DDInter1008 DDInter1789
Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent used in the prevention and treatment of a variety of fungal infections.[FDA Label] It functions by preventing the synthesis of ergosterol, the fungal equivalent of cholesterol, thereby increasing membrane fluidity and preventing growth of the fungus.[A181802,T116] Ketoconazole was first approved in an oral formulation for systemic use by the FDA in 1981. At this time it was considered a significant improvement over previous antifungals, [miconazole] and [clotrimazole], due to its broad spectrum and good absorption. However, it was discovered that ketoconazole produces frequent gastrointestinal side effects and dose-related hepatitis.[A188054,A188057] These effects combined with waning efficacy led to its eventual replacement by triazole agents, [fluconazole], [itraconazole], [voriconazole], and [posaconazole]. Ketoconazole and its predecessor [clotrimazole] continue
A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, thalidomide was withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of inflammatory disorders and cancers. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity through modulating the release of inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and other cytokine action. Due to severe teratogenicity, pregnancy must be excluded before the start of treatment and patients must enrol in the THALIDOMID Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program to ensure contraception adherence.
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A5
CYP3A5 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Thalidomide
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) DDIT4
DDIT4 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Thalidomide
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Thalidomide
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Posaconazole
Posaconazole {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Thalidomide
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A5
CYP3A5 {u} (Gene) regulates {v} (Gene) GRB7
GRB7 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Thalidomide
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP1A1
CYP1A1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Menadione
Menadione {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Thalidomide
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C19
CYP2C19 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Thalidomide
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C9
CYP2C9 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Thioridazine
Thioridazine {u} may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with {v} Thalidomide
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) DDIT4
DDIT4 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Menadione
Menadione {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Thalidomide
Ketoconazole {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Lenalidomide
Lenalidomide {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Thalidomide
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds CYP3A5 (Gene) and CYP3A5 (Gene) is bound by Thalidomide (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) upregulates DDIT4 (Gene) and DDIT4 (Gene) is upregulated by Thalidomide (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) causes Thrombocytopenia (Side Effect) and Thrombocytopenia (Side Effect) is caused by Thalidomide (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) resembles Posaconazole (Compound) and Posaconazole may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Thalidomide
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds CYP3A5 (Gene) and CYP3A5 (Gene) regulates GRB7 (Gene) and GRB7 (Gene) is downregulated by Thalidomide (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds CYP1A1 (Gene) and CYP1A1 (Gene) is bound by Menadione (Compound) and Menadione (Compound) resembles Thalidomide (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds CYP2C19 (Gene) and CYP2C19 (Gene) is bound by Clarithromycin (Compound) and Clarithromycin may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Thalidomide
Ketoconazole (Compound) binds CYP2C9 (Gene) and CYP2C9 (Gene) is bound by Thioridazine (Compound) and Thioridazine may cause a moderate interaction that could exacerbate diseases when taken with Thalidomide
Ketoconazole (Compound) upregulates DDIT4 (Gene) and DDIT4 (Gene) is upregulated by Menadione (Compound) and Menadione (Compound) resembles Thalidomide (Compound)
Ketoconazole (Compound) causes Thrombocytopenia (Side Effect) and Thrombocytopenia (Side Effect) is caused by Lenalidomide (Compound) and Lenalidomide (Compound) resembles Thalidomide (Compound)