DDInter1525 DDInter596
A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). Procaine has also been investigated as an oral entry inhibitor in treatment-experienced HIV patients.
Doxorubicin is a cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic isolated from cultures of Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius along side with daunorubicin, another cytotoxic agent, in 1970.[A1575,A257709,A257614] Although they both have aglyconic and sugar moieties, doxorubicin's side chain terminates with a primary alcohol group compared to the methyl group of daunorubicin. Although its detailed molecular mechanisms have yet to be understood, doxorubicin is generally thought to exert its effect through DNA intercalation, which eventually leads to DNA damage and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Thanks to its efficacy and broad effect, doxorubicin was approved by the FDA in 1974 to treat a variety of cancer, including but not limited to breast, lung, gastric, ovarian, thyroid, non-Hodgkin’s and Hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, sarcoma, and pediatric cancers.[A1573,A257614,L45231] However, one of the major side effects of doxorubicin is cardiotoxicity, which excludes patients with poor heart function and requires treatment termination once the maximally tolerated cumulative dose is reached.
Procaine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) E2F2
E2F2 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Doxorubicin
Procaine {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) CDC20
CDC20 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Doxorubicin
Procaine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Anxiety
Anxiety {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Doxorubicin
Procaine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) E2F2
E2F2 {u} (Gene) is upregulated by {v} (Compound) Daunorubicin
Daunorubicin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Doxorubicin
Procaine {u} (Compound) downregulates {v} (Gene) CDC20
CDC20 {u} (Gene) is downregulated by {v} (Compound) Daunorubicin
Daunorubicin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Doxorubicin
Procaine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Anxiety
Anxiety {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Daunorubicin
Daunorubicin {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Doxorubicin
Procaine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Metoclopramide
Metoclopramide {u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene) CYP2D6
CYP2D6 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Doxorubicin
Procaine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Chloroprocaine
Chloroprocaine {u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect) Erythema
Erythema {u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound) Doxorubicin
Procaine {u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) Metoclopramide
Metoclopramide {u} (Compound) palliates {v} (Disease) prostate cancer
prostate cancer {u} (Disease) is treated by {v} (Compound) Doxorubicin
Procaine {u} (Compound) upregulates {v} (Gene) E2F2
E2F2 {u} (Gene) is regulated by {v} (Gene) ABCB1
ABCB1 {u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound) Doxorubicin
Procaine (Compound) upregulates E2F2 (Gene) and E2F2 (Gene) is upregulated by Doxorubicin (Compound)
Procaine (Compound) downregulates CDC20 (Gene) and CDC20 (Gene) is downregulated by Doxorubicin (Compound)
Procaine (Compound) causes Anxiety (Side Effect) and Anxiety (Side Effect) is caused by Doxorubicin (Compound)
Procaine (Compound) upregulates E2F2 (Gene) and E2F2 (Gene) is upregulated by Daunorubicin (Compound) and Daunorubicin (Compound) resembles Doxorubicin (Compound)
Procaine (Compound) downregulates CDC20 (Gene) and CDC20 (Gene) is downregulated by Daunorubicin (Compound) and Daunorubicin (Compound) resembles Doxorubicin (Compound)
Procaine (Compound) causes Anxiety (Side Effect) and Anxiety (Side Effect) is caused by Daunorubicin (Compound) and Daunorubicin (Compound) resembles Doxorubicin (Compound)
Procaine (Compound) resembles Metoclopramide (Compound) and Metoclopramide (Compound) binds CYP2D6 (Gene) and CYP2D6 (Gene) is bound by Doxorubicin (Compound)
Procaine (Compound) resembles Chloroprocaine (Compound) and Chloroprocaine (Compound) causes Erythema (Side Effect) and Erythema (Side Effect) is caused by Doxorubicin (Compound)
Procaine (Compound) resembles Metoclopramide (Compound) and Metoclopramide (Compound) palliates prostate cancer (Disease) and prostate cancer (Disease) is treated by Doxorubicin (Compound)
Procaine (Compound) upregulates E2F2 (Gene) and E2F2 (Gene) is regulated by ABCB1 (Gene) and ABCB1 (Gene) is bound by Doxorubicin (Compound)