DDInter1607 DDInter998
Ritonavir is an HIV protease inhibitor that interferes with the reproductive cycle of HIV. Although it was initially developed as an independent antiviral agent, it has been shown to possess advantageous properties in combination regimens with low-dose ritonavir and other protease inhibitors. It is now more commonly used as a booster of other protease inhibitors and is available in both liquid formulations and as capsules. While ritonavir is not an active antiviral agent against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, it is added in combination therapies indicated for the treatment of HCV infections as a booster. Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A inhibitor that increases peak and trough plasma drug concentrations of other protease inhibitors such as and overall drug exposure. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommend ritonavir-boosted combination therapies as first-line therapy for HCV Genotype 1a/b and
Ivermectin is a semi-synthetic antiparasitic medication derived from avermectins, a class of highly-active broad-spectrum antiparasitic agents isolated from the fermentation products of _Streptomyces avermitilis_. Ivermectin itself is a mixture of two avermectins, comprising roughly 90% 5-O-demethyl-22,23-dihydroavermectin A<sub>1a</sub> (22,23-dihydroavermectin B<sub>1a</sub>) and 10% 5-O-demethyl-25-de(1-methylpropyl)-22,23-dihydro­-25-(1-methylethyl)avermectin A<sub>1a</sub> (22,23-dihydroavermectin B<sub>1b</sub>). Ivermectin is mainly used in humans in the treatment of onchocerciasis, but may also be effective against other worm infestations (such as strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, trichuriasis and enterobiasis). Applied topically, it may be used in the treatment of head lice infestation. With the advent of 2020 and the COVID-19 pandemic, ivermectin began garnering notoriety due to its off-label use for the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. While studies are still ongoing, much of the evidence for ivermectin in COVID-19 relies on pre-print _in vitro_ data, and the clinical utility of this data remains unclear. Due to a number of factors - for example, the relatively low number of patients per trial and the speed at which these trials were conducted - studies on the use of ivermectin in COVID-19 have been fraught with statistical errors and accusations of plagiarism.[L36763,A238929] In addition, the use of aggregate patient data in large-scale meta-analyses (as opposed to individual patient data (IPD)) has been shown to disguise otherwise blatant data errors, such as extreme terminal digit bias and the duplication of blocks of patient records. Until high-quality, peer-reviewed data regarding both the safety and efficacy of ivermectin for COVID-19 in humans becomes available, the use of ivermectin for these purposes should be avoided in favour of thoroughly-vetted therapies (e.g. COVID-19 vaccines like [Comirnaty](https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB15696)).
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCG2
ABCG2 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ivermectin
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) VPS28
VPS28 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ivermectin
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) NT5DC2
NT5DC2 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Ivermectin
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Dermatitis
Dermatitis {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Ivermectin
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCG2
ABCG2 {u} (Gene) regulates {v} (Gene) IARS2
IARS2 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Ivermectin
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) interacts with {v} (Gene) PGRMC1
PGRMC1 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Ivermectin
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCC2
ABCC2 {u} (Gene) regulates {v} (Gene) RAP1GAP
RAP1GAP {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ivermectin
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCC1
ABCC1 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) HERPUD1
HERPUD1 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ivermectin
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) VPS28
VPS28 {u} (Gene) regulates {v} (Gene) CCDC92
CCDC92 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ivermectin
Ritonavir {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) NT5DC2
NT5DC2 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) CDKN1A
CDKN1A {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ivermectin
Ritonavir (Compound) binds ABCG2 (Gene) and ABCG2 (Gene) is bound by Ivermectin (Compound)
Ritonavir (Compound) downregulates VPS28 (Gene) and VPS28 (Gene) is upregulated by Ivermectin (Compound)
Ritonavir (Compound) downregulates NT5DC2 (Gene) and NT5DC2 (Gene) is downregulated by Ivermectin (Compound)
Ritonavir (Compound) causes Dermatitis (Side Effect) and Dermatitis (Side Effect) is caused by Ivermectin (Compound)
Ritonavir (Compound) binds ABCG2 (Gene) and ABCG2 (Gene) regulates IARS2 (Gene) and IARS2 (Gene) is downregulated by Ivermectin (Compound)
Ritonavir (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) interacts with PGRMC1 (Gene) and PGRMC1 (Gene) is downregulated by Ivermectin (Compound)
Ritonavir (Compound) binds ABCC2 (Gene) and ABCC2 (Gene) regulates RAP1GAP (Gene) and RAP1GAP (Gene) is upregulated by Ivermectin (Compound)
Ritonavir (Compound) binds ABCC1 (Gene) and ABCC1 (Gene) is regulated by HERPUD1 (Gene) and HERPUD1 (Gene) is upregulated by Ivermectin (Compound)
Ritonavir (Compound) downregulates VPS28 (Gene) and VPS28 (Gene) regulates CCDC92 (Gene) and CCDC92 (Gene) is upregulated by Ivermectin (Compound)
Ritonavir (Compound) downregulates NT5DC2 (Gene) and NT5DC2 (Gene) is regulated by CDKN1A (Gene) and CDKN1A (Gene) is upregulated by Ivermectin (Compound)