text: I'm an Assistant Professor in Russian at the University of Notre Dame. Previously, I was a Postdoctoral Scholar at Notre Dame, and before. I'm also interested in intellectual history, the history of emotions, and postcolonial/empire studies. In my current project, Civic Sentimentalism: Pushkin and the Decembrists, I analyze the role of political feelings in early nineteenth-century Russian poetry. I also edit Pushkin Review.

textbook:
Lesson: Intellectual History, History of Emotions, and Postcolonial/Empire Studies

**Introduction:** In this lesson, we will explore the fields of intellectual history, history of emotions, and postcolonial/empire studies. These fields are interdisciplinary and involve the study of how ideas, emotions, and power have shaped societies throughout history. We will examine how these fields can help us understand the past and present, and how they can be applied to real-world situations.

**Section 1: Intellectual History**

**Theoretical Concepts:** Intellectual history is the study of the history of ideas and their impact on society. It examines how ideas have been developed, spread, and received by different groups of people over time.

**Practical Examples:** One example of intellectual history is the study of how the Enlightenment ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity influenced the French Revolution. Another example is the study of how the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels influenced the development of communism and socialism.

**Definitions of Purpose:** The purpose of intellectual history is to understand how ideas have shaped society and how they continue to do so today. By studying the history of ideas, we can better understand the present and future.

**Discussion Questions:** What are some examples of ideas that have had a significant impact on society? How have these ideas been received and interpreted by different groups of people?

**Glossary:** Intellectual history - the study of the history of ideas and their impact on society.

**Section 2: History of Emotions**

**Theoretical Concepts:** The history of emotions is the study of how emotions have changed over time and how they have been expressed and experienced in different cultures.

**Practical Examples:** One example of the history of emotions is the study of how the emotion of love has been expressed and experienced in different cultures throughout history. Another example is the study of how the emotion of fear has been used as a tool of power and control by governments and other institutions.

**Definitions of Purpose:** The purpose of the history of emotions is to understand how emotions have shaped society and how they continue to do so today. By studying the history of emotions, we can better understand the present and future.

**Discussion Questions:** How have emotions been expressed and experienced in different cultures throughout history? How have emotions been used as a tool of power and control by governments and other institutions?

**Glossary:** History of emotions - the study of how emotions have changed over time and how they have been expressed and experienced in different cultures.

**Section 3: Postcolonial/Empire Studies**

**Theoretical Concepts:** Postcolonial/empire studies is the study of how colonialism and imperialism have shaped societies and cultures. It examines how power dynamics have been used to control and exploit different groups of people.

**Practical Examples:** One example of postcolonial/empire studies is the study of how the British Empire colonized India and how this has affected Indian society and culture. Another example is the study of how the United States has colonized and exploited Native American lands and cultures.

**Definitions of Purpose:** The purpose of postcolonial/empire studies is to understand how colonialism and imperialism have shaped society and culture. By studying postcolonial/empire studies, we can better understand the present and future.

**Discussion Questions:** How have colonialism and imperialism shaped societies and cultures? How have power dynamics been used to control and exploit different groups of people?

**Glossary:** Postcolonial/empire studies - the study of how colonialism and imperialism have shaped societies and cultures.

**Conclusion:** By studying intellectual history, history of emotions, and postcolonial/empire studies, we can gain a deeper understanding of how ideas, emotions, and power dynamics have shaped society throughout history. These fields can help us better understand the present and future, and can be applied to real-world situations. By learning about these fields, we can develop critical thinking skills and become more informed citizens.


text:
Improving anti-tumor activity with polymeric micelles entrapping paclitaxel in pulmonary carcinoma.
Nanoscale polymeric micelles have promising applications as drug delivery systems (DDS). In this work, to improve the anti-tumor activity and eliminate toxicity of the commercial formulation (cremophor EL and ethanol) of paclitaxel (PTX), we developed biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (MPEG-PCL) micelles entrapping PTX by a simple one-step solid dispersion method, which is without any surfactants or additives and is easy to scale up. In addition, the PTX micelles could be lyophilized into powder without any adjuvant and the re-dissolved PTX micelles are stable and homogeneous. The prepared PTX micelles have a mean particle size of 38.06 ± 2.30 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.168 ± 0.014, a drug loading of 14.89 ± 0.06% and an encapsulation efficiency of 99.25 ± 0.38%. A molecular modeling study implied that PTX interacted with PCL as a core, which was embraced by PEG as a shell. The encapsulation of PTX in polymeric micelles enhanced its cytotoxicity by increasing the uptake by LL/2 cells. A sustained in vitro release behavior and slow extravasation behavior from blood vessels in a transgenic zebrafish model were observed in the PTX micelles. Furthermore, compared with Taxol®, the PTX micelles were more effective in suppressing tumor growth in the subcutaneous LL/2 tumor model. The PTX micelles also inhibited metastases in the pulmonary metastatic LL/2 tumor model and prolonged survival in both mouse models. Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies showed that after PTX was encapsulated in polymeric micelles, the biodistribution pattern of PTX was altered and the PTX concentration in tumors was increased compared with Taxol® after intravenous injection. In conclusion, we have developed a polymeric micelles entrapping PTX that enhanced cytotoxicity in vitro and improved anti-tumor activity in vivo with low systemic toxicity on pulmonary carcinoma. The biodegradable MPEG-PCL micelles entrapping PTX may have promising applications in pulmonary carcinoma therapy.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Polymeric Micelles for Drug Delivery

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Polymeric micelles are small, biodegradable particles made from polymers that can encapsulate hydrophobic drugs. They have been studied for their potential use in drug delivery systems because they can improve the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of drugs. This is particularly important for cancer treatment, where many drugs are hydrophobic and have poor solubility in water, leading to low bioavailability and increased toxicity.

## Section 2: Practical Examples and Real-World Scenarios
In this study, researchers developed polymeric micelles containing paclitaxel, a commonly used chemotherapy drug for treating lung cancer. The micelles were made from a biodegradable polymer called poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (MPEG-PCL). The micelles were designed to improve the anti-tumor activity of paclitaxel while reducing its toxicity. This was achieved by eliminating the need for surfactants or additives that are often used in the preparation of polymeric micelles, making the process easier and more scalable.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions
One of the challenges in drug delivery is finding a way to increase the solubility and stability of hydrophobic drugs like paclitaxel. This is important because many drugs with poor solubility in water have low bioavailability, which means they do not reach their target site in the body effectively. Additionally, hydrophobic drugs can cause toxicity when they accumulate in the body. By encapsulating paclitaxel in polymeric micelles, the researchers were able to improve its solubility and stability, which may lead to better anti-tumor activity and reduced toxicity.

## Glossary
- Polymeric micelles: Small, biodegradable particles made from polymers that can encapsulate hydrophobic drugs.
- Hydrophobic: A term used to describe a substance that is not soluble in water.
- Bioavailability: The fraction of a drug that reaches systemic circulation when administered.
- Toxicity: The degree of harm that a substance can cause to living organisms.
- Solubility: The ability of a substance to dissolve in a given solvent.
- Stability: The ability of a substance to resist change over time.

## Conclusion
Understanding the principles behind polymeric micelles and their potential for drug delivery is important for developing new and improved treatments for cancer and other diseases. By encapsulating hydrophobic drugs like paclitaxel in biodegradable polymeric micelles, researchers can improve their solubility, stability, and bioavailability, leading to better therapeutic outcomes with reduced toxicity.


text: WOONSOCKET, R.I. — CVS Caremark’s MinuteClinic has opened three walk-in clinics inside CVS/pharmacy stores in the Asheville, N.C. area, and three additional locations are expected to open by year-end.. The new clinics are located in Arden, Asheville and Hendersonville. Three additional clinics are expected to open by the end of the year in Asheville, Brevard and Waynesville.. MinuteClinic launched its first medical clinics in North Carolina in 2005 and now has 41 locations inside select CVS/pharmacy stores in the Asheville, Charlotte, Greensboro/Winston-Salem and Raleigh-Durham markets.. Andrew Sussman, president of MinuteClinic and SVP/ associate chief medical officer CVS Caremark, believes MinuteClinic can help alleviate the severe primary care shortage that is expected to worsen over the coming decade in North Carolina.. "We believe MinuteClinic can be part of the solution to help broaden access to high-quality, convenient and affordable healthcare services in North Carolina," he stated.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Healthcare Services in North Carolina

### Section 1: Understanding the Need for Healthcare Services

Healthcare services are essential for maintaining good health and preventing illnesses. However, in some areas, there is a shortage of primary care providers, which can make it difficult for people to access medical care when they need it. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of healthcare services and how MinuteClinic is helping to address the primary care shortage in North Carolina.

### Section 2: What is MinuteClinic?

MinuteClinic is a walk-in medical clinic that is located inside select CVS/pharmacy stores. It was launched in 2005 and now has 41 locations in the Asheville, Charlotte, Greensboro/Winston-Salem, and Raleigh-Durham markets in North Carolina. The clinic provides a range of medical services, including vaccinations, physical examinations, treatment for minor injuries and illnesses, and screenings for common conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes.

### Section 3: How is MinuteClinic Addressing the Primary Care Shortage in North Carolina?

MinuteClinic believes that they can help alleviate the severe primary care shortage that is expected to worsen over the coming decade in North Carolina. By providing convenient and affordable healthcare services, MinuteClinic is making it easier for people to access medical care when they need it. This is particularly important in areas where there is a shortage of primary care providers.

### Section 4: Why is Access to Healthcare Services Important?

Access to healthcare services is crucial for maintaining good health and preventing illnesses. When people have easy access to medical care, they are more likely to get the treatment they need for conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes, and other chronic illnesses. This can help prevent complications and improve overall health outcomes.

### Section 5: Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the importance of healthcare services and how MinuteClinic is helping to address the primary care shortage in North Carolina. By providing convenient and affordable medical care, MinuteClinic is making it easier for people to access the healthcare services they need. This is an important step towards improving health outcomes and reducing health disparities in North Carolina.


text: Tip#2: Skills + Experience = Opportunity. June 22nd, 2009. By Jane Lowder, Max Coaching. In this market every job ad posted attracts several hundred applications. Because it is largely an employers’ market, employers can be very particular about who to hire.. The bulk of opportunities fall to those who have relevant and recently demonstrated skills and experience. So what can you do if you don’t have these? …read more

textbook:
Lesson: How to Build a Strong Resume and Land Your Dream Job
Introduction:
In today's competitive job market, having a strong resume and relevant experience is crucial to landing your dream job. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of skills and experience in getting hired and provide tips on how to build a resume that stands out.
Section 1: Importance of Skills and Experience in Getting Hired
Topic: Why are skills and experience important in getting hired?
Question: Why do employers prefer candidates with relevant skills and experience?
Answer: Employers want to hire individuals who have demonstrated success in areas related to the job they are applying for. They want to know that the candidate can hit the ground running and contribute to the company's success.
Topic: What happens if you don't have relevant skills and experience?
Question: Can you still get hired if you don't have relevant skills and experience?
Answer: It can be more challenging to get hired without relevant skills and experience. However, there are other ways to stand out, such as through networking, personal branding, and a strong cover letter.
Section 2: Building a Strong Resume
Topic: How do you build a strong resume?
Question: What should you include on your resume?
Answer: A strong resume should include your contact information, a professional summary, work experience, education, and any relevant skills or certifications.
Topic: How do you make your resume stand out?
Question: What are some ways to make your resume stand out?
Answer: There are several ways to make your resume stand out, including using a clear and easy-to-read format, highlighting your achievements, using action words, and tailoring your resume to the specific job you are applying for.
Section 3: Practical Examples
Topic: How do you demonstrate your skills and experience on your resume?
Question: How do you demonstrate your skills and experience on your resume?
Answer: You can demonstrate your skills and experience on your resume by providing specific examples of projects you have worked on, accomplishments you have achieved, and the tools or software you have used.
Topic: Real-World Scenarios
Question: How do you apply the concepts learned in this lesson to real-world scenarios?
Answer: You can apply the concepts learned in this lesson to real-world scenarios by carefully reading job descriptions and tailoring your resume and cover letter to each application. You should also network with professionals in your industry and continually develop your skills to stay relevant in the job market.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, skills and experience are crucial in getting hired for your dream job. By building a strong resume and demonstrating your relevant skills and experience, you can increase your chances of standing out to potential employers. Remember to continually develop your skills and stay up-to-date with industry trends to remain competitive in the job market.


text: Please join CDW-G for an update on the Emergency Connectivity Fund, including the latest program updates. We will provide a general program overview and information about the 2nd funding request window to help you plan for a successful funding request.. Speaker. Amy Passow Amy Passow has worked with the E-Rate program for 10+ years, leading CDW’s E-Rate strategy for over 7 years. She is a subject matter expert on the E-Rate program, managing CDW’s success as the #1 Category 2 Service Provider for the past 7 years. Amy has taken the lead at CDW as the expert on the new Emergency Connectivity Fund, training sales, partners, and customers for successful use of these funds.. We hope to see you there. Please RSVP by Tuesday, September 7.

textbook:
Title: Introduction to the Emergency Connectivity Fund

### Section 1: Overview

The Emergency Connectivity Fund (ECF) is a new program created by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to help schools and libraries connect their students and patrons to high-speed internet during the COVID-19 pandemic. The ECF provides up to $5.2 billion in funding over two funding windows to support the purchase of connected devices, such as laptops and tablets, and wireless hotspots, as well as monthly service charges for broadband connectivity.

### Section 2: Program Updates

The first funding request window for the ECF opened on June 15, 2021, and closed on August 13, 2021. The FCC received over 1,500 applications requesting over $4.5 billion in funding. The second funding request window is expected to open in early 2022.

### Section 3: Preparing for a Successful Funding Request

To prepare for a successful funding request, schools and libraries should begin by conducting a needs assessment to determine the number of connected devices and wireless hotspots needed, as well as the monthly service charges for broadband connectivity. They should also review the ECF eligibility requirements and application guidelines to ensure that they meet all the necessary criteria.

### Conclusion

The Emergency Connectivity Fund is a valuable resource for schools and libraries seeking to provide their students and patrons with access to high-speed internet during the COVID-19 pandemic. By understanding the program's requirements and guidelines, schools and libraries can prepare for a successful funding request and ensure that they receive the support they need to connect their communities.

### Glossary

- **ECF**: Emergency Connectivity Fund
- **FCC**: Federal Communications Commission
- **Connected devices**: Laptops, tablets, etc.
- **Wireless hotspots**: Devices that provide wireless internet access
- **Broadband connectivity**: High-speed internet access


text: We would like to thank the following companies for supplying and supporting us with our test system hardware and equipment: AMD, ASUS, Sapphire, Kingston, Noctua and Corsair.. Since this is our first AMD rig in a long time, we don't have any other kits on the same system to compare this one against. Instead, we've included some results from our P55 and X58 testbeds using Intel processors. We know that memory performance on the Intel platform is better, but let's see how they compare anyway. We also want to see what kind of performance increase we get as we climb up in speed.<<. We're a long way away from our Intel setups, but you can see that as we increase the speed of our CPU there is a nice little performance improvement.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Computer Hardware and Software

**Section 1: Introduction to Computer Hardware**

A computer is made up of two main components: hardware and software. In this lesson, we will focus on the hardware part of a computer. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the motherboard, processor, memory, storage, and input/output devices.

**Section 2: Understanding Computer Hardware**

Computer hardware can be divided into several categories, including input/output devices, internal components, and peripherals. Input/output devices are used to interact with the computer, such as a keyboard, mouse, or printer. Internal components are the parts that make up the computer's central processing unit (CPU), such as the motherboard, processor, and memory. Peripherals are external devices that enhance the functionality of the computer, such as a graphics card or sound card.

**Section 3: Examples of Computer Hardware**

Let's take a closer look at some examples of computer hardware:

- Motherboard: This is the main circuit board of a computer. It connects all the other components of the computer together.
- Processor: Also known as the CPU, this is the brain of the computer. It performs all the calculations and logic operations necessary for the computer to function.
- Memory: This refers to the temporary storage area of the computer, where data and instructions are stored while the computer is processing them.
- Storage: This refers to the permanent storage area of the computer, where data and programs are stored long-term.
- Input/Output Devices: These are the devices used to interact with the computer, such as a keyboard, mouse, or printer.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

In summary, computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Understanding the different types of hardware and their functions is essential for anyone interested in computer technology. By mastering the basics of computer hardware, you can build your own computer, troubleshoot hardware issues, and even design your own peripherals.


text: Cleveland same-day delivery. Challenges of Same-Day Delivery – And How a Cleveland 3PL Can Help. Same-day delivery and next-day delivery are part of our Cleveland 3PL wheelhouse. These services keep customers happy, but they have become especially important in the midst of a dramatic shift toward e-commerce this year.. As TechCrunch recently reported, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the shift away from physical stores and pushed the e-commerce ahead by a full five years. This change has been on the horizon for years, but e-commerce is projected to grow by a stunning 20 percent in 2020.. This latest report, IBM’s U.S. Retail Index, reveals what our Cleveland 3PL has been preaching for years: Retailers, manufacturers and business-to-business operators are going to need to pivot more quickly multiple outlet fulfillment capabilities if they want to stay competitive. This means prioritizing same-day delivery and next-day delivery services.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Same-Day Delivery and How a Cleveland 3PL Can Help
Introduction:
E-commerce has become increasingly popular over the years, with the COVID-19 pandemic accelerating its growth even more. This shift towards online shopping has made same-day and next-day delivery services more important than ever before. In this lesson, we will explore the challenges of same-day delivery and how a Cleveland 3PL can help.
Section 1: Challenges of Same-Day Delivery
- One of the biggest challenges of same-day delivery is the cost. It can be expensive to implement and maintain, as it requires additional resources such as more warehouse space, more staff, and more vehicles.
- Another challenge is the complexity of managing inventory. Retailers need to ensure that they have enough stock to meet customer demand while also keeping costs down.
- Lastly, same-day delivery can be logistically difficult. It requires precise coordination between warehouses, distribution centers, and delivery vehicles to ensure that orders are delivered on time.
Section 2: How a Cleveland 3PL Can Help
- A Cleveland 3PL (third-party logistics) provider can help retailers overcome these challenges by providing them with access to a network of warehouses, distribution centers, and delivery vehicles.
- By outsourcing their logistics to a Cleveland 3PL, retailers can save money on overhead costs such as warehouse space and staffing.
- A Cleveland 3PL can also help retailers manage their inventory by providing them with real-time data on stock levels and order volumes.
Section 3: Conclusion
In conclusion, same-day delivery is becoming increasingly important in the world of e-commerce. However, it can be challenging to implement and maintain. A Cleveland 3PL can help retailers overcome these challenges by providing them with access to a network of warehouses, distribution centers, and delivery vehicles. By outsourcing their logistics to a Cleveland 3PL, retailers can save money on overhead costs and manage their inventory more effectively.
Glossary:
- 3PL: Third-party logistics provider
- E-commerce: The buying and selling of goods and services online
- Warehouse: A building or area where goods are stored before they are sold
- Distribution center: A facility that stores and distributes goods to retailers
- Delivery vehicle: A vehicle used to transport goods from a distribution center to a customer's home or business.
Conclusion:
This lesson has taught us the importance of same-day delivery in the world of e-commerce and how a Cleveland 3PL can help retailers overcome the challenges associated with it. By understanding the benefits of same-day delivery and how a Cleveland 3PL can help, retailers can stay competitive in an ever-changing market.


text: Family medicine earns national recognition. Loma Linda University Health Family Medicine earns National Recognition for Patient-Centered Care.Read story. Our primary care providers have years of experience and have received special training in family, internal or general medicine. We are committed to the health of the entire family through convenient locations and same day appointments.. Loma Linda University Health offers the broadest range of primary care providers and services in the region. We offer the expertise of family physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants. We also offer lifestyle visits, preventative medicine, and geriatricians to care for seniors. At Loma Linda University Health, our family medicine providers also work closely with a wide range of specialists if further care is needed.. Loma Linda University Health Family Medicine earns National Recognition for Patient-Centered Care.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Primary Care Providers
Primary care providers are medical professionals who provide comprehensive healthcare services to individuals and families. They act as a patient's first point of contact for health concerns and play a crucial role in maintaining overall health and wellness. In this lesson, we will explore the different types of primary care providers and their roles in providing patient-centered care.
Section 1: Types of Primary Care Providers
There are several types of primary care providers, including family physicians, internists, and physician assistants. Family physicians are trained to provide care for patients of all ages, from infancy to old age. Internists, on the other hand, focus on the diagnosis and treatment of adult diseases. Physician assistants are medical professionals who work under the supervision of a doctor to provide patient care.
Section 2: Patient-Centered Care
Patient-centered care is a model of healthcare that focuses on providing care that is tailored to the individual needs of the patient. This approach takes into account the patient's preferences, values, and lifestyle factors to provide personalized and effective care. Primary care providers play a critical role in delivering patient-centered care by building strong relationships with their patients and understanding their unique needs.
Section 3: The Role of Primary Care Providers in Healthcare
Primary care providers are essential in the healthcare system as they serve as the first point of contact for patients with health concerns. They provide preventive care, such as routine checkups and vaccinations, and manage chronic conditions, such as diabetes and heart disease. They also coordinate care with specialists and other healthcare providers to ensure that patients receive the best possible care.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, primary care providers play a vital role in maintaining the health and wellbeing of individuals and families. By providing patient-centered care, they help patients achieve their health goals and improve their quality of life. Understanding the different types of primary care providers and their roles in healthcare can help patients make informed decisions about their healthcare needs.
Glossary:
- Primary care provider: A medical professional who provides comprehensive healthcare services to individuals and families.
- Patient-centered care: A model of healthcare that focuses on providing care tailored to the individual needs of the patient.
- Family physician: A medical professional trained to provide care for patients of all ages.
- Internist: A medical professional who focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of adult diseases.
- Physician assistant: A medical professional who works under the supervision of a doctor to provide patient care.


text: The Los Angeles City Council voted Wednesday to officially create an “urban village” of shops, town homes and a park and gardens to replace Jordan Downs, the notorious Watts housing project.. The unanimous vote gave final approval to a series of land use and planning laws four years in the drafting. The move clears the way for an up to $1-billion transformation of one of the city’s most poverty-stricken and violent areas.. The idea is to turn the often-dangerous and derelict housing development, built in the 1940s and '50s, into a mixed-income community of up to 1,400 stylish new apartments, along with chain stores and new streetscapes, all designed to attract people of greater means to move into the area and live alongside the city’s poorest.. “This is a great day for Watts,” said Councilman Joe Buscaino, who represents the area. He called the plan “game-changing” and “life-changing” for the residents living there.

textbook:
Lesson: Urban Planning and Community Development

Introduction:
Urban planning is the process of designing and shaping the physical features of a city or town. It involves creating land use and transportation plans that promote economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of urban planning and community development in creating vibrant and healthy communities.

Section 1: Importance of Urban Planning

Topic 1: Economic Growth
Urban planning plays a crucial role in promoting economic growth by attracting businesses, creating jobs, and improving the quality of life for residents. Well-planned cities can attract investment, create jobs, and improve the standard of living for all residents.

Topic 2: Social Equity
Urban planning also helps to ensure that all residents have access to basic services such as housing, education, and healthcare. It promotes social equity by creating inclusive communities where people of different backgrounds and income levels can live together harmoniously.

Topic 3: Environmental Sustainability
Urban planning is essential for creating sustainable communities that minimize their impact on the environment. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving natural resources, and promoting energy efficiency.

Questions and Answers:
1. What is the importance of urban planning?
Answer: Urban planning is important because it helps to create vibrant and healthy communities that promote economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability.

2. How does urban planning contribute to economic growth?
Answer: Urban planning promotes economic growth by attracting businesses, creating jobs, and improving the quality of life for residents.

3. What is the role of urban planning in promoting social equity?
Answer: Urban planning helps to ensure that all residents have access to basic services such as housing, education, and healthcare, and creates inclusive communities where people of different backgrounds and income levels can live together harmoniously.

Section 2: Community Development

Topic 1: Creating Vibrant Communities
Community development is the process of improving the quality of life for residents by creating vibrant and healthy communities. This involves creating opportunities for residents to participate in community activities, improving access to basic services, and promoting social cohesion.

Topic 2: Revitalizing Neighborhoods
Community development also involves revitalizing neighborhoods that have been neglected or abandoned. This can involve rehabilitating old buildings, creating new public spaces, and attracting new businesses and residents.

Topic 3: Empowering Residents
Community development is about empowering residents to take control of their lives and improve their communities. This involves providing training and support to residents, encouraging participation in community activities, and creating opportunities for residents to influence decision-making processes.

Questions and Answers:
1. What is community development?
Answer: Community development is the process of improving the quality of life for residents by creating vibrant and healthy communities.

2. What are the goals of community development?
Answer: The goals of community development are to create opportunities for residents to participate in community activities, improve access to basic services, promote social cohesion, and revitalize neglected or abandoned neighborhoods.

3. How does community development empower residents?
Answer: Community development empowers residents by providing training and support, encouraging participation in community activities, and creating opportunities for residents to influence decision-making processes.

Section 3: Real-World Examples

Topic 1: Jordan Downs Redevelopment
The Jordan Downs housing project in Watts, Los Angeles, is being transformed into a mixed-income community of up to 1,400 stylish new apartments, along with chain stores and new streetscapes. The project is designed to attract people of greater means to move into the area and live alongside the city’s poorest.

Topic 2: Hudson Yards Redevelopment
Hudson Yards is a large-scale redevelopment project on the West Side of Manhattan, New York City. The project involves building new residential, commercial, and retail space, as well as a new public park. The project is designed to create a vibrant and diverse community that is accessible to all residents.

Questions and Answers:
1. What is the Jordan Downs redevelopment project?
Answer: The Jordan Downs redevelopment project is a plan to transform the notorious Watts housing project into a mixed-income community of up to 1,400 stylish new apartments, along with chain stores and new streetscapes, all designed to attract people of greater means to move into the area and live alongside the city’s poorest.

2. What is the Hudson Yards redevelopment project?
Answer: The Hudson Yards redevelopment project is a large-scale project on the West Side of Manhattan, New York City, involving the building of new residential, commercial, and retail space, as well as a new public park. The project is designed to create a vibrant and diverse community that is accessible to all residents.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, urban planning and community development are essential for creating vibrant and healthy communities that promote economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability. By creating inclusive communities that provide access to basic services and opportunities for residents to participate in community activities, we can create communities that thrive and prosper.

Glossary:
- Urban Planning: The process of designing and shaping the physical features of a city or town.
- Community Development: The process of improving the quality of life for residents by creating vibrant and healthy communities.
- Mixed-Income Community: A community that includes residents of different income levels.
- Inclusive Communities: Communities where people of different backgrounds and income levels can live together harmoniously.
- Sustainable Communities: Communities that minimize their impact on the environment.


text: The University of Sheffield Management International Scholarships 2017/2018 application form is now on sale – See how to apply below;. We are pleased to offer Management International Scholarships to international undergraduate students starting their studies in the Management School in September 2017.The scholarships are worth £2,000 per year each.. Eligibility and award criteria, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia and Zimbabwe.. You must hold an offer of a study place and begin your undergraduate studies in September 2017 in the Management School.. -, government or governmental organization – international, national or regional, research council, charity, private enterprise or any similar organization.. -.. For more information, please Click Here. Please click on the twitter/Facebook like buttons to share this news with your friends.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Apply for University Scholarships

Introduction:
Scholarships are financial aids awarded to students to help them pay for their education. In this lesson, we will learn about the steps involved in applying for university scholarships.

Section 1: Understanding Scholarships

Topic 1: Types of Scholarships
- There are different types of scholarships available, including need-based, merit-based, and program-specific scholarships.
- Need-based scholarships are awarded based on the applicant's financial need, while merit-based scholarships are awarded based on academic achievements or other accomplishments. Program-specific scholarships are awarded to students who plan to pursue a specific field of study.

Topic 2: Eligibility Criteria
- Eligibility criteria vary depending on the scholarship. Some scholarships may require you to be a certain age, have a certain GPA, or come from a specific country.
- It's important to carefully read the eligibility criteria before applying to ensure that you meet all the requirements.

Topic 3: Application Process
- The application process for scholarships varies depending on the scholarship. Some scholarships may require you to fill out an application form, write an essay, provide letters of recommendation, or participate in an interview.
- It's important to carefully follow the instructions provided by the scholarship provider and submit all required materials by the deadline.

Section 2: Preparing to Apply

Topic 1: Research Scholarships
- Before applying for scholarships, it's important to research the different options available. This includes looking at the eligibility criteria, application process, and amount of the scholarship.
- You can use online resources such as scholarship databases or search engines to find scholarships that match your interests and qualifications.

Topic 2: Gathering Materials
- Once you have identified potential scholarships, you will need to gather materials such as transcripts, letters of recommendation, and personal statements.
- It's important to start gathering these materials well in advance of the application deadline so that you have enough time to prepare a strong application.

Section 3: Completing the Application

Topic 1: Reviewing the Application
- Before submitting your application, it's important to review it carefully to ensure that all information is accurate and complete.
- If you are submitting an online application, it's a good idea to print a copy and review it manually to catch any errors that the system might have missed.

Topic 2: Submitting the Application
- Once you have reviewed your application, you can submit it according to the instructions provided by the scholarship provider.
- Be sure to keep a copy of your application materials and any confirmation emails or messages you receive.

Conclusion:
Applying for university scholarships can be a competitive process, but with careful planning and preparation, you can increase your chances of success. By understanding the different types of scholarships, eligibility criteria, and application processes, you can identify and apply for scholarships that match your interests and qualifications. Remember to research scholarships thoroughly, gather all necessary materials, and carefully review your application before submitting it. With these steps in mind, you can put your best foot forward and increase your chances of being awarded a scholarship.

Glossary:
- Scholarship: A financial aid awarded to a student to help pay for their education.
- Eligibility Criteria: The requirements that must be met in order to be considered for a scholarship.
- Application Process: The steps involved in applying for a scholarship.


text: Your shopping cart is empty. 11 May 066 Tax returns to be made easierIn a press release issued on 9 May 2006, the Minister for Revenue and the Assistant Treasurer, Peter Dutton, announced that the Government is providing the ATO with additional funding of $10 million over 2 years to accelerate the programme of allowing taxpayers to download various components of their income directly into their e-tax returns. The ATO run trials in 2007-08 and 2008-09 will allow taxpayers to download dividend distributions from share registers. The trial in 2007-08 will be available to individual taxpayers using e-tax. If successful, the ATO will extend the trial in 2008-09 to tax agents using the tax agent portal.. For a copy of the Minister's press release, No 2006/018, 9 May 2006, go here

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Tax Returns

### Section 1: What are Tax Returns?
A tax return is a form filled out by an individual or a business to report their income, expenses, and other financial information to the government. The government uses this information to determine how much tax the individual or business owes.

### Section 2: Why are Tax Returns Important?
Tax returns are important because they help the government ensure that individuals and businesses are paying their fair share of taxes. They also provide a record of an individual or business's financial activity for the year. This information can be used to calculate taxes owed, claim tax credits, and verify the accuracy of previous returns.

### Section 3: How to Fill Out a Tax Return
To fill out a tax return, you will need to gather all of your financial records for the year, including your W-2 forms, 1099 forms, and any other relevant documents. You will then use this information to complete the appropriate tax forms, which can be found on the IRS website. It is recommended that you use tax preparation software to help you complete the forms accurately.

### Section 4: Common Mistakes to Avoid When Filing Taxes
One of the most common mistakes people make when filing taxes is not taking all of the deductions and credits they are entitled to. Other mistakes include not reporting all of your income, forgetting to sign the return, and not double-checking the math before submitting the return.

### Section 5: Conclusion
Filing taxes can be a complex process, but it is essential to ensure that you are paying your fair share of taxes and taking advantage of all the deductions and credits you are entitled to. By following the guidelines provided in this lesson, you can file your taxes accurately and avoid common mistakes.


text: Edinburgh Apps. I was a judge for the Edinburgh apps today. ". The event offered teams the opportunity, working with Council and partner data, to provide fresh ideas and solutions to help improve the lives of those living, working and visiting the city. Ultimately, it aimed to support the Strategic Objective where Edinburgh is a thriving, successful and sustainable capital city where opportunity and equality are promoted and supported."

textbook:
Core Value: Innovation

Lesson: How to Create an App

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the process of creating an app. An app is a software application that runs on a computer, tablet, or phone. It can be used for a variety of purposes such as gaming, communication, productivity, and more. Creating an app can be a fun and rewarding experience, but it requires some knowledge and skill.

Section 1: Understanding the App Development Process

The app development process involves several steps, including planning, designing, coding, testing, and launching. Let's take a closer look at each step.

Planning: Before you start coding, you need to plan your app. This includes defining its purpose, target audience, and features. You should also decide on the platform(s) you want to develop for (e.g., iOS, Android, web).

Designing: Once you have a clear idea of what you want to create, you can start designing the user interface (UI) and user experience (UX). This involves creating wireframes and mockups to visualize how the app will look and work.

Coding: With your plan and design in place, you can start writing code. This is usually done using programming languages like Java, Swift, or JavaScript. You will need to know how to use development tools like Xcode or Android Studio to compile and run your code.

Testing: After coding, you should test your app thoroughly to make sure it works correctly and is free of bugs. This involves running automated tests and manually testing the app on different devices and operating systems.

Launching: Once your app is ready, you can submit it to the app store(s) for review. If it meets the requirements, it will be made available to the public.

Section 2: Creating an App

Now that we understand the app development process, let's dive into creating our own app. We will create a simple calculator app that can add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers.

Step 1: Plan your app
- Define the purpose: Our app will perform basic arithmetic operations.
- Target audience: Anyone who needs to perform simple calculations.
- Features: A simple and intuitive interface for adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing numbers.

Step 2: Design the UI/UX
- Create wireframes and mockups of the app's interface.
- Make sure the design is user-friendly and easy to navigate.
- Choose colors, fonts, and icons that match the app's purpose and theme.

Step 3: Code the app
- Use a programming language like Java or Swift to write the code.
- Use development tools like Xcode or Android Studio to compile and run the code.
- Test the app thoroughly to ensure it works correctly and is free of bugs.

Step 4: Launch the app
- Submit the app to the app store(s) for review.
- Make any necessary changes based on feedback from the app store review team.
- Promote the app to potential users.

Section 3: Real-World Examples

- Uber: This popular ride-sharing app connects passengers with drivers for transportation.
- Instagram: This social media app allows users to share photos and videos with their followers.
- TikTok: This video sharing app allows users to create and share short videos with others.

Conclusion:
Creating an app can be a fun and rewarding experience. By following the app development process and using the skills we learned in this lesson, we can create our own apps that solve real-world problems and entertain people.


text: donated to CDT. The food boxes are prepared the week before Christmas and provide a holiday meal for hundreds of families within the community.. The Tater Trot takes place at Jensens Grove in Blackfoot and is under the direction of Jon Lysett who has organized the race since its inception. The event includes 5K and 10K walks, 5K and 10K runs, and a half-mile run for the kids. Other than the children’s fun run, each race is professionally timed and shirts and other prizes are given to participants. Volunteers from CDT helped with the event and provided hot baked potatoes with chili, fruit, and drinks to all the runners.. Thanks goes to the Lyksetts, the volunteers, and all the participants. This race has historically been held on beautiful fall days, so if you would like to participate in either the walks or the runs, dust off those running shoes and mark your calendar. See you all next year!.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Community Service

Introduction:
Community service is an essential part of our lives. It involves giving back to the community by helping others who are in need. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of community service and how it can benefit us and our community.

Section 1: Understanding Community Service

Topic 1: What is Community Service?
Community service refers to any activity that involves giving back to the community by helping others who are in need. It can involve volunteering, donating resources, or participating in events that benefit the community.

Topic 2: Why is Community Service Important?
Community service is important because it helps to build strong communities. When people come together to help others, they form stronger bonds and connections. This can lead to a greater sense of belonging and pride in the community.

Topic 3: How Can Community Service Benefit Me?
Community service can benefit you in many ways. It can help you develop valuable skills such as teamwork, leadership, and communication. It can also help you feel more connected to your community and give you a sense of purpose.

Section 2: Examples of Community Service

Topic 1: Volunteering
Volunteering is a great way to get involved in community service. You can volunteer at a local soup kitchen, animal shelter, or homeless center. You can also volunteer at events such as marathons or charity walks.

Topic 2: Donating Resources
Another way to get involved in community service is by donating resources. This can include donating food, clothing, or money to organizations that help those in need.

Topic 3: Participating in Events
Participating in community events is another way to get involved in community service. This can include attending a charity walk or run, participating in a food drive, or volunteering at a local park clean-up.

Section 3: Reflection and Discussion

Topic 1: How have you seen community service make a difference in your community?

Topic 2: What are some ways you can get involved in community service?

Topic 3: How can we encourage others to get involved in community service?

Glossary:
- Community: A group of people living in the same area or having the same interest.
- Service: The act of helping or doing work for someone.
- Volunteering: Willingly offering to do something without being forced or paid.
- Donating: Giving something to a charity or organization.
- Participating: Taking part in an activity or event.

Conclusion:
Community service is an essential part of our lives. It allows us to give back to our community and make a positive impact. By getting involved in community service, we can develop valuable skills, form stronger connections, and make a difference in the world around us.


text: Enabling Inter-Repository Access Management between iRODS and Fedora. Date2009-05-19. Author. Marciano, Richard. Moore, Reagan W.. Zhu, Bing. MetadataShow full item record. Abstract. Many digital repositories have been built using different technologies such as Fedora and the integrated Rule-Oriented Data System (iRODS). This paper analyzes both the Fedora and iRODS technologies to understand how to integrate the two systems to enable cross-repository data sharing. The areas considered include the digital object model, services, management of distributed storage, external data resources, and policy enforcement.

textbook:
Lesson: Integrating Fedora and iRODS for Inter-Repository Access Management

**Introduction**

In this lesson, we will learn about integrating the Fedora and iRODS technologies to enable cross-repository data sharing. We will cover the digital object model, services, management of distributed storage, external data resources, and policy enforcement. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the basic concepts of these technologies and how they can be integrated to enable inter-repository access management.

**Digital Object Model**

The digital object model is a fundamental concept in digital preservation and curation. It defines how digital objects are represented and managed within a repository. Both Fedora and iRODS use the digital object model to organize and manage digital assets. In Fedora, digital objects are organized into collections, while in iRODS, they are organized into bundles.

**Services**

Services are the means by which digital objects can be accessed and manipulated. Both Fedora and iRODS provide various services, such as data ingest, metadata management, and data dissemination. To enable inter-repository access management, these services must be integrated across the two systems.

**Management of Distributed Storage**

Many digital repositories use distributed storage systems to manage large volumes of data. Fedora uses the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), while iRODS uses the Global Namespace (GN). To enable cross-repository data sharing, these systems must be integrated to ensure that data can be accessed from either system.

**External Data Resources**

Digital repositories often rely on external data resources, such as databases or other digital libraries, to enhance their collections. To enable inter-repository access management, these external data resources must be integrated with both Fedora and iRODS.

**Policy Enforcement**

Policies are rules that govern the behavior of digital repositories. These policies can include access control, data retention, and preservation policies. To enable inter-repository access management, policies must be enforced across both Fedora and iRODS.

**Conclusion**

By integrating Fedora and iRODS, digital repositories can enable cross-repository data sharing, which can enhance their collections and improve access to digital assets. This lesson has provided an overview of the key concepts and considerations for integrating these technologies. By understanding these concepts, you can apply them to other digital repositories and technologies to enable inter-repository access management.


text: Dynamic relationships between technological innovation and Income Distribution. Relaciones dinámicas entre innovación tecnológica y distribución del ingresoRelaciones dinámicas entre innovación tecnológica y distribución del ingreso. Main Article Content. Abstract. This study analyzes how human capital accumulation and technological change influence both Economic growth and income inequality. By means of theorical antecedents, empirical antecedents, stylized facts and a three sectors model, we explain the dynamic of relationship between endogenous Economic growth and income distribution when human capital and technological change are complementary. The results identify that Economic growth process affects income distribution through human capital returns and the composition that human capital represents in the total actives of the consumers. Key words: economic growth, income distribution, technological change, human capital.. Downloads. Download data is not yet available.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Technological Innovation and Income Distribution

Introduction:
Technological innovation has been a driving force behind economic growth and development. However, it has also contributed to income inequality, as some individuals and groups benefit more than others from these advancements. In this lesson, we will explore the dynamic relationship between technological innovation and income distribution. We will examine how human capital accumulation and technological change influence economic growth and income inequality.

Main Article Content:

Abstract:
This study analyzes how human capital accumulation and technological change influence both Economic growth and income inequality. By means of theorical antecedents, empirical antecedents, stylized facts and a three sectors model, we explain the dynamic of relationship between endogenous Economic growth and income distribution when human capital and technological change are complementary. The results identify that Economic growth process affects income distribution through human capital returns and the composition that human capital represents in the total actives of the consumers.

Key words: economic growth, income distribution, technological change, human capital.

Theorical Antecedents:
Economic growth is often associated with technological innovation, which leads to increased productivity and efficiency. However, the benefits of technological innovation are not always evenly distributed among the population. Some individuals and groups may benefit more than others, leading to income inequality.

Empirical Antecedents:
Studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between technological innovation and income inequality. As technological innovation increases, so does income inequality. This is because those who are better educated and have access to better technology tend to earn more than those who do not.

Stylized Facts:
In many countries, income inequality has been on the rise, even as economic growth has continued. This suggests that technological innovation may be contributing to income inequality, even as it drives economic growth.

Three Sectors Model:
To understand the dynamic relationship between technological innovation and income distribution, we can use a three-sector model. This model includes a primary sector (agriculture), a secondary sector (manufacturing), and a tertiary sector (services). In each sector, there are different levels of human capital accumulation and technological change.

Results:
The results of our analysis show that economic growth process affects income distribution through human capital returns and the composition that human capital represents in the total actives of the consumers. When human capital and technological change are complementary, the income distribution is more unequal.

Conclusion:
Technological innovation has been a driving force behind economic growth and development. However, it has also contributed to income inequality, as some individuals and groups benefit more than others from these advancements. Understanding the dynamic relationship between technological innovation and income distribution is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders who want to promote inclusive economic growth.

Lesson Plan:

Objective:
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

1. Explain the dynamic relationship between technological innovation and income distribution.
2. Identify how human capital accumulation and technological change influence economic growth and income inequality.
3. Analyze the results of a three-sector model that examines the relationship between economic growth process, income distribution, human capital returns, and the composition of human capital in the total actives of consumers.
4. Apply their knowledge to real-world scenarios and discuss how to promote inclusive economic growth.

Materials:
- Whiteboard or blackboard
- Marker or chalk
- Handout with the abstract of the article
- Computer and projector (optional)

Procedure:

Step 1: Introduction (10 minutes)
- Write the following question on the board: "What is the dynamic relationship between technological innovation and income distribution?"
- Ask students to brainstorm their thoughts and ideas about the question.
- Introduce the lesson objective and the main article content.

Step 2: Theorical Antecedents (15 minutes)
- Write the following question on the board: "How does technological innovation contribute to economic growth?"
- Discuss the theorical antecedents of the article, including the relationship between technological innovation and economic growth.
- Ask students to provide examples of how technological innovation has driven economic growth in different industries.

Step 3: Empirical Antecedents (15 minutes)
- Write the following question on the board: "What is the relationship between technological innovation and income inequality?"
- Discuss the empirical antecedents of the article, including the positive correlation between technological innovation and income inequality.
- Ask students to provide examples of how technological innovation has contributed to income inequality in different contexts.

Step 4: Stylized Facts (15 minutes)
- Write the following question on the board: "How does technological innovation affect income distribution?"
- Discuss the stylized facts of the article, including the observation that income inequality has risen even as economic growth has continued.
- Ask students to provide examples of how technological innovation has affected income distribution in different countries and regions.

Step 5: Three Sectors Model (20 minutes)
- Write the following question on the board: "How does the three-sector model help us understand the dynamic relationship between technological innovation and income distribution?"
- Discuss the three-sector model and its implications for understanding the relationship between technological innovation, economic growth, and income distribution.
- Ask students to apply the three-sector model to real-world scenarios and discuss how policymakers and stakeholders can promote inclusive economic growth.

Step 6: Conclusion (10 minutes)
- Review the lesson objective and the main takeaways from the lesson.
- Ask students to reflect on how their understanding of the dynamic relationship between technological innovation and income distribution has changed as a result of the lesson.
- Encourage students to apply their knowledge to new problems and scenarios.

Glossary:
- Human Capital: the skills, education, and health that individuals accumulate over their lifetime, which can be used to increase productivity and earnings.
- Technological Change: the process by which new technologies are developed, adopted, and diffused throughout society.
- Income Distribution: the way in which income is distributed among individuals within a population.
- Economic Growth: the long-term increase in the capacity to supply goods and services that is driven by advances in technology, increases in productivity, and improvements in infrastructure.

Assessment:
Students will be assessed based on their participation in class discussions, their completion of the handout, and their ability to apply the concepts learned in the lesson to real-world scenarios.

Conclusion:
This lesson has provided students with a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic relationship between technological innovation and income distribution. By exploring the theorical antecedents, empirical antecedents, stylized facts, and a three-sector model, students have gained valuable insights into how technological innovation influences economic growth and income inequality. By applying their knowledge to real-world scenarios, students will be better equipped to engage in critical discussions about promoting inclusive economic growth.


text: Product Details. Top Grade Ancient Gold!. Thracian or Scythian Gold stater of Coson (approx. 20mm - weight approx. 8.4g). The obverse shows three togate figures advancing, the first and third each carrying an ax over their shoulders. Monogram of Brutus at left... These are premium examples for ancient Gold since they have been graded Mint State by NGC, they also have high Strike and Surface ratings of 4/5! Destined to reside as a high quality addition to any advanced ancient collection.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Ancient Coins

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Ancient coins are valuable pieces of history that provide insight into the cultures and economies of the past. They are also valuable collectibles that can be worth a lot of money. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of ancient coins, where they come from, and what makes them valuable.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
Let's take a look at an example of an ancient coin. This coin is a Thracian or Scythian Gold stater of Coson. It is approximately 20mm in diameter and weighs around 8.4g. The obverse of the coin shows three togate figures advancing, with the first and third each carrying an ax over their shoulders. At the left side of the coin, there is a monogram of Brutus.

This coin is considered a premium example of ancient gold because it has been graded Mint State by the Numismatic Guaranty Corporation (NGC) and has a high Strike and Surface rating of 4/5. This means that the coin is in excellent condition and is very valuable.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
Now let's imagine that you are a collector who is interested in purchasing this ancient coin. You would need to consider several factors before making your decision. Firstly, you would need to determine if the price of the coin is within your budget. Secondly, you would need to ensure that the coin is authentic and not a fake. Finally, you would need to decide if the coin is worth the risk of being damaged during shipping or storage.

## Glossary
- Ancient Coins: Coins that were minted in the distant past
- NGC: Numismatic Guaranty Corporation
- Mint State: A coin that is in perfect condition and has never been used
- Togate: A type of garment worn by ancient Romans
- Brutus: A famous assassin of Julius Caesar
- Premium Example: A high-quality item that is considered to be the best of its kind

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about ancient coins and what makes them valuable. We looked at an example of an ancient coin and considered the factors that a collector would need to consider before purchasing it. By understanding the concepts behind ancient coins and their value, we can apply these skills to other areas of study and collecting.


text:
Metabolic factors underlying high serum triglycerides in the normal hamster.
Comparative lipid metabolism of rats and hamsters was investigated to determine the metabolic basis for the relatively high concentrations of serum triglycerides in the hamster. It was found that serum free fatty acids (FFA) in the hamster are higher than in the rat in the fed condition. In addition, a higher percentage of the fatty acids esterified in the liver of the hamster is utilized for triglyceride synthesis. These factors combine to elevate hepatic triglyceride synthesis in the hamster. However, triglyceride does not accumulate in the liver in these animals in the fed state. In fact, liver triglycerides are lower in the fed hamster than in the fed rat, and the hamster stores much less triglyceride in liver lipid droplets than does the rat in this nutritional state. Most of the liver triglyceride in fed hamsters is present in dense particles corresponding to vesicular lipoprotein triglyceride in the secretory pool. In isolated organ perfusion experiments hamsters livers exhibited greater net triglyceride secretion than did rat livers. Serum triglycerides in the hamster remain elevated in the fasting state. In this condition the high proportion of free fatty acids utilized for liver triglyceride synthesis, relative to that incorporated into hepatic phospholipids, persists in the hamster and marked liver triglyceride accumulation occurs. Lipid droplets are extremely abundant in these livers. The present study implicates increased conversion of free fatty acids to triglyceride in the liver and increased hepatic production of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the hamster in the genesis of the hyperglyceridemia characteristic of this species.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Metabolic Factors Underlying High Serum Triglycerides in the Normal Hamster

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the metabolic factors that contribute to the high levels of serum triglycerides in the normal hamster. We will investigate the comparative lipid metabolism of rats and hamsters and analyze the differences in their serum free fatty acids (FFA) and liver triglyceride synthesis.

Section 1: Comparative Lipid Metabolism of Rats and Hamsters

Topic 1.1: Serum Free Fatty Acids (FFA)
In the fed condition, serum FFA levels are higher in hamsters compared to rats. This is due to the fact that hamsters have a higher percentage of fatty acids esterified in their livers, which are then used for triglyceride synthesis.

Topic 1.2: Liver Triglyceride Synthesis
In the hamster, a higher percentage of fatty acids are utilized for triglyceride synthesis in the liver. This results in elevated hepatic triglyceride synthesis in the hamster. However, triglycerides do not accumulate in the liver of fed hamsters, as they are stored in liver lipid droplets.

Section 2: Liver Triglyceride Synthesis and Storage

Topic 2.1: Liver Triglyceride Synthesis
In the fed state, liver triglyceride synthesis is higher in hamsters than in rats. This is due to the fact that a higher percentage of fatty acids are esterified in the liver of hamsters, which are then used for triglyceride synthesis.

Topic 2.2: Liver Triglyceride Storage
In the fed state, liver triglycerides are lower in fed hamsters than in fed rats. This is because hamsters store less triglyceride in liver lipid droplets than do rats. Instead, most of the liver triglyceride in fed hamsters is present in dense particles corresponding to vesicular lipoprotein triglyceride in the secretory pool.

Section 3: Net Triglyceride Secretion

Topic 3.1: Organ Perfusion Experiments
In isolated organ perfusion experiments, hamster livers exhibit greater net triglyceride secretion than do rat livers. This is due to the higher levels of serum FFA and liver triglyceride synthesis in hamsters compared to rats.

Conclusion:
In summary, the high levels of serum triglycerides in the normal hamster are due to factors such as higher serum FFA levels, higher liver triglyceride synthesis, and increased net triglyceride secretion. Understanding these metabolic factors can help us better understand the role of triglycerides in lipid metabolism and their potential impact on health.

Glossary:
- Serum: The fluid part of blood that remains after clotting.
- Free fatty acids (FFA): Fatty acids that are not bound to glycerol or other lipids.
- Liver: The largest internal organ in the human body, responsible for detoxification, digestion, and storage of nutrients.
- Triglycerides: A type of lipid consisting of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule.
- Vesicular lipoprotein triglyceride: A type of lipoprotein that contains triglycerides and is found in the bloodstream.

[1] Cao, Y., & Kern, F. (1976). Comparative lipid metabolism of rats and hamsters. Journal of Lipid Research, 17(4), 586-593.


text:
Image caption Burmese people are gradually gaining access to a more free media market

Burma has abolished pre-publication censorship of the country's media, the information ministry has announced.

The Press Scrutiny and Registration Department (PSRD) said that as of Monday, reporters would no longer have to submit their work to state censors before publication.

However, strict laws remain in place which could see journalists punished for what they have written.

Burma has kept tight control over all aspects of its media for some 50 years.

But the civilian government has been gradually easing restrictions since taking office last year.

"Censorship began on 6 August 1964 and ended 48 years and two weeks later," Tint Swe, head of the PSRD, told AFP news agency on Monday.

"Any publication inside the country will not have to get prior permission from us before they are published.

"From now on, our department will just carry out registering publications for keeping them at the national archives and issuing a license to printers and publishers," he said.

Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption Tin Htar Swe, BBC's Burmese service: "Censorship has not ended in Burma yet"

Tint Swe said the likelihood of permission being granted for private newspapers to be set up was "closer than before" and could happen after a new media law is enacted.

A ministry official told AFP films would still be subject to censorship.

Internet rules relaxed

The head of the BBC's Burmese Service, Tin Htar Shwe, says journalists in Burma are cautiously optimistic about the reforms, but that the end of the law does not necessarily mean the end of the censorship altogether.

Many laws still exist under which journalists can be punished for writing material which angers or offends the government, she says.

Wai Phyo, editor of the Weekly Eleven journal, told Reuters the move was "a big improvement on the past", but that editors would now be under increasing pressure to ensure their publications remained legal.

In the past, entire newspapers have been shut because of their reports and many reporters have been jailed.

Burma's media reforms Pre-publication censorship dropped

New media law to abolish political censorship

Access to news sites unblocked

Government pledges to support private media

But in recent months, journalists had been given guidelines allowing them to write about controversial topics, something that would have been unthinkable under the previous military rule.

Some 300 newspapers and magazines covering less sensitive issues had already been given permission to print without prior censorship and restrictions were lifted on 30,000 internet sites, allowing users unrestricted access to political content for the first time.

In October last year, Mr Swe said censorship should be abolished as it was incompatible with democratic practices, while warning that all publications should accept the responsibilities that go with press freedom.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Censorship

### Overview

In this lesson, we will learn about censorship and its impact on society. We will explore the definition of censorship, its history, and the reasons behind it. We will also discuss the effects of censorship on freedom of speech and expression, and how it can limit access to information. Finally, we will analyze the pros and cons of censorship and debate whether it is necessary in today's world.

### Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

- Define censorship and explain its historical context
- Identify the reasons behind censorship and its impact on society
- Analyze the effects of censorship on freedom of speech and expression
- Evaluate the pros and cons of censorship and debate its necessity in today's world

### Section 1: What is Censorship?

Censorship refers to the suppression or prohibition of any materials deemed objectionable by the government or other controlling bodies. It is often used to control the flow of information and ideas, particularly in times of political unrest or social change.

### Section 2: History of Censorship

Censorship has been practiced for centuries, with the earliest known examples dating back to ancient China and Greece. In more recent times, censorship was widely used during the Nazi regime in Germany and the Soviet Union. Today, many countries continue to practice censorship, although the methods and reasons may vary.

### Section 3: Reasons for Censorship

Governments and other controlling bodies may censor material for a variety of reasons, including national security, moral values, and political stability. They may fear that certain ideas or information could lead to unrest, violence, or challenge their authority.

### Section 4: Effects of Censorship

Censorship can have a significant impact on society, particularly on freedom of speech and expression. When information is restricted or controlled, individuals may not have access to a wide range of opinions and viewpoints, which can limit their ability to make informed decisions. Additionally, censorship can stifle creativity and innovation, as well as suppress dissenting voices.

### Section 5: Pros and Cons of Censorship

There are arguments for and against censorship. Proponents of censorship believe that it is necessary to protect society from harmful or offensive material. However, opponents argue that censorship is a violation of fundamental human rights and can lead to a lack of trust in government and institutions.

### Section 6: Debate: Is Censorship Necessary in Today's World?

In this activity, students will engage in a debate on whether censorship is necessary in today's world. They will be divided into two groups - one arguing for censorship and the other against it. Each group will present their arguments and counterarguments, followed by a class discussion on the merits of each position.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we have explored the concept of censorship, its history, and its impact on society. We have analyzed the reasons behind censorship, its effects on freedom of speech and expression, and debated its necessity in today's world. Through this lesson, students have developed an understanding of the complexities surrounding censorship and its role in shaping our world.


text: I saw the story in the November 2004 issue of GEM about the K.C. Lightning hay press engine and I had to tell about another opposed piston engine made by Sun-Doxford Co. of England.. In 1948 and 1949, I went to Hemphill Diesel School in New York under the G.I. Bill. The teacher took us to Philadelphia to a shipyard to see a Sun-Doxford. The engine was big as a house!. The bore and stroke was 36-by-72-inch and it was a 4-cylinder opposed-piston type. It was so hard to start that it was never shut down, just turned to idle.. It was a diesel and had three injectors in the middle of the cylinder. At idle, only one was used. The oil in the crankcase was never changed. It ran through a separator to take the dirt out and then some kind of filter to take the acid out, then returned to the engine. New oil was added if needed.. The crankcase had doors so you could go inside as it ran and walk over the mains and out the other side.. Neal Mayes. Unadilla, N.Y.

textbook:
Lesson: How Opposed Piston Engines Work

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about opposed piston engines, how they work, and their applications. Opposed piston engines are a type of internal combustion engine where the pistons move in opposite directions within the cylinders. This design has been used in various industries, including agriculture, marine, and power generation.

Section 1: What is an Opposed Piston Engine?

An opposed piston engine is a type of internal combustion engine where the pistons move in opposite directions within the cylinders. These engines have two pistons per cylinder, with one piston moving up and down while the other moves down and up. The movement of the pistons creates a compression and power stroke, which drives the engine.

Section 2: How does an Opposed Piston Engine Work?

In an opposed piston engine, fuel is mixed with air and injected into the cylinder during the intake stroke. The piston then moves up, compressing the fuel-air mixture. During the compression stroke, the spark plug ignites the mixture, creating a small explosion that pushes the piston down, generating power. The exhaust gases are expelled through the exhaust valve during the exhaust stroke.

Section 3: Applications of Opposed Piston Engines

Opposed piston engines have been used in various industries, including agriculture, marine, and power generation. They are commonly used in tractors, boats, and generators due to their reliability, durability, and efficiency.

Section 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of Opposed Piston Engines

Advantages of opposed piston engines include their simplicity, reliability, and low cost. They require fewer parts than other types of engines and are less likely to break down. However, they also have some disadvantages, such as their lack of power and efficiency compared to other types of engines. Additionally, the noise generated by opposed piston engines can be a problem in some applications.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about opposed piston engines, how they work, and their applications. We explored the advantages and disadvantages of these engines and discussed their use in various industries. By understanding the principles behind opposed piston engines, we can apply this knowledge to new problems and develop innovative solutions.


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textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Data Science

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Data science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data. It combines principles from statistics, computer science, mathematics, and domain expertise to analyze and interpret complex data sets.

### Section 2: Questions and Answers
**Question:** What is data science?
**Answer:** Data science is a field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data.

**Question:** Why is data science important?
**Answer:** Data science is important because it helps us make informed decisions based on data. It can be used in various fields such as business, healthcare, education, and many others.

**Question:** Who uses data science?
**Answer:** Data scientists work in various industries such as technology, finance, healthcare, retail, and manufacturing. They may work for companies, government agencies, or non-profit organizations.

### Section 3: Definitions and Practical Examples
**Definition:** A hypothesis is a testable statement or assumption about a phenomenon that can be verified through experimentation or observation.

**Example:** Suppose we want to determine if a certain medication reduces blood pressure. Our hypothesis might be that taking the medication regularly will result in a lower blood pressure reading than not taking it.

**Definition:** A variable is a characteristic or feature of a set of data that can take on different values.

**Example:** In a study about the relationship between exercise and weight loss, variables might include the amount of exercise performed (independent variable) and the weight of the participant (dependent variable).

**Definition:** Regression is a statistical technique used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.

**Example:** A company may use regression analysis to determine how changes in price affect sales volume.

### Section 4: Real-World Scenarios
**Scenario:** A healthcare provider wants to predict which patients are at risk for a certain disease. They collect data on age, gender, family history, and lifestyle habits.

**Application:** The healthcare provider can use data science techniques to analyze the data and develop a predictive model that identifies which patients are most likely to develop the disease. This information can then be used to target prevention efforts and provide early intervention to those at highest risk.

### Glossary
**Data Science:** A field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data.

**Hypothesis:** A testable statement or assumption about a phenomenon that can be verified through experimentation or observation.

**Variable:** A characteristic or feature of a set of data that can take on different values.

**Regression:** A statistical technique used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.

### Conclusion
Data science is a powerful tool that can help us make informed decisions based on data. By understanding the theoretical concepts, applying practical examples, and analyzing real-world scenarios, we can gain valuable insights into complex data sets and make a positive impact on our lives and communities.


text: VIDEO. Mladic to face ‘speediest possible’ trial on atrocities. Sixteen years after he fled justice and a week since his arrest Ratko Mladic, the former Bosnian Serb general, will be arraigned tomorrow on 11 charges including genocide and crimes against humanity.. His court appearance at the international criminal tribunal near The Hague coincides with claims by his lawyer that he is too ill to stand trial.. Yesterday Milos Saljic, Mr Mladic’s lawyer, said that he had documents showing that his client was treated for cancer in Serbia in 2009. It is believed that he received treatment for a type of lymphoma. The lawyer claims that the documents, which have not been published, had been sent to The Hague. Such papers would suggest that Serbian authorities were aware of his condition and colluded in his

textbook:
Lesson: Ratko Mladic's Arrest and Trial

Introduction:
Ratko Mladic, the former Bosnian Serb general, was arrested on May 26, 2011, after 16 years of evading justice. He is being charged with 11 counts of genocide and crimes against humanity committed during the Bosnian War in the 1990s. This lesson will explore the background of Mladic's case, the charges against him, and the legal process he will face.

Background:
Mladic was the commander of the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) during the Bosnian War. He is accused of being responsible for the Srebrenica massacre in July 1995, where over 8,000 Muslim men and boys were killed. Mladic was also accused of carrying out other atrocities during the war, including the siege of Sarajevo and the ethnic cleansing of non-Serbs from Bosnia.

Charges:
Mladic is being charged with 11 counts of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. These charges include:

1. Genocide
2. Extermination
3. Murder
4. Rape and sexual assault
5. Persecution
6. Forcible transfer
7. Deportation
8. Inhumane acts (including torture and cruel treatment)
9. Unlawful imprisonment
10. Plunder of public or private property
11. Destruction of cultural and religious property

Legal Process:
Mladic will be arraigned on June 3, 2011, and will face a three-judge panel. He has the right to enter a plea and to be represented by counsel. If found guilty, he could face life imprisonment.

The trial is expected to last for several months and will involve numerous witnesses and evidence. Both the prosecution and the defense will have the opportunity to present their cases and to cross-examine witnesses.

Conclusion:
Mladic's trial is an important step towards bringing justice to the victims of the Bosnian War. It is a reminder that even those who hold positions of power and authority can be held accountable for their actions. The trial will provide an opportunity to examine the events of the war and to ensure that such atrocities do not occur again.

Glossary:
- Genocide: The intentional destruction of a group, in whole or in part, by killing, causing serious bodily or mental harm, or inflicting upon the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part.
- Crimes against humanity: Acts committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack.
- War crimes: Violations of the laws and customs of war, including murder, cruel treatment, and pillaging.

Self-Debate Discussion:
1. What do you think are the most important aspects of Mladic's case?
2. How do you think the international community should respond to cases of genocide and crimes against humanity?
3. Do you think that the legal process is sufficient to bring justice to the victims of the Bosnian War? Why or why not?


text:
The final edition of CNN’s “Piers Morgan Live” aired Friday night, and the British host closed out his run as the cable giant’s replacement for Larry King with more thoughts on gun control.

“For those who claim my anti-gun campaign has been anti-American, well, the reverse is true. I’m so pro-American, I want more of you to stay alive.”

Mass shootings in Aurora, Colo., and Newtown, Conn., among others, led Morgan to devote many of his programs to the issue of gun violence, and his advocacy of stricter gun laws in the U.S. earned him many critics.

PHOTOS: Behind the scenes of movies and TV

But Morgan did not shy away from the issue, and in his closing comments quoted Winston Churchill: “‘If you have an important point to make, don’t try and be subtle and clever. Use a pile driver. Hit the point once, then come back and hit it again. Then, hit it a third time. A tremendous whack.’”

The host’s run on CNN spanned, as he calculated it, “three years, two months, 11 days and over 1,000 shows.”

“We’ve won some, we’ve lost some, but we gave it everything we had and I’ve loved every minute,” Morgan said. “Well, almost every minute.”

After debuting in 2011, Morgan’s show consistently suffered from disappointing ratings, and CNN announced its cancellation in February. At the time of the announcement, the show was seen by an average of just 270,000 people nightly.

PHOTOS: Talk show hosts who didn’t make the cut

A series of fill-in hosts, including Don Lemon and Jake Tapper, will anchor the show’s time slot for now.

“Thank you and God bless America,” Morgan said in closing. “Oh, and while I’m at it, God bless Great Britain too.”

Morgan may continue to work for CNN, he has said, but focus on bigger interviews instead of a nightly show.

ALSO:

Critic’s Notebook: Broadcasting the big strides in TV diversity

On diversity, Mindy Kaling finds herself held to higher standard

#CancelColbert: Stephen Colbert accused of racism over Asian tweet

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Gun Control Debate

**Objective:** To introduce the concept of gun control and its role in American society.

**Introduction:** Gun control is a highly debated topic in the United States. It involves regulating the manufacture, sale, transfer, and possession of firearms. This lesson will provide an overview of the gun control debate and its significance in American society.

**Main Topics:**

1. Historical Perspective
2. Pro-Gun Arguments
3. Anti-Gun Arguments
4. Current Status and Future Prospects

**Historical Perspective:** The Second Amendment to the US Constitution states that "A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." This amendment has been interpreted to mean that individuals have the right to bear arms. However, this interpretation has been subject to debate and interpretation by courts and legislatures.

**Pro-Gun Arguments:** Proponents of gun ownership argue that the Second Amendment guarantees the right to bear arms. They believe that gun ownership is an essential part of American culture and heritage. They also argue that gun ownership is necessary for self-defense and protection against crime.

**Anti-Gun Arguments:** Opponents of gun ownership argue that the Second Amendment was intended to allow for a well-regulated militia, not individual gun ownership. They believe that easy access to guns leads to increased violence and crime rates. They also argue that gun ownership disproportionately affects marginalized communities, such as people of color and low-income individuals.

**Current Status and Future Prospects:** Currently, gun ownership is protected by the Second Amendment, but there are federal and state laws regulating the sale and possession of firearms. There is ongoing debate about the effectiveness of these laws and whether they should be strengthened or loosened. In the future, it is likely that the gun control debate will continue to be a significant political issue.

**Conclusion:** Gun control is a complex and emotional issue in the United States. It involves competing values and interests, and there is no easy solution. However, understanding the historical context, key arguments, and current status of the issue is essential for engaging in productive dialogue and making informed decisions.

**Glossary:**
- Second Amendment: A constitutional amendment that protects the right to bear arms.
- Militia: A military force composed of ordinary citizens, not professional soldiers.
- Firearm: A weapon that shoots projectiles, such as a gun or rifle.

**Self-Debating Discussion:** Do you think the Second Amendment guarantees an individual right to own guns? Why or why not?


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textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Classified Ads

**Objective:** To understand the concept of classified ads and their importance in the marketplace.

**Key Concepts:** Classified ads, marketplace, supply and demand, advertising.

**Introduction:** Classified ads are short, usually text-based advertisements that are published in newspapers, magazines, or online platforms. They are used to sell products or services, find job opportunities, or promote events. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of classified ads and their role in the marketplace.

**Section 1: Theoretical Concepts**

**Question 1:** What are classified ads?

**Answer 1:** Classified ads are short, usually text-based advertisements that are published in newspapers, magazines, or online platforms. They are used to sell products or services, find job opportunities, or promote events.

**Question 2:** Why are classified ads important in the marketplace?

**Answer 2:** Classified ads are important in the marketplace because they help to facilitate the exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers. They allow individuals and businesses to reach a wider audience and increase their chances of finding the best possible deals. Additionally, classified ads help to create a competitive marketplace, which drives down prices and increases the availability of products and services for consumers.

**Section 2: Practical Examples**

**Question 3:** Can you give an example of how classified ads are used in the real world?

**Answer 3:** Sure! One example of how classified ads are used in the real world is in the sale of used cars. Many people prefer to buy used cars rather than new ones because they are often more affordable and have already depreciated in value. Used car dealerships often advertise their inventory through classified ads in local newspapers or online platforms like Craigslist. These ads include details about the make, model, year, and condition of the car, as well as the asking price. Interested buyers can then contact the dealership to schedule a test drive or negotiate a price.

**Question 4:** How do classified ads help to create a competitive marketplace?

**Answer 4:** Classified ads help to create a competitive marketplace by providing a platform for businesses and individuals to compete for the attention of potential buyers. When there are many options available, consumers have more power to negotiate better prices and better products. Additionally, classified ads allow for greater transparency in the marketplace, as buyers can easily compare prices and features of different products or services.

**Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions**

**Question 5:** Do you think that classified ads will become obsolete with the rise of online marketplaces like Amazon and eBay?

**Answer 5:** While online marketplaces like Amazon and eBay have certainly made it easier for individuals and businesses to sell products and services, classified ads still serve an important purpose in the marketplace. They allow for more targeted advertising and can reach a wider audience than online marketplaces alone. Additionally, classified ads are often free or very low-cost, making them accessible to small businesses and individual sellers who may not have the resources to compete with larger companies on these platforms.

**Conclusion:** In conclusion, classified ads play an important role in the marketplace by facilitating the exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers. By understanding the key concepts and practical examples of classified ads, we can apply this knowledge to new problems and make informed decisions when purchasing products or services.