DDInter38 DDInter1607
Aldesleukin, a lymphokine, is produced by recombinant DNA technology using a genetically engineered E. coli strain containing an analog of the human interleukin-2 gene. Genetic engineering techniques were used to modify the human IL-2 gene, and the resulting expression clone encodes a modified human interleukin-2. This recombinant form differs from native interleukin-2 in the following ways: a) Aldesleukin is not glycosylated because it is derived from E. coli; b) the molecule has no N-terminal alanine; the codon for this amino acid was deleted during the genetic engineering procedure; c) the molecule has serine substituted for cysteine at amino acid position 125.
Ritonavir is an HIV protease inhibitor that interferes with the reproductive cycle of HIV. Although it was initially developed as an independent antiviral agent, it has been shown to possess advantageous properties in combination regimens with low-dose ritonavir and other protease inhibitors. It is now more commonly used as a booster of other protease inhibitors and is available in both liquid formulations and as capsules. While ritonavir is not an active antiviral agent against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, it is added in combination therapies indicated for the treatment of HCV infections as a booster. Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A inhibitor that increases peak and trough plasma drug concentrations of other protease inhibitors such as and overall drug exposure. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommend ritonavir-boosted combination therapies as first-line therapy for HCV Genotype 1a/b and 4 treatment-naïve patients with or without cirrhosis. Ritonavir is found in a fixed-dose combination product with , , and as the FDA-approved product Viekira Pak. First approved in December 2014, Viekira Pak is indicated for the treatment of HCV genotype 1b without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis, and when combined with Ribavirin for the treatment of HCV genotype 1a without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis. Ritonavir is also available as a fixed-dose combination product with and as the FDA- and Health Canada-approved product Technivie. First approved in July 2015, Technivie is indicated in combination with Ribavirin for the treatment of patients with genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis. In Canada, ritonavir is also available as a fixed-dose combination product with , , and as the Health Canada-approved, commercially available product Holkira Pak. First approved in January 2015, Holkira Pak is indicated for the treatment of HCV genotype 1b with or without cirrhosis, and when combined with Ribavirin for the treatment of HCV genotype 1a with or without cirrhosis. The inclusion of ritonavir can select for HIV-1 protease inhibitor resistance-associated substitutions. Any HCV/HIV-1 co-infected patients treated with ritonavir-containing combination therapies should also be on a suppressive antiretroviral drug regimen to reduce the risk of HIV-1 protease inhibitor drug resistance. Ritonavir is combined with other drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients at risk for progressing into a severe form of the disease, such as [nirmatrelvir].
Aldesleukin {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Cinoxacin
Cinoxacin {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Somnolence
Somnolence {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Aldesleukin {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Ofloxacin
Ofloxacin {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP1A2
CYP1A2 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Aldesleukin {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Sparfloxacin
Sparfloxacin {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) VPS28
VPS28 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Aldesleukin {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Epirubicin
Epirubicin {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCC1
ABCC1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Aldesleukin {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Methyldopa
Methyldopa {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) NT5DC2
NT5DC2 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Aldesleukin {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Epirubicin
Epirubicin {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Furunculosis
Furunculosis {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Aldesleukin {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Tamoxifen
Tamoxifen {u} may lead to a major life threatening interaction when taken with {v} Carfilzomib
Carfilzomib {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Aldesleukin {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)
Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant) {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Carfilzomib
Carfilzomib {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Aldesleukin {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Indinavir
Indinavir {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Lopinavir
Lopinavir {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Aldesleukin {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Alefacept
Alefacept {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Carfilzomib
Carfilzomib {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Aldesleukin may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Cinoxacin and Cinoxacin (Compound) causes Somnolence (Side Effect) and Somnolence (Side Effect) is caused by Ritonavir (Compound)
Aldesleukin may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Ofloxacin and Ofloxacin (Compound) binds CYP1A2 (Gene) and CYP1A2 (Gene) is bound by Ritonavir (Compound)
Aldesleukin may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Sparfloxacin and Sparfloxacin (Compound) downregulates VPS28 (Gene) and VPS28 (Gene) is downregulated by Ritonavir (Compound)
Aldesleukin may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Epirubicin and Epirubicin (Compound) binds ABCC1 (Gene) and ABCC1 (Gene) is bound by Ritonavir (Compound)
Aldesleukin may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Methyldopa and Methyldopa (Compound) downregulates NT5DC2 (Gene) and NT5DC2 (Gene) is downregulated by Ritonavir (Compound)
Aldesleukin may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Epirubicin and Epirubicin (Compound) causes Furunculosis (Side Effect) and Furunculosis (Side Effect) is caused by Ritonavir (Compound)
Aldesleukin may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Tamoxifen and Tamoxifen may lead to a major life threatening interaction when taken with Carfilzomib and Carfilzomib (Compound) resembles Ritonavir (Compound)
Aldesleukin may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant) and Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant) may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Carfilzomib and Carfilzomib (Compound) resembles Ritonavir (Compound)
Aldesleukin may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Indinavir and Indinavir (Compound) resembles Lopinavir (Compound) and Lopinavir (Compound) resembles Ritonavir (Compound)
Aldesleukin may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Alefacept and Alefacept may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Carfilzomib and Carfilzomib (Compound) resembles Ritonavir (Compound)