DDInter458 DDInter1388
Cyclosporine is a calcineurin inhibitor known for its immunomodulatory properties that prevent organ transplant rejection and treat various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. It is isolated from the fungus _Beauveria nivea_. Initially manufactured by Sandoz and approved for use by the FDA in 1983, cyclosporine is now available in various products by Novartis (previously known as Sandoz).[L11097,L3734,L11118]
Pantoprazole is a first-generation proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), for gastric protection to prevent recurrence of stomach ulcers or gastric damage from chronic use of NSAIDs, and for the treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions including Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) Syndrome. It can also be found in quadruple regimens for the treatment of _H. pylori_ infections along with other antibiotics including [amoxicillin], [clarithromycin], and [metronidazole], for example. Its efficacy is considered similar to other medications within the PPI class including [omeprazole], [esomeprazole], [lansoprazole], [dexlansoprazole], and [rabeprazole]. Pantoprazole exerts its stomach acid-suppressing effects by preventing the final step in gastric acid production by covalently binding to sulfhydryl groups of cysteines found on the (H+, K+)-ATPase enzyme at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cell. This effect leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion, irrespective of the stimulus. As the binding of pantoprazole to the (H+, K+)-ATPase enzyme is irreversible and new enzyme needs to be expressed in order to resume acid secretion, pantoprazole's duration of antisecretory effect persists longer than 24 hours.[FDA Label] Due to their good safety profile and as several PPIs are available over the counter without a prescription, their current use in North America is widespread. Long term use of PPIs such as pantoprazole have been associated with possible adverse effects, however, including increased susceptibility to bacterial infections (including gastrointestinal _C. difficile_), reduced absorption of micronutrients including iron and B12, and an increased risk of developing hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia which may contribute to osteoporosis and bone fractures later in life. PPIs such as pantoprazole have also been shown to inhibit the activity of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), an enzyme necessary for cardiovascular health. DDAH inhibition causes a consequent accumulation of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginie (ADMA), which is thought to cause the association of PPIs with increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with unstable coronary syndromes.[A177577, A177580] Pantoprazole doses should be slowly lowered, or tapered, before discontinuing as rapid discontinuation of PPIs such as pantoprazole may cause a rebound effect and a short term increase in hypersecretion.
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C9
CYP2C9 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Gastritis
Gastritis {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C9
CYP2C9 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Omeprazole
Omeprazole {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) SLCO1B1
SLCO1B1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Simvastatin
Simvastatin {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Gastritis
Gastritis {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Omeprazole
Omeprazole {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Liver injury
Liver injury {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Duloxetine
Duloxetine {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Sepsis
Sepsis {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Bortezomib
Bortezomib {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Unspecified disorder of autonomic nervous system
Unspecified disorder of autonomic nervous system {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCB1
ABCB1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Acetylsalicylic acid
Acetylsalicylic acid {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Bursitis
Bursitis {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds CYP2C9 (Gene) and CYP2C9 (Gene) is bound by Pantoprazole (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) causes Gastritis (Side Effect) and Gastritis (Side Effect) is caused by Pantoprazole (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds CYP2C9 (Gene) and CYP2C9 (Gene) is bound by Omeprazole (Compound) and Omeprazole (Compound) resembles Pantoprazole (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds SLCO1B1 (Gene) and SLCO1B1 (Gene) is bound by Simvastatin (Compound) and Simvastatin may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine (Compound) causes Gastritis (Side Effect) and Gastritis (Side Effect) is caused by Omeprazole (Compound) and Omeprazole (Compound) resembles Pantoprazole (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) causes Liver injury (Side Effect) and Liver injury (Side Effect) is caused by Duloxetine (Compound) and Duloxetine may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine (Compound) causes Sepsis (Side Effect) and Sepsis (Side Effect) is caused by Bortezomib (Compound) and Bortezomib may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine (Compound) causes Unspecified disorder of autonomic nervous system (Side Effect) and Unspecified disorder of autonomic nervous system (Side Effect) is caused by Clopidogrel (Compound) and Clopidogrel may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds ABCB1 (Gene) and ABCB1 (Gene) is bound by Acetylsalicylic acid (Compound) and Acetylsalicylic acid may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Pantoprazole
Cyclosporine (Compound) causes Bursitis (Side Effect) and Bursitis (Side Effect) is caused by Fluvoxamine (Compound) and Fluvoxamine may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Pantoprazole