DDInter576 DDInter133
A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase.
Atorvastatin (Lipitor®), is a lipid-lowering drug included in the statin class of medications. By inhibiting the endogenous production of cholesterol in the liver, statins lower abnormal cholesterol and lipid levels, and ultimately reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. More specifically, statin medications competitively inhibit the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) Reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid. This conversion is a critical metabolic reaction involved in the production of several compounds involved in lipid metabolism and transport, including cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (sometimes referred to as "bad cholesterol"), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Prescribing statins is considered standard practice for patients following any cardiovascular event, and for people who are at moderate to high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The evidence supporting statin use, coupled with minimal side effects and long term benefits, has resulted in wide use of this medication in North America.[A181087, A181406] Atorvastatin and other statins including [lovastatin], [pravastatin], [rosuvastatin], [fluvastatin], and [simvastatin] are considered first-line treatment options for dyslipidemia.[A181087, A181406] The increasing use of this class of drugs is largely attributed to the rise in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (such as heart attack, atherosclerosis, angina, peripheral artery disease, and stroke) in many countries. An elevated cholesterol level (elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in particular) is a significant risk factor for the development of CVD.[A181087,A181553] Several landmark studies demonstrate that the use of statins is associated with both a reduction in LDL levels and CVD risk.[A181090,A181093,A181096,A181427,A181475,A181538] Statins were shown to reduce the incidences of all-cause mortality, including fatal and non-fatal CVD, as well as the need for surgical revascularization or angioplasty following a heart attack.[A181087, A181406] Some evidence has shown that even for low-risk individuals (with <10% risk of a major vascular event occurring within five years) statin use leads to a 20%-22% relative reduction in the number of major cardiovascular events (heart attack, stroke, coronary revascularization, and coronary death) for every 1 mmol/L reduction in LDL without any significant side effects or risks.[A181397, A181403] Atorvastatin was first synthesized in 1985 by Dr. Bruce Roth and approved by the FDA in 1996. It is a pentasubstituted pyrrole formed by two contrasting moieties with an achiral heterocyclic core unit and a 3,5-dihydroxypentanoyl side chain identical to its parent compound. Unlike other members of the statin group, atorvastatin is an active compound and therefore does not require activation.
Disulfiram {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C9
CYP2C9 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Disulfiram {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) CDKN1A
CDKN1A {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Disulfiram {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) CDC25B
CDC25B {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Disulfiram {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) CCDC86
CCDC86 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Disulfiram {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) MYC
MYC {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Disulfiram {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C9
CYP2C9 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Pitavastatin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Disulfiram {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) CDKN1A
CDKN1A {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Pitavastatin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Disulfiram {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) CDC25B
CDC25B {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Fluvastatin
Fluvastatin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Disulfiram {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) CCDC86
CCDC86 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Fluvastatin
Fluvastatin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Disulfiram {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) MYC
MYC {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Pitavastatin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Disulfiram (Compound) binds CYP2C9 (Gene) and CYP2C9 (Gene) is bound by Atorvastatin (Compound)
Disulfiram (Compound) upregulates CDKN1A (Gene) and CDKN1A (Gene) is upregulated by Atorvastatin (Compound)
Disulfiram (Compound) downregulates CDC25B (Gene) and CDC25B (Gene) is upregulated by Atorvastatin (Compound)
Disulfiram (Compound) downregulates CCDC86 (Gene) and CCDC86 (Gene) is downregulated by Atorvastatin (Compound)
Disulfiram (Compound) upregulates MYC (Gene) and MYC (Gene) is downregulated by Atorvastatin (Compound)
Disulfiram (Compound) binds CYP2C9 (Gene) and CYP2C9 (Gene) is bound by Pitavastatin (Compound) and Pitavastatin (Compound) resembles Atorvastatin (Compound)
Disulfiram (Compound) upregulates CDKN1A (Gene) and CDKN1A (Gene) is upregulated by Pitavastatin (Compound) and Pitavastatin (Compound) resembles Atorvastatin (Compound)
Disulfiram (Compound) downregulates CDC25B (Gene) and CDC25B (Gene) is upregulated by Fluvastatin (Compound) and Fluvastatin (Compound) resembles Atorvastatin (Compound)
Disulfiram (Compound) downregulates CCDC86 (Gene) and CCDC86 (Gene) is downregulated by Fluvastatin (Compound) and Fluvastatin (Compound) resembles Atorvastatin (Compound)
Disulfiram (Compound) upregulates MYC (Gene) and MYC (Gene) is downregulated by Pitavastatin (Compound) and Pitavastatin (Compound) resembles Atorvastatin (Compound)