DDInter458 DDInter133
Cyclosporine is a calcineurin inhibitor known for its immunomodulatory properties that prevent organ transplant rejection and treat various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. It is isolated from the fungus _Beauveria nivea_. Initially manufactured by Sandoz and approved for use by the FDA in 1983, cyclosporine is now available in various products by Novartis (previously known as Sandoz).[L11097,L3734,L11118]
Atorvastatin (Lipitor®), is a lipid-lowering drug included in the statin class of medications. By inhibiting the endogenous production of cholesterol in the liver, statins lower abnormal cholesterol and lipid levels, and ultimately reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. More specifically, statin medications competitively inhibit the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) Reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid. This conversion is a critical metabolic reaction involved in the production of several compounds involved in lipid metabolism and transport, including cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (sometimes referred to as "bad cholesterol"), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Prescribing statins is considered standard practice for patients following any cardiovascular event, and for people who are at moderate to high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The evidence supporting statin use, coupled with minimal side effects and long term benefits, has resulted in wide use of this medication in North America.[A181087, A181406] Atorvastatin and other statins including [lovastatin], [pravastatin], [rosuvastatin], [fluvastatin], and [simvastatin] are considered first-line treatment options for dyslipidemia.[A181087, A181406] The increasing use of this class of drugs is largely attributed to the rise in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (such as heart attack, atherosclerosis, angina, peripheral artery disease, and stroke) in many countries. An elevated cholesterol level (elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in particular) is a significant risk factor for the development of CVD.[A181087,A181553] Several landmark studies demonstrate that the use of statins is associated with both a reduction in LDL levels and CVD risk.[A181090,A181093,A181096,A181427,A181475,A181538] Statins were shown to reduce the incidences of all-cause mortality, including fatal and non-fatal CVD, as well as the need for surgical revascularization or angioplasty following a heart attack.[A181087, A181406] Some evidence has shown that even for low-risk individuals (with <10% risk of a major vascular event occurring within five years) statin use leads to a 20%-22% relative reduction in the number of major cardiovascular events (heart attack, stroke, coronary revascularization, and coronary death) for every 1 mmol/L reduction in LDL without any significant side effects or risks.[A181397, A181403] Atorvastatin was first synthesized in 1985 by Dr. Bruce Roth and approved by the FDA in 1996. It is a pentasubstituted pyrrole formed by two contrasting moieties with an achiral heterocyclic core unit and a 3,5-dihydroxypentanoyl side chain identical to its parent compound. Unlike other members of the statin group, atorvastatin is an active compound and therefore does not require activation.
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2D6
CYP2D6 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) CDKN1A
CDKN1A {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) CDC25B
CDC25B {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) CCDC86
CCDC86 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) MYC
MYC {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2D6
CYP2D6 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Fluvastatin
Fluvastatin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) SLCO1A2
SLCO1A2 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Simvastatin
Simvastatin {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Atorvastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCC1
ABCC1 {u} (Gene) is associated with {v} (Disease) hypertension
hypertension {u} (Disease) is treated by {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) CDKN1A
CDKN1A {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Pitavastatin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) CDC25B
CDC25B {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Fluvastatin
Fluvastatin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds CYP2D6 (Gene) and CYP2D6 (Gene) is bound by Atorvastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) upregulates CDKN1A (Gene) and CDKN1A (Gene) is upregulated by Atorvastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) downregulates CDC25B (Gene) and CDC25B (Gene) is upregulated by Atorvastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) downregulates CCDC86 (Gene) and CCDC86 (Gene) is downregulated by Atorvastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) upregulates MYC (Gene) and MYC (Gene) is downregulated by Atorvastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds CYP2D6 (Gene) and CYP2D6 (Gene) is bound by Fluvastatin (Compound) and Fluvastatin (Compound) resembles Atorvastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds SLCO1A2 (Gene) and SLCO1A2 (Gene) is bound by Simvastatin (Compound) and Simvastatin may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Atorvastatin
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds ABCC1 (Gene) and ABCC1 (Gene) is associated with hypertension (Disease) and hypertension (Disease) is treated by Atorvastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) upregulates CDKN1A (Gene) and CDKN1A (Gene) is upregulated by Pitavastatin (Compound) and Pitavastatin (Compound) resembles Atorvastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) downregulates CDC25B (Gene) and CDC25B (Gene) is upregulated by Fluvastatin (Compound) and Fluvastatin (Compound) resembles Atorvastatin (Compound)