DDInter351 DDInter1628
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of _Streptomyces venezuelae_ in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106) The FDA has withdrawn all oral drug products containing chloramphenicol, due to the high risk of fatal aplastic anemia associated with this specific route of administration.[L43942,L44022]
Ruxolitinib, formerly known as INCB018424 or INC424, is an anticancer drug and a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2, which are tyrosine kinases involved in cytokine signalling and hematopoiesis. Myeloproliferative neoplasms, such as myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera, are often characterized by aberrant activation of the JAK-STAT pathway, leading to abnormal blood cell counts and thrombotic complications. By inhibiting JAK1 and JAK2, ruxolitinib works to block the dysregulated cell signalling pathways and prevents abnormal blood cell proliferation. Due to a large number of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms who have JAK2 mutations, ruxolitinib was the first ATP-competitive inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2 ever developed. Ruxolitinib was first approved for the treatment of adult patients with myelofibrosis by the FDA in 2011, followed by EMA's approval in 2012. In 2014, it was approved for the treatment of polycythemia vera in adults who have an inadequate response to or are intolerant of [hydroxyurea] and in 2019, ruxolitinib was approved for use in steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease in adults and children. The topical formulation of ruxolitinib is used to treat atopic dermatitis and vitiligo. It is being investigated for other inflammatory skin conditions. Ruxolitinib has been investigated to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) accompanied by severe systemic hyperinflammation. In phase II clinical trials, ruxolitinib improved chest computed tomography and improved recovery in patients with lymphopenia.[A229713, A229718] However, phase III clinical trials later determined that ruxolitinib was inadequate in meeting its primary endpoint of reducing the number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients who experienced severe complications thus the drug was not approved as a treatment for COVID-19.
Chloramphenicol {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ruxolitinib
Chloramphenicol {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) PHKG2
PHKG2 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ruxolitinib
Chloramphenicol {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Headache
Headache {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Ruxolitinib
Chloramphenicol {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) PHKG2
PHKG2 {u} (Gene) regulates {v} (Gene) FOXJ3
FOXJ3 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ruxolitinib
Chloramphenicol {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) PRKCQ
PRKCQ {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Disease) hematologic cancer
hematologic cancer {u} (Disease) is treated by {v} (Compound) Ruxolitinib
Chloramphenicol {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) PHKG2
PHKG2 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) ZNF263
ZNF263 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ruxolitinib
Chloramphenicol {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Nilotinib
Nilotinib {u} (Compound) treats {v} (Disease) hematologic cancer
hematologic cancer {u} (Disease) is treated by {v} (Compound) Ruxolitinib
Chloramphenicol {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) PRKCQ
PRKCQ {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) JAK1
JAK1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ruxolitinib
Chloramphenicol {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Bortezomib
Bortezomib {u} (Compound) treats {v} (Disease) hematologic cancer
hematologic cancer {u} (Disease) is treated by {v} (Compound) Ruxolitinib
Chloramphenicol {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Nilotinib
Nilotinib {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ruxolitinib
Chloramphenicol (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Ruxolitinib (Compound)
Chloramphenicol (Compound) upregulates PHKG2 (Gene) and PHKG2 (Gene) is bound by Ruxolitinib (Compound)
Chloramphenicol (Compound) causes Headache (Side Effect) and Headache (Side Effect) is caused by Ruxolitinib (Compound)
Chloramphenicol (Compound) upregulates PHKG2 (Gene) and PHKG2 (Gene) regulates FOXJ3 (Gene) and FOXJ3 (Gene) is upregulated by Ruxolitinib (Compound)
Chloramphenicol (Compound) upregulates PRKCQ (Gene) and PRKCQ (Gene) is downregulated by hematologic cancer (Disease) and hematologic cancer (Disease) is treated by Ruxolitinib (Compound)
Chloramphenicol (Compound) upregulates PHKG2 (Gene) and PHKG2 (Gene) is regulated by ZNF263 (Gene) and ZNF263 (Gene) is upregulated by Ruxolitinib (Compound)
Chloramphenicol may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Nilotinib and Nilotinib (Compound) treats hematologic cancer (Disease) and hematologic cancer (Disease) is treated by Ruxolitinib (Compound)
Chloramphenicol (Compound) upregulates PRKCQ (Gene) and PRKCQ (Gene) is regulated by JAK1 (Gene) and JAK1 (Gene) is bound by Ruxolitinib (Compound)
Chloramphenicol may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Bortezomib and Bortezomib (Compound) treats hematologic cancer (Disease) and hematologic cancer (Disease) is treated by Ruxolitinib (Compound)
Chloramphenicol may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Nilotinib and Nilotinib (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Ruxolitinib (Compound)