DDInter1035 DDInter1562
Lenalidomide (previously referred to as CC-5013) is an immunomodulatory drug with potent antineoplastic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is a 4-amino-glutamyl analogue of [thalidomide] and like thalidomide, lenalidomide exists as a racemic mixture of the active S(-) and R(+) forms. However, lenalidomide is much safer and potent than thalidomide, with fewer adverse effects and toxicities.[A714, A228543] Thalidomide and its analogues, including lenalidomide, are referred to as immunomodulatory imide drugs (also known as cereblon modulators), which are a class of immunomodulatory drugs that contain an imide group. Lenalidomide works through various mechanisms of actions that promote malignant cell death and enhance host immunity
Raloxifene is a second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that mediates anti-estrogenic effects on breast and uterine tissues, and estrogenic effects on bone, lipid metabolism, and blood coagulation.[A4979,T28] Exhibiting tissue-specific effects distinct from [estradiol], raloxifene is the first of the benzothiophene group of antiestrogens to be labelled a SERM. Available in many countries worldwide, raloxifene was initially approved by the FDA in December, 1997 under the market name Evista® for the management and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and reduction in risk for invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or those who are at high risk for invasive breast cancer. However, it has a negligible effect on altering the development and progression of breast cancer itself.[label] The most common causes of osteoporosis include postmenopausal deficiency of estrogen and age-related deterioration in bone homeostasis. Due to the risk of bone fractures that may lead to morbidities and reduced quality of life, the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with the use of therapeutic agents in addition to concurrent therapies is critical. Due to the decline in estrogen levels in postmenopausal osteoporosis, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), such as estradiol, has been used to ameliorate the condition. However, due to the off-target actions by HRT, newer non-hormonal agents such as raloxifene and [tamoxifen] have been developed to reduce adverse events through selective pharmacological actions on tissue-specific therapeutic targets. The main effects of raloxifene are to preserve the bone mineral density and decrease the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Compared to estrogen and tamoxifen, raloxifene was not associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer and it does not cause endometrial proliferation. Although rare, there was an increased risk of venous thromboembolism during clinical trials of postmenopausal women receiving raloxifene. In addition, a clinical study consisting of postmenopausal women with documented coronary heart disease or at increased risk for coronary events showed an increased risk for fatal stroke with raloxifene therapy compared to placebo.[label] It is strongly advised that the risk-benefit ratio is considered before starting raloxifene therapy in women at risk of thromboembolic disease or strokes, such as the prior history of stroke, transient ischemic attack, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, or cigarette smoking.[label]
Lenalidomide {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) SQRDL
SQRDL {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lenalidomide {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) IER3
IER3 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lenalidomide {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Depression
Depression {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lenalidomide {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) SQRDL
SQRDL {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) ESR1
ESR1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lenalidomide {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) IER3
IER3 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) ESR1
ESR1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lenalidomide {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Skin disorder
Skin disorder {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Flavoxate
Flavoxate {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lenalidomide {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Thalidomide
Thalidomide {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP1A1
CYP1A1 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lenalidomide {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) SQRDL
SQRDL {u} (Gene) regulates {v} (Gene) TXNRD1
TXNRD1 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lenalidomide {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) IER3
IER3 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) HMGCR
HMGCR {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lenalidomide {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pomalidomide
Pomalidomide {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lenalidomide (Compound) upregulates SQRDL (Gene) and SQRDL (Gene) is upregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lenalidomide (Compound) downregulates IER3 (Gene) and IER3 (Gene) is downregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lenalidomide (Compound) causes Depression (Side Effect) and Depression (Side Effect) is caused by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lenalidomide (Compound) upregulates SQRDL (Gene) and SQRDL (Gene) is regulated by ESR1 (Gene) and ESR1 (Gene) is bound by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lenalidomide (Compound) downregulates IER3 (Gene) and IER3 (Gene) is regulated by ESR1 (Gene) and ESR1 (Gene) is bound by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lenalidomide (Compound) causes Skin disorder (Side Effect) and Skin disorder (Side Effect) is caused by Flavoxate (Compound) and Flavoxate (Compound) resembles Raloxifene (Compound)
Lenalidomide (Compound) resembles Thalidomide (Compound) and Thalidomide (Compound) binds CYP1A1 (Gene) and CYP1A1 (Gene) is upregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lenalidomide (Compound) upregulates SQRDL (Gene) and SQRDL (Gene) regulates TXNRD1 (Gene) and TXNRD1 (Gene) is upregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lenalidomide (Compound) downregulates IER3 (Gene) and IER3 (Gene) is regulated by HMGCR (Gene) and HMGCR (Gene) is upregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lenalidomide (Compound) resembles Pomalidomide (Compound) and Pomalidomide (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Raloxifene (Compound)