DDInter458 DDInter1479
Cyclosporine is a calcineurin inhibitor known for its immunomodulatory properties that prevent organ transplant rejection and treat various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. It is isolated from the fungus _Beauveria nivea_. Initially manufactured by Sandoz and approved for use by the FDA in 1983, cyclosporine is now available in various products by Novartis (previously known as Sandoz).[L11097,L3734,L11118]
Pitavastatin, also known as the brand name product Livalo, is a lipid-lowering drug belonging to the statin class of medications. By inhibiting the endogenous production of cholesterol within the liver, statins lower abnormal cholesterol and lipid levels and ultimately reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. More specifically, statin medications competitively inhibit the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) Reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid. This is the third step in a sequence of metabolic reactions involved in the production of several compounds involved in lipid metabolism and transport including cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (sometimes referred to as "bad cholesterol"), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Prescribing of statin medications is considered standard practice following any cardiovascular events and for people with a moderate to high risk of development of CVD, such as those with Type 2 Diabetes. The clear evidence of the benefit of statin use coupled with very minimal side effects or long term effects has resulted in this class becoming one of the most widely prescribed medications in North America.[A181087, A181406] Pitavastatin and other drugs from the statin class of medications including [atorvastatin], [pravastatin], [rosuvastatin], [fluvastatin], and [lovastatin] are considered first-line options for the treatment of dyslipidemia.[A181087, A181406] Increasing use of the statin class of drugs is largely due to the fact that cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes heart attack, atherosclerosis, angina, peripheral artery disease, and stroke, has become a leading cause of death in high-income countries and a major cause of morbidity around the world. Elevated cholesterol levels, and in particular, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, are an important risk factor for the development of CVD.[A181087,A181553] Use of statins to target and reduce LDL levels has been shown in a number of landmark studies to significantly reduce the risk of development of CVD and all-cause mortality.[A181090,A181093,A181096,A181427,A181475,A181538] Statins are considered a cost-effective treatment option for CVD due to their evidence of reducing all-cause mortality including fatal and non-fatal CVD as well as the need for surgical revascularization or angioplasty following a heart attack.[A181087, A181406] Evidence has shown that even for low-risk individuals (with <10% risk of a major vascular event occurring within 5 years) statins cause a 20%-22% relative reduction in major cardiovascular events (heart attack, stroke, coronary revascularization, and coronary death) for every 1 mmol/L reduction in LDL without any significant side effects or risks.[A181397, A181403] While all statin medications are considered equally effective from a clinical standpoint, [rosuvastatin] is considered the most potent; doses of 10 to 40mg [rosuvastatin] per day were found in clinical studies to result in a 45.8% to 54.6% decrease in LDL cholesterol levels.[A181409,A181535,A181538,A1793] Study data has confirmed that pitavastatin's potency in lowering LDL-C is comparable to that of other statins but also has increased efficacy in increasing HDL-C (also known as "good cholesterol").[A182000,A182003,A182006] Despite these differences in potency, several trials have demonstrated only minimal differences in terms of clinical outcomes between statins.[A181538, A181427]
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCG2
ABCG2 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) ST6GALNAC2
ST6GALNAC2 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) HSPA1A
HSPA1A {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) PLK1
PLK1 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) XBP1
XBP1 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Dermatitis
Dermatitis {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCG2
ABCG2 {u} (Gene) regulates {v} (Gene) FAM63A
FAM63A {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C8
CYP2C8 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Fluvastatin
Fluvastatin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCB1
ABCB1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Atorvastatin
Atorvastatin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) ST6GALNAC2
ST6GALNAC2 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Fluvastatin
Fluvastatin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pitavastatin
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds ABCG2 (Gene) and ABCG2 (Gene) is bound by Pitavastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) upregulates ST6GALNAC2 (Gene) and ST6GALNAC2 (Gene) is upregulated by Pitavastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) downregulates HSPA1A (Gene) and HSPA1A (Gene) is upregulated by Pitavastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) downregulates PLK1 (Gene) and PLK1 (Gene) is downregulated by Pitavastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) upregulates XBP1 (Gene) and XBP1 (Gene) is downregulated by Pitavastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) causes Dermatitis (Side Effect) and Dermatitis (Side Effect) is caused by Pitavastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds ABCG2 (Gene) and ABCG2 (Gene) regulates FAM63A (Gene) and FAM63A (Gene) is upregulated by Pitavastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds CYP2C8 (Gene) and CYP2C8 (Gene) is bound by Fluvastatin (Compound) and Fluvastatin (Compound) resembles Pitavastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds ABCB1 (Gene) and ABCB1 (Gene) is bound by Atorvastatin (Compound) and Atorvastatin (Compound) resembles Pitavastatin (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) upregulates ST6GALNAC2 (Gene) and ST6GALNAC2 (Gene) is upregulated by Fluvastatin (Compound) and Fluvastatin (Compound) resembles Pitavastatin (Compound)