DDInter1042 DDInter132
Leuprolide is a synthetic 9-residue peptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Unlike the endogenous decapeptide GnRH, leuprolide contains a single D-amino acid (D-leucyl) residue, which helps to increase its circulating half-life from three to four minutes to approximately three hours. As a GnRH mimic, leuprolide is capable of binding to the GnRH receptor (GnRHR) and inducing downstream modulation of both gonadotropin hormone and sex steroid levels. Prolonged activation of GnRHR results in significant downregulation of sex steroid levels, which is primarily responsible for the clinical efficacy of leuprolide in diverse conditions, including advanced prostate cancer, endometriosis, and central precocious puberty.[A203126, A203132] Leuprolide was first approved in 1985 as a daily subcutaneous injection under the tradename
Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Also known as the marketed product Strattera, atomoxetine is used with other treatment modalities (psychological, educational, cognitive behaviour therapy, etc) to improve developmentally inappropriate symptoms associated with ADHD including distractibility, short attention span, hyperactivity, emotional lability, and impulsivity. Although the underlying pathophysiology that causes ADHD remains unclear, evidence suggests that dysregulation in noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways plays a critical role in suboptimal executive functioning within prefrontal regions of the brain, which are involved in attention and memory. Atomoxetine has been shown to specifically increase NA and DA within the prefrontal cortex, but not in the nucleus accumbens (NA) or striatum. This is beneficial in the treatment of ADHD as DA activation in the subcortical NA and striatum is associated with many stimulant-associated side effects and an increase in abuse potential, which is a limiting factor associated with the use of stimulant medications such as , , and . Use of non-stimulant medications such as atomoxetine is therefore thought to offer a clinical advantage over the use of traditional medications for the management of ADHD. More recently, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies in rhesus monkeys have shown that atomoxetine also binds to the serotonin transporter (SERT), and blocks the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, indicating a role for the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Long-acting formulations of psychostimulants (such as , , and ) are typically considered the most effective and first-line treatment for ADHD in adults and children as recommended by CADDRA (Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance). However, these stimulant medications are limited by dose-related side effects and concerns of abuse. Many contain a blackbox warning stating that CNS stimulants, including methylphenidate-containing products and amphetamines, have a high potential for abuse and dependence. In particular, increased dopamine in key areas caused by these stimulant medications is associated with their reinforcing and addictive properties, and even amplifies the potency and reinforcing effects of other drugs of abuse such as amphetamines, making ADHD sufferers more susceptible to their addictive effects. Concerns about abuse potential have spurred research into medications with fewer effects on DA and the use of non-stimulant ADHD medications including atomoxetine, and . The non-stimulant norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor (commonly used for the treatment of depression and for smoking cessation) has also been shown to be effective in the treatment of ADHD.
Atomoxetine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Benzatropine
Atomoxetine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Fenoprofen
Atomoxetine {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Pseudoephedrine
Atomoxetine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) HTR2C
Atomoxetine {u} (Compound) palliates {v} (Disease) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Atomoxetine {u} (Compound) is included by {v} (Pharmacologic Class) Norepinephrine Uptake Inhibitors
Atomoxetine {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) FABP5
Atomoxetine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Depressive symptom
Atomoxetine {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Metronidazole
Atomoxetine {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Abarelix
Atomoxetine (Compound) resembles Benzatropine (Compound)
Atomoxetine (Compound) resembles Fenoprofen (Compound)
Atomoxetine may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Pseudoephedrine
Atomoxetine (Compound) binds HTR2C (Gene)
Atomoxetine (Compound) palliates attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Disease)
Atomoxetine (Compound) is included by Norepinephrine Uptake Inhibitors (Pharmacologic Class)
Atomoxetine (Compound) downregulates FABP5 (Gene)
Atomoxetine (Compound) causes Depressive symptom (Side Effect)
Atomoxetine may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Metronidazole
Atomoxetine may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Abarelix