DDInter1853 DDInter1008
Tretinoin, also known as all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), is a naturally occurring derivative of [vitamin A] (retinol). It is an oxidation product in the physiological pathway of vitamin A metabolism. In human circulation, tretinoin is normally found at very low concentrations, approximately 4 to 14 nmol/L. Tretinoin exhibits anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, antioxidant, and free radical-scavenging activities. It has been used in dermatology for many years to treat various skin conditions ranging from acne to wrinkles [A257474,A258185] and activates nuclear receptors to regulate epithelial cell growth and differentiation.[A257474,A257629,A257609] Tretinoin is given orally to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia and topically to treat skin conditions such as acne.[L45389,L34869,L45384]
Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent used in the prevention and treatment of a variety of fungal infections.[FDA Label] It functions by preventing the synthesis of ergosterol, the fungal equivalent of cholesterol, thereby increasing membrane fluidity and preventing growth of the fungus.[A181802,T116] Ketoconazole was first approved in an oral formulation for systemic use by the FDA in 1981. At this time it was considered a significant improvement over previous antifungals, [miconazole] and [clotrimazole], due to its broad spectrum and good absorption. However, it was discovered that ketoconazole produces frequent gastrointestinal side effects and dose-related hepatitis.[A188054,A188057] These effects combined with waning efficacy led to its eventual replacement by triazole agents, [fluconazole], [itraconazole], [voriconazole], and [posaconazole]. Ketoconazole and its predecessor [clotrimazole] continue to be used in topical formulations.
Tretinoin {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Tretinoin {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) HMGCS1
HMGCS1 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Tretinoin {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) DDIT4
DDIT4 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Tretinoin {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) SLC35F2
SLC35F2 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Tretinoin {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Tretinoin {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Itraconazole
Itraconazole {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Tretinoin {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) HMGCS1
HMGCS1 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) SLC35F2
SLC35F2 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Tretinoin {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) DDIT4
DDIT4 {u} (Gene) regulates {v} (Gene) ALAS1
ALAS1 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Tretinoin {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) ALAS1
ALAS1 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Econazole
Econazole {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Tretinoin {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) NPC1
NPC1 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) AR
AR {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Tretinoin (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Ketoconazole (Compound)
Tretinoin (Compound) downregulates HMGCS1 (Gene) and HMGCS1 (Gene) is upregulated by Ketoconazole (Compound)
Tretinoin (Compound) upregulates DDIT4 (Gene) and DDIT4 (Gene) is upregulated by Ketoconazole (Compound)
Tretinoin (Compound) downregulates SLC35F2 (Gene) and SLC35F2 (Gene) is downregulated by Ketoconazole (Compound)
Tretinoin (Compound) causes Hypersensitivity (Side Effect) and Hypersensitivity (Side Effect) is caused by Ketoconazole (Compound)
Tretinoin (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Itraconazole (Compound) and Itraconazole (Compound) resembles Ketoconazole (Compound)
Tretinoin (Compound) downregulates HMGCS1 (Gene) and HMGCS1 (Gene) is regulated by SLC35F2 (Gene) and SLC35F2 (Gene) is downregulated by Ketoconazole (Compound)
Tretinoin (Compound) upregulates DDIT4 (Gene) and DDIT4 (Gene) regulates ALAS1 (Gene) and ALAS1 (Gene) is upregulated by Ketoconazole (Compound)
Tretinoin (Compound) upregulates ALAS1 (Gene) and ALAS1 (Gene) is upregulated by Econazole (Compound) and Econazole (Compound) resembles Ketoconazole (Compound)
Tretinoin (Compound) upregulates NPC1 (Gene) and NPC1 (Gene) is regulated by AR (Gene) and AR (Gene) is bound by Ketoconazole (Compound)