DDInter1008 DDInter1476
Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent used in the prevention and treatment of a variety of fungal infections.[FDA Label] It functions by preventing the synthesis of ergosterol, the fungal equivalent of cholesterol, thereby increasing membrane fluidity and preventing growth of the fungus.[A181802,T116] Ketoconazole was first approved in an oral formulation for systemic use by the FDA in 1981. At this time it was considered a significant improvement over previous antifungals, [miconazole] and [clotrimazole], due to its broad spectrum and good absorption. However, it was discovered that ketoconazole produces frequent gastrointestinal side effects and dose-related hepatitis.[A188054,A188057] These effects combined with waning efficacy led to its eventual replacement by triazole agents, [fluconazole], [itraconazole], [voriconazole], and [posaconazole]. Ketoconazole and its predecessor [clotrimazole] continue
Pirbuterol is a beta-2 adrenergic bronchodilator. In vitro studies and in vivo pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that pirbuterol has a preferential effect on beta-2 Adrenergic receptors compared with isoproterenol. While it is recognized that beta-2 adrenergic receptors are the predominant receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, data indicate that there is a population of beta-2 receptors in the human heart, existing in a concentration between 10-50%. The precise function of these receptors has not been established. The pharmacologic effects of beta adrenergic agonist drugs, including pirbuterol, are at least in proof attributable to stimulation through beta adrenergic receptors of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (AlP) to cyclic-3† ,5†-adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP). Increased c-AMP levels are associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells.
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Dry mouth
Dry mouth {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Pirbuterol
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Dry mouth
Dry mouth {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Terbutaline
Terbutaline {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pirbuterol
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Gastrointestinal pain
Gastrointestinal pain {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Salbutamol
Salbutamol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pirbuterol
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Salbutamol
Salbutamol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pirbuterol
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Posaconazole
Posaconazole {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Salbutamol
Salbutamol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pirbuterol
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Posaconazole
Posaconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Dry mouth
Dry mouth {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Pirbuterol
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) ACAT2
ACAT2 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Clenbuterol
Clenbuterol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pirbuterol
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) DDIT4
DDIT4 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Epinephrine
Epinephrine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pirbuterol
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) INSIG1
INSIG1 {u} (Gene) regulates {v} (Gene) ADRB2
ADRB2 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Pirbuterol
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Itraconazole
Itraconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Dysphonia
Dysphonia {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Pirbuterol
Ketoconazole (Compound) causes Dry mouth (Side Effect) and Dry mouth (Side Effect) is caused by Pirbuterol (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) causes Dry mouth (Side Effect) and Dry mouth (Side Effect) is caused by Terbutaline (Compound) and Terbutaline (Compound) resembles Pirbuterol (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) causes Gastrointestinal pain (Side Effect) and Gastrointestinal pain (Side Effect) is caused by Salbutamol (Compound) and Salbutamol (Compound) resembles Pirbuterol (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Salbutamol (Compound) and Salbutamol (Compound) resembles Pirbuterol (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) resembles Posaconazole (Compound) and Posaconazole may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Salbutamol and Salbutamol (Compound) resembles Pirbuterol (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) resembles Posaconazole (Compound) and Posaconazole (Compound) causes Dry mouth (Side Effect) and Dry mouth (Side Effect) is caused by Pirbuterol (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) upregulates ACAT2 (Gene) and ACAT2 (Gene) is downregulated by Clenbuterol (Compound) and Clenbuterol (Compound) resembles Pirbuterol (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) upregulates DDIT4 (Gene) and DDIT4 (Gene) is upregulated by Epinephrine (Compound) and Epinephrine (Compound) resembles Pirbuterol (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) upregulates INSIG1 (Gene) and INSIG1 (Gene) regulates ADRB2 (Gene) and ADRB2 (Gene) is bound by Pirbuterol (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) resembles Itraconazole (Compound) and Itraconazole (Compound) causes Dysphonia (Side Effect) and Dysphonia (Side Effect) is caused by Pirbuterol (Compound)