DDInter1066 DDInter1562
Ever since its discovery and availability for sale and use in the late 1940s, lidocaine has become an exceptionally commonly used medication. In particular, lidocaine's principal mode of action in acting as a local anesthetic that numbs the sensations of tissues means the agent is indicated for facilitating local anesthesia for a large variety of surgical procedures [F4349, L5930, L5948]. It ultimately elicits its numbing activity by blocking sodium channels so that the neurons of local tissues that have the medication applied on are transiently incapable of signaling the brain regarding sensations [F4349, L5930, L5948]. In doing so, however, it can block or decrease muscle contractile, resulting in effects like vasodilation, hypotension, and irregular heart rate, among others [F4349, L5930, L5948]. As a result, lidocaine is also considered a class Ib anti-arrhythmic agent [L
Raloxifene is a second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that mediates anti-estrogenic effects on breast and uterine tissues, and estrogenic effects on bone, lipid metabolism, and blood coagulation.[A4979,T28] Exhibiting tissue-specific effects distinct from [estradiol], raloxifene is the first of the benzothiophene group of antiestrogens to be labelled a SERM. Available in many countries worldwide, raloxifene was initially approved by the FDA in December, 1997 under the market name Evista® for the management and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and reduction in risk for invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or those who are at high risk for invasive breast cancer. However, it has a negligible effect on altering the development and progression of breast cancer itself.[label] The most common causes of osteoporosis include postmenopausal deficiency of estrogen and age-related deterioration in bone homeostasis. Due to the risk of bone fractures that may lead to morbidities and reduced quality of life, the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with the use of therapeutic agents in addition to concurrent therapies is critical. Due to the decline in estrogen levels in postmenopausal osteoporosis, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), such as estradiol, has been used to ameliorate the condition. However, due to the off-target actions by HRT, newer non-hormonal agents such as raloxifene and [tamoxifen] have been developed to reduce adverse events through selective pharmacological actions on tissue-specific therapeutic targets. The main effects of raloxifene are to preserve the bone mineral density and decrease the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Compared to estrogen and tamoxifen, raloxifene was not associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer and it does not cause endometrial proliferation. Although rare, there was an increased risk of venous thromboembolism during clinical trials of postmenopausal women receiving raloxifene. In addition, a clinical study consisting of postmenopausal women with documented coronary heart disease or at increased risk for coronary events showed an increased risk for fatal stroke with raloxifene therapy compared to placebo.[label] It is strongly advised that the risk-benefit ratio is considered before starting raloxifene therapy in women at risk of thromboembolic disease or strokes, such as the prior history of stroke, transient ischemic attack, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, or cigarette smoking.[label]
Lidocaine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C8
CYP2C8 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lidocaine {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) CCDC86
CCDC86 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lidocaine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Dizziness
Dizziness {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lidocaine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C8
CYP2C8 {u} (Gene) interacts with {v} (Gene) LONP1
LONP1 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lidocaine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is associated with {v} (Disease) breast cancer
breast cancer {u} (Disease) is treated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lidocaine {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) CCDC86
CCDC86 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) VAV3
VAV3 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lidocaine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Nausea
Nausea {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Flavoxate
Flavoxate {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lidocaine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ropivacaine
Ropivacaine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lidocaine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C8
CYP2C8 {u} (Gene) interacts with {v} (Gene) BLMH
BLMH {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lidocaine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) covaries with {v} (Gene) HSD17B4
HSD17B4 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Lidocaine (Compound) binds CYP2C8 (Gene) and CYP2C8 (Gene) is bound by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lidocaine (Compound) downregulates CCDC86 (Gene) and CCDC86 (Gene) is downregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lidocaine (Compound) causes Dizziness (Side Effect) and Dizziness (Side Effect) is caused by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lidocaine (Compound) binds CYP2C8 (Gene) and CYP2C8 (Gene) interacts with LONP1 (Gene) and LONP1 (Gene) is downregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lidocaine (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is associated with breast cancer (Disease) and breast cancer (Disease) is treated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lidocaine (Compound) downregulates CCDC86 (Gene) and CCDC86 (Gene) is regulated by VAV3 (Gene) and VAV3 (Gene) is upregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lidocaine (Compound) causes Nausea (Side Effect) and Nausea (Side Effect) is caused by Flavoxate (Compound) and Flavoxate (Compound) resembles Raloxifene (Compound)
Lidocaine (Compound) resembles Ropivacaine (Compound) and Ropivacaine (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lidocaine (Compound) binds CYP2C8 (Gene) and CYP2C8 (Gene) interacts with BLMH (Gene) and BLMH (Gene) is downregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Lidocaine (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) covaries with HSD17B4 (Gene) and HSD17B4 (Gene) is upregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)