DDInter1064 DDInter1607
Levothyroxine is a synthetically produced form of thyroxine, a major endogenous hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Also known as L-thyroxine or the brand name product Synthroid, levothyroxine is used primarily to treat hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland is no longer able to produce sufficient quantities of the thyroid hormones T<sub>4</sub> (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine) and T<sub>3</sub> (triiodothyronine or ), resulting in diminished down-stream effects of these hormones. Without sufficient quantities of circulating thyroid hormones, symptoms of hypothyroidism begin to develop such as fatigue, increased heart rate, depression, dry skin and hair, muscle cramps, constipation, weight gain, memory impairment, and poor tolerance to cold temperatures.[F4636,A35722] In response to Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) release by
Ritonavir is an HIV protease inhibitor that interferes with the reproductive cycle of HIV. Although it was initially developed as an independent antiviral agent, it has been shown to possess advantageous properties in combination regimens with low-dose ritonavir and other protease inhibitors. It is now more commonly used as a booster of other protease inhibitors and is available in both liquid formulations and as capsules. While ritonavir is not an active antiviral agent against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, it is added in combination therapies indicated for the treatment of HCV infections as a booster. Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A inhibitor that increases peak and trough plasma drug concentrations of other protease inhibitors such as and overall drug exposure. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommend ritonavir-boosted combination therapies as first-line therapy for HCV Genotype 1a/b and 4 treatment-naïve patients with or without cirrhosis. Ritonavir is found in a fixed-dose combination product with , , and as the FDA-approved product Viekira Pak. First approved in December 2014, Viekira Pak is indicated for the treatment of HCV genotype 1b without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis, and when combined with Ribavirin for the treatment of HCV genotype 1a without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis. Ritonavir is also available as a fixed-dose combination product with and as the FDA- and Health Canada-approved product Technivie. First approved in July 2015, Technivie is indicated in combination with Ribavirin for the treatment of patients with genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis. In Canada, ritonavir is also available as a fixed-dose combination product with , , and as the Health Canada-approved, commercially available product Holkira Pak. First approved in January 2015, Holkira Pak is indicated for the treatment of HCV genotype 1b with or without cirrhosis, and when combined with Ribavirin for the treatment of HCV genotype 1a with or without cirrhosis. The inclusion of ritonavir can select for HIV-1 protease inhibitor resistance-associated substitutions. Any HCV/HIV-1 co-infected patients treated with ritonavir-containing combination therapies should also be on a suppressive antiretroviral drug regimen to reduce the risk of HIV-1 protease inhibitor drug resistance. Ritonavir is combined with other drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients at risk for progressing into a severe form of the disease, such as [nirmatrelvir].
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) SLCO1A2
SLCO1A2 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) AGR2
AGR2 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Atazanavir
Atazanavir {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) AGR2
AGR2 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) ABCG2
ABCG2 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Palpitations
Palpitations {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Atazanavir
Atazanavir {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Dextrothyroxine
Dextrothyroxine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) SLCO1B1
SLCO1B1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Lopinavir
Lopinavir {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Dextrothyroxine
Dextrothyroxine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) AGR2
AGR2 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Dextrothyroxine
Dextrothyroxine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Ritonavir
Levothyroxine (Compound) binds SLCO1A2 (Gene) and SLCO1A2 (Gene) is bound by Ritonavir (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) upregulates AGR2 (Gene) and AGR2 (Gene) is upregulated by Ritonavir (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) causes Myocardial infarction (Side Effect) and Myocardial infarction (Side Effect) is caused by Ritonavir (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Atazanavir (Compound) and Atazanavir (Compound) resembles Ritonavir (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) upregulates AGR2 (Gene) and AGR2 (Gene) is regulated by ABCG2 (Gene) and ABCG2 (Gene) is bound by Ritonavir (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) causes Palpitations (Side Effect) and Palpitations (Side Effect) is caused by Atazanavir (Compound) and Atazanavir (Compound) resembles Ritonavir (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) resembles Dextrothyroxine (Compound) and Dextrothyroxine (Compound) binds SLCO1B1 (Gene) and SLCO1B1 (Gene) is bound by Ritonavir (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Lopinavir (Compound) and Lopinavir (Compound) resembles Ritonavir (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) resembles Dextrothyroxine (Compound) and Dextrothyroxine (Compound) upregulates AGR2 (Gene) and AGR2 (Gene) is upregulated by Ritonavir (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) resembles Dextrothyroxine (Compound) and Dextrothyroxine (Compound) causes Myocardial infarction (Side Effect) and Myocardial infarction (Side Effect) is caused by Ritonavir (Compound)