DDInter1834 DDInter1647
Topiramate is a anti-epileptic drug used to manage seizures and prevent migraines. It was initially approved by the FDA in 1996. In 2004, topiramate was approved for the prevention of migraine in adults.[A188309,L10544,L43478] Since 2012, the extended-release formulation has been approved in combination with [phentermine] for chronic weight management therapy in adults. Characteristics that distinguish topiramate from other antiepileptic drugs are a monosaccharide chemical structure containing a sulfamate, and 40% of its mass accounted for by oxygen. Interestingly, topiramate was discovered by chance when attempts were made to formulate a novel antidiabetic drug.
Scopolamine is a tropane alkaloid isolated from members of the _Solanaceae_ family of plants, similar to [atropine] and [hyoscyamine], all of which structurally mimic the natural neurotransmitter [acetylcholine].[A228423, A228763] Scopolamine was first synthesized in 1959, but to date, synthesis remains less efficient than extracting scopolamine from plants. As an acetylcholine analogue, scopolamine can antagonize muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the central nervous system and throughout the body, inducing several therapeutic and adverse effects related to alteration of parasympathetic nervous system and cholinergic signalling.[A228758, L31578] Due to its dose-dependent adverse effects, scopolamine was the first drug to be offered commercially as a transdermal delivery system, Scopoderm TTS®, in 1981.[A228423, A228758] As a result of its anticholinergic effects, scopolamine is being investigated for diverse therapeutic applications; currently, it is approved for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness and surgical procedures.[A228773, L31578] Scopolamine was first approved by the FDA on December 31, 1979, and is currently available as both oral tablets and a transdermal delivery system.
Topiramate {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Photophobia
Photophobia {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Scopolamine
Topiramate {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Photophobia
Photophobia {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Scopolamine
Topiramate {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Disturbance in attention
Disturbance in attention {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Acetaminophen
Acetaminophen {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Scopolamine
Topiramate {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Muscular weakness
Muscular weakness {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Scopolamine
Topiramate {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Hallucination, visual
Hallucination, visual {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Aripiprazole
Aripiprazole {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Scopolamine
Topiramate {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) DLD
DLD {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Scopolamine
Topiramate {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Dizziness
Dizziness {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Methylscopolamine bromide
Methylscopolamine bromide {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Scopolamine
Topiramate {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Temperature intolerance
Temperature intolerance {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Atropine
Atropine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) and {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Scopolamine
Topiramate {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) DLD
DLD {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) ABCB1
ABCB1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Scopolamine
Topiramate {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) DLD
DLD {u} (Gene) regulates {v} (Gene) MCOLN1
MCOLN1 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Scopolamine
Topiramate (Compound) causes Photophobia (Side Effect) and Photophobia (Side Effect) is caused by Scopolamine (Compound)
Topiramate (Compound) causes Photophobia (Side Effect) and Photophobia (Side Effect) is caused by Hyoscyamine (Compound) and Hyoscyamine may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Scopolamine
Topiramate (Compound) causes Disturbance in attention (Side Effect) and Disturbance in attention (Side Effect) is caused by Acetaminophen (Compound) and Acetaminophen may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Scopolamine
Topiramate (Compound) causes Muscular weakness (Side Effect) and Muscular weakness (Side Effect) is caused by Hydrochlorothiazide (Compound) and Hydrochlorothiazide may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Scopolamine
Topiramate (Compound) causes Hallucination, visual (Side Effect) and Hallucination, visual (Side Effect) is caused by Aripiprazole (Compound) and Aripiprazole may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Scopolamine
Topiramate (Compound) downregulates DLD (Gene) and DLD (Gene) is downregulated by Hyoscyamine (Compound) and Hyoscyamine may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Scopolamine
Topiramate (Compound) causes Dizziness (Side Effect) and Dizziness (Side Effect) is caused by Methylscopolamine bromide (Compound) and Methylscopolamine bromide (Compound) resembles Scopolamine (Compound)
Topiramate (Compound) causes Temperature intolerance (Side Effect) and Temperature intolerance (Side Effect) is caused by Atropine (Compound) and Atropine (Compound) resembles Scopolamine (Compound) and Atropine may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Scopolamine
Topiramate (Compound) downregulates DLD (Gene) and DLD (Gene) is regulated by ABCB1 (Gene) and ABCB1 (Gene) is bound by Scopolamine (Compound)
Topiramate (Compound) downregulates DLD (Gene) and DLD (Gene) regulates MCOLN1 (Gene) and MCOLN1 (Gene) is upregulated by Scopolamine (Compound)