identify any male trafficking victims. Victims were sheltered and detained in non-specialised Department of Social Welfare facilities for a mandatory minimum of two weeks, some of which even lingered for months given authorities could not find an adult family member to take the victim home. While in government facilities, victims had access to counseling, though it was often substandard, but had fettered access to social workers. There were no shelter facilities available to male victims of trafficking. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) were sometimes allowed access to victims in government shelters, but the regime continued to bar NGOs from operating shelters for trafficking victims. The regime did not have in place formal victim identification procedures. While the government reported that it did encourage victims to assist in investigations and prosecutions, it did not appear to provide financial support or other assistance to victims as incentives to partake in the prosecution of their traffickers. The regime liaised with the ILO (International Labour Organisation) on the issue of the military's conscription of children, contributing to the return of 31 children to their families. In 2009, some children remained serving in the Myanmar Army and in ethnic militias. The government appeared unmoved by the predicament, and had hardly assessed the scope of the problem. The regime did not permit UNICEF access to children who were released through the government's mechanisms for follow-up purposes. Additionally, some child recruits were prosecuted and sentenced for deserting the military and were placed in prison. ## Prevention (2009) Myanmar made only tepid efforts to forestall international human trafficking over the past year, and made few discernible efforts to prevent the more prevalent internal trafficking, particularly forced labour and child conscription by regime officials and ethnic armed groups. The government spearheaded awareness campaigns using billboards, flyers, and videos during the reporting period, with state-run television airing a documentary on human trafficking produced by the MTV EXIT Campaign. The Burmese government reportedly formed three new anti-trafficking units back in 2009, and reported a 40 percent overall increase in spending on prevention efforts. During the reporting period, the government signed Memoranda of Understanding with China and Thailand on trafficking in persons. The regime sustained partnerships with Mekong region governments and the UN in the Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative Against Trafficking (COMMIT), and hosted the COMMIT Senior Officials Meeting in January 2010. ## Corruption The Myanmar regime reported investigating 155 cases of trafficking, prosecuting 410 individuals, and convicting 88 offenders in 2009, an increase from 342 reported prosecutions in 2008; however, these statistics included 12 cases of abduction for adoption, which are not considered “trafficking” by international standards. Additionally, court proceedings are not open and lack due process for defendants. While the Myanmar regime has in the past been known to conflate illegal migration with trafficking, leading to the punishment of consensual emigrants and those who assist them to emigrate, the police reported some efforts to exclude smuggling cases from human trafficking figures during 2009, and improved their transparency in handling cases. Nevertheless, limited capacity and training of the police coupled with a lack of transparency in the justice system make it uncertain whether all trafficking statistics provided by authorities were indeed for trafficking cases. Corruption and lack of accountability remains pervasive in Myanmar, affecting all aspects of society. Police can be expected to self-limit investigations when well-connected individuals are involved in forced labor cases. Although the government reported four officials prosecuted for involvement in human trafficking in 2009, the government did not release any details of the cases. ## Progress Since the U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons began publishing the Trafficking in Persons Report in 2001, Myanmar has never advanced above the "Tier 2 Watchlist" rank. In 2017, it was upgraded to Tier 2 Watchlist. In 2018 Myanmar was downgraded back to Tier 3, as the minimum standards for eliminating trafficking were never met and no efforts were made to meet them. However, in stark contrast to 2017, more traffickers have had been prosecuted and convicted and more victims identified. Also, as measures against the recruitment and use of child soldiers, more resources have been allotted to raising people's awareness of the issue. | Year | Ranking | | ---- | ----------------- | | 2001 | Tier 3 | | 2002 | Tier 3 | | 2003 | Tier 3 | | 2004 | Tier 3 | | 2005 | Tier 3 | | 2006 | Tier 3 | | 2007 | Tier 3 | | 2008 | Tier 3 | | 2009 | Tier 3 | | 2010 | Tier 3 | | 2011 | Tier 3 | | 2012 | Tier 2 Watch List | | 2013 | Tier 2 Watch List | | 2014 | Tier 2 Watch List | | 2015 | Tier 2 Watch List | | 2016 | Tier 3 | | 2017 | Tier 2 Watch List | | 2018 | Tier 3 | | 2019 | Tier 3 | | 2020 | Tier 3 | | 2021 | Tier 3 | | 2022 | Tier 3 | | 2023 | Tier 3 | ## Government response to human rights While forced labor is widely considered the severest trafficking problem in Myanmar, authorities reported that most trafficking cases investigated and prosecuted involved women and girls subjected to, or intended to be subjected to, forced marriage or arranged marriage. The Myanmar regime rules arbitrarily and often tyrannically through its unilaterally imposed laws, but rule of law is absent, as is an independent judiciary that would respect trafficking victims’ rights. The State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), Myanmar's military government, has not acknowledged the prevalence of human rights issues within their country, specifically human trafficking. No one has been held accountable for the serious crimes committed by government security forces. These crimes include forced labor, conscripting underage children, and personal, including sexual violence. The 2015 Rohingya crisis left thousands of people vulnerable to trafficking. The 2021 coup has made it more difficult for the government to tackle trafficking and other illegal activities. ## ILO and international cooperation Myanmar law enforcement reported continued cooperation with Chinese counterparts on cross-border trafficking cases, including joint operations, as well as general cooperation with Thai authorities. In 2009, the ILO continued to receive and investigate forced labor complaints; 93 cases were submitted to the Myanmar government for action, an increase from 64 cases in 2008; 54 cases remain open and are awaiting a response from the government. Despite a report of a child labor case involving as many as 100 children on an agricultural plantation near Rangoon, the regime did not report any efforts to investigate the allegation. Many minors from Myanmar work in Thai border towns, particularly the town of Mae Sai. Drivers who smuggle illegal workers into Thailand go to villages to recruit minors, and then transport them to the border. In one such case found in a survey, a girl was deceived by a driver, and sold into prostitution. Between 20,000 and 30,000 women and girls from Myanmar are estimated to be working in the prostitution industry in Thailand. As illegal immigrants, they are often arrested and deported back to Myanmar. In the late 1990s, approximately 50 to 70 percent of the prostitutes were HIV positive. In other cases, children from Myanmar were tricked during their recruitment, and not paid for the jobs they were promised. It is believed that the children from Myanmar make up the largest sector of foreign working children. Minors also participate in the fishing industry and work in Bangkok, though this is not as common. The ethnic minorities from Myanmar working in Thailand were also found to have the lowest education in all minor workers surveyed, at about 1.3 years, and Burmese were found to have only a slightly higher education level, on average roughly four years. The minors from Myanmar that work in Thailand usually left for economic reasons. A lack of job opportunities in Myanmar has contributed to the rise of human trafficking operations; the trade is now no longer targeting just rural areas, but is reaching the country's major cities. Many of the 2.5 million migrants from Myanmar came to Thailand to find low-paying domestic jobs during the militaristic regime previously in place. These migrants often lack basic education and access to social security benefits. Conversations between the US and Myanmar have been more frequent in recent years. The U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Luis CdeBaca, and Myanmar Police Chief Major General Zaw Win concurred in the need for government-civil society partnerships, health care, and prevention. Reports from Washington indicated that the US felt improvements were underway. ## Prosecution of victims Victims of forced labor cases are not protected from countersuit by regime officials. During 2009, 17 complainants and their associates in a series of forced labor cases involving 328 farmers in Magwe Division were prosecuted and imprisoned by local authorities for their role in reporting forced labor committed by local government officials. Myanmar courts later released 13 of the individuals, but four complainants remain jailed. The central government did not intervene with local authorities to stop the politically motivated harassment, including lengthy interrogations, of the forced labour complainants. Such unaccountable harassment and punishment discouraged additional forced labor complaints. On February 28, 2014, Myanmar officials decided to ban Doctors Without Borders from the state of Rakhine after the organization discovered and treated 40 victims of violence between Muslim and Buddhist citizens that the government denied took place. The United Nations stipulates that its negotiations with Myanmar to allow Doctors Without Borders into the Rakhine state are of topmost importance, as citizens lack the ability to report human rights abuses for fear of becoming victims of reprisals. For victims of human trafficking, Doctors Without Borders is often the only access to health care.

enwiki/31515227

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31,515,227

Human trafficking in Myanmar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Myanmar

2025-02-19T12:46:17

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Q63928750

164,247

{{Short description|Illegal trade of human beings in Myanmar}} {{Multiple issues| {{one source|date=December 2010}} {{update|date=July 2018}} }} Human trafficking is a major and complex societal issue in Myanmar, which is both a source and destination for human trafficking. Both major forms of human trafficking, namely [[forced labor]] and [[forced prostitution]], are common in the country, affecting men, women, and children. Myanmar's systemic political and economic problems have made the [[Burmese people]] particularly vulnerable to trafficking.<ref name="dos" /> Men, women, and children who migrate abroad to [[Human trafficking in Thailand|Thailand]], [[Human trafficking in Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Human trafficking in China|China]], [[Human trafficking in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[Human trafficking in India|India]], and [[Human trafficking in South Korea|South Korea]] for work are often trafficked into conditions of forced or bonded labor or [[commercial sexual exploitation]]. Economic conditions within Myanmar have led to the increased legal and [[illegal immigration|illegal migration]] of citizens regionally and internationally, often to destinations as far from Myanmar as the Middle East. The border regions of Myanmar, including [[Shwe Kokko]], are known human trafficking destinations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-13 |title=Chinese underworld floods to Thailand-Myanmar river border |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asia-Insight/Chinese-underworld-floods-to-Thailand-Myanmar-river-border |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> {{As of|2023|July}}, Myanmar remained on the lowest tier (Tier 3) of countries in the [[Trafficking in Persons Report]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=US2023>[https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Trafficking-in-Persons-Report-2023_Introduction-Additional-Pagesv4_FINAL.pdf US Government website, ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2023'']</ref> Myanmar ratified the [[Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children|2000 UN TIP Protocol]] in March 2004.<ref>[https://www.treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&clang=_en United Nations Treaty Collection website, Chapter XVIII Penal Matters section, ''Section 12a'', retrieved August 19, 2024]</ref> In 2023, the Organised Crime Index gave Myanmar a score of 8.5 out of 10 for human trafficking, noting that [[Rohingya]] people in Rakhine were heavily targeted by traffickers.<ref>[https://ocindex.net/assets/downloads/2023/english/ocindex_profile_myanmar_2023.pdf Organised Crime Index website, ''Myanmar: 2023'']</ref> == Types of trafficking == === Labour trafficking === Men are subjected to forced labour in the fishing<ref>{{Cite news |last=Urbina |first=Ian |date=October 19, 2020 |title=Thailand's Sea Slaves: Shackled, Whipped and Beheaded |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/thailand-s-sea-slaves-shackled-whipped-and-beheaded-1.4045205 |access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> and construction industries abroad. The military's widespread use of and lack of accountability in forced labour and recruitment of [[child soldier]]s was the top causal factor for Myanmar's significant trafficking problem in 2009.<ref name="dos" /> Most notably in the area of forced labour, the Government of Myanmar is not complying with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. ==== Forced to commit fraud ==== {{see also|Fraud factory}} Myanmar is an emerging destination for international labour trafficking, especially along its border areas.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Luke |date=2023-02-07 |title=Focus on Human Trafficking Shifts From Cambodia to Myanmar |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/focus-on-human-trafficking-shifts-from-cambodia-to-myanmar/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref> Victims include nationals from around the world, including China,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=As Myanmar Coup Intensifies Regional Human Trafficking, How Will China Respond? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/as-myanmar-coup-intensifies-regional-human-trafficking-how-will-china-respond/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Hong Kong,<ref name=":5" /> Malaysia,<ref name=":5" /> Taiwan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Taiwanese back from Myanmar human trafficking hotspot arrested - Focus Taiwan |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202208280011 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Focus Taiwan - CNA English News |language=en-US}}</ref> Thailand,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-22 |title=Rescued human trafficking victims in Thailand nears record high |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-trafficking-malaysia-idUSKCN1UH0EE |access-date=2023-03-16}}</ref> India,<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-11-24 |title=Over 200 Indian victims of job rackets rescued from Myanmar: MEA |url=https://theprint.in/world/over-200-indian-victims-of-job-rackets-rescued-from-myanmar-mea/1234339/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> the Philippines,<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 Filipino trafficking victims in Myanmar rescued – DFA |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/2/13/8-Filipino-trafficking-victims-in-Myanmar-rescued.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314045909/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/2/13/8-Filipino-trafficking-victims-in-Myanmar-rescued.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=cnn |language=en}}</ref> African countries and Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Por dentro da KK Park, a fábrica de fraude online que explorava brasileiros |url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2025/02/14/por-dentro-da-kk-park-a-fabrica-de-fraude-online-que-explorava-brasileiros.ghtml|access-date=2025-02-14 |website=g1|language=pt-BR}}</ref> Victims are lured by the false promise of high-paying jobs, and are trafficked through major cities like Yangon and Bangkok, and transit points like Mae Sot, Chiang Rai.<ref name=":4" /> They are then forced to work in industrial-scale [[Fraud factory|fraud factories]] located in "special economic zones" along the country's borders such as [[Shwe Kokko]].<ref name=":4" /> In 2023, the UN estimated that 120,000 people were trafficked into the country to work in scam call-centres; in March 2024, more 43,000 such workers were handed over to the Chinese government.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-68444058 BBC website, ''China Repatriates Hundreds of Scam Factory Workers from Myanmar'', article by Jonathan Head and Lulu Luo dated March 1, 2024]</ref> The Ugandan government also repatriated 23 citizens.<ref>[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/17060/news/africa/uganda-brings-back-23-citizens-rescued-from-human-traffickers-in-myanmar New Times Rwanda website, ''Uganda brings back 23 citizens rescued from human traffickers in Myanmar'', article dated May 24, 2024]</ref> Another investigation in 2024 found that up to 3,000 people had been trafficked into border areas to work in casinos; nationalities included Thai, Vietnamese, Malaysian, Cambodian and Ethiopian.<ref>[https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/victims-03252024141724.html Radio Free Asia website, ''Chinese Scammers in Myanmar move trafficking victims to casino in rebel territory'', article by Saw Kyaw San dated March 25, 2024]</ref> === Sex trafficking === Women of Myanmar who migrate to [[prostitution in Thailand|Thailand]], [[prostitution in China|China]], and [[prostitution in Malaysia|Malaysia]] for economic opportunities are coerced into [[prostitution]]. Some trafficking victims transit through Myanmar from Bangladesh to Malaysia and from China to Thailand and beyond. Exploiters traffic girls for the purpose of prostitution, and ‘birth trafficking’, particularly for Chinese families.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/21/myanmar-women-girls-trafficked-brides-china Human Rights Watch website, ''Myanmar: Women, Girls Trafficked as ‘Brides’ to China'', article dated March 21, 2019]</ref><ref>[https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2019/1/feature-tackling-human-trafficking-in-myanmar United Nations Women website, ''Tackling human trafficking in Myanmar'', article dated January 3, 2019]</ref> A 2018 study by the [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]] and the Kachin Women's Association Thailand (KWAT) found that thousands of women and girls were trafficked from Myanmar to China to be forced into marriage and childbirth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Estimating Trafficking of Myanmar Women for Forced Marriage and Childbearing in China - China|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/china/estimating-trafficking-myanmar-women-forced-marriage-and-childbearing-china|access-date=2020-11-27|website=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=December 2018|title=Estimating Trafficking of Myanmar Women for Forced Marriage and Childbearing in China|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ETFM_Full%20Report_07Dec2018_Final.pdf}}</ref> Furthermore, due to the vast number of people living below the national poverty line, many women are forced into illegal prostitution. In some areas, in particular international [[sex trafficking]] of women and girls, the [[Government of Myanmar]] is making significant efforts. ===Child soldiers=== The [[military of Myanmar]] engages in the unlawful [[conscription]] of child soldiers, and continues to be the main perpetrator of forced labor inside Myanmar. Since independence from Britain in 1948, Myanmar's political situation has been unstable and involved in civil conflicts, which has led to an increase in the recruitment of underage soldiers. In 2002, [[Human Rights Watch]] reported in "My Gun was as Tall as Me: Child Soldiers in Burma" that Myanmar was the world's largest recruiter of child soldiers. Not only political instability, but also the country's poverty favour the recruitment of children.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2018|title=Child Soldiers in Myanmar: Role of Myanmar Government and Limitations of International Law|url=https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1187&context=jlia|journal=Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs|volume=6|issue=1|pages=372–397|issn=2168-7951}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-04|title=The Persistent Problem Of Child Soldiers In Myanmar|url=https://www.theperspective.se/the-persistent-problem-of-child-soldiers-in-myanmar/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The Perspective|language=en-US}}</ref> The direct government and military use of forced or mandatory labor remains a widespread and pressing issue, particularly targeting members of [[ethnic minority]] groups, such as the [[Shan people]]. Military and civilian officials systematically used men, women, and children for forced labor for the development of infrastructure and state-run agricultural and commercial ventures, as well as forced portering for the military. Those living in areas with the highest military presence, including remote border areas predominated by ethnic groups, are most at risk for forced labor.<ref name="dos" /> Military and civilian officials subject men, women, and children to forced labor. Men and thousands of boys as young as 10 years old are [[Forced conscription|forcibly recruited]] (due often to [[desertion]]s) to serve in the [[Myanmar Army|National Army]] and ethnic [[paramilitary group|armed groups]] through intimidation, coercion, threats, and violence. Children of the urban poor are at particular risk of involuntary conscription; UN reports indicate that the army has targeted [[orphan]]s and children on the streets and in railway stations, and young novice monks from monasteries for recruitment. Children are slapped with jail if they do not agree to join the army, and are sometimes [[physical abuse|physically abused]]. Children are subjected to forced labor in tea shops, home industries, and agricultural plantations. In December 2009, the military of Myanmar reported that it dismissed a captain from the military via [[court martial]] and sentenced him to one year of imprisonment in a civilian [[jail]] for child soldier recruitment - the first ever criminal conviction of a military official involved in child soldier recruitment. In the same case, an additional two privates were sentenced to three months' and one-month [[Military prison|military imprisonment]], respectively. Myanmar [[law enforcement]] officials generally were not able to investigate or [[prosecution|prosecute]] cases of military-perpetrated forced labor or child soldier recruitment absent assent from high-ranking [[military officer]]s.<ref name=dos/> The government also reported investigating, [[prosecutor|prosecuting]], and convicting some internal trafficking offenders, though there was only one reported criminal prosecution of a member of the National Army for his role in child soldier cases. The government continued to incarcerate six individuals who reported forced labor cases involving the regime to the International Labour Organization ([[ILO]]) or were otherwise active in working with the ILO on forced labor issues.<ref name=dos/> In 2022, it was noted that government forces were still using soldiers.<ref name=US2023 /> ==Legal actions (2009)== The Government of Myanmar reported some progress in [[law enforcement]] efforts against cross-border sex trafficking during 2009. Myanmar prohibits sex and [[labor trafficking]] through its 2005 Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law, which prescribes [[criminal]] penalties that are sufficiently stringent, deterrent and condign with those prescribed for [[rape]]. The recruitment of children into the army is a criminal offence under the [[Myanmar Penal Code]] Section 374, which could culminate in imprisonment for up to a year, or a fine, or both.<ref name=dos/> ==Protection (2009)== The regime did attempt to protect [[repatriation|repatriated]] victims of cross-border sex trafficking to China and Thailand, though it exhibited no discernible efforts to protect victims of internal trafficking and transnational labor trafficking. In forced labor cases, some victims, notably 17 individuals in Magwe Division, were harassed, detained, or otherwise penalised for making accusations against officials who then pressed them into forced labour. The government reportedly identified 302 victims, most of whom were victims of forced marriage rather than explicitly trafficking victims, and reportedly assisted an additional 425 victims identified and repatriated by foreign governments in 2009, including 293 from China and 132 from Thailand. The regime did not identify any male trafficking victims. Victims were sheltered and detained in non-specialised Department of Social Welfare facilities for a mandatory minimum of two weeks, some of which even lingered for months given authorities could not find an adult family member to take the victim home. While in government facilities, victims had access to [[counseling]], though it was often substandard, but had fettered access to [[social worker]]s. There were no shelter facilities available to male victims of trafficking. Non-governmental organisations ([[NGOs]]) were sometimes allowed access to victims in government shelters, but the regime continued to bar NGOs from operating shelters for trafficking victims. The regime did not have in place formal victim identification procedures. While the government reported that it did encourage victims to assist in investigations and prosecutions, it did not appear to provide financial support or other assistance to victims as incentives to partake in the prosecution of their traffickers. The regime liaised with the ILO (International Labour Organisation) on the issue of the military's conscription of children, contributing to the return of 31 children to their families. In 2009, some children remained serving in the Myanmar Army and in ethnic militias. The government appeared unmoved by the predicament, and had hardly assessed the scope of the problem. The regime did not permit [[UNICEF]] access to children who were released through the government's mechanisms for follow-up purposes. Additionally, some child recruits were prosecuted and sentenced for deserting the military and were placed in [[prison]].<ref name=dos/> ==Prevention (2009)== Myanmar made only tepid efforts to forestall international human trafficking over the past year, and made few discernible efforts to prevent the more prevalent internal trafficking, particularly forced labour and child conscription by regime officials and ethnic armed groups. The government spearheaded awareness campaigns using billboards, flyers, and videos during the reporting period, with [[Myanmar Television|state-run television]] airing a documentary on human trafficking produced by the [[MTV EXIT]] Campaign. The Burmese government reportedly formed three new anti-trafficking units back in 2009, and reported a 40 percent overall increase in spending on prevention efforts. During the reporting period, the government signed Memoranda of Understanding with China and Thailand on trafficking in persons. The regime sustained partnerships with Mekong region governments and the UN in the Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative Against Trafficking (COMMIT), and hosted the COMMIT Senior Officials Meeting in January 2010.<ref name=dos/> ==Corruption== {{See also|Corruption in Myanmar}} The Myanmar regime reported investigating 155 cases of trafficking, prosecuting 410 individuals, and convicting 88 offenders in 2009, an increase from 342 reported prosecutions in 2008; however, these statistics included 12 cases of [[kidnapping|abduction]] for adoption, which are not considered “trafficking” by international standards. Additionally, court proceedings are not open and lack due process for defendants. While the Myanmar regime has in the past been known to conflate illegal [[Human migration|migration]] with trafficking, leading to the punishment of consensual [[emigration|emigrants]] and those who assist them to emigrate, the police reported some efforts to exclude [[smuggling]] cases from human trafficking figures during 2009, and improved their transparency in handling cases.<ref name=dos/> Nevertheless, limited capacity and training of the [[police]] coupled with a lack of transparency in the [[judicial system|justice system]] make it uncertain whether all trafficking statistics provided by authorities were indeed for trafficking cases. [[Corruption]] and lack of accountability remains pervasive in Myanmar, affecting all aspects of society.<ref name=US2024>[https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/burma/ US Government website, ''2024 Trafficking in Persons Report: Burma'']</ref> Police can be expected to self-limit investigations when well-connected individuals are involved in forced labor cases. Although the government reported four officials prosecuted for involvement in human trafficking in 2009, the government did not release any details of the cases. == Progress == Since the [[U.S. State Department]]'s [[Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons]] began publishing the [[Trafficking in Persons Report]] in 2001, Myanmar has never advanced above the [[Trafficking in Persons Report#Ranking System|"Tier 2 Watchlist"]] rank. In 2017, it was upgraded to Tier 2 Watchlist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043920/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm |archive-date=2017-06-28 |access-date=2017-12-01 |website=U.S. Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2018 Myanmar was downgraded back to Tier 3, as the minimum standards for eliminating trafficking were never met and no efforts were made to meet them. However, in stark contrast to 2017, more traffickers have had been prosecuted and convicted and more victims identified. Also, as measures against the recruitment and use of child soldiers, more resources have been allotted to raising people's awareness of the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=2018 Trafficking in Persons Report - Burma |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5b3e0b8a7.html |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+[[Trafficking in Persons Report]] rankings !Year !Ranking |- |2001 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/142981.pdf |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> |- |2002 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":0" /> |- |2003 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":0" /> |- |2004 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":0" /> |- |2005 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":0" /> |- |2006 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":0" /> |- |2007 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2014|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/226845.pdf |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> |- |2008 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":1" /> |- |2009 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2016|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/258878.pdf |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> |- |2010 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":2" /> |- |2011 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":2" /> |- |2012 | style="background:#ff8c40" | Tier 2 Watch List<ref name=":2" /> |- |2013 | style="background:#ff8c40" | Tier 2 Watch List<ref name=":2" /> |- |2014 | style="background:#ff8c40" | Tier 2 Watch List<ref name=":2" /> |- |2015 | style="background:#ff8c40" | Tier 2 Watch List<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=July 2022 |title=Burma: Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/20221020-2022-TIP-Report.pdf |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> |- |2016 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":3" /> |- |2017 | style="background:#ff8c40" | Tier 2 Watch List<ref name=":3" /> |- |2018 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":3" /> |- |2019 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":3" /> |- |2020 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":3" /> |- |2021 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":3" /> |- |2022 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=":3" /> |- |2023 | style="background:#ff0050" | Tier 3<ref name=US2023 /> |} ==Government response to human rights== While forced labor is widely considered the severest trafficking problem in Myanmar, authorities reported that most trafficking cases investigated and prosecuted involved women and girls subjected to, or intended to be subjected to, [[forced marriage]] or [[arranged marriage]]. The Myanmar regime rules arbitrarily and often tyrannically through its unilaterally imposed laws, but [[rule of law]] is absent, as is an [[independent judiciary]] that would respect trafficking victims’ rights. The [[State Peace and Development Council]] (SPDC), Myanmar's [[military government]], has not acknowledged the prevalence of [[human rights]] issues within their country, specifically human trafficking. No one has been held accountable for the serious crimes committed by government [[security forces]]. These crimes include forced labor, conscripting underage children, and personal, including [[sexual violence]].<ref name=Two/> The 2015 [[2015 Rohingya refugee crisis|Rohingya crisis]] left thousands of people vulnerable to trafficking.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/myanmar-malaysia-7417117baadacbd88b89f2d8de8b1c5d AP News website, ''Myanmar authorities arrest alleged traffickers of Rohingya'', article by Grant Peck dated December 21, 2022]</ref><ref>[https://www.iom.int/news/thousands-risk-trafficking-amid-rohingya-refugee-crisis-iom International Organization for Migration, ''Thousands at Risk of Trafficking Amid Rohingya Refugee Crisis: IOM'', article by Fiona MacGregor dated July 31, 2018]</ref><ref>[https://www.refugeesinternational.org/advocacy-letters/the-situation-of-the-rohingya-and-deadly-sea-crossings/ ''The Situation of the Rohingya and Deadly Sea Crossings'', article dated March 1, 2023]</ref> The [[Myanmar coup d'état|2021 coup]] has made it more difficult for the government to tackle trafficking and other illegal activities.<ref name=US2024 /> ==ILO and international cooperation== Myanmar law enforcement reported continued cooperation with Chinese counterparts on cross-border trafficking cases, including joint operations, as well as general cooperation with Thai authorities.<ref name=dos/> In 2009, the ILO continued to receive and investigate forced labor complaints; 93 cases were submitted to the Myanmar government for action, an increase from 64 cases in 2008; 54 cases remain open and are awaiting a response from the government. Despite a report of a [[child labor]] case involving as many as 100 children on an agricultural plantation near Rangoon, the regime did not report any efforts to investigate the allegation. Many minors from Myanmar work in Thai border towns, particularly the town of [[Mae Sai]]. Drivers who smuggle illegal workers into Thailand go to villages to recruit minors, and then transport them to the border. In one such case found in a survey, a girl was deceived by a driver, and sold into prostitution. Between 20,000 and 30,000 women and girls from Myanmar are estimated to be working in the prostitution industry in Thailand. As [[illegal immigrant]]s, they are often arrested and deported back to Myanmar. In the late 1990s, approximately 50 to 70 percent of the prostitutes were [[HIV]] positive.<ref name=Five/> In other cases, children from Myanmar were tricked during their recruitment, and not paid for the jobs they were promised. It is believed that the children from Myanmar make up the largest sector of foreign working children. Minors also participate in the fishing industry and work in Bangkok, though this is not as common. The ethnic minorities from Myanmar working in Thailand were also found to have the lowest education in all minor workers surveyed, at about 1.3 years, and Burmese were found to have only a slightly higher education level, on average roughly four years. The minors from Myanmar that work in Thailand usually left for economic reasons.<ref name=Three/> A lack of job opportunities in Myanmar has contributed to the rise of human trafficking operations; the trade is now no longer targeting just rural areas, but is reaching the country's major cities. Many of the 2.5 million [[Economic migrant|migrant]]s from Myanmar came to Thailand to find low-paying [[domestic servitude|domestic jobs]] during the [[Junta (governing body)|militaristic regime]] previously in place. These migrants often lack basic education and access to [[social security]] benefits.<ref name=Six/> Conversations between the US and Myanmar have been more frequent in recent years. The U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, [[Luis CdeBaca]], and Myanmar [[Police Chief]] Major General Zaw Win concurred in the need for government-civil society partnerships, [[health care]], and prevention. Reports from [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] indicated that the US felt improvements were underway.<ref name=Six/> ==Prosecution of victims== Victims of forced labor cases are not protected from [[countersuit]] by regime officials. During 2009, 17 complainants and their associates in a series of forced labor cases involving 328 farmers in Magwe Division were prosecuted and imprisoned by local authorities for their role in reporting forced labor committed by local government officials. Myanmar courts later released 13 of the individuals, but four complainants remain jailed. The central government did not intervene with local authorities to stop the politically motivated harassment, including lengthy interrogations, of the forced labour complainants. Such unaccountable harassment and punishment discouraged additional forced labor complaints.<ref name=dos/> On February 28, 2014, Myanmar officials decided to ban [[Doctors Without Borders]] from the state of Rakhine after the organization discovered and treated 40 victims of violence between Muslim and Buddhist citizens that the government denied took place. The [[United Nations]] stipulates that its negotiations with Myanmar to allow Doctors Without Borders into the Rakhine state are of topmost importance, as citizens lack the ability to report [[human rights abuses]] for fear of becoming victims of reprisals. For victims of human trafficking, Doctors Without Borders is often the only access to health care.<ref name=Four/> ==See also== *[[KK Park]], fraud factory and human trafficking hub located in [[Myawaddy]], Myanmar *[[Human rights in Burma]] ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=dos>{{cite web|title=Burma: Trafficking in Persons Report 2010|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142759.htm|publisher=Trafficking in Persons Report 2010}}</ref> <ref name=Two>{{cite web|title=Human Rights Watch|date=July 2010 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/01/universal-periodic-review-submission-myanmar-burma|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=15 May 2014}}</ref> <ref name=Three>{{cite web|title=Trafficking in Children into the Worst Forms of Child Labour: A Rapid Assessment.|url=http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/ilo_2002__child_trafficking.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=Four>{{cite news |author=Editorial Board|title=Myanmar's Deadly Medicine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/18/opinion/myanmars-deadly-medicine.html|work=The New York Times|date=17 March 2014 |access-date=15 May 2014}}</ref> <ref name=Five>{{cite book|last=Lim|first=Lin Lean|title=The Sex Sector|publisher=ILO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFNKZbL1jWwC&q=myanmar+prostitution&pg=PA1|isbn=9789221095224|year=1998}}</ref> <ref name=Six>{{cite journal|last=Lipes|first=Joshua|title=Myanmar Pledges to Tackle Human Trafficking Through International Collaboration|journal=Federal Government Document and Publications|id={{ProQuest|1433382131}}}}</ref>}} {{Asia topic|Human trafficking in}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Human Trafficking In Burma}} [[Category:Human trafficking in Myanmar| ]] [[Category:Human trafficking by country|Myanmar]] [[Category:Human trafficking in Asia|Myanmar]] [[Category:Human rights abuses in Myanmar]]

1,276,538,266

[]

false

# Potable Water and Basic Sanitation Regulation Commission The Potable Water and Basic Sanitation Regulation Commission (CRA) is a regulatory agency of the Government of Colombia in charge of regulating the water supply and sanitation in Colombia, including the potable and public water distribution, sewage and waste management services. Its mission is to create and preserve the necessary conditions to provide sanitary services by regulating the organizations and agencies that provide this services, may them be public or private; its duties include establishing criteria for granting subsidies to low-income users and using various methods to calculate fix rates. It was created in 1994, and is currently ascribed to the Ministry of Housing, City and Territory.

enwiki/29559740

enwiki

29,559,740

Potable Water and Basic Sanitation Regulation Commission

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potable_Water_and_Basic_Sanitation_Regulation_Commission

2023-05-29T04:21:12

en

Q7234595

17,761

{{Infobox government agency |agency_name = Potable Water and Basic Sanitation Regulation Commission |nativename = {{lang|es|Comisión de Regulación de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Básico}} |logo = CRA Colombia logo.jpg |formed = {{Start date|1994|07|11|df=yes}} |headquarters = Cra 7 № 71-52, Tower B, 4th Floor [[Bogotá, D.C.]], [[Colombia]] |budget = |chief1_name = Silvia Juliana Yepes Serrano |chief1_position = Executive Director |parent_agency = {{nowrap|[[Ministry of Housing, City and Territory (Colombia)|Ministry of Housing, City and Territory]]}} |website = {{URL|www.cra.gov.co}} }} The '''Potable Water and Basic Sanitation Regulation Commission''' ('''CRA''') is a [[regulatory agency]] of the [[Government of Colombia]] in charge of regulating the [[water supply and sanitation in Colombia]], including the [[potable water|potable]] and [[Water supply|public water distribution]], [[Sewage collection and disposal|sewage]] and [[waste management]] services. Its mission is to create and preserve the necessary conditions to provide [[sanitary]] services by regulating the organizations and agencies that provide this services, may them be public or private; its duties include establishing criteria for granting subsidies to low-income users and using various methods to calculate fix rates. It was created in 1994, and is currently ascribed to the [[Ministry of Housing, City and Territory (Colombia)|Ministry of Housing, City and Territory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnamericas.com/company-profile/waterandwaste/Comision_de_Regulacion_de_Agua_Potable_y_Saneamiento_Basico-CRA |title=Comisión de Regulación de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Básico |accessdate=2010-11-11 |publisher=Business News Americas }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cra.gov.co/estructura.shtml |language=Spanish |publisher=Potable Water and Basic Sanitation Regulation Commission |accessdate=2010-11-11 |title=Estructura organizacional }}</ref> ==See also== * [[Superintendency of Public Services (Colombia)|Superintendency of Public Services]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ministry of Housing, City and Territory (Colombia)]] [[Category:Government agencies established in 1994]] [[Category:Water supply and sanitation in Colombia]] [[Category:1994 establishments in Colombia]]

1,157,514,353

[{"title": "Agency overview", "data": {"Formed": "11 July 1994", "Headquarters": "Cra 7 \u2116 71-52, \u00b7 Tower B, 4th Floor \u00b7 Bogot\u00e1, D.C., Colombia", "Agency executive": "- Silvia Juliana Yepes Serrano, Executive Director", "Parent agency": "Ministry of Housing, City and Territory", "Website": "www.cra.gov.co"}}]

false

# 1917 All-Service football team The 1917 All-Service football team consists of American football players of the United States military selected to the all-service football teams chosen by various selectors. ## All-Service players of 1917 ### Ends - John Rasmussen, Nebraska; Camp Grant (WC-1) - William Jennings Gardner, Carlisle; Camp Custer (WC-1) - C. A. Coolidge, Harvard; Camp Devens (PPS) - Fred Heyman, Washington & Jefferson; Sherman (PPS) - B. C. Cubbage, Penn State; Allentown Ambulance Corps (NYT) - George B. L. Green, Dartmouth; Newport Naval Reserves (NYT) - Ellenberger, Cornell; Camp Dix (WC-2) - Mitchell, Mare Island Marines (WC-2) - Spike Dennie, Brown; Camp Funston (WC-3) - Hunt, Coast Naval Res. (WC-3) ### Tackles - Belford West, Colgate; Camp Dix (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1, PPS) - John Beckett, Oregon; Mare Island Marines (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1) - Albert Benbrook, Michigan; Fort Sheridan (College Football Hall of Fame) (PPS) - Pike Johnson, Washington & Lee; Allentown Ambulance Corps (NYT) - Corbeau, Case; League Island Marines(NYT) - Moriarty, Coast Naval Res. (WC-2) - Hugh Blacklock, Mich. Ag; Great Lakes (WC-2) - Robertson, Dartmouth; Dodge (WC-3) - Zipper Lathrop, Notre Dame; Camp Grant (WC-3) ### Guards - Clinton Black, Yale; Newport Naval Reserves (WC-1, PPS, NYT) - Chris Schlachter, Syracuse; Newport Naval Reserves (PPS, NYT) - Ernest Allmendinger, Michigan; Fort Sheridan (WC-1) - Allen Thurman, Virginia; Camp Jackson (WC-2) - Paul Withington, Harvard; Camp Funston (WC-2) - Snyder, Camp Lewis (WC-3) - Holder, Camp Lewis (WC-3) ### Centers - John T. Callahan, Yale; Newport Naval Reserves (WC-1) - Paul Des Jardien, Chicago; Fort Sheridan (College Football Hall of Fame) (PPS) - Lud Wray, Penn; League Island Marines(NYT) - Hommand, Kansas; Camp Funston (WC-2) - White, Yale; Camp Jackson (WC-3) ### Quarterbacks - Ockie Anderson, Colgate; Camp Dix (WC-2; PPS) - Raymond "Razor" Watkins, Colgate; Mineola Aviation (WC-1) - Charles Thorne "Mike" Murphy, Yale; Allentown Ambulance Corps (NYT) - Harry Costello, Georgetown; Camp Custer (WC-3) ### Halfbacks - Charley Barrett, Cornell; Newport Naval Reserves (WC-2, PPS, NYT) - Eddie Casey, Harvard; Charlestown Navy Yard (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1) - Wayland Minot, Harvard; Camp Devens (WC-1) - Bernard Gerrish, Dartmouth; Newport Naval Reserves (PPS) - Johnny Scott, Lafayette; League Island Marines(NYT) - Fritz Shiverick, Cornell; Camp Grant (WC-2) - Edmund O'Boyle, Georgetown; Pelham Naval (WC-3) - Blair, Md.; Upton (WC-3) ### Fullbacks - Cedric C. Smith, Michigan; Great Lakes (WC-1) - Eddie Mahan, Harvard; League Island Marines (College Football Hall of Fame) (PPS) - Earl "Curley" Cramer, Hamline; Allentown Ambulance Corps (NYT) - Maxfield, Lafayette, Ft. Slocum (WC-2) - Thayer, Pa.; Meade (WC-3) ### Key - WC = Collier's Weekly All Service team as selected by Walter Camp[1] - PPS = Paul Purman's All Service selection[2] - NYT = All Service eleven of The New York Times.[2] - 1 – First-team selection - 2 – Second-team selection - 3 – Third-team selection

enwiki/58018937

enwiki

58,018,937

1917 All-Service football team

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_All-Service_football_team

2023-08-16T05:07:06

en

Q56275184

42,357

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} {{sidebar | width = 25em | title = 1917 All-Service football team | headingstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid | content1style = border-top:1px #aaa solid | content1 = [[1917 college football season]] | content2 = {{align|right|[[1918 All-Service football team|1918]]»}} }} The '''1917 All-Service football team''' consists of [[American football]] players of the [[United States military]] selected to the all-service football teams chosen by various selectors. ==All-Service players of 1917== ===Ends=== * John Rasmussen, Nebraska; [[1917 Camp Grant football team|Camp Grant]] (WC-1) * [[William Jennings Gardner]], Carlisle; [[1917 Camp Custer football team|Camp Custer]] (WC-1) * C. A. Coolidge, Harvard; [[1917 Camp Devens football team|Camp Devens]] (PPS) * Fred Heyman, Washington & Jefferson; Sherman (PPS) * [[B. C. Cubbage]], Penn State; [[1917 Allentown Ambulance Corps football team|Allentown Ambulance Corps]] (NYT) * George B. L. Green, Dartmouth; [[1917 Newport Naval Reserves football team|Newport Naval Reserves]] (NYT) * Ellenberger, Cornell; [[1917 Camp Dix football team|Camp Dix]] (WC-2) * Mitchell, [[1917 Mare Island Marines football team|Mare Island Marines]] (WC-2) * Spike Dennie, Brown; [[1917 Camp Funston football team|Camp Funston]] (WC-3) * Hunt, Coast Naval Res. (WC-3) ===Tackles=== * [[Belford West]], Colgate; [[1917 Camp Dix football team|Camp Dix]] (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1, PPS) * [[John Beckett (American football)|John Beckett]], Oregon; [[1917 Mare Island Marines football team|Mare Island Marines]] (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1) * [[Albert Benbrook]], Michigan; [[1917 Fort Sheridan football team|Fort Sheridan]] (College Football Hall of Fame) (PPS) * [[Pike Johnson]], Washington & Lee; [[1917 Allentown Ambulance Corps football team|Allentown Ambulance Corps]] (NYT) * Corbeau, Case; [[1917 League Island Marines football team|League Island Marines]](NYT) * Moriarty, Coast Naval Res. (WC-2) * [[Hugh Blacklock]], Mich. Ag; [[1917 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team|Great Lakes]] (WC-2) * Robertson, Dartmouth; Dodge (WC-3) * Zipper Lathrop, Notre Dame; [[1917 Camp Grant football team|Camp Grant]] (WC-3) ===Guards=== * [[Clinton Black]], Yale; [[1917 Newport Naval Reserves football team|Newport Naval Reserves]] (WC-1, PPS, NYT) * [[Chris Schlachter]], Syracuse; [[1917 Newport Naval Reserves football team|Newport Naval Reserves]] (PPS, NYT) * [[Ernest Allmendinger]], Michigan; [[1917 Fort Sheridan football team|Fort Sheridan]] (WC-1) * Allen Thurman, Virginia; [[1917 Camp Jackson football team|Camp Jackson]] (WC-2) * [[Paul Withington]], Harvard; [[1917 Camp Funston football team|Camp Funston]] (WC-2) * Snyder, [[1917 Camp Lewis football team|Camp Lewis]] (WC-3) * Holder, [[1917 Camp Lewis football team|Camp Lewis]] (WC-3) ===Centers=== * [[Tim Callahan (American football)|John T. Callahan]], Yale; [[1917 Newport Naval Reserves football team|Newport Naval Reserves]] (WC-1) * [[Paul Des Jardien]], Chicago; [[1917 Fort Sheridan football team|Fort Sheridan]] (College Football Hall of Fame) (PPS) * [[Lud Wray]], Penn; [[1917 League Island Marines football team|League Island Marines]](NYT) * Hommand, Kansas; [[1917 Camp Funston football team|Camp Funston]] (WC-2) * White, Yale; [[1917 Camp Jackson football team|Camp Jackson]] (WC-3) ===Quarterbacks=== * [[Ockie Anderson]], Colgate; [[1917 Camp Dix football team|Camp Dix]] (WC-2; PPS) * Raymond "Razor" Watkins, Colgate; [[1917 Mineola Aviation Station football team|Mineola Aviation]] (WC-1) * Charles Thorne "Mike" Murphy, Yale; [[1917 Allentown Ambulance Corps football team|Allentown Ambulance Corps]] (NYT) * [[Harry Costello]], Georgetown; [[1917 Camp Custer football team|Camp Custer]] (WC-3) ===Halfbacks=== * [[Charley Barrett]], Cornell; [[1917 Newport Naval Reserves football team|Newport Naval Reserves]] (WC-2, PPS, NYT) * [[Eddie Casey]], Harvard; [[1917 Charlestown Navy Yard football team|Charlestown Navy Yard]] (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1) * [[Wayland Minot]], Harvard; [[1917 Camp Devens football team|Camp Devens]] (WC-1) * Bernard Gerrish, Dartmouth; [[1917 Newport Naval Reserves football team|Newport Naval Reserves]] (PPS) * Johnny Scott, Lafayette; [[1917 League Island Marines football team|League Island Marines]](NYT) * [[Fritz Shiverick]], Cornell; [[1917 Camp Grant football team|Camp Grant]] (WC-2) * Edmund O'Boyle, Georgetown; [[Pelham Bay Naval Training Station|Pelham Naval]] (WC-3) * Blair, Md.; Upton (WC-3) ===Fullbacks=== * [[Cedric C. Smith]], Michigan; [[1917 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team|Great Lakes]] (WC-1) * [[Eddie Mahan]], Harvard; [[1917 League Island Marines football team|League Island Marines]] (College Football Hall of Fame) (PPS) * Earl "Curley" Cramer, Hamline; [[1917 Allentown Ambulance Corps football team|Allentown Ambulance Corps]] (NYT) * Maxfield, Lafayette, Ft. Slocum (WC-2) * Thayer, Pa.; Meade (WC-3) ===Key=== * WC = ''[[Collier's Weekly]]'' All Service team as selected by [[Walter Camp]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZxCAQAAIAAJ&dq=All-America&pg=PA141|journal=Collier's Weekly|title=War and Football|volume=60|page=32|date=January 5, 1918}}</ref> * PPS = [[Paul Purman]]'s All Service selection<ref name="Spal">[https://archive.org/stream/officialfootball19181nati#page/n21/mode/2up Spalding's Football Guide]</ref> * NYT = All Service eleven of ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="Spal"/> * 1 – First-team selection * 2 – Second-team selection * 3 – Third-team selection ==See also== * [[1917 College Football All-America Team]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{World War I military service football teams navbox}} [[Category:1917 college football season|All-Service Team]]

1,170,621,456

[]

false

# Grau Roig Grau Roig (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈɡɾaw ˈrɔtʃ]) is a sector of the Grandvalira ski resort in Andorra, located in the parishes of Canillo and Encamp. It includes alpine skiing and cross-country skiing tracks. It is the only sector in Grandvalira which does not have a populated settlement. The nearest major settlement is Pas de la Casa, to the east on the border with France. A hiking trail commences here, and is the access route to the Estany de l'Illa.

enwiki/16199488

enwiki

16,199,488

Grau Roig

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grau_Roig

2025-06-26T09:53:50

en

Q5597742

59,528

{{Short description|Ski resort in Encamp, Andorra}} {{refimprove|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox settlement   |official_name = Grau Roig |other_name = |native_name =  |nickname = |settlement_type =  |motto =  |image_skyline = Grau_Roig.JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = Grau Roig and the valley of the [[Valira d'Orient]] surrounded by Pyrenean peaks |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Andorra |pushpin_image = Andorra relief location map.jpg |pushpin_label_position =left |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Andorra  |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{Flag|Andorra}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Parishes of Andorra|Parish]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Encamp]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 =  |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 =  |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title =  |established_date = |established_title2 =  |established_date2 = |established_title3 =  |established_date3 =  |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =  |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =  |area_land_km2 =  |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi =  |population_as_of =2005 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi =  |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|42|31|59|N|1|42|4|E|region:AD|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes =  |elevation_m = |elevation_ft =  |postal_code_type =  |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Grau Roig''' ({{IPA|ca|ˈɡɾaw ˈrɔtʃ}}) is a sector of the [[Grandvalira]] ski resort in [[Andorra]], located in the parishes of [[Canillo]] and [[Encamp]].<ref>{{cite web |title=el Grau Roig |url=https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/el-grau-roig |website=Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana |access-date=24 November 2024 |language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Grau Roig - Andorra skiing |url=https://www.grandvalira.com/en/resort/slopes/grau-roig |website=Grandvalira |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref> It includes alpine skiing and cross-country skiing tracks. It is the only sector in Grandvalira which does not have a populated settlement. The nearest major settlement is [[Pas de la Casa]], to the east on the border with France. {{cn|date=July 2012}} A hiking trail commences here, and is the access route to the [[Estany de l'Illa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visitandorra.com/en/nature/hiking-trail-illa-lake/|title=Hiking trail: Illa lake|publisher=Visitandorra.com|accessdate=26 June 2025}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commonscat-inline|Grau Roig}} {{Villages of Andorra}} {{coord|42.533|1.701|display=title|type:city_region:AD}} [[Category:Populated places in Andorra]] [[Category:Encamp]] [[Category:Ski areas and resorts in Andorra]] {{Andorra-geo-stub}}

1,297,463,260

[{"title": "Grau Roig", "data": {"Country": "Andorra", "Parish": "Encamp"}}]

false

# 1979 in fine arts of the Soviet Union The year 1979 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts. ## Events - Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists was opened in the Leningrad Union of Artists.[1] - Exhibition of works by Yuri Neprintsev dedicated to 70th Anniversary was opened in the Museum of the Academy of Arts of the USSR in Leningrad.[2] - Exhibition of works by Gevork Kotiantz was opened in the Leningrad Union of Artists.[3] - Exhibition of works by Alexander Lubimov (1879–1955) dedicated to 100-years Anniversary was opened in the Leningrad Union of Artists.[4] - Adam and Eve by Vladimir Sakhnenko, 1979, oil canvas, 75x58 ## Deaths - January 12 — Alexander Pekarev (Russian: Пекарев Александр Васильевич), soviet sculptor (b. 1905). - February 23 — Mikhail Natarevich (Russian: Натаревич Михаил Давидович), soviet painter (b. 1907). ## Sources - Всесоюзная художественная выставка «Голубые дороги Родины». Каталог. М., Советский художник, 1979. - Непринцев Юрий Михайлович. Каталог выставки. К 70-летию со дня рождения и 50-летию творческой деятельности. Л., Искусство, 1979. - Выставка произведений молодых ленинградских художников "60 лет ВЛКСМ". Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1982. - Геворк Вартанович Котьянц. Выставка произведений. Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. - Георгий Павлович Татарников. Выставка произведений. Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. - Николай Иванович Костров. Выставка произведений. Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. - Анна Александровна Кострова. Выставка произведений. Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. - Белокуров Константин Сергеевич. Выставка произведений. Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. - Artists of Peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 1. Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1970. - Artists of Peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 2. Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1972. - Directory of Members of Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1,2. Moscow, Soviet Artist Edition, 1979. - Directory of Members of the Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of Russian Federation. Leningrad, Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. - Artists of Peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 4 Book 1. Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1983. - Directory of Members of the Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. - Artists of peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 4 Book 2. - Saint Petersburg: Academic project humanitarian agency, 1995. - Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. - Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. - Vern G. Swanson. Soviet Impressionism. - Woodbridge, England: Antique Collectors' Club, 2001. - Петр Фомин. Живопись. Воспоминания современников. СПб., 2002. С.107. - Время перемен. Искусство 1960—1985 в Советском Союзе. СПб., Государственный Русский музей, 2006. - Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint-Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. - ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7. - Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007.

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enwiki

34,537,370

1979 in fine arts of the Soviet Union

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_fine_arts_of_the_Soviet_Union

2024-10-26T06:17:26

en

Q16153352

62,320

{{short description|none}} {{See also|1979 in art}} The year 1979 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Russia]]n Fine Arts. ==Events== * Spring Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists was opened in the [[Leningrad Union of Artists]].<ref>''Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School.'' Saint-Petersburg, NP-Print Edition, 2007. P.400.</ref> * Exhibition of works by [[Yuri Neprintsev]] dedicated to 70th Anniversary was opened in the Museum of the Academy of Arts of the USSR in Leningrad.<ref>''Непринцев Юрий Михайлович. Каталог выставки. К 70-летию со дня рождения и 50-летию творческой деятельности''. Л., Искусство, 1979.</ref> * Exhibition of works by [[Gevork Kotiantz]] was opened in the [[Leningrad Union of Artists]].<ref>''Геворк Вартанович Котьянц. Выставка произведений. Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979.</ref> * Exhibition of works by [[Alexander Lubimov]] (1879–1955) dedicated to 100-years Anniversary was opened in the [[Leningrad Union of Artists]].<ref>''Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School.'' Saint-Petersburg, NP-Print Edition, 2007. P.400.</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="140"> File:Adam and Eve by Vladimir Sakhnenko, 1979, oil canvas, 75x58.jpg|Adam and Eve by Vladimir Sakhnenko, 1979, oil canvas, 75x58 </gallery> ==Deaths== * [[January 12]] — [[Alexander Pekarev]] ({{langx|ru|Пекарев Александр Васильевич}}), soviet sculptor (b. [[1905 in art|1905]]). * [[February 23]] — [[Mikhail Natarevich]] ({{langx|ru|Натаревич Михаил Давидович}}), soviet painter (b. [[1907 in art|1907]]). ==See also== {{Commons category}} * [[List of Russian artists]] * [[List of painters of Leningrad Union of Artists]] * [[Saint Petersburg Union of Artists]] * [[Russian culture]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Sources== * ''Всесоюзная художественная выставка «Голубые дороги Родины». Каталог''. М., Советский художник, 1979. * ''Непринцев Юрий Михайлович. Каталог выставки. К 70-летию со дня рождения и 50-летию творческой деятельности''. Л., Искусство, 1979. * ''Выставка произведений молодых ленинградских художников "60 лет ВЛКСМ". Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1982. * ''Геворк Вартанович Котьянц. Выставка произведений. Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. * ''Георгий Павлович Татарников. Выставка произведений. Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. * ''Николай Иванович Костров. Выставка произведений. Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. * ''Анна Александровна Кострова. Выставка произведений. Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. * ''Белокуров Константин Сергеевич. Выставка произведений. Каталог.'' Л., Художник РСФСР, 1979. * ''Artists of Peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 1.'' Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1970. * ''Artists of Peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 2.'' Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1972. * ''Directory of Members of Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1,2.'' Moscow, Soviet Artist Edition, 1979. * ''Directory of Members of the Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of Russian Federation.'' Leningrad, Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. * ''Artists of Peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 4 Book 1''. Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1983. * ''Directory of Members of the Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of Russian Federation.'' - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987. * ''Artists of peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Vol. 4 Book 2''. - Saint Petersburg: Academic project humanitarian agency, 1995. * ''Link of Times: 1932 - 1997. Artists - Members of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue''. - Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997. * ''Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s''. - London: Izomar, 1998. * ''Vern G. Swanson. Soviet Impressionism.'' - Woodbridge, England: Antique Collectors' Club, 2001. * ''Петр Фомин. Живопись. Воспоминания современников.'' СПб., 2002. С.107. * ''Время перемен. Искусство 1960—1985 в Советском Союзе.'' СПб., Государственный Русский музей, 2006. * ''Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School.'' - Saint-Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. - {{ISBN|5-901724-21-6}}, {{ISBN|978-5-901724-21-7}}. * ''Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005.'' - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. {{Painters of Leningrad Union of Artists}} {{Years in Art of USSR}} [[Category:Soviet art|*]] [[Category:1979 in the Soviet Union|Art]] [[Category:1979 in art|Soviet Union]]

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[]

false

# Eduard Heinrich von Flottwell Eduard Heinrich Flottwell (23 July 1786 – 28 May 1865; after 1861 von Flottwell) was a Prussian Staatsminister. He served as Oberpräsident (governor) of the Grand Duchy of Posen (from 1830) and of the Saxony (from 1841), Westphalia (from 1846) and Brandenburg (from 1850) Provinces. He was also Prussian Minister of Finance (1844-1846) and Minister of Interior (1858-1859). ## Early life Flottwell was born in Insterburg in the Province of East Prussia (present-day Chernyakhovsk in Russian Kaliningrad Oblast), studied law at the University of Königsberg and entered the civil service at the Insterburg court in 1805. ## Career From 1812 he was a member of the East Prussian Regierungspräsidium of Gumbinnen. After the Napoleonic Wars he together with Oberpräsident Theodor von Schön re-organised the administration of the West Prussian province at Danzig. In 1825 he was appointed Regierungspräsident of Marienwerder. When in 1830 the Polish November Uprising led by Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł broke out at Warsaw in Russian Congress Poland, his brother Antoni Radziwiłł was dismissed as Duke-Governor of the Prussian Grand Duchy of Posen by King Frederick William III and the sole rule passed to Flottwell as the new Oberpräsident. He was a strong supporter of Germanisation and standardised schooling policies, which by some was seen as directed against ethnic Polish Prussians in the region. In 1843 in "Anerkennung der Hilfe nach dem großen Hamburger Brand" (acknowledgment of the assistance after the great Hamburg fire), he was named an honorary citizen of Hamburg.

enwiki/1336780

enwiki

1,336,780

Eduard Heinrich von Flottwell

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Heinrich_von_Flottwell

2025-07-24T04:20:32

en

Q70956

50,316

{{Short description|Prussian politician (1786–1865)}} {{Infobox Officeholder |name = Eduard Heinrich von Flottwell |image = Eduard von Flottwell.png |image_size = |caption = With [[Order of the Black Eagle]], c. 1861 |order = |office1 = ''Oberpräsident'' of the [[Grand Duchy of Posen]] |term_start1 = December 1830 |term_end1 = May 1841 |predecessor1 = Theodor von Baumann [[Antoni Radziwiłł]] (as Duke-Governor) |successor1 = [[Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg]] |office2 = ''Oberpräsident'' of the [[Province of Saxony]] |term_start2 = May 1841 |term_end2 = 1844 |predecessor2 = [[Anton of Stolberg-Wernigerode]] |successor2 = {{ill|Wilhelm von Wedell|de}} |office3 = ''Oberpräsident'' of the [[Province of Westphalia]] |term_start3 = 1846 |term_end3 = July 1850 |predecessor3 = {{ill|Justus Wilhelm Eduard von Schaper|de}} |successor3 = {{ill|Franz von Duesberg|de}} |office4 = ''Oberpräsident'' of the [[East Prussia]] |term_start4 = 1849 |term_end4 = 1850 |predecessor4 = [[Rudolf von Auerswald]] |successor4 = {{ill|Franz August Eichmann|de}} |office5 = ''Oberpräsident'' of the [[Province of Brandenburg]] |term_start5 = 1850 |term_end5 = 1862 |predecessor5 = {{ill|Klemens von Wolff-Metternich|de}} |successor5 = {{ill|Werner von Selchow|de}} |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date|1786|7|23|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Chernyakhovsk|Insterburg]], [[Province of East Prussia|East Prussia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1865|5|28|1786|7|23|df=y}} |death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]] |resting_place = |resting_place_coordinates = |residence = |nationality = |citizenship = Prussian |other_names = |alma_mater = |employer = |occupation = |title = |party = |opponents = |religion = |spouse = |partner = |children = Julius Adalbert Flottwell |parents = |relations = |signature = |website = }} '''Eduard Heinrich Flottwell''' (23 July 1786 – 28 May 1865; after 1861 '''von Flottwell''') was a [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] ''[[Minister of State|Staatsminister]]''. He served as ''[[Provinces of Prussia|Oberpräsident]]'' (governor) of the [[Grand Duchy of Posen]] (from 1830) and of the [[Province of Saxony|Saxony]] (from 1841), [[Province of Westphalia|Westphalia]] (from 1846) and [[Province of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] (from 1850) Provinces. He was also Prussian Minister of Finance (1844-1846) and Minister of Interior (1858-1859). ==Early life== Flottwell was born in [[Chernyakhovsk|Insterburg]] in the [[Province of East Prussia]] (present-day Chernyakhovsk in Russian [[Kaliningrad Oblast]]), studied law at the [[University of Königsberg]] and entered the civil service at the Insterburg court in 1805. ==Career== From 1812 he was a member of the East Prussian ''[[Regierungsbezirk|Regierungspräsidium]]'' of [[Gumbinnen (region)|Gumbinnen]].<ref name="Hamburg">[https://archive.today/20120526194440/http://fhh.hamburg.de/stadt/Aktuell/senat/service/ehrenbuerger/start.html Stadt Hamburg Ehrenbürger] {{in lang|de}}. Retrieved on June 17, 2008.</ref> After the [[Napoleonic Wars]] he together with ''Oberpräsident'' [[Theodor von Schön]] re-organised the administration of the [[West Prussia]]n province at [[Gdańsk|Danzig]]. In 1825 he was appointed ''Regierungspräsident'' of [[Marienwerder (region)|Marienwerder]]. When in 1830 the Polish [[November Uprising]] led by [[Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł]] broke out at [[Warsaw]] in Russian [[Congress Poland]], his brother [[Antoni Radziwiłł]] was dismissed as Duke-Governor of the Prussian [[Grand Duchy of Posen]] by King [[Frederick William III of Prussia|Frederick William III]] and the sole rule passed to Flottwell as the new ''Oberpräsident''. He was a strong supporter of [[Germanisation]] and standardised schooling policies, which by some was seen as directed against ethnic Polish Prussians in the region. In 1843 in "''Anerkennung der Hilfe nach dem großen Hamburger Brand''" (acknowledgment of the assistance after the great Hamburg fire), he was named an [[List of Honorary Citizens of Hamburg|honorary citizen of Hamburg]].<ref name="Hamburg"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} * F.Paprocki, ''Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie w okresie rządów Flottwella (1830-1842)'', Poznań 1970 * [[Witold Jakóbczyk]], ''Przetrwać na Wartą 1815-1914'', ''Dzieje narodu i państwa polskiego'', vol. III-55, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Warszawa 1989 {{Prussian Finance Ministers}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Flottwell, Eduard Heinrich}} [[Category:1786 births]] [[Category:1865 deaths]] [[Category:People from Insterburg]] [[Category:People from East Prussia]] [[Category:German untitled nobility]] [[Category:Prussian politicians]] [[Category:Finance ministers of Prussia]] [[Category:Members of the Frankfurt Parliament]] [[Category:Provincial presidents of Posen]] [[Category:Provincial presidents of Westphalia]] [[Category:Provincial presidents of Saxony]] [[Category:University of Königsberg alumni]] {{Germany-politician-stub}}

1,302,227,151

[{"title": "Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Grand Duchy of Posen", "data": {"Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Grand Duchy of Posen": "In office \u00b7 December 1830 \u2013 May 1841", "Preceded by": "Theodor von Baumann \u00b7 Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142 \u00b7 (as Duke-Governor)", "Succeeded by": "Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg"}}, {"title": "Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Province of Saxony", "data": {"Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Province of Saxony": "In office \u00b7 May 1841 \u2013 1844", "Preceded by": "Anton of Stolberg-Wernigerode", "Succeeded by": "Wilhelm von Wedell"}}, {"title": "Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Province of Westphalia", "data": {"Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Province of Westphalia": "In office \u00b7 1846 \u2013 July 1850", "Preceded by": "Justus Wilhelm Eduard von Schaper", "Succeeded by": "Franz von Duesberg"}}, {"title": "Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 East Prussia", "data": {"Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 East Prussia": "In office \u00b7 1849\u20131850", "Preceded by": "Rudolf von Auerswald", "Succeeded by": "Franz August Eichmann"}}, {"title": "Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Province of Brandenburg", "data": {"Oberpr\u00e4sident of the \u00b7 Province of Brandenburg": "In office \u00b7 1850\u20131862", "Preceded by": "Klemens von Wolff-Metternich", "Succeeded by": "Werner von Selchow"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "23 July 1786 \u00b7 Insterburg, East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia", "Died": "28 May 1865 (aged 78) \u00b7 Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia", "Citizenship": "Prussian", "Children": "Julius Adalbert Flottwell"}}]

false

# Ark John Keats Academy Ark John Keats Academy is a co-educational all-through school and sixth form located in the Enfield Wash area of London, England. It is a free school educating primary and Secondary school pupils, and is sponsored by Ark Schools. The school is named after John Keats, the poet. Ark John Keats Academy is located on the site which used to house Albany School until it closed in 2009. The site then housed Oasis Academy Hadley until that school relocated to Ponders End in 2013.

enwiki/53317779

enwiki

53,317,779

Ark John Keats Academy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_John_Keats_Academy

2025-04-10T17:24:18

en

Q28963195

55,291

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Use British English|date=February 2023}} {{Infobox school | name = Ark John Keats Academy | image = Ark John Keats Academy 1.jpg | alt = | caption = | motto = | motto_translation = | address = Bell Lane | location = [[Enfield Wash]] | county = [[London]] | country = [[England]] | postcode = EN3 5PA | coordinates = {{coord|51.6664|-0.0377|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Free school (England)|Free school]] | trust = [[Ark Schools]] | established = {{Start date|2013|09}} | closed = | local_authority = [[Enfield London Borough Council|Enfield]] | ofsted = yes | urn = 139815 | head_label = Principal | head = Katie Marshal | staff = | gender = [[Mixed-sex education|Co-educational]] | lower_age = 3 | upper_age = 19 | enrollment = | colours = | website = {{URL|https://arkjohnkeats.org/}} }} '''Ark John Keats Academy''' is a [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] [[all-through school]] and [[sixth form]] located in the [[Enfield Wash]] area of [[London]], England. It is a [[Free school (England)|free school]] educating [[Primary school|primary]] and [[Secondary school]] pupils, and is sponsored by [[Ark Schools]].<ref name="Peat13">{{cite web|last1=Peat|first1=Charlie|title=Headteacher of ARK John Keats Academy says he will give Enfield children some of the best education in the country|url=http://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/10674484.headteacher-of-ark-john-keats-academy-says-he-will-give-enfield-children-some-of-the-best-education-in-the-country/|website=Enfield Independent|accessdate=10 March 2018|date=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Peat15">{{cite web|last1=Peat|first1=Charlie|title='Outstanding rating' by Ofsted caps of successful two years for new academy|url=http://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/13343503.outstanding-rating-by-ofsted-caps-of-successful-two-years-for-new-academy/|website=Enfield Independent|accessdate=10 March 2018|date=19 June 2015}}</ref> The school is named after [[John Keats]], the poet. Ark John Keats Academy is located on the site which used to house Albany School until it closed in 2009. The site then housed [[Oasis Academy Hadley]] until that school relocated to [[Ponders End]] in 2013. ==References == {{reflist}} ==External links== *{{Official website|https://arkjohnkeats.org/}} {{Schools and colleges in Enfield}} {{Ark schools}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Enfield, London]] [[Category:Free schools in London]] [[Category:2013 establishments in England]] [[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]] [[Category:Primary schools in the London Borough of Enfield]] [[Category:Secondary schools in the London Borough of Enfield]] [[Category:Ark schools]] {{London-school-stub}}

1,284,937,996

[{"title": "Address", "data": {"Address": "Bell Lane \u00b7 Enfield Wash \u00b7 London, EN3 5PA \u00b7 England", "Coordinates": "51\u00b039\u203259\u2033N 0\u00b002\u203216\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff51.6664\u00b0N 0.0377\u00b0W"}}, {"title": "Information", "data": {"Type": "Free school", "Established": "September 2013", "Local authority": "Enfield", "Trust": "Ark Schools", "Department for Education URN": "139815 Tables", "Ofsted": "Reports", "Principal": "Katie Marshal", "Gender": "Co-educational", "Age": "3 to 19", "Website": "arkjohnkeats.org"}}]

false

# Srećko Bogdan Srećko Bogdan (born 5 January 1957) is a Croatian former professional footballer who played a defender. He is now a youth coach in NK Inter Zaprešić. ## Club career Bogdan was born in Mursko Središće, Croatia, FPR Yugoslavia. He started his career in his home town with NK Rudar Mursko Središće, where he spent three years before moving to MTČ Čakovec and starting his senior career in 1973. He spent one season and a half with Čakovec before transferring first to Dinamo Zagreb and later to Karlsruhe. He is currently in third place in Dinamo Zagreb's all-time list of appearances for the club, with a total of 595 appearances in which he scored 125 goals. He played for Dinamo Zagreb between January 1975 and June 1985, after which he moved to Karlsruhe in the German 2. Bundesliga. After two years at Karlsruhe, he managed promotion to the Bundesliga with the club and subsequently made 169 appearances for the club in the league over the following six seasons, scoring nine goals. He retired from playing in June 1993. ## International career In his international career, Bogdan played for both former Yugoslavia and Croatia, and won 11 caps for Yugoslavia and two for Croatia, scoring one goal for the latter. He made his debut for Yugoslavia in a January 1977 friendly match away against Colombia, coming on as a 30th-minute substitute for Franjo Vladić. The games for Croatia in 1990 and 1991 were unofficial, since the country was still officially part of Yugoslavia. ## Managerial career Bogdan worked as a coach at Karlsruhe's youth academy between 1993 and 1996, following his retirement as a player at the club. He went on to work as an assistant coach at the club's first team between 1996 and 2001. The first club where he was appointed head coach was Croatian side Inter Zaprešić, where he was in charge in 2005 and 2006. He was then appointed head coach at Segesta Sisak in January 2007, staying with the club until October 2008. In October 2009, he was appointed head coach at Međimurje, signing a contract until the end of the 2009–10 season. He was sacked on 2 April 2010, when the club found themselves on the brink of the relegation zone after a streak of five games without a win. He later managed Savski Marof and became academy boss at Inter Zaprešić. ## Other work During the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Bogdan commented several of the tournament's matches as a co-commentator for the Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT).

enwiki/10478758

enwiki

10,478,758

Srećko Bogdan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Bogdan

2025-02-12T02:18:44

en

Q2315175

62,205

{{Short description|Croatian footballer (born 1957)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Srećko Bogdan | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|01|05|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Mursko Središće]], [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|PR Croatia]], [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] | height = 1.83 m | position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]] | currentclub = | youthyears1 = 1970–1973 | youthclubs1 = Rudar Mursko Središće | youthyears2 = 1973–1974 | youthclubs2 = [[NK Čakovec|Čakovec]] | years1 = 1974–1985 | clubs1 = [[NK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamo Zagreb]] | caps1 = 262 | goals1 = 34 | years2 = 1985–1993 | clubs2 = [[Karlsruher SC]] | caps2 = 245 | goals2 = 21 | totalcaps = 507 | totalgoals = 55 | nationalyears1 = 1977–1983 | nationalteam1 = [[Yugoslavia national football team|Yugoslavia]] | nationalcaps1 = 11 |nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 1990–1991 | nationalteam2 = [[Croatia national football team|Croatia]] | nationalcaps2 = 2 |nationalgoals2 = 1 | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | Men's [[Association football|Football]]}} {{MedalCountry | {{YUG}} }} {{MedalCompetition|[[Mediterranean Games]]}} {{MedalGold | [[UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship|UEFA U-21 Euro]]|[[1978 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship|1978]]}} {{MedalGold | [[1979 Mediterranean Games|1979 Split]] | Team}} | manageryears1 = 1996–2001 | managerclubs1 = [[Karlsruher SC]] (assistant) | manageryears2 = 2001–2002 | managerclubs2 = [[VfR Mannheim]] | manageryears3 = 2005–2006 | managerclubs3 = [[NK Inter Zaprešić|Inter Zaprešić]] | manageryears4 = 2007–2008 | managerclubs4 = [[HNK Segesta|Segesta]] | manageryears5 = 2009–2010 | managerclubs5 = [[NK Međimurje|Međimurje]] | manageryears6 = 2010–2011 | managerclubs6 = [[NK Savski Marof|Savski Marof]] }} '''Srećko Bogdan''' (born 5 January 1957) is a Croatian former professional [[Association football|football]]er who played a [[defender (association football)|defender]]. He is now a [[coach (sport)|youth coach]] in [[NK Inter Zaprešić]]. ==Club career== Bogdan was born in [[Mursko Središće]], [[Croatia]], [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia|FPR Yugoslavia]]. He started his career in his home town with NK Rudar Mursko Središće, where he spent three years before moving to [[NK Čakovec|MTČ Čakovec]] and starting his senior career in 1973. He spent one season and a half with Čakovec before transferring first to [[Dinamo Zagreb]] and later to [[Karlsruher SC|Karlsruhe]]. He is currently in third place in Dinamo Zagreb's all-time list of appearances for the club, with a total of 595 appearances in which he scored 125 goals.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nk-dinamo.hr/klub-nastupi/Default.aspx | title = Dinamo Zagreb's top 10 of players with most appearances | publisher = nk-dinamo.hr | language = Croatian | accessdate = 31 December 2010}}</ref> He played for Dinamo Zagreb between January 1975 and June 1985, after which he moved to Karlsruhe in the German [[2. Bundesliga]]. After two years at Karlsruhe, he managed promotion to the [[Bundesliga]] with the club and subsequently made 169 appearances for the club in the league over the following six seasons, scoring nine goals.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.worldfootball.net/spieler_profil.php?id=7319&modus=2 | title =Srećko Bogdan | publisher = worldfootball.net | accessdate = 31 December 2010}}</ref> He retired from playing in June 1993. ==International career== In his international career, Bogdan played for both former [[Yugoslavia national football team|Yugoslavia]] and [[Croatia national football team|Croatia]], and won 11 caps for Yugoslavia and two for Croatia, scoring one goal for the latter.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hns-cff.hr/?ln=hr&w=statistike&d=prisutnost&repka=A&id=113900 | title =International appearances for Croatia | publisher = hns-cff.hr | language = Croatian | accessdate = 31 December 2010}}</ref> He made his debut for Yugoslavia in a January 1977 [[friendly match]] away against [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]], coming on as a 30th-minute substitute for [[Franjo Vladić]]. The games for Croatia in 1990 and 1991 were unofficial,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=2174|title=Player Database|accessdate=18 June 2022|website=EU-football}}</ref> since the country was still officially part of Yugoslavia. ==Managerial career== Bogdan worked as a coach at [[Karlsruher SC|Karlsruhe]]'s youth academy between 1993 and 1996, following his retirement as a player at the club. He went on to work as an assistant coach at the club's first team between 1996 and 2001. The first club where he was appointed head coach was Croatian side [[NK Inter Zaprešić|Inter Zaprešić]], where he was in charge in 2005 and 2006. He was then appointed head coach at [[HNK Segesta|Segesta Sisak]] in January 2007, staying with the club until October 2008. In October 2009, he was appointed head coach at [[NK Međimurje|Međimurje]], signing a contract until the end of the 2009–10 season. He was sacked on 2 April 2010, when the club found themselves on the brink of the relegation zone after a streak of five games without a win. He later managed [[NK Savski Marof|Savski Marof]] and became academy boss at Inter Zaprešić.<ref>[https://medjimurski.hr/bivsi-nogometas-dinama-i-karlsruhera-i-trener-srecko-bogdan-danas-slavi-66-rodendan/ Bivši nogometaš Dinama i trener Srećko Bogdan danas slavi 66. rođendan] - Medjimurski {{in lang|hr}}</ref> ==Other work== During the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], Bogdan commented several of the tournament's matches as a co-commentator for the [[Croatian Radiotelevision]] (HRT). ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{sports links}} * {{Reprezentacija}} {{1987–88 kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bogdan, Srecko}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Mursko Središće]] [[Category:Men's association football defenders]] [[Category:Yugoslav men's footballers]] [[Category:Yugoslavia men's international footballers]] [[Category:Croatian men's footballers]] [[Category:Croatia men's international footballers]] [[Category:Dual internationalists (men's football)]] [[Category:Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Yugoslavia]] [[Category:Competitors at the 1979 Mediterranean Games]] [[Category:Mediterranean Games medalists in football]] [[Category:GNK Dinamo Zagreb players]] [[Category:Karlsruher SC players]] [[Category:Yugoslav First League players]] [[Category:Bundesliga players]] [[Category:2. Bundesliga players]] [[Category:Yugoslav expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Croatian expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in West Germany]] [[Category:Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in West Germany]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Germany]] [[Category:Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in Germany]] [[Category:Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Germany]] [[Category:Croatian football managers]] [[Category:VfR Mannheim managers]] [[Category:NK Inter Zaprešić managers]] [[Category:HNK Segesta managers]] [[Category:NK Međimurje managers]] [[Category:Croatian expatriate football managers]] [[Category:Expatriate football managers in Germany]]

1,275,278,434

[{"title": "Sre\u0107ko Bogdan", "data": {"Date of birth": "5 January 1957", "Place of birth": "Mursko Sredi\u0161\u0107e, PR Croatia, Yugoslavia", "Height": "1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)", "Position(s)": "Defender"}}, {"title": "Youth career", "data": {"1970\u20131973": "Rudar Mursko Sredi\u0161\u0107e", "1973\u20131974": "\u010cakovec"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "1974\u20131985": "Dinamo Zagreb \u00b7 262 \u00b7 (34)", "1985\u20131993": "Karlsruher SC \u00b7 245 \u00b7 (21)", "Total": "507 \u00b7 (55)"}}, {"title": "International career", "data": {"1977\u20131983": "Yugoslavia \u00b7 11 \u00b7 (0)", "1990\u20131991": "Croatia \u00b7 2 \u00b7 (1)"}}, {"title": "Managerial career", "data": {"1996\u20132001": "Karlsruher SC (assistant)", "2001\u20132002": "VfR Mannheim", "2005\u20132006": "Inter Zapre\u0161i\u0107", "2007\u20132008": "Segesta", "2009\u20132010": "Me\u0111imurje", "2010\u20132011": "Savski Marof"}}, {"title": "Mediterranean Games", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": ["UEFA U-21 Euro \u00b7 1978", "1979 Split \u00b7 Team"]}}]

false

# Carleton B. Swift Jr. Carleton B. Swift Jr. was a U.S. Navy seaman, Office of Strategic Services (OSS) officer, and CIA officer between 1941 and 1974. Swift played a subordinate role to Archimedes Patti as part of the OSS team that met with Ho Chi Minh in September, 1945. ## Early life Carleton Byron Swift Jr. was born on 4 July 1919 in Portland, Oregon, and studied engineering at Harvard where he graduated in 1941. He was the son of Carleton Byron Swift and his wife, Lila Leonard. His father was a member of the Swift meat-packing family. ## Career ### World War II After serving time in the Navy he joined the OSS and was sent to China where he was based in Kunming and monitored Japanese shipping. He was later assigned to monitor the situation in what would become North Vietnam and after the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki he traveled with Archimedes Patti and Jean Sainteny to Hanoi. His and Patti's mission was to assist in the repatriation of allied prisoners of war which the U.S. government was concerned the Japanese might hurt following the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and secondly to gather intelligence. During their time in Hanoi the OSS officers and their team met with Ho Chi Minh and although Swift did not speak French as Patti did he also met with Ho Chi Minh on at least one occasion. Swift denied that the U.S. could have been significant in creating the Viet Minh because the OSS had never had more than three 12-14 man commando teams operating in Indochina. Swift and Patti both left Hanoi at the end of September, 1945 after the French alleged that the Americans had been fomenting a revolution there. ### Work at the CIA Swift served with the CIA in Seoul, Baghdad, Tokyo, London and The Hague before retiring in 1974. ## Family Swift was married and divorced three times and had six children. ## Death Swift died on January 24, 2012, at his home in Washington.

enwiki/38024565

enwiki

38,024,565

Carleton B. Swift Jr.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_B._Swift_Jr.

2025-07-27T23:55:38

en

Q5041198

25,259

{{notability|Biographies|date=December 2012}} '''Carleton B. Swift Jr.''' was a [[U.S. Navy]] seaman, [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) officer, and [[CIA]] officer between 1941 and 1974. Swift played a subordinate role to [[Archimedes Patti]] as part of the OSS team that met with Ho Chi Minh in September, 1945. ==Early life== Carleton Byron Swift Jr. was born on 4 July 1919 in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]], and studied engineering at [[Harvard]] where he graduated in 1941.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |author=Personal Post |url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-02-17/local/35443574_1_cia-officer-clandestine-services-office-of-strategic-services |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205222155/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-02-17/local/35443574_1_cia-officer-clandestine-services-office-of-strategic-services |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-05 |title=Carleton B. Swift Jr., CIA officer - Washington Post |publisher=Articles.washingtonpost.com |date=2012-02-17 |accessdate=2012-12-28 }}</ref> He was the son of Carleton Byron Swift and his wife, Lila Leonard. His father was a member of the Swift meat-packing family. ==Career== ===World War II=== After serving time in the Navy he joined the OSS and was sent to China where he was based in [[Kunming]] and monitored Japanese shipping.<ref name=autogenerated2>Interview with Carleton Swift, 1981, http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-9dc948-interview-with-carleton-swift</ref> He was later assigned to monitor the situation in what would become [[North Vietnam]] and after the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] he traveled with [[Archimedes Patti]] and [[Jean Sainteny]] to [[Hanoi]].<ref name=autogenerated2 /> His and Patti's mission was to assist in the repatriation of allied [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] which the U.S. government was concerned the Japanese might hurt following the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] and secondly to gather intelligence.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> During their time in Hanoi the OSS officers and their team met with [[Ho Chi Minh]] and although Swift did not speak [[French language|French]] as [[Archimedes Patti|Patti]] did he also met with Ho Chi Minh on at least one occasion.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Swift denied that the U.S. could have been significant in creating the [[Viet Minh]] because the OSS had never had more than three 12-14 man commando teams operating in [[Indochina]].<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Swift and Patti both left Hanoi at the end of September, 1945 after the French alleged that the Americans had been fomenting a revolution there.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> ===Work at the CIA=== Swift served with the [[CIA]] in Seoul, Baghdad, Tokyo, London and The Hague before retiring in 1974.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> ==Family== Swift was married and divorced three times and had six children.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> ==Death== Swift died on January 24, 2012, at his home in Washington.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> ==See also== *[[Vietnam during World War II]] *[[Decolonisation of Asia]] *[[Western imperialism in Asia|Imperialism in Asia]] *[[Vietnam War]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Swift, Carleton B Jr}} [[Category:United States Navy officers]] [[Category:1919 births]] [[Category:2012 deaths]] [[Category:People of the Office of Strategic Services]] [[Category:People of the Central Intelligence Agency]] [[Category:Military personnel from Portland, Oregon]] [[Category:Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni]] [[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]

1,302,887,700

[]

false

# Negussie Negussie (also Negusse, Negusie or Nigussie), meaning "King of", is a name of Ethiopian origin that may refer to: - Hailu Negussie (born 1978), Ethiopian marathon runner and 2005 Boston Marathon winner - Abebech Negussie (born 1983), Ethiopian middle-distance runner - Andualem Negusse (born 1985), Ethiopian footballer - Yetnebersh Nigussie (born 1982), Ethiopian lawyer and disability rights activist

enwiki/40019354

enwiki

40,019,354

Negussie

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negussie

2016-04-27T08:43:50

en

Q16280031

4,934

'''Negussie''' (also '''Negusse''', '''Negusie''' or '''Nigussie'''), meaning "King of", is a name of Ethiopian origin that may refer to: *[[Hailu Negussie]] (born 1978), Ethiopian marathon runner and 2005 Boston Marathon winner *[[Abebech Negussie]] (born 1983), Ethiopian middle-distance runner *[[Andualem Negusse]] (born 1985), Ethiopian footballer *[[Yetnebersh Nigussie]] (born 1982), Ethiopian lawyer and disability rights activist ==See also== *''[[Negusie v. Holder]]'', 2009 legal case at the United States Supreme Court regarding asylum {{given name|surname}} [[Category:Amharic-language names]]

717,372,190

[]

false

# Hirani Hirani is an Indian surname belonging to a caste of people originating from Sindh region. Notable people with the surname include: - Kishan Hirani (born 1992), Welsh snooker player - Krupesh Hirani (born 1985), British politician - Rajkumar Hirani (born 1962), Indian film director, producer, screenwriter, and editor

enwiki/39642505

enwiki

39,642,505

Hirani

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirani

2025-02-08T07:21:29

en

Q16799047

5,483

'''Hirani''' is an [[Indian surname]] belonging to a [[Indian caste|caste]] of people originating from [[Sindh region]]. Notable people with the surname include: * [[Kishan Hirani]] (born 1992), Welsh snooker player * [[Krupesh Hirani]] (born 1985), British politician * [[Rajkumar Hirani]] (born 1962), Indian film director, producer, screenwriter, and editor ==See also== * [[Hiran (disambiguation)]] * {{intitle}} {{surname}} [[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

1,274,596,487

[]

false

# Jeffrey Reid Baker Jeffrey Reid Baker (born c. 1947) is a pianist, composer, arranger best known for his work as a pioneer in the world of computer recording using synthesizers and digital instruments in the mid-1980s. He gained national media attention, from major publications such as the Chicago Tribune, Stereo Review, Digital Audio, and USA Today among others, when he produced four cross-over classical albums - Lisztronique (Now Fantastic Liszt), Rhapsody In Electric Blue, Carmina Burana Synthesized, and Everyone's Favorite Synthesizer Pieces. His work was also featured in both the BMG and Columbia House record clubs in the late 1980s and early 1990s. During the 1990s, Baker went to work for an Atlanta-based corporation and spent several years composing music in all styles ranging from walking tapes to children's music. His work on a Christmas project led him, in the spring of 1996, to start his own musical production company and record label - JRB Records. Its first release was “A Composer’s Christmas”. And in 1999, Baker released a Rachmaninoff CD containing the Third Piano Concerto in its original 2-Piano form (only recording), and his own arrangement of the Cello Sonata for two-pianos (world premiere). In the year 2000, Baker was asked by the Musicland/Sam Goody chain if he would produce a “Scott Joplin Greatest Hits” album. Since then JRB Records, he has released “Grand Russian Fantasy” and “Fingerbreakers”. And in 2018 released his most recent album “Concrete Jungle”.

enwiki/46860579

enwiki

46,860,579

Jeffrey Reid Baker

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Reid_Baker

2025-03-15T19:46:00

en

Q20090205

27,559

{{Short description|Pianist, composer and arranger}}{{Multiple issues| {{BLP sources|date=June 2017}} {{no footnotes|date=June 2017}} }} '''Jeffrey Reid Baker''' (born {{circa}} 1947) is a [[pianist]], [[composer]], [[Arrangement|arranger]] best known for his work as a pioneer in the world of computer recording using [[synthesizer]]s and digital instruments in the mid-1980s. He gained national media attention, from major publications such as the [[Chicago Tribune]], [[Sound & Vision (magazine)|Stereo Review]], Digital Audio, and [[USA Today]] among others, when he produced four cross-over classical albums - [http://www.jrbrecords.com/prods/9002/index.html Lisztronique (Now Fantastic Liszt)], Rhapsody In Electric Blue, Carmina Burana Synthesized, and Everyone's Favorite Synthesizer Pieces. His work was also featured in both the BMG and Columbia House record clubs in the late 1980s and early 1990s. During the 1990s, Baker went to work for an Atlanta-based corporation and spent several years composing music in all styles ranging from walking tapes to [[children's music]]. His work on a Christmas project led him, in the spring of 1996, to start his own musical production company and [[record label]] - JRB Records. Its first release was “A Composer’s Christmas”. And in 1999, Baker released a Rachmaninoff CD containing the Third Piano Concerto in its original 2-Piano form (only recording), and his own arrangement of the Cello Sonata for two-pianos (world premiere). In the year 2000, Baker was asked by the Musicland/Sam Goody chain if he would produce a “Scott Joplin Greatest Hits” album. Since then JRB Records, he has released “Grand Russian Fantasy” and “Fingerbreakers”. And in 2018 released his most recent album “Concrete Jungle”. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.jeffreyreidbaker.com Official Website] * [http://www.jrbrecords.com JRB Records - Catalog] * [https://music.apple.com/us/artist/jeffrey-reid-baker/41758833 JRB on iTunes] * [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jeffrey-reid-baker-mn0000071764 JRB on AllMusic] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baker, Jeffrey Reid}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:1940s births]] [[Category:20th-century American composers]] [[Category:20th-century American pianists]] [[Category:American male pianists]] [[Category:American male composers]] [[Category:21st-century American pianists]] [[Category:20th-century American male musicians]] [[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]

1,280,663,246

[]

false

# Mike Dudek Mike Dudek (born August 21, 1995) is a former American football wide receiver known for his time with the Illinois Fighting Illini. As a true freshman, Dudek broke Illinois' school record for receiving yards by a freshman, previously set by Arrelious Benn in 2007. ## High school During his senior season, Dudek recorded 2,361 yards of Total offense, averaging 196.8 yards per game, and caught 23 TDs. This earned Dudek the Upstate Eight Conference Player of the Year award in 2013 and 1st Team All-State honors from the News-Gazette, Chicago Tribune, and IHSFCA. Despite these honors, Dudek's only received two Football Championship Subdivision offers, from North Dakota State and Illinois State. Illinois was Dudek's only Football Bowl Subdivision scholarship offer and he was primarily recruited by Mike Bellamy. | Name | Hometown | High school / college | Height | Weight | 40‡ | Commit date | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------- | ------------------- | -------------- | ---- | ----------- | | Mike Dudek WR | Naperville, IL | Neuqua Valley (IL) | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | 163 lb (74 kg) | 4.61 | Apr 3, 2013 | | Mike Dudek WR | Star ratings: Scout: Rivals: 247Sports: ESPN: ESPN grade: 76 | | | | | | | Overall recruiting rankings: Scout: 72 (WR) Rivals: N/A 247Sports: 145 (WR) ESPN: 119 (WR) | | | | | | | | - Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight. - In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale. Sources: - "Illinois Football Commitment List". Rivals.com. Retrieved December 8, 2014. - "2014 Illinois Football Commits". Scout.com. Retrieved December 8, 2014. - "Illinois Cowboys". ESPN.com. Retrieved December 8, 2014. - "Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved December 8, 2014. - "2014 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved December 8, 2014. - "Illinois 2014 Football Commits". 247sports.com. Retrieved December 8, 2014. | | | | | | | ## College career Dudek enrolled early at Illinois and participated in spring 2014 practices, impressing coaches and drawing early comparisons to Wes Welker. After Illinois' week 2 win over Western Kentucky in which Dudek had four receptions for 55 yards and a touchdown, he was named Big Ten Freshman of the Week. Later in the season Dudek was named to the Biletnikoff Award watch list. The Biletnikoff Award is awarded annually to the most outstanding receiver in American college football. In the October 4th game at home against Purdue, Dudek became the fourth player in school history to catch at least 200 yards in a game, joining Steve Hull, A. J. Jenkins, and College Football Hall of Fame Inductee David Williams. At the end of the 2014 season, Dudek led all Big Ten Conference freshmen in receptions and receiving yards. In 2015 spring workouts, Dudek tore his ACL and was medically redshirted, ending his season. ### Statistics Through the end of the 2017 regular season, Dudek's statistics are as follows: | NCAA Collegiate Career statistics | | | | | | | | | | | | | Illinois Fighting Illini | | | | | | | | | | | | | Season | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving | Rushing | Rushing | Rushing | Rushing | | Season | Games | Rec | Yards | Yds/Rec | Long | Yds/G | TD | Att | Yards | Avg | TD | | 2014 | 12 | 69 | 965 | 14.0 | 56 | 80.4 | 6 | 5 | 23 | 4.6 | 0 | | 2015 | Medical redshirt | Medical redshirt | Medical redshirt | Medical redshirt | Medical redshirt | Medical redshirt | Medical redshirt | Medical redshirt | Medical redshirt | Medical redshirt | Medical redshirt | | 2016 | Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) | Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) | Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) | Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) | Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) | Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) | Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) | Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) | Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) | Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) | Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) | | 2017 | 7 | 24 | 262 | 10.9 | 31 | 37.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## Personal life Due to his physical stature as a wide receiver, Dudek oftentimes draws comparisons to NFL Pro Bowl wideout Wes Welker. Dudek has also been timed running as fast as NFL Pro Bowl receiver Brandon Marshall at 22 miles per hour (35 km/h). Dudek has an older brother, Danny, who played college football for Dayton.

enwiki/44638556

enwiki

44,638,556

Mike Dudek

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Dudek

2025-04-22T16:42:40

en

Q18631674

67,426

{{Short description|American football player (born 1995)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox college football player |name=Mike Dudek |school=Illinois Fighting Illini |currentnumber=18 |currentposition=[[Wide receiver]] |class=Senior |major=Business |birth_date={{Birth date and age|1995|08|21}} |birth_place=[[Naperville, Illinois]] |heightft=5 |heightin=11 |weight=195 |highlights= *First Team Freshman All-American (2014) *Second Team All-Big Ten ([[2014 Big Ten Conference football season|2014]]) |highschool=[[Neuqua Valley High School|Neuqua Valley (IL)]] |pastschools= *[[University of Illinois|Illinois]] (2014−present) |cbs= |espn= |si= |yahoo= |rivals= }} '''Mike Dudek''' (born August 21, 1995) is a former [[American football]] [[wide receiver]] known for his time with the [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois Fighting Illini]]. As a true freshman, Dudek broke Illinois' school record for receiving yards by a freshman, previously set by [[Arrelious Benn]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.suntimes.com/sports/colleges/30803682-419/illinois-receiver-mike-dudek-a-breakout-star.html#.VH4mDzHF_95 | publisher=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] | title=Illinois receiver Mike Dudek a breakout star | date=2014-11-01 | author=Greenberg, Steve}}</ref> ==High school== During his senior season, Dudek recorded 2,361 yards of [[Total offense]], averaging 196.8 yards per game, and caught 23 [[Touchdown|TDs]]. This earned Dudek the [[Upstate Eight Conference]] Player of the Year award in 2013 and 1st Team All-State honors from the ''[[The News-Gazette (Champaign-Urbana)|News-Gazette]]'', ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', and IHSFCA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fightingillini.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/mike_dudek_886542.html |title=Mike Dudek |accessdate=2014-12-02 |publisher=University of Illinois DIA |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225021509/http://www.fightingillini.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/mike_dudek_886542.html |archivedate=2014-12-25 }}</ref><ref name="Positively Naperville">{{cite web | url=http://sports.positivelynaperville.com/2014/10/31/former-neuqua-standout-dudek-raising-bar-illinois/ | publisher=Positively Naperville | title=Former Neuqua standout, Dudek, is raising the bar at Illinois | author=Baumgartner, Blake | date=2014-10-31 | accessdate=2014-12-08}}</ref> Despite these honors, Dudek's only received two [[Football Championship Subdivision]] offers, from [[North Dakota State Bison football|North Dakota State]] and [[Illinois State Redbirds football|Illinois State]]. [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois]] was Dudek's only [[Football Bowl Subdivision]] scholarship offer and he was primarily recruited by [[Mike Bellamy]]. {{College athlete recruit start|40=yes|collapse=no|year=2014}} {{College athlete recruit entry | recruit = Mike Dudek | position = [[Wide receiver|WR]] | hometown = Naperville, IL | highschool =[[Neuqua Valley High School|Neuqua Valley (IL)]] | feet = 5 | inches = 11 | weight = 163 | 40 = 4.61 | commitdate = 2013-04-03 | scout stars = 3 | rivals stars = 3 | 247 stars = 3 | espn grade = 76 | espn stars = 3 }} {{College athlete recruit end | 40 = | year = 2014 | rivals ref title = Illinois Football Commitment List | scout ref title = 2014 Illinois Football Commits | 247 ref title = Illinois 2014 Football Commits | espn ref title = Illinois Cowboys | rivals school = illinois | scout s = 181 | 247 school = illinois | espn schoolid = 197 | scout overall = 72 (WR) | rivals overall = N/A | 247 overall = 145 (WR) | espn overall = 119 (WR) | accessdate = 2014-12-08 }} ==College career== Dudek enrolled early at Illinois and participated in spring 2014 practices, impressing coaches and drawing early comparisons to [[Wes Welker]].<ref name="Tribune Early Enroll">{{cite web | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2014/04/08/mike-dudek-getting-quick-initiation-at-illinois/ | publisher=[[Chicago Tribune]] | title=Mike Dudek getting quick initiation at Illinois | date=2014-04-08 | access-date=2014-12-02 | author=Hine, Chris}}</ref> After Illinois' week 2 win over [[2014 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football team|Western Kentucky]] in which Dudek had four receptions for 55 yards and a touchdown, he was named [[2014 Big Ten Conference football season|Big Ten]] Freshman of the Week.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bigten.org/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/090814aaa.html | publisher=[[Big Ten Conference]] | title=Big Ten Football Players of the Week | date=2014-09-08 | accessdate=2014-12-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908180453/http://www.bigten.org/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/090814aaa.html | archive-date=2014-09-08 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Later in the season Dudek was named to the [[Biletnikoff Award]] watch list. The Biletnikoff Award is awarded annually to the most outstanding receiver in American college football.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csnchicago.com/big-ten/illini-wideout-mike-dudek-added-biletnikoff-watch-list |publisher=[[Comcast SportsNet Chicago]] |title=Illini wideout Mike Dudek added to Biletnikoff watch list |date=2014-10-07 |accessdate=2014-12-02 |author=Duber, Vinnie |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009120225/http://www.csnchicago.com/big-ten/illini-wideout-mike-dudek-added-biletnikoff-watch-list |archivedate=2014-10-09 }}</ref> In the October 4th game at home against [[2014 Purdue Boilermakers football team|Purdue]], Dudek became the fourth player in school history to catch at least 200 yards in a game, joining Steve Hull, [[A. J. Jenkins]], and [[College Football Hall of Fame|College Football Hall of Fame Inductee]] [[David Williams (wide receiver)|David Williams]].<ref name="Positively Naperville" /> At the end of the 2014 season, Dudek led all [[2014 Big Ten Conference football season|Big Ten Conference]] freshmen in receptions and receiving yards.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/stats/player?season=2014&group=5 | publisher=[[ESPN]] | title=Big Ten Player Receiving Statistics - 2014 | date=2014 | access-date=2014-12-02}}</ref> In 2015 spring workouts, Dudek tore his [[Anterior cruciate ligament|ACL]] and was medically [[Redshirt (college sports)|redshirted]], ending his season. ===Statistics=== Through the end of the 2017 regular season, Dudek's statistics are as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Dudek |url=https://fightingillini.com/services/download_file.ashx?file_location=https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/fightingillini.com/documents/2017/9/4/season.pdf|publisher=Illinois Athletics|work=www.fightingillini.com |accessdate=August 7, 2018}}</ref> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" |- |! colspan="12" style="background:gray; border:2px solid silver; color:white;"|{{center|'''NCAA Collegiate Career statistics'''}} |- |! colspan="12" style="background: #e04e39; border: 2px solid #13294b; color:#FFFFFF;" |{{center|'''Illinois Fighting Illini'''}} |- ! rowspan=2|Season ! colspan=7|Receiving ! colspan=4|Rushing |- ! Games !! Rec !! Yards !! Yds/Rec !! Long !! Yds/G !! TD !! Att !! Yards !! Avg !! TD |- | '''[[2014 Illinois Fighting Illini football team|2014]]''' | 12 || 69 || 965 || 14.0 || 56 || 80.4 || 6 || 5 || 23 || 4.6 || 0 |- | '''[[2015 Illinois Fighting Illini football team|2015]]''' |colspan="11"| [[Redshirt (college sports)|Medical redshirt]] |- | '''[[2016 Illinois Fighting Illini football team|2016]]''' |colspan="11"| Did not play due to injury (Torn ACL) |- | '''[[2017 Illinois Fighting Illini football team|2017]]''' | 7 || 24 || 262 || 10.9 || 31 || 37.4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- |} ==Personal life== Due to his physical stature as a wide receiver, Dudek oftentimes draws comparisons to [[NFL]] [[Pro Bowl]] wideout [[Wes Welker]].<ref name="Tribune Early Enroll" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Do Illini have next Welker? |url=http://herald-review.com/sports/illini/do-illini-have-next-welker/article_13a9ed80-1c3b-54e5-944c-b932a80ad703.html |publisher=[[Herald & Review]] | author=Tupper, Mark | date=2014-04-06 | accessdate=2014-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dudek, Allison give Illini as the Big Ten's top receiving tandem |url=https://www.foxnews.com/sports/2014/10/18/dudek-allison-give-illini-big-ten-top-receiving-tandem.html |publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=2014-10-18 | access-date=2014-12-08}}</ref> Dudek has also been timed running as fast as [[NFL]] [[Pro Bowl]] receiver [[Brandon Marshall]] at {{convert|22|mph|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csnchicago.com/big-ten/fast-bears-brandon-marshall-illini-mike-dudek-runs-22-mph-treadmill |publisher=[[Comcast SportsNet Chicago]] |title=As fast as Bears' Marshall, Illini's Dudek runs 22 MPH on treadmill |author=Tupper, Mark |date=2014-10-19 |accessdate=2014-12-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121231736/http://www.csnchicago.com/big-ten/fast-bears-brandon-marshall-illini-mike-dudek-runs-22-mph-treadmill |archivedate=2014-11-21 }}</ref> Dudek has an older brother, Danny, who played [[college football]] for [[Dayton Flyers football|Dayton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyillini.com/sports/men_sports/football/article_e01a4694-33ca-11e4-a183-001a4bcf6878.html |publisher=[[The Daily Illini]] |title=Illini football's Dudek, brother share more than a birthday |author=Carroll, Charlotte |date=2014-09-04 |accessdate=2014-12-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206112142/http://www.dailyillini.com/sports/men_sports/football/article_e01a4694-33ca-11e4-a183-001a4bcf6878.html |archivedate=2015-02-06 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20141225021509/http://www.fightingillini.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/mike_dudek_886542.html Illinois Fighting Illini bio] {{DEFAULTSORT:Dudek, Mike}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Players of American football from Naperville, Illinois]] [[Category:American football wide receivers]] [[Category:Illinois Fighting Illini football players]]

1,286,888,774

[{"title": "Mike Dudek", "data": {"Position": "Wide receiver", "Class": "Senior", "Major": "Business"}}, {"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Born": "August 21, 1995 \u00b7 Naperville, Illinois", "Height": "5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)", "Weight": "195 lb (88 kg)"}}, {"title": "Career history", "data": {"College": "- Illinois (2014\u2212present)", "High school": "Neuqua Valley (IL)"}}, {"title": "Career highlights and awards", "data": {"Career highlights and awards": "- First Team Freshman All-American (2014) - Second Team All-Big Ten (2014)"}}]

false

# Glad Valley, South Dakota Glad Valley is an unincorporated community in Ziebach County, South Dakota, United States. Glad Valley is located on South Dakota Highway 20, 17 miles (27 km) west of Isabel. Glad Valley was laid out in 1926, and named for the nearby Glad Valley Ranch.

enwiki/24615274

enwiki

24,615,274

Glad Valley, South Dakota

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glad_Valley,_South_Dakota

2025-07-09T03:05:56

en

Q5566198

45,803

{{Use American English|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Glad Valley, South Dakota |settlement_type = [[Unincorporated area|Unincorporated community]] |nickname = |motto =  |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal =  |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |pushpin_map=South Dakota  |subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |subdivision_name = United States |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[South Dakota]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in South Dakota|County]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Ziebach County, South Dakota|Ziebach]]  |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |established_title = |established_date =  |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi =  |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi =  |timezone = [[Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]] |utc_offset = -6 |utc_offset_DST = -5 |elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/> |elevation_ft = 2464 |coordinates = {{coord|45|23|57|N|101|46|40|W|region:US-SD|display=inline,title}}  |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = [[Area code 605|605]] |blank_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID |blank_info = 1255253<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1255253}}</ref> |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Glad Valley''' is an [[Unincorporated area|unincorporated community]] in [[Ziebach County, South Dakota|Ziebach County]], [[South Dakota]], United States. Glad Valley is located on [[South Dakota Highway 20]], {{convert|17|mi|km}} west of [[Isabel, South Dakota|Isabel]]. Glad Valley was laid out in 1926, and named for the nearby Glad Valley Ranch.<ref>{{cite book|author=Federal Writers' Project|author-link=Federal Writers' Project|title=South Dakota place-names, v.1-3|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027015455;view=1up;seq=111|year=1940|publisher=University of South Dakota|page=38}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Ziebach County, South Dakota}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Unincorporated communities in Ziebach County, South Dakota]] [[Category:Unincorporated communities in South Dakota]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1926]] {{SouthDakota-geo-stub}}

1,299,551,788

[{"title": "Glad Valley, South Dakota", "data": {"Country": "United States", "State": "South Dakota", "County": "Ziebach", "Elevation": "2,464 ft (751 m)", "Time zone": "UTC-6 (Central (CST))", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC-5", "Area code": "605", "GNIS feature ID": "1255253"}}]

false

# Niagara Falls School District Administration Building Niagara Falls School District Administration Building is a historic government building located at Niagara Falls, Niagara County, New York. It was built in 1927–1928, and is a two-story, 14-by-5-bay, buff-colored brick building with Classical Revival detailing. It has a flat roof, limestone trim, a partially exposed finished basement, and rear ell. It features a pedimented central entry portico and arched first floor windows. It remained in use by the city schools until 2007. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

enwiki/48491541

enwiki

48,491,541

Niagara Falls School District Administration Building

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls_School_District_Administration_Building

2025-07-27T06:49:56

en

Q23091963

68,919

{{Use American English|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}} {{Infobox NRHP | name = Niagara Falls School District Administration Building | nrhp_type = | image = Niagara Falls School District Administration Building Apr 15.jpg | caption = Niagara Falls School District Administration Building, April 2015 | location = 607 Walnut Ave., [[Niagara Falls, New York]] | coordinates = {{coord|43|05|34|N|79|03|19|W|display=inline,title}} | locmapin = New York#USA | built = {{Start date|1927}}-1928 | architect = Charles F. Obenhack | builder = | architecture = Classical Revival | added = December 10, 2014 | area = Less than {{convert|1|acre}} | refnum = 14001020<ref name="nps">{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2014-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf|title=National Register of Historic Places Listings|date=2014-12-19|work=Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 12/08/14 through 12/12/14 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> }} '''Niagara Falls School District Administration Building''' is a historic government building located at [[Niagara Falls, New York|Niagara Falls]], [[Niagara County, New York]]. It was built in 1927–1928, and is a two-story, 14-by-5-bay, buff-colored brick building with [[Neoclassical architecture|Classical Revival]] detailing. It has a flat roof, limestone trim, a partially exposed finished basement, and rear ell. It features a pedimented central entry [[portico]] and arched first floor windows. It remained in use by the city schools until 2007.<ref name="NysNrhpNom">{{cite web| url = https://cris.parks.ny.gov/| title = Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)| publisher = [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]| format = Searchable database| accessdate = 2015-11-01| archive-url = https://archive.today/20150701003048/http://cris.parks.ny.gov/| archive-date = 2015-07-01| url-status = dead}} ''Note:'' This includes {{cite web | url = https://cris.parks.ny.gov/Uploads/ViewDoc.aspx?mode=A&id=296753&q=false | title = National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Niagara Falls School District Administration Building | accessdate = 2015-11-01 | author = Saralinda Hooker | format = PDF | date = September 2014 }} and [https://cris.parks.ny.gov/Uploads/ViewDoc.aspx?mode=A&id=296754&q=false ''Accompanying photographs'']</ref> It was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2014.<ref name="nps"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{National Register of Historic Places in New York}} [[Category:Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)]] [[Category:Neoclassical architecture in New York (state)]] [[Category:Government buildings completed in 1928]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Niagara Falls, New York]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Niagara County, New York]] {{NiagaraCountyNY-NRHP-stub}}

1,302,738,097

[{"title": "", "data": {"Location": "607 Walnut Ave., Niagara Falls, New York", "Coordinates": "43\u00b005\u203234\u2033N 79\u00b003\u203219\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff43.09278\u00b0N 79.05528\u00b0W", "Area": "Less than 1 acre (0.40 ha)", "Built": "1927-1928", "Architect": "Charles F. Obenhack", "Architectural style": "Classical Revival", "NRHP reference No.": "14001020", "Added to NRHP": "December 10, 2014"}}]

false

# 2008 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship The 2008 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship was the 14th edition of the men's EuroHockey Junior Championship. It was held in San Sebastián, Spain from 20 to 26 July 2008. The hosts Spain won the tournament for the third time after they defeated the defending champions the Netherlands 1–0 in the final. Germany won the bronze medal after defeating Belgium 4–3 in the third-place playoff. The tournament also served as a qualifier for the 2009 Junior World Cup in Malaysia and Singapore. Teams from Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, England and Poland all qualified. ## Participating nations Alongside the host nation, 7 teams competed in the tournament. - Austria - Belgium - England - Germany - Netherlands - Poland - Scotland - Spain ## Results ### Preliminary round #### Pool A | Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | | --- | ----------- | --- | - | - | - | -- | -- | --- | --- | ------------- | | 1 | Netherlands | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 5 | +26 | 9 | Semi-finals | | 2 | Spain (H) | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 6 | Semi-finals | | 3 | England | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 11 | −1 | 3 | | | 4 | Austria | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 28 | −25 | 0 | | | 20 July 2008 17:00 | | Netherlands | 15–0 | Austria | | ----------- | ------ | ------- | | | Report | | | Umpires: Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL) David Sweetman (SCO) | | 20 July 2008 19:15 | | Spain | 1–0 | England | | ----------- | ------ | ------- | | Dabanch 68' | Report | | | Umpires: Warren McCully (IRE) Bjorn Bachmann (GER) | | 22 July 2008 17:00 | | Netherlands | 9–2 | England | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------ | ----------------------- | | Kempermann 1' · Vermeulen 3', 17', 60' · Campbell 20', 21' · De Voogd 28', 32', 59' | Report | Edwards 23' · Smith 56' | | Umpires: Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL) David Sweetman (SCO) | | 22 July 2008 19:15 | | Spain | 5–2 | Austria | | ----- | ------ | ------- | | | Report | | | Umpires: Krzystof Cholewa (POL) Will Drury (WAL) | | 23 July 2008 17:00 | | England | 8–1 | Austria | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------ | -------- | | Smith 6', 51', 61' · Catlin 8' · Brogdon 25' · Dobson 48' · Beckett 53', 54' | Report | Gero 24' | | Umpires: Krzystof Cholewa (POL) David Sweetman (SCO) | | 23 July 2008 19:15 | | Netherlands | 7–3 | Spain | | ----------- | ------ | ----- | | | Report | | | Umpires: Warren McCully (IRE) Bjorn Bachmann (GER) | #### Pool B | Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | | --- | -------- | --- | - | - | - | -- | -- | --- | --- | ------------- | | 1 | Germany | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 5 | +12 | 7 | Semi-finals | | 2 | Belgium | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 12 | −4 | 4 | Semi-finals | | 3 | Poland | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 14 | −7 | 3 | | | 4 | Scotland | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 7 | −1 | 2 | | | 20 July 2008 10:00 | | Germany | 2–2 | Scotland | | ---------------------------- | ------ | --------------- | | Stralkowski 55' · Wesley 65' | Report | Cairns 16', 23' | | Umpires: Michael Eilmer (AUT) Dan Barstow (ENG) | | 20 July 2008 12:15 | | Belgium | 4–3 | Poland | | ------- | ------ | ------ | | | Report | | | Umpires: Will Drury (WAL) Diego Estébanez (ESP) | | 21 July 2008 17:00 | | Germany | 8–1 | Poland | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------ | ------------ | | Stralkowski 18', 27' · Lietz 20', 57' · Wesley 45' · Rabente 51' · Fürk 65' · Otto 68' | Report | Kozlowski 3' | | Umpires: Michael Eilmer (AUT) Dan Barstow (ENG) | | 21 July 2008 19:15 | | Belgium | 2–2 | Scotland | | ------- | ------ | -------- | | | Report | | | Umpires: Gijs Hofman (NED) Diego Estébanez (ESP) | | 23 July 2008 10:00 | | Poland | 3–2 | Scotland | | ------ | ------ | -------- | | | Report | | | Umpires: Michael Eilmer (AUT) Gijs Hofman (NED) | | 23 July 2008 12:15 | | Germany | 7–2 | Belgium | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------ | -------- | | Stralkowski 19', 21', 54' · Fürk 31' · Wesley 52' · Wösch 62' · Oldhafer 65' | Report | 33', 56' | | Umpires: Will Drury (WAL) Dan Barstow (ENG) | ### Fifth to eighth place classification #### Pool C | Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Relegation | | --- | -------- | --- | - | - | - | -- | -- | --- | --- | ------------------------------------ | | 1 | England | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 3 | +13 | 9 | | | 2 | Poland | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 10 | −3 | 6 | | | 3 | Scotland | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 7 | +1 | 3 | Relegation to Junior Championship II | | 4 | Austria | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 16 | −11 | 0 | Relegation to Junior Championship II | | 25 July 2008 10:00 | | Austria | 2–3 | Poland | | ------- | ------ | ------ | | | Report | | | Umpires: Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL) Dan Barstow (ENG) | | 25 July 2008 12:15 | | England | 2–1 | Scotland | | ---------------------- | ------ | ---------- | | Kinder 24' · Smith 64' | Report | Cairns 66' | | Umpires: Gijs Hofman (NED) Krzysztof Cholewa (POL) | | 26 July 2008 10:00 | | Austria | 2–5 | Scotland | | ------- | ------ | -------- | | | Report | | | Umpires: Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL) Krzysztof Cholewa (POL) | | 25 July 2008 12:15 | | England | 6–1 | Poland | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------ | ------------ | | Dobson 3' · Osborn 5' · Kinder 46' · Griffiths 49' · Smith 63' · Gregg 70' | Report | Makowski 19' | | Umpires: Gijs Hofman (NED) Michael Eilmer (AUT) | ### First to fourth place classification | | Semi-finals | Semi-finals | | | Final | Final | | | | | | | | | | | 25 July 2008 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Netherlands | 4 | | | | | | | Netherlands | 4 | 26 July 2008 | | | | | | Belgium | 3 | | | | | | | Belgium | 3 | Netherlands | 0 | | | | | 25 July 2008 | | Netherlands | 0 | | | | | | Spain (a.e.t) | 1 | | | | | | Germany | Spain (a.e.t) | 1 | 2 | | | | | Germany | | | 2 | | | | | Spain | 4 | | | | | | | Spain | 4 | Third place | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 July 2008 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Belgium | 3 | | | | | | | Belgium | 3 | | | | | | | Germany | 4 | | | | | #### Semi-finals | 25 July 2008 17:00 | | Germany | 2–4 | Spain | | --------------------------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------- | | Grell 63' · Stralkowski 66' | Report | Dabanch 21' · Padrós 33' · Salles 59' · Guerrero 70' | | Umpires: Warren McCully (IRE) David Sweetman (SCO) | | 25 July 2008 19:30 | | Netherlands | 4–3 | Belgium | | ----------- | ------ | ------- | | | Report | | | Umpires: Diego Estébanez (ESP) Bjorn Bachmann (GER) | #### Third and fourth place | 26 July 2008 16:30 | | Belgium | 3–4 | Germany | | ------- | ------ | ------- | | | Report | | | Umpires: Will Drury (WAL) Diego Estébanez (ESP) | #### Final | 26 July 2008 19:00 | | Netherlands | 0–1 (a.e.t.) | Spain | | ----------- | ------------ | ----- | | | Report | | | Umpires: Warren McCully (IRE) Bjorn Bachmann (GER) | ## Statistics ### Final standings As per statistical convention in field hockey, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. | Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Final Standings | | ----------------------------- | ----------- | --- | - | - | - | -- | -- | --- | --- | ------------------------ | | 1st place, gold medalist(s) | Spain | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 11 | +3 | 12 | Gold Medal | | 2nd place, silver medalist(s) | Netherlands | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 35 | 9 | +26 | 12 | Silver Medal | | 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) | Germany | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 23 | 12 | +11 | 10 | Bronze Medal | | 4 | Belgium | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 14 | 20 | −6 | 4 | Fourth place | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 | England | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 13 | +5 | 9 | Eliminated in pool stage | | 6 | Poland | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 22 | −11 | 6 | Eliminated in pool stage | | 7 | Scotland | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 12 | 11 | +1 | 5 | Eliminated in pool stage | | 8 | Austria | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 36 | −29 | 0 | Eliminated in pool stage |

enwiki/18953907

enwiki

18,953,907

2008 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Men%27s_EuroHockey_Junior_Championship

2025-02-26T12:18:00

en

Q5411545

229,795

{{Short description|Hockey tournament}} {{Infobox field hockey | tournament = 2008 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship | image = | size = | caption = | country = Spain | city = [[San Sebastián]] | dates = 20–26 July | venues = Atlético San Sebastián | teams = [[#Participating Nations|8]] | confederations = 1 | champions = {{fhu|21|ESP}} | count = 3 | second = {{fhu|21|NED}} | third = {{fhu|21|GER}} | matches = 20 | goals = 134 | top_scorer = | top_scorer_goals = 6 | best_player = | best_goalkeeper = | previous_year = 2006 | previous_tournament = 2006 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship | next_year = 2010 | next_tournament = 2010 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship }} The '''2008 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship''' was the 14th edition of the men's [[Men's EuroHockey U21 Championship|EuroHockey Junior Championship]]. It was held in [[San Sebastián]], Spain from 20 to 26 July 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eurohockey.org/competitions-archive-2/ |title=EuroHockey Competitions Archive |publisher=[[European Hockey Federation|EHF]] |accessdate=29 July 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709170025/https://eurohockey.org/competitions-archive-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The hosts [[Spain men's national under-21 field hockey team|Spain]] won the tournament for the third time after they defeated the defending champions the [[Netherlands men's national under-21 field hockey team|Netherlands]] 1–0 in the final.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/resultsandfixtures.asp?itemid=51&itemTitle=EuroHockey+Junior+Nations+Championships+%28U21+Men%29&section=1398 |title=EUROHOCKEY JUNIOR NATIONS CHAMPIONSHIPS (U21 MEN) |publisher=[[England Hockey]] |accessdate=4 July 2019 }}</ref> [[Germany men's national under-21 field hockey team|Germany]] won the bronze medal after defeating [[Belgium men's national under-21 field hockey team|Belgium]] 4–3 in the third-place playoff. The tournament also served as a qualifier for the [[2009 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup|2009 Junior World Cup]] in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]]. Teams from [[Spain men's national under-21 field hockey team|Spain]], the [[Netherlands men's national under-21 field hockey team|Netherlands]], [[Germany men's national under-21 field hockey team|Germany]], [[Belgium men's national under-21 field hockey team|Belgium]], [[England men's national under-21 field hockey team|England]] and [[Poland men's national under-21 field hockey team|Poland]] all qualified. ==Participating nations== Alongside the host nation, 7 teams competed in the tournament. {{Div col|colwidth=30em}} * {{fhu|21|AUT}} * {{fhu|21|BEL}} * {{fhu|21|ENG}} * {{fhu|21|GER}} * {{fhu|21|NED}} * {{fhu|21|POL}} * {{fhu|21|SCO}} * {{fhu|21|ESP}} {{div col end}} ==Results== ===Preliminary round=== ====Pool A==== {{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL |update=complete |source=[https://www.englandhockey.co.uk England Hockey] |team1=NED |team2=ESP |team3=ENG |team4=AUT |result1=A |result2=A |win_AUT=0 |draw_AUT=0 |loss_AUT=3 |gf_AUT=3 |ga_AUT=28 |win_ENG=1 |draw_ENG=0 |loss_ENG=2 |gf_ENG=10|ga_ENG=11 |win_NED=3 |draw_NED=0 |loss_NED=0 |gf_NED=31|ga_NED=5 |win_ESP=2 |draw_ESP=0 |loss_ESP=1 |gf_ESP=9 |ga_ESP=9 |status_ESP=H |name_AUT={{Fhu|21|AUT}} |name_ENG={{fhu|21|ENG}} |name_NED={{fhu|21|NED}} |name_ESP={{Fhu|21|ESP}} |class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<ref name= "Regulations">[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/560/reports/poolstandings Regulations]</ref> |res_col_header=Q |col_A=green1 |text_A=Semi-finals }} {{fieldhockeybox |date = 20 July 2008 |time = 17:00 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|NED}} |score = 15–0 |team2 = {{fhu|21|AUT}} |goals1 = |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = |umpires = Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL) David Sweetman (SCO) }} {{fieldhockeybox |date = 20 July 2008 |time = 19:15 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|ESP}} |score = 1–0 |team2 = {{fhu|21|ENG}} |goals1 = [[Gabriel Dabanch|Dabanch]] {{fhgoal|FG|68}} |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = |umpires = Warren McCully (IRE) Bjorn Bachmann (GER) }} ---- {{fieldhockeybox |date = 22 July 2008 |time = 17:00 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|NED}} |score = 9–2 |team2 = {{fhu|21|ENG}} |goals1 = [[Robbert Kempermann|Kempermann]] {{fhgoal|FG|1}} [[Klaus Vermeulen|Vermeulen]] {{fhgoal|PS|3|PS|17|PS|60}} [[Bas Campbell|Campbell]] {{fhgoal|PC|20|FG|21}} [[Bob de Voogd|De Voogd]] {{fhgoal|FG|28|PC|32|FG|59}} |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = [[Marc Edwards (field hockey)|Edwards]] {{fhgoal|PC|23}} [[Richard Smith (field hockey)|Smith]] {{fhgoal|PS|56}} |umpires = Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL) David Sweetman (SCO) }} {{fieldhockeybox |date = 22 July 2008 |time = 19:15 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|ESP}} |score = 5–2 |team2 = {{fhu|21|AUT}} |goals1 = |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = |umpires = Krzystof Cholewa (POL) Will Drury (WAL) }} ---- {{fieldhockeybox |date = 23 July 2008 |time = 17:00 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|ENG}} |score = 8–1 |team2 = {{fhu|21|AUT}} |goals1 = [[Richard Smith (field hockey)|Smith]] {{fhgoal|PC|6|PC|51|PC|61}} [[Nick Catlin|Catlin]] {{fhgoal|FG|8}} [[Alastair Brogdon|Brogdon]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}} [[Peter Dobson (field hockey)|Dobson]] {{fhgoal|FG|48}} [[David Beckett (field hockey)|Beckett]] {{fhgoal|FG|53|FG|54}} |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = [[Matthias Gero|Gero]] {{fhgoal|PC|24}} |umpires = Krzystof Cholewa (POL) David Sweetman (SCO) }} {{fieldhockeybox |date = 23 July 2008 |time = 19:15 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|NED}} |score = 7–3 |team2 = {{fhu|21|ESP}} |goals1 = |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = |umpires = Warren McCully (IRE) Bjorn Bachmann (GER) }} ====Pool B==== {{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL |update=complete |source=[https://www.englandhockey.co.uk England Hockey] |team1=GER |team2=BEL |team3=POL |team4=SCO |result1=A |result2=A |win_BEL=1 |draw_BEL=1 |loss_BEL=1 |gf_BEL=8 |ga_BEL=12 |win_GER=2 |draw_GER=1 |loss_GER=0 |gf_GER=17|ga_GER=5 |win_POL=1 |draw_POL=0 |loss_POL=2 |gf_POL=7 |ga_POL=14 |win_SCO=0 |draw_SCO=2 |loss_SCO=1 |gf_SCO=6 |ga_SCO=7 |name_BEL={{Fhu|21|BEL}} |name_GER={{fhu|21|GER}} |name_POL={{fhu|21|POL}} |name_SCO={{Fhu|21|SCO}} |class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<ref name= "Regulations">[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/560/reports/poolstandings Regulations]</ref> |res_col_header=Q |col_A=green1 |text_A=Semi-finals }} {{fieldhockeybox |date = 20 July 2008 |time = 10:00 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|GER}} |score = 2–2 |team2 = {{fhu|21|SCO}} |goals1 = [[Thilo Stralkowski|Stralkowski]] {{fhgoal|PC|55}} [[Christopher Wesley|Wesley]] {{fhgoal|PC|65}} |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = [[Joshua Cairns|Cairns]] {{fhgoal|PC|16|PC|23}} |umpires = Michael Eilmer (AUT) Dan Barstow (ENG) }} {{fieldhockeybox |date = 20 July 2008 |time = 12:15 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|BEL}} |score = 4–3 |team2 = {{fhu|21|POL}} |goals1 = |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = |umpires = Will Drury (WAL) Diego Estébanez (ESP) }} ---- {{fieldhockeybox |date = 21 July 2008 |time = 17:00 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|GER}} |score = 8–1 |team2 = {{fhu|21|POL}} |goals1 = [[Thilo Stralkowski|Stralkowski]] {{fhgoal|PC|18|PC|27}} [[Tobias Lietz|Lietz]] {{fhgoal|FG|20|FG|57}} [[Christopher Wesley|Wesley]] {{fhgoal|FG|45}} [[Jan-Philipp Rabente|Rabente]] {{fhgoal|PS|51}} [[Benedikt Fürk|Fürk]] {{fhgoal|FG|65}} [[Jannik Otto|Otto]] {{fhgoal|FG|68}} |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = [[Piotr Kozlowski|Kozlowski]] {{fhgoal|PC|3}} |umpires = Michael Eilmer (AUT) Dan Barstow (ENG) }} {{fieldhockeybox |date = 21 July 2008 |time = 19:15 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|BEL}} |score = 2–2 |team2 = {{fhu|21|SCO}} |goals1 = |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = |umpires = Gijs Hofman (NED) Diego Estébanez (ESP) }} ---- {{fieldhockeybox |date = 23 July 2008 |time = 10:00 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|POL}} |score = 3–2 |team2 = {{fhu|21|SCO}} |goals1 = |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = |umpires = Michael Eilmer (AUT) Gijs Hofman (NED) }} {{fieldhockeybox |date = 23 July 2008 |time = 12:15 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|GER}} |score = 7–2 |team2 = {{fhu|21|BEL}} |goals1 = [[Thilo Stralkowski|Stralkowski]] {{fhgoal|PC|19|PC|21|PC|54}} [[Benedikt Fürk|Fürk]] {{fhgoal|FG|31}} [[Christopher Wesley|Wesley]] {{fhgoal|FG|52}} [[Florian Wösch|Wösch]] {{fhgoal|PC|62}} [[Felix Oldhafer|Oldhafer]] {{fhgoal|FG|65}} |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = {{fhgoal|FG|33|FG|56}} |umpires = Will Drury (WAL) Dan Barstow (ENG) }} ===Fifth to eighth place classification=== ====Pool C==== {{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL |update=complete |source=[http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/ England Hockey] |team1=ENG |team2=POL |team3=SCO |team4=AUT |result3=A |result4=A |win_AUT=0 |draw_AUT=0 |loss_AUT=3 |gf_AUT=5 |ga_AUT=16 |win_ENG=3 |draw_ENG=0 |loss_ENG=0 |gf_ENG=16|ga_ENG=3 |win_POL=2 |draw_POL=0 |loss_POL=1 |gf_POL=7 |ga_POL=10 |win_SCO=1 |draw_SCO=0 |loss_SCO=2 |gf_SCO=8 |ga_SCO=7 |name_AUT={{fhu|21|AUT}} |name_ENG={{fhu|21|ENG}} |name_SCO={{Fhu|21|SCO}} |name_POL={{Fhu|21|POL}} |class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<ref name= "Regulations">[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/560/reports/poolstandings Regulations]</ref> |res_col_header=R |col_A=red1 |text_A=Relegation to [[2010 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship II|Junior Championship II]] }} {{fieldhockeybox |date = 25 July 2008 |time = 10:00 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|AUT}} |score = 2–3 |team2 = {{fhu|21|POL}} |goals1 = |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = |umpires = Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL) Dan Barstow (ENG) }} {{fieldhockeybox |date = 25 July 2008 |time = 12:15 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|ENG}} |score = 2–1 |team2 = {{fhu|21|SCO}} |goals1 = [[Jonathan Kinder|Kinder]] {{fhgoal|FG|24}} [[Richard Smith (field hockey)|Smith]] {{fhgoal|PC|64}} |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = [[Josh Cairns|Cairns]] {{fhgoal|PS|66}} |umpires = Gijs Hofman (NED) Krzysztof Cholewa (POL) }} ---- {{fieldhockeybox |date = 26 July 2008 |time = 10:00 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|AUT}} |score = 2–5 |team2 = {{fhu|21|SCO}} |goals1 = |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = |umpires = Lionel van Lidth de Jude (BEL) Krzysztof Cholewa (POL) }} {{fieldhockeybox |date = 25 July 2008 |time = 12:15 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|ENG}} |score = 6–1 |team2 = {{fhu|21|POL}} |goals1 = [[Peter Dobson (field hockey)|Dobson]] {{fhgoal|FG|3}} [[James Osborn|Osborn]] {{fhgoal|FG|5}} [[Jonathan Kinder|Kinder]] {{fhgoal|FG|46}} [[Chris Griffiths (field hockey)|Griffiths]] {{fhgoal|FG|49}} [[Richard Smith (field hockey)|Smith]] {{fhgoal|FG|63}} [[Chris Gregg (field hockey)|Gregg]] {{fhgoal|FG|70}} |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = [[Krystian Makowski|Makowski]] {{fhgoal|FG|19}} |umpires = Gijs Hofman (NED) Michael Eilmer (AUT) }} ===First to fourth place classification=== {{Round4-with third |RD1=Semi-finals |RD2=Final |Consol=Third place |bold_winner=high |widescore=yes   |25 July 2008|{{fhu|21|NED}}|4|{{fhu|21|BEL}}|3 |25 July 2008|{{fhu|21|GER}}|2|{{fhu|21|ESP}}|4  |26 July 2008|{{fhu|21|NED}}|0|{{fhu|21|ESP}} ([[Extra time|a.e.t]])|1  |26 July 2008|{{fhu|21|BEL}}|3|{{fhu|21|GER}}|4 }} ====Semi-finals==== {{fieldhockeybox |date = 25 July 2008 |time = 17:00 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|GER}} |score = 2–4 |team2 = {{fhu|21|ESP}} |goals1 = [[Niklas Grell|Grell]] {{fhgoal|FG|63}} [[Thilo Stralkowski|Stralkowski]] {{fhgoal|PC|66}} |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = [[Gabriel Dabanch|Dabanch]] {{fhgoal|FG|21}} [[Roger Padrós|Padrós]] {{fhgoal|PC|33}} [[Marc Salles|Salles]] {{fhgoal|FG|59}} [[Ignasi Guerrero|Guerrero]] {{fhgoal|FG|70}} |umpires = Warren McCully (IRE) David Sweetman (SCO) }} ---- {{fieldhockeybox |date = 25 July 2008 |time = 19:30 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|NED}} |score = 4–3 |team2 = {{fhu|21|BEL}} |goals1 = |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = |umpires = Diego Estébanez (ESP) Bjorn Bachmann (GER) }} ====Third and fourth place==== {{fieldhockeybox |date = 26 July 2008 |time = 16:30 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|BEL}} |score = 3–4 |team2 = {{fhu|21|GER}} |goals1 = |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = |umpires = Will Drury (WAL) Diego Estébanez (ESP) }} ====Final==== {{fieldhockeybox |date = 26 July 2008 |time = 19:00 |team1 = {{fhu-rt|21|NED}} |score = 0–1 |aet = yes |team2 = {{fhu|21|ESP}} |goals1 = |report = [http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/international_fixtures.asp?section=1398&sectionTitle=International+Results Report] |goals2 = |umpires = Warren McCully (IRE) Bjorn Bachmann (GER) }} ==Statistics== ===Final standings=== {{small|As per statistical convention in field hockey, matches decided in [[overtime (sports)|extra time]] are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by [[penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|penalty shoot-outs]] are counted as draws.}} {{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL |source=[https://www.englandhockey.co.uk England Hockey] |update=complete |name_AUT={{fhu|21|AUT}} |win_AUT=0 |draw_AUT=0 |loss_AUT=5 |gf_AUT=7 |ga_AUT=36 |name_BEL={{fhu|21|BEL}} |win_BEL=1 |draw_BEL=1 |loss_BEL=3 |gf_BEL=14 |ga_BEL=20 |name_ENG={{fhu|21|ENG}} |win_ENG=3 |draw_ENG=0 |loss_ENG=2 |gf_ENG=18 |ga_ENG=13 |name_GER={{fhu|21|GER}} |win_GER=3 |draw_GER=1 |loss_GER=1 |gf_GER=23 |ga_GER=12 |name_NED={{fhu|21|NED}} |win_NED=4 |draw_NED=0 |loss_NED=1 |gf_NED=35 |ga_NED=9 |name_POL={{fhu|21|POL}} |win_POL=2 |draw_POL=0 |loss_POL=3 |gf_POL=11 |ga_POL=22 |name_SCO={{fhu|21|SCO}} |win_SCO=1 |draw_SCO=2 |loss_SCO=2 |gf_SCO=12 |ga_SCO=11 |name_ESP={{fhu|21|ESP}} |win_ESP=4 |draw_ESP=0 |loss_ESP=1 |gf_ESP=14 |ga_ESP=11 |team1=ESP |team2=NED |team3=GER |team4=BEL |team5=ENG |team6=POL |team7=SCO |team8=AUT |pos_ESP={{gold1}} |pos_NED={{silver2}} |pos_GER={{bronze3}} |split4=yes |res_col_header=Final Standings |result1=1st |result2=2nd |result3=3rd |result4=4th |result5=GS |result6=GS |result7=GS |result8=GS |col_1st=gold |text_1st=Gold Medal |col_2nd=silver |text_2nd=Silver Medal |col_3rd=#c96 |text_3rd=Bronze Medal |text_4th=Fourth place |text_GS=Eliminated in pool stage }} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190330213139/https://eurohockey.org/ European Hockey Federation website] {{EuroHockey Nations Junior Championship}} [[Category:EuroHockey Junior Championship]] [[Category:2008–09 in European field hockey|Junior]] [[Category:2008 in Spanish sport|EuroHockey Junior Championship]] [[Category:International field hockey competitions hosted by Spain]] [[Category:July 2008 sports events in Europe|EuroHockey Junior Championship]] [[Category:Sports competitions in San Sebastián]] [[Category:2008 in youth sport|EuroHockey Championship]] [[Category:2009 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup qualification|EuroHockey Junior Championship]] [[Category:2008 in the Basque Country (autonomous community)]]

1,277,737,521

[{"title": "2008 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship", "data": {"Host country": "Spain", "City": "San Sebasti\u00e1n", "Dates": "20\u201326 July", "Teams": "8 (from 1 confederation)", "Venue(s)": "Atl\u00e9tico San Sebasti\u00e1n"}}, {"title": "Final positions", "data": {"Champions": "Spain (3rd title)", "Runner-up": "Netherlands", "Third place": "Germany"}}, {"title": "Tournament statistics", "data": {"Matches played": "20", "Goals scored": "134 (6.7 per match)"}}, {"title": "Goals scored", "data": {"\u2190 2006 (previous)": "(next) 2010 \u2192"}}]

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# Adam Eddington Adam Eddington III is a major character in three young adult novels by Madeleine L'Engle. A marine biology student, he is the protagonist of The Arm of the Starfish (1965), and a reluctant romantic love interest for Vicky Austin in A Ring of Endless Light (1980), a romantic relationship that continues in Troubling a Star (1994). He is one of three characters to have major appearances in both L'Engle's O'Keefe family series of books and her Austin family series. ## Major traits Adam is highly intelligent, with a strong aptitude for science, especially marine biology, a field in which Adam's uncle and namesake made a name for himself a generation earlier. Although he describes himself as "not a churchgoer", he sang in a church choir as a child and retains a strong moral sense along with a questioning, philosophical nature. Initially somewhat naive, Adam unwisely trusts a beautiful young woman in The Arm of the Starfish, which results in the death of a friend. Because of this, Adam tries unsuccessfully to maintain an emotional distance from Vicky Austin when he meets her the following summer. He appreciates Vicky for her kind, forthright, and poetic nature and the two become close to each other anyway. By the end of his third and final appearance, Adam and Vicky appear to have formed quite a strong and close, lasting romantic relationship. ## Appearances ### The Arm of the Starfish The Arm of the Starfish (1965, ISBN 0-374-30027-5) introduces readers to the character and establishes much of his early history in its opening pages. A 16-year-old marine biology student, he has recently graduated from high school and plans to attend the University of California, Berkeley the following winter. The son of a physicist who teaches at Columbia University, Adam has been spending his summers with his family in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where he has assisted elderly marine biologist "Old Doc" Didymus "ever since I was a kid". It is said that he considered himself "worldly" due to growing up in New York City, but this changes when Carolyn "Kali" Cutter exposes him to the wider world. Principled but naive, Adam has trouble determining who can or cannot be trusted in the struggle between the Cutters, the O'Keefes, and their respective allies. ### A Ring of Endless Light A Ring of Endless Light (1980, ISBN 0-374-36299-8) finds Adam working with dolphins on Seven Bay Island. Here he meets Vicky Austin and recruits her for his experiments in dolphin communication. Because of his negative experience with Kali Cutter in The Arm of the Starfish (as theorized by John Austin, Vicky's brother), Adam is initially unwilling to think of Vicky as a potential girlfriend, choosing instead to think of her as a "child". However, by the end of the book, he has become so close to Vicky that he hears her telepathically "call" him to the hospital. ### Troubling a Star Troubling a Star (1994, ISBN 0-374-37783-9) continues the story of Adam's relationship with Vicky and also the progress of his education and career in marine biology. He has the opportunity to live and work in Antarctica, where his uncle, Adam Eddington II, worked and died. (In the book, Eddington Point in Antarctica, where LeNoir Station is located, is named after Adam's uncle.) Adam's great aunt Serena, widow of Adam Eddington I (a banker) and mother of Adam Eddington II, is introduced. She gives Vicky the trip to Antarctica that drives the story. Adam quotes William Shakespeare (especially from Hamlet) to Vicky in his letters and postcards, trying to obliquely warn her of the same kind of dangers that resulted in his uncle's murder a generation earlier. When Vicky inadvertently runs afoul of soldiers and a drug kingpin from the fictional South American dictatorship of Vespugia, she is stranded on an iceberg, but Adam finds her.

enwiki/7788673

enwiki

7,788,673

Adam Eddington

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Eddington

2023-07-06T21:01:25

en

Q4679005

32,244

{{Infobox character | name = Adam Eddington | image = Adameddington2.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = [[Ryan Merriman]] as Adam Eddington | first = ''[[The Arm of the Starfish]]'' ([[1965 in literature|1965]]) | last = ''[[Troubling a Star]]'' ([[1989 in literature|1994]]) | creator = [[Madeleine L'Engle]] | portrayer = [[Ryan Merriman]] | occupation = Student, intern in [[marine biology]] | relatives = Serena Eddington (great aunt) }}'''Adam Eddington III''' is a major character in three [[young adult literature|young adult]] [[novel]]s by [[Madeleine L'Engle]]. A [[marine biology]] student, he is the protagonist of ''[[The Arm of the Starfish]]'' ([[1965 in literature|1965]]), and a reluctant romantic [[love interest]] for [[Vicky Austin]] in ''[[A Ring of Endless Light]]'' ([[1980 in literature|1980]]), a romantic relationship that continues in ''[[Troubling a Star]]'' ([[1994 in literature|1994]]). He is one of three characters to have major appearances in both L'Engle's O'Keefe family series of books and her Austin family series. ==Major traits== Adam is highly intelligent, with a strong aptitude for science, especially marine biology, a field in which Adam's uncle and namesake made a name for himself a generation earlier. Although he describes himself as "not a churchgoer", he sang in a church choir as a child and retains a strong moral sense along with a questioning, philosophical nature. Initially somewhat naive, Adam unwisely trusts a beautiful young woman in ''The Arm of the Starfish'', which results in the death of a friend. Because of this, Adam tries unsuccessfully to maintain an emotional distance from Vicky Austin when he meets her the following summer. He appreciates Vicky for her kind, forthright, and poetic nature and the two become close to each other anyway. By the end of his third and final appearance, Adam and Vicky appear to have formed quite a strong and close, lasting romantic relationship. ==Appearances== ===''The Arm of the Starfish''=== ''The Arm of the Starfish'' (1965, {{ISBN|0-374-30027-5}}) introduces readers to the character and establishes much of his early history in its opening pages. A 16-year-old [[marine biology]] student, he has recently graduated from [[high school]] and plans to attend the [[University of California, Berkeley]] the following winter. The son of a [[physicist]] who teaches at [[Columbia University]], Adam has been spending his summers with his family in [[Woods Hole, Massachusetts]], where he has assisted elderly marine biologist "Old Doc" Didymus "ever since I was a kid". It is said that he considered himself "worldly" due to growing up in [[New York City]], but this changes when Carolyn "Kali" Cutter exposes him to the wider world. Principled but naive, Adam has trouble determining who can or cannot be trusted in the struggle between the Cutters, the O'Keefes, and their respective allies. ===''A Ring of Endless Light''=== ''A Ring of Endless Light'' (1980, {{ISBN|0-374-36299-8}}) finds Adam working with dolphins on Seven Bay Island. Here he meets [[Vicky Austin]] and recruits her for his experiments in dolphin communication. Because of his negative experience with Kali Cutter in ''The Arm of the Starfish'' (as theorized by John Austin, Vicky's brother), Adam is initially unwilling to think of Vicky as a potential girlfriend, choosing instead to think of her as a "child". However, by the end of the book, he has become so close to Vicky that he hears her telepathically "call" him to the hospital. ===''Troubling a Star''=== ''Troubling a Star'' (1994, {{ISBN|0-374-37783-9}}) continues the story of Adam's relationship with Vicky and also the progress of his education and career in marine biology. He has the opportunity to live and work in [[Antarctica]], where his uncle, Adam Eddington II, worked and died. (In the book, Eddington Point in Antarctica, where LeNoir Station is located, is named after Adam's uncle.) Adam's great aunt Serena, widow of Adam Eddington I (a banker) and mother of Adam Eddington II, is introduced. She gives Vicky the trip to Antarctica that drives the story. Adam quotes [[William Shakespeare]] (especially from ''[[Hamlet]]'') to Vicky in his letters and postcards, trying to obliquely warn her of the same kind of dangers that resulted in his uncle's murder a generation earlier. When Vicky inadvertently runs afoul of soldiers and a drug kingpin from the fictional [[South America]]n dictatorship of Vespugia, she is stranded on an iceberg, but Adam finds her. ==References== <references/> ==External links== * [http://www.madeleinelengle.com/ L'Engle's Official Site] * [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0282123 IMDB entry for the film of ''A Ring of Endless Light''] {{Madeleine L'Engle}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eddington, Adam}} [[Category:Fictional biologists]] [[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1965]] [[Category:Madeleine L'Engle characters]] [[Category:Male characters in literature]]

1,163,869,498

[{"title": "Adam Eddington", "data": {"First appearance": "The Arm of the Starfish (1965)", "Last appearance": "Troubling a Star (1994)", "Created by": "Madeleine L'Engle", "Portrayed by": "Ryan Merriman"}}, {"title": "In-universe information", "data": {"Occupation": "Student, intern in marine biology", "Relatives": "Serena Eddington (great aunt)"}}]

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# Shamlaji Shamlaji, also spelled Shamalaji, is a major Hindu pilgrimage centre in Aravalli district of Gujarat state of India. The Shamlaji temple is dedicated to Vishnu. Several other Hindu temples are located nearby. The present temple dedicated to Shamlaji, a form of Vishnu was perhaps started in the 11th century in Chaulukya style, but the present structure dates from the 15th-16th centuries. The sculpture of Vishnu in the sanctuary is probably seventh-8th century, and the small temple opposite houses a sixth-century sculpture of Shiva. The oldest intact temple is the small ninth-century Harishchandrani Chauri Temple, with a gateway nearby. Several ruins of temples, scattered idols and old brick-works surrounding the place establishes antiquity of the place. A fourth-century Buddhist monastery and stupa at Devnimori is about two kilometres (1.2 mi) away, but is now under by the waters of the Meshvo Reservoir. This site dates to the Mauryan period, and a much older microlith site known as Dhek-Vadlo locally was found near Shamlaji. Shamlaji was an important Hindu centre in the sixth century, probably the home of a sculpture workshop whose creations are found as far away as Mumbai, where the Parel Relief was found. Most of the ancient sculpture found at Shamlaji, in blueish schist, has now been removed to museums, especially to Mumbai and Vadodara. ## Shamlaji temple Shamlaji temple is located on the banks of the Meshvo river in the valley surrounded by well wooded hills. It is also referred to as Dholi Dhajawala due to white silk flag fluttering on top of the temple. The temple of Śāmalājī aka Śāmḷājī houses an idol of Viṣṇu in Trivikrama form. Idols of the Trivikrama form of Viṣṇu hold a gadā (mace), cakra (discus), padma (lotus), and śaṁkha (conch) in each of the four arms. The mace is notably larger than normal, leading to the image's other name as Gadādhara Viṣṇu. Recently however, the temple and idol has been slightly Krishnaized, and a small golden flute was added to his right hand. On the outer wall there are carvings of Viṣṇu, Lakṣmī-Nārāyaṇa, and various episodes from the Bhāgavata Purāṇa and Rāmāyaṇa. There is an inscription on the base of a Garuḍa image dating to 1584, and the temple itself is dated to the 15th-16th centuries CE. ## Other places of interest Near the Shamlaji temple the river forms deep pools, much resorted to by persons bewitched or devil-possessed. To the north the waters of the Karmanu pond, and the Surya reservoir have the property of washing away sin. Nearby Old Shamlaji temple is said to have been the original temple. The temple dedicated to Somnarayan, is, except the adytum, open on all sides, with a flat ceiling, surmounted by a pyramidal roof, supported on plain square stone pillars with carved capitals. Part of the shrine walls seem to have been formed of a series of upright stone slabs with sculptured figures in low relief. Many of these still remain. The most curious thing about the building is that, at the front and rear and both sides, in the centre of the facade the roof ends in a triangular pediment composed of boldly sculptured figures. Inside the building near the shrine, and, on the left hand as one faces it, is a remarkable human head in high relief standing out from the base of the span of an arch. The features are more human-looking than those generally seen in Hindu temples, and the arrangement of the hair is curious. There is a corresponding face on the other side but it is much worn or broken, while this is fresh and clear in its lines. In the shrine, part of the original altar or image seat still remains. It has been roughly heightened by bricks loosely piled on it, and on the raised superstructure stands a slab with a representation said to be of Somnarayan. This slab probably originally formed part of the outer wall of the shrine. Kashi Vishwanath Mahadev temple, is seven feet below ground level and its pyramidal roof rise to the level of the land round it. It is entered through a gateway by a gradually deepening passage. Perhaps the temple was originally built in a hollow which has filled up. It looks old though not so old as Somnarayan' s the most ancient looking building in the place. In a small shrine between the Shamlaji temple and the river, late-Gupta period idol of standing Ganesha is worshiped. Trilokeshwar is a small temple opposite the Shamlaji temple dedicated to Shiva having idol with trident. On the opposite bank of the river, there is a temple dedicated to Ranchhodji, another form of Krishna. The temple at Harishchandra ni Chori dates back to tenth century. The structure is enclosed within courtyard with lost walls except the ornamental gateway (Torana). There is a rectangular sanctum and a large pavilion in front of it. Devni Mori, 2 km (1.2 mi) from Shamlaji, has remains of a Buddhist monastery dated to third-fourth century. The inscribed casket with body relics of Buddha was found from the Stupa excavated here. The tomb of Navgaja Pir, a maulvi, is revered by many tribals. Shyamalvan is a theme-based garden developed by Forest Department of Government of Gujarat. It was inaugurated by then Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, on 18 July 2009. ## Fair A large annual fair is held on Kartik Sud 15th (October). The tribal community revers the Shamlaji as Kaliyo Dev or the Dark Divine. The large number of devotees visit the place and bathe in the river. Silver ornaments, metalwares, clothes and household items are sold during the fair. ## Connectivity Shamlaji is around 20 km from Bhiloda and 29 km from Modasa. Located off National Highway 8, Shamlaji is frequented by state transport buses from Himmatnagar and Ahmedabad. Train : Shamlaji Road railway station is nearest (14 km) railway station to Shamlaji. There are two daily passenger trains operated by the Indian railways on meter gauge track. - A temple from the front - Carved plinth of the main temple - Main temple carvings - Sculpture of Shiva from Shamlaji. - Meshvo Reservoir at Shamlaji

enwiki/1758092

enwiki

1,758,092

Shamlaji

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamlaji

2025-05-24T14:42:57

en

Q2773858

95,055

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}} {{Infobox Mandir | name = Shamlaji Vishnu Mandir | image = Shamlaji Temple2 (cropped).jpg | alt = | caption = The temple from behind | map_type = India Gujarat | map_caption = Location in Gujarat | coordinates = {{coord|23|41|17|N|73|23|13|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | other_names = | proper_name = | devanagari = | sanskrit_translit = | tamil = | marathi = | bengali = | country = India | state = [[Gujarat]] | district = [[Aravalli district]] | location = Shamlaji | elevation_m = | deity = [[Vishnu]] as Gadadhar Shamlaji | festivals = Annual fair on Kartik Poornima | architecture = | temple_quantity = | monument_quantity = | inscriptions = | year_completed = 11th century | creator = | website = }} '''Shamlaji''', also spelled '''Shamalaji''', is a major Hindu pilgrimage centre in [[Aravalli district]] of [[Gujarat]] state of India. The Shamlaji temple is dedicated to [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Shamlaji Temple {{!}} Shree Shamlaji Vishnu Mandir Trust|url=https://www.shreeshamlajivishnutemple.org/about_temple.html|access-date=2021-05-13|website=www.shreeshamlajivishnutemple.org}}</ref> Several other [[Hindu temple]]s are located nearby. The present temple dedicated to Shamlaji, a form of [[Vishnu]] was perhaps started in the 11th century in [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|Chaulukya style]],<ref name="Gujarat Tourism2">{{cite web |title=Shamlaji Fair |url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/fairs-festivals/major-festivals/shamlaji-fair |access-date=8 December 2015 |website=Gujarat Tourism}}</ref>{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=440-442}} but the present structure dates from the 15th-16th centuries. The sculpture of Vishnu in the sanctuary is probably seventh-8th century, and the small temple opposite houses a sixth-century sculpture of Shiva.<ref name="Michell, 307">Michell, 307</ref> The oldest intact temple is the small ninth-century Harishchandrani Chauri Temple, with a gateway nearby.<ref name="Michell, 307"/> Several ruins of temples, scattered idols and old brick-works surrounding the place establishes antiquity of the place.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1">{{cite web | title=Around Shamlaji, Shamlaji Temple, North Gujarat, Tourism Hubs, Gujarat, India | website=Gujarat Tourism | url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/70 | access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Michell, 307"/> A fourth-century [[Buddhist]] monastery and [[stupa]] at [[Devnimori]] is about {{convert|2|km|spell=in}} away, but is now under by the waters of the Meshvo Reservoir.<ref>Michell, 307-308</ref> This site dates to the [[Mauryan]] period, and a much older [[microlith]] site known as Dhek-Vadlo locally was found near Shamlaji.<ref name="Malik 1966 p=162">{{cite journal | last=Malik | first=S. C. | title=The Late Stone Age Industries from Excavated Sites in Gujarat, India | journal=Artibus Asiae | volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=162–174 | year=1966 | doi=10.2307/3249352 | jstor=3249352 }}</ref> Shamlaji was an important Hindu centre in the sixth century, probably the home of a sculpture workshop whose creations are found as far away as [[Mumbai]], where the [[Parel Relief]] was found. Most of the ancient sculpture found at Shamlaji, in blueish [[schist]], has now been removed to museums, especially to Mumbai and [[Vadodara]].<ref name="Michell, 307"/> ==Shamlaji temple== [[File:Shamlaji Temple1.jpg|thumb|Shamlaji temple - side view]] {{Split|Shamlaji Vishnu Mandir|date=May 2021}} Shamlaji temple is located on the banks of the Meshvo river in the valley surrounded by well wooded hills.{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=440-442}}<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schastok, Sara L.|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000078000|title=Shamalaji|volume=1|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t078000|access-date=2018-07-25|via=[[Oxford Art Online]]|year=2003|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 |url-access=subscription}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> It is also referred to as ''Dholi Dhajawala'' due to white silk flag fluttering on top of the temple. The temple of Śāmalājī aka Śāmḷājī houses an idol of Viṣṇu in Trivikrama form. Idols of the Trivikrama form of Viṣṇu hold a [[Gada (mace)|gadā]] (mace), cakra (discus), padma (lotus), and śaṁkha (conch) in each of the four arms. The mace is notably larger than normal, leading to the image's other name as Gadādhara Viṣṇu. Recently however, the temple and idol has been slightly [[Krishnaism|Krishnaized]], and a small golden flute was added to his right hand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rangarajan |first=Haripriya |title=Spread of Vaiṣṇavism in Gujarat up to 1600 A.D. (A Study with Special Reference to the Iconic Forms of Viṣṇu) |publisher=Somaiya Publications |publication-date=1990 |pages=48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallison |first=Françoise |title=Bhakti in Current Research, 1979-1982, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Early Devotonal LIterature in New Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Dietrich Reimer Verlag |year=1983 |editor-last=Thiel-Horstmann |editor-first=M. |pages=245–55 |chapter=Development of Early Krishnaism in Gujarat: Viṣṇu-Raṇchoḍ-Krishna}}</ref> On the outer wall there are carvings of Viṣṇu, Lakṣmī-Nārāyaṇa, and various episodes from the ''Bhāgavata Purāṇa'' and ''Rāmāyaṇa''.<ref name=":0" /> There is an inscription on the base of a Garuḍa image dating to 1584, and the temple itself is dated to the 15th-16th centuries CE.<ref name=":0" /> ==Other places of interest== [[File:Shamlaji 13.jpg|thumb|Relief of Krishna and [[jali]] screens on the main temple]] Near the Shamlaji temple the river forms deep pools, much resorted to by persons bewitched or devil-possessed. To the north the waters of the Karmanu pond, and the Surya reservoir have the property of washing away sin.{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=440-442}} Nearby Old Shamlaji temple is said to have been the original temple. The temple dedicated to Somnarayan, is, except the adytum, open on all sides, with a flat ceiling, surmounted by a pyramidal roof, supported on plain square stone pillars with carved capitals. Part of the shrine walls seem to have been formed of a series of upright stone slabs with sculptured figures in low relief. Many of these still remain. The most curious thing about the building is that, at the front and rear and both sides, in the centre of the facade the roof ends in a triangular pediment composed of boldly sculptured figures. Inside the building near the shrine, and, on the left hand as one faces it, is a remarkable human head in high relief standing out from the base of the span of an arch. The features are more human-looking than those generally seen in Hindu temples, and the arrangement of the hair is curious. There is a corresponding face on the other side but it is much worn or broken, while this is fresh and clear in its lines. In the shrine, part of the original altar or image seat still remains. It has been roughly heightened by bricks loosely piled on it, and on the raised superstructure stands a slab with a representation said to be of Somnarayan. This slab probably originally formed part of the outer wall of the shrine.{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=440-442}} [[File:Shamlaji 5.jpg|thumb|[[Pranala]] in the form of a [[makara]]]] Kashi Vishwanath Mahadev temple, is seven feet below ground level and its pyramidal roof rise to the level of the land round it. It is entered through a gateway by a gradually deepening passage. Perhaps the temple was originally built in a hollow which has filled up. It looks old though not so old as Somnarayan' s the most ancient looking building in the place. In a small shrine between the Shamlaji temple and the river, late-Gupta period idol of standing [[Ganesha]] is worshiped.{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=440-442}} Trilokeshwar is a small temple opposite the Shamlaji temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] having idol with [[trident]]. On the opposite bank of the river, there is a temple dedicated to Ranchhodji, another form of Krishna.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1"/> The temple at [[Harishchandra]] ni Chori dates back to tenth century. The structure is enclosed within courtyard with lost walls except the ornamental gateway (''Torana''). There is a rectangular sanctum and a large pavilion in front of it.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1"/> [[Devni Mori]], {{cvt|2|km}} from Shamlaji, has remains of a Buddhist monastery dated to third-fourth century. The inscribed casket with body relics of [[Buddha]] was found from the [[Stupa]] excavated here.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1"/> The tomb of Navgaja Pir, a maulvi, is revered by many tribals.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1"/> Shyamalvan is a theme-based garden developed by Forest Department of [[Government of Gujarat]]. It was inaugurated by then Chief Minister of Gujarat, [[Narendra Modi]], on 18 July 2009. ==Fair== {{main|Shamlaji fair}} A large annual fair is held on Kartik Sud 15th (October).{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=440-442}} The tribal community revers the Shamlaji as ''Kaliyo Dev'' or the Dark Divine. The large number of devotees visit the place and bathe in the river. Silver ornaments, metalwares, clothes and household items are sold during the fair.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism2"/> ==Connectivity== Shamlaji is around 20 km from [[Bhiloda]] and 29 km from [[Modasa]]. Located off [[National Highway 8]], Shamlaji is frequented by state transport buses from [[Himmatnagar]] and [[Ahmedabad]]. '''Train''' : '''[[Shamlaji Road railway station]]''' is nearest (14 km) railway station to Shamlaji. There are two daily passenger trains operated by the Indian railways on meter gauge track. <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Shamlaji 23.jpg|A temple from the front File:Shamlaji 15.jpg|Carved plinth of the main temple File:Shamlaji 8.jpg|Main temple carvings File:Shamlaji Shiva.tif|Sculpture of [[Shiva]] from Shamlaji. File:Meshvo Dam.jpg|Meshvo Reservoir at Shamlaji </gallery> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== *{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ|year=1880| ref={{sfnref | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha''| 2015}}|publisher=Government Central Press| pages=440–442}} {{PD-notice}} *Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}} *Sara L. Schastok, ''The Śāmalājī Sculptures and sixth Century Art in Western India'', Brill, 1985, {{ISBN|9004069410}}. ==External links== *{{Commonscatinline}} {{Hindu temples in Gujarat}} [[Category:Villages in Aravalli district]] [[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]] [[Category:11th-century Hindu temples]] [[Category:11th-century establishments in India]] [[Category:Vishnu temples]]

1,291,980,382

[{"title": "Religion", "data": {"Affiliation": "Hinduism", "District": "Aravalli district", "Deity": "Vishnu as Gadadhar Shamlaji", "Festivals": "Annual fair on Kartik Poornima"}}, {"title": "Location", "data": {"Location": ["Shamlaji", "Location in Gujarat"], "State": "Gujarat", "Country": "India", "Geographic coordinates": "23\u00b041\u203217\u2033N 73\u00b023\u203213\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff23.68806\u00b0N 73.38694\u00b0E"}}, {"title": "Architecture", "data": {"Completed": "11th century"}}]

false

# Lora Hooper Lora V. Hooper is an American biologist, currently the Jonathan W. Uhr Distinguished Chair in Immunology and Nancy Cain and Jeffrey A. Marcus Scholar in Medical Research at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. In 2015, she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

enwiki/53308076

enwiki

53,308,076

Lora Hooper

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lora_Hooper

2025-02-23T22:03:50

en

Q28868721

26,674

{{short description|American biologist}} '''Lora V. Hooper''' is an American biologist, currently the Jonathan W. Uhr Distinguished Chair in Immunology and Nancy Cain and Jeffrey A. Marcus Scholar in Medical Research at [[University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center]]. In 2015, she was elected to the [[National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/news-releases/year-2015/april/nas-hooper-kliewer.html |title=Hooper and Kliewer elected to prestigious National Academy of Sciences |date=April 28, 2015 |publisher=utsouthwestern.edu |accessdate=February 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://profiles.utsouthwestern.edu/profile/60931/lora-hooper.html |title=Lora Hooper |publisher=utsouthwestern.edu |accessdate=February 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/center-times/year-2015/january/hooper-uhr.html |title=Hooper named first holder of Uhr Distinguished Chair |publisher=utsouthwestern.edu |accessdate=February 25, 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hooper, Lora}} [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center faculty]] [[Category:American microbiologists]] [[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]] [[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]] {{US-biologist-stub}}

1,277,306,140

[]

false

# Amazonian Jews Amazonian Jews (Portuguese: judeus da Amazônia; Spanish: judíos de la Amazonia; Hebrew: יהודי האמזונס, romanized: yehudei haAmazonas; Ladino: ג׳ודיוס די אמאזוניה, djudios de Amazonia) are the Jews of the Amazon basin, mainly descendants of Moroccan Jews who migrated to northern Brazil and Peru in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The migrants were attracted to the growing trade in the Amazon region, especially during the rubber boom, as well as to the newly established religious tolerance. They settled in localities along the Amazon River, such as Belém, Cametá, Santarém, Óbidos, Parintins, Itacoatiara and Manaus in Brazil, some venturing as far as Iquitos in Peru. During the 20th century, the Jews of the region became concentrated in its urban areas, and some moved to other Brazilian cities such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, joining other Jewish communities there. In the 21st century, in northern Brazil there were significant Jewish communities in Belém and Manaus, active with various institutions, as well as smaller communities in Macapá and Porto Velho. Of the approximately 120,000 Jews in the whole country, about 20% were estimated to be of Moroccan origin, mostly descendants of migrants to the Amazon basin. In parallel to the established Jewish communities, many of the original migrants dispersed and married into the local population. As a result, a significant portion of the general population of the Amazon region has partial Moroccan Jewish ancestry. Despite not being considered Jews under religious law, which requires Jewish matrilineal descent or conversion to Judaism, many of these descendants cherish their Jewish ancestry and some keep Jewish practices to various degrees. In Iquitos, most of them formally converted to Judaism and moved to Israel under its Law of Return. ## History In 1808, the Portuguese Empire allowed foreigners to trade and reside in its colony of Brazil, along with tolerance for the private practice of religions other than Catholicism, followed by the official termination of the Portuguese Inquisition in 1821 and the independence of Brazil in 1822. Attracted by the favorable economic and social conditions, Moroccan Jews started migrating to Brazil in 1810. They included two groups: - Megorashim, meaning "expelled": Sephardic Jews, descendants of Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal in the late 15th century, speaking Spanish, Portuguese and Haketia, mostly from the Moroccan cities of Tangier, Tétouan and Casablanca, as well as the Spanish city of Ceuta and the British territory of Gibraltar;[11] - Toshavim, meaning "residents": Maghrebi and Berber Jews, descendants of Jews who lived in Morocco before the arrival of Sephardic Jews, speaking Arabic and Berber, mostly from the Moroccan cities of Rabat, Fez and Marrakesh. The Megorashim ironically called the Toshavim forasteros (foreigners). The rivalry that existed between the two groups in Morocco continued in Brazil: the Toshavim founded a modest synagogue, Eshel Abraham (Abraham's Tamarisk), in 1824, and the Megorashim founded a richer synagogue, Shaar Hashamaim (Gate of Heaven), in 1826, both in Belém, at the mouth of the Amazon River. They also built a Jewish cemetery in the city in 1842. Jews of other origins also migrated to the Amazon region in smaller numbers, such as French Jews from Alsace–Lorraine, Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe, and other Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews from the Middle East. The initial migrants were mostly young men. After achieving a certain prosperity, they often returned to their native land to visit their families, marry Jewish women, and bring them back to Brazil. Their prosperity and their continued contact with the original communities stimulated new migrants, who would have the financial and social support of their acquaintances in Brazil. Later migrants were able to marry those from Jewish families who had previously come with their parents or who were already born in Brazil, thus maintaining their religious traditions with their descendants in the new communities. The migrants worked mostly as merchants, selling food, beverages, medications, fabrics and ammunition to the local population, from whom they bought items produced from local plants and animals, such as rubber, balsam, fruits, nuts, hides and leather, to export to other countries. Traveling along the Amazon River, many settled in smaller localities beyond the city of Belém, such as Cametá, Macapá, Santarém, Óbidos, Parintins, Itacoatiara, and the city of Manaus. Some ventured as far as Iquitos in Peru, or through tributary rivers to localities such as Porto Velho and Rio Branco. In 1862, the Alliance Israélite Universelle began to establish Jewish schools in Morocco and throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East. These schools were crucial in improving the education of Moroccan Jews and prepared them for their future professions and business activities. Some migrants in Brazil also sent their children to Morocco to study in these schools. Many Moroccan Jews became naturalized citizens of Brazil. Some returned to Morocco permanently but retained their Brazilian citizenship, enjoying its consular protection there. ### Rubber boom Natural rubber is produced from latex of the rubber tree, which at the time was found exclusively in the Amazon region. Around 1880, rubber became a highly demanded commodity for the production of automobile tires and other industrial processes, causing a rubber boom in the region, leading to significant economic prosperity and attracting migrants from many regions. In 1889, Brazil became a republic, and in 1890, the country allowed full freedom of religion, not only restricted to private spaces as before. The rubber boom continued under the new regime and led to the rapid development of the cities of Belém, Manaus and Iquitos, including running water and sewers, electricity (a novelty at the time), wealthy residences, luxurious buildings, theaters, and railroads. This period marked the height of Jewish migration to the Amazon basin. ### Decline Around 1910, the rubber boom started to decline due to competition with the British colonies of Ceylon and Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, which began to grow rubber trees from seeds smuggled from Brazil by British explorer Henry Wickham. The decline later intensified due to the production of synthetic rubber. With the economic decline, Jews left the smaller localities in northern Brazil, concentrating in the cities of Belém and Manaus. They built two synagogues in Manaus: Beit Yaacov (House of Jacob) by the Toshavim in 1928, and Rabi Meyr by the Megorashim in 1929. In 1962, reflecting the continuing decline of the community and the obsolete distinction between the two groups, they were merged as the Beit Yaacov/Rabi Meyr Synagogue. Many Jews also left the Amazon region altogether, moving to other Brazilian cities such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, joining the existing Jewish communities there. Most Jews of Iquitos also moved to larger cities in Brazil or to Lima. ### Rabbi Shalom Emanuel Muyal In 1908, Chief Rabbi of Morocco Raphael Ankawa sent Rabbi Shalom Emanuel Muyal to provide religious orientation to the Jewish communities in the Amazon basin. Although unknown in Belém, Rabbi Muyal visited the Jewish communities in many smaller localities in the region, as well as Manaus and Iquitos. During his stay, he became gravely ill, probably from yellow fever based on the reported symptoms, and died in Manaus in 1910. As there was no Jewish cemetery in the city at the time, he was buried in a Catholic cemetery, with a wall around his grave. The local Catholics started to revere the rabbi as a saint, making pilgrimages to his grave and placing commemorative plaques giving thanks for miraculous cures. Around 1980, Ely Muyal, a nephew of Rabbi Muyal and a member of the Israeli government, suggested the transfer of his grave to Israel. The Jewish community of Manaus warned against the move, as it refrained from transferring the rabbi's grave even to the city's Jewish cemetery to avoid upsetting the local population. The Jewish community continued to guard the graves of Jews who were buried in the Catholic cemetery before the Jewish one was built, but maintained the rabbi's grave open to visitation, and held an annual ceremony in his honor. ## Present communities The 2010 Brazilian Census counted 1,346 Jews in Belém, 1,183 in Manaus, and 1,896 in the rest of the North Region of the country. The Jewish communities of Belém and Manaus maintained synagogues, schools, recreation centers, and social groups for women, children and seniors. There were also synagogues in Macapá and Porto Velho. A Sephardic synagogue in Rio de Janeiro was also maintained largely by descendants of Moroccan Jews who left the Amazon region, becoming part of the larger Jewish community of the city. In 2014, it was estimated that 20% of the approximately 120,000 Jews in Brazil were of Moroccan origin, mostly descendants of migrants to the Amazon region. About 300 of them lived in Israel. ### Mixed descendants Many of the original migrants remained in smaller localities of the Amazon basin and married into the local population, mostly of Amerindian origin. Very few of their spouses or children converted to Judaism, while the vast majority of their caboclo or mestizo descendants gradually abandoned the religion or were raised as Catholics, but some kept certain Jewish practices to various degrees. In 1999, it was estimated that about 300,000 people in northern Brazil had a Moroccan Jewish ancestor. In the late 20th century, a group of mixed descendants in Iquitos began to explore their Jewish heritage. As they lacked Jewish matrilineal descent, a formal conversion would be required for them to be recognized as Jews under religious law. After years of study, with the help of Conservative rabbis from Lima, the United States, Argentina and Chile, 98 of the descendants converted to Judaism in 2003, followed by about 180 in 2005, and 284 in 2011. The ritual immersion took place in nearby Lake Quistococha in all occasions. Most of them emigrated to Israel, between 2010 and 2014, settling in Beersheba and Ramla. In 2017, about 50 remained in Iquitos. In 2022, in the northern Brazilian municipality of Cametá, a group of 800 self-declared Jews, mostly descendants of Moroccan Jews, sought to reestablish a synagogue there. An old synagogue of Portuguese colonial architecture had been overtaken by the Tocantins River after most of the Jews left in the 20th century. The group received the support of Sephardic congregations in the United States. ## Languages Among the original Jewish migrants, the Megorashim spoke Spanish, Portuguese and Haketia, also known as Western Ladino, a language mostly based on Old Spanish with Hebrew and Arabic influences; the Toshavim spoke Arabic and Berber; and smaller groups spoke French, German, Yiddish, Eastern Ladino and Arabic. Over time, their descendants adopted the main languages of their respective countries, namely Portuguese in Brazil and Spanish in Peru. Although Haketia is no longer spoken as a full language, many families still use words or expressions from it when speaking among themselves, to convey emotions such as affection, impatience, humor, irony, or for insults, secrecy, proverbs, religious expressions, and songs. A few community members also devoted time to study and document the language. Hebrew remained the liturgical language. It is also learned to various degrees by members of the communities in Brazil and Peru, as well as by those who emigrated to Israel. ## Documentaries - Where is the Rabbi? (2000), by Stephen Nugent and Renato Athias, showing the life of Jews in the Amazon basin.[24] - Eretz Amazônia (Land of Amazon), produced in 2004 by David Salgado, based on Samuel Benchimol's homonymous book published in 1998, about Jews in northern Brazil.[25] - The Fire Within: Jews in the Amazonian Rainforest (2008), by Lorry Salcedo Mitrani, about the Peruvian-Jewish descendants in Iquitos and their efforts to revive Judaism and emigrate to Israel.[4][26][27] ## Notable people - Jayme Aben-Athar (1883–1951), Brazilian physician and professor[28][29] - Davi Alcolumbre (born 1977), Federal Deputy (2003–2015) and Senator (from 2015) for Amapá, and President of the Senate (2019–2021 and from 2025) - Samuel Benchimol (1923–2002), Brazilian businessman, economist and professor - Saul Benchimol (1934–2022), Brazilian businessman and professor[30] - Isaac Bennesby (1945–2011), Mayor of Guajará-Mirim (1983–1988, 1993–1996)[31] - Moisés Bennesby (born 1935), Federal Deputy for Rondônia (1988–1989, 1996–1999)[10][32] - Sara Benoliel (1898–1970), Brazilian-Portuguese pediatrician and feminist - Abraham Bentes (1912–1990), Brazilian Army general and linguist - Eliezer Moisés Levy (1877–1947), Mayor of Macapá (1932–1936, 1942–1944) and Afuá[33] - Judah Levy (1916–2001), Brazilian engineer[34] - Sultana Levy Rosenblatt (1910–2007), Brazilian writer - Abraham Medina (1916–1995), Brazilian businessman - Shalom Emanuel Muyal (1875–1910), Moroccan rabbi - Eduardo Pazuello (born 1963), Brazilian Army general, Minister of Health (2020–2021) and Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro (from 2023) - David José Pérez (1883–1970), Brazilian linguist, professor and journalist[35] - Isaac José Pérez (1876–1945), Mayor of Itacoatiara (1926–1930)[36] - Clara Pinto (born 1946), Brazilian dancer and businesswoman[37][38] - Isaac Benayon Sabbá (1907–1996), Brazilian businessman - Nora Pazuello Sabbá (born 1940), Miss Amazonas (1959)[39][40] - Isaac Soares (c. 1924–2008), Brazilian journalist and Vice Mayor of Belém (1961–1964)[41][42] - Ana Unger (born c. 1963), Brazilian dancer and businesswoman[37][43] ### Descendants - Christian Bendayán (born 1973), Peruvian painter[44] - Gilberto Dimenstein (1956–2020), Brazilian journalist - Roberta Medina (born 1978), Brazilian-Portuguese businesswoman - Roberto Medina (born 1947), Brazilian businessman - Rubem Medina (born 1942), Brazilian businessman and Federal Deputy for Guanabara (1967–1975) and Rio de Janeiro (1975–2003) - José Isaac Peres (born 1940), Brazilian businessman[45][46]

enwiki/15228448

enwiki

15,228,448

Amazonian Jews

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonian_Jews

2025-08-16T22:35:02

en

Q4740892

228,786

{{short description|Ethno-religious group in South America}} {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Amazonian Jews |image = |caption = |pop = about 25,000 |region1 = {{flag|Brazil}} |pop1 = 24,000<ref name=20%/> |region2 = {{flag|Israel}} |pop2 = 550<ref name=aj/><ref name=haaretz/><ref name=saccal/> |region3 = {{flag|Peru}} |pop3 = 50<ref name=saccal/> |languages = '''Modern:''' [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (Brazil), [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (Peru), [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] (Israel and liturgical) '''Traditional:''' [[Haketia]] |religions = [[Judaism]] |related = [[Moroccan Jews]], [[Sephardic Jews]], [[Maghrebi Jews]], [[Berber Jews]], [[Brazilians]], [[Peruvians]], [[caboclo]]s, [[mestizo]]s }} '''Amazonian Jews''' ({{langx|pt|judeus da Amazônia}}; {{langx|es|judíos de la Amazonia}}; {{langx|he|יהודי האמזונס|translit=yehudei haAmazonas}}; {{langx|lad|ג׳ודיוס די אמאזוניה, djudios de Amazonia}}) are the Jews of the [[Amazon basin]], mainly descendants of [[Moroccan Jews]] who migrated to northern [[Brazil]] and [[Peru]] in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The migrants were attracted to the growing trade in the Amazon region, especially during the [[rubber boom]], as well as to the newly established [[religious tolerance]]. They settled in localities along the [[Amazon River]], such as [[Belém]], [[Cametá]], [[Santarém, Pará|Santarém]], [[Óbidos, Pará|Óbidos]], [[Parintins]], [[Itacoatiara, Amazonas|Itacoatiara]] and [[Manaus]] in Brazil, some venturing as far as [[Iquitos]] in Peru.<ref name=museum/><ref name=haketia/> During the 20th century, the Jews of the region became concentrated in its urban areas, and some moved to other Brazilian cities such as [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]], joining other Jewish communities there.<ref name=museum/><ref name=haketia/> In the 21st century, in northern Brazil there were significant Jewish communities in Belém and Manaus, active with various institutions,<ref name=belem/><ref name=manaus/> as well as smaller communities in [[Macapá]] and [[Porto Velho]].<ref name=amapa/><ref name=portovelho/> Of the approximately 120,000 Jews in the whole country, about 20% were estimated to be of Moroccan origin, mostly descendants of migrants to the Amazon basin.<ref name=20%/> In parallel to the established Jewish communities, many of the original migrants dispersed and married into the local population. As a result, a significant portion of the general population of the Amazon region has partial Moroccan Jewish ancestry. Despite not being considered Jews under [[Halakha|religious law]], which requires Jewish matrilineal descent or conversion to [[Judaism]], many of these descendants cherish their Jewish ancestry and some keep Jewish practices to various degrees.<ref name=sarraf/> In Iquitos, most of them formally converted to [[Judaism]] and moved to [[Israel]] under its [[Law of Return]].<ref name=saccal/> ==History== [[File:Map of Morocco from CIA World Factbook.png|thumb|Morocco]] [[File:Amazonriverbasin basemap.png|thumb|Amazon River basin]] In 1808, the [[Portuguese Empire]] allowed foreigners to trade and reside in its [[Colonial Brazil|colony of Brazil]], along with tolerance for the private practice of religions other than [[Catholicism]], followed by the official termination of the [[Portuguese Inquisition]] in 1821 and the [[independence of Brazil]] in 1822.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicap.br/ocs/index.php/cncrt/cncrt/paper/download/261/45 |title=1808: A família real no Brasil e a abertura religiosa |trans-title=1808: The royal family in Brazil and the religious opening |author=Edjaelson Pedro da Silva |publisher=Catholic University of Pernambuco |date=September 2016 |language=pt}}</ref> Attracted by the favorable economic and social conditions, [[Moroccan Jews]] started migrating to Brazil in 1810. They included two groups:<ref name=museum>{{cite web |url=http://www.museudainquisicao.org.br/artigos/duzentos-anos-de-miscigenacao-judaica-na-amazonia/ |title=Duzentos anos de miscigenação judaica na Amazônia |trans-title=Two hundred years of Jewish miscegenation in the Amazon |author=Simão Arão Pecher |publisher=Museum of Inquisition History |language=pt}}</ref><ref name=haketia>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Linguas_em_Extincao_O_Hakitia_em_Belem_do_Para.pdf |title=Línguas em extinção: o hakitia em Belém do Pará |trans-title=Languages in extinction: Haketia in Belém, Pará |author=Cássia Scheinbein |publisher=Federal University of Minas Gerais |date=2006 |language=pt}}</ref> *[[Megorashim]], meaning "expelled": [[Sephardic Jews]], descendants of Jews [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|expelled from Spain]] [[Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal|and Portugal]] in the late 15th century, speaking [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Haketia]], mostly from the Moroccan cities of [[Tangier]], [[Tétouan]] and [[Casablanca]], as well as the [[Spain|Spanish]] city of [[Ceuta]] and the [[British Overseas Territories|British territory]] of [[Gibraltar]];<ref name=sarraf>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/arquivo-de-familias/arquivo-de-familias-familia-sarraf-bothebol/ |title=As origens judaicas da família Sarraf |trans-title=The Jewish origins of the Sarraf family |publisher=Jewish Amazon Portal |language=pt}}</ref> *[[Toshavim]], meaning "residents": [[Maghrebi Jews|Maghrebi]] and [[Berber Jews]], descendants of Jews who lived in Morocco before the arrival of Sephardic Jews, speaking [[Arabic]] and [[Berber languages|Berber]], mostly from the Moroccan cities of [[Rabat]], [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] and [[Marrakesh]]. The Megorashim ironically called the Toshavim ''forasteros'' (foreigners). The rivalry that existed between the two groups in Morocco continued in Brazil: the Toshavim founded a modest synagogue, ''[[:pt:Eshel Abraham|Eshel Abraham]]'' (Abraham's Tamarisk), in 1824, and the Megorashim founded a richer synagogue, ''Shaar Hashamaim'' (Gate of Heaven), in 1826, both in [[Belém]], at the mouth of the [[Amazon River]]. They also built a Jewish cemetery in the city in 1842.<ref name=museum/><ref name=haketia/><ref name=segal/> Jews of other origins also migrated to the Amazon region in smaller numbers, such as [[French Jews]] from [[Alsace–Lorraine]], [[Ashkenazi Jews]] from [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]], and other Sephardic and [[Mizrahi Jews]] from the [[Middle East]].<ref name=museum/><ref name=haketia/> The initial migrants were mostly young men. After achieving a certain prosperity, they often returned to their native land to visit their families, marry Jewish women, and bring them back to Brazil. Their prosperity and their continued contact with the original communities stimulated new migrants, who would have the financial and social support of their acquaintances in Brazil. Later migrants were able to marry those from Jewish families who had previously come with their parents or who were already born in Brazil, thus maintaining their religious traditions with their descendants in the new communities.<ref name=haketia/> The migrants worked mostly as merchants, selling food, beverages, medications, fabrics and ammunition to the local population, from whom they bought items produced from local plants and animals, such as rubber, balsam, fruits, nuts, hides and leather, to export to other countries. Traveling along the Amazon River, many settled in smaller localities beyond the city of Belém, such as [[Cametá]], [[Macapá]], [[Santarém, Pará|Santarém]], [[Óbidos, Pará|Óbidos]], [[Parintins]], [[Itacoatiara, Amazonas|Itacoatiara]], and the city of [[Manaus]]. Some ventured as far as [[Iquitos]] in [[Peru]], or through [[tributary]] rivers to localities such as [[Porto Velho]] and [[Rio Branco, Acre|Rio Branco]].<ref name=museum/><ref name=haketia/> In 1862, the [[Alliance Israélite Universelle]] began to establish Jewish schools in Morocco and throughout the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] and Middle East. These schools were crucial in improving the education of Moroccan Jews and prepared them for their future professions and business activities.<ref name=haketia/> Some migrants in Brazil also sent their children to Morocco to study in these schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://franciscogomesdasilva.com.br/imigracao-judaica-em-itacoatiara-a-trajetoria-do-prefeito-isaac-jose-perez/ |title=Imigração judaica em Itacoatiara: a trajetória do prefeito Isaac José Pérez |trans-title=Jewish immigration in Itacoatiara: the path of mayor Isaac José Pérez |author=Claudemilson Oliveira |publisher=Francisco Gomes's Blog |date=22 April 2019 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.yumpu.com/pt/document/read/66182843/estrela-de-david-no-cruzeiro-do-sul |title=Estrela de David no Cruzeiro do Sul |trans-title=Star of David in the Southern Cross |author=Israel Blajberg |publisher=Academy of Terrestrial Military History of Brazil |date=24 August 2015 |language=pt |isbn=978-85-60811-24-3}}</ref> Many Moroccan Jews became [[Brazilian nationality law|naturalized citizens of Brazil]]. Some returned to Morocco permanently but retained their Brazilian citizenship, enjoying its [[consular protection]] there.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/FERNANDES_Lucas_Negociando_com_Naturalidade.pdf |title=Negociando com naturalidade: questões de identidade e cidadania da comunidade judaica brasileira no Marrocos |trans-title=Negotiating with nativeness: issues of identity and citizenship of the Brazilian Jewish community in Morocco |author=Lucas de Mattos Moura Fernandes |publisher=Federal University of Rio de Janeiro |date=2018 |language=pt}}</ref> ===Rubber boom=== [[File:Latex-production.jpg|thumb|Extraction of latex from a rubber tree]] [[Natural rubber]] is produced from [[latex]] of the [[rubber tree]], which at the time was found exclusively in the Amazon region. Around 1880, rubber became a highly demanded commodity for the production of automobile tires and other industrial processes, causing a [[rubber boom]] in the region, leading to significant economic prosperity and attracting migrants from many regions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conib.org.br/federadas/9-conteudo/91-ciam-comite-israelita-do-amazonas.html |title=História da comunidade judaica do Amazonas |trans-title=History of the Jewish community of Amazonas |publisher=Jewish Confederation of Brazil |language=pt}}</ref> [[File:Teatro amazonas.jpg|thumb|[[Amazon Theatre]] in Manaus, one of the luxurious buildings built with rubber fortunes]] In 1889, Brazil became a [[First Brazilian Republic|republic]], and in 1890, the country allowed full freedom of religion, not only restricted to private spaces as before.<ref name=museum/> The rubber boom continued under the new regime and led to the rapid development of the cities of Belém, Manaus and Iquitos, including running water and sewers, electricity (a novelty at the time), wealthy residences, luxurious buildings, theaters, and railroads. This period marked the height of Jewish migration to the Amazon basin.<ref name=segal>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BBettxFjKsC |title=Jews of the Amazon: Self-exile in Earthly Paradise |author=Ariel Segal Freilich |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |date=1999 |isbn=9780827606692}}</ref> ===Decline=== Around 1910, the rubber boom started to decline due to competition with the British colonies of [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] and [[British Malaya|Malaya]] and the [[Dutch East Indies]], which began to grow rubber trees from seeds smuggled from Brazil by British explorer [[Henry Wickham (explorer)|Henry Wickham]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9frS3S7N-cC |title=Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History |author=Warren Dean |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1987 |isbn=9780521526920}}</ref> The decline later intensified due to the production of [[synthetic rubber]]. With the economic decline, Jews left the smaller localities in northern Brazil, concentrating in the cities of Belém and Manaus. They built two synagogues in Manaus: ''Beit Yaacov'' (House of Jacob) by the Toshavim in 1928, and ''Rabi Meyr'' by the Megorashim in 1929. In 1962, reflecting the continuing decline of the community and the obsolete distinction between the two groups, they were merged as the [[Beit Yaacov/Rabi Meyr Synagogue (Manaus, Brazil)|Beit Yaacov/Rabi Meyr Synagogue]].<ref name=museum/> Many Jews also left the Amazon region altogether, moving to other Brazilian cities such as [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]], joining the existing Jewish communities there.<ref name=haketia/> Most Jews of Iquitos also moved to larger cities in Brazil or to [[Lima]].<ref name=segal/> ===Rabbi Shalom Emanuel Muyal=== In 1908, [[Chief Rabbi]] of Morocco [[Raphael Ankawa]] sent [[:pt:Rabino Shalom Emanuel Muyal|Rabbi Shalom Emanuel Muyal]] to provide religious orientation to the Jewish communities in the Amazon basin. Although unknown in Belém, Rabbi Muyal visited the Jewish communities in many smaller localities in the region, as well as Manaus and Iquitos. During his stay, he became gravely ill, probably from [[yellow fever]] based on the reported symptoms, and died in Manaus in 1910. As there was no Jewish cemetery in the city at the time, he was buried in a Catholic cemetery, with a wall around his grave. The local Catholics started to revere the rabbi as a [[saint]], making [[pilgrimage]]s to his grave and placing [[commemorative plaque]]s giving thanks for miraculous cures. Around 1980, Ely Muyal, a nephew of Rabbi Muyal and a member of the Israeli government, suggested the transfer of his grave to Israel. The Jewish community of Manaus warned against the move, as it refrained from transferring the rabbi's grave even to the city's Jewish cemetery to avoid upsetting the local population. The Jewish community continued to guard the graves of Jews who were buried in the Catholic cemetery before the Jewish one was built, but maintained the rabbi's grave open to visitation, and held an annual ceremony in his honor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://esefarad.com/rabino-e-santo-milagroso-para-os-catolicos-de-manaus/ |title=Rabino e santo milagroso para os católicos de Manaus |trans-title=Rabbi and miraculous saint for the Catholics of Manaus |publisher=eSefarad |date=22 June 2014 |language=pt}}</ref> ==Present communities== [[File:Eshel Abraham.jpg|thumb|Eshel Abraham Synagogue in Belém]] [[File:Shaar Hashamaim.jpg|thumb|Shaar Hashamaim Synagogue in Belém]] {{Image frame|width=220|content={{CSS image crop|Image=Shel Guemilut Hassadim.jpg|bSize=240|oLeft=20|oTop=40|cHeight=250}}|caption=Synagogue Shel Guemilut Hassadim in Rio de Janeiro, maintained largely by descendants of Moroccan Jews from the Amazon region}} The [[2010 Brazilian Census]] counted 1,346 Jews in Belém, 1,183 in Manaus, and 1,896 in the rest of the [[North Region, Brazil|North Region]] of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/Tabela/137 |title=Tabela 137 – População residente, por religião |trans-title=Table 137 – Resident population, by religion |publisher=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics |date=2010 |language=pt}}</ref> The Jewish communities of Belém and Manaus maintained synagogues, schools, recreation centers, and social groups for women, children and seniors.<ref name=belem>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/comunidades-belem/ |title=Belém do Pará |trans-title=Belém, Pará |publisher=Jewish Amazon Portal |language=pt}}</ref><ref name=manaus>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/comunidades-manaus/ |title=Manaus |publisher=Jewish Amazon Portal |language=pt}}</ref> There were also synagogues in Macapá and Porto Velho.<ref name=amapa>{{cite web |url=https://www.conib.org.br/federadas/9-conteudo/88-comite-israelita-do-amapa.html |title=História da comunidade judaica do Amapá |trans-title=History of the Jewish community of Amapá |publisher=Jewish Confederation of Brazil |language=pt}}</ref><ref name=portovelho>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/comunidades-porto-velho-rondonia/ |title=Porto Velho |publisher=Jewish Amazon Portal |language=pt}}</ref> A Sephardic synagogue in Rio de Janeiro was also maintained largely by descendants of Moroccan Jews who left the Amazon region, becoming part of the larger Jewish community of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/comunidades-shel-guemilut/ |title=Shel Guemilut |publisher=Jewish Amazon Portal |language=pt}}</ref> In 2014, it was estimated that 20% of the approximately 120,000 Jews in Brazil were of Moroccan origin, mostly descendants of migrants to the Amazon region.<ref name=20%>{{cite web |url=https://medias24.com/2014/07/11/20-des-juifs-du-bresil-sont-dorigine-marocaine/ |title=20% des juifs du Brésil sont d'origine marocaine |trans-title=20% of the Jews of Brazil are of Moroccan origin |publisher=Médias24 |date=11 July 2014 |language=fr}}</ref> About 300 of them lived in Israel.<ref name=aj>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/ |title=Portal Amazônia Judaica |trans-title=Jewish Amazon Portal |language=pt}}</ref> ===Mixed descendants=== Many of the original migrants remained in smaller localities of the Amazon basin and married into the local population, mostly of [[Amerindian]] origin. Very few of their spouses or children [[converted to Judaism]], while the vast majority of their [[caboclo]] or [[mestizo]] descendants gradually abandoned the religion or were raised as Catholics, but some kept certain Jewish practices to various degrees. In 1999, it was estimated that about 300,000 people in northern Brazil had a Moroccan Jewish ancestor.<ref name=museum/><ref name=sarraf/><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/maaravi/article/download/35930/29356/116527 |title=Judeus-caboclos na Amazônia |trans-title=Jewish-Caboclos in Amazon |author=Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro |journal=Arquivo Maaravi |volume=15 |issue=29 |publisher=Federal University of Minas Gerais |date=November 2021 |issn=1982-3053 |language=pt}}</ref> In the late 20th century, a group of mixed descendants in Iquitos began to explore their Jewish heritage. As they lacked Jewish matrilineal descent, a formal conversion would be required for them to be recognized as Jews under [[halakha|religious law]]. After years of study, with the help of [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] rabbis from [[Lima]], the [[United States]], [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]], 98 of the descendants converted to Judaism in 2003, followed by about 180 in 2005, and 284 in 2011. The [[mikveh|ritual immersion]] took place in nearby Lake Quistococha in all occasions. Most of them [[aliyah|emigrated to Israel]], between 2010 and 2014, settling in [[Beersheba]] and [[Ramla]]. In 2017, about 50 remained in Iquitos.<ref name=haaretz>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.535711 |title=New Group of 'Amazon Jews' Arrives in Israel |publisher=Haaretz |date=14 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=saccal>{{cite web |url=https://jewishlibraries.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SaccalText2017.pdf |title=The Jews of Iquitos (Peru) |author=Rita Saccal |publisher=Association of Jewish Libraries Conference Proceedings |date=June 2017}}</ref> In 2022, in the northern Brazilian municipality of Cametá, a group of 800 self-declared Jews, mostly descendants of Moroccan Jews, sought to reestablish a synagogue there. An old synagogue of Portuguese colonial architecture had been overtaken by the [[Tocantins River]] after most of the Jews left in the 20th century. The group received the support of Sephardic congregations in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cameta-pa.minhacidade.blog/2022/03/29/com-apoio-de-judeus-americanos-cameta-tera-sinagoga-novamente/ |title=Com apoio de Judeus americanos, Cametá terá sinagoga novamente |trans-title=With the support of American Jews, Cametá will have a synagogue again |publisher=Cametá, My City |date=29 March 2022 |language=pt}}</ref> ==Languages== Among the original Jewish migrants, the Megorashim spoke [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Haketia]], also known as Western [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]], a language mostly based on [[Old Spanish]] with [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Arabic]] influences; the Toshavim spoke [[Arabic]] and [[Berber languages|Berber]]; and smaller groups spoke [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Yiddish]], Eastern Ladino and Arabic.<ref name=haketia/> Over time, their descendants adopted the main languages of their respective countries, namely Portuguese in Brazil and Spanish in Peru. Although Haketia is no longer spoken as a full language, many families still use words or expressions from it when speaking among themselves, to convey emotions such as affection, impatience, humor, irony, or for insults, secrecy, proverbs, religious expressions, and songs. A few community members also devoted time to study and document the language.<ref name=haketia/> [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] remained the [[liturgical language]]. It is also learned to various degrees by members of the communities in Brazil and Peru, as well as by those who emigrated to Israel.<ref name=saccal/> ==Documentaries== *''Where is the Rabbi?'' (2000), by Stephen Nugent and Renato Athias, showing the life of Jews in the Amazon basin.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0C8eq0CxcXA |title=Onde está o Rabino? |trans-title=Where is the Rabbi? |people=Stephen Nugent, Renato Athias |date=2000 |language=pt}}</ref> *''Eretz Amazônia'' (Land of Amazon), produced in 2004 by David Salgado, based on [[Samuel Benchimol]]'s homonymous book published in 1998, about Jews in northern Brazil.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzNcKnG4-Lc |title=Eretz Amazônia |trans-title=Land of Amazon |people=David Salgado, Alan Rodrigues, Wagner Bentes Lins |date=2004 |language=pt}}</ref> *''The Fire Within: Jews in the Amazonian Rainforest'' (2008), by Lorry Salcedo Mitrani, about the Peruvian-Jewish descendants in Iquitos and their efforts to revive Judaism and emigrate to Israel.<ref name=saccal/><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.ruthfilms.com/films/docs/jewish/the-fire-within.html |title=The Fire Within: Jews in the Amazonian Rainforest |people=Lorry Salcedo Mitrani |publisher=Ruth Films |date=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jewishfilmfestivals.org/films/2008/fire-within-jews-amazonian-rainforest/ |title=The Fire Within: Jews in the Amazonian Rainforest |author=Lorry Salcedo Mitrani |publisher=Jewish Film Festivals |date=2008}}</ref> ==Notable people== *Jayme Aben-Athar (1883–1951), Brazilian physician and professor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazoniajudaica.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/biblioteca_MONOGRAFIA-CASSIA-Hist%C3%B3ria-e-mem%C3%B3ria-de-judeus-em-Gurup%C3%A1-final.pdf |title=História e memória de judeus em Gurupá: um estudo de caso a partir dos Aben-Athar (1890–1900) |trans-title=History and memory of Jews in Gurupá: a case study from the Aben-Athar (1890–1900) |author=Cássia Luzia Lobato Benathar |publisher=Federal University of Pará |date=2015 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://ihgb.org.br/pesquisa/hemeroteca/artigos-de-periodicos/item/78608-o-s%C3%A1bio-doutor-jayme-aben-athar.html |title=O sábio doutor Jayme Aben-Athar |trans-title=The wise doctor Jayme Aben-Athar |author=José Monteiro Leite |journal=Revista Paraense de Medicina |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=54–55 |date=April–June 2001 |language=pt}}</ref> *[[Davi Alcolumbre]] (born 1977), [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Federal Deputy]] (2003–2015) and [[Federal Senate (Brazil)|Senator]] (from 2015) for [[Amapá]], and [[President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)|President of the Senate]] (2019–2021 and from 2025) *[[Samuel Benchimol]] (1923–2002), Brazilian businessman, economist and professor *Saul Benchimol (1934–2022), Brazilian businessman and professor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portalamazonia.com/estados/amazonas/morre-aos-87-anos-saul-benchimol-conheca-sua-historia |title=Morre, aos 87 anos, Saul Benchimol: conheça sua história |trans-title=Saul Benchimol dies at 87 years old: know his history |publisher=Portal Amazônia |date=14 February 2022 |language=pt}}</ref> *Isaac Bennesby (1945–2011), Mayor of [[Guajará-Mirim]] (1983–1988, 1993–1996)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://guajaranoticias.com.br/noticia/7623/dois-anos-sem-isaac-bennesby |title=Dois anos sem Isaac Bennesby |trans-title=Two years without Isaac Bennesby |publisher=Guajará Notícias |date=27 December 2013 |language=pt}}</ref> *Moisés Bennesby (born 1935), Federal Deputy for [[Rondônia]] (1988–1989, 1996–1999)<ref name=portovelho/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://arquivohistorico.camara.leg.br/index.php/moises-bennesby |title=Moisés Bennesby |publisher=Chamber of Deputies of Brazil |language=pt}}</ref> *[[Sara Benoliel]] (1898–1970), Brazilian-Portuguese pediatrician and feminist *[[Abraham Bentes]] (1912–1990), [[Brazilian Army]] general and linguist *[[:pt:Eliezer Levy|Eliezer Moisés Levy]] (1877–1947), Mayor of Macapá (1932–1936, 1942–1944) and [[Afuá]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://montorilaraujo.blogspot.com/2012/07/normal-0-21-false-false-false.html |title=Eliezer Moisés Levy |publisher=Nilson Montoril – Arambaé |date=11 July 2012 |language=pt}}</ref> *Judah Levy (1916–2001), Brazilian engineer<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docomomobrasil.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/O-EDIFICIO-PIEDADE-DO-ENGENHEIRO-JUDAH-LEVY-EM-BELEM.pdf |title=O edifício Piedade do engenheiro Judah Levy em Belém: modernidade, cultura técnica e sociedade |trans-title=The Piedade building by engineer Judah Levy in Belém: modernity, technical culture and society |author=João Victor de Alcântara, Celma Chaves |publisher=Docomomo Brasil |date=28–30 September 2022 |language=pt}}</ref> *[[:en:Sultana Levy Rosenblatt|Sultana Levy Rosenblatt]] (1910–2007), Brazilian writer *[[:pt:Abraham Medina|Abraham Medina]] (1916–1995), Brazilian businessman *[[:pt:Rabino Shalom Emanuel Muyal|Shalom Emanuel Muyal]] (1875–1910), Moroccan rabbi *[[Eduardo Pazuello]] (born 1963), Brazilian Army general, Minister of Health (2020–2021) and Federal Deputy for [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] (from 2023) *David José Pérez (1883–1970), Brazilian linguist, professor and journalist<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dm.com.br/opiniao/2016/11/a-cultura-de-david-perez |title=A cultura de David Pérez |trans-title=The culture of David Pérez |publisher=Diário da Manhã |date=8 November 2016 |language=pt}}</ref> *Isaac José Pérez (1876–1945), Mayor of Itacoatiara (1926–1930)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://frankchaves-ita.blogspot.com/2020/11/conheca-o-primeiro-prefeito-e-o-mais.html |title=Conheça o prefeito mais transparente, visionário e probo da história de Itacoatiara |trans-title=Meet the most transparent, visionary and honest mayor in the history of Itacoatiara |publisher=Blog Frank Chaves |date=23 November 2020 |language=pt}}</ref> *Clara Pinto (born 1946), Brazilian dancer and businesswoman<ref name=israelnews>{{cite web |url=https://politicageral.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/a-patria-mais-antiga-dos-judeus-no-brasil/ |title=A 'Pátria' mais antiga dos judeus no Brasil |trans-title=The oldest 'Fatherland' of the Jews in Brazil |publisher=Israel News |date=5 July 2011 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://repositorio.ufmg.br/bitstream/1843/47004/1/Tese%20Doutorado%20-%20Erika%20Gomes%20Teixeira%20-%20PPGARTES%20-%20UFMG%202020.pdf |title=O sapateado em Belém do Pará: das escolas livres à universidade |trans-title=Tap dance in Belém, Pará: from the free schools to the university |author=Erika Gomes Teixeira |publisher=Federal University of Minas Gerais |date=28 February 2020 |language=pt}}</ref> *[[Isaac Benayon Sabbá]] (1907–1996), Brazilian businessman *Nora Pazuello Sabbá (born 1940), [[Miss Amazonas]] (1959)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deolhonosruralistas.com.br/2021/03/16/familia-pazuello-do-enriquecimento-ao-lado-do-rei-da-amazonia-ao-colapso-politico/ |title=Família Pazuello: do enriquecimento ao lado do 'Rei da Amazônia' ao colapso político |trans-title=Pazuello family: from enrichment next to the 'King of the Amazon' to political collapse |author=Alceu Luís Castilho, Leonardo Fuhrmann |publisher=De Olho nos Ruralistas |date=16 March 2021 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=170054_01&pagfis=62907 |title=Nova Miss Amazonas ascendeu ontem ao seu trono |trans-title=New Miss Amazonas ascended yesterday to her throne |publisher=Jornal do Comercio |via=National Library of Brazil |date=7 June 1959 |language=pt}}</ref> *Isaac Soares ({{circa|1924}}–2008), Brazilian journalist and Vice Mayor of Belém (1961–1964)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ignatiana.blog/2020/07/30/tigre/ |title=O Tigre que adorava pato no tucupi e tomava mingau no Ver-o-Peso |trans-title=The Tiger that loved duck on tucupi and ate porridge at Ver-o-Peso |author=João Carlos Pereira |publisher=Ignatiana |date= 30 July 2020 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aldemyrfeio.blogspot.com/2008/12/morre-isaac-soares-orm-esto-de-luto.html |title=Morre Isaac Soares. ORM estão de luto |trans-title=Isaac Soares dies. ORM mourn |publisher=Amazônia |via=Jornal do Feio |date=20 December 2008 |language=pt}}</ref> *Ana Unger (born {{circa|1963}}), Brazilian dancer and businesswoman<ref name=israelnews/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oliberal.com/colunas/mais-liberal/ana-unger-no-aprender-empreender-e-a-loja-de-flores-do-shopping-bosque-grao-para-1.348708 |title=Ana Unger no Aprender & Empreender e a loja de flores do shopping Bosque Grão Pará |trans-title=Ana Unger on Learn & Undertake and the flower shop of mall Bosque Grão Pará |publisher=O Liberal |date=26 January 2021 |language=pt}}</ref> ===Descendants=== *[[:es:Christian Bendayán|Christian Bendayán]] (born 1973), Peruvian painter<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.casasur.org/index.php?fp_verpub=true&idpub=170 |title=Lo impuro y lo contaminado Christian Bendayán: Un pintor de la selva (urbana) |trans-title=The impure and the contaminated Christian Bendayán: A painter of the (urban) jungle |author=Gustavo Buntinx |publisher=Casa Sur |language=es}}</ref> *[[Gilberto Dimenstein]] (1956–2020), Brazilian journalist *[[:pt:Roberta Medina|Roberta Medina]] (born 1978), Brazilian-Portuguese businesswoman *[[:pt:Roberto Medina|Roberto Medina]] (born 1947), Brazilian businessman *[[:pt:Rubem Medina|Rubem Medina]] (born 1942), Brazilian businessman and Federal Deputy for [[Guanabara (state)|Guanabara]] (1967–1975) and Rio de Janeiro (1975–2003) *[[:pt:José Isaac Peres|José Isaac Peres]] (born 1940), Brazilian businessman<ref>{{cite web |url=https://comunitaitaliana.com/mago-dos-shoppings/ |title=Mago dos shoppings |trans-title=Wizard of the shopping malls |publisher=Comunità Italiana |date=25 November 2019 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://splegisconsulta.camara.sp.gov.br/ArquivoProcesso/GerarArquivoProcesso?COD_MTRA_LEGL=1&NUM_MTRA_LEGL=804&ANO_MTRA_LEGL=2017&volume=1 |title=Projeto de lei 804/2017 |trans-title=Draft law 804/2017 |publisher=Municipal Chamber of São Paulo |date=21 November 2017 |language=pt}}</ref> ==See also== *[[History of the Jews in Brazil]] *[[History of the Jews in Peru]] *[[Moroccan Jews]] *[[Sephardic Jews]] *[[B'nai Moshe]] *[[Indigenous peoples in Brazil]] *[[Indigenous peoples of Peru]] *[[Indigenous peoples of South America]] == References == {{reflist}} ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070815231118/http://www.elreloj.com/article.php?id=17222 The "Jews of the Jungle" receive a Rabbi (in Spanish)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080124143240/http://www.sephardicgen.com/Amazon.htm Indiana Jones meets Tangier Moshe - Moroccan Jews in the Amazon], Sephardic Jewish Resources *[http://moroccan-jews-in-amazonia.com/index.php The life of Moyses and Abraham Pinto in the Amazon Jungle (1879-1893) as told by Abraham Pinto], Avraham Cohen, Erez Publishing, Jerusalem {{Jews and Judaism}} [[Category:Amazonian Jews| ]] [[Category:Jewish Brazilian history]] [[Category:Jewish Moroccan history]] [[Category:Jewish Peruvian history]] [[Category:People of Moroccan-Jewish descent]] [[Category:Sephardi Jews topics]] [[Category:Sephardi Jewish culture in Brazil]] [[Category:Moroccan diaspora]] [[Category:History of Amazonia|Jews]]

1,306,276,960

[{"title": "Regions with significant populations", "data": {"Brazil": "24,000", "Israel": "550", "Peru": "50"}}, {"title": "Languages", "data": {"Languages": "Modern: Portuguese (Brazil), Spanish (Peru), Hebrew (Israel and liturgical) \u00b7 Traditional: Haketia"}}, {"title": "Religion", "data": {"Religion": "Judaism"}}, {"title": "Related ethnic groups", "data": {"Related ethnic groups": "Moroccan Jews, Sephardic Jews, Maghrebi Jews, Berber Jews, Brazilians, Peruvians, caboclos, mestizos"}}]

false

# Shemin Shemin is a Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include: - Robert Shemin, American real estate investor and author - William Shemin, sergeant in the U.S. Army during World War I awarded the Medal of Honor

enwiki/79053519

enwiki

79,053,519

Shemin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemin

2025-01-31T02:58:04

en

Q132296379

4,835

'''Shemin''' is a Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include: *[[Robert Shemin]], American real estate investor and author *[[William Shemin]], sergeant in the U.S. Army during World War I awarded the Medal of Honor ==See also== *{{intitle|Shemin}} {{surname}} [[Category:Surnames of Jewish origin]]

1,272,973,195

[]

false

# Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, 2017–2021 This is a list of members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from 2017 to 2021. ## List of members | Name | Party | District | Term in office | | --------------------- | -------------------------------- | ------------------ | -------------- | | Lisa Baker | Labor | Maylands | 2008–present | | Hon Colin Barnett [1] | Liberal | Cottesloe | 1990–2018 | | Ian Blayney | Liberal/Independent/National [3] | Geraldton | 2008–2021 | | Tony Buti | Labor | Armadale | 2010–present | | John Carey | Labor | Perth | 2017–present | | Vince Catania | National | North West Central | 2008–2022 | | Robyn Clarke | Labor | Murray-Wellington | 2017–present | | Roger Cook | Labor | Kwinana | 2008–present | | Mia Davies | National | Central Wheatbelt | 2013–present | | Josie Farrer | Labor | Kimberley | 2013–2021 | | Mark Folkard | Labor | Burns Beach | 2017–present | | Janine Freeman | Labor | Mirrabooka | 2008–2021 | | Emily Hamilton | Labor | Joondalup | 2017–present | | Liza Harvey | Liberal | Scarborough | 2008–2021 | | Alyssa Hayden [2] | Liberal | Darling Range | 2018–2021 | | Terry Healy | Labor | Southern River | 2017–present | | Dr David Honey [1] | Liberal | Cottesloe | 2018–present | | Matthew Hughes | Labor | Kalamunda | 2017–present | | Bill Johnston | Labor | Cannington | 2008–present | | Peter Katsambanis | Liberal | Hillarys | 2017–2021 | | Dave Kelly | Labor | Bassendean | 2013–present | | Zak Kirkup | Liberal | Dawesville | 2017–2021 | | Tony Krsticevic | Liberal | Carine | 2008–2021 | | Sean L'Estrange | Liberal | Churchlands | 2013–2021 | | Fran Logan | Labor | Cockburn | 2001–2021 | | Shane Love | National | Moore | 2013–present | | Bill Marmion | Liberal | Nedlands | 2008–2021 | | Hon Mark McGowan | Labor | Rockingham | 1996–present | | John McGrath | Liberal | South Perth | 2005–2021 | | Simone McGurk | Labor | Fremantle | 2013–present | | Libby Mettam | Liberal | Vasse | 2014–present | | David Michael | Labor | Balcatta | 2017–present | | Kevin Michel | Labor | Pilbara | 2017–present | | Simon Millman | Labor | Mount Lawley | 2017–present | | Yaz Mubarakai | Labor | Jandakot | 2017–present | | Mick Murray | Labor | Collie-Preston | 2001–2021 | | Mike Nahan | Liberal | Riverton | 2008–2021 | | Dean Nalder | Liberal | Bateman | 2013–2021 | | Kyran O'Donnell | Liberal | Kalgoorlie | 2017–2021 | | Lisa O'Malley | Labor | Bicton | 2017–present | | Paul Papalia | Labor | Warnbro | 2007–present | | Stephen Price | Labor | Forrestfield | 2017–present | | Don Punch | Labor | Bunbury | 2017–present | | John Quigley | Labor | Butler | 2001–present | | Margaret Quirk | Labor | Girrawheen | 2001–present | | Terry Redman | National | Warren-Blackwood | 2005–2021 | | Hon Michelle Roberts | Labor | Midland | 1994–present | | Cassie Rowe | Labor | Belmont | 2017–present | | Peter Rundle | National | Roe | 2017–present | | Rita Saffioti | Labor | West Swan | 2008–present | | Amber-Jade Sanderson | Labor | Morley | 2017–present | | Jessica Shaw | Labor | Swan Hills | 2017–present | | Jessica Stojkovski | Labor | Kingsley | 2017–present | | Chris Tallentire | Labor | Thornlie | 2008–present | | David Templeman | Labor | Mandurah | 2001–present | | Peter Tinley | Labor | Willagee | 2009–present | | Barry Urban [2] | Labor/Independent | Darling Range | 2017–2018 | | Peter Watson | Labor | Albany | 2001–2021 | | Reece Whitby | Labor | Baldivis | 2017–present | | Sabine Winton | Labor | Wanneroo | 2017–present | | Ben Wyatt | Labor | Victoria Park | 2006–2021 | 1 On 5 February 2018, the Liberal member for Cottesloe and former Premier, Colin Barnett, resigned. Liberal candidate David Honey was elected to replace him at the by-election for Cottesloe on 17 March 2018. 2 On 8 May 2018, the independent (former Labor) member for Darling Range, Barry Urban, resigned after the parliamentary procedures and privileges committee recommended his expulsion for "sustained and gross" contempt. Liberal candidate Alyssa Hayden was elected to replace him at the by-election for Darling Range on 23 June 2018. 3 On 24 July 2019, the member for Geraldton, Ian Blayney, resigned from the Liberal Party, and sat as an independent until his application to join the WA Nationals was approved on 17 August 2019.

enwiki/53458158

enwiki

53,458,158

Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, 2017–2021

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Western_Australian_Legislative_Assembly,_2017%E2%80%932021

2024-08-02T21:40:25

en

Q28943090

69,698

{{Short description|None}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}} {{Use Australian English|date=November 2016}} This is a list of '''members of the [[Western Australian Legislative Assembly]] from [[2017 Western Australian state election|2017]] to 2021'''. ==List of members== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! '''Name''' ! '''Party''' ! '''[[Electoral districts of Western Australia|District]]''' ! '''Term in office''' |- || [[Lisa Baker (Australian politician)|Lisa Baker]] || [[Australian Labor Party (Western Australian Branch)|Labor]] || [[Electoral district of Maylands|Maylands]] || 2008–present |- || Hon [[Colin Barnett]] {{ref label|Cottesloe|1|1}} || [[Liberal Party of Australia (Western Australian Division)|Liberal]] || [[Electoral district of Cottesloe|Cottesloe]] || 1990–2018 |- || [[Ian Blayney]] || Liberal/Independent/National {{ref label|Geraldton|3|3}} || [[Electoral district of Geraldton|Geraldton]] || 2008–2021 |- || [[Tony Buti]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Armadale|Armadale]] || 2010–present |- || [[John Carey (Australian politician)|John Carey]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Perth|Perth]] || 2017–present |- || [[Vince Catania]] || [[National Party of Australia (WA)|National]] || [[Electoral district of North West Central|North West Central]] || 2008–2022 |- || [[Robyn Clarke]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Murray-Wellington|Murray-Wellington]] || 2017–present |- || [[Roger Cook (politician)|Roger Cook]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Kwinana|Kwinana]] || 2008–present |- || [[Mia Davies]] || National || [[Electoral district of Central Wheatbelt|Central Wheatbelt]] || 2013–present |- || [[Josie Farrer]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Kimberley|Kimberley]] || 2013–2021 |- || [[Mark Folkard]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Burns Beach|Burns Beach]] || 2017–present |- || [[Janine Freeman]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Mirrabooka|Mirrabooka]] || 2008–2021 |- || [[Emily Hamilton (politician)|Emily Hamilton]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Joondalup|Joondalup]] || 2017–present |- || [[Liza Harvey]] || Liberal || [[Electoral district of Scarborough|Scarborough]] || 2008–2021 |- || [[Alyssa Hayden]] {{ref label|Darling Range|2|2}} || Liberal || [[Electoral district of Darling Range|Darling Range]] || 2018–2021 |- || [[Terry Healy (politician)|Terry Healy]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Southern River|Southern River]] || 2017–present |- || Dr [[David Honey (politician)|David Honey]] {{ref label|Cottesloe|1|1}} || Liberal || [[Electoral district of Cottesloe|Cottesloe]] || 2018–present |- || [[Matthew Hughes (politician)|Matthew Hughes]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Kalamunda|Kalamunda]] || 2017–present |- || [[Bill Johnston (politician)|Bill Johnston]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Cannington|Cannington]] || 2008–present |- || [[Peter Katsambanis]] || Liberal || [[Electoral district of Hillarys|Hillarys]] || 2017–2021 |- || [[Dave Kelly (politician)|Dave Kelly]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Bassendean|Bassendean]] || 2013–present |- || [[Zak Kirkup]] || Liberal || [[Electoral district of Dawesville|Dawesville]] || 2017–2021 |- || [[Tony Krsticevic]] || Liberal || [[Electoral district of Carine|Carine]] || 2008–2021 |- || [[Sean L'Estrange]] || Liberal || [[Electoral district of Churchlands|Churchlands]] || 2013–2021 |- || [[Fran Logan]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Cockburn|Cockburn]] || 2001–2021 |- || [[Shane Love]] || National || [[Electoral district of Moore|Moore]] || 2013–present |- || [[Bill Marmion]] || Liberal || [[Electoral district of Nedlands|Nedlands]] || 2008–2021 |- || Hon [[Mark McGowan]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Rockingham|Rockingham]] || 1996–present |- || [[John McGrath (Western Australian politician)|John McGrath]] || Liberal || [[Electoral district of South Perth|South Perth]] || 2005–2021 |- || [[Simone McGurk]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Fremantle|Fremantle]] || 2013–present |- || [[Libby Mettam]] || Liberal || [[Electoral district of Vasse|Vasse]] || 2014–present |- || [[David Michael (politician)|David Michael]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Balcatta|Balcatta]] || 2017–present |- || [[Kevin Michel]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Pilbara|Pilbara]] || 2017–present |- || [[Simon Millman]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Mount Lawley|Mount Lawley]] || 2017–present |- || [[Yaz Mubarakai]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Jandakot|Jandakot]] || 2017–present |- || [[Mick Murray (politician)|Mick Murray]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Collie-Preston|Collie-Preston]] || 2001–2021 |- || [[Mike Nahan]] || Liberal || [[Electoral district of Riverton|Riverton]] || 2008–2021 |- || [[Dean Nalder]] || Liberal || [[Electoral district of Bateman|Bateman]] || 2013–2021 |- || [[Kyran O'Donnell]] || Liberal || [[Electoral district of Kalgoorlie|Kalgoorlie]] || 2017–2021 |- || [[Lisa O'Malley]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Bicton|Bicton]] || 2017–present |- || [[Paul Papalia]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Warnbro|Warnbro]] || 2007–present |- || [[Stephen Price (Australian politician)|Stephen Price]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Forrestfield|Forrestfield]] || 2017–present |- || [[Don Punch]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Bunbury|Bunbury]] || 2017–present |- || [[John Quigley (politician)|John Quigley]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Butler|Butler]] || 2001–present |- || [[Margaret Quirk]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Girrawheen|Girrawheen]] || 2001–present |- || [[Terry Redman]] || National || [[Electoral district of Warren-Blackwood|Warren-Blackwood]] || 2005–2021 |- || Hon [[Michelle Roberts]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Midland|Midland]] || 1994–present |- || [[Cassie Rowe]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Belmont|Belmont]] || 2017–present |- || [[Peter Rundle]] || National || [[Electoral district of Roe|Roe]] || 2017–present |- || [[Rita Saffioti]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of West Swan|West Swan]] || 2008–present |- || [[Amber-Jade Sanderson]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Morley|Morley]] || 2017–present |- || [[Jessica Shaw]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Swan Hills|Swan Hills]] || 2017–present |- || [[Jessica Stojkovski]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Kingsley|Kingsley]] || 2017–present |- || [[Chris Tallentire]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Thornlie|Thornlie]] || 2008–present |- || [[David Templeman]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Mandurah|Mandurah]] || 2001–present |- || [[Peter Tinley]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Willagee|Willagee]] || 2009–present |- || [[Barry Urban]] {{ref label|Darling Range|2|2}} || Labor/Independent || [[Electoral district of Darling Range|Darling Range]] || 2017–2018 |- || [[Peter Watson (politician)|Peter Watson]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Albany|Albany]] || 2001–2021 |- || [[Reece Whitby]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Baldivis|Baldivis]] || 2017–present |- || [[Sabine Winton]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Wanneroo|Wanneroo]] || 2017–present |- || [[Ben Wyatt (politician)|Ben Wyatt]] || Labor || [[Electoral district of Victoria Park|Victoria Park]] || 2006–2021 |- |} :{{note label|Cottesloe|1|1}} On 5 February 2018, the Liberal member for [[Electoral district of Cottesloe|Cottesloe]] and former Premier, [[Colin Barnett]], resigned. Liberal candidate [[David Honey (politician)|David Honey]] was elected to replace him at the [[2018 Cottesloe state by-election|by-election for Cottesloe]] on 17 March 2018. :{{note label|Darling Range|2|2}} On 8 May 2018, the independent (former Labor) member for [[Electoral district of Darling Range|Darling Range]], [[Barry Urban]], resigned after the parliamentary procedures and privileges committee recommended his expulsion for "sustained and gross" contempt. Liberal candidate [[Alyssa Hayden]] was elected to replace him at the [[2018 Darling Range state by-election|by-election for Darling Range]] on 23 June 2018. :{{note label|Geraldton|3|3}} On 24 July 2019, the member for [[Electoral district of Geraldton|Geraldton]], [[Ian Blayney]], resigned from the Liberal Party, and sat as an independent until his application to join the [[National Party of Australia (WA)|WA Nationals]] was approved on 17 August 2019. {{Members of the Parliament of Western Australia}} {{Government of Western Australia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, 2017-2021}} [[Category:Members of Western Australian parliaments by term]] [[Category:Western Australian Legislative Assembly]]

1,238,243,021

[]

false

# Jay King Jay King is a Grammy-nominated singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, record label executive, music manager, and radio show host. In 1986, he produced, independently released, and promoted Timex Social Club's, Rumors, which charted at #1 on Billboard's R&B chart. He later formed the music group, Club Nouveau, whose remake of, Lean on Me, was nominated for a Grammy Award, charted at #1 on Billboard's R&B chart, and certified Platinum. In 1986, King started, King Jay Records, partnering with major labels such as RCA Records and Warner Bros. Records, releasing albums for Club Nouveau, Michael Cooper, New Choice, Theresa, and Mikki Bleu. He has released three solo albums, Open Book, Helen's Son, and Soulful Bossa Nova, all of which received favorable reviews. Good Kind of Lovin, from Helen's Son, charted in the top-10 on UK's Soul chart in 2018. In 2019, he was elected President of the California Black Chamber of Commerce and is the Chairman of the African American DBE Participation Committee for the California Department of Transportation. ## Early life Jay King was born on January 27, 1962 in Oroville, California to parents Helen and Jay King Jr. After his parents separated his mother moved to San Francisco and later to Sacramento, California, where Jay was raised and began playing the trumpet. Jay's father lived in Vallejo so he attended Jr. High School and High School in both Sacramento and Vallejo. He left home when he was 14 years old and was a dancer and entertainer. "I left home when I was 14, I had to be on my own, I didn't want to wait. I wanted to something great. I had to be prepared. Being on the streets prepared me for what I'm doing now", King shared in an interview with the LA Times in 1987. He formed the break dance group, Jay King & the Unknowns, who performed at high schools, parties, and on the streets, garnering a large local following in Vallejo and the San Francisco Bay Area. "I was famous before I ever had a nickel", King shared in an interview with Half Time Chat regarding his success as a teen dancer. King joined the Air Force and was honorably discharged. After leaving the military he decided to remain in Alaska, where he had been stationed. He formed the dance group, Close Encounters of the Funkiest Kind, which quickly became successful and they opened shows for The Pointer Sisters, Atlanta Rhythm Section, and INXS, among other acts. King returned to Sacramento and decided to pursue a career as a rapper. He formed the group, Frost, releasing the single, Battlebeat, and for a short period of time was a concert promoter for such acts as Run DMC. ## Career King's career has spanned over 40 years as a singer, songwriter, record producer, record label owner, musician, music publisher, and radio show host. King's first independent label (Jay Records), produced Timex Social Club's, Rumors, which charted at #1 as well as making it one of the top selling independent releases in 1986. King later partnered with Benny Medina in 1986 at Warner Bros. Records launching King Jay Records, which released Club Nouveau's debut album, Life, Love & Pain. King also released Michael Cooper's album, Love is Such a Funny Game and produced and released Theresa's album, Broken Puzzle which charted at #62 on Billboard's Black Music Chart. King founded the ILC (Independent Label Coalition), a collective of independent record labels such as, Young Black Brotha Records, Psychotic Records, and Rip It Records, who by leveraging artists album releases and distribution, were able to get paid sooner for record sales. He has managed the music careers of Cameo, Larry Dunn, Kathy Sledge, Club Nouveau, and Karyn White, among others. King was handed a demo tape of Timex Social Club's, Rumors, and thought it was a great song but needed better production. He produced, Rumors, which he independently released on Jay Records, promoting the 12-inch single to radio stations, dance clubs, and record stores. Rumors became a dance club hit song before going on to peak at #1 on Billboard's R&B chart as well as becoming the most successful selling independent releases of 1986. King did not have a formal contract with the band and the group signed another record deal with Danya Records behind King's back. King had many songs left over from his work with the group so he formed Club Nouveau, whose first single, Jealousy, was an answer song to Rumors that references King's split with Timex Social Club. In 1986, King formed the music group, Club Nouveau who were nominated for Best R&B Performance by a Group or Duo with a Vocal for their remake of Bill Withers's Lean on Me. Several of their songs charted in the top-10 on Billboard's charts. Their album, Life, Love & Pain, was certified Platinum. The group went on to release five more albums, the most recent in 2015. In 2022, Club Nouveau's new group formation featured King, Tirzah Hubbard, and J Ali. In 2024, they performed a multi-city tour which included venues such as the SAP Center, Desert Diamond Arena, and Selland Arena. Also in 2024, they released the single, "It's Alright," which received favorable reviews. ## Record labels - Jay Records King launched independent label Jay Records in 1986 after not being able to get secure a record deal for Timex Social Club's, single "Rumors". He independently produced, pressed, and marketed the 12-inch single to radio stations, dance clubs, and soon the song gained traction on Billboard charts, becoming one the best selling independent releases of 1986. - King Jay Records King partnered with Warner Bros. CEO Benny Medina in 1986 forming, King Jay Records, to release Club Nouveau's debut album, Life, Love & Pain, which certified Platinum and yielded three top-ten Billboard hit songs, including Lean on Me which charted at #1 on Billboard's R&B Chart for 2 consecutive weeks. His label released five additional Nouveau albums, as well as albums by Michael Cooper and composed and produced Theresa's album, Broken Puzzle. King's publishing company, Jay King IIII Publishing, placed several of Khayree's songs on Vanilla Ice's album, To the Extreme. ## Other ventures - Radio King is a radio show host on Traffic Jams with Jay King on KDEE 97.5 FM as well as hosting his own podcast, Kings in the Morning, on The Jay King Network. On his online series, Jay King Live, Straight No Chaser, several of the episodes were focused on reparations, with King calling it the debt owed to Black America. He created and presented his own detailed account of a debt owed plan to repay the debt owed to American Descendants of Enslaved Africans. - Professional Dominoes Association King was the founder and association commissioner of the PDA (Professional Dominoes Association) which organized and hosted professional domino tournaments. In 2006, he hosted a 12-city tournament. The success of the tournaments led to a deal with ESPN to televise domino tournaments. - Music Conferences King launched The Creative Exchange Music Summit to educate creatives in the business of technology, film, television, music, and art. - California Black Chamber of Commerce King was elected President of the, California Black Chamber of Commerce, in June 2019, and serves on the Caltrans Small Business Council and is the Chairman of the African American DBE Participation Committee for the California Department of Transportation, as well as the Small Business Council for the California Department of General Services (DGS), and the California High-Speed Rail. ## Discography | Year | Song | Artist | Credit | | ---- | ------------------------- | -------------- | ------------------------------------------ | | 1986 | Life, Love & Pain | Club Nouveau | Artist, composer, producer, record label | | 1987 | Broken Puzzle | Theresa | Composer, producer, record label | | 1987 | Love is Such a Funny Game | Michael Cooper | Composer, producer, arranger, record label | | 1988 | Listen to the Message | Club Nouveau | Artist, composer, producer, record label | | 1988 | At Last | New Choice | Executive producer, record label | | 1989 | Under a Nouveau Groove | Club Nouveau | Artist, composer, producer, record label | | 1989 | I Promise | Mikki Bleu | Record label | | 1992 | A New Beginning | Club Nouveau | Artist, composer, producer, record label | | 1994 | Everything is Black | Club Nouveau | Artist, composer, producer, record label | | 2015 | Consciousness | Club Nouveau | Artist, composer, producer, record label | ## Solo albums | Year | Song | Artist | Credit | | ---- | ------------------ | ------------ | ---------------------------------------- | | 2008 | Open Book | Jay King | Artist, composer, producer, record label | | 2015 | Consciousness | Club Nouveau | Artist, composer, producer, record label | | 2017 | Helen's Son | Jay King | Artist, composer, producer, record label | | 2021 | Soulful Bossa Nova | Jay King | Artist, composer, producer, record label | ## Singles | Year | Song | Artist | Credit | | ---- | ----------------------- | ----------------- | ---------------------------------------------- | | 1986 | Rumors | Timex Social Club | producer, record label | | 1986 | Jealousy | Club Nouveau | Vocals, producer, writer, record label | | 1986 | Situation #9 | Club Nouveau | Artist, producer, record label | | 1987 | Lean on Me | Club Nouveau | Artist, producer, record label | | 1987 | Why You Treat Me So Bad | Club Nouveau | Vocals, producer, writer, record label | | 1987 | Heavy on My Mind | Club Nouveau | Vocals, producer, writer, record label | | 1987 | Last Time | Theresa | Writer | | 1989 | No Friend of Mine | Club Nouveau | Artist, producer, record label | | 1992 | Oh Happy Day | Club Nouveau | Artist, producer, record label | | 2007 | Made for Love | Kool & the Gang | Writer | | 2018 | Good Kind of Lovin' | Jay King | Artist, vocals, producer, writer, record label | ## Personal life King's great-uncle, Saunders King, was a respected jazz/blues guitarist with the 1940s hit song, The S.K. Blues.

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Jay King

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2025-07-13T19:16:27

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{{short description|American singer, songwriter, and record producer}} {{Infobox person | name = Jay King | image = King Perforning in 2022.jpg | caption = King Performing in 2022 | alias = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|1|27}} | birth_place = [[Oroville, California]] | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|record producer|label owner|musician|radio show host}} | education = | years_active = 1982–present | spouse = | children = | television = | relatives = [[Saunders King]] (great-uncle) | awards = | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = {{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[Soul music|Soul]]|[[Pop music|Pop]]}} | label = King Jay Records | member_of = | past_member_of = | website = {{URL|https://jayking.me}} }} }} '''Jay King''' is a [[Grammys|Grammy]]-nominated singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, record label executive, music manager, and radio show host.<ref name= "Grammys">{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/jay-king/3719|title=Grammy Artist Jay King|publisher=Grammys|date=|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/thehubmag/docs/final_thehubmagsummer2019|title=Black Men in Leadership - Jay King - Music, Artist & Manager, Community Activist & Radio Host|publisher=The Hub Mag|date=June 14, 2019|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> In 1986, he produced, independently released, and promoted [[Timex Social Club]]'s, ''[[Rumors (Timex Social Club song)|Rumors]]'', which charted at #1 on [[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']]'s R&B chart.<ref name= "Music VF Charts">{{cite web|url=https://www.musicvf.com/Timex+Social+Club.art|title=Billboard Chart - Timex Social Club|publisher=Music VF Charts|date=|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>"Club Nouveau’s King-size Hit" by Rob Hoerburger, ''The Daily Sentinel,'' ''Page 33'', April 24, 1987</ref><ref name= "Urban Bridgez">{{cite web|url=https://urbanbridgez.com/2021/06/30/ub-black-music-month-spotlight-the-success-of-jay-king-club-nouveau/|title=UB Black Music Month Spotlight: The Success of Jay King + Club Nouveau|publisher=Urban Bridgez|date=June 30, 2021|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> He later formed the music group, [[Club Nouveau]], whose remake of, ''[[Lean on Me (song)#Club Nouveau version|Lean on Me]]'', was nominated for a Grammy Award, charted at #1 on Billboard's R&B chart, and certified [[Music recording certification|Platinum]].<ref name= "RIAA">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=club+nouveau#search_section|title=RIAA Certification|publisher=RIAA|date=|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref><ref name= "Billboard">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/club-nouveau/|title=Billboard Charts|magazine=Billboard|date=July 18, 1987|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> In 1986, King started, ''King Jay Records'', partnering with major labels such as [[RCA Records]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/80s/1987/CB-1987-10-10.pdf|title=Day for a King - King Jay Records and RCA Have Finalized Production Deal - page 6|publisher=Cash Box|date=October 10, 1987|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> and [[Warner Bros. Records]], releasing albums for [[Club Nouveau]], Michael Cooper,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.45cat.com/record/728200|title=Michael Cooper - To Prove my Love|publisher=45 Cat|date=|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> New Choice, Theresa,<ref name="Billboard 3">{{cite web|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1987/1987-10-17-Billboard-Page-0026.pdf#search=%22theresa%20broken%20puzzle%22|title=Top Black Albums|work=Billboard 3|date=October 17, 1987|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> and Mikki Bleu.<ref>"Jay King Promised to do Big Things in the Name of Pop Music: He Delivered" by Dave Barton, ''The Sacramento Bee,'' ''Page 254'', November 29, 1987</ref> He has released three solo albums, ''Open Book'',<ref name= "Sac Cultural Club"/> ''Helen's Son'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soulbrother.com/shop/helens-son-2/|title=Jay King - Helens Son|publisher=Soul Brother|date=May 19, 2017|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> and ''Soulful Bossa Nova'', all of which received favorable reviews.<ref name= "Do the Bay"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yoshis.com/events/sold-out/jay-king-soulful-bossa-nova-cd-release/detail|title=JAY KING "SOULFUL BOSSA NOVA" CD RELEASE|publisher=Yoshis|date=July 18, 2021|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> ''Good Kind of Lovin'', from ''Helen's Son'', charted in the top-10 on UK's Soul chart in 2018.<ref name= "Music Connection Magazine"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soultracks.com/first-listen-jay-king-good-lovin|title=World Premiere: Club Nouveau's Jay King gives us a "Good Kinda Lovin"|publisher=Soul Tracks|date=17 November 2016|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://towerrecords.com/products/jay-king-helens-son|title=Jay King: Helen's Son|publisher=Tower Records|date=|access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> In 2019, he was elected President of the ''California Black Chamber of Commerce'' and is the Chairman of the ''African American DBE Participation Committee'' for the [[California Department of Transportation]].<ref name= "CALBCC">{{cite web|url=https://www.calbcc.org/president-and-ceo/|title=PRESIDENT AND CEO|publisher=CALBCC|date=|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> ==Early life== Jay King was born on January 27, 1962 in [[Oroville, California]] to parents Helen and Jay King Jr.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/thesoulsurvivors/docs/tssm_issue_70_edited_with_links|title=Issue 70 - page 44 |publisher=Soul Survivors Magazine|date=May 31, 2017|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/jay-king/466961561|title=Apple Music - Jay King |publisher=Apple Music|date=|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref> After his parents separated his mother moved to San Francisco and later to Sacramento, California, where Jay was raised and began playing the trumpet. Jay's father lived in Vallejo so he attended Jr. High School and High School in both Sacramento and Vallejo.<ref name= "Black Past">{{cite web|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/club-nouveau-1984/|title=CLUB NOUVEAU (1984- ) by Otis Alexander|publisher=Black Past|date=November 30, 2021|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> He left home when he was 14 years old and was a dancer and entertainer. ''"I left home when I was 14, I had to be on my own, I didn't want to wait. I wanted to something great. I had to be prepared. Being on the streets prepared me for what I'm doing now"'', King shared in an interview with the LA Times in 1987.<ref>"He's the King: Ask Him" by Dennis Hunt, ''Los Angeles Times,'' ''Page 373'', April 12, 1987</ref> He formed the break dance group, ''Jay King & the Unknowns'', who performed at high schools, parties, and on the streets, garnering a large local following in Vallejo and the San Francisco Bay Area.<ref name= "The Sacramento Bee">"Record Success: Making Money and Hits is Easy for Jay King" by Dave Barton, ''The Sacramento Bee,'' ''Page 201'', November 16, 1986</ref> ''"I was famous before I ever had a nickel"'', King shared in an interview with ''Half Time Chat'' regarding his success as a teen dancer.<ref name= "Half Time Chat">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NH6LHzFMixo|title=Half Time Chat with Jay King|publisher=Half Time Chat|date=June 30, 2021|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> King joined the Air Force and was honorably discharged.<ref name= "San Francisco Examiner">"Brash Young Man Giving Pop the Business" by Lee Hildebrand, ''San Francisco Examiner,'' ''Page 257'', April 5, 1987</ref> After leaving the military he decided to remain in Alaska, where he had been stationed. He formed the dance group, ''Close Encounters of the Funkiest Kind'', which quickly became successful and they opened shows for [[The Pointer Sisters]], [[Atlanta Rhythm Section]], and [[INXS]], among other acts.<ref name= "Half Time Chat" /> King returned to Sacramento and decided to pursue a career as a rapper. He formed the group, ''Frost'', releasing the single, ''Battlebeat'', and for a short period of time was a concert promoter for such acts as [[Run DMC]].<ref name= "The Sacramento Bee"/> ==Career== King's career has spanned over 40 years as a singer, songwriter, record producer, record label owner, musician, music publisher, and radio show host. King's first independent label (''Jay Records''), produced [[Timex Social Club]]'s, ''[[Rumors (Timex Social Club song)|Rumors]]'', which charted at #1 as well as making it one of the top selling independent releases in 1986.<ref name= "Reno Gazette-Journal"/> King later partnered with [[Benny Medina]] in 1986 at [[Warner Bros. Records]] launching ''King Jay Records'', which released [[Club Nouveau]]'s debut album, ''[[Life, Love & Pain]]''. King also released Michael Cooper's album, ''Love is Such a Funny Game'' and produced and released Theresa's album, ''Broken Puzzle'' which charted at #62 on Billboard's Black Music Chart.<ref name= "Urban Bridgez"/><ref name="Billboard 3"/> King founded the ''ILC'' (Independent Label Coalition), a collective of independent record labels such as, '' Young Black Brotha Records'', ''Psychotic Records'', and ''Rip It Records'', who by leveraging artists album releases and distribution, were able to get paid sooner for record sales.<ref name= "Half Time Chat"/> He has managed the music careers of [[Cameo (band)|Cameo]], [[Larry Dunn]], [[Kathy Sledge]], [[Club Nouveau]], and [[Karyn White]], among others.<ref name= "Urban Bridgez"/> King was handed a demo tape of Timex Social Club's, ''Rumors'', and thought it was a great song but needed better production. He produced, ''[[Rumors (Timex Social Club song)|Rumors]]'',<ref name= "Urban Bridgez"/> which he independently released on ''Jay Records'', promoting the 12-inch single to radio stations, dance clubs, and record stores. ''Rumors'' became a dance club hit song before going on to peak at #1 on Billboard's R&B chart as well as becoming the most successful selling independent releases of 1986.<ref name= "Reno Gazette-Journal">"Scene Here", ''Reno Gazette-Journal,'' ''Page 72'', April 18, 2003</ref><ref name= "FUNKNSTUFF">{{cite web|url=https://funknstuff.net/tir-jay-king/|title=TIR 157: How Jay King Became R&B Royalty With Club Nouveau|publisher=FUNKNSTUFF|date=January 6, 2022|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref><ref name="The Sacramento Bee"/> King did not have a formal contract with the band and the group signed another record deal with ''Danya Records'' behind King's back. King had many songs left over from his work with the group so he formed [[Club Nouveau]], whose first single, ''Jealousy'', was an [[answer song]] to ''Rumors'' that references King's split with Timex Social Club.<ref name= "San Francisco Examiner"/> In 1986, King formed the music group, [[Club Nouveau]] who were nominated for ''Best R&B Performance by a Group or Duo with a Vocal '' for their remake of [[Bill Withers]]'s ''[[Lean on Me (song)|Lean on Me]]''. Several of their songs charted in the top-10 on Billboard's charts.<ref name= "Music VF">{{cite web|url=https://www.musicvf.com/songs.php?page=artist&artist=Club+Nouveau&tab=songchartstab&sort=songdown&filter=all|title=Club Nouveau Charts|publisher=Music VF|date=|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> Their album, ''[[Life, Love & Pain]]'', was certified [[Music recording certification|Platinum]].<ref name= "RIAA"/> The group went on to release five more albums, the most recent in 2015.<ref name= "Soul Culture">{{cite web|url=https://soulculture.com/features/interviews/club-nouveau-founder-jay-king-recalls-making-life-love-and-pain-lp-1986-return-to-the-classics/|title=Club Nouveau founder Jay King recalls making Life, Love and Pain LP (1986) by Chris Williams|publisher=Soul Culture|date=June 5, 2011|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> In 2022, Club Nouveau's new group formation featured King, Tirzah Hubbard, and J Ali.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://clubnouveau.me/evolution-of|title= Evolution of Club Nouveau|publisher=Club Nouveau|date=|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref> In 2024, they performed a multi-city tour which included venues such as the [[SAP Center]], [[Desert Diamond Arena]], and [[Selland Arena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bandsintown.com/a/183895-club-nouveau |title=Club Nouveau tour dates 2024|publisher=Bands in Town|date=|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref> Also in 2024, they released the single, "It's Alright," which received favorable reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://creativeloafing.com/event-565513-club-nouveau-08-05-2024-8-00-pm#:~:text=Led%20by%20Jay%20King%2C%20the,Music%20coming%20soon....|title=Club Nouveau|publisher=Creative Loafing|date=August 5, 2024|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://greatesthits981.com/2024/02/09/jay-king-club-nouveau/|title=Jay King - Club Nouveau @ 0:07|publisher=Greatest Hits 98.1|date=February 9, 2024|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://soultracks.com/first-listen-club-nouveau-alright/|title=First Look: The legendary Club Nouveau is "Alright" in new video|publisher=Soul Tracks|date=|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref> == Record labels == * '''Jay Records''' King launched independent label ''Jay Records'' in 1986 after not being able to get secure a record deal for [[Timex Social Club]]'s, single "[[Rumors (Timex Social Club song)|Rumors]]". He independently produced, pressed, and marketed the 12-inch single to radio stations, dance clubs, and soon the song gained traction on Billboard charts, becoming one the best selling independent releases of 1986. * '''King Jay Records''' King partnered with Warner Bros. CEO [[Benny Medina]] in 1986 forming, ''King Jay Records'',<ref name= "Urban Bridgez"/> to release Club Nouveau's debut album, ''[[Life, Love & Pain]]'', which certified Platinum<ref name= "RIAA"/> and yielded three top-ten Billboard hit songs, including ''Lean on Me'' which charted at #1 on Billboard's R&B Chart for 2 consecutive weeks. His label released five additional Nouveau albums, as well as albums by Michael Cooper<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/80s/1987/CB-1987-12-12.pdf|title=Feature Picks - Michael Cooper - Love is Such a Funny Game/King Jay Records page 9|publisher=Cash Box|date=December 12, 1987|access-date=October 21, 2022}}</ref> and composed and produced Theresa's album, ''Broken Puzzle''.<ref name="Billboard 3"/> King's publishing company, ''Jay King IIII Publishing'', placed several of [[Khayree]]'s songs on [[Vanilla Ice]]'s album, ''[[To the Extreme]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elyrics.net/read/v/vanilla-ice-lyrics/hooked-lyrics.html|title=VANILLA ICE Hooked Lyrics|publisher=E Lyrics|date=|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> ==Other ventures== * '''Radio''' King is a radio show host on ''Traffic Jams with Jay King'' on [[KDEE-LP|KDEE 97.5 FM]] as well as hosting his own podcast, ''Kings in the Morning'', on ''The Jay King Network''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blogtalkradio.com/jay-king/2016/03/28/kings-in-the-morning-kitm-monday|title=KINGS IN THE MORNING|publisher=The Jay King Network|date=28 March 2016|access-date=October 9, 2022}}</ref> On his online series, ''Jay King Live, Straight No Chaser,'' several of the episodes were focused on reparations, with King calling it ''the debt owed'' to Black America. He created and presented his own detailed account of a ''debt owed plan'' to repay the debt owed to ''American Descendants of Enslaved Africans''.<ref name= "CALBCC"/> * '''Professional [[Dominoes]] Association''' King was the founder and association commissioner of the ''PDA'' (Professional Dominoes Association) which organized and hosted professional domino tournaments. In 2006, he hosted a 12-city tournament.<ref>"It's Texas Fold'em: Everybody Wants a Night on the Tiles Playing Dominos", by David Litterick", ''The Daily Telegraph,'' ''Page 33'', April 8, 2006</ref> The success of the tournaments led to a deal with ESPN to televise domino tournaments. * '''Music Conferences''' King launched ''The Creative Exchange Music Summit'' to educate creatives in the business of technology, film, television, music, and art.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sacculturalhub.com/entertainment/headlines/jay-kings-the-creative-exchange-makes-post-pandemic-return-with-kbla-talk-radios-tavis-smiley-as-keynote-speaker/|title=Jay King's "The Creative Exchange" Makes Post Pandemic Return with KBLA Talk Radio's Tavis Smiley as Keynote Speaker|publisher=Sac Cultural Hub|date=May 26, 2022|access-date=October 8, 2022}}</ref><ref>"Getting Into the Sing of It " by Chris Macias, ''The Sac Bee,'' ''Page 123'', February 7, 2003</ref> * '''California Black Chamber of Commerce''' King was elected President of the, ''California Black Chamber of Commerce,'' in June 2019, and serves on the [[Caltrans]] Small Business Council and is the Chairman of the ''African American DBE Participation Committee'' for the [[California Department of Transportation]], as well as the Small Business Council for the [[California Department of General Services]] (DGS), and the [[California High-Speed Rail]].<ref name="CALBCC"/> ==Discography== {| class="wikitable" !Year !Song !Artist !Credit |- | rowspan="1" |1986 |''[[Life, Love & Pain]]''<ref name= "Club Nouveau">{{cite web|url=https://clubnouveau.me/evolution-of|title=Club Nouveau Evolution|publisher=Club Nouveau|date=|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> |Club Nouveau |Artist, composer, producer, record label |- | rowspan="2" |1987 |''Broken Puzzle''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1987/1987-07-25-Billboard-Page-0082.pdf#search=%22theresa%20broken%20puzzle%22|title=Billboard Spotlight - Theresa - Broken Puzzle|work=Billboard 2|date=July 25, 1987|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Billboard 3"/> |Theresa |Composer, producer, record label |- |''Love is Such a Funny Game'' |Michael Cooper |Composer, producer, arranger, record label |- | rowspan="2" |1988 |''[[Listen to the Message]]''<ref name= "Club Nouveau"/> |Club Nouveau |Artist, composer, producer, record label |- |''At Last'' |New Choice |Executive producer, record label |- | rowspan="2" |1989 |''Under a Nouveau Groove''<ref name= "Club Nouveau"/> |Club Nouveau |Artist, composer, producer, record label |- |''I Promise'' |Mikki Bleu |Record label |- | rowspan="1" |1992 |''A New Beginning''<ref name= "Club Nouveau"/> |Club Nouveau |Artist, composer, producer, record label |- | rowspan="1" |1994 |''Everything is Black''<ref name= "Club Nouveau"/> |Club Nouveau |Artist, composer, producer, record label |- | rowspan="1" |2015 |''Consciousness''<ref name= "Club Nouveau"/> |Club Nouveau |Artist, composer, producer, record label |- |} ==Solo albums== {| class="wikitable" !Year !Song !Artist !Credit |- | rowspan="1" |2008 |''Open Book''<ref name= "Sac Cultural Club">{{cite web|url=https://www.sacculturalhub.com/eblast/jay-king-returns-home-to-sacramento-california-to-perform-his-solo-cd-open-book/ |title=JAY KING returns home to Sacramento California to perform his solo CD "Open Book"|publisher=Sac Cultural Club Urban Entertainment|date=|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> |Jay King |Artist, composer, producer, record label |- | rowspan="1" |2015 |''Consciousness''<ref name= "Club Nouveau"/> |Club Nouveau |Artist, composer, producer, record label |- | rowspan="1" |2017 |''Helen's Son''<ref name= "Music Connection Magazine">{{cite web|url=https://www.musicconnection.com/jay-king-sound-royalties/|title=JAY KING RELEASES NEW ALBUM FOLLOWING WORK WITH SOUND ROYALTIES|work=Music Connection Magazine|date=January 18, 2021|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> |Jay King |Artist, composer, producer, record label |- | rowspan="1" |2021 |''Soulful Bossa Nova''<ref name= "Do the Bay">{{cite web|url=https://dothebay.com/events/2021/7/18/jay-king-soulful-bossa-nova-cd-release-tickets|title=JAY KING "SOULFUL BOSSA NOVA" CD RELEASE|publisher=Do the Bay|date=July 18, 2021|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> |Jay King |Artist, composer, producer, record label |- |} ==Singles== {| class="wikitable" !Year !Song !Artist !Credit |- | rowspan="3" |1986 |''[[Rumors (Timex Social Club song)|Rumors]]'' |[[Timex Social Club]] |producer, record label |- |''Jealousy'' |[[Club Nouveau]] |Vocals, producer, writer, record label |- |''Situation #9'' |[[Club Nouveau]] |Artist, producer, record label |- | rowspan="4" |1987 |''[[Lean on Me (song)#Club Nouveau version|Lean on Me]]'' |[[Club Nouveau]] |Artist, producer, record label |- |''[[Why You Treat Me So Bad]]'' |[[Club Nouveau]] |Vocals, producer, writer, record label |- |''Heavy on My Mind'' |[[Club Nouveau]] |Vocals, producer, writer, record label |- |''Last Time'' |Theresa |Writer |- | rowspan="1" |1989 |''No Friend of Mine'' |[[Club Nouveau]] |Artist, producer, record label |- | rowspan="1" |1992 |''[[Oh Happy Day]]'' |[[Club Nouveau]] |Artist, producer, record label |- | rowspan="1" |2007 |''Made for Love''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lyrics.com/lyric-lf/700401/Kool+%26+the+Gang/Made+for+Love|title=Made for Love - Kool & the Gang|publisher=Lyrics|date=|access-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> |[[Kool & the Gang]] |Writer |- | rowspan="1" |2018 |''Good Kind of Lovin'''<ref name= "Music Connection Magazine"/> |Jay King |Artist, vocals, producer, writer, record label |} ==Personal life== King's great-uncle, [[Saunders King]], was a respected jazz/blues guitarist with the 1940s hit song, ''The S.K. Blues''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Bluesman-Saunders-Samuel-King-He-was-a-giant-of-2740813.php|title=Bluesman Saunders Samuel King / He was a giant of jazz in the San Francisco's jazz scene during the 1940s by Kelly St. John|publisher=SF Gate|date=September 4, 2000|access-date=October 9, 2022}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{Official website|https://www.theofficialjayking.com|Jay King profile}} at [[California Chamber of Commerce]] *{{IMDb name|nm2060734}} *{{Discogs artist}} *{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000182746|label=Jay King}} {{DEFAULTSORT:King, Jay}} [[Category:African-American musicians]] [[Category:African-American songwriters]] [[Category:American rhythm and blues singers]] [[Category:Musicians from Sacramento, California]] [[Category:Record producers from California]] [[Category:American talk radio hosts]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:African-American record producers]] [[Category:1962 births]]

1,300,336,967

[{"title": "Jay King", "data": {"Born": "January 27, 1962 \u00b7 Oroville, California", "Occupations": "Singer songwriter record producer label owner musician radio show host", "Years active": "1982\u2013present", "Relatives": "Saunders King (great-uncle)", "Genres": "R&B Soul Pop", "Labels": "King Jay Records", "Website": "jayking.me"}}]

false

# David Wayne (singer) David Wayne (born David Wayne Carnell, January 1, 1958 – May 10, 2005) was an American singer of the heavy metal bands Metal Church, Reverend and Wayne. ## Biography From 1982 to 1988, Wayne appeared as vocalist on three studio albums and one live album by Metal Church. He was influenced by singers like Rob Halford. When he left Metal Church in 1988, Wayne formed Reverend, which remained active even after his death. His legacy as a vocalist is captured in Metal Church's live album Live, recorded in 1986 in Texas while on tour with Anthrax. He also started a band called Wayne (or David Wayne's Metal Church) after leaving Metal Church and joined ex-Cradle of Filth guitarist Stuart Anstis in Bastardsun. Wayne was the father to one daughter named Tanya Lee. He died on May 10, 2005, from complications following a car crash. Wayne was laid to rest with his grandparents at Evergreen Memorial Gardens Cemetery on May 13, 2005. Before joining Metal Church, he was a US Army medical technician. ## Discography ### Metal Church - Metal Church (1984) - The Dark (1986) - Live (1998) - Masterpeace (1999) ### Reverend - Reverend (1989) - World Won't Miss You (1990) - Play God (1991) - Live (1992) - A Gathering of Demons (2001) ### Wayne (David Wayne's Metal Church) - Metal Church (2001)

enwiki/2674029

enwiki

2,674,029

David Wayne (singer)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wayne_(singer)

2025-05-10T18:52:46

en

Q2618723

48,722

{{Short description|American heavy metal vocalist (1958–2005)}} {{About|the heavy metal vocalist|the actor|David Wayne}} {{distinguish|David Wain}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = David Wayne | image = David Wayne (metal singer).jpg | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1958|1|1}} | birth_place = [[Renton, Washington]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|2005|5|10|1958|1|1}} | death_place = [[Tacoma, Washington]], U.S. | origin = | genre = {{hlist|[[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]]|[[thrash metal]]|[[speed metal]]|[[power metal]]}} | occupation = songwriter {{hlist|Singer|songwriter}} | years_active = 1982–2005 | past_member_of = {{hlist|[[Metal Church]]|[[Reverend (band)|Reverend]]|Wayne}} | website = }} '''David Wayne''' (born '''David Wayne Carnell''', January 1, 1958 – May 10, 2005) was an American singer of the [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] bands [[Metal Church]], [[Reverend (band)|Reverend]] and Wayne. ==Biography== From 1982 to 1988, Wayne appeared as vocalist on three studio albums and one live album by [[Metal Church]]. He was influenced by singers like [[Rob Halford]]. When he left Metal Church in 1988, Wayne formed [[Reverend (band)|Reverend]], which remained active even after his death. His legacy as a vocalist is captured in Metal Church's live album ''[[Live (Metal Church album)|Live]]'', recorded in 1986 in Texas while on tour with [[Anthrax (American band)|Anthrax]]. He also started a band called Wayne (or David Wayne's Metal Church) after leaving Metal Church and joined ex-[[Cradle of Filth]] guitarist Stuart Anstis in Bastardsun. Wayne was the father to one daughter named Tanya Lee. He died on May 10, 2005, from complications following a car crash.<ref name="David Wayne's Obituary">tacomascene.com, ''David Wayne's Obituary'' at [http://www.tacomascene.com/wayne/obituary.html tacomascene.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911063044/http://www.tacomascene.com/wayne/obituary.html |date=September 11, 2016 }}. Retrieved April 26, 2011.</ref><ref name="Memorial to David Wayne">metalchurchmusic.com, ''Memorial to David Wayne'' at [http://www.metalchurchmusic.com/memorial.asp metalchurchmusic.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027034745/http://metalchurchmusic.com/memorial.asp |date=October 27, 2011 }}. Retrieved April 26, 2011.</ref> Wayne was laid to rest with his grandparents at Evergreen Memorial Gardens Cemetery on May 13, 2005.<ref>Blabbermouth. (2005, May 31). Original METAL CHURCH singer’s obituary published in Tacoma newspaper. Blabbermouth.net. https://blabbermouth.net/news/original-metal-church-singer-s-obituary-published-in-tacoma-newspaper </ref><ref>Columbian.com. Retrieved January 28, 2025, from https://obits.columbian.com/us/obituaries/columbian/name/david-carnell-obituary?id=29328664 </ref> Before joining Metal Church, he was a [[US Army]] medical technician.<ref name="David Wayne's Obituary"/> ==Discography== ===Metal Church=== * ''[[Metal Church (Metal Church album)|Metal Church]]'' (1984) * ''[[The Dark (Metal Church album)|The Dark]]'' (1986) * ''[[Live (Metal Church album)|Live]]'' (1998) * ''[[Masterpeace]]'' (1999) ===Reverend=== *''[[Reverend (EP)|Reverend]]'' (1989) *''[[World Won't Miss You]]'' (1990) *''[[Play God (album)|Play God]]'' (1991) *''[[Live (Reverend EP)|Live]]'' (1992) *''[[A Gathering of Demons]]'' (2001) ===Wayne (David Wayne's Metal Church)=== * ''Metal Church'' (2001) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.tacomascene.com/wayne/obituary.html Obituary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911063044/http://www.tacomascene.com/wayne/obituary.html |date=September 11, 2016 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081030143955/http://www.metalchurchmusic.com/graphics/dwmemprog.jpg David Wayne's memorial program] * [http://www.hardradio.com/shockwaves/mchurch1.html HardRadio.com interview with David Wayne] {{Metal Church}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wayne, David}} [[Category:1958 births]] [[Category:2005 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American singers]] [[Category:American heavy metal singers]] [[Category:Singers from Washington (state)]] [[Category:People from Renton, Washington]] [[Category:Road incident deaths in Washington (state)]] [[Category:21st-century American singers]] [[Category:Metal Church members]] [[Category:20th-century American male singers]] [[Category:21st-century American male singers]] [[Category:United States Army soldiers]] {{Washington-musician-stub}} {{US-singer-stub}}

1,289,770,046

[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Born": "January 1, 1958 \u00b7 Renton, Washington, U.S.", "Died": "May 10, 2005 (aged 47) \u00b7 Tacoma, Washington, U.S.", "Genres": "Heavy metal thrash metal speed metal power metal", "Occupations": "songwriter", "Years active": "1982\u20132005", "Formerly of": "Metal Church Reverend Wayne"}}, {"title": "Metal Church", "data": {"Studio albums": "Metal Church The Dark Blessing in Disguise The Human Factor Hanging in the Balance Masterpeace The Weight of the World A Light in the Dark This Present Wasteland Generation Nothing XI Damned If You Do Congregation of Annihilation", "Live albums": "Live", "Tours": "Operation Rock & Roll", "Related articles": "Band members"}}]

false

# Sara Bakati' language The Sara language is a language spoken in Kalimantan in Indonesia by about 200 people.

enwiki/2535115

enwiki

2,535,115

Sara Bakati' language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language

2024-11-10T23:41:38

en

Q33957

182,120

{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Kalimantan, Indonesia}} {{distinguish|Sara languages}} {{Infobox language |name=Sara |states=[[Indonesia]] |region=near Sanggau-Ledo, northeast of [[Ledo, Kalimantan|Ledo]], [[Kalimantan]] |speakers=4,000 |date=2004 |ref=e18 |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] |fam3=[[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] |fam4=[[Bekati’ languages|Bekati’]] |iso3=sre |glotto=sara1329 |glottorefname=Sara Bakati<nowiki>'</nowiki> }} The '''Sara language''' is a language spoken in [[Kalimantan]] in Indonesia by about 200 people. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Bornean languages}} {{Languages of Indonesia}} [[Category:Languages of Indonesia]] [[Category:Land Dayak languages]] [[Category:Endangered Austronesian languages]] {{Indonesia-stub}} {{austronesian-lang-stub}}

1,256,655,013

[{"title": "Sara", "data": {"Native to": "Indonesia", "Region": "near Sanggau-Ledo, northeast of Ledo, Kalimantan", "Native speakers": "4,000 (2004)", "Language family": "Austronesian - Malayo-Polynesian - Land Dayak - Bekati\u2019 - Sara"}}, {"title": "Language codes", "data": {"ISO 639-3": "sre", "Glottolog": "sara1329", "ELP": "Sara"}}]

false

# Super Soaker (song) "Super Soaker" is a song recorded by Australian DJ vocal and producer duo Bombs Away. The song was released digitally in September 2011 and remixes followed. The song peaked at number 83 on the Australian ARIA Charts and was certified platinum in 2012. ## Track listing - Digital download[1] 1. "Super Soaker" (Original Radio Edit) – 3:41 2. "Super Soaker" (Original Extended) – 5:37 - Digital download (Remixes)[2] 1. "Super Soaker" (Rocket Pimp Remix) – 4:18 2. "Super Soaker" (Mobin Master & Tate Strauss Remix) – 6:22 3. "Super Soaker" (Pelussje Liquidato Remix) – 5:01 4. "Super Soaker" (Phetsta Remix) – 4:44 5. "Super Soaker" (Kronic Remix) – 4:33 6. "Super Soaker" (Smile On Impact Remix) – 6:58 7. "Super Soaker" (Rave Radio Remix) – 5:36 - Digital download (Hard Dance Mixes)[3] 1. "Super Soaker" (Brooklyn Bounce Remix) – 6:14 2. "Super Soaker" (Mark Breeze Remix) – 4:49 3. "Super Soaker" (Brooklyn Bounce Remix Edit) – 3:48 ## Charts | Chart (2010/11) | Peak Position | | ---------------- | ------------- | | Australia (ARIA) | 83 | ## Certification | Region | Certification | Certified units/sales | | ------------------------------------------------- | ------------- | --------------------- | | Australia (ARIA) | Platinum | 70,000^ | | ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. | | | ## Release history | Country | Date | Format | Label | Catalogue | | --------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | ------------- | --------- | | Australia | September 2011 | Digital download | Shock Records | DN0208 | | Australia | 12 November 2011 | Digital download | Shock Records | DN0215 | | Australia | 12 November 2011 | Digital download | Shock Records | DN0215A |

enwiki/39612986

enwiki

39,612,986

Super Soaker (song)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Soaker_(song)

2025-03-15T21:06:24

en

Q65089823

41,444

{{For|the [[Kings of Leon]] song|Supersoaker (song)}} {{Infobox song | name = Super Soaker | cover = Super_Soaker_by_Bombs_Away.jpg | alt = | type = single | artist = [[Bombs Away (group)|Bombs Away]] | album = | released = September 2011 | recorded = 2011 | studio = | venue = | genre = [[Electro house]] | length = 3:41 (radio edit) | label = [[Shock Records]] | composer = | lyricist = | producer = | prev_title = Swagger | prev_year = 2011 | next_title = Looking for Some Girls | next_year = 2012 | misc = }} "'''Super Soaker'''" is a song recorded by Australian DJ vocal and producer duo [[Bombs Away (group)|Bombs Away]]. The song was released [[Music download|digitally]] in September 2011 and remixes followed. The song peaked at number 83 on the Australian [[ARIA Charts]] and was certified platinum in 2012. ==Track listing== *'''Digital download'''<ref name="Digital">{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/super-soaker-single/468962317|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085755/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/super-soaker-single/468962317|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 27, 2019|title=Super Soaker – Single by Bombs Away|publisher=[[iTunes Store]] (Australia). [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|accessdate=7 March 2019}}</ref> # "Super Soaker" (Original Radio Edit) – 3:41 # "Super Soaker" (Original Extended) – 5:37 *'''Digital download (Remixes)'''<ref name="Digital Remixes">{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/super-soaker-remixes/478194352|title=Super Soaker Remixes– Single by Bombs Aways|publisher=iTunes Store (Australia). Apple Inc.|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> # "Super Soaker" (Rocket Pimp Remix) – 4:18 # "Super Soaker" (Mobin Master & Tate Strauss Remix) – 6:22 # "Super Soaker" (Pelussje Liquidato Remix) – 5:01 # "Super Soaker" (Phetsta Remix) – 4:44 # "Super Soaker" (Kronic Remix) – 4:33 # "Super Soaker" (Smile On Impact Remix) – 6:58 # "Super Soaker" (Rave Radio Remix) – 5:36 *'''Digital download (Hard Dance Mixes)'''<ref name="Digital Hard">{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/super-soaker-hard-dance-mixes-single/478191015|title=Super Soaker Hard Dance Mixes– Single by Bombs Aways|publisher=iTunes Store (Australia). Apple Inc.|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> # "Super Soaker" (Brooklyn Bounce Remix) – 6:14 # "Super Soaker" (Mark Breeze Remix) – 4:49 # "Super Soaker" (Brooklyn Bounce Remix Edit) – 3:48 ==Charts== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2010/11) ! scope="col"| Peak Position |- ! scope="row"| Australia ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]]) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2012/03/chart-watch-148/|title=Chart Watch|publisher=auspop|date=17 March 2012|accessdate=2 March 2019}}</ref> | 83 |- |} == Certification == {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|certyear=2012|relyear=2011|artist=Bombs Away|title=Super Soaker|award=Platinum|certref= |type=single}} {{Certification Table Bottom | nosales=true}} ==Release history== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Date ! scope="col"| Format ! scope="col"| Label ! scope="col"| Catalogue |- !scope="row"| Australia<ref name="Digital"/> | September 2011 |rowspan="3"| [[Music download|Digital download]] |rowspan="3"| [[Shock Records]] |DN0208 |- !scope="row"| Australia<ref name="Digital Remixes"/> |rowspan="2"| 12 November 2011 |DN0215 |- !scope="row"| Australia<ref name="Digital Hard"/> |DN0215A |- |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Bombs Away (group)}} [[Category:2011 singles]] [[Category:2011 songs]] [[Category:Bombs Away (group) songs]]

1,280,677,779

[{"title": "Single by Bombs Away", "data": {"Released": "September 2011", "Recorded": "2011", "Genre": "Electro house", "Length": "3:41 (radio edit)", "Label": "Shock Records"}}, {"title": "Bombs Away singles chronology", "data": {"\"Swagger\" \u00b7 (2011)": "\"Super Soaker\" \u00b7 (2011) \u00b7 \"Looking for Some Girls\" \u00b7 (2012)"}}, {"title": "Bombs Away", "data": {"Singles": "\" Big Booty Bitches \" \" Super Soaker \" \" Party Bass \" \" Drunk Arcade \" \" Squats \" \" You Gotta Be \"", "Related articles": "Shock Records"}}]

false

# Charles Mathew (Corfe Castle MP) Charles Mathew was an English politician in the 16th century.

enwiki/75748159

enwiki

75,748,159

Charles Mathew (Corfe Castle MP)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mathew_(Corfe_Castle_MP)

2025-03-20T19:39:10

en

Q54360529

20,911

{{Short description|English politician}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = | office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Corfe Castle (UK Parliament constituency)|Corfe Castle]] | termstart = 1572 | termend = 1581 | party = | birth_date = | death_date = | predecessor = unknown | successor = [[Francis Hawley (MP for Corfe Castle)|Francis Hawley]] | alongside = [[Edmund Uvedale (died 1621)|Edmund Uvedale]] }} '''Charles Mathew''' was an English politician in the [[16th century]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corfe Castle {{!}} History of Parliament Online |url=https://historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/constituencies/corfe-castle |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=historyofparliamentonline.org}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mathew, Charles}} [[Category:16th-century births]] [[Category:16th-century deaths]] [[Category:Politicians from Dorset]] [[Category:English MPs 1572–1583]] [[Category:16th-century English politicians]] [[Category:Corfe Castle]] {{1572-England-MP-stub}}

1,281,503,201

[{"title": "Member of Parliament \u00b7 for Corfe Castle", "data": {"Member of Parliament \u00b7 for Corfe Castle": "In office \u00b7 1572\u20131581Serving with Edmund Uvedale", "Preceded by": "unknown", "Succeeded by": "Francis Hawley"}}]

false

# Calhoun (surname) Calhoun is a surname of Scottish origin. It is a variant of the Scottish surname Colquhoun. Notable people with this surname include: ## In arts and entertainment - Adam Calhoun (born 1980), American rapper and songwriter - Alice Calhoun (1900–1966), American silent film actress - Ann Marie Calhoun (born 1979), American violinist - Chad Calhoun, a pseudonym of Ron Goulart (1933–2022), writer - Eddie Calhoun (1921–1994), American jazz bassist - Kutt Calhoun (born 1977), born Melvin Calhoun, musician - Monica Calhoun (born 1971), actress - Rory Calhoun (1922–1999), American actor - Will Calhoun (born 1964), American musician - William "Haystack" Calhoun (1934–1989), professional wrestler - William Henry Calhoun (1815–1865), American silversmith ## In government, politics and activism - Bob Calhoun (1937–2020), American politician and lawyer - Bootsie Calhoun (1923–2014), American politician - Charles Calhoun Jr. (1931–2014), American politician and jurist - Cora Catherine Calhoun Horne (1865–1932) Black suffragist, civil rights activist, and an Atlanta socialite. - Floride Calhoun (1792–1866), wife of John C. Calhoun, second lady of the United States - Harlan M. Calhoun (1903–1977), justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia - James Calhoun (politician, born 1802) (1802–1852), Georgia politician, Army colonel, federal Indian agent, and Territorial Governor of New Mexico - John A. Calhoun (1918–2000), American diplomat - John C. Calhoun (1782–1850), United States politician and 7th Vice President - Riemer Calhoun (1909–1994), American politician - William Lowndes Calhoun (1837–1908), mayor of Atlanta, Georgia in 1879 ## In sport - Cameron Calhoun (born 2004), American football player - Don Calhoun (1952–2020), former professional American football running back - George Whitney Calhoun (1890–1963), co-founder of the Green Bay Packers NFL football team - Jalon Calhoun (born 2000), American football player - Jermie Calhoun (born 1988), running back for the Oklahoma Sooners - Jim Calhoun (born 1942), head coach of the University of Connecticut men's basketball team - Kole Calhoun (born 1987), American Major League Baseball player - Lee Calhoun (1933–1989), American hurdler - Milo Calhoun (1940–1995), Jamaican boxer of the 1960s and '70s - Shaq Calhoun (born 1996), American football player - Thomas Calhoun (1795–1861), English clergyman and cricketer - William "Haystack" Calhoun (1934–1989), professional wrestler - W. Bret Calhoun (born 1964), American racehorse trainer - Willie Calhoun (born 1994), American baseball player ## In other fields - Cheshire Calhoun (fl. 1980s–2020s), American philosopher - Craig Calhoun (born 1952), American sociologist - David L. Calhoun (born 18 April 1957), American businessman, formerly president and chief executive of Boeing from 2020 to 2024 - Frances Boyd Calhoun (1867–1909) American author - James Calhoun (soldier) (1845–1876), American soldier, killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn - John B. Calhoun (1917–1995), American ethologist ## Fictional characters - Barney Calhoun, fictional character from the Half-Life computer game series (all powerful) - Mackenzie Calhoun, fictional character from Star Trek - Daltry Calhoun, the leading character of the 2005 movie of the same name - Noah Calhoun, fictional character played by Ryan Gosling in the 2004 movie "The Notebook" based on the novel by Nicholas Sparks - Rutherford Calhoun, the protagonist of the novel Middle Passage by Charles Johnson - Sergeant Tamora J. Calhoun, the protagonist of the video arcade game "Hero's Duty" in the Disney animated film Wreck-It Ralph. - Anika Calhoun, fictional character played by Grace Gealey in Empire (2015 TV series) - Captain Cassius Calhoun, leading character of The Headless Horseman, an 1866 adventure novel by Mayne Reid - Coach Calhoun, fictional character in the film Grease - Dean Ernie Calhoun, fictional character in the YouTube web series Video Game High School - Bill Calhoun, one of three founders of Caesar's Legion, a faction in the video game Fallout: New Vegas

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Calhoun (surname)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calhoun_(surname)

2025-02-15T04:32:00

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15,428

'''Calhoun''' is a surname of Scottish origin. It is a variant of the Scottish surname ''[[Colquhoun]]''. Notable people with this surname include: {{tocright}} ==In arts and entertainment== *[[Adam Calhoun]] (born 1980), American rapper and songwriter *[[Alice Calhoun]] (1900–1966), American silent film actress *[[Ann Marie Calhoun]] (born 1979), American violinist *Chad Calhoun, a pseudonym of [[Ron Goulart]] (1933–2022), writer *[[Eddie Calhoun]] (1921–1994), American jazz bassist *[[Kutt Calhoun]] (born 1977), born Melvin Calhoun, musician *[[Monica Calhoun]] (born 1971), actress *[[Rory Calhoun]] (1922–1999), American actor *[[Will Calhoun]] (born 1964), American musician *[[Haystack Calhoun|William "Haystack" Calhoun]] (1934–1989), professional wrestler *[[William Henry Calhoun]] (1815–1865), American silversmith ==In government, politics and activism== *[[Bob Calhoun]] (1937–2020), American politician and lawyer *[[Bootsie Calhoun]] (1923–2014), American politician *[[Charles Calhoun Jr.]] (1931–2014), American politician and jurist *[[Cora Catherine Calhoun Horne]] (1865–1932) Black suffragist, civil rights activist, and an Atlanta [[socialite]]. *[[Floride Calhoun]] (1792–1866), wife of John C. Calhoun, second lady of the United States *[[Harlan M. Calhoun]] (1903–1977), justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia *[[James Calhoun (politician, born 1802)]] (1802–1852), Georgia politician, Army colonel, federal Indian agent, and Territorial Governor of New Mexico *[[John A. Calhoun]] (1918–2000), American diplomat *[[John C. Calhoun]] (1782–1850), United States politician and 7th Vice President *[[Riemer Calhoun]] (1909–1994), American politician *[[William Lowndes Calhoun]] (1837–1908), mayor of Atlanta, Georgia in 1879 ==In sport== *[[Cameron Calhoun]] (born 2004), American football player *[[Don Calhoun]] (1952–2020), former professional American football running back *[[George Whitney Calhoun]] (1890–1963), co-founder of the Green Bay Packers NFL football team *[[Jalon Calhoun]] (born 2000), American football player *[[Jermie Calhoun]] (born 1988), running back for the Oklahoma Sooners *[[Jim Calhoun]] (born 1942), head coach of the University of Connecticut men's basketball team *[[Kole Calhoun]] (born 1987), American Major League Baseball player *[[Lee Calhoun]] (1933–1989), American hurdler *[[Milo Calhoun]] (1940–1995), Jamaican boxer of the 1960s and '70s *[[Shaq Calhoun]] (born 1996), American football player *[[Thomas Calhoun]] (1795–1861), English clergyman and cricketer *[[Haystack Calhoun|William "Haystack" Calhoun]] (1934–1989), professional wrestler *[[W. Bret Calhoun]] (born 1964), American racehorse trainer *[[Willie Calhoun]] (born 1994), American baseball player ==In other fields== *[[Cheshire Calhoun]] (fl. 1980s–2020s), American philosopher *[[Craig Calhoun]] (born 1952), American sociologist *[[Dave Calhoun|David L. Calhoun]] (born 18 April 1957), American businessman, formerly president and chief executive of [[Boeing]] from 2020 to 2024 *[[Frances Boyd Calhoun]] (1867–1909) American author *[[James Calhoun (soldier)]] (1845–1876), American soldier, killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn *[[John B. Calhoun]] (1917–1995), American ethologist ==Fictional characters== *[[Barney Calhoun]], fictional character from the ''Half-Life'' computer game series (all powerful) *[[Mackenzie Calhoun]], fictional character from ''Star Trek'' *[[Daltry Calhoun]], the leading character of the 2005 movie of the same name *[[The Notebook (2004 film)|Noah Calhoun]], fictional character played by Ryan Gosling in the 2004 movie "The Notebook" based on the novel by Nicholas Sparks *Rutherford Calhoun, the protagonist of the novel [[Middle Passage (novel)|Middle Passage]] by Charles Johnson *Sergeant Tamora J. Calhoun, the protagonist of the video arcade game "Hero's Duty" in the Disney animated film ''[[Wreck-It Ralph]]''. *Anika Calhoun, fictional character played by Grace Gealey in [[Empire (2015 TV series)|''Empire'' (2015 TV series)]] *Captain Cassius Calhoun, leading character of [[The Headless Horseman (novel)|The Headless Horseman]], an 1866 adventure novel by Mayne Reid *Coach Calhoun, fictional character in the film ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'' *Dean Ernie Calhoun, fictional character in the YouTube web series ''[[Video Game High School]]'' *Bill Calhoun, one of three founders of Caesar's Legion, a faction in the video game ''[[Fallout: New Vegas]]'' {{surname|Calhoun}} [[Category:Americanized surnames]]

1,275,801,837

[]

false

# Bush Brotherhood The Bush Brotherhood was a group of Anglican religious orders providing itinerant priests to minister to sparsely settled rural districts in Australia. They were described as a "band of men" who could "preach like Apostles" and "ride like cowboys". ## History The St Andrew's Bush Brotherhood was established in 1897 in Longreach, Queensland, by the Bishop of Stepney, Canon Body and the Bishop of Rockhampton, Nathaniel Dawes. The first group of brothers was led by the Reverend George Halford. The Brotherhood of St Barnabas was established in 1902 in Herberton, Queensland by Aneirun Vaughan Williams and Joseph Braybarton. It was also known as the North Queensland Brotherhood. The Brotherhood of the Good Shepherd was established about 1903 in Dubbo, New South Wales. The Brotherhood of the Good Shepherd published The Bush Brother magazine from 1904 to 1980. The Bush Brotherhood of St Boniface operated in the Diocese of Bunbury in Western Australia from July 1911 to 1929. In 1922, Bryan Robin published a book "The Sundowner" about his experiences in the Bush Brotherhood of St Barnabas in North Queensland from 1914 to 1921. This book attracted other priests to join the brotherhood. The Brotherhood of St John the Baptist was established in Murray Bridge, South Australia. The Bush Brotherhood of St Paul operated in Charleville and Cunnamulla in Queensland. ## Operation of the orders There were a number of different orders of Bush Brothers, but all operated on a similar basis of an almost monastic life, committed to: - temporary vows of poverty, chastity and obedience - periodic returns from the bush to a community house for spiritual replenishment - obedience to a warden or principal (often a bishop) Their duties included: - giving religious instruction in schools - holding services - administering sacraments The Bush Brothers were either single (or left their wives behind during their period of service). Many were recruited from England where life in the Outback had a romantic appeal. Australian brothers were less frequently recruited. Although the Bush Brothers originally rode horses, they drove vehicles in later years. ## Notable members - William Barrett, Dean of Brisbane - Wilfrid Belcher, Bishop of North Queensland - Stephen Davies, Bishop of Carpentaria - William Elsey, Bishop of Kalgoorlie - John Feetham, Bishop of North Queensland - Godfrey Fryar, Bishop of Rockhampton - George Halford, Bishop of Rockhampton - Frederick Hulton-Sams, known as the "fighting parson" for his boxing skills, he died in 1915 in World War I.[12][13][14][15][16] His friends wrote a book about his experiences as a bush brother.[17] - John Hazlewood, Bishop of Ballarat - Barry Hunter, Bishop of Riverina - Hamish Jamieson, Bishop of Carpentaria and Bunbury - Ken Mason, Bishop of the Northern Territory, Chairman of the Australian Board of Missions - Lionel Renfrey, Dean of Adelaide, Assistant Bishop, Diocese of Adelaide - Bryan Robin, Bishop of Adelaide - Guy Roxby, died from typhoid in 1913, the first Brother to die in service [14][18][19] - Richard Thomas, Bishop of Willochra - Graham Howard Walden, Bishop of The Murray[20] - Arnold Wylde, Bishop of Bathurst ## In popular culture The narrator of Nevil Shute's novel In the Wet is a member of the Bush Brotherhood and provides a (fictional) account of the life of one of these itinerant priests.

enwiki/44844409

enwiki

44,844,409

Bush Brotherhood

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Brotherhood

2025-08-18T17:01:37

en

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81,931

{{Short description|Group of Australian Anglican priests}} {{Use Australian English|date=April 2023}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}} [[File:All Saints Chapel, known as the Bush Brotherhood of St Paul, Charleville, 1933.jpg|thumb|All Saints Chapel, known as the Bush Brotherhood of St Paul, Charleville, 1933]] [[File:Reverend Harold Hodson, Church of England bush brother, stationed at Richmond North Queensland, circa 1915.jpg|thumb|upright|The Reverend Harold Victor Hodson, Bush Brother from England, stationed at [[Richmond, Queensland]], 1913–1916]] The '''Bush Brotherhood''' was a group of [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglican]] religious orders providing itinerant priests to minister to sparsely settled rural districts in Australia. They were described as a "band of men" who could "preach like Apostles" and "ride like cowboys".<ref name=cbh>{{cite web|title=Ministry in rural and outback communities|url=http://intranet.cbhslewisham.nsw.edu.au:82/sor/concepta.asp?resource=12&conid=35|accessdate=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412154118/http://intranet.cbhslewisham.nsw.edu.au:82/sor/concepta.asp?resource=12&conid=35|archive-date=12 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==History== The St Andrew's Bush Brotherhood was established in 1897 in [[Longreach]], [[Queensland]], by the [[Bishop of Stepney]], Canon Body and the [[Anglican Bishop of Rockhampton|Bishop of Rockhampton]], [[Nathaniel Dawes]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article139158461 |title=The Church. |newspaper=[[The Australasian]] |location=Melbourne |date=6 April 1901 |accessdate=25 September 2015 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071750/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/139158461 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76569947 |title=Work Without Pay. |newspaper=[[The Western Champion and General Advertiser for the Central-Western Districts]] |location=Barcaldine, Qld. |date=18 November 1901 |accessdate=25 September 2015 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071748/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/76569947 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52533136 |title=Untitled |newspaper=[[The Morning Bulletin]] |location=Rockhampton, Qld. |date=21 September 1897 |accessdate=25 September 2015 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071748/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/52533136 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first group of brothers was led by [[the Reverend]] [[George Halford (bishop)|George Halford]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30506583 |title=Religious News And Views. |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |location=Adelaide |date=11 January 1947 |accessdate=25 September 2015 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071748/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/30506583 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brotherhood of St Barnabas was established in 1902 in [[Herberton, Queensland|Herberton]], Queensland by Aneirun Vaughan Williams and Joseph Braybarton. It was also known as the North Queensland Brotherhood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brotherhood of St Barnabas (BSB) |url=https://www.anglicanconsecratedlife.org/index.php/community-information/recognised-communities/9-brotherhood-of-st-barnabas |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=Anglican Consecrated Life |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006042738/https://anglicanconsecratedlife.org/index.php/community-information/recognised-communities/9-brotherhood-of-st-barnabas |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brotherhood of the Good Shepherd was established about 1903 in [[Dubbo]], [[New South Wales]].<ref name=shepherd>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14541290 |title=Bush Mission Work. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=3 September 1903 |accessdate=25 September 2015 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071748/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14541290 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brotherhood of the Good Shepherd published ''[[The Bush Brother (magazine)|The Bush Brother]]'' magazine from 1904 to 1980.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Brotherhood of the Good Shepherd (Dubbo, N.S.W.) | title=The Bush brother : a quarterly paper | date=1904 | publisher=Brotherhood of the Good Shepherd | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/13163013 | accessdate=25 June 2018 | archive-date=30 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071748/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/13163013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The Bush Brotherhood of St Boniface operated in the [[Anglican Diocese of Bunbury|Diocese of Bunbury]] in [[Western Australia]] from July 1911 to 1929.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article26345335 |title=COUNTRY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth |date=13 July 1911 |accessdate=26 September 2015 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071749/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/26345335 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147413787 |title=Brotherhood of St Boniface. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |location=Katanning, WA |date=11 September 1929 |accessdate=26 September 2015 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071750/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/147413787 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1922, [[Bryan Robin]] published a book ''"The Sundowner"'' about his experiences in the Bush Brotherhood of St Barnabas in North Queensland from 1914 to 1921. This book attracted other priests to join the brotherhood.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title = Robin, Bryan Percival (1887–1969)|url = http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/robin-bryan-percival-11546|publisher = National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|location = Canberra|first = Robin|last = Radford|access-date = 2015-09-26|archive-date = 2015-09-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150926143001/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/robin-bryan-percival-11546|url-status = live}}</ref> The Brotherhood of St John the Baptist was established in [[Murray Bridge, South Australia]].<ref name=":0" /> The Bush Brotherhood of St Paul operated in [[Charleville, Queensland|Charleville]] and [[Cunnamulla]] in Queensland. ==Operation of the orders== There were a number of different [[religious order|orders]] of Bush Brothers, but all operated on a similar basis of an almost monastic life, committed to:<ref name=cbh/> * temporary vows of [[poverty, chastity and obedience]] * periodic returns from the bush to a community house for spiritual replenishment * obedience to a warden or principal (often a bishop) Their duties included:<ref name="shepherd" /> * giving religious instruction in schools * holding services * administering sacraments The Bush Brothers were either single (or left their wives behind during their period of service). Many were recruited from England where life in the [[Outback]] had a romantic appeal. Australian brothers were less frequently recruited.<ref name=cbh/> Although the Bush Brothers originally rode horses, they drove vehicles in later years. == Notable members == * [[William Barrett (priest)|William Barrett]], Dean of Brisbane * [[Wilfrid Belcher]], Bishop of North Queensland * [[Stephen Davies (bishop)|Stephen Davies]], Bishop of Carpentaria * [[William Elsey]], Bishop of Kalgoorlie * [[John Feetham (bishop)|John Feetham]], Bishop of North Queensland * [[Godfrey Fryar]], Bishop of Rockhampton * [[George Halford (bishop)|George Halford]], Bishop of Rockhampton * [[Frederick Hulton-Sams]], known as the "fighting parson" for his boxing skills, he died in 1915 in World War I.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79752496 |title=Rev. and Lieut. Frederick Hulton Sams, B.A. |newspaper=[[The Western Champion and General Advertiser for the Central-Western Districts]] |location=Barcaldine, Qld. |date=14 August 1915 |accessdate=26 September 2015 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071749/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/79752496 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79329435 |title=Frederick Hulton-Sams. |newspaper=[[The Western Champion]] |location=Barcaldine, Qld. |date=18 July 1925 |accessdate=26 September 2015 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071749/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/79329435 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=qhr>{{cite QHR|14797|St Peter's Anglican Church and Hall|600022|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article45332513 |title=FIGHTING PARSON KILLED. |newspaper=[[The Barrier Miner]] |location=Broken Hill, NSW |date=22 August 1915 |accessdate=26 September 2015 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071750/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45332513 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article179902839 |title=MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY. |newspaper=[[The Daily Standard (Brisbane)|Daily Standard]] |location=Brisbane |date=21 August 1915 |accessdate=26 September 2015 |page=12 Edition: SECOND EDITION |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071749/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/179902839 |url-status=live }}</ref> His friends wrote a book about his experiences as a bush brother.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article69374509 |title=THE LATE REV. F. HULTON SAMS. |newspaper=[[The Capricornian]] |location=Rockhampton, Qld. |date=15 April 1916 |accessdate=26 September 2015 |page=19 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071750/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/69374509 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[John Hazlewood]], Bishop of Ballarat * [[Barry Hunter (bishop)|Barry Hunter]], Bishop of Riverina * [[Hamish Jamieson]], Bishop of Carpentaria and Bunbury * [[Ken Mason (bishop)|Ken Mason]], Bishop of the Northern Territory, Chairman of the Australian Board of Missions * [[Lionel Renfrey]], Dean of Adelaide, Assistant Bishop, Diocese of Adelaide * [[Bryan Robin]], Bishop of Adelaide * [[Guy Roxby]], died from typhoid in 1913, the first Brother to die in service <ref name=qhr/><ref name="The Late Rev. G. J. Roxby">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79744749 |title=The Late Rev. G. J. Roxby. |newspaper=[[The Western Champion and General Advertiser for the Central-Western Districts]] |location=Barcaldine, Qld. |date=19 April 1913 |accessdate=26 September 2015 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071750/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/79744749 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article127847991 |title=NEWS OF THE CHURCHES. |newspaper=[[The Maitland Weekly Mercury]] |location=NSW |date=5 July 1913 |accessdate=26 September 2015 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830071750/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/127847991 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Richard Thomas (bishop)|Richard Thomas]], Bishop of Willochra * [[Graham Howard Walden]], [[Bishop of the Murray|Bishop of The Murray]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Years of faith for this bush brother|url=http://www.dailyliberal.com.au/story/869214/years-of-faith-for-this-bush-brother/|website=The Daily Liberal|accessdate=28 March 2016|archive-date=10 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410191724/http://www.dailyliberal.com.au/story/869214/years-of-faith-for-this-bush-brother/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Arnold Wylde]], Bishop of Bathurst ==In popular culture== The narrator of [[Nevil Shute]]'s novel ''[[In the Wet]]'' is a member of the Bush Brotherhood and provides a (fictional) account of the life of one of these itinerant priests. ==See also== * [[The Bush Brother]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * {{Citation | author1=Webb, Paul | title=Brothers in the sun : a history of the Bush Brotherhood Movement in the outback of Australia | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/39868918| date=1978 | publisher=Rigby | isbn=978-0-7270-0623-3 }} * {{Citation | author1=Robin, B. P. (Bryan Percival) | title=The Sundowner | date=1922 | publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/22119414 }} * {{Citation | title=Frederick Hulton-Sams, the fighting parson: impressions of his five years' ministry in the Queensland bush, recorded by some who knew and loved him | date=1915 | publisher=Theo. F. Barker | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19305250 }} — available [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-6424417 online] [[Category:Anglican Church of Australia]] [[Category:Anglican orders and communities]]

1,306,596,693

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false

# Familienbuch A Familienbuch (German: [faˈmiːli̯ənˌbuːx], "Family-book") was a family register, a genealogical summary that was issued in Germany by the local civil registry upon marriage and contained data on birth, marriage and death of the couple as well as the birth data of any children stemming for this marriage. It was introduced from July 1, 1938, same kind like books for birth and death. However, the Familienbuch dates to much earlier. At least to 1920 in Breslau, Germany, for example. From January 1, 1958, it was modified: Marriage entry was done by the local civil registry, but the "book" itself which was a paper then was moved to the local civil registry when the family did a removal. Since January 1, 2009, Familienbücher have no longer been issued.

enwiki/22714645

enwiki

22,714,645

Familienbuch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familienbuch

2025-01-09T18:52:01

en

Q936270

15,142

{{Short description|Family register of Germany}} {{about|the defunct German Familienbuch|Ortsfamilienbuch|One-place study}} A '''Familienbuch''' ({{IPA|de|faˈmiːli̯ənˌbuːx|lang}}, "Family-book") was a [[family register]], a [[Genealogy|genealogical summary]] that was issued in Germany by the local [[civil registry]] upon [[marriage]] and contained data on [[birth]], marriage and [[death]] of the couple as well as the birth data of any children stemming for this marriage. It was introduced from July 1, 1938, same kind like books for birth and death. However, the Familienbuch dates to much earlier. At least to 1920 in Breslau, Germany, for example. From January 1, 1958, it was modified: Marriage entry was done by the local [[civil registry]], but the "book" itself which was a paper then was moved to the local [[civil registry]] when the family did a removal. Since January 1, 2009, ''Familienbücher'' have no longer been issued. [[Category:Family registers]] [[Category:Marriage in Germany]] [[Category:Identity documents of Germany]] {{marriage-stub}} {{germany-stub}}

1,268,427,425

[]

false

# Bethel Township, Miami County, Ohio Bethel Township is one of the twelve townships of Miami County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 4,758 people in the township. ## Geography Located in the southeastern corner of the county, it borders the following townships: - Elizabeth Township - north - Pike Township, Clark County - northeast - Bethel Township, Clark County - east - Huber Heights - south - Vandalia - southwest - Monroe Township - west - Staunton Township - northwest Part of the city of Huber Heights is located in southwestern Bethel Township, and three unincorporated communities are located in the township: - Brandt, in the south - Phoneton, in the southwest - West Charleston, in the west ## Name and history Statewide, other Bethel Townships are located in Clark and Monroe counties. ## Government The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. The trustees also select a township administrator. As of July, 2020, the trustees are Beth van Haaren, Carolyn Wright and Don Black, the fiscal officer is Deborah Watson, and the township administrator is Andy Ehrhart. As of January, 2024, the trustees are Beth van Haaren, Julie Reese, and Kama Dick, the fiscal officer is Rhonda Ross. ## Schools Students in Bethel Township attend Bethel Local Schools in Bethel Township or Miami East Local Schools in Casstown or Tecumseh Local Schools in New Carlisle. ## Notable residents The township was the home of the ancestors of Wilbur and Orville Wright, who developed the first successful airplane The township was also the home of Roy J. Plunkett, inventor of Teflon, and Gale Halderman, the original designer of the Ford Mustang.

enwiki/2768360

enwiki

2,768,360

Bethel Township, Miami County, Ohio

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_Township,_Miami_County,_Ohio

2024-10-06T06:40:43

en

Q4897944

67,417

{{About|the township in Miami County, Ohio|the village in Clermont County, Ohio|Bethel, Ohio}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Bethel Township, Miami County, Ohio |settlement_type = [[Civil township|Township]] |nickname = |motto =  |image_skyline = Staley Farm.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = A [[Staley Farm|historic farm]] in the township |image_flag = |image_seal =  |image_map = Map of Miami County Ohio Highlighting Bethel Township.png |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location of Bethel Township in Miami County |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 =  |subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |subdivision_name = United States |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Ohio]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Ohio|County]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Miami County, Ohio|Miami]]  |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |established_title = |established_date =  |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 90.0 |area_land_km2 = 89.7 |area_water_km2 = 0.3 |area_total_sq_mi = 34.8 |area_land_sq_mi = 34.6 |area_water_sq_mi = 0.1  |population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2020|2020]] |population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Bethel township, Miami County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Bethel_township,_Miami_County,_Ohio?g=060XX00US3910906110 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref> |population_total = 4758 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = auto  |timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]] |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = EDT |utc_offset_DST = -4 |elevation_footnotes = <ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2007-10-25}}</ref> |elevation_m = 304 |elevation_ft = 997 |coordinates = {{coord|39|55|48|N|84|5|39|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}  |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = 39-06110<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=2008-01-31 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID |blank1_info = 1086634<ref name="GR3" /> |website = |footnotes = }} '''Bethel Township''' is one of the twelve [[civil township|townships]] of [[Miami County, Ohio|Miami County]], [[Ohio]], United States. The [[United States Census, 2020|2020 census]] found 4,758 people in the township. ==Geography== Located in the southeastern corner of the county, it borders the following townships: *[[Elizabeth Township, Miami County, Ohio|Elizabeth Township]] - north *[[Pike Township, Clark County, Ohio|Pike Township, Clark County]] - northeast *[[Bethel Township, Clark County, Ohio|Bethel Township, Clark County]] - east *[[Huber Heights, Ohio|Huber Heights]] - south *[[Vandalia, Ohio|Vandalia]] - southwest *[[Monroe Township, Miami County, Ohio|Monroe Township]] - west *[[Staunton Township, Miami County, Ohio|Staunton Township]] - northwest Part of the city of [[Huber Heights, Ohio|Huber Heights]] is located in southwestern Bethel Township, and three [[unincorporated area|unincorporated communities]] are located in the township: *[[Brandt, Ohio|Brandt]], in the south *[[Phoneton, Ohio|Phoneton]], in the southwest *[[West Charleston, Ohio|West Charleston]], in the west [[File:Charleston Falls 2021b.jpg |thumb|center|Charleston Falls]] ==Name and history== Statewide, other Bethel Townships are located in [[Bethel Township, Clark County, Ohio|Clark]] and [[Bethel Township, Monroe County, Ohio|Monroe]] counties.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Detailed map of Ohio| work = | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]]| year = 2000| url = http://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/general_ref/cousub_outline/cen2k_pgsz/oh_cosub.pdf| format = PDF| accessdate =2007-02-16}}</ref> ==Government== [[File:Bethel Township Miami County Ohio Administration Facility 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Bethel Township Town Hall]] The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer,<ref>[http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/503.24 §503.24], [http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/505.01 §505.01], and [http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/507.01 §507.01] of the [[Ohio Revised Code]]. Accessed 4/30/2009.</ref> who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. The trustees also select a township administrator. As of July, 2020, the trustees are Beth van Haaren, Carolyn Wright and Don Black, the fiscal officer is Deborah Watson, and the township administrator is Andy Ehrhart.<ref>[http://www.betheltownship.org/Trustees.html], Bethel Township, Ohio. Accessed 2020-09-25.</ref> As of January, 2024, the trustees are Beth van Haaren, Julie Reese, and Kama Dick, the fiscal officer is Rhonda Ross.<ref>[http://www.betheltownship.org/Trustees.html], Bethel Township, Ohio. Accessed 2024-02-25.</ref> ==Schools== [[File:Bethel_Township_School.jpg|thumb|Bethel Township School]] Students in Bethel Township attend Bethel Local Schools in Bethel Township or Miami East Local Schools in [[Casstown, Ohio|Casstown]] or Tecumseh Local Schools in [[New Carlisle, Ohio|New Carlisle]]. ==Notable residents== The township was the home of the ancestors of [[Wright brothers|Wilbur and Orville Wright]], who developed the [[Wright Flyer|first successful airplane]]<ref>[http://www.betheltownship.org/bths.htm New Page 0] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701091350/http://www.betheltownship.org/bths.htm |date=July 1, 2007 }} Bethel Township Historical Society, 2005. Accessed 2007-05-29</ref> The township was also the home of [[Roy J. Plunkett]], inventor of [[Polytetrafluoroethylene|Teflon]], and Gale Halderman, the original designer of the [[Ford Mustang]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.betheltownship.org Township website] *[http://www.co.miami.oh.us County website] *[http://www.bethel.k12.oh.us Bethel Local Schools] {{Miami County, Ohio}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Townships in Miami County, Ohio]] [[Category:Townships in Ohio]]

1,249,675,800

[{"title": "Bethel Township, Miami County, Ohio", "data": {"Country": "United States", "State": "Ohio", "County": "Miami"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "34.8 sq mi (90.0 km2)", "\u2022 Land": "34.6 sq mi (89.7 km2)", "\u2022 Water": "0.1 sq mi (0.3 km2)", "Elevation": "997 ft (304 m)"}}, {"title": "Population (2020)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "4,758", "\u2022 Density": "140/sq mi (53/km2)", "Time zone": "UTC-5 (Eastern (EST))", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC-4 (EDT)", "FIPS code": "39-06110", "GNIS feature ID": "1086634"}}]

false

# Shimazu Estate The Shimazu Estate (島津荘, Shimazu no shō) was a shōen (estate or manor) in southern Kyushu of Japan, covering large portions of Satsuma, Ōsumi and Hyūga Provinces. It was the largest shōen of medieval Japan. The Shimazu clan took its name from this estate as the clan succeeded the position of jitō (land steward). ## History ### Heian Period No contemporary source recorded the foundation of the Shimazu Estate. According to a document dated circa 1291, a "wasteland belonging to no one" was developed during the Manju era (1024–1028) and was donated to Kampaku (de facto ruler of Japan) Fujiwara no Yorimichi to break free from the provincial government's control. Another document states that its founder was Taira no Suemoto, the Dazai Daigen (high-ranking official of the administrative center of Kyūshū). It is likely that Taira no Suemoto was the founder of the Chinzei Heishi, a branch line of the Taira clan in Kyushu. A notable member of the Chinzei Heishi was Ata Tadakage. The Shimazu Estate originally covered Shimazu, Morokata District of southern Hyūga Province (modern-day Miyakonojō, Miyazaki Prefecture) but was soon expanded into the neighboring lands of the province. Under the patronage of the powerful Fujiwara clan, Taira no Suemoto exercised effective administrative control over the lands. In 1029, Taira no Suemoto even raided the government office of the neighboring Ōsumi Province but a fragmentary sources suggest that he was not punished severely. The Shimazu Estate was expanded substantially in the first half of the 12th century. Large portions of Satsuma, Ōsumi (including the island of Tanegashima) and southern Hyūga became part of the estate, either as ichien no shō (estate under complete control) or yose gōri (where tax revenue was shared with the provincial government). The Shimazu Estate was inherited by the Fujiwara family, but came under the control of the Taira clan in the second half of the 12th century. Yorimichi's 6th generation descendant, Kampaku Fujiwara no Motozane, was married to Taira no Moriko, a daughter of Taira no Kiyomori. After Motozane died in 1166, his widow Moriko managed the property of the Fujiwara clan. After Moriko's death in 1179, the estate was inherited by the Konoe branch family of the Fujiwara clan. ### Kamakura Period With the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate, supporters of the Taira clan were replaced by the shōgun's retainers. In 1185, Koremune no Tadahisa was appointed as jitō of the Shimazu Estate. Although he was originally a retainer of the Konoe family, he moved in an inner circle of the shogunate for his kinship ties with the first shōgun Minamoto no Yoritomo and his powerful retainer Hiki Yoshikazu. He was also appointed as the military governor of Satsuma, Ōsumi and Hyūga Provinces. Thereafter he claimed the clan name of Shimazu, which indicated the ownership of the estate. By the time Tadahisa took the position of jitō, the Shimazu Estate occupied 70% of agricultural fields of Satsuma Province although over 70% of the lands were yose gōri and were not under the estate's full control. A small portion of the Shimazu Estate in Satsuma was controlled by the Chiba clan. In Satsuma, the provincial government was fused with the Shimazu Estate, as a large overlap in membership between the two polities is observed. The Shimazu Estate's area of influence was smaller in Ōsumi Province, being just over half, and the largest part of the remaining portion was controlled by Ōsumi Shō-Hachimangū. However, it had a stronger control over the land, as over half of the lands were ichien no shō. The provincial government and the estate remained largely separate entities. In 1203, Shimazu Tadahisa was ousted from his positions as a jitō of the estate and the military governor of the three provinces because his relative Hiki Yoshikazu was annihilated by the Hōjō clan. He managed to regain the posts of the jitō of the Shimazu Estate in Satsuma (1213) and the military governor of Satsuma Province (1205). However, the jitō of the estate in Ōsumi and the military governor of Ōsumi Province were succeeded by the Hōjō clan. The Nagoe branch family of the Hōjō clan maintained the post of jitō in Ōsumi until the end of the Kamakura period. They sent the Higo clan to Ōsumi as deputy rulers. After the Hōjō clan was annihilated, one line of the Higo clan made itself autonomous in Tanegashima and began to claim the clan name of Tanegashima. The post of the military governor of Ōsumi Province was transferred from the Nagoe family to the Chiba clan in the early 1280s and then to the Kanesawa branch family of the Hōjō clan in the early 1290s. Because the Nagoe family kept the position of the jitō of the estate in Ōsumi, the military governor had to devote much effort to consolidate power. In fact, Kanesawa Tokinao actively incorporated the officials of the military government as his retainers and relabeled their lands as the "private territories of the military governor" (守護私領). Even in Satsuma Province, the Shimazu clan's rule was not stable. As a result of the Jōkyū War, Satsuma's Kawanabe District came under the control of the Tokusō (mainline) family of the Hōjō clan. Hōjō's retainer, the Chikama clan, served as the district governor and deputy jitō of Kawanabe District. ### Afterwards During the downfall of the Kamakura shogunate, Shimazu Sadahisa successfully sided with Ashikaga Takauji. In reward for his service, the Shimazu clan won back the jitō of the Shimazu Estate in Ōsumi and the military governor of Ōsumi and Hyūga Provinces. Because the military government and the estate in Ōsumi remained distinct entities, the Shimazu clan had much trouble regaining control over the province and eventually collapsed.

enwiki/46314248

enwiki

46,314,248

Shimazu Estate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimazu_Estate

2023-02-13T20:07:44

en

Q11476819

23,959

The {{nihongo|'''Shimazu Estate'''|島津荘|''Shimazu no shō''}} was a ''[[shōen]]'' (estate or manor) in southern [[Kyushu]] of [[Japan]], covering large portions of [[Satsuma Province|Satsuma]], [[Ōsumi Province|Ōsumi]] and [[Hyūga Province]]s. It was the largest ''shōen'' of medieval Japan. The [[Shimazu clan]] took its name from this estate as the clan succeeded the position of ''[[jitō]]'' (land steward). ==History== ===Heian Period=== No contemporary source recorded the foundation of the Shimazu Estate. According to a document dated circa 1291, a "wasteland belonging to no one" was developed during the [[Manju (era)|Manju era]] (1024–1028) and was donated to [[Kampaku]] (de facto ruler of Japan) [[Fujiwara no Yorimichi]] to break free from the provincial government's control. Another document states that its founder was [[Taira no Suemoto]], the [[Dazaifu (government)|Dazai]] Daigen (high-ranking official of the administrative center of Kyūshū). It is likely that Taira no Suemoto was the founder of the ''Chinzei Heishi'', a branch line of the [[Taira clan]] in Kyushu. A notable member of the Chinzei Heishi was [[Ata Tadakage]].<ref name="kagoshima1999">{{cite book |editor1=Haraguchi Izumi 原口泉 |editor2=Nagayama Shūichi 永山修一 |editor3=Hinokuma Masamori 日隈正守 |editor4=Matsuo Chitose 松尾千歳 |editor5=Minamura Takeishi 皆村武一 |title=''Kagoshima-ken no rekishi'' 鹿児島県の歴史 |year=1999 |publisher=Yamakawa Shuppansha 山川出版社 |language=Japanese }}</ref> The Shimazu Estate originally covered Shimazu, Morokata District of southern [[Hyūga Province]] (modern-day [[Miyakonojō, Miyazaki|Miyakonojō]], [[Miyazaki Prefecture]]) but was soon expanded into the neighboring lands of the province. Under the patronage of the powerful [[Fujiwara clan]], Taira no Suemoto exercised effective administrative control over the lands. In 1029, Taira no Suemoto even raided the government office of the neighboring [[Ōsumi Province]] but a fragmentary sources suggest that he was not punished severely.<ref name="kagoshima1999" /> The Shimazu Estate was expanded substantially in the first half of the 12th century. Large portions of [[Satsuma Province|Satsuma]], Ōsumi (including the island of [[Tanegashima]]) and southern Hyūga became part of the estate, either as ''ichien no shō'' (estate under complete control) or ''yose gōri'' (where tax revenue was shared with the provincial government). The Shimazu Estate was inherited by the Fujiwara family, but came under the control of the [[Taira clan]] in the second half of the 12th century. Yorimichi's 6th generation descendant, Kampaku [[Konoe Motozane|Fujiwara no Motozane]], was married to [[Taira no Moriko]], a daughter of [[Taira no Kiyomori]]. After Motozane died in 1166, his widow Moriko managed the property of the Fujiwara clan. After Moriko's death in 1179, the estate was inherited by the [[Konoe family|Konoe branch family]] of the Fujiwara clan.<ref name="kagoshima1999" /> ===Kamakura Period=== With the establishment of the [[Kamakura shogunate]], supporters of the Taira clan were replaced by the shōgun's retainers. In 1185, [[Shimazu Tadahisa|Koremune no Tadahisa]] was appointed as ''jitō'' of the Shimazu Estate. Although he was originally a retainer of the Konoe family, he moved in an inner circle of the shogunate for his kinship ties with the first shōgun [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] and his powerful retainer [[Hiki Yoshikazu]]. He was also appointed as the [[shugo|military governor]] of Satsuma, Ōsumi and Hyūga Provinces. Thereafter he claimed [[Shimazu clan|the clan name of Shimazu]], which indicated the ownership of the estate. By the time Tadahisa took the position of ''jitō'', the Shimazu Estate occupied 70% of agricultural fields of Satsuma Province although over 70% of the lands were ''yose gōri'' and were not under the estate's full control. A small portion of the Shimazu Estate in Satsuma was controlled by the [[Chiba clan]]. In Satsuma, the provincial government was fused with the Shimazu Estate, as a large overlap in membership between the two polities is observed. The Shimazu Estate's area of influence was smaller in Ōsumi Province, being just over half, and the largest part of the remaining portion was controlled by [[Kagoshima Shrine|Ōsumi Shō-Hachimangū]]. However, it had a stronger control over the land, as over half of the lands were ''ichien no shō''. The provincial government and the estate remained largely separate entities.<ref name="kagoshima1999" /> In 1203, Shimazu Tadahisa was ousted from his positions as a ''jitō'' of the estate and the military governor of the three provinces because his relative Hiki Yoshikazu was annihilated by the [[Hōjō clan]]. He managed to regain the posts of the ''jitō'' of the Shimazu Estate ''in Satsuma'' (1213) and the military governor of Satsuma Province (1205). However, the ''jitō'' of the estate ''in Ōsumi'' and the military governor of Ōsumi Province were succeeded by the Hōjō clan. The Nagoe branch family of the Hōjō clan maintained the post of ''jitō'' in Ōsumi until the end of the Kamakura period. They sent the [[Higo clan]] to Ōsumi as deputy rulers. After the Hōjō clan was annihilated, one line of the Higo clan made itself autonomous in Tanegashima and began to claim the [[Tanegashima clan|clan name of Tanegashima]]. The post of the military governor of Ōsumi Province was transferred from the Nagoe family to the Chiba clan in the early 1280s and then to the Kanesawa branch family of the Hōjō clan in the early 1290s. Because the Nagoe family kept the position of the jitō of the estate in Ōsumi, the military governor had to devote much effort to consolidate power. In fact, [[Hōjō Tokinao|Kanesawa Tokinao]] actively incorporated the officials of the military government as his retainers and relabeled their lands as the "private territories of the military governor" (守護私領).<ref name="kagoshima1999" /> Even in Satsuma Province, the Shimazu clan's rule was not stable. As a result of the [[Jōkyū War]], Satsuma's Kawanabe District came under the control of the Tokusō (mainline) family of the Hōjō clan. Hōjō's retainer, the [[Chikama Tokiie|Chikama clan]], served as the district governor and deputy jitō of Kawanabe District.<ref name="kagoshima1999" /> === Afterwards === During the downfall of the Kamakura shogunate, [[Shimazu Sadahisa]] successfully sided with [[Ashikaga Takauji]]. In reward for his service, the Shimazu clan won back the ''jitō'' of the Shimazu Estate ''in Ōsumi'' and the military governor of Ōsumi and Hyūga Provinces. Because the military government and the estate in Ōsumi remained distinct entities, the Shimazu clan had much trouble regaining control over the province and eventually collapsed.<ref name="kagoshima1999" /> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/iriki.html The Documents of Iriki]: The documents of the [[Irikiin clan]] published and translated by [[Kan'ichi Asakawa]]. The clan was a land steward of Iriki-in, which was a ''yose-gōri'' of the Shimazu Estate. {{DEFAULTSORT:Shimazu Estate}} [[Category:Government of feudal Japan]] [[Category:History of Kagoshima Prefecture]] [[Category:History of Miyazaki Prefecture]]

1,139,177,427

[]

false

# Northover Projector The Projector, 2.5 inch—more commonly known as the Northover Projector—was an ad hoc anti-tank weapon used by the British Army and Home Guard during the Second World War. With a German invasion of Great Britain seeming likely after the defeat in the Battle of France, most available weaponry was diverted to the regular British Army, leaving the Home Guard short on supplies, particularly anti-tank weaponry. The Northover Projector was designed by Home Guard officer Robert Harry Northover to act as a makeshift anti-tank weapon, and was put into production in 1940 following a demonstration to the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill. The weapon consisted of a hollow metal tube attached to a tripod, with a rudimentary breech at one end. Rounds were fired with the use of black powder ignited by a standard musket percussion cap, and it had an effective range of between 100 and 150 yards. Although it was cheap and easy to manufacture, it did have several problems; it was difficult to move and the No. 76 Special Incendiary Grenades it used as one type of ammunition had a tendency to break inside the breech, damaging the weapon and injuring the crew. Production began in late 1940, and by the beginning of 1943 nearly 19,000 were in service. Like many obsolete Home Guard weapons, it was eventually replaced by other weapons, such as the 2-pounder anti-tank gun. ## Development With the end of the Battle of France and the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from the port of Dunkirk between 26 May and 4 June 1940, a German invasion of Great Britain seemed likely. However, the British Army was not well-equipped to defend the country in such an event; in the weeks after the Dunkirk evacuation it could field only twenty-seven divisions. The Army was particularly short of anti-tank guns, 840 of which had been left behind in France, leaving only 167 available in Britain; ammunition was so scarce for the remaining guns that regulations forbade even a single round being used for training purposes. Given these shortcomings, any modern weapons that were available were allocated to the British Army, and the Home Guard was forced to supplement the meagre amount of outdated weapons and ammunition they had with ad hoc weapons. One such weapon was the Northover Projector, the invention of Major Robert Harry Northover. Northover, an officer in the Home Guard, designed it to be an easily manufactured and cheap anti-tank weapon, costing just under £10 to produce, excluding the required tripod. The Major wrote directly to the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, with his design and arranged for Churchill to attend a demonstration of the Northover Projector. The Prime Minister approved of the weapon and gave it his personal endorsement, ordering in October 1940 that the weapon be mass-produced on a scale of one for every Home Guard platoon. ## Design The Northover Projector—which was officially labelled the "Projector, 2.5 inch" by the War Office—was formed of a hollow metal tube, resembling a drain pipe, mounted on top of a cast-iron tripod. It weighed approximately 27.2 kilograms. A simple breech was attached to one end of the tube, and rounds were fired from the Projector with a small quantity of black powder ignited by a "top hat" copper cap as used in muzzle loading rifles <Curtis (HBSA)2014>; any recoil from the weapon was absorbed by the legs of the tripod, which were also hollow. It had a maximum range of approximately 300 yards but was accurate only to between 100 and 150 yards Home Guard units often added their own modifications to the weapon, which included mounting it on carriages or even the sidecars of motorcycles. It was served by a crew of three. Ammunition for the weapon consisted of the No. 76 Special Incendiary Grenade, a glass bottle "containing a phosphorus mixture which burst into livid flames, giving off quantities of suffocating smoke upon exposure to the air", as well as normal hand and rifle grenades. The Projector had a number of defects. It was difficult to move, the tripod had the tendency to damage itself if it was dropped, and its discharge pressure has been described as "feeble." The phosphorus grenades exhibited a number of faults when used in the Projector; they could often explode inside the weapon if too much black powder were added, or fall short if too little were used, or even fail to explode. They could also break inside the barrel when fired which often led to the weapon being damaged and its crew injured. Even when fired properly, the Projector gave off a large cloud of smoke which could take up to a minute to clear and revealed the weapon's position. Bishop argues that its anti-tank abilities would have been 'doubtful' when it fired hand and rifle grenades, although he considers that the phosphorus grenades might have been more successful. To make handling easier, a lighter version of the weapon, the Northover Projector Mk 2 was developed in 1941, but few were produced. ## Operational history The Northover Projector was issued to both Home Guard and regular British Army units, and by August, 1941 over 8,000 Northover Projectors were in service. This number had increased to 18,919 by the beginning of 1943. Initial reactions to the Northover Projector were varied, with a number of Home Guard volunteers uncertain about the weapon's unusual design, and some officers never accepted that it could be useful. However, most Home Guard units came to accept the weapon and have confidence in it, aided by large amounts of what Mackenzie terms "War Office propaganda" which cited the positive qualities of the weapon, such as its simplicity of use, ease of manufacture and low maintenance requirements. It was, as one Home Guard volunteer put it, "something to be accepted gratefully until something better arrived." Like many of the obsolete weapons designed for the Home Guard, the Northover Projector was only taken out of service when it could be replaced with "marginally less ineffective" weapons provided by the Army, such as the 2-pounder anti-tank gun. ## Bibliography - Bishop, Chris (2002). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II: The Comprehensive Guide to Over 1,500 Weapons Systems, Including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships and Submarines. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58663-762-0. - Hogg, Ian. Twentieth-Century Artillery. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000. ISBN 0-7607-1994-2 Pg.143 - Lampe, David (1968). The Last Ditch: Britain's Secret Resistance and the Nazi Invasion Plan. Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-730-4. - Kinard, Jeff (2007). Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-556-8. - Longmate, Norman (1974). The Real Dad's Army: The Story of the Home Guard. Hutchinson Library Services. - Lowry, Bernard; Taylor, Chris; Boulanger, Vincent (2004). British Home Defences 1940-45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-767-3. - Mackenzie, S.P. (1995). The Home Guard: A Military and Political History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820577-7. ### Official documents - The Northover Projector. Tank Hunting and Destruction, Military Training Manual No 42, Amendment No. 1, Appendix F. War Office. December 1940.

enwiki/3126150

enwiki

3,126,150

Northover Projector

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northover_Projector

2024-04-28T12:47:10

en

Q597174

89,988

{{Infobox weapon | name = Northover Projector | image = H 11843-Members of Home Guard using a Northover Projector-July 1941.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = Members of the Home Guard using a Northover Projector, 1 July 1941. | origin = United Kingdom | type = [[Grenade launcher]]  | is_ranged = yes | is_bladed = | is_explosive = | is_artillery = yes | is_vehicle = | is_missile = | is_UK = yes  | service = 1940–1945 | used_by = [[British Army]], [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)|Home Guard]] | wars = [[Second World War]]  | designer = Major Robert Harry Northover | design_date = 1940 | manufacturer = | unit_cost = £10 (1940) | production_date = | number = | variants = Northover Mk 2  | spec_label = | weight = 27.2 kilograms | length = | part_length = {{convert|914|mm|in|abbr=on}} | width = | height = | diameter = | crew =  | cartridge = | cartridge_weight = | caliber = 2.5 inch | barrels = | action = | rate = | velocity = 60m/sec (200ft/sec) | range = {{convert|251|m|yd|abbr=on}} | max_range = | feed = | sights =  | breech = | recoil = | carriage = | elevation = free | traverse = free }} The '''Projector, 2.5 inch'''—more commonly known as the '''Northover Projector'''—was an ''[[ad hoc]]'' anti-tank weapon used by the [[British Army]] and [[British Home Guard|Home Guard]] during the [[Second World War]]. With a [[Operation Sealion|German invasion]] of Great Britain seeming likely after the defeat in the [[Battle of France]], most available weaponry was diverted to the regular British Army, leaving the Home Guard short on supplies, particularly anti-tank weaponry. The Northover Projector was designed by Home Guard officer Robert Harry Northover to act as a makeshift anti-tank weapon, and was put into production in 1940 following a demonstration to the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], [[Winston Churchill]]. The weapon consisted of a hollow metal tube attached to a tripod, with a rudimentary breech at one end. Rounds were fired with the use of black powder ignited by a standard musket percussion cap, and it had an effective range of between 100 and 150 yards. Although it was cheap and easy to manufacture, it did have several problems; it was difficult to move and the [[No. 76 Special Incendiary Grenade]]s it used as one type of ammunition had a tendency to break inside the breech, damaging the weapon and injuring the crew. Production began in late 1940, and by the beginning of 1943 nearly 19,000 were in service. Like many obsolete Home Guard weapons, it was eventually replaced by other weapons, such as the [[Ordnance QF 2 pounder|2-pounder anti-tank gun]]. ==Development== With the end of the [[Battle of France]] and the evacuation of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] from [[Dunkirk evacuation|the port of Dunkirk]] between 26 May and 4 June 1940, a German [[Operation Sealion|invasion]] of Great Britain seemed likely.<ref>Mackenzie, p. 20</ref> However, the [[British Army]] was not well-equipped to defend the country in such an event; in the weeks after the Dunkirk evacuation it could field only twenty-seven divisions.<ref name="Lampe3">Lampe, p. 3</ref> The Army was particularly short of anti-tank guns, 840 of which had been left behind in France, leaving only 167 available in Britain; ammunition was so scarce for the remaining guns that regulations forbade even a single round being used for training purposes.<ref name="Lampe3" /> Given these shortcomings, any modern weapons that were available were allocated to the British Army, and the [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)|Home Guard]] was forced to supplement the meagre amount of outdated weapons and ammunition they had with ''ad hoc'' weapons.<ref>Mackenzie, pp. 90–91</ref> One such weapon was the Northover Projector, the invention of [[Major (rank)|Major]] Robert Harry Northover.<ref>{{Cite news| publication-date =21 February 1952| title =Obituary - Major H. R. Northover| periodical =[[The Times]]}}</ref> Northover, an officer in the Home Guard, designed it to be an easily manufactured and cheap anti-tank weapon, costing just under £10 to produce, excluding the required tripod.<ref name="Mackenzie94">Mackenzie, p. 94</ref> The Major wrote directly to the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], [[Winston Churchill]], with his design and arranged for Churchill to attend a demonstration of the Northover Projector. The Prime Minister approved of the weapon and gave it his personal endorsement, ordering in October 1940 that the weapon be mass-produced on a scale of one for every Home Guard platoon.<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> ==Design== [[File:Northover projector practicefort nelson.jpg|thumb|left|Practice ammunition for the Northover Projector]] [[File:Northover Projector Diagram 3.png|thumb|right|Northover Projector diagram.{{sfn|Military Training Manual No 42}} Key: 1: Base 2: Pivot 3: Spades 4: Leg sockets 5: Breech ring 6: Breech locking lever 7: Breech block handle 8: Firing hammer 9: Barrel clip 10: Barrel 11: Trigger bar 12: Operating handle 13: Legs 14: Primer]] The Northover Projector—which was officially labelled the "Projector, 2.5 inch" by the [[War Office]]<ref>Lowry, p. 21</ref>—was formed of a hollow metal tube,<ref name="Mackenzie93">Mackenzie, p. 93</ref> resembling a drain pipe,<ref name="Longmate79">Longmate, p. 79</ref> mounted on top of a cast-iron tripod.<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> It weighed approximately 27.2 kilograms.<ref name="Bishop212">Bishop, p. 212</ref> A simple breech was attached to one end of the tube, and rounds were fired from the Projector with a small quantity of black powder<ref name="Bishop212"/> ignited by a "top hat" copper cap as used in muzzle loading rifles <Curtis (HBSA)2014>;<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> any recoil from the weapon was absorbed by the legs of the tripod, which were also hollow.<ref name="Bishop212"/> It had a maximum range of approximately 300 yards<ref name="Bishop212"/> but was accurate only to between 100<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> and 150 yards<ref name="Mackenzie94" /> Home Guard units often added their own modifications to the weapon, which included mounting it on carriages or even the sidecars of motorcycles.<ref name="Bishop212"/> It was served by a crew of three.<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> Ammunition for the weapon consisted of the [[No. 76 Special Incendiary Grenade]],<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> a glass bottle "containing a phosphorus mixture which burst into livid flames, giving off quantities of suffocating smoke upon exposure to the air",<ref name="Longmate79"/> as well as normal hand and rifle grenades.<ref name="Bishop212"/> The Projector had a number of defects. It was difficult to move, the tripod had the tendency to damage itself if it was dropped, and its discharge pressure has been described as "feeble."<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> The phosphorus grenades exhibited a number of faults when used in the Projector; they could often explode inside the weapon if too much black powder were added, or fall short if too little were used, or even fail to explode.<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> They could also break inside the barrel when fired<ref name="Bishop212"/> which often led to the weapon being damaged and its crew injured.<ref name="Longmate79"/> Even when fired properly, the Projector gave off a large cloud of smoke which could take up to a minute to clear and revealed the weapon's position.<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> Bishop argues that its anti-tank abilities would have been 'doubtful' when it fired hand and rifle grenades, although he considers that the phosphorus grenades might have been more successful.<ref name="Bishop212"/> To make handling easier, a lighter version of the weapon, the '''Northover Projector Mk 2''' was developed in 1941, but few were produced.<ref name="Bishop212"/> ==Operational history== [[File:The Home Guard 1939-1945 H12239.jpg|thumb|left|A Home Guard unit in Kent with their Northover Projector.]]The Northover Projector was issued to both Home Guard and regular British Army units,<ref name="Bishop212"/> and by August, 1941 over 8,000 Northover Projectors were in service.<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> This number had increased to 18,919 by the beginning of 1943.<ref>Mackenzie, p. 121</ref> Initial reactions to the Northover Projector were varied, with a number of Home Guard volunteers uncertain about the weapon's unusual design, and some officers never accepted that it could be useful. However, most Home Guard units came to accept the weapon and have confidence in it, aided by large amounts of what Mackenzie terms "War Office propaganda"<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> which cited the positive qualities of the weapon, such as its simplicity of use, ease of manufacture and low maintenance requirements. It was, as one Home Guard volunteer put it, "something to be accepted gratefully until something better arrived."<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> Like many of the obsolete weapons designed for the Home Guard, the Northover Projector was only taken out of service when it could be replaced with "marginally less ineffective"<ref name="Mackenzie94"/> weapons provided by the Army, such as the [[Ordnance QF 2 pounder|2-pounder anti-tank gun]].<ref>Mackenzie, p. 135</ref> {{clear}} ==See also== * {{lwc|Ampulomet}} — similar weapon of World War II * {{lwc|Smith Gun}} * {{lwc|Blacker Bombard}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book | last = Bishop | first = Chris | title = The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II: The Comprehensive Guide to Over 1,500 Weapons Systems, Including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships and Submarines | publisher = Sterling Publishing Company, Inc | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-58663-762-0}} * Hogg, Ian. ''Twentieth-Century Artillery''. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7607-1994-2}} Pg.143 * {{cite book | last = Lampe | first = David | title = The Last Ditch: Britain's Secret Resistance and the Nazi Invasion Plan | publisher = Greenhill Books | year = 1968 | isbn = 978-1-85367-730-4}} * {{cite book | last = Kinard | first = Jeff | title = Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-85109-556-8}} * {{cite book | last = Longmate | first = Norman | title = The Real Dad's Army: The Story of the Home Guard | publisher = Hutchinson Library Services | year = 1974 }} * {{cite book | last = Lowry | first = Bernard |author2=Taylor, Chris |author3=Boulanger, Vincent | title = British Home Defences 1940-45 | publisher = Osprey Publishing | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-84176-767-3}} * {{cite book | last = Mackenzie | first = S.P. | title = The Home Guard: A Military and Political History | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-19-820577-7}} ===Official documents=== * {{Cite book | title = The Northover Projector | series = Tank Hunting and Destruction, Military Training Manual No 42, Amendment No. 1, Appendix F | publisher = [[War Office]] |date=December 1940 | ref = {{harvid|Military Training Manual No 42}} }} ==External links== {{Commons category|Northover Projector}} * [http://www.pillboxesuk.co.uk UK Anti-Invasion Defences] * {{cite video | year = 1941 | title = New Anti-Tank Weapons - Northover antitank gun is tested at firing range | url = http://www.britishpathe.com/search/query/1129.02/search-field/film_id | publisher = British Pathe }} {{good article}} {{WW2_Brit_Comm_Infantry Guns}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} [[Category:World War II infantry weapons of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Anti-tank weapons]] [[Category:Grenade launchers of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1940]]

1,221,195,046

[{"title": "Northover Projector", "data": {"Type": "Grenade launcher", "Place of origin": "United Kingdom"}}, {"title": "Service history", "data": {"In service": "1940\u20131945", "Used by": "British Army, Home Guard", "Wars": "Second World War"}}, {"title": "Production history", "data": {"Designer": "Major Robert Harry Northover", "Designed": "1940", "Unit cost": "\u00a310 (1940)", "Variants": "Northover Mk 2"}}, {"title": "Specifications", "data": {"Mass": "27.2 kilograms", "Barrel length": "914 mm (36.0 in)", "Calibre": "2.5 inch", "Elevation": "free", "Traverse": "free", "Muzzle velocity": "60m/sec (200ft/sec)", "Effective firing range": "251 m (274 yd)"}}]

false

# Chris Impellitteri Chris Impellitteri (born September 25, 1964) is an American guitarist and songwriter, who is the lead guitarist and founder of the heavy metal band Impellitteri. In 2003, Guitar One Magazine voted Chris Impellitteri the second-fastest guitar shredder of all time. In 2008, Guitar World magazine named him as one of the fastest guitarists of all time. In 2023, Impellitteri was inducted into the Heavy Metal Hall of Fame. ## Biography On The Blairing Out Show, he said that both his parents died by suicide when he was nine years old, and that the guitar provided a path for him to express his anger and feelings. Impellitteri's first music release was a black EP titled Impellitteri. It was filled with music featuring shredding guitar solos, screaming vocals, and a fast rhythm section. The Impellitteri Black EP established the band's sound in the metal world and was well received by their fans, critics, and respected musicians. Chris Impellitteri was instantly branded a guitar hero after this recording was released. The following Impellitteri record was titled Stand in Line and propelled the band into stardom. The music video "Stand in Line" was played often on MTV and VH1. The Stand in Line album featured Graham Bonnet on lead vocals who formerly sang with the rock band Rainbow. Impellitteri has released two records titled Venom (2015) and The Nature of the Beast (2018). The band Impellitteri currently features Rob Rock on vocals, James Pulli on Bass and Jon Dette on drums. The band has become popular globally and has performed to over 30,000 people at a single show. ## Equipment Over the course of his career, Impelliterri has used a wide variety of different guitar brands and models, including Fender, Gibson, and Dean. He is currently endorsed by Charvel guitars with whom he has a custom model. In addition, he also used ENGL amplifiers and Seymour Duncan pickups. Chris Impellitteri is currently using Charvel and Gibson guitars and Vintage Marshall and Mesa Boogie amplification. ## Discography ### with Impellitteri See: Impellitteri Discography - Stand in Line (1988) - Grin and Bear It (1992) - Answer to the Master (1994) - Screaming Symphony (1996) - Eye of the Hurricane (1997) - Crunch (2000) - System X (2002) - Pedal to the Metal (2004) - Wicked Maiden (2009) - Venom (2015) - The Nature of the Beast (2018)[8] ### with Animetal USA - Animetal USA (2011) - Animetal USA W (2012) ### Guest appearances - House of Lords – Sahara (1990) - Various artists – Dragon Attack: A Tribute to Queen (1997) - Various artists – Randy Rhoads Tribute (2000) - Mari Hamada - Gracia (2018) - Alcatrazz - Born Innocent (2020)

enwiki/3323335

enwiki

3,323,335

Chris Impellitteri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Impellitteri

2025-08-13T15:41:25

en

Q576624

72,618

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}} {{Short description|American guitarist}} {{BLP sources|date=December 2018}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Chris Impellitteri | image = Chris IMPELLITTERI.jpg | caption = Chris Impellitteri, 2016 Busan Rock Festival | birth_name = | alias = | birth_date = {{nowrap|{{birth date and age|1964|9|25}}}} | birth_place = [[Connecticut]], U.S. | death_date = | genre = [[Neo-classical metal]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[speed metal]] | occupation = Guitarist | years_active = 1983–present | label = [[Relativity Records]], [[Victor Entertainment|JVC]] | associated_acts = [[Impellitteri]], Vice, [[Animetal USA]], [[Graham Bonnet]], [[House of Lords (band)|House of Lords]] | website = }} '''Chris Impellitteri''' (born September 25, 1964) is an American guitarist and songwriter, who is the [[lead guitarist]] and founder of the heavy metal band [[Impellitteri]]. In 2003, ''[[Guitar One Magazine]]'' voted Chris Impellitteri the second-fastest guitar shredder of all time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://philbrodieband.com/muso-shredders.htm |title=Fastest Guitar Shredders |publisher=Phil Brodie Band |accessdate=May 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502142142/http://philbrodieband.com/muso-shredders.htm |archive-date=May 2, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008, ''[[Guitar World]]'' magazine named him as one of the fastest guitarists of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.guitarworld.com/article/50_fastest_guitarists_of_all_time?page=0%2C3 |title=50 Fastest Guitarists of All Time |publisher=GuitarWorld Magazine |accessdate=April 7, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110052725/http://www.guitarworld.com/article/50_fastest_guitarists_of_all_time?page=0,3 |archivedate=January 10, 2010 }}</ref> In 2023, Impellitteri was inducted into the Heavy Metal Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lift Up Your Hands in Praise: The 2023 Metal Hall of Fame Gala |url=https://metalhalloffame.org/lift-up-your-hands-in-praise-the-2023-metal-hall-of-fame-gala/ |website=Metal Hall of Fame |date=31 January 2023}}</ref> ==Biography== On The Blairing Out Show, he said that both his parents died by suicide when he was nine years old, and that the guitar provided a path for him to express his anger and feelings. Impellitteri's first music release was a black EP titled ''Impellitteri''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 12, 2020|title=CHRIS IMPELLITTERI Says He Was Approached By SHARON OSBOURNE About Joining OZZY's Band|url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/chris-impellitteri-says-he-was-approached-by-sharon-osbourne-about-joining-ozzys-band/|access-date=July 5, 2020|website=Blabbermouth.net}}</ref> It was filled with music featuring shredding guitar solos, screaming vocals, and a fast rhythm section.<ref name="LarkinHM">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Who's Who of Heavy Metal]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1995|edition=Second|isbn=0-85112-656-1|page=176}}</ref> The ''Impellitteri'' Black EP established the band's sound in the metal world and was well received by their fans, critics, and respected musicians.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} Chris Impellitteri was instantly branded a guitar hero after this recording was released.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Impellitteri – Eternal Rock|url=http://www.eternalrock-musicagency.com/artist-roster/impellitteri/|access-date=March 12, 2021|website=www.eternalrock-musicagency.com}}</ref> The following Impellitteri record was titled Stand in Line and propelled the band into stardom. The music video "Stand in Line" was played often on MTV and VH1. The ''Stand in Line'' album featured [[Graham Bonnet]] on lead vocals who formerly sang with the rock band [[Rainbow (rock band)|Rainbow]]. Impellitteri has released two records titled ''Venom'' (2015) and ''The Nature of the Beast'' (2018). The band Impellitteri currently features [[Rob Rock]] on vocals, James Pulli on Bass and [[Jon Dette]] on drums. The band has become popular globally and has performed to over 30,000 people at a single show. ==Equipment== Over the course of his career, Impelliterri has used a wide variety of different guitar brands and models, including [[Fender Musical Instruments Corporation|Fender]], Gibson, and [[Dean Guitars|Dean]]. He is currently endorsed by [[Charvel]] guitars with whom he has a custom model. In addition, he also used ENGL amplifiers and Seymour Duncan pickups.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chris Impellitteri's Equipboard|url=https://equipboard.com/pros/chris-impellitteri|access-date=July 5, 2020|website=Equipboard|language=en}}</ref> Chris Impellitteri is currently using Charvel and Gibson guitars and Vintage Marshall and Mesa Boogie amplification. ==Discography== [[File:Chris Impellitteri (cropped).jpg|thumb|Impellitteri performing in 2016]] ===with Impellitteri=== ''See: [[Impellitteri#Discography|Impellitteri Discography]]'' *''[[Stand in Line]]'' (1988) *''[[Grin and Bear It (album)|Grin and Bear It]]'' (1992) *''[[Answer to the Master (album)|Answer to the Master]]'' (1994) *''[[Screaming Symphony (album)|Screaming Symphony]]'' (1996) *''[[Eye of the Hurricane (Impellitteri album)|Eye of the Hurricane]]'' (1997) *''[[Crunch (Impellitteri album)|Crunch]]'' (2000) *''[[System X (album)|System X]]'' (2002) *''[[Pedal to the Metal (Impellitteri Album)|Pedal to the Metal]]'' (2004) *''[[Wicked Maiden]]'' (2009) *''[[Venom (Impellitteri album)|Venom]]'' (2015) *''[[The Nature of the Beast (Impellitteri album)|The Nature of the Beast]]'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andy Aledort November 30, 2018|title=Chris Impellitteri Breaks Down His Latest Pyrotechnical Workout, 'The Nature of the Beast'|url=https://www.guitarworld.com/artists/chris-impellitteri-breaks-down-his-latest-pyrotechnical-workout-the-nature-of-the-beast|access-date=July 5, 2020|website=guitarworld|date=November 30, 2018 |language=en}}</ref> ===with Animetal USA=== *''[[Animetal USA (album)|Animetal USA]]'' (2011) *''[[Animetal USA W]]'' (2012) ===Guest appearances=== * [[House of Lords (band)|House of Lords]] – ''[[Sahara (House of Lords album)|Sahara]]'' (1990) * Various artists – ''[[Dragon Attack: A Tribute to Queen]]'' (1997) * Various artists – ''Randy Rhoads Tribute'' (2000) * [[Mari Hamada]] - ''[[Gracia (album)|Gracia]]'' (2018) * [[Alcatrazz]] - ''[[Born Innocent (Alcatrazz album)|Born Innocent]]'' (2020) ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Impellitteri}} {{Animetal}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Impellitteri, Chris}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American lead guitarists]] [[Category:American heavy metal guitarists]] [[Category:American people of Italian descent]] [[Category:American male guitarists]] [[Category:Impellitteri members]] [[Category:20th-century American guitarists]] [[Category:20th-century American male musicians]] [[Category:Animetal USA members]]

1,305,698,307

[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Born": "September 25, 1964 \u00b7 Connecticut, U.S.", "Genres": "Neo-classical metal, heavy metal, speed metal", "Occupation": "Guitarist", "Years active": "1983\u2013present", "Labels": "Relativity Records, JVC"}}, {"title": "Impellitteri", "data": {"Studio albums": "Stand in Line Answer to the Master", "Related articles": "Animetal USA Magdallan Giuffria House of Lords Mr. Big"}}, {"title": "Animetal", "data": {"Albums": "Animetal Animetal Marathon Animetal Marathon II Animetal Marathon III Animetal Marathon IV Animetal Marathon V Animetal Marathon VI Animetal Marathon VII Decade of Bravehearts Animetal Lady Animetal Lady Marathon Animetal Lady Marathon II Animetal USA Animetal USA Animetal USA W Aisenshi Heartstrings Animetal the Second Animetal the Second Blizzard of Animetal the Second", "Live albums": "Complete First Live Complete Last Live The Animetal: Re-Birth Heroes", "Compilations": "Best of Animetal And Then... The Legend of Animetal", "International releases": "This Is Japanimetal Marathon", "Videos": "Animetalive", "Singles": "\" Give Lee Give Lee Rock Lee \"", "Related articles": "Discography Marty Friedman Munetaka Higuchi Anthem Galneryus Pink Lady JAM Project D-Metal Stars"}}, {"title": "Animetal", "data": {"Animetal": "Animetal Marathon Animetal Marathon II Animetal Marathon III Animetal Marathon IV Animetal Marathon V Animetal Marathon VI Animetal Marathon VII Decade of Bravehearts", "Animetal Lady": "Animetal Lady Marathon Animetal Lady Marathon II", "Animetal USA": "Animetal USA Animetal USA W", "Aisenshi": "Heartstrings", "Animetal the Second": "Animetal the Second Blizzard of Animetal the Second"}}]

false

# Paramytha Paramytha (Greek: Παραμύθα) is a village located north of Limassol on the foothills of the Troodos mountains. Former world No.8 ranked tennis player Marcos Baghdatis was born in this village.

enwiki/10036758

enwiki

10,036,758

Paramytha

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramytha

2024-10-24T23:25:30

en

Q7135418

40,078

{{Infobox settlement |name = Paramytha |native_name = {{lang|el|Παραμύθα}} |settlement_type = Village |image_skyline = View of Paramytha 2.jpg |subdivision_type=[[List of sovereign states|Country]] |subdivision_name=[[Cyprus]] |subdivision_type1=[[Districts of Cyprus|District]] |leader_title=[[Mayor]] |timezone=[[Eastern European Time|EET]] |utc_offset=+2 |timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST=+3 |postal_code_type=[[List of postal codes in Cyprus|Postal code]] |pushpin_map = Cyprus |pushpin_relief =y |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Cyprus | subdivision_name1 = [[Limassol District]] |population_total = 569 |population_as_of = 2011<ref>[http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_22main_en/populationcondition_22main_en?OpenForm&sub=2&sel=2 Census 2011]</ref> |elevation_m = |coordinates = {{coord|34|45|37|N|32|59|41|E|region:CY|display=inline,title}} |postal_code = 4540 |leader_name = | |website = | }} '''Paramytha''' ({{langx|el|Παραμύθα}}) is a village located north of [[Limassol]] on the foothills of the [[Troodos Mountains|Troodos mountains]]. Former world No.8 ranked tennis player [[Marcos Baghdatis]] was born in this village. ==References== <references/> {{Limassol District}} [[Category:Communities in Limassol District]]

1,253,227,316

[{"title": "Paramytha \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03cd\u03b8\u03b1", "data": {"Country": "Cyprus", "District": "Limassol District"}}, {"title": "Population (2011)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "569", "Time zone": "UTC+2 (EET)", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC+3 (EEST)", "Postal code": "4540"}}]

false

# Tesla (2020 film) Tesla is a 2020 American biographical drama film written and directed by Michael Almereyda. It stars Ethan Hawke as Nikola Tesla. Eve Hewson, Ebon Moss-Bachrach, Jim Gaffigan, and Kyle MacLachlan also star. The film had its world premiere at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival on January 27, 2020, and was released in selected theaters and via Premium VOD on August 21, 2020, by IFC Films. ## Plot In 1893, Nikola Tesla and a female companion are roller skating. A narrator explains that Tesla was inspired as a young boy when he was petting his cat and saw static electricity. Nine years prior, in 1884 New York City, Tesla is working for Thomas Edison, who disregards Tesla's suggestions of using alternating current, and does not want to pay him for the invention. Their coworker explains that Edison's disapproval was partly because of the death of his wife. When they smash ice cream cones on each other, the narrator interrupts and says that isn't how it happened. She explains how Google searches on Tesla show very few photographs and usually the same headshots. She goes into Tesla's childhood and schooling, and also that he tried to start his own company but failed, and ended up having to dig ditches. Edison, on the other hand, has more popularity, twice as many search results, but lives a lavish lifestyle and married and widowed young with his first wife Mary. While Edison meets Mina, his second wife, in 1885, Tesla pitches his work on his induction motor to investors Brown and Peck. He and his assistant Szigeti impress Professor Anthony, who suggests he break up the invention into several patents. He meets Anthony's daughter Evelyn; and Anne Morgan, the daughter of J.P. Morgan and also the film's narrator. George Westinghouse, an inventor and businessman, buys Tesla's patents and fund production where the latter would get a royalty for every product installed in a home. He shares a rivalry challenge from Edison who claims that direct current is superior, and that alternating current is dangerous. Edison shows the Westinghouse invention as a capital punishment tool on William Kemmler, who had killed his wife. Meanwhile, Tesla demonstrates his invention to an audience using two induction sticks that glow. Szigeti invents a compass apparatus, but Tesla tells him it has already been invented, so Szigeti abandons his pursuits and seeks his fortune in South America. Kemmler's execution by electric chair is botched. Anne gets to know Tesla more. Tesla's invention is used to power's the World's Fair in 1893 in Chicago. Edison meets with Tesla and admits he was wrong about alternating current, and then he offers to partner with Tesla. Anne clarifies that this meeting never happened: Edison neither apologized nor offered to join forces. Westinghouse tells Tesla that in order to keep his business going, he needs to do a merger, but has to cancel Tesla's contract regarding his horsepower royalties. Tesla tears up his contract. Sarah Bernhardt, a celebrity actress, records for Edison's gramophone. She meets Tesla at her event, but Edison is envious of Tesla and escorts her away. Later, Tesla oversees the design of the Niagara Falls hydroelectric power plant. J.P. Morgan asks Anne if she thinks Tesla is interested in romancing her. Anne talks with Tesla about it and finds he has plans for another invention, but unfortunately he is moving far away to Colorado. In 1899 Colorado Springs, he sets up his Tesla coil to harness and to transmit the power of the lightning storms. Tesla meets up with Bernhardt who is touring the area. She shows interest in him, and invites him to attend her performance, but he does not show up. J.P. Morgan invests in his invention, giving him a check, which Tesla accepts. In 1901, Edison's mining venture fails and he loses four million dollars. Tesla has not shown much progress in his work either, and even though Marconi has used Tesla's patents to transmit wireless signals, Tesla seems to be more interested in receiving and decoding signals he believes are from Mars. He asks J.P. Morgan for more funding, but is declined. There's a scene of Tesla singing to "Everybody Wants to Rule the World", along with montage stills from the film. Realizing she has no future with Tesla, Anne moves to France to work with an organization helping children. She explains how Tesla outlived his peers but dies alone at 87 years old. She reflects that today's world might be what he had imagined. ## Cast - Ethan Hawke as Nikola Tesla - Eve Hewson as Anne Morgan. She also acts as the film's contemporary narrator, talking about Google searches and having a MacBook laptop on her desk.[4][5] - Donnie Keshawarz as J.P. Morgan, a well-known banker and investor, father of Anne. - Josh Hamilton as Robert Underwood Johnson, a journalist who befriends Tesla[5] - Ebon Moss-Bachrach as Anitai Szigeti, Tesla's assistant and friend from Budapest.[5] - Lucy Walters as Katharine Johnson, wife of Robert Johnson, friend of Tesla[5] - John Palladino as Bourke Cochran - Michael Mastro as Charles Peck, an attorney/investor.[5] - Hannah Gross as Mina Edison, Thomas Edison's second wife - Peter Greene as Nichols - Blake Delong as William Kemmler, the first person to be executed by electric shocks - Karl Geary as Francis Upton, coworker of Edison - James Urbaniak as Professor Anthony, who reviews Tesla's invention - Jim Gaffigan as George Westinghouse, a businessman and inventor who takes an interest in Tesla's work. - Kyle MacLachlan as Thomas Edison, an inventor and entrepreneur who employs Tesla for six months and later acts as his rival. Rebecca Dayan portrays actress Sarah Bernhardt, Emma O'Connor plays Anthony's daughter Evelyn, Lois Smith portrays The Grande Dame, and Ian Lithgow portrays banker/investor Alfred Brown. ## Production In February 2018, it was announced Ethan Hawke had joined the cast of the film, with Michael Almereyda directing from a screenplay he wrote. The script was an updated form of the first feature Almereyda ever wrote, a Tesla biopic originally optioned to Polish director Jerzy Skolimowski that was never made. Almereyda "reinvented it for the present moment," adding details about Tesla that had been published or discovered since then and including changes based on other influences such as films by director Derek Jarman, episodes of Drunk History and author Henry James. ## Release Tesla had its world premiere at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival on January 27, 2020, where it won the Alfred P. Sloan Award. Shortly after, IFC Films acquired distribution rights to the film and released it in selected theaters and via Premium VOD on August 21, 2020. ## Reception ### Box office and VOD Tesla grossed $93,147 in the United States and Canada, and $365,904 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $459,051. It made $42,165 from 108 theaters in its opening weekend. That same weekend the film was the second-most rented on Apple TV, before finishing 10th at Apple TV and ninth on Spectrum the following weekend. ### Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 58% based on 178 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Appropriately bold and ambitious, Tesla takes a number of risks that don't always pay off -- but Ethan Hawke's performance makes those flaws easier to forgive." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

enwiki/62589745

enwiki

62,589,745

Tesla (2020 film)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(2020_film)

2025-02-23T17:50:26

en

Q88053410

124,766

{{short description|2020 film by Michael Almereyda}} {{About|the American biographical drama film |other uses|Tesla (disambiguation){{!}}Tesla}} {{Infobox film | name = Tesla | image = Tesla 2020 poster.jpg | alt = | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = [[Michael Almereyda]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * Michael Almereyda * [[Uri Singer]] * [[Christa Campbell]] * Isen Robbins * [[Lati Grobman]] * Per Melita * Elijah Long }} | writer = Michael Almereyda | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Ethan Hawke]] * [[Eve Hewson]] * [[Ebon Moss-Bachrach]] * [[Jim Gaffigan]] * [[Kyle MacLachlan]] }} | music = [[John Paesano]] | cinematography = [[Sean Price Williams]] | editing = Kathryn J. Schubert | production_companies = {{Plainlist| * Passage Pictures * BB Film Production * [[Campbell Grobman Films]] * Intrinsic Value Films * RNG Entertainment Oy * [[Millennium Media]] }} | distributor = [[IFC Films]] | released = {{Film date|2020|1|27|[[2020 Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]]|2020|8|21|United States}} | runtime = 102 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sundance.org/projects/tesla |title=Tesla |website=[[Sundance Film Festival]] |access-date=December 15, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418191157/https://www.sundance.org/projects/tesla |archive-date=April 18, 2020}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = | gross = $459,051<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |title=Tesla (2020) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt5259822 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |publisher= [[IMDbPro]] |access-date=November 1, 2021}}</ref> }} '''''Tesla''''' is a 2020 American [[biographical film|biographical]] [[drama film|drama]] film written and directed by [[Michael Almereyda]]. It stars [[Ethan Hawke]] as [[Nikola Tesla]]. [[Eve Hewson]], [[Ebon Moss-Bachrach]], [[Jim Gaffigan]], and [[Kyle MacLachlan]] also star.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Sundance Film Review: Tesla Reinvents the Biopic |url=https://consequence.net/2020/01/sundance-film-review-tesla/ |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref> The film had its world premiere at the [[2020 Sundance Film Festival]] on January 27, 2020, and was released in [[Limited theatrical release|selected theaters]] and via [[Video on demand|Premium VOD]] on August 21, 2020, by [[IFC Films]]. ==Plot== In 1893, [[Nikola Tesla]] and a female companion are [[roller skating]]. A narrator explains that Tesla was inspired as a young boy when he was petting his cat and saw [[static electricity]]. Nine years prior, in 1884 New York City, Tesla is working for [[Thomas Edison]], who disregards Tesla's suggestions of using [[alternating current]], and does not want to pay him for the invention. Their coworker explains that Edison's disapproval was partly because of the death of his wife. When they smash ice cream cones on each other, the narrator interrupts and says that isn't how it happened. She explains how [[Google search]]es on Tesla show very few photographs and usually the same headshots. She goes into Tesla's childhood and schooling, and also that he tried to start his own company but failed, and ended up having to dig ditches. Edison, on the other hand, has more popularity, twice as many search results, but lives a lavish lifestyle and married and widowed young with his first wife Mary. While Edison meets Mina, his second wife, in 1885, Tesla pitches [[Nikola Tesla#AC and the induction motor|his work on his induction motor]] to investors Brown and Peck. He and his assistant Szigeti impress Professor Anthony, who suggests he break up the invention into several patents. He meets Anthony's daughter Evelyn; and [[Anne Morgan (philanthropist)|Anne Morgan]], the daughter of [[J.P. Morgan]] and also the film's narrator. [[George Westinghouse]], an inventor and businessman, buys Tesla's patents and fund production where the latter would get a royalty for every product installed in a home. He shares a [[War of the currents|rivalry challenge from Edison]] who claims that direct current is superior, and that alternating current is dangerous. Edison shows the Westinghouse invention as a [[capital punishment]] tool on [[William Kemmler]], who had killed his wife. Meanwhile, Tesla demonstrates his invention to an audience using two induction sticks that glow. Szigeti invents a compass apparatus, but Tesla tells him it has already been invented, so Szigeti abandons his pursuits and seeks his fortune in South America. Kemmler's execution by [[electric chair]] is botched. Anne gets to know Tesla more. Tesla's invention is used to power's the [[World's Columbian Exposition|World's Fair in 1893]] in Chicago. Edison meets with Tesla and admits he was wrong about alternating current, and then he offers to partner with Tesla. Anne clarifies that this meeting never happened: Edison neither apologized nor offered to join forces. Westinghouse tells Tesla that in order to keep his business going, he needs to do a merger, but has to cancel Tesla's contract regarding his horsepower royalties. Tesla tears up his contract. [[Sarah Bernhardt]], a celebrity actress, records for Edison's [[gramophone]]. She meets Tesla at her event, but Edison is envious of Tesla and escorts her away. Later, Tesla oversees the design of the [[List of Niagara Falls hydroelectric generating plants|Niagara Falls hydroelectric power plant]]. J.P. Morgan asks Anne if she thinks Tesla is interested in romancing her. Anne talks with Tesla about it and finds he has plans for another invention, but unfortunately he is moving far away to Colorado. In 1899 [[Colorado Springs]], he sets up his [[Tesla coil]] to harness and to transmit the power of the lightning storms. Tesla meets up with Bernhardt who is touring the area. She shows interest in him, and invites him to attend her performance, but he does not show up. J.P. Morgan invests in his invention, giving him a check, which Tesla accepts. In 1901, Edison's [[Thomas Edison#Mining|mining venture fails]] and he loses four million dollars. Tesla has not shown much progress in his work either, and even though [[Guglielmo Marconi|Marconi]] has used Tesla's patents to [[wireless telegraph|transmit wireless signals]], Tesla seems to be more interested in receiving and decoding signals he believes are from Mars. He asks J.P. Morgan for more funding, but is declined. There's a scene of Tesla singing to "[[Everybody Wants to Rule the World]]", along with montage stills from the film. Realizing she has no future with Tesla, Anne moves to France to work with an organization helping children. She explains how Tesla outlived his peers but dies alone at 87 years old. She reflects that today's world might be what he had imagined. == Cast == {{div col}} * [[Ethan Hawke]] as [[Nikola Tesla]] * [[Eve Hewson]] as [[Anne Morgan (philanthropist)|Anne Morgan]]. She also acts as the film's contemporary narrator, talking about [[Google search]]es and having a [[MacBook]] laptop on her desk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/culture/2020/08/tesla-movie-accuracy-ethan-hawke-nikola-tesla.html|title=What's Fact and What's Fiction in Tesla|first=Matthew|last=Dessem|date=August 21, 2020|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref><ref name="culture mix">{{cite news | url=https://culturemixonline.com/review-tesla-starring-ethan-hawke-kyle-maclachlan-eve-hewson-jim-gaffigan-and-hannah-gross/ | title=Review: 'Tesla,' starring Ethan Hawke, Kyle MacLachlan, Eve Hewson, Jim Gaffigan and Hannah Gross |first=Carla | last=Hay | date=August 23, 2020 | work=Culture Mix | access-date=March 2, 2022}}</ref> * [[Donnie Keshawarz]] as [[J.P. Morgan]], a well-known banker and investor, father of Anne. * [[Josh Hamilton (actor)|Josh Hamilton]] as [[Robert Underwood Johnson]], a journalist who befriends Tesla<ref name="culture mix"/> * [[Ebon Moss-Bachrach]] as Anitai Szigeti, Tesla's assistant and friend from Budapest.<ref name="culture mix"/> * [[Lucy Walters]] as Katharine Johnson, wife of Robert Johnson, friend of Tesla<ref name="culture mix"/> * [[John Palladino]] as Bourke Cochran * [[Michael Mastro (actor)|Michael Mastro]] as Charles Peck, an attorney/investor.<ref name="culture mix"/> * [[Hannah Gross]] as Mina Edison, Thomas Edison's second wife * [[Peter Greene]] as Nichols * Blake Delong as [[William Kemmler]], the first person to be executed by electric shocks * [[Karl Geary]] as Francis Upton, coworker of Edison * [[James Urbaniak]] as Professor Anthony, who reviews Tesla's invention  * [[Jim Gaffigan]] as [[George Westinghouse]], a businessman and inventor who takes an interest in Tesla's work.  * [[Kyle MacLachlan]] as [[Thomas Edison]], an inventor and entrepreneur who employs Tesla for six months and later acts as his rival. [[Rebecca Dayan]] portrays actress [[Sarah Bernhardt]],<ref name="culture mix"/> Emma O'Connor plays Anthony's daughter Evelyn,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehollywoodtimes.today/tesla-a-movie-by-michael-almereyda-starring-ethan-hawke-kyle-maclachlan-eve-hewson-jim-gaffigan-and-donnie-kersawarz/ |title=Tesla - A movie by Michael Almereyda - starring: Ethan Hawke, Kyle MacLachlan, Eve Hewson, Jim Gaffigan and Donnie Kersawarz |website=The Hollywood Times |date=2020-08-12 |accessdate=2022-03-25}}</ref> [[Lois Smith]] portrays The Grande Dame,<ref>{{cite web|last=Scott |first=Ryan |url=https://movieweb.com/tesla-movie-trailer/ |title=Tesla Trailer: Ethan Hawke Is Legendary Scientist Nikola Tesla |website=Movieweb.com |date=2020-07-10 |accessdate=2022-03-25}}</ref> and [[Ian Lithgow]] portrays banker/investor Alfred Brown.<ref name="culture mix"/> {{Div col end}} == Production == In February 2018, it was announced [[Ethan Hawke]] had joined the cast of the film, with Michael Almereyda directing from a screenplay he wrote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ethan-hawke-play-nikola-tesla-biopic-1083742|title=Ethan Hawke to Play Nikola Tesla in Biopic|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Alex|last=Ritman|date=February 12, 2018|access-date=December 15, 2019}}</ref> The script was an updated form of the first feature Almereyda ever wrote, a Tesla biopic originally optioned to Polish director [[Jerzy Skolimowski]] that was never made. Almereyda "reinvented it for the present moment," adding details about Tesla that had been published or discovered since then and including changes based on other influences such as films by director [[Derek Jarman]], episodes of [[Drunk History]] and author [[Henry James]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/video/tesla-trailer-ethan-hawke-nikola-tesla-michael-almereyda-ifc-films/ |title='Tesla' Trailer: Ethan Hawke Plugs In To Iconic Scientist In Michael Almereyda's Biopic |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Patrick |last=Hipes |date=July 10, 2020 |access-date=July 22, 2020 }}</ref> == Release == ''Tesla'' had its world premiere at the [[2020 Sundance Film Festival]] on January 27, 2020, where it won the Alfred P. Sloan Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sundance-2020-unveils-female-powered-lineup-taylor-swift-gloria-steinem-films-1259538 |title=Sundance Unveils Female-Powered Lineup Featuring Taylor Swift, Gloria Steinem, Abortion Road Trip Drama |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first=Tatiana |last=Siegel |date=December 4, 2019 |access-date=December 15, 2019}}</ref> Shortly after, [[IFC Films]] acquired distribution rights to the film and released it in [[Limited theatrical release|selected theaters]] and via [[Video on demand|Premium VOD]] on August 21, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://variety.com/2020/film/markets-festivals/ethan-hawke-tesla-ifc-films-sundance-1234571791/ |title= IFC Films Buys Ethan Hawke Drama 'Tesla' (EXCLUSIVE) |website=Variety |first=Brent |last=Lang |date=April 6, 2020 |access-date=April 6, 2020 }}</ref> == Reception == === Box office and VOD=== ''Tesla'' grossed $93,147 in the United States and Canada,<ref name="TN">{{cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Tesla#tab=summary |title=''Tesla'' (2020) - Financial Information |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |publisher=Nash Information Services, LLC |access-date=November 1, 2021}}</ref> and $365,904 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $459,051.<ref name="BOM"/> It made $42,165<ref name="BOM"/><ref name="TN"/> from 108 theaters in its opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://deadline.com/2020/08/unhinged-slowly-fastening-domestic-b-o-back-together-with-1-4m-friday-in-marketplace-where-ca-ny-are-still-largely-closed-1203019191/ |title= 'Unhinged' Sees Increased Business On Saturday For $4M Opening As Exhibition Turns Lights Back On |author= Anthony D'Alessandro |website= [[Deadline Hollywood]] |date= August 22, 2020|access-date= August 23, 2020}}</ref> That same weekend the film was the second-most rented on [[Apple TV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/08/the-vanished-leads-new-vod-releases-top-10-charts-1234582048/|title='The Vanished' Leads New VOD Releases, but the Top 10 Charts Agreed on Little Else|first1=Tom|last1=Brueggemann|date=August 24, 2020}}</ref> before finishing 10th at Apple TV and ninth on [[Charter Communications|Spectrum]] the following weekend.<ref>{{cite web |title= 'Bill & Ted Face the Music' Tops Multiple VOD Charts as Chadwick Boseman Films Soar |url= https://www.indiewire.com/2020/08/bill-ted-face-the-music-tops-multiple-vod-charts-chadwick-boseman-films-1234583564/ |last= Brueggemann |first=Tom |website=[[IndieWire]]|date= August 31, 2020|access-date= August 31, 2020}}</ref> === Critical response=== On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of {{RT data|score}} based on {{RT data|count}} reviews, with an average rating of {{RT data|average}}. The site's critics consensus reads, "Appropriately bold and ambitious, ''Tesla'' takes a number of risks that don't always pay off -- but Ethan Hawke's performance makes those flaws easier to forgive."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tesla|title=Tesla (2020)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web |title=Tesla Reviews |url= https://www.metacritic.com/movie/tesla |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date= December 18, 2020 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{IMDb title}} {{Michael Almereyda}} {{Nikola Tesla}} {{Thomas Edison}} {{Sundance Alfred P. Sloan Prize}} [[Category:2020 films]] [[Category:2020 biographical drama films]] [[Category:2020s historical drama films]] [[Category:Alfred P. Sloan Prize winners]] [[Category:2020 independent films]] [[Category:American biographical drama films]] [[Category:American historical drama films]] [[Category:American self-reflexive films]] [[Category:Biographical films about businesspeople]] [[Category:Biographical films about scientists]] [[Category:Cultural depictions of Thomas Edison]] [[Category:Works about Nikola Tesla]] [[Category:Drama films based on actual events]] [[Category:Films directed by Michael Almereyda]] [[Category:IFC Films films]] [[Category:Films set in the 1880s]] [[Category:Films set in 1884]] [[Category:Films set in 1885]] [[Category:Films set in 1888]] [[Category:Films set in the 1890s]] [[Category:Films set in 1893]] [[Category:Films set in 1899]] [[Category:Films set in the 1900s]] [[Category:Films set in 1901]] [[Category:Films set in Colorado]] [[Category:Films set on Long Island]] [[Category:Films set in New York City]] [[Category:Films set in Pittsburgh]] [[Category:Films scored by John Paesano]] [[Category:Nu Image films]] [[Category:2020s English-language films]] [[Category:2020s American films]] [[Category:Cultural depictions of Sarah Bernhardt]] [[Category:English-language historical drama films]] [[Category:English-language biographical drama films]] [[Category:English-language independent films]]

1,277,268,902

[{"title": "Tesla", "data": {"Directed by": "Michael Almereyda", "Written by": "Michael Almereyda", "Produced by": "- Michael Almereyda - Uri Singer - Christa Campbell - Isen Robbins - Lati Grobman - Per Melita - Elijah Long", "Starring": "- Ethan Hawke - Eve Hewson - Ebon Moss-Bachrach - Jim Gaffigan - Kyle MacLachlan", "Cinematography": "Sean Price Williams", "Edited by": "Kathryn J. Schubert", "Music by": "John Paesano", "Production \u00b7 companies": "- Passage Pictures - BB Film Production - Campbell Grobman Films - Intrinsic Value Films - RNG Entertainment Oy - Millennium Media", "Distributed by": "IFC Films", "Release dates": "- January 27, 2020 (Sundance) - August 21, 2020 (United States)", "Running time": "102 minutes", "Country": "United States", "Language": "English", "Box office": "$459,051"}}]

false

# Haftasar Haftasar (formerly: Düzbahçe) is a village in the Sivrice District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 70 (2021). The village is populated by Kurds.

enwiki/67080260

enwiki

67,080,260

Haftasar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haftasar

2025-07-23T04:01:50

en

Q6766220

45,242

{{short description|Village in Turkey}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} {{Infobox Turkey place | type = village | name = Haftasar | province = Elazığ | district = Sivrice | population_footnotes = | population_total = 70 | population_as_of = 2021 | coordinates = {{coord|38|25|N|39|16|E|display=it|region:TR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} | image_skyline = | image_caption = | image_shield = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_m = | website = }} '''Haftasar''' (formerly: ''Düzbahçe'') is a [[villages of Turkey|village]] in the [[Sivrice District]] of [[Elazığ Province]] in Turkey.<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Köy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706215822/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=6 July 2015 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</ref> Its population is 70 (2021).<ref name=tuik>{{cite web|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |title=Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters|publisher=[[TÜİK]] |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> The village is populated by [[Kurds]].<ref name="BuranKaymaz">{{cite journal|author1=Ahmet Buran|author2=Muhammet Kaymaz|date=1996|title=Sivrice yöresi ağızları (İnceleme-metin-sözlük)|url=https://openaccess.firat.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11508/15220/378938.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|language=tr|publisher=[[Firat University]]|page=13|access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Sivrice District}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Villages in Sivrice District]] [[Category:Kurdish settlements in Elazığ Province]] {{Elazığ-geo-stub}}

1,302,058,403

[{"title": "Haftasar", "data": {"Country": "Turkey", "Province": "Elaz\u0131\u011f", "District": "Sivrice", "Population (2021)": "70", "Time zone": "UTC+3 (TRT)"}}]

false

# Chrome Dreams II | Review scores | Review scores | | Source | Rating | | --------------- | ------------- | | AllMusic | [ 1 ] | | The Guardian | [ 2 ] | | The Independent | [ 3 ] | | NME | 7/10 | | The Observer | [ 5 ] | | Pitchfork | 5.6/10 | | Rolling Stone | [ 7 ] | | Spin | [ 8 ] | | The Times | [ 9 ] | | Uncut | [ 10 ] | Chrome Dreams II is the 30th studio album by Canadian-American musician Neil Young. The album was released on October 23, 2007, as a double LP and as a single CD. The album name references Chrome Dreams, a legendary Neil Young album from 1977 that had originally been scheduled for release but was shelved in favor of American Stars 'n Bars. The album debuted on the US Billboard 200 chart at number 11, selling about 54,000 copies in its first week. In addition, the song "No Hidden Path" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance at the 51st Grammy Awards, 2009. ## Writing The album features a mix of different types of songs featuring different musical styles and lengths. According to Young, It's an album with a form based on some of my original recordings, with a large variety of songs, rather than one specific type of song. Where Living with War and Everybody's Rockin' were albums focused on one subject or style, Chrome Dreams II is more like After the Gold Rush or Freedom, with different types of songs working together to form a feeling. Now that radio formats are not as influential as they once were, it's easier to release an album that crosses all formats with a message that runs through the whole thing, regardless of the type of song or sound. Some early listeners have said that this album is positive and spiritual. I like to think it focuses on the human condition. Like many of my recordings, this one draws on earlier material here and there. I used to do that a lot back in the day. Some songs, like "Ordinary People" need to wait for the right time. I think now is the right time for that song and it lives well with the new songs I have written in the past few months. I had a blast making this music. The first three songs on Chrome Dreams II date from the 1980s. "Beautiful Bluebird" was first recorded in 1985 during sessions for Old Ways. "Boxcar" had been previously recorded for Freedom and Ragged Glory, but was ultimately left off both albums. Both songs appear on Chrome Dreams II as new recordings. The 18-minute "Ordinary People" was recorded in July 1988 during initial sessions for the Freedom album. It features the backing musicians from Young's Bluenotes tour. The song was released as the album's first single. According to a 2020 post on his Neil Young Archives website, the lyrics to "Dirty Old Man" explore "the ugliest parts of alcoholism. I really loathe what it does to people." The epic "No Hidden Path" was inspired by long walks on Young's ranch. He explains in a 2019 post to his website that it's "about the forest on Broken Arrow where I used to walk regularly." The song features as the centerpiece of the 2009 Jonathan Demme film Neil Young Trunk Show. ## Recording Chrome Dreams II was produced by The Volume Dealers (Neil Young & Niko Bolas), and features the ensemble of Crazy Horse drummer Ralph Molina, pedal steel guitarist and Dobro player Ben Keith (Harvest, Comes A Time, Harvest Moon) and bassist Rick Rosas (Freedom, Living With War, This Note's for You). A horn section, The Blue Note Horns, appear on one track, "Ordinary People," while the Young People’s Chorus of New York City appear on "The Way." Most of the recording was done live with few overdubs at Feelgood's Garage studio near Redwood City, California, with two vintage gas pumps out front and vintage studio gear inside. ## Track listing | No. | Title | Length | | --- | -------------------- | ------ | | 1. | "Beautiful Bluebird" | 4:27 | | 2. | "Boxcar" | 2:44 | | 3. | "Ordinary People" | 18:13 | | 4. | "Shining Light" | 4:43 | | 5. | "The Believer" | 2:39 | | 6. | "Spirit Road" | 6:32 | | 7. | "Dirty Old Man" | 3:17 | | 8. | "Ever After" | 3:32 | | 9. | "No Hidden Path" | 14:31 | | 10. | "The Way" | 5:15 | ## Personnel Primary musicians - Neil Young – acoustic and electric guitars, banjo, harmonica, grand piano, pump organ, Hammond B-3 organ, vibes, percussion, vocals - Ben Keith – pedal steel guitar, lap slide guitar, Dobro, electric guitar, Hammond B-3 organ, vocal - Rick Rosas – bass guitar, vocal - Ralph Molina – drums, percussion, vocal Musicians for "Ordinary People" - Neil Young – electric guitar, vocal - Joe Canuck – vocal - Frank "Poncho" Sampedro – guitar - Rick Rosas – bass guitar - Chad Cromwell – drums - Ben Keith – alto saxophone - Steve Lawrence – tenor saxophone, keyboards - Larry Cragg – baritone saxophone - Claude Cailliet – trombone - John Fumo – trumpet - Tom Bray – trumpet (solo) Background singers - The Wyatt Earps – Ben Keith, Ralph Molina, Neil Young - The Jane Wyatts – Nancy Hall, Annie Stocking, Pegi Young - The Dirty Old Men – Larry Cragg, Ben Keith, Ralph Molina, Rick Rosas, Neil Young - The Young People’s Chorus of New York City (chorus on "The Way") - Francisco J. Núñez – artistic director and founder - Elizabeth Núñez – conductor Additional roles - Niko Bolas – recording, mixing - John Hausmann – assistant engineering - Rob Clark – assistant engineering, editing - John Nowland – analog-digital transfers - Tim Mulligan – mastering, editing on "Ordinary People" - Brent Walton, Tim McColm – assistant engineering - Colin Suzuki, Eric Pfeifer – assistant engineering on "The Way" - Darrell Brown, Neil Young – choir arrangements on "The Way" - Elliot Roberts – direction DVD production - Bernard Shakey (Neil Young) – direction - L.A. Johnson – production, pohotography - Elliot Rabinowitz – executive production - Will Mitchell – associate production, photography - Toshi Onuki – editing, art direction - Mike Derrosset – editing - Rich Winter – authoring, menu design - Larry Cragg, Anthony Crawford – photography ## Charts | Chart (2007) | Peak position | | ---------------------------------------- | ------------- | | Australian Albums (ARIA) | 38 | | Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 27 | | Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 16 | | Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) | 40 | | Canadian Albums (Billboard) | 8 | | Danish Albums (Hitlisten) | 20 | | Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) | 14 | | Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) | 32 | | French Albums (SNEP) | 9 | | German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 13 | | Irish Albums (IRMA) | 15 | | Italian Albums (FIMI) | 28 | | Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) | 5 | | Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) | 80 | | Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 13 | | Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 72 | | UK Albums (OCC) | 14 | | US Billboard 200 | 11 | | US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) | 6 | | US Top Tastemaker Albums (Billboard) | 3 |

enwiki/12885832

enwiki

12,885,832

Chrome Dreams II

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_Dreams_II

2025-04-15T19:09:43

en

Q153155

179,406

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox album | name = Chrome Dreams II | type = Studio | artist = [[Neil Young]] | cover = ChromeDreamsII.jpg | alt = | released = October 23, 2007 | recorded = May 31 – July 6, 2007{{efn|except "Ordinary People" – July 26, 1988}} | studio = Broken Arrow Ranch | genre = * [[Heartland rock]] * [[country rock]] * [[americana music|Americana]] * [[hard rock]] | length = 65:53 | label = [[Reprise Records|Reprise]] | producer = *Neil Young *[[Niko Bolas]] (credited as "The Volume Dealers") | chronology = [[Neil Young]] | prev_title = [[Live at Massey Hall 1971]] | prev_year = 2007 | next_title = [[Sugar Mountain – Live at Canterbury House 1968]] | next_year = 2008 }} {{Album ratings | rev1 = [[AllMusic]] | rev1score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/chrome-dreams-ii-mw0000490769 |title=Chrome Dreams II – Neil Young | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |date=2007-10-23 |access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> | rev2 = ''[[The Guardian]]'' | rev2score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Alexis Petridis]] |url=http://music.guardian.co.uk/pop/alexispetridis/story/0,,2188725,00.html |title=CD: Neil Young, Chrome Dreams II | Music |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 October 2007 |access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> | rev3 = ''[[The Independent]]'' | rev3score = {{Rating|2|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arts.independent.co.uk/music/reviews/article3073848.ece |title=Album: Neil Young – Independent Online Edition > Reviews |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224021421/http://arts.independent.co.uk/music/reviews/article3073848.ece |archive-date=December 24, 2007 }}</ref> | rev4 = ''[[NME]]'' | rev4score = 7/10<ref>NME, 10/27/2007, p.41</ref> | rev5 = ''[[The Observer]]'' | rev5score = {{Rating|5|5}}<ref>{{cite news|author=Tim Adams |url=http://music.guardian.co.uk/rock/reviews/story/0,,2190098,00.html |title=CD: Neil Young, Chrome Dreams II/Bruce Springsteen, Magic | Music | The Guardian |newspaper=The Observer |date=14 October 2007 |publisher=Music.guardian.co.uk |access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> | rev6 = ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' | rev6score = 5.6/10<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/10792-chrome-dreams-ii/ |title=Neil Young: Chrome Dreams II | Album Reviews |website=Pitchfork |date=2007-10-17 |access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> | rev7 = ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' | rev7score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Christgau |first=Robert |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/chrome-dreams-ii-20071101 |title=Neil Young Chrome Dreams II Album Review |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=2007-11-01 |access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> | rev8 = ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' | rev8score = {{Rating|7|10}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Weiss |first=Dan |url=http://www.spin.com/reviews/neil-young-chrome-dreams-ii-reprise |title=Neil Young, 'Chrome Dreams II' (Reprise) |magazine=Spin |date=2008-01-18 |access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> | rev9 = ''[[The Times]]'' | rev9score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article2687078.ece |title=Neil Young: Chrome Dreams II review | CD reviews |access-date=2015-06-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708225006/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article2687078.ece |archive-date=July 8, 2008 }}</ref> | rev10 = ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'' | rev10score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.uncut.co.uk/music/neil_young/reviews/10593 |title=Neil Young – Chrome Dreams II – Review |magazine=Uncut |access-date=2015-06-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726182129/http://uncut.co.uk/music/neil_young/reviews/10593 |archive-date=July 26, 2008 }}</ref> }} '''''Chrome Dreams II''''' is the 30th studio album by Canadian-American musician [[Neil Young]]. The album was released on October 23, 2007, as a double LP and as a single CD. The album name references ''[[Chrome Dreams]]'', a legendary Neil Young album from 1977 that had originally been scheduled for release but was shelved in favor of ''[[American Stars 'n Bars]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://neilyoung.com/news/index.html |title=Neil Young Times |publisher=Neilyoung.com |access-date=2015-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201092807/http://www.neilyoung.com/news/index.html |archive-date=2007-12-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The album debuted on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart at number 11, selling about 54,000 copies in its first week.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1047534/underwood-leads-three-country-debuts-onto-chart | title= Underwood Leads Three Country Debuts Onto Chart | access-date= 2007-11-28 | last= Hasty | first= Katie | date= 2007-10-31 | publisher= Billboard.com}}</ref> In addition, the song "No Hidden Path" was nominated for a [[Grammy Award]] for [[Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance]] at the [[51st Grammy Awards]], 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weiss |first=Dan |url=http://www.spin.com/2009/02/its-not-your-parents-grammy-awards-or-it/ |title=It's Not Your Parents' Grammy Awards — Or Is It? |publisher=SPIN |date=2009-02-06 |access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref> ==Writing== The album features a mix of different types of songs featuring different musical styles and lengths. According to Young, <blockquote>It's an album with a form based on some of my original recordings, with a large variety of songs, rather than one specific type of song. Where ''[[Living with War]]'' and ''[[Everybody's Rockin']]'' were albums focused on one subject or style, ''Chrome Dreams II'' is more like ''[[After the Gold Rush]]'' or ''[[Freedom (Neil Young album)|Freedom]]'', with different types of songs working together to form a feeling. Now that radio formats are not as influential as they once were, it's easier to release an album that crosses all formats with a message that runs through the whole thing, regardless of the type of song or sound. Some early listeners have said that this album is positive and spiritual. I like to think it focuses on the human condition. Like many of my recordings, this one draws on earlier material here and there. I used to do that a lot back in the day. Some songs, like "Ordinary People" need to wait for the right time. I think now is the right time for that song and it lives well with the new songs I have written in the past few months. I had a blast making this music.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://biz.yahoo.com/iw/070823/0294131.html | title= New Neil Young Album: "Chrome Dreams II" Set for Release October 16th | access-date= 2007-11-28 | publisher= Warner Bros. Records}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> </blockquote> The first three songs on ''Chrome Dreams II'' date from the 1980s. "Beautiful Bluebird" was first recorded in 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article2687078.ece |title=Neil Young: Chrome Dreams II review | CD reviews |access-date=2015-06-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708225006/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article2687078.ece |archive-date=July 8, 2008 }}</ref> during sessions for ''[[Old Ways]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Petridis |first=Alexis |date=2007-10-12 |title=Neil Young, Chrome Dreams II |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/oct/12/popandrock.shopping |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> "Boxcar" had been previously recorded for ''Freedom''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article2687078.ece |title=Neil Young: Chrome Dreams II review | CD reviews |access-date=2015-06-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708225006/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article2687078.ece |archive-date=July 8, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Petridis |first=Alexis |date=2007-10-12 |title=Neil Young, Chrome Dreams II |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/oct/12/popandrock.shopping |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and ''[[Ragged Glory]]'', but was ultimately left off both albums. Both songs appear on ''Chrome Dreams II'' as new recordings. The 18-minute "Ordinary People" was recorded in July 1988 during initial sessions for the ''Freedom'' album.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neil Young Archives |url=https://neilyoungarchives.com/info-card?search=true&track=t1988_0726_01 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=neilyoungarchives.com}}</ref> It features the backing musicians from Young's [[Bluenote Café|Bluenotes]] tour.<ref>Durchholz, Daniel, and Gary Graff. 2012. Neil Young: Long May You Run: The Illustrated History. Minneapolis, Mn: Voyageur Press.</ref> The song was released as the album's first single.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://neilyoung.com/news/index.html | title= Ordinary People to Radio | access-date= 2007-11-28 | publisher= NY Times | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071201092807/http://www.neilyoung.com/news/index.html | archive-date= 2007-12-01 | url-status= dead }}</ref> According to a 2020 post on his ''Neil Young Archives'' website, the lyrics to "Dirty Old Man" explore "the ugliest parts of alcoholism. I really loathe what it does to people." The epic "No Hidden Path" was inspired by long walks on Young's ranch. He explains in a 2019 post to his website that it's "about the forest on Broken Arrow where I used to walk regularly." The song features as the centerpiece of the 2009 [[Jonathan Demme]] film ''[[Neil Young Trunk Show]]''. ==Recording== ''Chrome Dreams II'' was produced by The Volume Dealers (Neil Young & [[Niko Bolas]]), and features the ensemble of [[Crazy Horse (band)|Crazy Horse]] drummer [[Ralph Molina]], pedal steel guitarist and Dobro player [[Ben Keith]] (''[[Harvest (Neil Young album)|Harvest]]'', ''[[Comes A Time]]'', ''[[Harvest Moon (album)|Harvest Moon]]'') and bassist [[Rick Rosas]] (''[[Freedom (Neil Young album)|Freedom]]'', ''[[Living With War]]'', ''[[This Note's for You]]''). A horn section, The Blue Note Horns, appear on one track, "Ordinary People," while the [[Young People’s Chorus of New York City]] appear on "The Way." Most of the recording was done live with few overdubs at Feelgood's Garage studio near Redwood City, California, with two vintage gas pumps out front and vintage studio gear inside.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://bad-news-beat.org/ | title= Neil Young – Chrome Dreams II. and Live Archives coming up – Ordinary People | access-date= 2007-11-28 | publisher= Bad News Beat}}</ref> ==Track listing== {{Track listing | all_writing = | title1 = Beautiful Bluebird | length1 = 4:27 | title2 = Boxcar | length2 = 2:44 | title3 = Ordinary People | length3 = 18:13 | title4 = Shining Light | length4 = 4:43 | title5 = The Believer | length5 = 2:39 | title6 = Spirit Road | length6 = 6:32 | title7 = Dirty Old Man | length7 = 3:17 | title8 = Ever After | length8 = 3:32 | title9 = No Hidden Path | length9 = 14:31 | title10 = The Way | length10 = 5:15 | total_length = }} ==Personnel== '''Primary musicians''' * [[Neil Young]] – acoustic and electric guitars, banjo, harmonica, [[grand piano]], [[pump organ]], [[Hammond B-3 organ]], [[vibraphone|vibes]], percussion, vocals * [[Ben Keith]] – [[pedal steel guitar]], [[lap slide guitar]], [[Dobro]], electric guitar, Hammond B-3 organ, vocal * [[Rick Rosas]] – bass guitar, vocal * [[Ralph Molina]] – drums, percussion, vocal '''Musicians for "Ordinary People"''' * Neil Young – electric guitar, vocal * [[Neil Young|Joe Canuck]] – vocal * [[Frank Sampedro|Frank "Poncho" Sampedro]] – guitar * Rick Rosas – bass guitar * [[Chad Cromwell]] – drums * [[Ben Keith]] – [[alto saxophone]] * Steve Lawrence – [[tenor saxophone]], keyboards * Larry Cragg – [[baritone saxophone]] * Claude Cailliet – trombone * John Fumo – trumpet * Tom Bray – trumpet (solo) '''Background singers''' * The Wyatt Earps – Ben Keith, Ralph Molina, Neil Young * The Jane Wyatts – Nancy Hall, Annie Stocking, [[Pegi Young]] * The Dirty Old Men – Larry Cragg, Ben Keith, Ralph Molina, Rick Rosas, Neil Young * [[The Young People’s Chorus of New York City]] (chorus on "The Way") ** [[Francisco Núñez (conductor)|Francisco J. Núñez]] – artistic director and founder ** Elizabeth Núñez – conductor '''Additional roles''' *Niko Bolas – recording, mixing *John Hausmann – assistant engineering *Rob Clark – assistant engineering, editing *John Nowland – analog-digital transfers *Tim Mulligan – mastering, editing on "Ordinary People" *Brent Walton, Tim McColm – assistant engineering *Colin Suzuki, Eric Pfeifer – assistant engineering on "The Way" *Darrell Brown, Neil Young – choir arrangements on "The Way" *Elliot Roberts – direction '''DVD production''' *Bernard Shakey (Neil Young) – direction *L.A. Johnson – production, pohotography *Elliot Rabinowitz – executive production *Will Mitchell – associate production, photography *Toshi Onuki – editing, art direction *Mike Derrosset – editing *Rich Winter – authoring, menu design *Larry Cragg, Anthony Crawford – photography == Charts == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+ Chart performance for ''Chrome Dreams II'' ! scope="col"| Chart (2007) ! scope="col"| Peak position |- {{album chart|Australia|38|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Austria|27|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Flanders|16|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Wallonia|40|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|BillboardCanada|8|artist=Neil Young|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Denmark|20|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Netherlands|14|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Finland|32|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|France|9|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Germany4|13|id=71472|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Ireland2|15|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Italy|28|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Norway|5|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Spain|80|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Sweden|13|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Switzerland|72|artist=Neil Young|album=Chrome Dreams II|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|UK2|14|date=20071103|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|Billboard200|11|artist=Neil Young|rowheader=true|access-date=October 29, 2022}} |- {{album chart|BillboardRock|6|artist=Neil Young|rowheader=true|access-date=July 19, 2024}} |- {{album chart|BillboardTastemaker|3|artist=Neil Young|rowheader=true|access-date=July 22, 2024}} |} == See also == * ''[[Chrome Dreams]]'' == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{Neil Young}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chrome Dreams Ii}} [[Category:Neil Young albums]] [[Category:2007 albums]] [[Category:Reprise Records albums]] [[Category:Albums produced by Neil Young]] [[Category:Albums produced by Niko Bolas]] [[Category:Sequel albums]]

1,285,781,525

[{"title": "Studio album by Neil Young", "data": {"Released": "October 23, 2007", "Recorded": "May 31 \u2013 July 6, 2007", "Studio": "Broken Arrow Ranch", "Genre": "Heartland rock country rock Americana hard rock", "Length": "65:53", "Label": "Reprise", "Producer": "Neil Young Niko Bolas (credited as \"The Volume Dealers\")"}}, {"title": "Neil Young chronology", "data": {"Live at Massey Hall 1971 \u00b7 (2007)": "Chrome Dreams II \u00b7 (2007) \u00b7 Sugar Mountain \u2013 Live at Canterbury House 1968 \u00b7 (2008)"}}, {"title": "Neil Young", "data": {"Studio albums": "Neil Young Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere After the Gold Rush Harvest On the Beach Tonight's the Night Zuma American Stars 'n Bars Comes a Time Rust Never Sleeps Hawks & Doves Re\u00b7ac\u00b7tor Trans Everybody's Rockin' Old Ways Landing on Water Life This Note's for You Freedom Ragged Glory Harvest Moon Sleeps with Angels Mirror Ball Broken Arrow Silver & Gold Are You Passionate? Greendale Prairie Wind Living with War Living with War: \"In the Beginning\" Chrome Dreams II Fork in the Road Le Noise Americana Psychedelic Pill A Letter Home Storytone The Monsanto Years Peace Trail The Visitor Colorado Barn World Record", "EPs": "Eldorado The Times", "Live albums": "Time Fades Away Live Rust Weld Arc Unplugged Year of the Horse Road Rock Vol. 1 Earth Noise & Flowers Before and After Fuckin' Up", "Soundtracks": "Journey Through the Past Where the Buffalo Roam Philadelphia Dead Man Paradox", "Compilations": "Decade Lucky Thirteen Greatest Hits", "Archives series": "Box sets The Archives Vol. 1 1963\u20131972 Neil Young Archives Volume II: 1972\u20131976 Neil Young Archives Volume III: 1976\u20131987 Performance series Live at the Fillmore East Live at Massey Hall 1971 Sugar Mountain \u2013 Live at Canterbury House 1968 Live at the Riverboat 1969 Dreamin' Man Live '92 A Treasure Live at the Cellar Door Bluenote Caf\u00e9 Roxy: Tonight's the Night Live Songs for Judy Tuscaloosa Return to Greendale Way Down in the Rust Bucket Young Shakespeare Special release series Hitchhiker Homegrown Toast Chrome Dreams Odeon Budokan Early Daze", "Songs": "1960s \" Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing \" \" Mr. Soul \" \" Broken Arrow \" \" Expecting to Fly \" \" Sugar Mountain \" \" The Loner \" \" I've Been Waiting for You \" \" The Old Laughing Lady \" \" Cinnamon Girl \" \" Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere \" \" Down by the River \" \" Cowgirl in the Sand \" \" Dance, Dance, Dance \" 1970s \" Helpless \" \" Country Girl \" \" Ohio \" \" Tell Me Why \" \" After the Gold Rush \" \" Only Love Can Break Your Heart \" \" Southern Man \" \" Don't Let It Bring You Down \" \" When You Dance I Can Really Love \" \" I Believe in You \" \" Bad Fog of Loneliness \" \" Out on the Weekend \" \" Harvest \" \" A Man Needs a Maid \" \" Heart of Gold \" \" Are You Ready for the Country? \" \" Old Man \" \" The Needle and the Damage Done \" \" War Song \" \" L.A. \" \" Tonight's the Night \" \" Come On Baby Let's Go Downtown \" \" Tired Eyes \" \" New Mama \" \" Danger Bird \" \" Cortez the Killer \" \" Will to Love \" \" Like a Hurricane \" \" Love Is a Rose \" \" Lotta Love \" \" Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black) \" \" My My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue) \" \" Pocahontas \" \" Powderfinger \" \" Sedan Delivery \" 1980s and later \" Rainin' in My Heart \" \" Grey Riders \" \" Rockin' in the Free World \" \" Crime in the City (Sixty to Zero Part I) \" \" No More \" \" Wrecking Ball \" \" Harvest Moon \" \" Unknown Legend \" \" From Hank to Hendrix \" \" Downtown \" \" Let's Impeach the President \" \" Angry World \" \" A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop \"", "Films and videos": "Journey Through the Past Human Highway Neil Young in Berlin Solo Trans Muddy Track Weld Year of the Horse Neil Young: Silver and Gold Greendale Neil Young: Heart of Gold CSNY/D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu Neil Young Trunk Show Neil Young Journeys Paradox", "Books": "Waging Heavy Peace: A Hippie Dream", "Related": "Discography The Squires The Mynah Birds Buffalo Springfield Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young The Stills\u2013Young Band The Ducks The Bridge: A Tribute to Neil Young Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi Pono Old Black Farm Aid Bridge School Benefit Pegi Young Daryl Hannah Carrie Snodgress Elliot Roberts Pearl Jam"}}, {"title": "Box sets", "data": {"Box sets": "The Archives Vol. 1 1963\u20131972 Neil Young Archives Volume II: 1972\u20131976 Neil Young Archives Volume III: 1976\u20131987", "Performance series": "Live at the Fillmore East Live at Massey Hall 1971 Sugar Mountain \u2013 Live at Canterbury House 1968 Live at the Riverboat 1969 Dreamin' Man Live '92 A Treasure Live at the Cellar Door Bluenote Caf\u00e9 Roxy: Tonight's the Night Live Songs for Judy Tuscaloosa Return to Greendale Way Down in the Rust Bucket Young Shakespeare", "Special release series": "Hitchhiker Homegrown Toast Chrome Dreams Odeon Budokan Early Daze"}}, {"title": "1960s", "data": {"1960s": "\" Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing \" \" Mr. Soul \" \" Broken Arrow \" \" Expecting to Fly \" \" Sugar Mountain \" \" The Loner \" \" I've Been Waiting for You \" \" The Old Laughing Lady \" \" Cinnamon Girl \" \" Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere \" \" Down by the River \" \" Cowgirl in the Sand \" \" Dance, Dance, Dance \"", "1970s": "\" Helpless \" \" Country Girl \" \" Ohio \" \" Tell Me Why \" \" After the Gold Rush \" \" Only Love Can Break Your Heart \" \" Southern Man \" \" Don't Let It Bring You Down \" \" When You Dance I Can Really Love \" \" I Believe in You \" \" Bad Fog of Loneliness \" \" Out on the Weekend \" \" Harvest \" \" A Man Needs a Maid \" \" Heart of Gold \" \" Are You Ready for the Country? \" \" Old Man \" \" The Needle and the Damage Done \" \" War Song \" \" L.A. \" \" Tonight's the Night \" \" Come On Baby Let's Go Downtown \" \" Tired Eyes \" \" New Mama \" \" Danger Bird \" \" Cortez the Killer \" \" Will to Love \" \" Like a Hurricane \" \" Love Is a Rose \" \" Lotta Love \" \" Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black) \" \" My My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue) \" \" Pocahontas \" \" Powderfinger \" \" Sedan Delivery \"", "1980s and later": "\" Rainin' in My Heart \" \" Grey Riders \" \" Rockin' in the Free World \" \" Crime in the City (Sixty to Zero Part I) \" \" No More \" \" Wrecking Ball \" \" Harvest Moon \" \" Unknown Legend \" \" From Hank to Hendrix \" \" Downtown \" \" Let's Impeach the President \" \" Angry World \" \" A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop \""}}]

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# Craigellachie National Nature Reserve Craigellachie (Scottish Gaelic: Chreag Eileachaidh) is a hill lying to the west of the village of Aviemore in Strathspey, in the central Highlands of Scotland. Craigellachie was declared a national nature reserve (NNR) in 1961, and is managed by NatureScot through a lease from Reidhaven Estate. The reserve covers 257 hectares on the eastern slopes of the Monadhliath range of hills, lying between 225 and 535 m above sea level. It is dominated by birkwood (birch woodland), being one of the largest remaining areas of this type of habitat on Speyside, and is also of national importance due to the variety of moths present on the reserve. In addition to the birkwoods, the reserve encompasses a variety of other habitats, such as rocky crags, lochans and open heath with blaeberry. By tradition Craigellachie was an important place for Clan Grant, being used as a vantage point and as the site for signal fires to gather the clan. Craigellachie appears on the clan's crest, and the clan's Slogan is "Stand fast Craig Elachie!". ## Flora and fauna The birkwood at Craigellachie NNR can be described as "semi-natural", having arisen before the middle of the eighteenth century: the earliest known reference to it was made by mapmaker William Roy in 1750. Many of the birch trees are around 100 years old, and are almost entirely silver birch, although some downy birch is found in areas with poorly drained, peaty soils. Other tree found at the reserve include aspen, rowan, hazel, bird cherry, eared willow, grey willow, Scots pine and juniper. The range of habitats supports a diverse range of plant communities, with over 385 flowering-plant types being recorded at the reserve, including nationally-scarce species such as least waterlily, serrated wintergreen, dwarf birch, and bog hair grass. 71 species of fungi and 22 lichen species have been recorded at the reserve, owing to the birchwood habitat. The reserve provides an ideal habitat for invertebrate species and is home to a number of nationally important moth species, 13 of which are UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP) species. Of particular note are the Kentish glory and Rannoch sprawler, the larvae of which favour young birch saplings as a food source. Woodland butterflies at Craigellachie NNR include Scotch argus and orange tip, as well as the pearl-bordered fritillary, which is also a UKBAP species. Around 50 bird species are present, including a number of UKBAP species, such as spotted flycatcher, song thrush, bullfinch, lesser redpoll, tree pipit, red grouse and black grouse. Furthermore, a pair of peregrine falcons nest on the crags, which can be viewed through a webcam in the visitor centre section of the Aviemore Youth Hostel. Mammal species found at Craigellachie include red and roe deer, pipistrelle bats, and occasional sightings of pine marten. ## Visitors Around 8500 people each year visit the reserve, which is linked to the centre of Aviemore via an underpass beneath the A9. There are four marked trails, three of which provide circular routes of between 0.7 and 1.8 km. The fourth trail, which is 4.4 km long, continues up to the summit of Craigellachie. In 2007 a ‘Mobitour’ system was trialled, whereby visitors could access information about specific parts of the reserve via a mobile phone. The system proved popular with visitors, and has since been extended to cover all four of the marked trails. ## Other designations The national nature reserve forms part of the Craigellachie Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), which covers a larger area (380 ha). The site lies entirely within the Cairngorms National Park, and is designated a Category IV protected area by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. ### Bibliography - "The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 23 January 2019.

enwiki/53746207

enwiki

53,746,207

Craigellachie National Nature Reserve

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigellachie_National_Nature_Reserve

2025-03-26T18:59:06

en

Q29587174

79,096

{{short description|Nature reserve in Scotland}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Craigellachie National Nature Reserve | alt_name = | iucn_category = IV | iucn_ref = <ref name=planet/> | photo = File:Craigellachie and unnamed lochan - geograph.org.uk - 979537.jpg | photo_alt = Lochan and woodland at Craigellachie | photo_caption = Lochan and woodland at Craigellachie | photo_width = | map = Scotland Badenoch and Strathspey | relief = 1 | map_alt = | map_caption = Craigellachie, shown within [[Badenoch and Strathspey]], [[Highland (council area)|Highland]] | map_width = | location = Near [[Aviemore]], [[Scotland]] | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coords|57.188948|-3.848020|region:GB_scale:20000|display=inline, title}} | area_ha = 257 | area_ref = <ref name=nnr>{{cite web|url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/5020|title=Craigellachie NNR|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=15 September 2020}}</ref> | established = 1961 | governing_body = [[NatureScot]] | url = [https://www.nature.scot/enjoying-outdoors/scotlands-national-nature-reserves/craigellachie-national-nature-reserve Craigellachie National Nature Reserve] | embedded = }} '''Craigellachie''' ([[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]]: {{lang|gd|Chreag Eileachaidh}})<ref name=visit/> is a hill lying to the west of the village of [[Aviemore]] in [[Strathspey, Scotland|Strathspey]], in the central [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] of [[Scotland]]. Craigellachie was declared a [[National nature reserve (Scotland)|national nature reserve]] (NNR) in 1961, and is managed by [[NatureScot]] through a lease from Reidhaven Estate.<ref name=p2>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 2.</ref> The reserve covers 257 hectares on the eastern slopes of the [[Monadhliath]] range of hills, lying between 225 and 535 m above sea level.<ref name=p1>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 1.</ref> It is dominated by birkwood ([[birch]] woodland), being one of the largest remaining areas of this type of habitat on [[Strathspey, Scotland|Speyside]], and is also of national importance due to the variety of [[moth]]s present on the reserve.<ref name=p4/> In addition to the birkwoods, the reserve encompasses a variety of other habitats, such as rocky crags, [[lochan]]s and open heath with [[blaeberry]].<ref name=p5/> By tradition Craigellachie was an important place for [[Clan Grant]], being used as a vantage point and as the site for signal fires to gather the clan. Craigellachie appears on the clan's [[Crest (heraldry)|crest]], and the clan's [[Slogan (heraldry)|Slogan]] is "Stand fast Craig Elachie!".<ref name=p1/><ref name=p2/> ==Flora and fauna== The birkwood at Craigellachie NNR can be described as "semi-natural", having arisen before the middle of the eighteenth century: the earliest known reference to it was made by mapmaker [[William Roy]] in 1750.<ref name=p8>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 8.</ref> Many of the birch trees are around 100 years old, and are almost entirely [[silver birch]], although some [[downy birch]] is found in areas with poorly drained, [[peat]]y soils. Other tree found at the reserve include [[Populus tremula|aspen]], [[rowan]], [[hazel]], [[Prunus padus|bird cherry]], [[eared willow]], [[grey willow]], [[Scots pine]] and [[juniper]].<ref name=p4>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 4.</ref> The range of habitats supports a diverse range of plant communities, with over 385 flowering-plant types being recorded at the reserve, including nationally-scarce species such as [[Nuphar pumila|least waterlily]], [[serrated wintergreen]], [[dwarf birch]], and bog hair grass. 71 species of fungi and 22 lichen species have been recorded at the reserve, owing to the birchwood habitat.<ref name=p6>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 6.</ref><ref name=p7>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 7.</ref> The reserve provides an ideal habitat for [[invertebrate]] species and is home to a number of nationally important moth species, 13 of which are [[UK Biodiversity Action Plan]] (UKBAP) species. Of particular note are the [[Kentish glory]] and [[Brachionycha nubeculosa|Rannoch sprawler]], the larvae of which favour young birch saplings as a food source.<ref name=p5/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmoths.org.uk/species/brachionycha-nubeculosa/|title=Rannoch Sprawler ''Brachionycha nubeculosa''|publisher=UK Moths|accessdate=2019-01-24}}</ref> Woodland butterflies at Craigellachie NNR include [[Scotch argus]] and [[Anthocharini|orange tip]], as well as the [[pearl-bordered fritillary]], which is also a UKBAP species.<ref name=p5>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 5.</ref> Around 50 bird species are present, including a number of UKBAP species, such as [[spotted flycatcher]], [[song thrush]], [[bullfinch]], [[lesser redpoll]], [[tree pipit]], [[red grouse]] and [[black grouse]].<ref name=p5/><ref name=p6/> Furthermore, a pair of [[peregrine falcons]] nest on the crags, which can be viewed through a [[webcam]] in the visitor centre section of the Aviemore Youth Hostel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scotlandsnature.wordpress.com/2016/06/09/craigellachies-all-new-peregrine-tv-and-visitor-hub/|title=Craigellachie’s all-new peregrine TV and visitor hub|author=Scottish Natural Heritage|date=9 June 2016|accessdate=15 September 2020}}</ref> Mammal species found at Craigellachie include [[red deer|red]] and [[roe deer]], [[pipistrelle bats]], and occasional sightings of [[pine marten]].<ref name=p6>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 6.</ref> ==Visitors== Around 8500 people each year visit the reserve, which is linked to the centre of Aviemore via an underpass beneath the [[A9 road (Scotland)|A9]].<ref name=p11>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 11.</ref> There are four marked trails, three of which provide circular routes of between 0.7 and 1.8 km. The fourth trail, which is 4.4 km long, continues up to the summit of Craigellachie.<ref name=visit>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-09/Publication%202018%20-%20Visit%20Craigellachie%20NNR%20Tadhail%20Craigellachie%20T%C3%A8armann%20N%C3%A0dair%20N%C3%A0iseanta_0.pdf|title=Visit Craigellachie National Nature Reserve|publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage|accessdate=15 September 2020}}</ref> In 2007 a ‘Mobitour’ system was trialled, whereby visitors could access information about specific parts of the reserve via a mobile phone. The system proved popular with visitors, and has since been extended to cover all four of the marked trails.<ref name=p11/><ref name=p12>The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve. p. 12.</ref> ==Other designations== The national nature reserve forms part of the Craigellachie [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSI), which covers a larger area (380 ha).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/428|title=Craigellachie SSSI|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=15 September 2020}}</ref> The site lies entirely within the [[Cairngorms National Park]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/8623|title=Cairngorms National Park|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=15 September 2020}}</ref> and is designated a [[Protected_area#IUCN_Protected_Area_Management_Categories|Category IV]] [[protected areas of Scotland|protected area]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].<ref name=planet>{{cite web|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/11040|title=Craigellachie|publisher=Protected Planet|accessdate=14 February 2021}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliography=== *{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/The%20Story%20of%20Craigellachie%20NNR.pdf|title=The Story of Craigellachie National Nature Reserve|publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage|accessdate=23 January 2019}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Craigellachie, Aviemore}} *[https://www.nature.scot/enjoying-outdoors/scotlands-national-nature-reserves/craigellachie-national-nature-reserve Craigellachie National Nature Reserve] - NatureScot *[https://www.nnr.scot/ Scotland's National Nature Reserves] {{National Nature Reserves of Scotland}} [[Category:National nature reserves in Scotland]] [[Category:Protected areas of Highland (council area)]]

1,282,490,742

[{"title": "Craigellachie National Nature Reserve", "data": {"Location": "Near Aviemore, Scotland", "Coordinates": "57\u00b011\u203220\u2033N 3\u00b050\u203253\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff57.188948\u00b0N 3.848020\u00b0W", "Area": "257 ha (640 acres)", "Established": "1961", "Governing body": "NatureScot"}}]

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# Hans von Hahn Hans von Hahn (7 August 1914 – 5 November 1957) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. During his career he was credited with 34 aerial victories, 15 on the Western Front and 19 on the Eastern Front. ## World War II World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. On 18 September 1939, Hahn was appointed Staffelkapitän of 8. Staffel (8th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing). He was the first commander of the Staffel which was part of the newly created III. Gruppe (3rd group) of JG 53 under the command of Hauptmann Werner Mölders. Hahn claimed his first aerial victory on 22 December 1939 during "Phoney War". That day, he claimed a Royal Air Force (RAF) Hawker Hurricane fighter from the No. 73 Squadron. On 27 August 1940, Hahn was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing). He replaced Oberleutnant Lothar Keller who had temporarily led the Gruppe after its former commander Hauptmann Günther Lützow had been Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of JG 3 on 21 August. Command of 8. Staffel of JG 53 was given to Oberleutnant Hans Kunert. ### War against the Soviet Union In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Dub on 18 June 1941. At the start of the campaign, JG 3 was subordinated to the V. Fliegerkorps (5th Air Corps), under command of General der Flieger Robert Ritter von Greim, which was part of Luftflotte 4 (4th Air Fleet), under command of Generaloberst Alexander Löhr. These air elements supported Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt's Heeresgruppe Süd (Army Group South), with the objective of capturing Ukraine and its capital Kiev. ## Summary of career ### Aerial victory claims According to Obermaier, Hahn was credited with 34 aerial victories claimed in over 300 combat missions. This figure includes 19 claims on the Eastern Front and 15 over the Western Allies. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 31 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 19 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 12 on the Western Front. | Chronicle of aerial victories | Chronicle of aerial victories | Chronicle of aerial victories | Chronicle of aerial victories | Chronicle of aerial victories | Chronicle of aerial victories | Chronicle of aerial victories | Chronicle of aerial victories | Chronicle of aerial victories | Chronicle of aerial victories | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- | -------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | | This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Hahn did not receive credit. | | | | | | | | | | | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | | – 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 – "Phoney War" — 26 September 1939 – 9 May 1940 | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 22 December 1939 | 15:05 | Hurricane | 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Metz | | | | | | | – 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 – Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940 | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | 21 May 1940 | 19:10 | LeO 451 | Châlons | 4 | 31 May 1940 | 19:08 | Curtiss | Abbeville | | — | 21 May 1940 | — | M.S.406 | east of Paris | 5 | 3 June 1940 | 14:35 | Hurricane | Paris | | — | 21 May 1940 | — | Curtiss | east of Paris | — | 3 June 1940 | — | M.S.406 | Paris | | 3 | 24 May 1940 | 18:15 | Curtiss | | 6 | 7 June 1940 | 16:53 | M.S.406 | Compiègne | | – 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 – Battle of Britain and on the English Channel — 26 June – 26 August 1940 | | | | | | | | | | | 7 | 25 August 1940 | 18:27 | Spitfire | 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Portland | | | | | | | – Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 – Battle of Britain and on the English Channel — 27 August 1940 – 9 June 1941 | | | | | | | | | | | 8 | 5 September 1940 | — | Spitfire | vicinity of London | 11 | 7 October 1940 | — | Hurricane | Thames Estuary | | 9 | 15 September 1940 | — | Spitfire | north of London | 12 | 10 January 1941 | 14:35 | Blenheim | 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Nieuwpoort | | 10 | 7 October 1940 | — | Hurricane | Thames Estuary | | | | | | | – Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 – Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 16 September 1941 | | | | | | | | | | | 13 | 25 June 1941 | 15:10 | I-153 | 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Dubno | 23 | 10 July 1941 | 15:15 | SB-2 | 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Barbolok | | 14 | 26 June 1941 | 06:10 | DB-3 | northeast of Brody | 24 | 12 July 1941 | 14:55 | DB-3 | 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Zhytomyr | | 15 | 26 June 1941 | 06:15 | DB-3 | northeast of Brody | 25 | 14 July 1941 | 14:30 | DB-3 | 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Berdychiv | | 16 | 26 June 1941 | 14:20 | SB-2 | Szczurowcze | 26 | 14 July 1941 | 14:31 | DB-3 | 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Berdychiv | | 17 | 29 June 1941 | 15:00 | I-153 | 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Brody | 27 | 14 July 1941 | 14:32 | DB-3 | 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Berdychiv | | 18 | 29 June 1941 | 15:05 | I-153 | 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Brody | 28 | 11 August 1941 | 06:45 | SB-2 | 6 km (3.7 mi) southeast of Wihenkij | | 19 | 5 July 1941 | 11:45 | Pe-2 | northwest of Gudnow | 29 | 11 August 1941 | 06:48 | SB-2 | 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Boryspil | | 20 | 6 July 1941 | 15:40 | DB-3 | southeast of Shepetivka | 30 | 14 August 1941 | 12:50 | I-16 | 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Kaniv | | 21 | 6 July 1941 | 15:45 | DB-3 | southeast of Shepetivka | 31 | 16 August 1941 | 10:00 | I-17 (MiG-1) | 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Kaniv | | 22 | 10 July 1941 | 15:10 | I-17 (MiG-1) | 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Kurin | | | | | | ### Awards - Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class[19] - Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 July 1941 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the I./Jagdgeschwader 3[20][21] ### Citations 1. ↑ Prien et al. 2001a, pp. 398, 406. 2. ↑ Page 2020, p. 26. 3. ↑ Prien et al. 2002a, p. 182. 4. ↑ Prien et al. 2002b, p. 260. 5. ↑ Prien & Stemmer 2002, p. 133. 6. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 127. 7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 468. 8. ↑ Prien et al. 2001a, p. 406. 9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prien et al. 2001b, p. 355. 10. 1 2 Prien et al. 2001b, p. 356. 11. ↑ Prien et al. 2002b, p. 266. 12. 1 2 3 4 5 Prien et al. 2002a, p. 188. 13. 1 2 3 4 Prien et al. 2003, p. 74. 14. 1 2 Prien et al. 2003, p. 78. 15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prien et al. 2003, p. 79. 16. 1 2 Prien et al. 2003, p. 75. 17. 1 2 3 Prien et al. 2003, p. 77. 18. 1 2 Prien et al. 2003, p. 80. 19. ↑ Dixon 2023, pp. 74–75. 20. ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 211. 21. ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 361. ### Bibliography - Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2. - Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6. - Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6. - Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7. - Page, Neil (2020). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe 1939–42. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-849-3. - Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard (2002). Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" in WWII: Stab and I./JG 3 in Action with the Messerschmitt Bf 109. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-1681-4. - Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 2—Der "Sitzkrieg"—1.9.1939 bis 9.5.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 2—The "Phoney War"—1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-59-5. - Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940 [Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940] (in German). Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8. - Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/I—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26 June 1940 bis 21 June 1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/I—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-63-2. - Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-64-9. - Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-69-4. - Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.

enwiki/29881205

enwiki

29,881,205

Hans von Hahn

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Hahn

2025-07-31T12:44:16

en

Q3127034

152,339

{{short description|German fighter pilot during World War II (1914–1957)}} {{Infobox military person |name=Hans von Hahn |birth_date=7 August 1914 |death_date={{death date and age|1957|11|5|1914|8|7|df=y}} |image= |caption= |birth_place= [[Frankfurt am Main]], [[German Empire]] |death_place= [[Frankfurt am Main]], [[West Germany]] |nickname= |allegiance={{flag|Nazi Germany}} |branch={{navy|Nazi Germany}} (1934–1935) {{air force|Nazi Germany}} (1935–1945) |serviceyears=1934–45 |rank=''[[Hauptmann]]'' (captain) |unit=[[Jagdgeschwader 53|JG 53]], [[Jagdgeschwader 3|JG 3]], [[Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War II)|JG 1]], [[Jagdgeschwader 103|JG 103]] [[Jagdfliegerführer Oberitalien]] |commands=I./JG 3, II./JG 1, JG 103 Jagdfliegerführer Oberitalien |battles={{hidden |''See battles'' |[[World War II]] *[[Battle of France]] *[[Battle of Britain]] *[[Operation Barbarossa]] *[[Defense of the Reich]] |- |headerstyle=background:#dbdbdb |style=text-align:center; }} |awards=[[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] |laterwork=}} '''Hans von Hahn''' (7 August 1914 – 5 November 1957) was a [[Luftwaffe]] [[fighter ace|ace]] and recipient of the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] during [[World War II]]. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. During his career he was credited with 34 aerial victories, 15 on the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]] and 19 on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]. ==World War II== World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces [[Invasion of Poland|invaded Poland]]. On 18 September 1939, Hahn was appointed ''[[Staffelkapitän]]'' of 8. ''[[Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)#Staffel|Staffel]]'' (8th squadron) of [[Jagdgeschwader 53|''Jagdgeschwader'' 53]] (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing). He was the first commander of the ''Staffel'' which was part of the newly created III. ''[[Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)#Gruppe|Gruppe]]'' (3rd group) of JG 53 under the command of ''Hauptmann'' [[Werner Mölders]].{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2001a|pp=398, 406}} Hahn claimed his first aerial victory on 22 December 1939 during "[[Phoney War]]". That day, he claimed a [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) [[Hawker Hurricane]] fighter from the [[No. 73 Squadron RAF|No. 73 Squadron]].{{sfn|Page|2020|p=26}} On 27 August 1940, Hahn was appointed ''[[Gruppenkommandeur]]'' (group commander) of I. ''Gruppe'' of [[Jagdgeschwader 3|''Jagdgeschwader'' 3]] (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing). He replaced ''Oberleutnant'' [[Lothar Keller]] who had temporarily led the ''Gruppe'' after its former commander ''Hauptmann'' [[Günther Lützow]] had been ''[[Geschwaderkommodore]]'' (wing commander) of JG 3 on 21 August.{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2002a|p=182}} Command of 8. ''Staffel'' of JG 53 was given to ''Oberleutnant'' Hans Kunert.{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2002b|p=260}} ===War against the Soviet Union=== In preparation for [[Operation Barbarossa]], the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the I. ''Gruppe'' moved to an airfield at [[Dub, Tomaszów Lubelski County|Dub]] on 18 June 1941. At the start of the campaign, JG 3 was subordinated to the [[5th Air Corps (Germany)|V. ''Fliegerkorps'']] (5th Air Corps), under command of ''General der Flieger'' [[Robert Ritter von Greim]], which was part of [[Luftflotte 4|''Luftflotte'' 4]] (4th Air Fleet), under command of ''Generaloberst'' [[Alexander Löhr]]. These air elements supported ''Generalfeldmarschall'' [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]'s [[Army Group South|''Heeresgruppe Süd'']] (Army Group South), with the objective of capturing Ukraine and its capital [[Kiev]].{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|2002|p=133}} ==Summary of career== ===Aerial victory claims=== According to Obermaier, Hahn was credited with 34 aerial victories claimed in over 300 combat missions. This figure includes 19 claims on the Eastern Front and 15 over the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]].{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=127}} Mathews and Foreman, authors of ''Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims'', researched the [[German Federal Archives]] and found records for 31 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 19 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 12 on the Western Front.{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|p=468}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:right; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan="10" | Chronicle of aerial victories |- | colspan="10" style="text-align: left;" | {{legend|#e3d9ff|This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Hahn did not receive credit.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |- !scope="col"| Claim !scope="col"| Date !scope="col"| Time !scope="col" width="100px"| Type !scope="col"| Location !scope="col" style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | Claim !scope="col"| Date !scope="col"| Time !scope="col" width="100px"| Type !scope="col"| Location |- ! colspan="10" | – 8. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 53 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|p=468}} "Phoney War" — 26 September 1939 – 9 May 1940 |- | 1 | 22 December 1939 | 15:05 | [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]] | {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Metz]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2001a|p=406}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | | | | | |- ! colspan="10" | – 8. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 53 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|p=468}} Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940 |- | 2 | 21 May 1940 | 19:10 | [[Lioré et Olivier LeO 45|LeO 451]] | [[Châlons-en-Champagne|Châlons]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2001b|p=355}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 4 | 31 May 1940 | 19:08 | [[Curtiss P-36 Hawk|Curtiss]] | [[Abbeville]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2001b|p=355}} |- | style="background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}} | 21 May 1940 | {{Center|—}} | [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406|M.S.406]] | east of [[Paris]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2001b|p=355}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 5 | 3 June 1940 | 14:35 | Hurricane | Paris{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2001b|p=355}} |- | style="background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}} | 21 May 1940 | {{Center|—}} | Curtiss | east of Paris{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2001b|p=355}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}} | 3 June 1940 | {{Center|—}} | M.S.406 | Paris{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2001b|p=356}} |- | 3 | 24 May 1940 | 18:15 | Curtiss{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2001b|p=355}} | | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 6 | 7 June 1940 | 16:53 | M.S.406 | [[Compiègne]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2001b|p=356}} |- ! colspan="10" | – 8. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 53 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|p=468}} Battle of Britain and on the English Channel — 26 June – 26 August 1940 |- | 7 | 25 August 1940 | 18:27 | [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] | {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Isle of Portland|Portland]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2002b|p=266}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | | | | | |- ! colspan="10" | – ''Stab'' I. ''Gruppe'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 3 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|p=468}} Battle of Britain and on the English Channel — 27 August 1940 – 9 June 1941 |- | 8 | 5 September 1940 | {{Center|—}} | Spitfire | vicinity of [[London]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2002a|p=188}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 11 | 7 October 1940 | {{Center|—}} | Hurricane | [[Thames Estuary]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2002a|p=188}} |- | 9 | 15 September 1940 | {{Center|—}} | Spitfire | north of London{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2002a|p=188}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 12 | 10 January 1941 | 14:35 | [[Bristol Blenheim|Blenheim]] | {{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuwpoort]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2002a|p=188}} |- | 10 | 7 October 1940 | {{Center|—}} | Hurricane | Thames Estuary{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2002a|p=188}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | | | | | |- ! colspan="10" | – ''Stab'' I. ''Gruppe'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 3 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|p=468}} Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 16 September 1941 |- | 13 | 25 June 1941 | 15:10 | [[Polikarpov I-153|I-153]] | {{Convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Dubno]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=74}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 23 | 10 July 1941 | 15:15 | [[Tupolev SB|SB-2]] | {{Convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Barbolok{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=78}} |- | 14 | 26 June 1941 | 06:10 | [[Ilyushin DB-3|DB-3]] | northeast of [[Brody]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=74}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 24 | 12 July 1941 | 14:55 | DB-3 | {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Zhytomyr]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=79}} |- | 15 | 26 June 1941 | 06:15 | DB-3 | northeast of Brody{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=74}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 25 | 14 July 1941 | 14:30 | DB-3 | {{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Berdychiv]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=79}} |- | 16 | 26 June 1941 | 14:20 | SB-2 | Szczurowcze{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=74}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 26 | 14 July 1941 | 14:31 | DB-3 | {{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of Berdychiv{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=79}} |- | 17 | 29 June 1941 | 15:00 | I-153 | {{Convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of Brody{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=75}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 27 | 14 July 1941 | 14:32 | DB-3 | {{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of Berdychiv{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=79}} |- | 18 | 29 June 1941 | 15:05 | I-153 | {{Convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of Brody{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=75}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 28 | 11 August 1941 | 06:45 | SB-2 | {{Convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of Wihenkij{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=79}} |- | 19 | 5 July 1941 | 11:45 | [[Petlyakov Pe-2|Pe-2]] | northwest of Gudnow{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=77}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 29 | 11 August 1941 | 06:48 | SB-2 | {{Convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of [[Boryspil]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=79}} |- | 20 | 6 July 1941 | 15:40 | DB-3 | southeast of [[Shepetivka]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=77}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 30 | 14 August 1941 | 12:50 | I-16 | {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Kaniv]]{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=80}} |- | 21 | 6 July 1941 | 15:45 | DB-3 | southeast of Shepetivka{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=77}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 31 | 16 August 1941 | 10:00 | I-17 ([[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1|MiG-1]]) | {{Convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of Kaniv{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=80}} |- | 22 | 10 July 1941 | 15:10 | I-17 (MiG-1) | {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Kurin{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=78}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | | | | | |} ===Awards=== * [[Iron Cross]] (1939) 2nd and 1st Class{{sfn|Dixon|2023|pp=74–75}} * [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] on 9 July 1941 as ''[[Hauptmann]]'' and ''[[Gruppenkommandeur]]'' of the I./''Jagdgeschwader'' 3{{sfn|Fellgiebel|2000|p=211}}{{sfn|Scherzer|2007|p=361}} ==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist|25em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Dixon |first=Jeremy |year=2023 |title=Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942 |publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]] |isbn=978-1-52677-864-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Fellgiebel |first=Walther-Peer |author-link=:de:Walther-Peer Fellgiebel |year=2000 |orig-date=1986 |title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile |trans-title=The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches |language=de |location=Friedberg, Germany |publisher=Podzun-Pallas |isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Mathews |first1=Andrew Johannes |last2=Foreman |first2=John |year=2015 |title=Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L |location=Walton on Thames |publisher=Red Kite |isbn=978-1-906592-19-6 }} * {{Cite book |last=Obermaier |first=Ernst |year=1989 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945 |language=German |location=Mainz, Germany |publisher=Verlag Dieter Hoffmann |isbn=978-3-87341-065-7 }} * {{Cite book |last=Page |first=Neil |year=2020 |title=Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe 1939–42 |location=Philadelphia, PA |publisher=[[Casemate Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-61200-849-3 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |year=2002 |title=Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" in WWII: Stab and I./JG 3 in Action with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 |location=Atglen, Pennsylvania |publisher=[[Schiffer Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-7643-1681-4 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2001a |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 2—Der "Sitzkrieg"—1.9.1939 bis 9.5.1941 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 2—The "Phoney War"—1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940 |language=de |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-59-5 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2001b |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940 |trans-title=Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940 |language=de |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-61-8 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2002a |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/I—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26 June 1940 bis 21 June 1941 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/I—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941 |language=German |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-63-2 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2002b |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941 |language=de |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-64-9 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2003 |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941 |language=de |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-69-4 }} * {{Cite book |last=Scherzer |first=Veit |year=2007 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives |language=de |location=Jena, Germany |publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-938845-17-2 }} {{Refend}} ==External links== *[http://www.luftwaffe.cz/hahn3.html Aces of the Luftwaffe] {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{succession box| before=Oberleutnant [[Lothar Keller]]| after=Hauptmann [[Georg Michalek]]| title=Commander of I. [[Jagdgeschwader 3]]| years=27 August 1940 – 1 March 1942 }} {{succession box| before=None| after=Oberleutnant [[Detlev Rohwer]]| title=Commander of II. [[Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War II)|Jagdgeschwader 1]]| years=15 January 1942 – June 1942 }} {{succession box| before=[[Herbert Ihlefeld]]| after=None| title=Commander of [[Jagdgeschwader 103]]| years=21 July 1943 – 15 March 1945 }} {{succession box| before=Oberst [[Eduard Neumann (fighter pilot)|Eduard Neumann]]| after=None| title=Commander of [[Jagdfliegerführer Oberitalien]]| years=April 1945 – 8 May 1945 }} {{s-end}} {{Knight's Cross recipients of JG 3}} {{Subject bar | portal1=Aviation | portal2=Biography }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn, Hans Von}} [[Category:1914 births]] [[Category:1957 deaths]] [[Category:Military personnel from Frankfurt]] [[Category:Military personnel from Hesse-Nassau]] [[Category:German World War II flying aces]] [[Category:Luftwaffe pilots]] [[Category:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]]

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[{"title": "Hans von Hahn", "data": {"Born": "7 August 1914 \u00b7 Frankfurt am Main, German Empire", "Died": "5 November 1957 (aged 43) \u00b7 Frankfurt am Main, West Germany", "Allegiance": "Nazi Germany", "Branch": "Kriegsmarine (1934\u20131935) \u00b7 Luftwaffe (1935\u20131945)", "Years of service": "1934\u201345", "Rank": "Hauptmann (captain)", "Unit": "JG 53, JG 3, JG 1, JG 103 \u00b7 Jagdfliegerf\u00fchrer Oberitalien", "Commands": "I./JG 3, II./JG 1, JG 103 \u00b7 Jagdfliegerf\u00fchrer Oberitalien", "Battles / wars": "See battles World War II - Battle of France - Battle of Britain - Operation Barbarossa - Defense of the Reich", "Awards": "Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross"}}]

false

# Paraquat Paraquat (trivial name; /ˈpærəkwɒt/), or N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (systematic name), also known as methyl viologen, is a toxic organic compound with the chemical formula [(C6H7N)2]Cl2. It is classified as a viologen, a family of redox-active heterocycles of similar structure. It is one of the most widely used herbicides worldwide. It is quick-acting and non-selective, killing green plant tissue on contact. Paraquat is highly toxic to humans and other animals. The toxicity and lethality depends on the dose and how the herbicide is absorbed by the body. In humans, paraquat damages the mouth, stomach, and intestines if it is ingested orally. Once absorbed in the body, paraquat causes particular damage to the lungs, kidneys, and liver. Paraquat's lethality is attributed to its enhancing production of superoxide anions and human lung cells can accumulate paraquat. Paraquat exposure has been strongly linked to the development of Parkinson's disease. Paraquat may be in the form of salt with chloride or other anions; quantities of the substance are sometimes expressed by cation mass alone (paraquat cation, paraquat ion). The name is derived from the para positions of the quaternary nitrogens. ## Production and redox reactions Pyridine is coupled by treatment with sodium in ammonia followed by oxidation to give 4,4′-bipyridine. This chemical is then dimethylated with chloromethane (its discoverers Austrian chemist Hugo Weidel and his student M. Russo used iodomethane) to give the final product as the dichloride salt. Use of other methylating agents gives the bispyridinium with alternate counterions. For example, Hugo Weidel's original synthesis used methyl iodide to produce the diiodide. ## Herbicide use Although first synthesized by Weidel and Russo in 1882, paraquat's herbicidal properties were not recognized until 1955 in the Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) laboratories at Jealott's Hill, Berkshire, England. Paraquat was first manufactured and sold by ICI in early 1962 under the trade name Gramoxone, and is today among the most commonly used herbicides. Paraquat is classified as a non-selective contact herbicide. The key characteristics that distinguish it from other agents used in plant protection products are: - It kills a wide range of annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds and the tips of established perennial weeds. - It is very fast-acting. - It is rain-fast within minutes of application. - It is partially inactivated upon contact with soil.[13][14] These properties led to paraquat being used in the development of no-till farming. The European Union approved the use of paraquat in 2004 but Sweden, supported by Denmark, Austria, and Finland, appealed this decision. In 2007, the court annulled the directive authorizing paraquat as an active plant protection substance stating that the 2004 decision was wrong in finding that there were no indications of neurotoxicity associated with paraquat and that the studies about the link between paraquat and Parkinson's disease should have been considered. Thus, paraquat has been banned in the European Union since 2007. China also banned the domestic use of Paraquat in 2017; so followed India, Thailand in 2019 and Brazil, Chile, Malaysia, Peru and Taiwan between 2020 and 2022. In the United States, paraquat is available primarily as a solution in various strengths. It is classified as a restricted use pesticide, which means that it can be used by licensed applicators only. According to an October 2021 estimate, the use of paraquat in US agriculture as mapped by the US Geological Survey showed a doubling from 2013 to 2018, reaching 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) annually, up from 1,054,000 pounds (478,000 kg) in 1974. There is an ongoing international campaign for a global ban, but the cheap and popular paraquat continues to be unrestricted in most developing countries. The Chemical Review Committee (CRC) of the Rotterdam Convention recommended to the Conference of the Parties (COP) paraquat dichloride formulations for inclusion in Annex III to the Convention in 2011. A small group of countries, including India and Guatemala and supported by manufacturers, have since blocked the listing of paraquat as a hazardous chemical for the purposes of the Rotterdam Convention. In Australia, paraquat is used as a herbicide to control annual grasses, broadleaf weeds and ryegrass in crops of Chickpeas, Faba beans, field peas, lupins, lentils and vetch. Aerial spraying is forbidden, as is harvesting within 2 weeks of application in some crops. In India, Paraquat dichloride 24% SL is widely used for broad-spectrum control of weeds on potato, cotton, rubber, wheat, tea, maize, rice, grapes, apple and aquatic weeds. ## Reactivity and mode of action Paraquat is an oxidant that interferes with electron transfer, a process that is common to all life. Addition of one electron gives the radical cation: [paraquat]2+ + e− {\displaystyle {\ce {<=>>}}} [paraquat]•+ The radical cation is also susceptible to further reduction to the neutral [paraquat]0: [paraquat]•+ + e− {\displaystyle {\ce {<=>>}}} [paraquat]0 As an herbicide, paraquat acts by inhibiting photosynthesis. In light-exposed plants, it accepts electrons from photosystem I (more specifically ferredoxin, which is presented with electrons from PS I) and transfers them to molecular oxygen. In this manner, destructive reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced. In forming these reactive oxygen species, the oxidized form of paraquat is regenerated, and is again available to shunt electrons from photosystem I to restart the cycle. This induces necrosis, and unlike with some mechanisms of necrosis, does not produce double-stranded breaks. Target weeds die within 4 days; symptoms can show after as little as a few hours. Paraquat is often used in science to catalyze the formation of ROS, more specifically, the superoxide free radical. Paraquat will undergo redox cycling in vivo, being reduced by an electron donor such as NADPH, before being oxidized by an electron receptor such as dioxygen to produce superoxide, a major ROS. ## Weed resistance management Problems with herbicide resistant weeds may be addressed by applying herbicides with different modes of action, along with cultural methods such as crop rotation, in integrated weed management (IWM) systems. Paraquat, with its distinctive mode of action, is one of few chemical options that can be used to prevent and mitigate problems with weeds that have become resistant to the very widely used non-selective herbicide glyphosate. Paraquat is a Group L (Aus), D (global), 22 (numeric) resistance class herbicide, which it shares with diquat and cyperquat. One example is the "double knock" system used in Australia. Before planting a crop, weeds are sprayed with glyphosate first, then followed seven to ten days later by a paraquat herbicide. Although twice as expensive as using a single glyphosate spray, the "Double Knock" system is widely relied upon by farmers as a resistance management strategy. Nevertheless, herbicide resistance has been seen for both herbicides in a vineyard in Western Australia – though this singular report gives no indication of what regimen was being followed, particularly if the two herbicides were being used in a "double knock" tandem. A computer simulation reported in the scientific journal Weed Research showed that with alternating annual use between glyphosate and paraquat, only one field in five would be expected to have glyphosate-resistant annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) after 30 years, compared to nearly 90% of fields sprayed only with glyphosate. A "Double Knock" regime with paraquat cleaning-up after glyphosate was predicted to keep all fields free of glyphosate resistant ryegrass for at least 30 years. ## Toxicity Paraquat is toxic to humans (Category II) by the oral route and moderately toxic (Category III) through the skin. Pure paraquat, when ingested, is highly toxic to mammals, including humans, causing severe inflammation and potentially leading to severe lung damage (e.g., irreversible pulmonary fibrosis, also known as 'paraquat lung'), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and death. The mortality rate is estimated between 60% and 90%. Paraquat is also toxic when inhaled and is in the Toxicity Category I (the highest of four levels) for acute inhalation effects. For agricultural uses, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that particles used in agricultural practices (400–800 μm) are not in the respirable range. Paraquat also causes moderate to severe irritation of the eye and skin. Diluted paraquat used for spraying is less toxic; thus, the greatest risk of accidental poisoning is during mixing and loading paraquat for use. The standard treatment for paraquat poisoning is first to remove as much as possible by pumping the stomach. Fuller's earth or activated charcoal may also improve outcomes depending on the timing. Haemodialysis, haemofiltration, haemoperfusion, or antioxidant therapy may also be suggested. Immunosuppressive therapy to reduce the inflammation is an approach suggested by some, however only low certainty evidence supports using medications such as glucocorticoids with cyclophosphamide in addition to the standard care to reduce mortality. It is also unknown if adding glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide to the standard care has unwanted side effects such as increasing the risk of infection. Oxygen should not be administered unless SpO2 levels are below 92%, as high concentrations of oxygen intensify the toxic effects. Death may occur up to 30 days after ingestion. Lung injury is a main feature of poisoning. Liver, heart, lung, and kidney failure can occur within several days to weeks that can lead to death up to 30 days after ingestion. Those who suffer large exposures are unlikely to survive. Chronic exposure can lead to lung damage, kidney failure, heart failure, and oesophageal strictures. The mechanism underlying paraquat's toxic damage to humans is still unknown. The severe inflammation is thought to be caused by the generation of highly reactive oxygen species and nitrite species that results in oxidative stress. The oxidative stress may result in mitochondrial toxicity and the induction of apoptosis and lipid peroxidation which may be responsible for the organ damage. It is known that the alveolar epithelial cells of the lung selectively concentrate paraquat. It has been reported that a small dose, even if removed from the stomach or spat out, can still cause death from fibrous tissue developing in the lungs, leading to asphyxiation. Accidental deaths and suicides from paraquat ingestion are relatively common. For example, there are more than 5,000 deaths in China from paraquat poisoning every year in part leading to China's ban in 2017. Long-term exposures to paraquat would most likely cause lung and eye damage, but reproductive/fertility damage was not found by the EPA in their review. ### "Paraquat pot" During the late 1970s, a controversial program sponsored by the US government sprayed paraquat on cannabis fields in Mexico. Following Mexican efforts to eradicate marijuana and poppy fields in 1975, the United States government helped by sending helicopters and other technological assistance. Helicopters were used to spray the herbicides paraquat and 2,4-D on the fields; marijuana contaminated with these substances began to show up in US markets, leading to debate about the program. Whether any injury came about due to the inhalation of paraquat-contaminated marijuana is uncertain. A 1995 study found that "no lung or other injury in cannabis users has ever been attributed to paraquat contamination". Also a United States Environmental Protection Agency manual states: "... toxic effects caused by this mechanism have been either very rare or nonexistent. Most paraquat that contaminates cannabis is pyrolyzed during smoking to dipyridyl, which is a product of combustion of the leaf material itself (including cannabis) and presents little toxic hazard." In a study by Imperial Chemical Industries, rats that inhaled paraquat showed development of squamous metaplasia in their respiratory tracts after a couple of weeks. This study was included in a report given to the State Department by the Mitre Corporation. The U.S. Public Health Service stated that "this study should not be used to calculate the safe inhalation dose of paraquat in humans." ### Use in suicide and murder A large majority (93 percent) of fatalities from paraquat poisoning are suicides, which occur mostly in developing countries. For instance, in Samoa from 1979 to 2001, 70 percent of suicides were by paraquat poisoning. Trinidad and Tobago is particularly well known for its incidence of suicides involving the use of Gramoxone (commercial name of paraquat). In southern Trinidad, particularly in Penal–Debe from 1996 to 1997, 76 percent of suicides were by paraquat, 96 percent of which involved the over-consumption of alcohol such as rum. British fashion celebrity Isabella Blow died by suicide using paraquat in 2007. Paraquat is widely used as a suicide agent in developing countries because it is widely available at low cost. Further, the toxic dose is low (10 mL or 2 teaspoons is enough to kill). Campaigns exist to control or even ban paraquat, and there are moves to restrict its availability by requiring user education and the locking up of paraquat stores. When a 2011 South Korean law completely banned paraquat in the country, death by pesticide plummeted 46%, contributing to the decrease of the overall suicide rate. The indiscriminate paraquat murders, which occurred in Japan in 1985, were carried out using paraquat as a poison. Paraquat was used in the UK in 1981 by a woman who poisoned her husband. American serial killer Steven David Catlin killed two of his wives and his adoptive mother with paraquat between 1976 and 1984. In 2022, a 22-year-old woman, Greeshma Raj, was found guilty of using paraquat for murdering her boyfriend, Sharon Raj, in Kerala, India. ### Parkinson's disease According to the WHO (2022), some of the measures to prevent Parkinson's disease include "banning of pesticides (e.g., paraquat and chlorpyrifos) and chemicals (e.g., trichloroethylene) which have been linked to PD and develop safer alternatives as per WHO guidance" and "accelerate action to reduce levels of and exposure to air pollution, an important risk factor for PD". A 2011 study showed a link between paraquat use and Parkinson's disease in farm workers. A co-author of the paper said that paraquat increases production of certain oxygen derivatives that may harm cellular structures, and that people who used paraquat, or other pesticides with a similar mechanism of action, were more likely to develop Parkinson's. A 2013 meta-analysis published in Neurology found that "exposure to paraquat ... was associated with about a 2-fold increase in risk" of Parkinson's disease. A review in 2021 concluded that the available evidence does not support a causal conclusion. In 2022 and 2023, two reviews from India "decisively demonstrated that paraquat is a substantial stimulant of oxidative stress … and is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD)"; and stated that "From the studies we can consider that PQ and MB with its combined effects has tremendous contribution towards neurodegeneration in PD." In the UK, the use of paraquat was banned in 2007, but the manufacture and export of the herbicide is still permitted. In April 2022, the BBC reported that some UK farmers had called for a ban on British production of paraquat, and stated that "There is no scientific consensus and many conflicting studies on any possible association between Paraquat and Parkinson's". In the US, a class action lawsuit against Syngenta is ongoing; the company rejects the claims but has paid £187.5 million into a settlement fund. As of August 2024, more than 5,700 cases against Syngenta (manufacturer of Gramoxone) and Chevron (the former distributor) are pending in the paraquat multidistrict litigation in the US; the first of 10 bellwether trials will start in 2024. On April 15, 2025, attorneys representing plaintiffs in the multidistrict litigation entered into a settlement agreement. The settlement came as the first bellwether trial was six months away. In August 2024, the British Columbia Supreme Court certified a class-action lawsuit against Syngenta on behalf of at least two plaintiffs who were diagnosed with Parkinson's after exposure to paraquat. According to the NIEHS, pesticide exposure has consistently been associated with the onset of Parkinson's disease. - A 17-year long, NIEHS-funded study of the links between Parkinson's disease, environment, and genes shows that some pesticides, including paraquat, maneb, ziram, benomyl, and several organophosphate pesticides, including diazinon and chlorpyrifos, contribute to Parkinson's disease onset and progression.[74] - People with Parkinson's disease who are exposed to a high level of ten different active ingredients in agricultural pesticides may see their motor and non-motor symptoms progress faster compared with those who are not, a 2022 study found.[74] - Other NIEHS research found that people who occupationally used two pesticides, rotenone or paraquat, developed Parkinson's disease 2.5 times more often than non-users.[74] - In addition, people exposed to pesticides in the home or garden may face a greater chance of developing Parkinson's disease.[74] - Pesticides may directly or indirectly disrupt the biological pathways that normally protect dopaminergic neurons, the brain cells selectively attacked by the disease.[74] - Some pesticides, like rotenone, can directly block the function of mitochondria, the structures that create energy to run the cell. NIEHS researchers showed in mice that disrupting mitochondria through exposure to rotenone early in development changed the epigenome—the chemical tags that turn genes on and off—in ways that persisted throughout life.[74] - Other pesticides, like paraquat, have been found to increase production of free radicals that can damage cells.[74] Some people are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of pesticides because of their age or genetic makeup. - Many studies identified genetic variations that provide insight into why certain people appear to be at higher risk of developing Parkinson's.[74] - Using data from a NIEHS-conducted agricultural health study, researchers found that Parkinson's risk from paraquat use was particularly high in people with a particular variant of a gene known as GSTT1.[74] - Similarly, other research has indicated that people with lower levels of the PON1 gene, which is important for the metabolism of organophosphate pesticides, showed faster progression of the disease.[74] Further research into links between preventable exposures and Parkinson's disease, as well as preventative therapies, could help reduce the incidence of the disease. For example, using protective gloves and other hygiene practices reduced the risk of Parkinson's disease among farmers using paraquat, permethrin, and trifluralin.

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Paraquat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraquat

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{{short description|Chemical compound used as an herbicide}} {{about|the herbicide|the British military operation to recapture South Georgia Island during the Falklands War|Operation Paraquet}} {{chembox | ImageFile = Paraquat-3D-balls.png | ImageSize = | ImageFile1 = Paraquat.svg | ImageSize1 = | PIN = 1,1′-Dimethyl[4,4′-bipyridine]-1,1′-diium dichloride | OtherNames = Paraquat dichloride; Methyl viologen dichloride; MVCl2; Crisquat; Dexuron; Esgram; Gramuron; Ortho Paraquat CL; Para-col; Pillarxone; Tota-col; Toxer Total; PP148; Cyclone; Gramixel; Gramoxone; Pathclear; AH 501; Bai Cao Ku. |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | IUPHAR_ligand = 4552 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 15146 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = 2KZ83GSS73 | InChI1 = 1/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2 | InChIKey1 = FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-NUQVWONBAF | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 458019 | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo = 1910-42-5 | PubChem = 15938 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 28786 | SMILES = C[n+]1ccc(cc1)c2cc[n+](cc2)C.[Cl-].[Cl-] | InChI =1/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2/fC12H14N2.2Cl/h;2*1h/qm;2*-1 }} |Section2={{Chembox Properties | C=12 | H=14 | Cl=2 | N=2 | Appearance = Yellow solid<ref name=PGCH/> | Odor = faint, ammonia-like<ref name=PGCH/> | Density = 1.25 g/cm3 | MeltingPtC = 175 to 180 | MeltingPt_ref = <ref name=ipcs>{{cite web | title = Paraquat dichloride | date = October 2001 | url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0005.htm | publisher = International Programme on Chemical Safety | access-date = 2007-09-06 | archive-date = 2010-12-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101219021327/http://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0005.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> | BoilingPt= > | BoilingPtC = 300 | BoilingPt_ref = <ref name = ipcs/> | Solubility = High | VaporPressure = <{{val|0.0000001|u=mmHg}} (20 °C)<ref name=PGCH/> }} |Section3={{Chembox Hazards | MainHazards = Toxic, environmental hazard | GHSPictograms = {{GHS06}} {{GHS08}} {{GHS09}} | HPhrases = {{H-phrases|301|311|315|319|330|335|372|410}}<ref name="sigma">{{Sigma-Aldrich|sial|id=m2254|name=1,1′-Dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride hydrate|accessdate=2015-03-29}}</ref> | PPhrases = {{P-phrases|260|273|280|284|301+310|305+351+338}} | ExternalSDS =[http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=GB&language=en&productNumber=856177&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F856177%3Flang%3Den Aldrich MSDS] | FlashPt = | AutoignitionPt = | PEL = TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (resp) [skin]<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0478}}</ref> | IDLH = 1 mg/m3<ref name=PGCH/> | LC50 = 3 mg/m3 (mouse, 30 min respirable dust) 3 mg/m3 (guinea pig, 30 min respirable dust)<ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH|1910425|Paraquat}}</ref> | LD50 = 57 mg/kg (rat, oral) 120 mg/kg (mouse, oral) 25 mg/kg (dog, oral) 22 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)<ref name=IDLH/> | REL = TWA 0.1 mg/m3 (resp) [skin]<ref name=PGCH/> | LCLo = 1 mg/m3 (rat, respirable dust, 6 h) 6400 mg/m3 (rat, nonrespirable dust, 4 h)<ref name=IDLH/> }} }} '''Paraquat''' ([[trivial name]]; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ær|ə|k|w|ɒ|t}}), or '''''N'',''N''′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride''' ([[systematic name]]), also known as '''methyl viologen''', is a toxic [[organic compound]] with the [[chemical formula]] [(C6H7N)2]Cl2. It is classified as a [[viologen]], a family of [[redox]]-active heterocycles of similar structure.<ref>In 1932, the German-American chemist [[Leonor Michaelis]] (1875–1949) named paraquat "methyl viologen" and used it as an indicator in redox reactions. See: * {{cite journal |last1=Michaelis |first1=L. |title=Ein Reduktions-Indikator im Potentialbereich der Wasserstoffüberspannung |journal=Biochemische Zeitschrift |date=1932 |volume=250 |pages=564–567 |trans-title=A reduction indicator in the voltage range of hydrogen overpotential |language=de}} * See also: {{cite journal |last1=Michaelis |first1=L. |last2=Hill |first2=Edgar S. |title=The viologen indicators |journal=The Journal of General Physiology |date=1933 |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=859–873 |doi=10.1085/jgp.16.6.859 |pmid=19872744 |pmc=2141252 |url=http://jgp.rupress.org/content/jgp/16/6/859.full.pdf |access-date=2019-08-16 |archive-date=2019-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816193842/http://jgp.rupress.org/content/jgp/16/6/859.full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the most widely used [[herbicide]]s worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-16 |title=CDC {{!}} Facts about Paraquat |url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=emergency.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> It is quick-acting and non-selective, killing green plant tissue on contact. Paraquat is highly toxic to humans and other animals. The toxicity and lethality depends on the dose and how the herbicide is absorbed by the body. In humans, paraquat damages the mouth, stomach, and intestines if it is ingested orally.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-16 |title=CDC {{!}} Facts about Paraquat |url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp#:~:text=Paraquat%20causes%20direct%20damage%20when,lungs,%20liver,%20and%20kidneys |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=emergency.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Once absorbed in the body, paraquat causes particular damage to the lungs, kidneys, and liver.<ref name=":4" /> Paraquat's lethality is attributed to its enhancing production of [[superoxide]] anions and human lung cells can accumulate paraquat. Paraquat exposure has been strongly linked to the development of [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="Kamel2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kamel | first1 = F. | title = Paths from Pesticides to Parkinson's | doi = 10.1126/science.1243619 | journal = Science | volume = 341 | issue = 6147 | pages = 722–723 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23950519 | bibcode = 2013Sci...341..722K | s2cid = 11119082 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1230928 | access-date = 2018-09-13 | archive-date = 2018-11-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234241/https://zenodo.org/record/1230928 | url-status = live }}</ref> Paraquat may be in the form of [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] with [[chloride]] or other [[anions]]; quantities of the substance are sometimes expressed by cation mass alone (paraquat cation, paraquat ion). The name is derived from the ''[[arene substitution pattern|para]]'' positions of the [[quaternary ammonium cation|''quaternary'']] nitrogens. ==Production and redox reactions== [[Pyridine]] is coupled by treatment with [[sodium]] in [[ammonia]] followed by oxidation to give [[4,4'-Bipyridine|4,4′-bipyridine]]. This chemical is then di[[methylated]] with [[chloromethane]] (its discoverers Austrian chemist [[Hugo Weidel]] and his student M. Russo used [[iodomethane]]) to give the final product as the dichloride salt.<ref>{{cite web | title = Paraquat and Diquat | publisher = [[IPCS INCHEM]] | url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc39.htm | access-date = 2009-02-03 | archive-date = 2018-10-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181006030023/http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc39.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Synthesis of paraquat.png|400px]] Use of other methylating agents gives the bispyridinium with alternate [[counterion]]s. For example, [[Hugo Weidel]]'s original synthesis used [[methyl iodide]] to produce the di[[iodide]].<ref name="Weidel1882"/> ==Herbicide use== Although first synthesized by Weidel and Russo in 1882,<ref name="Weidel1882">{{cite journal |last1=Weidel |first1=H. |author-link1=Hugo Weidel |last2=Russo |first2=M. |title=Studien über das Pyridin |journal=Monatshefte für Chemie |date=1882 |volume=3 |pages=850–885 |doi=10.1007/BF01516855 |s2cid=97065714 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112025861714&view=1up&seq=866 |trans-title=Studies of pyridine |language=de |access-date=2019-08-13 |archive-date=2021-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704235810/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112025861714&view=1up&seq=866 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} The Austrian chemist [[Hugo Weidel]] and his student M. Russo synthesized the [[iodide]] salt of paraquat (which they called ''Dimethyldipyridyljodid'') by reacting [[4,4'-bipyridine]] (''γ-Dipyridyl'') with [[methyl iodide]] (''Jodmethyl''). The synthesis is described on pages 863–864 and the molecule's structure is proposed on p. 867.</ref> paraquat's herbicidal properties were not recognized until 1955 in the [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] (ICI) laboratories at [[Jealott's Hill]], Berkshire, England.<ref name=JH50>{{Cite book |title=Jealott's Hill: Fifty years of Agricultural Research 1928-1978 |editor-first=F.C. |editor-last1=Peacock |last=Calderbank |first=A. |display-authors=etal |chapter=Chapter 9: Bipyridylium herbicides |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jealottshillfift0000peac/page/67 67]–86 |publisher=Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. |year=1978 |isbn=0901747017 |url=https://archive.org/details/jealottshillfift0000peac |url-access=registration }}</ref><ref name="PesticideOnline1">{{cite journal|journal=Pesticides News|title=Paraquat|volume=32|year=1996|pages=20–21}}</ref> Paraquat was first manufactured and sold by ICI in early 1962 under the [[trade name]] '''Gramoxone''', and is today among the most commonly used herbicides. Paraquat is classified as a non-selective contact herbicide. The key characteristics that distinguish it from other agents used in plant protection products are: *It kills a wide range of annual [[grass]]es and broad-leaved weeds and the tips of established perennial weeds. *It is very fast-acting. *It is [[wikt:rainfast|rain-fast]] within minutes of application. *It is partially inactivated upon contact with soil.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coats |first1=G. E. | first2=H. H. Jr. | last2=Funderburk |first3=J. M. |last3=Lawrence |first4=D. E. |last4=Davis|title=Factors Affecting Persistence and Inactivation of Diquat and Paraquat|journal=Weed Research|date=28 July 2006|volume=6|issue=1|pages=58–66|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3180.1966.tb00867.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Revkin, A. C. | year = 1983 | title = Paraquat: A potent weed killer is killing people | journal = Science Digest | volume = 91 | issue = 6 | pages = 36–38}}</ref> These properties led to paraquat being used in the development of [[no-till farming]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hood A. E. M. |author2=Jameson H. R. |author3=Cotterell R. | year = 1963 | title = This technique involved destruction of pastures by herbicides such as paraquat as a substitute for ploughing | journal = Nature | volume = 197 | issue = 4869| page = 381 |doi=10.1038/197748a0 |s2cid=31392210 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hood |first=A. E. M. |date=December 1965|title=Ploughless Farming Using 'GRAMOXONE' |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003072706500400604 |journal=Outlook on Agriculture |language=en |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=286–294 |doi=10.1177/003072706500400604 |bibcode=1965OutAg...4..286H |issn=0030-7270|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Huggins |first1=David R. |last2=Reganold |first2=John P. |date=July 2008 |title=No-Till: The Quiet Revolution |url=https://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/scientificamerican0708-70 |magazine=Scientific American |pages=70–77 |volume=299 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0708-70 |issn=0036-8733}}</ref> The European Union approved the use of paraquat in 2004 but Sweden, supported by Denmark, Austria, and Finland, appealed this decision. In 2007, the court annulled the directive authorizing paraquat as an active plant protection substance stating that the 2004 decision was wrong in finding that there were no indications of neurotoxicity associated with paraquat and that the studies about the link between paraquat and [[Parkinson's disease]] should have been considered.<ref name="press release">Court of first instance of the European Communities, [http://curia.europa.eu/en/actu/communiques/cp07/aff/cp070045en.pdf Press Release No° 45/07] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929010722/http://curia.europa.eu/en/actu/communiques/cp07/aff/cp070045en.pdf |date=2011-09-29 }}</ref> Thus, paraquat has been banned in the European Union since 2007.<ref name="press release" /> China also banned the domestic use of Paraquat in 2017; so followed India,<ref>https://ppqs.gov.in/sites/default/files/list_of_pesticides_which_are_banned_refused_registration_and_restricted_in_use_0.pdf{{Dead link | date=June 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Thailand in 2019 and Brazil, Chile, Malaysia, Peru and Taiwan between 2020 and 2022.<ref name=":3" /> [[File:Paraquat use USA.png|thumb|left|USGS estimate of paraquat use in the US to 2018]] In the United States, paraquat is available primarily as a solution in various strengths. It is classified as a [[restricted use pesticide]], which means that it can be used by licensed applicators only. According to an October 2021 estimate, the use of paraquat in US agriculture as mapped by the US Geological Survey showed a doubling from 2013 to 2018, reaching {{convert|10000000|lb|kg}} annually,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2018&map=PARAQUAT&hilo=L&disp=Paraquat |title=Estimated Agricultural Use for paraquat, 2018 |author=US Geological Survey |date=2021-10-12 |access-date=2022-01-17 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182424/https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2018&map=PARAQUAT&hilo=L&disp=Paraquat |url-status=live }}</ref> up from {{convert|1,054,000|lb|kg}} in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pesticide Usage Survey of Agricultural, Governmental, and Industrial Sectors in the United States, 1974 |url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=91012P4O.txt |website=epa.gov |publisher=EPA |date=1977}}</ref> There is an ongoing international campaign for a global ban, but the cheap and popular paraquat continues to be unrestricted in most developing countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wesseling |first1=C |last2=Corriols |first2=M |last3=Bravo |first3=V |date=2005-09-01 |title=Acute pesticide poisoning and pesticide registration in Central America |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041008X05003558 |journal=Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology |language=en |volume=207 |issue=2 |pages=697–705 |doi=10.1016/j.taap.2005.03.033|pmid=16153991 |bibcode=2005ToxAP.207..697W |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Chemical Review Committee (CRC) of the [[Rotterdam Convention]] recommended to the Conference of the Parties (COP) paraquat dichloride formulations for inclusion in Annex III to the Convention in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paraquat dichloride formulations |url=https://www.pic.int/TheConvention/Chemicals/Recommendedforlisting/Paraquatdichloride/tabid/2396/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.pic.int}}</ref> A small group of countries, including India and Guatemala and supported by manufacturers, have since blocked the listing of paraquat as a hazardous chemical for the purposes of the Rotterdam Convention.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hakim|first1=Danny|title=This Pesticide Is Prohibited in Britain. Why Is It Still Being Exported?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/20/business/paraquat-weed-killer-pesticide.html|access-date=21 December 2016|work=New York Times|date=20 December 2016|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214022238/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/20/business/paraquat-weed-killer-pesticide.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In Australia, paraquat is used as a herbicide to control annual grasses, broadleaf weeds and [[Lolium|ryegrass]] in crops of [[Chickpea]]s, [[Faba beans]], [[Pea|field peas]], [[Lupinus|lupins]], [[lentil]]s and [[Vicia|vetch]]. Aerial spraying is forbidden, as is harvesting within 2 weeks of application in some crops.<ref name="4farmers infosheet">{{cite web |title=4Farmers Australia Paraquat 250/300 Leaflet |url=https://4farmers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Paraquat-250-300.pdf |website=www.4farmers.com.au |publisher=4Farmers Australia |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref> In India, Paraquat dichloride 24% SL is widely used for broad-spectrum control of weeds on potato, cotton, rubber, wheat, tea, maize, rice, grapes, apple and aquatic weeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Uses of Pesticides {{!}} Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage {{!}} GOI |url=https://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/cib-rc/major-uses-of-pesticides |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815162315/https://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/cib-rc/major-uses-of-pesticides |archive-date=2024-08-15 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=ppqs.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> {{anchor|Mode of action}} ==Reactivity and mode of action== [[File:PquatRedox.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Paraquat, the [[dication]] on the left, functions as an electron acceptor, disrupting respiration in plants by forming the monocation at the center.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/jo00300a033 |title=Isolation and Oxidation-Reduction of Methylviologen Cation Radicals. Novel Disproportionation in Charge-Transfer Salts by X-Ray Crystallography |date=1990 |last1=Bockman |first1=T. M. |last2=Kochi |first2=J. K. |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |volume=55 |issue=13 |pages=4127–4135 }}</ref>]] Paraquat is an oxidant that interferes with [[electron transfer]], a process that is common to all life. Addition of one electron gives the radical cation: : [paraquat]2+ + e− {{EqmR}} [paraquat]•+ The radical cation is also susceptible to further reduction to the neutral [paraquat]0:<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bockman T. M. |author2=Kochi J. K. | year = 1990 | title = Isolation and oxidation-reduction of methylviologen cation radicals. Novel disproportionation in charge-transfer salts by X-ray crystallography | journal = J. Org. Chem. | volume = 55 | issue = 13| pages = 4127–4135 | doi = 10.1021/jo00300a033 }}</ref> : [paraquat]•+ + e− {{EqmR}} [paraquat]0 As an herbicide, paraquat acts by inhibiting photosynthesis. In light-exposed plants, it accepts electrons from [[photosystem I]] (more specifically [[ferredoxin]], which is presented with electrons from PS I) and transfers them to molecular oxygen. In this manner, destructive [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS) are produced. In forming these reactive oxygen species, the oxidized form of paraquat is regenerated, and is again available to shunt electrons from photosystem I to restart the cycle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Summers |first=L. A. (Lindsay Anderson) |url=https://archive.org/details/bipyridiniumherb0000summ |title=The bipyridinium herbicides |date=1980 |publisher=London; New York : Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-676450-5}}</ref> This induces [[necrosis]], and unlike with some mechanisms of necrosis, does not produce [[double-stranded break]]s.<ref name="Hu-et-al-2016">{{cite journal | last1=Hu | first1=Zhubing | last2=Cools | first2=Toon | last3=De Veylder | first3=Lieven | title=Mechanisms Used by Plants to Cope with DNA Damage | journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=67 | issue=1 | date=2016-04-29 | issn=1543-5008 | doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111902 | pages=439–462| pmid=26653616 | bibcode=2016AnRPB..67..439H }}</ref> Target weeds die within 4 days; symptoms can show after as little as a few hours.<ref name = "4farmers infosheet"/> Paraquat is often used in science to catalyze the formation of ROS, more specifically, the [[superoxide]] free radical. Paraquat will undergo redox cycling ''in vivo'', being reduced by an electron donor such as [[NADPH]], before being oxidized by an electron receptor such as [[dioxygen]] to produce [[superoxide]], a major ROS.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bus | title = Paraquat: model for oxidant-initiated toxicity | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | year = 1984 | volume = 55 | pages = 37–46 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.845537 | pmid = 6329674 | last2 = Gibson | first2 = JE | pmc = 1568364| bibcode = 1984EnvHP..55...37B |display-authors=etal}}</ref> ==Weed resistance management== Problems with [[herbicide resistance|herbicide resistant]] weeds may be addressed by applying herbicides with different modes of action, along with cultural methods such as [[crop rotation]], in [[Integrated pest management|integrated weed management]] (IWM) systems. Paraquat, with its distinctive mode of action, is one of few chemical options that can be used to prevent and mitigate problems with weeds that have become resistant to the very widely used non-selective herbicide [[glyphosate]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Beckie | first1 = H. J. | title = Herbicide-resistant weed management: Focus on glyphosate | doi = 10.1002/ps.2195 | journal = Pest Management Science | volume = 67 | issue = 9 | pages = 1037–48 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21548004 | bibcode = 2011PMSci..67.1037B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Eubank | first1 = T. W. | last2 = Poston | first2 = D. H. | last3 = Nandula | first3 = V. K. | last4 = Koger | first4 = C. H. | last5 = Shaw | first5 = D. R. | last6 = Reynolds | first6 = D. B. | doi = 10.1614/WT-07-038.1 | title = Glyphosate-resistant Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Control Using Glyphosate-, Paraquat-, and Glufosinate-Based Herbicide Programs | journal = Weed Technology | volume = 22 | pages = 16–21 | year = 2008 | issue = 1 | bibcode = 2008WeedT..22...16E | s2cid = 86158165 }}</ref> Paraquat is a Group L (Aus), D (global), 22 (numeric) [[Herbicide resistance classification|resistance class]] herbicide, which it shares with [[diquat]] and [[cyperquat]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2024 HRAC Global Herbicide MOA Classification Master List |url=https://hracglobal.com/tools/2024-hrac-global-herbicide-moa-classification |website=Herbicide Resistance Action Committee |language=en}}</ref> One example is the "double knock" system used in Australia.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Borger C.P. |author2=Hashem A. | year = 2007 | title = Evaluating the double knockdown technique: sequence, application interval, and annual ryegrass growth stage | journal = Australian Journal of Agricultural Research | volume = 58 | issue = 3| pages = 265–271 | doi=10.1071/ar05373}}</ref> Before planting a crop, weeds are sprayed with glyphosate first, then followed seven to ten days later by a paraquat herbicide. Although twice as expensive as using a single glyphosate spray, the "Double Knock" system is widely relied upon by farmers as a resistance management strategy.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Walsh | first1 = M. J. | last2 = Powles | first2 = S. B. | doi = 10.1614/WT-06-086.1 | title = Management Strategies for Herbicide-resistant Weed Populations in Australian Dryland Crop Production Systems | journal = Weed Technology | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 332–338 | year = 2007 | bibcode = 2007WeedT..21..332W | s2cid = 86844036 }}</ref> Nevertheless, herbicide resistance has been seen for both herbicides in a vineyard in Western Australia<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-25/wach-herbicide-resistance-wa/5046086 |title=in ryegrass |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=2013-10-27 |archive-date=2013-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027020752/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-25/wach-herbicide-resistance-wa/5046086 |url-status=live }}</ref> – though this singular report gives no indication of what regimen was being followed, particularly if the two herbicides were being used in a "double knock" tandem. A computer simulation reported in the scientific journal ''Weed Research'' showed that with alternating annual use between glyphosate and paraquat, only one field in five would be expected to have glyphosate-resistant annual ryegrass (''[[Lolium rigidum]]'') after 30 years, compared to nearly 90% of fields sprayed only with glyphosate.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Neve | first1 = P. | last2 = Diggle | first2 = A. J. | last3 = Smith | first3 = F. P. | last4 = Powles | first4 = S. B. | title = Simulating evolution of glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum II: Past, present and future glyphosate use in Australian cropping | doi = 10.1046/j.0043-1737.2003.00356.x | journal = Weed Research | volume = 43 | issue = 6 | pages = 418–427 | year = 2003 | bibcode = 2003WeedR..43..418N }}</ref> A "Double Knock" regime with paraquat cleaning-up after glyphosate was predicted to keep all fields free of glyphosate resistant ryegrass for at least 30 years. ==Toxicity== Paraquat is toxic to humans ([[Toxicity category rating|Category II]]) by the [[oral route]] and moderately toxic ([[Toxicity category rating|Category III]]) through the skin.<ref name=":0">[http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/0262fact.pdf Paraquat Dichloride] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227161742/http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/0262fact.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }}, [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]], accessed 16 August 2007.</ref> Pure paraquat, when ingested, is highly toxic to mammals, including humans, causing severe [[inflammation]] and potentially leading to severe lung damage (e.g., irreversible [[pulmonary fibrosis]], also known as 'paraquat lung'), acute respiratory distress syndrome ([[ARDS]]), and death.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Luying Ryan|last2=Chaudhary|first2=Bhuwan|last3=You|first3=Chao|last4=Dennis|first4=Jane A.|last5=Wakeford|first5=Helen|date=2021-06-30|title=Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide for oral paraquat poisoning|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2021|issue=6|pages=CD008084|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008084.pub5|issn=1469-493X|pmc=8243635|pmid=34190331}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ren W, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Tian M, Gu X, Lv W |title=Inhibitory effect of pirfenidone on pulmonary fibrosis in patients with acute paraquat poisoning |journal=Am J Transl Res |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=13192–13199 |date=2021 |pmid=34956540 |pmc=8661212 |doi= |url=}}</ref> The mortality rate is estimated between 60% and 90%.<ref name=":1" /> Paraquat is also toxic when inhaled and is in the [[Toxicity category rating|Toxicity Category]] I (the highest of four levels) for acute inhalation effects.<ref name=":0" /> For agricultural uses, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) determined that particles used in agricultural practices (400–800 μm) are not in the respirable range.<ref name=":0" /> Paraquat also causes moderate to severe irritation of the eye and skin.<ref name=":0" /> Diluted paraquat used for spraying is less toxic; thus, the greatest risk of accidental poisoning is during mixing and loading paraquat for use.<ref name="PesticideOnline1" /> The standard treatment for paraquat poisoning is first to remove as much as possible by pumping the stomach.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Newstead CG|year=1996|title=Cyclophosphamide treatment of paraquat poisoning|journal=Thorax|volume=51|issue=7|pages=659–60|doi=10.1136/thx.51.7.659|pmc=472483|pmid=8882068}}</ref> [[Fuller's earth]] or [[activated charcoal]] may also improve outcomes depending on the timing. Haemodialysis, haemofiltration, haemoperfusion, or antioxidant therapy may also be suggested.<ref name=":1" /> Immunosuppressive therapy to reduce the inflammation is an approach suggested by some, however only low certainty evidence supports using medications such as [[glucocorticoid]]s with [[cyclophosphamide]] in addition to the standard care to reduce mortality.<ref name=":1" /> It is also unknown if adding glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide to the standard care has unwanted side effects such as increasing the risk of infection.<ref name=":1" /> Oxygen should not be administered unless [[Oxygen saturation (medicine)|SpO2]] levels are below 92%, as high concentrations of oxygen intensify the toxic effects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.phecit.ie/Custom/BSIDocumentSelector/Pages/DocumentViewer.aspx?id=oGsVrspmiT0dOhDFFXZvIz0q5GYO7igwzB6buxHEgeDBS9BbdRZpZNKt9Y89hp%252bGEhGQslpxcypo2CoaTBAvH7MaSvixBeKvGlIUowiGs7nVw%252f3VVR%252bKz6ygEPikDQqUxUXNJxS4zDc5azOwye4DnC8a0qKrAqXKSx31c954z6Yx7jWXuWMuIVlSjUibKI0t|title=Clinical Practice Guidelines 2017 (Updated February 2018) - Emergency Medical Technician|date=February 2018|website=[Irish] Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200515/http://www.phecit.ie/Custom/BSIDocumentSelector/Pages/DocumentViewer.aspx?id=oGsVrspmiT0dOhDFFXZvIz0q5GYO7igwzB6buxHEgeDBS9BbdRZpZNKt9Y89hp%252bGEhGQslpxcypo2CoaTBAvH7MaSvixBeKvGlIUowiGs7nVw%252f3VVR%252bKz6ygEPikDQqUxUXNJxS4zDc5azOwye4DnC8a0qKrAqXKSx31c954z6Yx7jWXuWMuIVlSjUibKI0t|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pratt|first1=I. S.|last2=Keeling|first2=P. L.|last3=Smith|first3=L. L.|chapter=The Effect of High Concentrations of Oxygen on Paraquat and Diquat Toxicity in Rats |date=1980|title=Further Studies in the Assessment of Toxic Actions|series=Archives of Toxicology. Supplement|volume=4|pages=415–418|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-67729-8_95|issn=0171-9750|pmid=6933951|isbn=978-3-540-10191-8 }}</ref> Death may occur up to 30 days after ingestion. Lung injury is a main feature of poisoning. Liver, heart, lung, and kidney failure can occur within several days to weeks that can lead to death up to 30 days after ingestion. Those who suffer large exposures are unlikely to survive. Chronic exposure can lead to lung damage, kidney failure, heart failure, and [[Esophageal stricture|oesophageal strictures]].<ref name=":2">[[Centers for Disease Control]], [http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp Facts about Paraquat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223141401/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp|date=2005-12-23}}, accessed 13 October 2006.</ref> The mechanism underlying paraquat's toxic damage to humans is still unknown. The severe inflammation is thought to be caused by the generation of highly [[reactive oxygen species]] and [[nitrite]] species that results in [[oxidative stress]]. The oxidative stress may result in [[mitochondrial toxicity]] and the [[Apoptosis|induction of apoptosis]] and [[lipid peroxidation]] which may be responsible for the organ damage.<ref name=":1" /> It is known that the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveolar]] [[epithelial cells]] of the lung selectively concentrate paraquat.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kliegman|title=Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4377-0755-7|edition=19|year=2011}}</ref> It has been reported that a small dose, even if removed from the stomach or spat out, can still cause death from fibrous tissue developing in the lungs, leading to [[asphyxia]]tion.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Buzik, Shirley C. |author2=Schiefer, H. Bruno |author3=Irvine, Donald G. |title=Understanding Toxicology: Chemicals, Their Benefits and Risks |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8493-2686-8 |page=31}}</ref> Accidental deaths and suicides from paraquat ingestion are relatively common. For example, there are more than 5,000 deaths in China from paraquat poisoning every year<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ikexue.org/archives/41530 |title=每年5000绝望农民喝百草枯，自杀首选用药今起禁用 |access-date=2018-03-21 |archive-date=2018-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322020839/http://www.ikexue.org/archives/41530 |url-status=live }}</ref> in part leading to China's ban in 2017.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Park |first=Cho |date=December 5, 2023 |title=Essential herbicide, but at what cost? Paraquat remains in US despite bans elsewhere |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/essential-herbicide-cost-paraquat-remains-us-despite-bans/story?id=102449938 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=ABC News}}</ref> Long-term exposures to paraquat would most likely cause lung and eye damage, but reproductive/fertility damage was not found by the EPA in their review. ==="Paraquat pot"=== During the late 1970s, a controversial program sponsored by the US government sprayed paraquat on [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] fields in Mexico.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071123043229/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919548-1,00.html Panic over Paraquat], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', May 1, 1978</ref> Following Mexican efforts to eradicate marijuana and poppy fields in 1975, the United States government helped by sending helicopters and other technological assistance. Helicopters were used to spray the herbicides paraquat and [[2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid|2,4-D]] on the fields; marijuana contaminated with these substances began to show up in US markets, leading to debate about the program.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Drug Survival News|date=March 1978|issue=5|volume=6}}</ref> Whether any injury came about due to the inhalation of paraquat-contaminated marijuana is uncertain. A 1995 study found that "no lung or other injury in cannabis users has ever been attributed to paraquat contamination".<ref>Pronczuk de Garbino J, ''Epidemiology of paraquat poisoning'', in: Bismuth C, and Hall AH (eds), Paraquat Poisoning: Mechanisms, Prevention, Treatment, pp. 37-51, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1995.</ref> Also a [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] manual states: "... toxic effects caused by this mechanism have been either very rare or nonexistent. Most paraquat that contaminates cannabis is [[Pyrolysis|pyrolyzed]] during smoking to [[dipyridyl]], which is a product of combustion of the leaf material itself (including cannabis) and presents little toxic hazard."<ref>Reigart, J. Routt and Roberts, James R. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings, 5th edition. Washington, DC: [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]], 1999. [http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare/handbook/handbook.pdf Book available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008030339/http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare/handbook/handbook.pdf |date=2006-10-08 }}</ref> In a study by [[Imperial Chemical Industries]], rats that inhaled paraquat showed development of [[squamous metaplasia]] in their respiratory tracts after a couple of weeks. This study was included in a report given to the State Department by the [[Mitre Corporation]]. The [[U.S. Public Health Service]] stated that "this study should not be used to calculate the safe inhalation dose of paraquat in humans."<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1983|title=Paraquat|journal=High Times|volume=1|issue=91}}</ref> ===Use in suicide and murder=== A large majority (93 percent) of fatalities from paraquat poisoning are [[suicide]]s, which occur mostly in [[developing countries]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dinham, B.|year=1996|title=Active Ingredient fact sheet, Paraquat|journal=Pesticide News|volume=32|pages=20–21}}</ref> For instance, in [[Samoa]] from 1979 to 2001, 70 percent of suicides were by paraquat poisoning. Trinidad and Tobago is particularly well known for its incidence of suicides involving the use of Gramoxone (commercial name of paraquat). In southern [[Trinidad]], particularly in [[Penal–Debe]] from 1996 to 1997, 76 percent of suicides were by paraquat, 96 percent of which involved the over-consumption of alcohol such as rum.<ref>[http://www.pan-germany.org/download/fact_paraquat2.pdf Paraquat and Suicide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725023500/http://www.pan-germany.org/download/fact_paraquat2.pdf |date=2008-07-25 }}, Pestizid Aktions-Netzwerk e.V. (PAN Germany).</ref> British fashion celebrity [[Isabella Blow]] died by suicide using paraquat in 2007. Paraquat is widely used as a suicide agent in developing countries because it is widely available at low cost. Further, the toxic dose is low (10 mL or 2 teaspoons is enough to kill). Campaigns exist to control or even ban paraquat, and there are moves to restrict its availability by requiring user education and the locking up of paraquat stores. When a 2011 South Korean law completely banned paraquat in the country, death by pesticide plummeted 46%, contributing to the decrease of the overall suicide rate.<ref>{{cite news |last=Premack |first=Rachel |date=2018-06-09 |title=South Korea has the highest rate of deaths by suicide in the developed world — but a 2011 law helped decrease rates by 15% |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/south-korea-suicide-rate-decrease-2018-6 |work=Business Insider |access-date=2019-04-08 |archive-date=2019-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408192828/https://www.businessinsider.com/south-korea-suicide-rate-decrease-2018-6 |url-status=live }}</ref> The indiscriminate [[paraquat murders]], which occurred in Japan in 1985, were carried out using paraquat as a poison. Paraquat was used in the UK in 1981 by a woman who poisoned her husband.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Emsley |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/moleculesofmurde0000emsl_a7c0 |title=Molecules of murder : criminal molecules and classic cases |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge, UK : RSC Pub. |isbn=978-0-85404-965-3 |pages=195}}</ref> American serial killer [[Steven David Catlin]] killed two of his wives and his adoptive mother with paraquat between 1976 and 1984. In 2022, a 22-year-old woman, Greeshma Raj, was found guilty of using paraquat for murdering her boyfriend, [[Sharon Raj murder case|Sharon Raj]], in Kerala, India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-01-20 |title=Sharon Raj murder case: Kerala court awards death sentence to Greeshma for murdering boyfriend |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Jan/20/sharon-raj-murder-case-greeshma-gets-death-sentence-for-murdering-boyfriend |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ===Parkinson's disease=== {{See also|Center for Public Integrity#Toxic Clout 2013|Rotenone#Parkinson's disease}} According to the [[WHO]] (2022), some of the measures to prevent [[Parkinson's disease]] include "banning of pesticides (e.g., paraquat and [[chlorpyrifos]]) and chemicals (e.g., [[trichloroethylene]]) which have been linked to PD and develop safer alternatives as per WHO guidance" and "accelerate action to reduce levels of and exposure to air pollution, an important risk factor for PD".<ref name="WHO2022">{{cite web | title=Parkinson disease A public health approach, Technical brief | url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/355973/9789240050983-eng.pdf | date=2022}}</ref> A 2011 study showed a link between paraquat use and Parkinson's disease in farm workers.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Tanner | first1 = C. M. | last2 = Kamel | first2 = F. | last3 = Ross | first3 = G. W. | last4 = Hoppin | first4 = J. A. | last5 = Goldman | first5 = S. M. | last6 = Korell | first6 = M. | last7 = Marras | first7 = C. | last8 = Bhudhikanok | first8 = G. S. | last9 = Kasten | first9 = M. | last10 = Chade | first10 = A. R. | last11 = Comyns | first11 = K. | last12 = Richards | first12 = M. B. | last13 = Meng | first13 = C. | last14 = Priestley | first14 = B. | last15 = Fernandez | first15 = H. H. | last16 = Cambi | first16 = F. | last17 = Umbach | first17 = D. M. | last18 = Blair | first18 = A. | last19 = Sandler | first19 = D. P. | last20 = Langston | first20 = J. W. | title = Rotenone, Paraquat, and Parkinson's Disease | doi = 10.1289/ehp.1002839 | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 119 | issue = 6 | pages = 866–872 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21269927| pmc =3114824 | bibcode = 2011EnvHP.119..866T |display-authors = 2}}</ref> A co-author of the paper said that paraquat increases production of certain oxygen derivatives that may harm cellular structures, and that people who used paraquat, or other pesticides with a similar mechanism of action, were more likely to develop Parkinson's.<ref name="park">{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110214115442.htm |title=Two pesticides—rotenone and paraquat—linked to Parkinson's disease, study suggests |website=Science Daily |year=2011 |access-date=October 25, 2011 |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426171744/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110214115442.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2013 meta-analysis published in ''Neurology'' found that "exposure to paraquat ... was associated with about a 2-fold increase in risk" of Parkinson's disease.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pezzoli|first1=Gianni|last2=Cereda|first2=Emanuele|title=Exposure to pesticides or solvents and risk of Parkinson disease|journal=Neurology|date=2013|volume=80|issue=22|pages=2035–2041|doi=10.1212/wnl.0b013e318294b3c8|pmid=23713084|s2cid=13628268}}</ref> A review in 2021 concluded that the available evidence does not support a causal conclusion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weed |first=Douglas L. |date=September 2021 |title=Does paraquat cause Parkinson's disease? A review of reviews |journal=NeuroToxicology |language=en |volume=86 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.006|doi-access=free |pmid=34400206 |bibcode=2021NeuTx..86..180W }}</ref> In 2022 and 2023, two reviews from India "decisively demonstrated that paraquat is a substantial stimulant of oxidative stress … and is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD)"; and stated that "From the studies we can consider that PQ and [[maneb|MB]] with its combined effects has tremendous contribution towards neurodegeneration in PD."<ref name="Vellingiri2022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vellingiri B, Chandrasekhar M, Sri Sabari S, Gopalakrishnan AV, Narayanasamy A, Venkatesan D, Iyer M, Kesari K, Dey A |title=Neurotoxicity of pesticides - A link to neurodegeneration |journal=Ecotoxicol Environ Saf |volume=243 |issue= |article-number=113972 |date=September 2022 |pmid=36029574 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113972 |url=|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022EcoES.24313972V }}</ref><ref name="sharma2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharma P, Mittal P |title=Paraquat (herbicide) as a cause of Parkinson's Disease |journal=Parkinsonism Relat Disord |volume= 119|issue= |article-number=105932 |date=November 2023 |pmid=38008593 |doi=10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105932 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1353802023010118|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the UK, the use of paraquat was banned in 2007, but the manufacture and export of the herbicide is still permitted. In April 2022, the BBC reported that some UK farmers had called for a ban on British production of paraquat, and stated that "There is no scientific consensus and many conflicting studies on any possible association between Paraquat and Parkinson's". In the US, a [[class action]] lawsuit against [[Syngenta]] is ongoing; the company rejects the claims but has paid £187.5 million into a settlement fund.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC News|author1=Claire Marshall|author2=Malcolm Prior|date=1 April 2022|title=UK farmers call for weedkiller ban over Parkinson's fears|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-60836892|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> As of August 2024, more than 5,700 cases against Syngenta (manufacturer of Gramoxone) and [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] (the former distributor) are pending in the paraquat multidistrict litigation in the US; the first of 10 bellwether trials will start in 2024.<ref name="ABC 2023 t404">{{cite web | title='Burns me to a crisp': Farmers allege link between popular herbicide and Parkinson's disease | website=ABC News | date=28 Nov 2023 | url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/burns-crisp-farmers-allege-link-popular-herbicide-parkinsons/story?id=102449723 | access-date=29 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref name="Kelleher 2023 q091">{{cite web | last=Kelleher | first=Shannon | title=Syngenta paraquat secrets featured on ABC News | website=The New Lede | date=22 Nov 2023 | url=https://www.thenewlede.org/2023/11/syngenta-paraquat-secrets-featured-on-abc-news/ | access-date=29 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Judge Selects 10 Paraquat Lawsuits As Potential Bellwether Cases In Parkinson's Disease Litigation |url=https://www.drugwatch.com/news/2024/08/13/judge-selects-10-paraquat-lawsuits-as-potential-bellwether-cases-in-parkinsons-disease-litigation/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Drugwatch.com |language=en}}</ref> On April 15, 2025, attorneys representing plaintiffs in the [[multidistrict litigation]] entered into a settlement agreement.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Paraquat Settlement To Resolve 'Many' Parkinson's Cases in Federal Court |url=https://www.drugwatch.com/news/2025/04/16/paraquat-settlement-to-resolve-many-parkinsons-cases-in-federal-court/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Drugwatch.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gillam |first=Carey |date=2025-04-15 |title=Weedkiller maker moves to settle suit over Parkinson's disease claims |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/apr/15/syngenta-weedkiller-parkinsons |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The settlement came as the first bellwether trial was six months away.<ref name=":5" /> In August 2024, the British Columbia Supreme Court certified a class-action lawsuit against Syngenta on behalf of at least two plaintiffs who were diagnosed with Parkinson's after exposure to paraquat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ruttle |first=Joseph |date=August 14, 2024 |title=Class-action lawsuit certified in B.C. against maker of herbicide that allegedly causes Parkinson's |url=https://vancouversun.com/news/class-action-lawsuit-bc-syngenta-paraquat-parkinsons-disease |newspaper=[[Vancouver Sun]] }}</ref> According to the [[NIEHS]], pesticide exposure has consistently been associated with the onset of Parkinson's disease.<ref name="NIEHS2023">{{cite web | title=Parkinson's Disease | website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences | date=2023-11-03 | url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/conditions/parkinson | access-date=2023-12-04 | publisher=NIEHS}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> * A 17-year long, NIEHS-funded study of the links between Parkinson's disease, environment, and genes shows that some pesticides, including paraquat, [[maneb]], [[ziram]], [[benomyl]], and several [[organophosphate]] pesticides, including [[diazinon]] and [[chlorpyrifos]], contribute to Parkinson's disease onset and progression.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * People with Parkinson's disease who are exposed to a high level of ten different active ingredients in agricultural pesticides may see their motor and non-motor symptoms progress faster compared with those who are not, a 2022 study found.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Other NIEHS research found that people who occupationally used two pesticides, [[rotenone]] or paraquat, developed Parkinson's disease 2.5 times more often than non-users.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * In addition, people exposed to pesticides in the home or garden may face a greater chance of developing Parkinson's disease.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Pesticides may directly or indirectly disrupt the biological pathways that normally protect dopaminergic neurons, the brain cells selectively attacked by the disease.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Some pesticides, like rotenone, can directly block the function of mitochondria, the structures that create energy to run the cell. NIEHS researchers showed in mice that disrupting mitochondria through exposure to rotenone early in development changed the epigenome—the chemical tags that turn genes on and off—in ways that persisted throughout life.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Other pesticides, like paraquat, have been found to increase production of [[free radicals]] that can damage cells.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> Some people are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of pesticides because of their age or genetic makeup.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Many studies identified genetic variations that provide insight into why certain people appear to be at higher risk of developing Parkinson's.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Using data from a NIEHS-conducted agricultural health study, researchers found that Parkinson's risk from paraquat use was particularly high in people with a particular variant of a gene known as [[GSTT1]].<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> * Similarly, other research has indicated that people with lower levels of the [[PON1]] gene, which is important for the metabolism of organophosphate pesticides, showed faster progression of the disease.<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> Further research into links between [[preventable exposures]] and Parkinson's disease, as well as [[preventative therapies]], could help reduce the incidence of the disease. For example, using protective gloves and other hygiene practices reduced the risk of Parkinson's disease among farmers using paraquat, [[permethrin]], and [[trifluralin]].<ref name="NIEHS2023" /> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== *{{cite news | last1=Gillam | first1=Carey | last2=Uteuova | first2=Aliya | title=Secret files suggest chemical giant feared weedkiller's link to Parkinson's disease | website=The Guardian | date=20 Oct 2022 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/oct/20/syngenta-weedkiller-pesticide-parkinsons-disease-paraquat-documents | quote=}} *{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1966.tb00876.x | title = The Fate of Paraquat Applied to Plants | year = 1966 | author = Slade, P. | journal = Weed Research | volume = 6 | pages = 158–167 | issue = 2| bibcode = 1966WeedR...6..158S }} *{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1976.tb04668.x | title = The Breakdown of Paraquat and Diquat by Soil Fungi | year = 1976 | author = Smith, S. N. | journal = New Phytologist | volume = 77 | pages = 735–740 | last2 = Lyon | first2 = A. J. E. | last3 = Sahid | first3 = Ismail BIN | issue = 3| doi-access = free | bibcode = 1976NewPh..77..735S }} ==External links== *{{cite web | url = http://www.evb.ch/en/f25000087.html | publisher = [[Erklärung von Bern]] | title = Stop Paraquat | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070608082646/http://www.evb.ch/en/f25000087.html | archive-date = 2007-06-08 }} *{{cite web |url=https://www.paraquat.com |title=The Paraquat Information Center |publisher=Syngenta Crop Protection AG}} *{{cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0478.html | title = NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} * {{PPDB|505|Name=Paraquat}} * {{PPDB|1524|Name=Paraquat dichloride}} {{Herbicides}} {{Monoamine neurotoxins}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors]] [[Category:Herbicides]] [[Category:Bipyridines]] [[Category:Avian embryotoxicants]] [[Category:Highly-toxic chemical substances]] [[Category:Monoaminergic neurotoxins]] [[Category:Superoxide generating substances]] [[Category:Nephrotoxins]] [[Category:Pyridinium compounds]] [[Category:Parkinson's disease]] [[Category:Group 22 herbicides]]

1,306,341,495

[{"title": "Names", "data": {"Names": ["Preferred IUPAC name 1,1\u2032-Dimethyl[4,4\u2032-bipyridine]-1,1\u2032-diium dichloride", "Other names Paraquat dichloride; Methyl viologen dichloride; MVCl2; Crisquat; Dexuron; Esgram; Gramuron; Ortho Paraquat CL; Para-col; Pillarxone; Tota-col; Toxer Total; PP148; Cyclone; Gramixel; Gramoxone; Pathclear; AH 501; Bai Cao Ku."]}}, {"title": "Identifiers", "data": {"CAS Number": "- 1910-42-5", "3D model (JSmol)": "- Interactive image", "ChEBI": "- CHEBI:28786", "ChEMBL": "- ChEMBL458019", "ChemSpider": "- 15146", "ECHA InfoCard": "100.016.015", "IUPHAR/BPS": "- 4552", "PubChem CID": "- 15938", "UNII": "- 2KZ83GSS73", "CompTox Dashboard (EPA)": "- DTXSID7024243", "Identifiers": ["InChI - InChI=1S/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2 Key: FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L - InChI=1/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2/fC12H14N2.2Cl/h;2*1h/qm;2*-1 - InChI=1/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2Key: FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-NUQVWONBAF", "SMILES - C[n+]1ccc(cc1)c2cc[n+](cc2)C.[Cl-].[Cl-]"]}}, {"title": "Properties", "data": {"Chemical formula": "C12H14Cl2N2", "Molar mass": "257.16 g\u00b7mol\u22121", "Appearance": "Yellow solid", "Odor": "faint, ammonia-like", "Density": "1.25 g/cm3", "Melting point": "175 to 180 \u00b0C (347 to 356 \u00b0F; 448 to 453 K)", "Boiling point": "> 300 \u00b0C (572 \u00b0F; 573 K)", "Solubility in water": "High", "Vapor pressure": "<0.0000001 mmHg (20 \u00b0C)"}}, {"title": "Hazards", "data": {"Hazards": ["Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):", "GHS labelling:", "Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):", "NIOSH (US health exposure limits):", "Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 \u00b0C [77 \u00b0F], 100 kPa). Infobox references"], "Main hazards": "Toxic, environmental hazard", "Pictograms": "GHS06: Toxic \u00b7 GHS08: Health hazard \u00b7 GHS09: Environmental hazard", "Hazard statements": "H301, H311, H315, H319, H330, H335, H372, H410", "Precautionary statements": "P260, P273, P280, P284, P301+P310, P305+P351+P338", "LD50 (median dose)": "57 mg/kg (rat, oral) \u00b7 120 mg/kg (mouse, oral) \u00b7 25 mg/kg (dog, oral) \u00b7 22 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)", "LC50 (median concentration)": "3 mg/m3 (mouse, 30 min respirable dust) \u00b7 3 mg/m3 (guinea pig, 30 min respirable dust)", "LCLo (lowest published)": "1 mg/m3 (rat, respirable dust, 6 h) \u00b7 6400 mg/m3 (rat, nonrespirable dust, 4 h)", "PEL (Permissible)": "TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (resp) [skin]", "REL (Recommended)": "TWA 0.1 mg/m3 (resp) [skin]", "IDLH (Immediate danger)": "1 mg/m3", "Safety data sheet (SDS)": "Aldrich MSDS"}}]

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# KLBC-TV2 KLBC-TV2 was a cable-only television station in Laughlin, Nevada, United States. It broadcast local programming on cable systems in Laughlin as well as nearby Bullhead City and Kingman, Arizona, and Needles, California. KLBC produced local news programming and other productions, including Tri-State On Patrol, following the activities of local police departments. It was an affiliate of UPN in the early 2000s. While not carried on any broadcast translators, KLBC made overtures in 2014 to be carried on the translators owned by Mohave County, which operates transmitter sites in Kingman, Lake Havasu City, and other communities. The channel was removed from Suddenlink cable in Laughlin in 2019, as a result of a severed fiber-optic link and what Suddenlink claimed was $70,000 in unpaid fees to be included on the system over a three-year period.

enwiki/61613120

enwiki

61,613,120

KLBC-TV2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLBC-TV2

2025-07-20T18:21:39

en

Q85772995

66,034

{{short description|Cable television station in Laughlin, Nevada}} {{Multiple issues| {{Notability|date=March 2025}} {{More citations needed|date=November 2019}} }} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox television channel | name = KLBC-TV2 | website = {{url|https://www.tv2klbc.com/}} | founder = Bruce Clark | launch_date = 1989 | closed_date = 2019 | owner = Chelsea Street Video Productions, Inc. | area = [[Laughlin, Nevada]] | country = US }} '''KLBC-TV2''' was a cable-only television station in [[Laughlin, Nevada]], United States. It broadcast local programming on cable systems in Laughlin as well as nearby [[Bullhead City]] and [[Kingman, Arizona]], and [[Needles, California]].<ref name="popular">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mohavedailynews.com/laughlin_times/popular-television-show-set-to-air-for-th-season/article_e9cd9968-aa12-11e7-8c8c-eb50d25c5cd5.html|title=Popular television show set to air for 10th season|website=Mohave Daily News|language=en|access-date=August 26, 2019|author1=Contributed|archive-date=August 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826220515/http://www.mohavedailynews.com/laughlin_times/popular-television-show-set-to-air-for-th-season/article_e9cd9968-aa12-11e7-8c8c-eb50d25c5cd5.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> KLBC produced local news programming and other productions, including ''Tri-State On Patrol'', following the activities of local police departments.{{r|popular}} It was an affiliate of [[UPN]] in the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2002/jun/11/news-briefs-for-june-11-2002/|work=Las Vegas Sun|date=June 11, 2002|accessdate=November 24, 2020|title=UPN to debut 10 p.m. newscast}}</ref> While not carried on any broadcast translators, KLBC made overtures in 2014 to be carried on the translators owned by [[Mohave County]], which operates transmitter sites in Kingman, Lake Havasu City, and other communities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Matson |first=Zachary |date=August 26, 2014 |title=Nevada station KLBC looks to expand into Mohave County |language=en |work=Today's News Herald |url=https://www.havasunews.com/news/nevada-station-klbc-looks-to-expand-into-mohave-county/article_c3758cde-2cd5-11e4-8a0a-0019bb2963f4.html |access-date=November 25, 2020}}</ref> The channel was removed from [[Suddenlink]] cable in Laughlin in 2019, as a result of a severed fiber-optic link and what Suddenlink claimed was $70,000 in unpaid fees to be included on the system over a three-year period.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harber |first=Terri |date=March 12, 2019 |title=Suddenlink boots TV2 from cable lineup |work=The Daily News |url=https://apnews.com/article/04b64a3060174be8a31c317069857577 |access-date=November 25, 2020}}</ref> == References ==  {{reflist}} == External links == *[https://www.tv2klbc.com/ KLBC-TV2] {{Las Vegas TV}} [[Category:1989 establishments in Nevada]] [[Category:2019 disestablishments in Nevada]] [[Category:Laughlin, Nevada]] [[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2019]] [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1989]] [[Category:Television stations in Nevada]] {{Nevada-tv-station-stub}}

1,301,599,873

[{"title": "KLBC-TV2", "data": {"Country": "US", "Broadcast area": "Laughlin, Nevada"}}, {"title": "Ownership", "data": {"Owner": "Chelsea Street Video Productions, Inc."}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"Launched": "1989", "Founder": "Bruce Clark", "Closed": "2019"}}, {"title": "Links", "data": {"Website": "www.tv2klbc.com"}}]

false