DDInter1008 DDInter504
Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent used in the prevention and treatment of a variety of fungal infections.[FDA Label] It functions by preventing the synthesis of ergosterol, the fungal equivalent of cholesterol, thereby increasing membrane fluidity and preventing growth of the fungus.[A181802,T116] Ketoconazole was first approved in an oral formulation for systemic use by the FDA in 1981. At this time it was considered a significant improvement over previous antifungals, [miconazole] and [clotrimazole], due to its broad spectrum and good absorption. However, it was discovered that ketoconazole produces frequent gastrointestinal side effects and dose-related hepatitis.[A188054,A188057] These effects combined with waning efficacy led to its eventual replacement by triazole agents, [fluconazole], [itraconazole], [voriconazole], and [posaconazole]. Ketoconazole and its predecessor [clotrimazole] continue
Desipramine hydrochloride is a dibenzazepine-derivative tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, desipramine does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, desipramine exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Secondary amine TCAs, such as desipramine and nortriptyline, are more potent inhibitors of norepinephrine reuptake than tertiary amine TCAs, such as amitriptyline and doxepine. TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical &beta;-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine-H<sub>1</sub> receptors, &alpha;<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. See toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects. Desipramine exerts less anticholinergic and sedative side effects compared to tertiary amine TCAs, such as amitriptyline and clomipramine. Desipramine may be used to treat depression, neuropathic pain (unlabeled use), agitation and insomnia (unlabeled use) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (unlabeled use).
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2A6
CYP2A6 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Desipramine
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) ALDOC
ALDOC {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Desipramine
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Desipramine
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCB1
ABCB1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Epinastine
Epinastine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Desipramine
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) ALDOC
ALDOC {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Promazine
Promazine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Desipramine
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Protriptyline
Protriptyline {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Desipramine
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Hepatitis
Hepatitis {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Mianserin
Mianserin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Desipramine
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Itraconazole
Itraconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCB1
ABCB1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Desipramine
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) HMGCS1
HMGCS1 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Desipramine
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCB1
ABCB1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Protriptyline
Protriptyline {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Desipramine
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds CYP2A6 (Gene) and CYP2A6 (Gene) is bound by Desipramine (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) upregulates ALDOC (Gene) and ALDOC (Gene) is upregulated by Desipramine (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) causes Diarrhoea (Side Effect) and Diarrhoea (Side Effect) is caused by Desipramine (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds ABCB1 (Gene) and ABCB1 (Gene) is bound by Epinastine (Compound) and Epinastine (Compound) resembles Desipramine (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) upregulates ALDOC (Gene) and ALDOC (Gene) is upregulated by Promazine (Compound) and Promazine (Compound) resembles Desipramine (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) causes Diarrhoea (Side Effect) and Diarrhoea (Side Effect) is caused by Protriptyline (Compound) and Protriptyline (Compound) resembles Desipramine (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) causes Hepatitis (Side Effect) and Hepatitis (Side Effect) is caused by Mianserin (Compound) and Mianserin (Compound) resembles Desipramine (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) resembles Itraconazole (Compound) and Itraconazole (Compound) binds ABCB1 (Gene) and ABCB1 (Gene) is bound by Desipramine (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) upregulates HMGCS1 (Gene) and HMGCS1 (Gene) is upregulated by Prochlorperazine (Compound) and Prochlorperazine (Compound) resembles Desipramine (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds ABCB1 (Gene) and ABCB1 (Gene) is bound by Protriptyline (Compound) and Protriptyline (Compound) resembles Desipramine (Compound)