DDInter458 DDInter1008
Cyclosporine is a calcineurin inhibitor known for its immunomodulatory properties that prevent organ transplant rejection and treat various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. It is isolated from the fungus _Beauveria nivea_. Initially manufactured by Sandoz and approved for use by the FDA in 1983, cyclosporine is now available in various products by Novartis (previously known as Sandoz).[L11097,L3734,L11118]
Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent used in the prevention and treatment of a variety of fungal infections.[FDA Label] It functions by preventing the synthesis of ergosterol, the fungal equivalent of cholesterol, thereby increasing membrane fluidity and preventing growth of the fungus.[A181802,T116] Ketoconazole was first approved in an oral formulation for systemic use by the FDA in 1981. At this time it was considered a significant improvement over previous antifungals, [miconazole] and [clotrimazole], due to its broad spectrum and good absorption. However, it was discovered that ketoconazole produces frequent gastrointestinal side effects and dose-related hepatitis.[A188054,A188057] These effects combined with waning efficacy led to its eventual replacement by triazole agents, [fluconazole], [itraconazole], [voriconazole], and [posaconazole]. Ketoconazole and its predecessor [clotrimazole] continue to be used in topical formulations.
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) INSIG1
INSIG1 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) is included by {v} (Pharmacologic Class) Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitors
Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitors {u} (Pharmacologic Class) includes {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Itraconazole
Itraconazole {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) INSIG1
INSIG1 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Itraconazole
Itraconazole {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) HMGCS1
HMGCS1 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) SLC35F2
SLC35F2 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) ABHD4
ABHD4 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) ACAT2
ACAT2 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) DDIT4
DDIT4 {u} (Gene) regulates {v} (Gene) ALAS1
ALAS1 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Cyclosporine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) NPC1
NPC1 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) AR
AR {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Ketoconazole
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Ketoconazole (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) upregulates INSIG1 (Gene) and INSIG1 (Gene) is upregulated by Ketoconazole (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) is included by Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitors (Pharmacologic Class) and Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitors (Pharmacologic Class) includes Ketoconazole (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) causes Hypersensitivity (Side Effect) and Hypersensitivity (Side Effect) is caused by Ketoconazole (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Itraconazole (Compound) and Itraconazole (Compound) resembles Ketoconazole (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) upregulates INSIG1 (Gene) and INSIG1 (Gene) is upregulated by Itraconazole (Compound) and Itraconazole (Compound) resembles Ketoconazole (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) upregulates HMGCS1 (Gene) and HMGCS1 (Gene) is regulated by SLC35F2 (Gene) and SLC35F2 (Gene) is downregulated by Ketoconazole (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) upregulates ABHD4 (Gene) and ABHD4 (Gene) is regulated by ACAT2 (Gene) and ACAT2 (Gene) is upregulated by Ketoconazole (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) upregulates DDIT4 (Gene) and DDIT4 (Gene) regulates ALAS1 (Gene) and ALAS1 (Gene) is upregulated by Ketoconazole (Compound)
Cyclosporine (Compound) upregulates NPC1 (Gene) and NPC1 (Gene) is regulated by AR (Gene) and AR (Gene) is bound by Ketoconazole (Compound)