DDInter1607 DDInter933
Ritonavir is an HIV protease inhibitor that interferes with the reproductive cycle of HIV. Although it was initially developed as an independent antiviral agent, it has been shown to possess advantageous properties in combination regimens with low-dose ritonavir and other protease inhibitors. It is now more commonly used as a booster of other protease inhibitors and is available in both liquid formulations and as capsules. While ritonavir is not an active antiviral agent against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, it is added in combination therapies indicated for the treatment of HCV infections as a booster. Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A inhibitor that increases peak and trough plasma drug concentrations of other protease inhibitors such as and overall drug exposure. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommend ritonavir-boosted combination therapies as first-line therapy for HCV Genotype 1a/b and
Insulin glulisine is a short-acting form of insulin used for the treatment of hyperglycemia caused by Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Insulin is typically prescribed for the management of diabetes mellitus to mimic the activity of endogenously produced human insulin, a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas that promotes glucose metabolism. Insulin is released from the pancreas following a meal to promote the uptake of glucose from the blood into internal organs and tissues such as the liver, fat cells, and skeletal muscle. Absorption of glucose into cells allows for its transformation into glycogen or fat for storage. Insulin also inhibits hepatic glucose production, enhances protein synthesis, and inhibits lipolysis and proteolysis among many other functions. Insulin is an important treatment in the management of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) which is caused by an autoimmune reaction that destroys the beta cells of the pancreas, resulting in the body not being able to produce or synthesize the insulin needed to manage circulating blood sugar levels. As a result, people with T1D rely primarily on exogenous forms of insulin, such as insulin glulisine, to lower glucose levels in the blood. Insulin is also used in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), another form of diabetes mellitus that is a slowly progressing metabolic disorder caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors that promote chronically elevated blood sugar levels. Without treatment or improvement in non-pharmacological measures such as diet and exercise to lower blood glucose, high blood sugar eventually causes cellular resistance to endogenous insulin, and in the long term, damage to pancreatic islet cells. Insulin is typically prescribed later in the course of T2D, after trying several oral medications such as , , or have been tried, when sufficient damage has been caused to pancreatic cells that the body is no longer able to produce insulin on its own. Marketed as the brand name product Apidra, insulin glulisine begins to exert its effects within 15 minutes of subcutaneous administration, while peak levels occur 30 to 90 minutes after administration. Due to its duration of action of around 5 hours, Apidra is considered "bolus insulin" as it provides high levels of insulin in a short period of time to mimic the release of endogenous insulin from the pancreas after meals. Bolus insulin is often combined with once daily, long-acting "basal insulin" such as , , and to provide low concentrations of background insulin that can keep blood sugar stable between meals or overnight. Use of basal and bolus insulin together is intended to mimic the pancreas' production of endogenous insulin, with a goal of avoiding any periods of hypoglycemia. Insulin glulisine is a biosynthetic, rapid-acting human insulin analogue produced in a non-pathogenic laboratory strain of _Escherichia coli_ (K12). This recombinant hormone differs from native human insulin in that the amino acid asparagine at position B3 is replaced by lysine and the lysine at position B29 is replaced by glutamic acid. These structural modifications decrease hexamer formation, stabilize insulin glulisine monomers and increase the rate of absorption and onset of action compared to human insulin. Without an adequate supply of insulin to promote absorption of glucose from the bloodstream, blood sugar levels can climb to dangerously high levels and can result in symptoms such as fatigue, headache, blurred vision, and increased thirst. If left untreated, the body starts to break down fat, instead of glucose, for energy which results in a build-up of ketone acids in the blood and a syndrome called ketoacidosis, which is a life-threatening medical emergency. In the long term, elevated blood sugar levels increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and diabetic neuropathy.
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atazanavir
Atazanavir {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Potassium chloride
Potassium chloride {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atazanavir
Atazanavir {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Quinine
Quinine {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Confusional state
Confusional state {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Quinine
Quinine {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atazanavir
Atazanavir {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Dexamethasone
Dexamethasone {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atazanavir
Atazanavir {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Empagliflozin
Empagliflozin {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Metamfetamine
Metamfetamine {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atazanavir
Atazanavir {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Saquinavir
Saquinavir {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atazanavir
Atazanavir {u} may lead to a major life threatening interaction when taken with {v} Brigatinib
Brigatinib {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atazanavir
Atazanavir {u} may lead to a major life threatening interaction when taken with {v} Salmeterol
Salmeterol {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir (Compound) resembles Atazanavir (Compound) and Atazanavir may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir (Compound) causes Diarrhoea (Side Effect) and Diarrhoea (Side Effect) is caused by Potassium chloride (Compound) and Potassium chloride may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir (Compound) resembles Atazanavir (Compound) and Atazanavir may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Quinine and Quinine may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir (Compound) causes Confusional state (Side Effect) and Confusional state (Side Effect) is caused by Quinine (Compound) and Quinine may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir (Compound) resembles Atazanavir (Compound) and Atazanavir may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Dexamethasone and Dexamethasone may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir (Compound) resembles Atazanavir (Compound) and Atazanavir may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Empagliflozin and Empagliflozin may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir (Compound) causes Diarrhoea (Side Effect) and Diarrhoea (Side Effect) is caused by Metamfetamine (Compound) and Metamfetamine may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir (Compound) resembles Atazanavir (Compound) and Atazanavir (Compound) resembles Saquinavir (Compound) and Saquinavir may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir (Compound) resembles Atazanavir (Compound) and Atazanavir may lead to a major life threatening interaction when taken with Brigatinib and Brigatinib may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Insulin glulisine
Ritonavir (Compound) resembles Atazanavir (Compound) and Atazanavir may lead to a major life threatening interaction when taken with Salmeterol and Salmeterol may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Insulin glulisine