DDInter548 DDInter1064
A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed) The FDA withdrew its approval for the use of all oral and parenteral drug products containing 25 milligrams or more of diethylstilbestrol per unit dose.
Levothyroxine is a synthetically produced form of thyroxine, a major endogenous hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Also known as L-thyroxine or the brand name product Synthroid, levothyroxine is used primarily to treat hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland is no longer able to produce sufficient quantities of the thyroid hormones T<sub>4</sub> (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine) and T<sub>3</sub> (triiodothyronine or ), resulting in diminished down-stream effects of these hormones. Without sufficient quantities of circulating thyroid hormones, symptoms of hypothyroidism begin to develop such as fatigue, increased heart rate, depression, dry skin and hair, muscle cramps, constipation, weight gain, memory impairment, and poor tolerance to cold temperatures.[F4636,A35722] In response to Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) release by the pituitary gland, a normally functioning thyroid gland will produce and secrete T<sub>4</sub>, which is then converted through deiodination (by type I or type II 5′-deiodinases) into its active metabolite T<sub>3</sub>. While T<sub>4</sub> is the major product secreted by the thyroid gland, T<sub>3</sub> exerts the majority of the physiological effects of the thyroid hormones; T<sub>4</sub> and T<sub>3</sub> have a relative potency of ~1:4 (T4:T3). T<sub>4</sub> and T<sub>3</sub> act on nearly every cell of the body, but have a particularly strong effect on the cardiac system. As a result, many cardiac functions including heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance are closely linked to thyroid status. Prior to the development of levothyroxine, or desiccated thyroid, used to be the mainstay of treatment for hypothyroidism. However, this is no longer recommended for the majority of patients due to several clinical concerns including limited controlled trials supporting its use. Desiccated thyroid products contain a ratio of T4 to T3 of 4.2:1, which is significantly lower than the 14:1 ratio of secretion by the human thyroid gland. This higher proportion of T3 in desiccated thyroid products can lead to supraphysiologic levels of T3 which may put patients at risk of thyrotoxicosis if thyroid extract therapy is not adjusted according to the serum TSH.[A35722, F4636]
Diethylstilbestrol {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C8
CYP2C8 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Diethylstilbestrol {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) RPS4Y1
RPS4Y1 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Diethylstilbestrol {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C8
CYP2C8 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Liotrix
Liotrix {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Diethylstilbestrol {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Cimetidine
Cimetidine {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Levothyroxine
Diethylstilbestrol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ritodrine
Ritodrine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Dobutamine
Dobutamine {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Levothyroxine
Diethylstilbestrol {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) RPS4Y1
RPS4Y1 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Dextrothyroxine
Dextrothyroxine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Diethylstilbestrol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ritodrine
Ritodrine {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) CDC20
CDC20 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Diethylstilbestrol {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) RPS4Y1
RPS4Y1 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) TTR
TTR {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Diethylstilbestrol {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) TTR
TTR {u} (Gene) interacts with {v} (Gene) ALB
ALB {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Diethylstilbestrol {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCB1
ABCB1 {u} (Gene) regulates {v} (Gene) HSPD1
HSPD1 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Diethylstilbestrol (Compound) binds CYP2C8 (Gene) and CYP2C8 (Gene) is bound by Levothyroxine (Compound)
Diethylstilbestrol (Compound) downregulates RPS4Y1 (Gene) and RPS4Y1 (Gene) is downregulated by Levothyroxine (Compound)
Diethylstilbestrol (Compound) binds CYP2C8 (Gene) and CYP2C8 (Gene) is bound by Liotrix (Compound) and Liotrix (Compound) resembles Levothyroxine (Compound)
Diethylstilbestrol (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Cimetidine (Compound) and Cimetidine may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Levothyroxine
Diethylstilbestrol (Compound) resembles Ritodrine (Compound) and Ritodrine (Compound) resembles Dobutamine (Compound) and Dobutamine may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Levothyroxine
Diethylstilbestrol (Compound) downregulates RPS4Y1 (Gene) and RPS4Y1 (Gene) is downregulated by Dextrothyroxine (Compound) and Dextrothyroxine (Compound) resembles Levothyroxine (Compound)
Diethylstilbestrol (Compound) resembles Ritodrine (Compound) and Ritodrine (Compound) downregulates CDC20 (Gene) and CDC20 (Gene) is downregulated by Levothyroxine (Compound)
Diethylstilbestrol (Compound) downregulates RPS4Y1 (Gene) and RPS4Y1 (Gene) is regulated by TTR (Gene) and TTR (Gene) is bound by Levothyroxine (Compound)
Diethylstilbestrol (Compound) binds TTR (Gene) and TTR (Gene) interacts with ALB (Gene) and ALB (Gene) is bound by Levothyroxine (Compound)
Diethylstilbestrol (Compound) binds ABCB1 (Gene) and ABCB1 (Gene) regulates HSPD1 (Gene) and HSPD1 (Gene) is downregulated by Levothyroxine (Compound)