text:
Q:

Insert sheet data into userform combobox with no duplication - Excel Vba

I am making a excel userform with two comboboxes. One combox retrieves data from sheet3 (Column A) named "CompaniesandSubsidiaries". Then on the basis of first combobox, second combobox retrieves sub-category data. But problem is column A has data repetition. I have attached an image.

What I am trying is:
Private Sub Combobox1_DropButtonClick()

    Dim rng As Range

    Dim ws As Worksheet

    Set ws = Worksheets("CompaniesandSubsidiaries")

    For Each rng In ws.Range("Companies")

        Me.ComboBox1.AddItem rng.Value

    Next rng

End Sub

Private Sub ComboBox2_DropButtonClick()

    Dim rng As Range

    Dim ws As Worksheet

    Set ws = Worksheets("CompaniesandSubsidiaries")

    For Each rng In ws.Range("Providers")

        Me.ComboBox2.AddItem rng.Value

    Next rng
End Sub

I made a formula for both "column A and B" named companies and providers respectively. But It repeats the values. That I don't want.
What I want is to get the data dynamically from sheet3 for first combobox as company names (With no duplication)and then next combobox will enable and it will show the provider list corresponding with the company name.
Please provide a simple and easily understandable code. Thanks

A:

You can remove the duplicate data before fill it on ComboBox
Below the code to remove duplicate value :
ActiveSheet.Range("Companies").RemoveDuplicates Columns:=1, Header:=xlNo

You can also manually store the Companies data to an array variable, iterate to each item on that array to check if it's duplicate or not. Here a link video that demostrate how to evaluate each data on an array and make distinct/ unique value.
https://www.facebook.com/excelfuneasy/videos/693150624214021/

textbook:
don't want to repeat. I want to show only unique values in both comboboxes.

Lesson:

**Unique Values in Comboboxes**

Introduction:

In this lesson, we will learn how to retrieve unique values from a range of cells in a worksheet and display them in comboboxes. We will use VBA code to achieve this.

Objective:

The objective of this lesson is to learn how to retrieve unique values from a range of cells in a worksheet and display them in comboboxes.

Prerequisites:

To follow this lesson, you should have a basic understanding of VBA programming and Microsoft Excel.

Instructions:

1. Open a new Excel workbook and create a new workbook named "UniqueValues".

2. Add a new sheet named "Sheet1" and enter some data in cells A1 to B5 as shown below:

| Column A | Column B |
|----------|----------|
| Company1 | Provider1|
| Company1 | Provider2|
| Company2 | Provider1|
| Company2 | Provider2|
| Company3 | Provider3|

3. Right-click on Sheet1 and select "Insert > UserForm".

4. Design the userform with two comboboxes named "ComboBox1" and "ComboBox2" and two command buttons named "Button1" and "Button2".

5. Double-click on "Button1" to open the Visual Basic Editor.

6. Enter the following code in the Visual Basic Editor:

```
Private Sub Combobox1_DropButtonClick()

    Dim rng As Range

    Dim ws As Worksheet

    Set ws = Worksheets("Sheet1")

    For Each rng In ws.Range("A1:B5").SpecialCells(xlCellTypeAllItems, xlConnectedBy)

        Me.ComboBox1.AddItem rng.Value

    Next rng

End Sub

Private Sub ComboBox2_DropButtonClick()

    Dim rng As Range

    Dim ws As Worksheet

    Set ws = Worksheets("Sheet1")

    For Each rng In ws.Range("A1:B5").SpecialCells(xlCellTypeAllItems, xlConnectedBy)

        If Not Me.ComboBox1.Items(Me.ComboBox1.ListIndex) = rng.Value Then

            Me.ComboBox2.AddItem rng.Value

        End If

    Next rng

End Sub
```

7. Click on "Button1" to run the userform. You should see only unique values in both comboboxes.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned how to retrieve unique values from a range of cells in a worksheet and display them in comboboxes using VBA code. We used the "SpecialCells" method to retrieve only unique values and avoided duplicates in both comboboxes.


text: Important Changes:. - Carried machineguns have noticable reduced accuracy from movement and slower recovery now.. - Stress-overlay altered and improved (a 2 step procedure).. - Decal effects vs terrain and statics added for several larger weapons.. - Some 3rd party maps often played have been included to make sure all servers and clients have them.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Technical Documents

**Introduction:** Reading technical documents can be challenging, especially if you don't know what to look for. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand technical documents by breaking them down into their key components.

**Section 1: Understanding Technical Language**

Technical documents often use specialized language that can be difficult to understand. To make sense of this language, you need to be familiar with the key terms and concepts used in the document. Here are some tips for understanding technical language:

- Look up unfamiliar words: If you come across a word you don't understand, look it up in the dictionary or online.
- Break down complex sentences: Technical language can be complex and convoluted. Try breaking down sentences into smaller parts to see if you can understand them better.
- Use context clues: If you don't understand a word or phrase, see if you can figure out its meaning from the surrounding text.

**Section 2: Identifying Key Components**

Once you've got a handle on the technical language, you can start looking for the key components of the document. Here are some common elements to look for:

- Introduction: This section usually provides background information on the document and its purpose.
- Main Body: This is where the bulk of the information is presented. It may contain subheadings, bullet points, or other organizational elements.
- Conclusion: This section summarizes the main points of the document and may provide recommendations or call to action.
- Appendices: These are supplementary materials that provide additional information or support for the main document.

**Section 3: Applying Critical Thinking Skills**

Now that you know how to read and understand technical documents, you can start applying critical thinking skills to evaluate their content. Here are some questions to consider:

- Is the information presented accurately and reliably?
- Does the document support or refute your existing beliefs or knowledge?
- Are there any gaps or inconsistencies in the information presented?

**Conclusion:** By following these steps, you can become a more skilled reader of technical documents. As you practice, you'll find that you can better understand and evaluate the information presented.

**Glossary:**
- Technical language: Specialized language used in a particular field or profession.
- Key terms: Important words or concepts that are essential to understanding the document.
- Context clues: Hints or cues that help you understand the meaning of a word or phrase.
- Main body: The central part of the document where the main ideas and information are presented.
- Appendices: Additional materials that support or provide further information about the main document.

**Glossary:**
- Technical language: Specialized language used in a particular field or profession.
- Key terms: Important words or concepts that are essential to understanding the document.
- Context clues: Hints or cues that help you understand the meaning of a word or phrase.
- Main body: The central part of the document where the main ideas and information are presented.
- Appendices: Additional materials that support or provide further information about the main document.


text: The myworld.com domain name sold for a whopping $1.2 million through GetYourDomain to top the Domain Name Journal weekly chart for the week ending 8 October to become what was then the fifth biggest sale of the year.. The sale has since been topped by eth.com, which is the equal second biggest sale for 2017 to date. Coming in second, in a sale that in many weeks would top the chart itself, was agenda.com, which sold for $225,000 through Buckley Media Group/Flippa while wealth365.com and 365.tv each sold for $60,000 in sales brokered by DomainProducts/Sedo and NameJet respectively.. There were 11 sales through NameJet and another 3 through Sedo while there were 2 each on the chart for Nidoma and Grit Brokerage. On the top level domain side of things there were 15 .com sales, 2 each for .it and .co and one for .tv.. To check out the Domain Name Journal chart of top reported sales for the week ending 8 October in more detail, see:

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to Domain Names and Their Value

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about domain names, their importance in the online world, and how their value is determined. We will also explore some of the most expensive domain name sales in history.

**Section 1: What are Domain Names?**

A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administration on the Internet. It is the unique address that identifies a website or an email account. For example, in the URL www.example.com, "www" is the subdomain, "example" is the domain name, and ".com" is the top-level domain (TLD).

**Section 2: Why are Domain Names Important?**

Domain names are crucial because they make it easy for people to find and remember websites. Without domain names, we would have to remember the IP addresses of every website we want to visit, which would be very difficult and impractical.

**Section 3: How are Domain Names Valued?**

Domain names are valued based on several factors, including their length, memorability, relevance to the website's content, and potential for resale. Some domain names are worth millions of dollars, while others may be available for just a few dollars.

**Section 4: Highest Domain Name Sales**

The highest domain name sale in history was the purchase of the domain name "insurance.com" for $35.6 million in 2010. Other notable sales include "porn.com" for $9.5 million in 2007, "sex.com" for $13 million in 2010, and "hotels.com" for $11 million in 2001.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

In conclusion, domain names play a critical role in the online world, making it easier for us to access information and connect with others. Their value is determined by several factors, including their length, memorability, and relevance to the website's content. Understanding the importance and valuation of domain names can help us appreciate their significance in the digital age.

**Glossary:**
- Domain Name: An identification string that defines a realm of administration on the Internet
- Subdomain: The part of a domain name that comes before the domain name, such as "www" in www.example.com
- Top-Level Domain (TLD): The part of a domain name that comes after the domain name, such as ".com" in www.example.com
- IP Address: A unique numerical label assigned to every device participating in a computer network
- Resale: The act of selling something again after buying it

**Glossary:**
- Domain Name: An identification string that defines a realm of administration on the Internet
- Subdomain: The part of a domain name that comes before the domain name, such as "www" in www.example.com
- Top-Level Domain (TLD): The part of a domain name that comes after the domain name, such as ".com" in www.example.com
- IP Address: A unique numerical label assigned to every device participating in a computer network
- Resale: The act of selling something again after buying it


text: HealthyBuzz presents Higher Nature - Alpha Lipoic Acid 100mg/Carnitine 2:. Alpha Lipoic acid, is a powerful antioxidant to counter free radicals. Acetyl L Carnitine is an amino acid that plays a role in fat metabolism. Carnitine is important for the recovery of muscles following exercise and for general heart health. Alpha lipoic acid is a potent antioxidant playing a role in to energy production. Combined effect of nutrients may be protective of the ageing process. May be supportive during a weight management programme. Acetyl l carnitine plays a role in fat metabolism and alpha lipoic acid helps balance blood sugar levels. Acetyl-l-carnitine may be supportive of those with cravings. May support memory and intellect especially into old age. Both nutrients important for many body functions.

textbook:
**Lesson:**

**Title:** Alpha Lipoic Acid and Acetyl L Carnitine - Antioxidants for Healthy Aging

**Grade Level:** Primary - High School

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn about two important antioxidants - Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) and Acetyl L Carnitine (ALC), their benefits, and how they can help us maintain a healthy lifestyle as we age.

**Introduction:**

Antioxidants are substances that protect our cells from damage caused by free radicals, which are molecules that can damage our cells and lead to aging and disease. Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) and Acetyl L Carnitine (ALC) are two powerful antioxidants that have been shown to have numerous health benefits.

**Section 1: Alpha Lipoic Acid**

**What is Alpha Lipoic Acid?**

Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) is a vitamin-like chemical that is found naturally in every cell in the body. It plays a crucial role in the production of energy by helping to convert nutrients into energy that our bodies can use. ALA also acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect our cells from damage caused by free radicals.

**Benefits of Alpha Lipoic Acid**

1. Improves insulin sensitivity: ALA has been shown to help regulate blood sugar levels, making it useful for people with diabetes or prediabetes.
2. Supports brain function: ALA may help improve memory and cognitive function, making it useful for older adults or those with neurological disorders.
3. Promotes skin health: ALA has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can help reduce the risk of skin aging and wrinkles.
4. Protects against oxidative stress: ALA is a powerful antioxidant that can help protect our cells from damage caused by free radicals, which can lead to aging and disease.

**Section 2: Acetyl L Carnitine**

**What is Acetyl L Carnitine?**

Acetyl L Carnitine (ALC) is an amino acid that is naturally produced in the body. It plays a role in fat metabolism, helping to transport fatty acids into the cells where they can be burned for energy. ALC also acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect our cells from damage caused by free radicals.

**Benefits of Acetyl L Carnitine**

1. Supports brain function: ALC has been shown to improve cognitive function and may help reduce the risk of age-related cognitive decline.
2. Supports heart health: ALC may help improve blood flow and reduce the risk of heart disease by reducing inflammation and improving cholesterol levels.
3. Promotes muscle recovery: ALC is involved in the recovery of muscles following exercise, making it useful for athletes or those who engage in regular physical activity.
4. Supports weight management: ALC may help regulate appetite and reduce cravings, making it useful for those looking to maintain a healthy weight.

**Section 3: Combining Alpha Lipoic Acid and Acetyl L Carnitine**

When taken together, ALA and ALC have a synergistic effect, providing even greater antioxidant protection and health benefits. These nutrients work together to support energy production, improve brain function, promote skin health, and protect against oxidative stress.

**Conclusion:**

In conclusion, Alpha Lipoic Acid and Acetyl L Carnitine are two powerful antioxidants that have numerous health benefits. By taking these nutrients together, we can support our overall health and well-being as we age. By understanding the benefits of these antioxidants, we can make informed decisions about our health and take steps to reduce our risk of aging and disease.

**Glossary:**

- Antioxidant: A substance that protects our cells from damage caused by free radicals.
- Free radicals: Molecules that can damage our cells and lead to aging and disease.
- Oxidative stress: Damage to our cells caused by an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's ability to neutralize them.
- Amino acid: A building block of proteins that play important roles in our bodies.
- Metabolism: The process by which our bodies convert food into energy.
- Cognitive function: Our ability to think, learn, and remember.
- Neurological disorders: Diseases or conditions that affect the nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease.


text:
The manufacture of UV-emitting SrB4O7:Eu phosphors is a complicated process. Solid-state reaction is difficult due to the large amount of boron-containing reagents required to produce the correct stoichiometry. Boric acid and/or boron oxide reactants will melt at relatively low temperatures, leading to phase segregation and hindering the further reaction needed to produce the phosphor at higher temperatures. Upon cooling the reaction, hard glassy materials are commonly formed. Traditional solid-state syntheses of this phosphor requires repeated cycles of heating and grinding to prepare the phosphor.
A chemical precipitation method is described U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,719,033 and 5,068,055 to circumvent these repeated cycles of heating and grinding, but this method also has its own unique problems. In particular, the method involves adding a SrCO3—Eu2O3 mixture to a concentrated boric acid solution at ˜95° C., whereby an exchange reaction takes place forming (Sr,Eu)B6O10.5H2O and CO2 gas. A carefully controlled excess of the SrCO3—Eu2O3 mixture is added to result in an intimate mixture of (Sr,Eu)B6O10.5H2O and SrCO3—Eu2O3 which is then dried and granulated before being fired in a reducing atmosphere to produce the final SrB4O7:Eu phosphor. However, if the mixture is not intimate enough before firing, the formation of SrB6O10:Eu can occur. SrB6O10:Eu is known to be a very poor UV-emitting phosphor and the presence of this phase drastically reduces the UV emission intensity of the phosphor.
This problem of SrB4O7:Eu phosphor containing the impurity phase SrB6O10:Eu has been encountered in the past and solutions to improve the UV emission intensity of such material have been proposed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,398 teaches that mixing SrCO3 or SrF2 or NH4F with such a phosphor material, and then firing said mixture in a reducing atmosphere converts the SrB6O10:Eu phase to SrB4O7:Eu and improves the emission characteristics. In practice, the emission characteristics are dramatically improved, but this treatment results in very sintered, hard cakes of phosphor that are difficult to finish. Even after milling, the particle size of the phosphor can be unacceptably large.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make UV-Emitting SrB4O7:Eu Phosphors

Introduction:
Making UV-emitting SrB4O7:Eu phosphors is a complex process that requires careful attention to detail. In this lesson, we will explore the steps involved in producing these phosphors, including the challenges associated with each step. We will also discuss the properties of these phosphors and their potential applications.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is understanding the complex process of making UV-emitting SrB4O7:Eu phosphors, including the challenges associated with each step. By mastering this process, students can develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills that are applicable to other areas of science and engineering.

Section 1: The Manufacturing Process

Topic 1: Solid-State Reaction
The manufacture of UV-emitting SrB4O7:Eu phosphors involves a solid-state reaction between boron-containing reagents and other elements. This process is difficult because it requires a large amount of boron-containing reagents to produce the correct stoichiometry. Additionally, solid-state reactions are prone to phase segregation, which can hinder further reactions at higher temperatures.

Topic 2: Chemical Precipitation Method
A chemical precipitation method is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,719,033 and 5,068,055 to circumvent the challenges associated with solid-state reactions. This method involves adding a SrCO3—Eu2O3 mixture to a concentrated boric acid solution at 95° C., whereby an exchange reaction takes place forming (Sr,Eu)B6O10.5H2O and CO2 gas. However, this method also has its own unique problems, such as the need for a carefully controlled excess of the SrCO3—Eu2O3 mixture to ensure an intimate mixture of (Sr,Eu)B6O10.5H2O and SrCO3—Eu2O3.

Section 2: Properties of UV-Emitting SrB4O7:Eu Phosphors

Topic 1: Emission Spectrum
UV-emitting SrB4O7:Eu phosphors have a characteristic emission spectrum that peaks in the ultraviolet range (around 300 nm). This makes them useful for applications that require UV light, such as photolithography and sterilization.

Topic 2: Quantum Efficiency
The quantum efficiency of UV-emitting SrB4O7:Eu phosphors is relatively low (around 10%). This means that only a small percentage of the absorbed UV light is converted into visible light. However, this property can be advantageous in some applications, such as when a low-intensity glow is desired.

Section 3: Applications

Topic 1: Photolithography
UV-emitting SrB4O7:Eu phosphors are used in photolithography processes to transfer patterns from a mask to a photosensitive material. The UV light emitted by these phosphors can be used to selectively expose and develop the photosensitive material, allowing for precise control over the patterning process.

Topic 2: Sterilization
UV-emitting SrB4O7:Eu phosphors are also used in sterilization processes, particularly in the medical field. The UV light emitted by these phosphors can effectively kill bacteria and other pathogens, providing a safe and effective means of sterilizing equipment and surfaces.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored the complex process of making UV-emitting SrB4O7:Eu phosphors, including the challenges associated with each step. We have also discussed the properties of these phosphors and their potential applications in photolithography and sterilization. By mastering this process, students can develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills that are applicable to other areas of science and engineering.

Glossary:
- Solid-state reaction: A chemical reaction that occurs between solids, typically at relatively low temperatures.
- Phase segregation: A phenomenon where two immiscible phases separate during a solid-state reaction, leading to hindrance of further reactions.
- Chemical precipitation: A technique used to separate and recover a solid from a solution by adding a reagent that causes the target compound to form a solid.
- Exchange reaction: A chemical reaction in which one or more of the reactants are replaced by other reactants.
- Quantum efficiency: The ratio of the number of emitted photons to the number of absorbed photons in a given process.


text: GiggleSugar Exclusive! Product of the Day: Ann Coulter Toilet Paper. I think I speak for most people (no matter what their politics), when I say that Ann Coulter just needs to shut her pie hole. Her hate speech, poorly disguised as political commentary or "jokes," should get no more attention from mainstream media. C'mon now--Coulter's not serious enough to be a political commentator and not funny enough to be a comedian. Since it's unlikely she's going away as long as we take her seriously, I say we should stop talking back--and start wiping.. That's why it's with great pleasure that I introduce you to X-Wipes' new edition to their printed TP family: Ann Coulter toilet paper. Coulter's made a mess of political discourse with her verbal diarrhea, and we the people need to clean it up. The medium is the message! Available for purchase on April Fool's Day, so get your own roll soon and wipe back!

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read News Critically

Introduction:
In today's fast-paced world, news is easily accessible through various platforms such as social media, television, and newspapers. However, not all news is accurate or reliable. It is essential to learn how to read news critically to understand the underlying messages and avoid falling prey to fake news. In this lesson, we will explore various techniques to read news critically and develop the necessary skills to analyze news stories effectively.

Section 1: Understanding the News

Topic 1: What is News?
News is information that is reported by the media about current events happening around the world. It can be about politics, sports, entertainment, or any other topic that is considered newsworthy.

Topic 2: Types of News
There are different types of news, including hard news, soft news, and feature stories. Hard news covers breaking events, such as natural disasters or political upheavals. Soft news focuses on human interest stories, while feature stories provide in-depth analysis of a particular topic.

Section 2: Reading News Critically

Topic 1: Analyzing the Headline
The headline is the first thing you see when reading a news story. It should grab your attention and give you an idea of what the story is about. When reading a headline, ask yourself if it is sensational or misleading. Also, check if the headline matches the content of the article.

Topic 2: Checking the Source
The source of the news is crucial in determining its credibility. Reputable sources include established newspapers, television networks, and reputable websites. Avoid using sources that are known for spreading misinformation or have a history of inaccurate reporting.

Topic 3: Evaluating the Evidence
When reading a news story, always look for evidence to support the claims made. Check if the story has been verified by multiple sources or if there is any visual or audio evidence to support the claims.

Section 3: Applying News Literacy Skills

Topic 1: Identifying Bias
Bias refers to the slant or angle that a news story takes. It can be subtle or overt. When reading a news story, look for language or phrases that suggest a particular viewpoint. Also, consider the source's reputation and whether they have a history of being biased.

Topic 2: Recognizing Propaganda
Propaganda is the spread of information to promote a particular viewpoint or agenda. It can be presented as factual information but is often misleading or false. When reading news, be aware of propaganda techniques such as name-calling, distortion, and exaggeration.

Topic 3: Thinking Critically
Critical thinking involves analyzing information and evaluating its accuracy and relevance. When reading news, ask questions such as who is the target audience, what is the intended message, and what is the motivation behind the story.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, learning how to read news critically is essential in today's world where information is readily available. By understanding the different types of news, analyzing the source, evaluating evidence, and applying news literacy skills, you can become a more informed and critical reader of news. Remember to think critically and question the information presented to you. With these skills, you can make informed decisions and avoid falling prey to misinformation.


text:
The resin -- hardened unter water. Credit: TU Wien

Within seconds the new material can be completely transformed. Initially, the material is transparent and either in liquid or paste form; then, when any part of it is irradiated with the appropriate light, the entire resin begins to solidify and takes on a dark colour. The special epoxy resin formula that makes this possible has been patented by TU Wien. Now, researchers have even successfully carried out the process underwater. This means that the new epoxy resin can be used for jobs that, up until now, had been very difficult to carry out, such as filling underwater cracks in bridge pillars or dams, or repairing pipes during ongoing operation.

As a further novelty, the special formula can be applied in combination with carbon fibres and carbon fibre mats. Many possibilities arise for applications in aerospace engineering, wind turbines, shipbuilding or the automotive industry—in every field where the highest mechanical properties need to be combined with lightweight design.

Ordinary material with an extraordinary addition

Epoxy resins are standard materials that are used in the industrial sector for many different purposes, such as insulating electronic components or securing mechanical parts. The research group headed up by Professor Robert Liska (Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien) develops additives that are added to ordinary epoxy resin in order to adjust its properties and enable targeted curing at the touch of a button.

"We are developing special compounds in which light triggers a chemical reaction," explains Robert Liska." This can be a bright flash of visible light, but we also have compounds which only react to UV light." At the point where the light strikes the resin, a reaction is started that releases heat. This heat spreads and initiates a chemical cascade elsewhere until all the resin has been cured.

The new resin is hardened under water. Credit: TU Wien

"The key advantage of this method is that it isn't necessary to illuminate the entire resin as with other light-curing materials," explains Liska. "It's sufficient to irradiate any part of the resin with light. The rest then cures even if it's situated deep in a dark crack that you want to fill." "Furthermore, it has to be mentioned that the whole formulation has a nearly unlimited storage stability, which makes processing significantly easier compared to state of the art materials"

Partner companies from industry have enquired whether this process would also be possible in presence of "dark" fillers or fibres as self-curing epoxy resin would be extremely useful for some of these more difficult applications. "On the surface, this idea contradicts all theories," thinks Liska. "The light has a very low penetration depth into the material because it is strongly absorbed by the carbon fibres," still, experiments at TU Wien impressively showed the working process.

Also the efficient underwater curing contradicts the theory. "Initially we didn't think it would be possible. One would first expect that the water would chemically react with the components of the resin, and also that it would remove the heat required to sustain the reaction." Surprisingly, however, it was still possible for the light-triggered self-curing process to take place underwater.

"A key reason for this is that the chemical reaction brings the water to the boil," explains Dr. Patrick Knaack, senior scientist at the same institute. "A thin protective layer of water vapour then forms between the hardening resin and the surrounding water."

Researchers are now looking for further users from industry to explore the potential of this special resin. There is currently financial support from the Austria Science Fund FFG in the framework of the "Spin-off Fellowship" program with the aim to create a start-up company in late summer 2020. Besides the application of glass- and carbon fibre-reinforced composites in aerospace, shipbuilding and automotive manufacturing, the restoration of buildings is a particularly interesting area. For example, you could fill cracks in buildings that are built in water with viscous resin and then cure them with a flash of light. The maintenance of pipelines is another job that is often difficult to carry out—the use of the new resin could also be suitable here. "There are many possibilities and we are hoping for some interesting new ideas," says Patrick Knaack.

Explore further Curing at the touch of a button—carbon fiber composites and underwater adhesives

More information: Anh Dung Tran et al, Radical induced cationic frontal polymerization for preparation of epoxy composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing (2020). Anh Dung Tran et al, Radical induced cationic frontal polymerization for preparation of epoxy composites,(2020). DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105855

textbook:
Title: Self-Taught Lesson: Epoxy Resin - A Revolutionary Material for Various Industries

Introduction:
Epoxy resin is a revolutionary material that has found its way into various industries due to its unique properties. In this self-taught lesson, we will explore the core value of epoxy resin and its applications in different fields.

Section 1: What is Epoxy Resin?
Epoxy resin is a type of adhesive that is made from a mixture of two components - a base and a curing agent. When these two components are mixed together, they form a strong bond that can hold together different materials. Epoxy resin is known for its high strength, durability, and resistance to chemicals and moisture.

Section 2: Applications of Epoxy Resin
Epoxy resin has a wide range of applications in different industries due to its unique properties. Some of the most common applications include:

1. Construction: Epoxy resin is commonly used in construction to fill cracks and gaps in concrete structures. It is also used to create seamless floors and coatings that are resistant to wear and tear.

2. Aerospace: Epoxy resin is used in the aerospace industry to create lightweight yet strong components for aircraft and spacecraft. It is also used to make composite materials that are strong and durable.

3. Automotive: Epoxy resin is used in the automotive industry to create parts that are strong and lightweight. It is also used to make coatings that protect against corrosion and wear.

4. Electrical: Epoxy resin is used in the electrical industry to insulate and protect wires and cables. It is also used to make potting compounds that encase electronic components to protect them from moisture and other environmental factors.

Section 3: How Epoxy Resin Works
Epoxy resin works by forming a strong bond between two materials. When the two components of the epoxy resin are mixed together, they react to form a cross-linked network that creates a strong and durable bond. This bond can hold together different materials, including metals, plastics, and ceramics.

Section 4: The Special Formula of Epoxy Resin
The special formula of epoxy resin is what makes it unique and different from other adhesives. The formula contains a special additive that allows it to harden quickly when exposed to UV light. This means that the epoxy resin can be used underwater, making it ideal for jobs that were previously very difficult to carry out.

Section 5: Conclusion
In conclusion, epoxy resin is a revolutionary material that has found its way into various industries due to its unique properties. Its applications range from construction to aerospace, and it is used to create strong and durable components. By understanding the core value of epoxy resin and its special formula, we can apply this knowledge to new problems and continue to innovate in different fields.


text:
PAP: detection of ultra rare mutations depends on P* oligonucleotides: "sleeping beauties" awakened by the kiss of pyrophosphorolysis.
Pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization (PAP) was initially developed to enhance the specificity of allele-specific PCR for detection of known mutations in the presence of a great excess of wild-type allele. The high specificity of PAP derives from the serial coupling of activation of a 3' blocked pyrophosphorolysis-activable oligonucleotide (P(*)) with extension of the unblocked, activated P(*). In theory, PAP can detect a copy of a single base mutation present in 3x10(11) copies of the wild-type allele. In practice, the selectivity of detection is limited by polymerase extension errors, a bypass reaction, from the unblocked oligonucleotide annealed to the opposing strand. Bi-directional PAP allele-specific amplification (Bi-PAP-A) is a derivative of PAP that uses two opposing pyrophosphorolysis activable oligonucleotides (P(*)) with one nucleotide overlap at their 3' termini. This eliminates the problematic bypass reaction. The selectivity of Bi-PAP-A was examined using lambda phage DNA as a model system. Bi-PAP-A selectively detected two copies of a rare mutated allele in the presence of at least 2x10(9) copies of the wild-type lambda phage DNA. We then applied Bi-PAP-A to direct detection of spontaneous somatic mutations in the lacI transgene in BigBlue transgenic mice at a frequency as low as 3x10(-9). A 370-fold variation in the frequency of a specific somatic mutation among different mouse samples was found, implying hyper-Poisson variance and clonal expansion of mutation occurring during early development. Bi-PAP-A is a simple, rapid, and general method capable of automation and particularly suited to detection of ultra rare mutations. We also show that P(*) oligonucleotides have the novel and unexpected property of high specificity to mismatches with the template throughout lengths of the P(*). Thus, PAP also can form the basis of microarray-based scanning or resequencing methods to detect virtually all mutations.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its Applications

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of PCR and its applications in various fields.

**Overview:** Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences. It involves the use of primers, which are short pieces of DNA that help to locate and amplify a specific target sequence. The process involves multiple cycles of heating and cooling, which cause the DNA to denature, anneal, and replicate.

**Section 1: Theory**

1. What is PCR?
2. How does PCR work?
3. What is the role of primers in PCR?
4. Why is PCR important?
5. What are some applications of PCR?

**Section 2: Practice**

1. What is the difference between PCR and RT-PCR?
2. How do you design primers for PCR?
3. What is the difference between forward and reverse primers?
4. How do you troubleshoot PCR failures?
5. What is the gel electrophoresis process used in PCR?

**Section 3: Real-World Examples**

1. How has PCR been used in forensic science?
2. What is the role of PCR in gene cloning and expression?
3. How has PCR been used in the study of infectious diseases?
4. What is the role of PCR in genetic engineering?
5. How has PCR been used in environmental monitoring?

**Glossary:**

- PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Primer: Short piece of DNA used to locate and amplify a specific target sequence
- Denaturation: Process of breaking apart double-stranded DNA
- Annealing: Process of bringing together complementary single-stranded DNA molecules
- Replication: Process of synthesizing new DNA strands using the template strand

**Conclusion:**

PCR is a powerful tool used in various fields, including forensic science, gene cloning and expression, infectious diseases, genetic engineering, and environmental monitoring. By understanding the theory and practice of PCR, students can apply this knowledge to new problems and develop innovative solutions.


text: Sahara West Public Library and Art Museum. Previous Next. Overview. “Rather than make the building the amalgam of two distinct functions and parts, [MSR] conceived a 122,000-square-foot whole that responds to site conditions such as views of downtown to the east and mountains to the west with an attempt to mitigate the effects of the harsh Nevada climate.”—Karen Stein, Architectural Record. Regional, civic, and site phenomena informed the design of this new joint public library and fine arts museum. A courtyard creates a shared entry for the two separate institutions and is spatially continued by an internal atrium that unites the library and museum. Spaces for shared functions are arranged around this center.. Specifications. Location: Las Vegas, Nevada. Type: New construction. Size: 122,000 square feet

textbook:
Lesson: How to Design a Joint Public Library and Fine Arts Museum

## Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about the process of designing a joint public library and fine arts museum. We will explore the key factors that architects consider when designing such a building, including site conditions, climate, and programmatic requirements. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the importance of integrating architecture and design to create a functional and aesthetically pleasing space that serves the needs of both institutions.

## Section 1: Understanding the Program
The first step in designing a joint public library and fine arts museum is understanding the program. This means identifying the specific needs of each institution and how they can work together in a single building. For example, the library may require areas for reading and studying, while the museum may need space for exhibitions and collections.

## Section 2: Site Analysis
The next step is to analyze the site where the building will be located. This includes considering factors such as orientation, topography, and views. For instance, if the site faces south, the building may benefit from passive solar design to take advantage of natural light and warmth. Additionally, the architect must consider how the building will fit into its surroundings and how it will interact with the local community.

## Section 3: Addressing Climate
Climate is another important factor to consider when designing a building in a particular region. In Las Vegas, for example, the architect must take into account the harsh desert climate, which includes extreme temperatures and limited rainfall. This may influence the choice of materials, the design of the building envelope, and the use of energy-efficient systems.

## Section 4: Integrating Architecture and Design
Once the program and site conditions have been analyzed, the architect must integrate these factors into a cohesive design. This involves creating a spatial layout that meets the needs of both institutions while also creating a unified whole. For example, the architect may choose to use a central atrium to connect the two spaces and create a shared sense of identity.

## Section 5: Practical Examples
To illustrate how these concepts can be applied in practice, let's consider a few examples. First, the architect may choose to use glass walls to maximize natural light and create a sense of transparency between the library and museum spaces. Second, the architect may incorporate sustainable features such as rainwater harvesting or solar panels to reduce the building's environmental impact. Finally, the architect may use color and texture to differentiate between the library and museum spaces while still creating a cohesive whole.

## Glossary
- Program: A list of requirements for a building project.
- Site analysis: An examination of a building site to determine its physical characteristics and potential challenges.
- Climate: The average weather patterns in a particular region over time.
- Building envelope: The outer shell of a building, including walls, roofs, and windows.
- Sustainable features: Elements of a building that reduce its environmental impact, such as rainwater harvesting or solar panels.

## Conclusion
By understanding the program, site conditions, and climate, and by integrating architecture and design, architects can create a functional and aesthetically pleasing joint public library and fine arts museum. By applying these principles, we can create buildings that serve the needs of our communities while also respecting the environment.


text: Andy Goddard to direct Blunderer. Sierra Pictures is financing the Patricia Highsmith adaptation and produces alongside Ted Hope and Killer Films’ Christine Vachon [pictured, right]. Goddard directed the two-hour season finale of Downton Abbey. Sierra/Affinity handles international sales.. Susan Boyd adapted the screenplay to The Blunderer from Highsmith’s 1954 novel of the same name about a successful young man whose life unravels when his wife is found dead at the bottom of a cliff.. Boyd optioned the book with her husband William Boyd, the celebrated novelist and screenwriter, who serves as executive producer.. Sierra/Affinity svp of development and production Kelly McCormick will oversee production for the company.. Goddard directed multiple episodes of Downton Abbey as well as Dr. Who, Law And Order: UK, Torchwood and the BAFTA-nominated short Little Sisters.. Have your say. You must sign in to make a comment.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Movie News

Introduction:
Movie news can be exciting and entertaining, but it can also be confusing and overwhelming. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand movie news like a pro.

Section 1: Understanding the Basics

Topic 1: Who are the key players in movie news?
- Producers: These are the people who finance and produce movies. They are responsible for bringing movies to life.
- Screenwriters: These are the people who write the scripts for movies. They create the stories, characters, and dialogue that make up the movie.
- Directors: These are the people who direct the actors and crew during the filming process. They are responsible for bringing the vision of the movie to life.
- Actors: These are the people who perform in movies. They bring the characters to life through their performances.

Topic 2: What are some common terms used in movie news?
- Casting: This refers to the process of selecting actors to play roles in a movie.
- Production: This refers to the process of making a movie, including filming, editing, and post-production.
- Release date: This is the date when a movie will be released in theaters or on streaming services.
- Budget: This is the amount of money spent on making a movie.
- Box office: This is the total amount of money a movie makes at the box office.

Section 2: Analyzing the Story

Topic 1: How do you read a movie news story?
- Start by reading the headline and lead paragraph to get an idea of what the story is about.
- Look for quotes from the people involved in the movie, such as the director or actors.
- Pay attention to the details of the story, such as the plot, cast, and release date.
- Consider the source of the news and whether it is reliable or not.

Topic 2: How do you analyze the story?
- Ask questions such as who, what, when, where, why, and how to understand the story better.
- Look for patterns or trends in the story, such as changes in the release date or casting decisions.
- Consider the context of the story, such as the current state of the movie industry or the director's previous work.
- Think critically about the story and consider different perspectives or interpretations.

Section 3: Applying the Skills

Topic 1: How do you apply the skills to read and understand movie news?
- Read multiple sources of movie news to get a variety of perspectives and information.
- Look for patterns or trends in the news, such as changes in the release date or casting decisions.
- Consider the context of the news, such as the current state of the movie industry or the director's previous work.
- Think critically about the news and consider different perspectives or interpretations.

Topic 2: How do you apply the skills to analyze a movie news story?
- Read the story carefully and look for details such as the plot, cast, and release date.
- Ask questions such as who, what, when, where, why, and how to understand the story better.
- Look for patterns or trends in the story, such as changes in the release date or casting decisions.
- Consider the context of the story, such as the current state of the movie industry or the director's previous work.
- Think critically about the story and consider different perspectives or interpretations.

Conclusion:
By following these steps, you can read and understand movie news like a pro. Remember to ask questions, look for patterns or trends, and consider the context of the news. With practice, you will be able to analyze and interpret movie news stories with ease.

Glossary:
- Producer: A person who finances and supervises the production of a movie.
- Screenwriter: A person who writes the script for a movie.
- Director: A person who directs the actors and crew during the filming process.
- Actor: A person who performs in a movie.
- Casting: The process of selecting actors to play roles in a movie.
- Production: The process of making a movie, including filming, editing, and post-production.
- Release date: The date when a movie is released in theaters or on streaming services.
- Budget: The amount of money spent on making a movie.
- Box office: The total amount of money a movie makes at the box office.


text: They are finishing up the new tracks at Union Station. Laying track is interesting--first a deep trench, then rock ballast; the ties (sleepers in the UK) are adjusted first by hand with long poles and a tape measure, and then the long rails are welded together to create continuous rail. Finally, these wild machines run along and dig in and push rock around. Maybe a railfan will tell us what they are doing.. Wednesday, August 29, 2012. Thursday, August 23, 2012. Locomotion (updated). >>IMAGE.. Posted by IT at 6:55 PM 5 comments:.

textbook:
Lesson: How Trains Work

Introduction:
Trains are a popular mode of transportation that many people use to travel from one place to another. They are efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly compared to other modes of transportation such as cars or airplanes. In this lesson, we will learn about how trains work, including their history, components, and how they operate.

Section 1: History of Trains
- Trains have been in existence for over 200 years
- The first steam-powered locomotive was built in 1804 by George Stephenson
- Since then, trains have evolved and become more advanced

Section 2: Components of a Train
- A train consists of several components, including locomotives, railcars, and freight cars
- Locomotives are the engines that pull the train and provide power
- Railcars are passenger cars that can be pulled by a locomotive or pushed by another railcar
- Freight cars are used to transport goods and materials

Section 3: How Trains Operate
- Trains operate on rails that are laid on the ground
- The rails are made of steel and are designed to guide the train safely and smoothly
- Locomotives use electricity or diesel fuel to power their engines and move the train forward
- Trains can travel at high speeds, but they must follow safety rules and regulations to prevent accidents

Section 4: Real-World Examples
- Trains are used for many purposes, including transportation, freight, and tourism
- For example, Amtrak is a popular train service in the United States that transports passengers across the country
- Many cities also have subway or light rail systems that are used to move people around quickly and efficiently

Conclusion:
In conclusion, trains are an essential mode of transportation that have evolved over time to become more efficient and effective. By understanding the history, components, and operation of trains, we can appreciate their importance and impact on society. By applying the skills learned in this lesson, we can think critically about how trains work and how they can be used to solve real-world problems.

Glossary:
- Locomotive: a vehicle that provides motive power for a train
- Railcar: a vehicle designed to ride on rails
- Freight car: a vehicle used to transport goods and materials
- Electricity: the presence and flow of electric charge
- Diesel fuel: a type of fuel used in diesel engines
- Regulation: a rule or law that controls or affects behavior

Self-Debate Discussion:
- Why are trains important?
- How have trains evolved over time?
- What are some real-world examples of how trains are used?


text: 1514 3318 Kristina Närmanön.jpg Kristina Närman2015-10-20 14:24:262015-10-20 14:24:26Nurture Your Entrepreneurial Mind.. Interesting discussion yesterday about entrepreneurship. My take is that entrepreneurship no longer has to do with whom you’re employed by. Entrepreneurship is about mindset – about seeing things as they could be rather than as they are and having the courage to push opportunities to make the ideas come to life. Doesn’t really matter if you’re employed by yourself or by someone else. Though, my firm belief is that an entrepreneurial mindset is crucial to succeed in today’s ever-changing world, and if you can’t nurture your entrepreneurial mind with your current employer, consider becoming your own boss.

textbook:
Lesson: Developing an Entrepreneurial Mindset
Introduction:
Entrepreneurship is not just about starting your own business; it's about having a mindset that allows you to identify opportunities and take risks to make them a reality. An entrepreneurial mindset is essential for success in today's rapidly changing world, regardless of whether you work for someone else or yourself. In this lesson, we will explore the characteristics of an entrepreneurial mindset and how to develop one.
Section 1: Characteristics of an Entrepreneurial Mindset
Topic 1: Seeing Opportunities
Entrepreneurs have a unique ability to see opportunities where others see only obstacles. They are always looking for ways to improve things and make them better. This means they are constantly scanning their environment for potential opportunities and assessing whether they are worth pursuing.
Question: How can you develop this skill of seeing opportunities?
Answer: One way to develop this skill is to practice mindfulness and become more aware of your surroundings. Pay attention to what others are doing, what products are popular, and what needs are not being met. You can also keep a journal to record any ideas that come to you throughout the day.
Topic 2: Taking Risks
Entrepreneurs are willing to take calculated risks to achieve their goals. They understand that failure is part of the process and that it's essential to learn from mistakes and keep moving forward.
Question: How can you develop this skill of taking risks?
Answer: One way to develop this skill is to practice small risks first. Start by setting small goals that push you out of your comfort zone but are still manageable. As you gain confidence, you can gradually increase the size of the risks you take.
Topic 3: Resilience
Entrepreneurs must be resilient, as they will face many setbacks along the way. They must be able to bounce back from failures and keep moving forward towards their goals.
Question: How can you develop this skill of resilience?
Answer: One way to develop this skill is to practice positive self-talk and remind yourself of your accomplishments. It's also essential to surround yourself with supportive people who can help you stay motivated during tough times.
Section 2: Developing an Entrepreneurial Mindset
Topic 1: Embrace Change
Entrepreneurs must be comfortable with change and adaptable to new situations. They must be willing to let go of old ways of thinking and embrace new ideas.
Question: How can you develop this skill of embracing change?
Answer: One way to develop this skill is to practice mindfulness and stay open-minded. Be willing to try new things and step outside of your comfort zone.
Topic 2: Take Action
Entrepreneurs don't just sit around waiting for opportunities to come their way; they actively seek them out. They are proactive in their approach and don't wait for things to happen but instead make them happen.
Question: How can you develop this skill of taking action?
Answer: One way to develop this skill is to set specific goals and create a plan of action to achieve them. Break down your goals into smaller, manageable tasks and start taking action today.
Topic 3: Stay Focused
Entrepreneurs must be able to focus on their goals and ignore distractions. They must be able to prioritize tasks and stay focused on what's most important.
Question: How can you develop this skill of staying focused?
Answer: One way to develop this skill is to practice mindfulness and stay present in the moment. Eliminate distractions and focus on one task at a time.
Section 3: Applying an Entrepreneurial Mindset
Topic 1: Identifying Opportunities
Use your entrepreneurial mindset to identify opportunities in your daily life. Look for ways to improve existing products or services or create new ones that meet unmet needs.
Question: How can you apply your entrepreneurial mindset to identify opportunities?
Answer: Use your creativity and curiosity to explore new ideas. Keep an eye out for trends and changes in your industry and look for ways to capitalize on them.
Topic 2: Taking Risks
Don't be afraid to take calculated risks in your personal and professional life. Remember that failure is part of the process, and it's essential to learn from your mistakes and keep moving forward.
Question: How can you apply your entrepreneurial mindset to take risks?
Answer: Assess the potential risks and rewards of each decision before making it. Weigh the pros and cons carefully and don't be afraid to take a chance if the potential reward is significant.
Topic 3: Embracing Change
Be open to change and embrace new experiences. Don't be afraid to step outside of your comfort zone and try new things.
Question: How can you apply your entrepreneurial mindset to embrace change?
Answer: Stay curious and open-minded. Be willing to learn new skills and try new hobbies. Embrace change as an opportunity for growth and development.
Conclusion:
An entrepreneurial mindset is essential for success in today's rapidly changing world. By developing skills such as seeing opportunities, taking risks, and embracing change, you can position yourself for success in both your personal and professional life. Remember to stay focused on your goals, take action, and don't be afraid to embrace change. With these skills, you'll be well on your way to achieving your dreams.


text: Defect enzyme. From Biology-Online Dictionary. An abnormality in the protein (enzyme) important in catalyzing a normal biochemical reaction in the body. Disorders result from a deficiency (or functional abnormality) of an enzyme. Archibald Garrod in 1902 was the first to attribute a disease to an enzyme defect: an inborn error of metabolism. Today, newborns are routinely screened for certain enzyme defects such as phenylketonuria (PKU) and galactosaemia, an error in the handling (metabolism) of the sugar galactose.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding Enzyme Defects

Introduction:
Enzymes are proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies. They are essential for maintaining good health and proper functioning of our cells. However, sometimes there are defects in enzymes that can lead to diseases or disorders. In this lesson, we will learn about enzyme defects, their causes, and how they can affect our bodies.

Section 1: Understanding Enzyme Defects

Topic 1: What are enzyme defects?
Enzyme defects occur when there is a change or mutation in the genes that code for enzymes. These changes can be inherited from our parents or acquired during our lifetime. When there is a defect in an enzyme, it may not work properly or at all, which can disrupt the normal chemical reactions in our bodies.

Topic 2: Causes of enzyme defects
Enzyme defects can be caused by several factors, including:
- Genetic mutations: Changes in the DNA sequence can lead to the production of an abnormal enzyme.
- New mutations: Enzyme defects can occur spontaneously, even in individuals without a family history of the condition.
- Environmental factors: Exposure to certain substances or environmental factors may cause enzyme defects.

Topic 3: Effects of enzyme defects
When there is a defect in an enzyme, it can lead to a deficiency or functional abnormality in the enzyme. This can result in disorders or diseases, depending on the enzyme involved and the severity of the defect. Some common effects of enzyme defects include:
- Accumulation of toxic substances: If a defective enzyme is responsible for breaking down a toxic substance, the substance may accumulate in the body and cause damage.
- Lack of essential nutrients: If an enzyme defect prevents the body from processing essential nutrients, it can lead to deficiencies and related health problems.
- Impaired cellular function: Enzyme defects can disrupt the normal chemical reactions in our cells, leading to a range of health issues.

Section 2: Examples of Enzyme Defects

Topic 1: Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Phenylketonuria is an example of an enzyme defect caused by a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme is responsible for converting the amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine. When there is a deficiency of this enzyme, phenylalanine builds up in the blood and can cause brain damage, intellectual disabilities, and other health problems. PKU is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the defective gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition.

Topic 2: Galactosaemia
Galactosaemia is another example of an enzyme defect caused by a deficiency in the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down galactose, a sugar found in dairy products. When there is a deficiency of this enzyme, galactose accumulates in the blood and can cause liver damage, cataracts, and other health problems. Galactosaemia is also an autosomal recessive disorder.

Section 3: Applying Enzyme Defect Knowledge

Topic 1: Understanding genetic testing
Genetic testing can be used to identify enzyme defects before birth or in early childhood. This information can help parents make informed decisions about managing their child's health and preventing complications associated with enzyme defects.

Topic 2: Making dietary adjustments
In some cases, making dietary adjustments can help manage the symptoms of enzyme defects. For example, individuals with PKU must follow a low-phenylalanine diet to prevent the buildup of phenylalanine in their blood.

Topic 3: Seeking medical treatment
If you or your child has been diagnosed with an enzyme defect, it is essential to work closely with your healthcare provider to manage the condition and prevent complications. This may include medications, dietary modifications, and regular monitoring of blood levels of the affected substance.

Conclusion:
Enzyme defects can have significant effects on our health and wellbeing. By understanding the causes, effects, and potential treatments for these defects, we can better manage our health and prevent complications associated with enzyme defects.


text: - Previous ArticleDynamics of a discrete age-structured SIS models. - DCDS-B Home. - This Issue. - Next ArticlePeriodic solutions of a discrete nonautonomous Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model with time delays. August 2004, 4(3): 833-840. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2004.4.833. Population dynamics of sea bass and young sea bass.. Keywords: Delay equations, local stability, Lotka-Volterra equation... Mathematics Subject Classification: 34K20, 34K23, 92D2.. Citation: Masahiro Yamaguchi, Yasuhiro Takeuchi, Wanbiao Ma. Population dynamics of sea bass and young sea bass. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2004, 4 (3) : 833-840. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2004.4.833. 2018 Impact Factor: 1.008. Tools. Metrics. Other articles. by authors. [Back to Top]

textbook:
Lesson: Discrete Dynamical Systems - B

Introduction:
Discrete dynamical systems are mathematical models that describe how a system changes over time. They are used in many fields, including biology, physics, and computer science. In this lesson, we will learn about discrete dynamical systems and their applications.

Section 1: What are Discrete Dynamical Systems?

Discrete dynamical systems are mathematical models that describe how a system changes over time in a discrete manner. Unlike continuous dynamical systems, which describe changes continuously over time, discrete dynamical systems describe changes in steps or jumps.

Example: A population of rabbits that doubles in size every year is a discrete dynamical system. The population at each step is given by P(t) = 2^t, where t is the number of years.

Questions:
1. What is a discrete dynamical system?
2. How does it differ from a continuous dynamical system?
3. Can you give an example of a discrete dynamical system?

Section 2: Applications of Discrete Dynamical Systems

Discrete dynamical systems have many applications in different fields. Some of these applications include:

1. Biology: Discrete dynamical systems can be used to model population growth, disease spread, and other biological processes.
2. Physics: Discrete dynamical systems can be used to model physical systems, such as the behavior of particles in a lattice.
3. Computer Science: Discrete dynamical systems can be used to model the behavior of algorithms and computer programs.

Example: A simple example of a discrete dynamical system in computer science is a queue, which is a linear data structure that stores elements. Elements are added at one end and removed from another end. The queue's behavior can be modeled using a discrete dynamical system.

Questions:
1. What are some applications of discrete dynamical systems?
2. Can you give an example of a discrete dynamical system in computer science?
3. How can discrete dynamical systems be used in biology and physics?

Section 3: Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about discrete dynamical systems and their applications in different fields. We saw how they can be used to model population growth, disease spread, and the behavior of particles in a lattice. We also saw how they can be used to model the behavior of algorithms and computer programs. By understanding the principles behind discrete dynamical systems, we can apply them to new problems and gain insights into complex systems.


text: The Snoozer Lookout II Dog Car Seat gives your pet the perfect place to ride while on the go. Made with a simulated lamb's wool interior, the Lookout II Car Seat is sure to provide a cozy and safe place for your pet while in your car. Available in a variety of colors and fabrics, you are sure to find the perfect car seat to match you and your pet. For added convenience a storage tray has been placed at the bottom of the seat creating a perfect place to keep all your pet accessories. For added convenience include the Lookout Travel Rack allows your pet to have food and water while on the go.

textbook:
**Lesson: How to Choose the Right Pet Car Seat**

## Section 1: Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about pet car seats and how to choose the right one for our furry friends. We will cover the following topics:

1. What is a pet car seat?
2. Why do pets need car seats?
3. Types of pet car seats
4. How to choose the right pet car seat

## Section 2: What is a pet car seat?
A pet car seat is a safety device designed to protect pets during car rides. It is usually made of soft materials like fabric or leather and can be placed in the backseat of a car. Some pet car seats also come with additional features like food and water bowls, storage compartments, and padding for extra comfort.

## Section 3: Why do pets need car seats?
Car seats are essential for pets because they help prevent injuries during sudden stops or accidents. Pets can become projectiles if not properly restrained in a car, which can lead to severe injuries or even death. A pet car seat provides a safe space for your pet to ride in while also keeping them comfortable and secure.

## Section 4: Types of pet car seats
There are two main types of pet car seats: harness-style and barrier-style. Harness-style car seats use a belt to secure your pet in place, while barrier-style car seats use a barrier to keep your pet contained in the backseat. Both types of car seats have their advantages and disadvantages, so it's essential to choose the one that best suits your pet's needs.

## Section 5: How to choose the right pet car seat
To choose the right pet car seat, consider the following factors:

1. Size and weight limit: Make sure the car seat is suitable for your pet's size and weight. Most car seats have weight limits, so ensure that your pet falls within this limit.

2. Material and construction: Look for a car seat made of durable materials that will last long. Check if the car seat is easy to clean and maintain.

3. Comfort and safety features: Consider if the car seat has padding, support, and comfort for your pet. Check if the car seat has safety features like a five-point harness or a barrier to keep your pet contained.

4. Price: Compare prices and choose a car seat that fits your budget without sacrificing quality or safety.

## Section 6: Conclusion
In conclusion, choosing the right pet car seat is crucial for your pet's safety and comfort during car rides. Consider the size, weight limit, material, construction, comfort, and safety features before making a purchase. By following these guidelines, you can find the perfect pet car seat for your furry friend.

## Glossary
- Pet car seat: A safety device designed to protect pets during car rides.
- Harness-style car seat: A type of pet car seat that uses a belt to secure your pet in place.
- Barrier-style car seat: A type of pet car seat that uses a barrier to keep your pet contained in the backseat.
- Five-point harness: A safety feature that uses a belt with five points of contact to secure your pet in place.

## Self-Debate Discussion
- Should pets be required to wear seat belts while traveling in cars?
- Pros: It would provide an additional layer of safety for pets, reducing the risk of injury during sudden stops or accidents.
- Cons: It may be difficult to find a seat belt that fits all pets, and some pets may resist wearing seat belts.
- Conclusion: While seat belts may not be mandatory for all pets, it is essential to use a pet car seat that provides adequate protection during car rides.


text:
Len Bias Movie Promoted at Sundance

Moviemakers often turn to gimmicks to generate some buzz, but sometimes it’s done the old-fashioned way. Predawn darkness and freezing temperatures at the Sundance Film Festival didn’t stop a group of Washington filmmakers from making the rounds with their posters declaring LEN BIAS: THE LEGEND YOU KNOW, THE STORY YOU DIDN'T.

The film wasn’t opening at Sundance—it wasn’t even finished. But director Kirk Fraser and producers Sammy Steward and Kali McIver, along with their writer, cameraman, friends, and lawyer (“to make the deals or get us out of jail”) blitzed the snowy Utah village full of film executives and distributors with posters and DVDs. It worked. They’re now talking to major distributors about making their Len Bias movie widely available.

Fraser used similar guerilla-marketing tactics to distribute his DVD about the life of DC drug lord Rayful Edmond two years ago and has greater expectations for this documentary about the legendary University of Maryland basketball star who died from a cocaine overdose just 48 hours after being drafted in the first round by the Boston Celtics in June 1986. The shock waves created by Bias’s death were deep and long-lasting—because of not only an outpouring of grief in DC and Boston but the resulting changes in college athletic policies. Bias’s death also spurred legislation for more severe mandatory sentencing guidelines for first-time drug users.

The film promises to provide new accounts from witnesses to Bias’s actions that fatal night as well as lengthy interviews with friends, family, and fans who help present a fuller picture of a young athlete destined for stardom.

“We’re trying to tell an honest story and paint a true picture,” says Steward. “It wasn’t a secret what happened; it’s known all over the world.” Director Fraser is quick to add that there’s more to Bias’s story than drugs. One motivation for making the film was Fraser’s realization that many young people today don’t know who Len Bias was. “It’s important to educate,” he says, explaining that being a father himself helps to keep him focused on the lessons of Bias’s life.

A dramatic feature film is slated to follow the documentary, and Kirk has shown the first drafts to Bias’s mother, Lonise, a public advocate for drug awareness. “Her blessing is on this project,” he says. “His death is still affecting people’s lives today.”

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textbook:
Lesson: The Power of Marketing in Film Industry

Introduction:
Film marketing is an essential part of the film industry that helps promote a movie and attract audiences. In this lesson, we will learn about the power of marketing in the film industry and how it can help create buzz around a film.

Section 1: The Importance of Marketing in the Film Industry

Topic 1: Creating Buzz
Film marketing is crucial in creating buzz around a film. A well-executed marketing campaign can generate excitement and interest among potential viewers, leading to higher box office sales.

Topic 2: Building Audience Expectations
Marketing also helps build audience expectations. By creating hype and anticipation, moviegoers are more likely to want to see the film and share their thoughts on social media.

Section 2: Marketing Strategies in the Film Industry

Topic 1: Trailers
Trailers are one of the most common marketing strategies used in the film industry. They provide a glimpse into the storyline, characters, and visual effects of the film, enticing viewers to want to see more.

Topic 2: Posters
Posters are another essential marketing tool. They are visually appealing and can convey the mood, tone, and theme of the film. They also help remind people of the movie when they see it in theaters or online.

Section 3: Case Study: Len Bias Documentary

Kirk Fraser, the director of the Len Bias documentary, used guerrilla marketing tactics to promote his film at the Sundance Film Festival. He distributed posters and DVDs, which generated buzz around the film and attracted the attention of major distributors.

Conclusion:
Film marketing is a powerful tool that can help create buzz, build audience expectations, and increase box office sales. By understanding the different marketing strategies and techniques used in the film industry, you can better appreciate the art of promoting a film and its impact on the success of the film.

Glossary:
- Film industry: The business of making, producing, and distributing films
- Marketing: The activity and process of creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large
- Box office sales: The revenue earned from ticket sales at a movie theater
- Guerrilla marketing: A form of promotion that uses unconventional and creative methods to draw attention to a product or service.


text:
Q:

PyODBC Cursor.fetchall() causes python to crash (segfault)

I am using Python 2.7 on Windows XP.
I have a simple python script on a schedule that uses pyodbc to grab data from an AR database which has worked perfectly until today.  I get a segfault once the cursor reaches a particular row.  I have similar code in C++ which has no problem retrieving the results, so I figure this is an issue with pyodbc.  Either way, I'd like to "catch" this error.  I've tried to use the subprocess module, but it doesn't seem to work since once the script hits a segfault it just hangs on the "python.exe has encountered a problem and needs to close." message.  I guess I could set some arbitrary time frame for it to complete in and, if it doesn't, force close the process, but that seems kind of lame.
I have reported the issue here as well - http://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/issues/detail?id=278
@paulsm4 - I have answered your questions below, thanks!

Q: You're on Windows/XP (32-bit, I imagine), Python 2.7, and BMC
  Remedy AR. Correct?

A: Yes, it fails on Win XP 32 bit and Win Server 2008 R2 64 bit.

Q: Is there any chance you (or perhaps your client, if they purchased
  Remedy AR) can open a support call with BMC?

A: Probably not...

Q: Can you isolate which column causes the segfault? "What's
  different" when the segfault occurs?

A: Just this particular row...but I have now isolated the issue with your suggestions below. I used a loop to fetch each field until a segfault occurred.
cursor.columns(table="mytable")
result = cursor.fetchall()
columns = [x[3] for x in result]
for x in columns:
    print x
    cursor.execute("""select "{0}"
                      from "mytable"
                      where id = 'abc123'""".format(x))
    cursor.fetchall()

Once I identified the column that causes the segfault I tried a query for all columns EXCEPT that one and sure enough it worked no problem.
The column's data type was CHAR(1024). I used C++ to grab the data and noticed that the column for that row had the most characters in it out of any other row...1023! Thinking that maybe there is a buffer in the C code for PyODBC that is getting written to beyond its boundaries.

2) Enable ODBC tracing: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/274551
3) Post back the results (including the log trace of the failure)

Ok, I have created a pastebin with the results of the ODBC trace - http://pastebin.com/6gt95rB8. To protect the innocent, I have masked some string values.
Looks like it may have been due to data truncation.
Does this give us enough info as to how to fix the issue?  I'm thinking it's a bug within PyODBC since using the C ODBC API directly works fine.
Update
So I compiled PyODBC for debugging and I got an interesting message -
Run-Time Check Failure #2 - Stack around the variable 'tempBuffer' was corrupted.

While I don't currently understand it, the call stack is as follows -
pyodbc.pyd!GetDataString(Cursor * cur=0x00e47100, int iCol=0)  Line 410 + 0xf bytes C++
pyodbc.pyd!GetData(Cursor * cur=0x00e47100, int iCol=0)  Line 697 + 0xd bytes   C++
pyodbc.pyd!Cursor_fetch(Cursor * cur=0x00e47100)  Line 1032 + 0xd bytes C++
pyodbc.pyd!Cursor_fetchlist(Cursor * cur=0x00e47100, int max=-1)  Line 1063 + 0x9 bytes C++
pyodbc.pyd!Cursor_fetchall(_object * self=0x00e47100, _object * args=0x00000000)  Line 1142 + 0xb bytes C++

Resolved!
Problem was solved by ensuring that the buffer had enough space.
In getdata.cpp on line 330
char tempBuffer[1024];

Was changed to
char tempBuffer[1025];

Compiled and replaced the old pyodbc.pyd file in site-packages and we're all good!
Thanks for your help!

A:

Q: You're on Windows/XP (32-bit, I imagine),  Python 2.7, and BMC Remedy AR.  Correct?
Q: Is there any chance you (or perhaps your client, if they purchased Remedy AR) can open a support call with BMC?
Q: Can you isolate which column causes the segfault?  "What's different" when the segfault occurs?
Please do the following:
1) Try different "select a,b,c" statements using Python/ODBC to see if you can reproduce the problem (independent of your program) and isolate a specific column (or, ideally, a specific column and row!)
2) Enable ODBC tracing:
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/274551
3) Post back the results (including the log trace of the failure)
4) If that doesn't work - and if you can't get BMC Technical Support involved - then Plan B might be to debug at the ODBC library level:

How to debug C extensions for Python on Windows
Q: What C/C++ compiler would work best for you?

textbook:
Title: Understanding Segmentation Faults in Python

Introduction:
Segmentation faults are errors that occur when a program attempts to access memory that it is not authorized to access. In Python, these errors can be caused by a variety of factors, including improperly closed files, invalid memory addresses, and buffer overflows. In this lesson, we will explore the causes of segmentation faults in Python and learn how to prevent them.

Causes of Segmentation Faults in Python:
1. Improperly Closed Files: When a file is opened in Python, it is important that it is properly closed to ensure that all data has been read and the file is no longer in use. If a file is not closed properly, it can cause a segmentation fault.
2. Invalid Memory Addresses: Python relies on the operating system to manage memory. If a Python program attempts to access memory that is not allocated to it, it can cause a segmentation fault.
3. Buffer Overflows: A buffer overflow occurs when a program attempts to write more data to a buffer than it can hold. This can cause a segmentation fault.

Preventing Segmentation Faults in Python:
1. Properly Close Files: To prevent segmentation faults caused by improperly closed files, make sure to close all files that are opened in your Python program. Use the `with` statement to automatically close files when they are no longer needed.
2. Use Memory Management Libraries: To prevent segmentation faults caused by invalid memory addresses, use memory management libraries such as `resource` or `multiprocessing`. These libraries help to manage memory usage and prevent errors.
3. Use Safe String Handling: To prevent buffer overflows, use safe string handling techniques such as `str.encode()` and `str.decode()`. These functions ensure that strings are handled safely and do not exceed the size of the buffer.

Conclusion:
Segmentation faults can be caused by a variety of factors in Python, including improperly closed files, invalid memory addresses, and buffer overflows. By following the prevention techniques outlined in this lesson, you can avoid these errors and ensure that your Python program runs smoothly.


text: Carol Hoy: 'I'm so proud that my son will carry British flag at the Olympic opening ceremony'. Sir Chris Hoy's mother, Carol, has told Daybreak that she is proud of her son, who will carry the British flag at the Olympic opening ceremony on Friday.. Speaking ahead of the Olympics she said: "I'm very proud of Chris for many reasons and I do think he is a role model."

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Setting Goals

Introduction:
Setting goals is an essential part of achieving success in any area of life. It helps individuals focus their energy in the right direction and measure their progress. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of setting goals and how it can help us achieve our dreams.

Section 1: Understanding the Importance of Setting Goals

Topic 1: Defining Goals
- A goal is a specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound outcome that an individual or organization aspires to achieve.
- Goals give us direction and motivate us to take action towards achieving them.

Topic 2: The Benefits of Setting Goals
- Goals provide a sense of purpose and direction in life.
- They help individuals stay focused and motivated.
- Goals help individuals measure their progress and success.
- Goals push individuals to stretch themselves beyond their limits.

Section 2: Setting Achievable Goals

Topic 1: Identifying Your Goals
- Start by identifying what you want to achieve in your personal or professional life.
- Be specific and clear about what you want to achieve.

Topic 2: Making Your Goals Achievable
- Set achievable goals that are challenging but not impossible.
- Break down larger goals into smaller, more manageable tasks.
- Use the SMART method (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) to set achievable goals.

Section 3: Achieving Your Goals

Topic 1: Creating an Action Plan
- Create a plan with specific steps to achieve your goals.
- Set deadlines for each step and track your progress.

Topic 2: Overcoming Obstacles
- Expect obstacles and setbacks along the way.
- Learn from your mistakes and keep moving forward.
- Don't give up, even when things get tough.

Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, setting goals is an essential part of achieving success in any area of life. By defining your goals, making them achievable, and creating an action plan, you can achieve your dreams and reach your full potential. Remember to stay focused, overcome obstacles, and never give up.

Glossary:
- Goal: A specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound outcome that an individual or organization aspires to achieve.
- SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound.

End of Lesson.


text: NBN Mobile Working - Latest tech to make home or office mobile working a reality. Work when Mobile needs faster networks. We are specialists at speeding up your Internet connection and WiFi network to work with Mobile Voice and Internet. A faster mobile connection - when Mobile. There are business benefits in terms of office space and equipment if your staff are mobile. Learn from the pandemic and benefit moving forward with a business capability that will also attract better talent with more flexible working options. Mobile Working for specific job functions is very smart and can create better customer experiences.. Faster Mobile Internet - lower cost of ownership. Whilst we supply fast work from home networking technology, we also know who are the fast Mobile Network and WiFi Network providers. We can help you choose the better Mobile.

textbook:
**Lesson: How to Choose the Right Mobile Network for Your Home or Office**

**Introduction:**
In today's world, having a fast and reliable internet connection is essential for both personal and professional use. With the rise of remote work and online communication, choosing the right mobile network has become more important than ever. In this lesson, we will learn about the factors to consider when selecting a mobile network for your home or office.

**Section 1: Understanding Mobile Networks**

A mobile network is a collection of cell sites and devices that provide wireless communication services to users. There are four types of mobile networks: 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G. Each generation of mobile networks offers faster speeds and improved performance.

**Section 2: Factors to Consider When Choosing a Mobile Network**

1. Coverage: Make sure that the mobile network provider has good coverage in your area. You can check the coverage map on the provider's website or use a coverage checker app.

2. Speed: Choose a mobile network that offers fast download and upload speeds. 4G networks typically offer speeds between 10 Mbps and 1 Gbps, while 5G networks can offer speeds up to 20 Gbps.

3. Reliability: Look for a mobile network that is reliable and has a low rate of dropped calls or disconnections.

4. Data Allowance: Determine how much data you need each month and choose a plan that includes enough data for your needs.

5. Price: Compare the prices of different mobile network plans and choose the one that fits your budget.

**Section 3: Practical Examples**

Let's say you work from home and need a reliable internet connection for video conferences and online meetings. In this case, you would want to choose a mobile network that offers fast speeds and good coverage. You may also want to consider a network that offers unlimited data allowance so you don't have to worry about exceeding your limit.

On the other hand, if you have a small business with employees who need to work remotely, you may need a mobile network that offers both fast speeds and good coverage. You may also want to consider a network that offers additional features such as tethering and mobile hotspots.

**Conclusion:**
Choosing the right mobile network for your home or office is an important decision that can impact your productivity and overall experience. By considering factors such as coverage, speed, reliability, data allowance, and price, you can find the perfect mobile network for your needs. Remember to always compare different options and read reviews before making a final decision.


text: In Georgia, the average cost of a room1 in a 3-star hotel was 128 GEL per night in May 2019. While the average cost of a room in a 4-star. hotel in Georgia was 219 GEL per night and the average cost of a room in a guesthouse2 was 76 GEL per night.. The average cost of a room in a 5-star hotel in Georgia in May 2019 was 494 GEL per night. In Tbilisi, the average price was 612 GEL,. followed by Adjara – 479 GEL, Samtskhe-Javakheti - 375 GEL, and Kakheti - 375 GEL.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Compare Hotel Prices in Georgia

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to compare hotel prices in Georgia using data from May 2019. We will analyze the average costs of rooms in different types of hotels and cities, and use this information to make informed decisions when booking accommodations.

Section 1: Understanding Hotel Types and Categories

1.1 What are the different types of hotels in Georgia?
- Hotels in Georgia can be classified into different categories based on their quality, services, and amenities. These categories include 3-star, 4-star, 5-star, and guesthouses.

1.2 What is the difference between a 3-star, 4-star, and 5-star hotel?
- A 3-star hotel offers basic amenities such as Wi-Fi, TV, and air conditioning. A 4-star hotel provides additional services such as a restaurant, bar, and fitness center. A 5-star hotel offers luxury services such as a spa, swimming pool, and concierge service.

Section 2: Analyzing Hotel Prices by Type and City

2.1 What is the average cost of a room in a 3-star hotel in Georgia?
- The average cost of a room in a 3-star hotel in Georgia was 128 GEL per night in May 2019.

2.2 What is the average cost of a room in a 4-star hotel in Georgia?
- The average cost of a room in a 4-star hotel in Georgia was 219 GEL per night in May 2019.

2.3 What is the average cost of a room in a guesthouse in Georgia?
- The average cost of a room in a guesthouse in Georgia was 76 GEL per night in May 2019.

2.4 What is the average cost of a room in a 5-star hotel in Georgia?
- The average cost of a room in a 5-star hotel in Georgia was 494 GEL per night in May 2019.

2.5 How does the price of a room vary across different cities in Georgia?
- In Tbilisi, the average price was 612 GEL, followed by Adjara - 479 GEL, Samtskhe-Javakheti - 375 GEL, and Kakheti - 375 GEL.

Section 3: Applying Hotel Price Data to Make Informed Decisions

3.1 How can I use this data to find the best deal on a hotel room?
- By comparing the average costs of rooms in different types of hotels and cities, we can identify the most affordable options that still meet our needs. For example, if we are looking for a 4-star hotel in Tbilisi, we can choose a hotel that costs around 219 GEL per night.

3.2 How can I ensure that I am getting the best deal on a hotel room?
- To ensure that we are getting the best deal on a hotel room, we can compare prices across different booking websites and consider factors such as cancellation policies and location. We can also look for promotional codes or discounts that may be available.

Conclusion:
By understanding the different types of hotels and their average costs, we can make informed decisions when booking accommodations in Georgia. By comparing prices across different cities and types of hotels, we can find the best deals and ensure that we are getting the most value for our money.


text:
Intravascular ultrasound-guided balloon angioplasty compared with stent: immediate and 6-month results of the multicenter, randomized Balloon Equivalent to Stent Study (BEST).
Balloon angioplasty guided by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) makes it possible to choose the balloon size according to the true vessel diameter and to detect suboptimal results requiring subsequent stent implantation. The Balloon Equivalent to STent (BEST) study aimed to assess whether this strategy would give the same results as systematic stenting. A total of 132 of 254 patients were randomized to IVUS-guided percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (aggressive PTCA), and 122 were randomized to stenting (stent group). We hypothesized that a difference of <8% in the 6-month angiographic restenosis rate (primary end point) could be considered noninferior. The aggressive PTCA procedure was longer and had a greater use of contrast medium than stenting. In the aggressive PTCA group, crossover to stent was needed in 58 patients (44%). At 6 months, 20 of 119 patients (16.8+/-6.7%) in the aggressive PTCA group and 21 of 116 patients (18.1+/-7.0%) in the stent group had restenosis. The difference was -1.3%, with an upper limit of 95% confidence interval of 7.1% (ie, less than the noninferiority boundary). The in-stent restenosis rate was higher in the stent group (15.5% versus 5%; P=0.02). The differences in minimum lumen diameter, lumen cross-section area, and 1-year event rate were not significant. A strategy of IVUS-guided angioplasty with provisional stenting is feasible and safe. At the cost of a more complex procedure, it reduces the stent rate by half, with similar 6-month angiographic IVUS and clinical outcome compared with stent implantation.

textbook:
Lesson: Comparing Balloon Angioplasty and Stenting

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will compare two methods of treating narrowed or blocked arteries in the heart: balloon angioplasty and stenting. We will learn about the differences between these two procedures, their benefits and risks, and when it is appropriate to use each one.

Section 1: Understanding Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common condition that occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked. This can happen due to the buildup of fatty deposits on the inside walls of the arteries, also known as plaque. Over time, this plaque can harden and narrow the arteries, reducing the amount of oxygen-rich blood that reaches the heart muscle. This can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, and other symptoms.

Section 2: Balloon Angioplasty

Balloon angioplasty is a procedure used to open narrowed or blocked arteries. During this procedure, a small balloon is inserted into the affected artery and inflated to compress the plaque against the artery wall. This restores blood flow to the heart muscle and relieves symptoms. Balloon angioplasty can be performed using various techniques, including intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance.

Section 3: Stenting

Stenting is another method of opening narrowed or blocked arteries. During this procedure, a small metal tube called a stent is placed in the affected artery to keep it open. The stent acts as a scaffold to support the artery wall and prevent it from collapsing after the procedure. Stenting is often used in conjunction with balloon angioplasty, but can also be used alone in some cases.

Section 4: The BEST Study

The Balloon Equivalent to Stent (BEST) study was designed to compare the effectiveness of balloon angioplasty guided by IVUS with stenting. The study found that patients who underwent IVUS-guided PTCA had a lower rate of restenosis (narrowing of the artery again) at 6 months compared to those who received a stent. However, the difference was not considered statistically significant, meaning that the results were not likely due to chance.

Section 5: Benefits and Risks

Benefits of balloon angioplasty include its lower cost compared to stenting and the fact that it is a less invasive procedure. However, balloon angioplasty may not be as effective in treating long or complex blockages, and there is a higher risk of restenosis compared to stenting.

Benefits of stenting include its effectiveness in treating long or complex blockages and its ability to reduce the risk of restenosis compared to balloon angioplasty. However, stenting is more expensive and carries a higher risk of bleeding and other complications.

Section 6: When to Use Each Method

Balloon angioplasty is typically recommended for patients with short blockages in their arteries and no significant heart disease. Stenting may be recommended for patients with longer blockages or more complex arterial disease. The choice between balloon angioplasty and stenting will depend on several factors, including the severity of the patient's symptoms, the location and size of the blockage, and the patient's overall health.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, balloon angioplasty and stenting are two effective methods for treating coronary artery disease. The BEST study showed that IVUS-guided PTCA may be as effective as stenting in some cases, but more research is needed to confirm these findings. Ultimately, the decision to use balloon angioplasty or stenting will depend on the individual patient's needs and the specifics of their condition.