DDInter130 DDInter1064
Atenolol is a cardioselective beta-blocker used in a variety of cardiovascular conditions. Sir James Black, a Scottish pharmacologist, pioneered the use of beta-blockers for the management of angina pectoris in 1958 for which he received the Nobel Prize. Beta-blockers quickly became popular in clinical use and where subsequently investigated for use in myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and hypertension during the 1960s. Later they continued to be investigated for use in heart failure throughout the 1970-1980s. Atenolol itself was developed early on in this history by Alvogen Malta under the trade name Tenormin and received FDA approval in September, 1981.[label] Despite being one of the most widely prescribed beta blockers, evidence suggests atenolol may not significantly reduce mortality, and only modestly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension.[A235850,A235855] A Cochrane review
Levothyroxine is a synthetically produced form of thyroxine, a major endogenous hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Also known as L-thyroxine or the brand name product Synthroid, levothyroxine is used primarily to treat hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland is no longer able to produce sufficient quantities of the thyroid hormones T<sub>4</sub> (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine) and T<sub>3</sub> (triiodothyronine or ), resulting in diminished down-stream effects of these hormones. Without sufficient quantities of circulating thyroid hormones, symptoms of hypothyroidism begin to develop such as fatigue, increased heart rate, depression, dry skin and hair, muscle cramps, constipation, weight gain, memory impairment, and poor tolerance to cold temperatures.[F4636,A35722] In response to Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) release by the pituitary gland, a normally functioning thyroid gland will produce and secrete T<sub>4</sub>, which is then converted through deiodination (by type I or type II 5′-deiodinases) into its active metabolite T<sub>3</sub>. While T<sub>4</sub> is the major product secreted by the thyroid gland, T<sub>3</sub> exerts the majority of the physiological effects of the thyroid hormones; T<sub>4</sub> and T<sub>3</sub> have a relative potency of ~1:4 (T4:T3). T<sub>4</sub> and T<sub>3</sub> act on nearly every cell of the body, but have a particularly strong effect on the cardiac system. As a result, many cardiac functions including heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance are closely linked to thyroid status. Prior to the development of levothyroxine, or desiccated thyroid, used to be the mainstay of treatment for hypothyroidism. However, this is no longer recommended for the majority of patients due to several clinical concerns including limited controlled trials supporting its use. Desiccated thyroid products contain a ratio of T4 to T3 of 4.2:1, which is significantly lower than the 14:1 ratio of secretion by the human thyroid gland. This higher proportion of T3 in desiccated thyroid products can lead to supraphysiologic levels of T3 which may put patients at risk of thyrotoxicosis if thyroid extract therapy is not adjusted according to the serum TSH.[A35722, F4636]
Atenolol {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCB1
ABCB1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Atenolol {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Disorientation
Disorientation {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Atenolol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Metoprolol
Metoprolol {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Levothyroxine
Atenolol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Acebutolol
Acebutolol {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Levothyroxine
Atenolol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pindolol
Pindolol {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Levothyroxine
Atenolol {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) ABCB1
ABCB1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Liotrix
Liotrix {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Atenolol {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Disorientation
Disorientation {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Dextrothyroxine
Dextrothyroxine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Atenolol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Metoprolol
Metoprolol {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Liothyronine
Liothyronine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Atenolol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Acebutolol
Acebutolol {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Liothyronine
Liothyronine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Atenolol {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Pindolol
Pindolol {u} may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with {v} Liothyronine
Liothyronine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Levothyroxine
Atenolol (Compound) binds ABCB1 (Gene) and ABCB1 (Gene) is bound by Levothyroxine (Compound)
Atenolol (Compound) causes Disorientation (Side Effect) and Disorientation (Side Effect) is caused by Levothyroxine (Compound)
Atenolol (Compound) resembles Metoprolol (Compound) and Metoprolol may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Levothyroxine
Atenolol (Compound) resembles Acebutolol (Compound) and Acebutolol may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Levothyroxine
Atenolol (Compound) resembles Pindolol (Compound) and Pindolol may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Levothyroxine
Atenolol (Compound) binds ABCB1 (Gene) and ABCB1 (Gene) is bound by Liotrix (Compound) and Liotrix (Compound) resembles Levothyroxine (Compound)
Atenolol (Compound) causes Disorientation (Side Effect) and Disorientation (Side Effect) is caused by Dextrothyroxine (Compound) and Dextrothyroxine (Compound) resembles Levothyroxine (Compound)
Atenolol (Compound) resembles Metoprolol (Compound) and Metoprolol may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Liothyronine and Liothyronine (Compound) resembles Levothyroxine (Compound)
Atenolol (Compound) resembles Acebutolol (Compound) and Acebutolol may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Liothyronine and Liothyronine (Compound) resembles Levothyroxine (Compound)
Atenolol (Compound) resembles Pindolol (Compound) and Pindolol may cause a minor interaction that can limit clinical effects when taken with Liothyronine and Liothyronine (Compound) resembles Levothyroxine (Compound)