DDInter1064 DDInter1562
Levothyroxine is a synthetically produced form of thyroxine, a major endogenous hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Also known as L-thyroxine or the brand name product Synthroid, levothyroxine is used primarily to treat hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland is no longer able to produce sufficient quantities of the thyroid hormones T<sub>4</sub> (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine) and T<sub>3</sub> (triiodothyronine or ), resulting in diminished down-stream effects of these hormones. Without sufficient quantities of circulating thyroid hormones, symptoms of hypothyroidism begin to develop such as fatigue, increased heart rate, depression, dry skin and hair, muscle cramps, constipation, weight gain, memory impairment, and poor tolerance to cold temperatures.[F4636,A35722] In response to Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) release by
Raloxifene is a second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that mediates anti-estrogenic effects on breast and uterine tissues, and estrogenic effects on bone, lipid metabolism, and blood coagulation.[A4979,T28] Exhibiting tissue-specific effects distinct from [estradiol], raloxifene is the first of the benzothiophene group of antiestrogens to be labelled a SERM. Available in many countries worldwide, raloxifene was initially approved by the FDA in December, 1997 under the market name Evista® for the management and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and reduction in risk for invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or those who are at high risk for invasive breast cancer. However, it has a negligible effect on altering the development and progression of breast cancer itself.[label] The most common causes of osteoporosis include postmenopausal deficiency of estrogen and age-related deterioration in bone homeostasis. Due to the risk of bone fractures that may lead to morbidities and reduced quality of life, the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with the use of therapeutic agents in addition to concurrent therapies is critical. Due to the decline in estrogen levels in postmenopausal osteoporosis, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), such as estradiol, has been used to ameliorate the condition. However, due to the off-target actions by HRT, newer non-hormonal agents such as raloxifene and [tamoxifen] have been developed to reduce adverse events through selective pharmacological actions on tissue-specific therapeutic targets. The main effects of raloxifene are to preserve the bone mineral density and decrease the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Compared to estrogen and tamoxifen, raloxifene was not associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer and it does not cause endometrial proliferation. Although rare, there was an increased risk of venous thromboembolism during clinical trials of postmenopausal women receiving raloxifene. In addition, a clinical study consisting of postmenopausal women with documented coronary heart disease or at increased risk for coronary events showed an increased risk for fatal stroke with raloxifene therapy compared to placebo.[label] It is strongly advised that the risk-benefit ratio is considered before starting raloxifene therapy in women at risk of thromboembolic disease or strokes, such as the prior history of stroke, transient ischemic attack, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, or cigarette smoking.[label]
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C8
CYP2C8 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) GHR
GHR {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) SLC7A5
SLC7A5 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) FHL2
FHL2 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Sweating
Sweating {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2C8
CYP2C8 {u} (Gene) interacts with {v} (Gene) LONP1
LONP1 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP3A4
CYP3A4 {u} (Gene) is associated with {v} (Disease) breast cancer
breast cancer {u} (Disease) is treated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) GHR
GHR {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Disease) breast cancer
breast cancer {u} (Disease) is treated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) FOXO4
FOXO4 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) EBP
EBP {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Levothyroxine {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) SLC7A5
SLC7A5 {u} (Gene) regulates {v} (Gene) ECH1
ECH1 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Raloxifene
Levothyroxine (Compound) binds CYP2C8 (Gene) and CYP2C8 (Gene) is bound by Raloxifene (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) upregulates GHR (Gene) and GHR (Gene) is upregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) binds SLC7A5 (Gene) and SLC7A5 (Gene) is downregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) downregulates FHL2 (Gene) and FHL2 (Gene) is downregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) causes Sweating (Side Effect) and Sweating (Side Effect) is caused by Raloxifene (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) binds CYP2C8 (Gene) and CYP2C8 (Gene) interacts with LONP1 (Gene) and LONP1 (Gene) is downregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is associated with breast cancer (Disease) and breast cancer (Disease) is treated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) upregulates GHR (Gene) and GHR (Gene) is downregulated by breast cancer (Disease) and breast cancer (Disease) is treated by Raloxifene (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) upregulates FOXO4 (Gene) and FOXO4 (Gene) is regulated by EBP (Gene) and EBP (Gene) is bound by Raloxifene (Compound)
Levothyroxine (Compound) binds SLC7A5 (Gene) and SLC7A5 (Gene) regulates ECH1 (Gene) and ECH1 (Gene) is upregulated by Raloxifene (Compound)