DDInter675 DDInter1064
Esmolol, commonly marketed under the trade name Brevibloc, is a cardioselective beta-1 receptor blocker. It has a rapid onset but short duration of action without causing significant intrinsic sympathomimetic or membrane stabilizing activities at recommended therapeutic doses. It works by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart, which leads to decreased force and rate of heart contractions. Esmolol prevents the action of two naturally occurring substances: epinephrine and norepinephrine. The FDA withdrew its approval for the use of all parenteral dosage form drug products containing esmolol hydrochloride that supply 250 milligrams/milliliter of concentrated esmolol per 10-milliliter ampule. Other esmolol formulations are still available for use.
Levothyroxine is a synthetically produced form of thyroxine, a major endogenous hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Also known as L-thyroxine or the brand name product Synthroid, levothyroxine is used primarily to treat hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland is no longer able to produce sufficient quantities of the thyroid hormones T<sub>4</sub> (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine) and T<sub>3</sub> (triiodothyronine or ), resulting in diminished down-stream effects of these hormones. Without sufficient quantities of circulating thyroid hormones, symptoms of hypothyroidism begin to develop such as fatigue, increased heart rate, depression, dry skin and hair, muscle cramps, constipation, weight gain, memory impairment, and poor tolerance to cold temperatures.[F4636,A35722] In response to Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) release by the pituitary gland, a normally functioning thyroid gland will produce and secrete T<sub>4</sub>, which is then converted through deiodination (by type I or type II 5′-deiodinases) into its active metabolite T<sub>3</sub>. While T<sub>4</sub> is the major product secreted by the thyroid gland, T<sub>3</sub> exerts the majority of the physiological effects of the thyroid hormones; T<sub>4</sub> and T<sub>3</sub> have a relative potency of ~1:4 (T4:T3). T<sub>4</sub> and T<sub>3</sub> act on nearly every cell of the body, but have a particularly strong effect on the cardiac system. As a result, many cardiac functions including heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance are closely linked to thyroid status. Prior to the development of levothyroxine, or desiccated thyroid, used to be the mainstay of treatment for hypothyroidism. However, this is no longer recommended for the majority of patients due to several clinical concerns including limited controlled trials supporting its use. Desiccated thyroid products contain a ratio of T4 to T3 of 4.2:1, which is significantly lower than the 14:1 ratio of secretion by the human thyroid gland. This higher proportion of T3 in desiccated thyroid products can lead to supraphysiologic levels of T3 which may put patients at risk of thyrotoxicosis if thyroid extract therapy is not adjusted according to the serum TSH.[A35722, F4636]
Esmolol {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) CEBPA
CEBPA {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Esmolol {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) GTPBP8
GTPBP8 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Esmolol {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Nausea
Nausea {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Esmolol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Metoprolol
Metoprolol {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Levothyroxine
Esmolol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Acebutolol
Acebutolol {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Levothyroxine
Esmolol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pindolol
Pindolol {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Levothyroxine
Esmolol {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) CEBPA
CEBPA {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Dextrothyroxine
Dextrothyroxine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Esmolol {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) GTPBP8
GTPBP8 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Dextrothyroxine
Dextrothyroxine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Esmolol {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Nausea
Nausea {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Dextrothyroxine
Dextrothyroxine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Esmolol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Metoprolol
Metoprolol {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Liothyronine
Liothyronine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Esmolol (Compound) upregulates CEBPA (Gene) and CEBPA (Gene) is upregulated by Levothyroxine (Compound)
Esmolol (Compound) downregulates GTPBP8 (Gene) and GTPBP8 (Gene) is downregulated by Levothyroxine (Compound)
Esmolol (Compound) causes Nausea (Side Effect) and Nausea (Side Effect) is caused by Levothyroxine (Compound)
Esmolol (Compound) resembles Metoprolol (Compound) and Metoprolol may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Levothyroxine
Esmolol (Compound) resembles Acebutolol (Compound) and Acebutolol may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Levothyroxine
Esmolol (Compound) resembles Pindolol (Compound) and Pindolol may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Levothyroxine
Esmolol (Compound) upregulates CEBPA (Gene) and CEBPA (Gene) is upregulated by Dextrothyroxine (Compound) and Dextrothyroxine (Compound) resembles Levothyroxine (Compound)
Esmolol (Compound) downregulates GTPBP8 (Gene) and GTPBP8 (Gene) is downregulated by Dextrothyroxine (Compound) and Dextrothyroxine (Compound) resembles Levothyroxine (Compound)
Esmolol (Compound) causes Nausea (Side Effect) and Nausea (Side Effect) is caused by Dextrothyroxine (Compound) and Dextrothyroxine (Compound) resembles Levothyroxine (Compound)
Esmolol (Compound) resembles Metoprolol (Compound) and Metoprolol may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Liothyronine and Liothyronine (Compound) resembles Levothyroxine (Compound)