DDInter1008 DDInter1472
Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent used in the prevention and treatment of a variety of fungal infections.[FDA Label] It functions by preventing the synthesis of ergosterol, the fungal equivalent of cholesterol, thereby increasing membrane fluidity and preventing growth of the fungus.[A181802,T116] Ketoconazole was first approved in an oral formulation for systemic use by the FDA in 1981. At this time it was considered a significant improvement over previous antifungals, [miconazole] and [clotrimazole], due to its broad spectrum and good absorption. However, it was discovered that ketoconazole produces frequent gastrointestinal side effects and dose-related hepatitis.[A188054,A188057] These effects combined with waning efficacy led to its eventual replacement by triazole agents, [fluconazole], [itraconazole], [voriconazole], and [posaconazole]. Ketoconazole and its predecessor [clotrimazole] continue
Pioglitazone is an antihyperglycemic used as an adjunct to diet, exercise, and other antidiabetic medications to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus.[L11416,L11419,L11422,L11425] It is administered as a racemic mixture, though there is no pharmacologic difference between the enantiomers and they appear to interconvert _in vivo_ with little consequence. The thiazolidinedione class of medications, which also includes [rosiglitazone] and [troglitazone], exerts its pharmacological effect primarily by promoting insulin sensitivity and the improved uptake of blood glucose via agonism at the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors that are involved in the expression of more than 100 genes and affect numerous metabolic processes, most notably lipid and glucose homeostasis. Thiazolidinediones, including pioglitazone, have fallen out of favor in recent years due to the presence of multiple adverse effects and warnings regarding their use (e.g. congestive heart failure, bladder cancer) and the availability of safer and more effective alternatives for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2D6
CYP2D6 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Pioglitazone
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Anaphylactic shock
Anaphylactic shock {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Pioglitazone
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2D6
CYP2D6 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Rosiglitazone
Rosiglitazone {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pioglitazone
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is associated with {v} (Disease) type 2 diabetes mellitus
type 2 diabetes mellitus {u} (Disease) is treated by {v} (Compound) Pioglitazone
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Anaphylactic shock
Anaphylactic shock {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Rosiglitazone
Rosiglitazone {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pioglitazone
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Pioglitazone
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Abdominal pain upper
Abdominal pain upper {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Raltegravir
Raltegravir {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Pioglitazone
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Itraconazole
Itraconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2D6
CYP2D6 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Pioglitazone
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2D6
CYP2D6 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Nifedipine
Nifedipine {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Pioglitazone
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2D6
CYP2D6 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Isoniazid
Isoniazid {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Pioglitazone
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds CYP2D6 (Gene) and CYP2D6 (Gene) is bound by Pioglitazone (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) causes Anaphylactic shock (Side Effect) and Anaphylactic shock (Side Effect) is caused by Pioglitazone (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds CYP2D6 (Gene) and CYP2D6 (Gene) is bound by Rosiglitazone (Compound) and Rosiglitazone (Compound) resembles Pioglitazone (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (Disease) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Disease) is treated by Pioglitazone (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) causes Anaphylactic shock (Side Effect) and Anaphylactic shock (Side Effect) is caused by Rosiglitazone (Compound) and Rosiglitazone (Compound) resembles Pioglitazone (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) causes Hypersensitivity (Side Effect) and Hypersensitivity (Side Effect) is caused by Levonorgestrel (Compound) and Levonorgestrel may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Pioglitazone
Ketoconazole (Compound) causes Abdominal pain upper (Side Effect) and Abdominal pain upper (Side Effect) is caused by Raltegravir (Compound) and Raltegravir may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Pioglitazone
Ketoconazole (Compound) resembles Itraconazole (Compound) and Itraconazole (Compound) binds CYP2D6 (Gene) and CYP2D6 (Gene) is bound by Pioglitazone (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds CYP2D6 (Gene) and CYP2D6 (Gene) is bound by Nifedipine (Compound) and Nifedipine may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Pioglitazone
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds CYP2D6 (Gene) and CYP2D6 (Gene) is bound by Isoniazid (Compound) and Isoniazid may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Pioglitazone