text: Awards in materials science & technology. The Institute makes a number of awards of particular relevance to the work of the Division.. The Rosenhain Medal and Prize are awarded in recognition of distinguished achievement in any branch of materials science, preference being given to candidates under the age of 40.. Other awards include:. The Dowding Medal and Prize is awarded In recognition of professional contribution to the invention, development, design or technical operation of metallurgical plant, particularly rolling and finishing.. The Ivor Jenkins Medal is awarded in recognition of a significant contribution that has enhanced the scientific, industrial or technological understanding of materials processing or component production using particulate materials.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Materials Science and Technology Awards

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will explore the field of materials science and technology and learn about some of the most prestigious awards in this field. We will discuss the significance of these awards, their criteria, and the impact they have on the advancement of materials science and technology.

**Objectives:** By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

1. Identify the importance of materials science and technology awards in the field.
2. Recognize the criteria for each award and understand their significance.
3. Explain the impact of these awards on the advancement of materials science and technology.
4. Apply critical thinking skills to analyze and evaluate the significance of these awards.

**Section 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Technology**

Materials science and technology is the study of the properties and applications of various materials, such as metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. This field is crucial for the development of new technologies and products that improve our lives.

**Section 2: Materials Science and Technology Awards**

There are several prestigious awards in the field of materials science and technology that recognize outstanding achievements and contributions. Some of these awards include:

1. Rosenhain Medal and Prize: This award is given in recognition of distinguished achievement in any branch of materials science, with preference given to candidates under the age of 40.

2. Dowding Medal and Prize: This award is given in recognition of a significant contribution to the invention, development, design, or technical operation of metallurgical plant, particularly rolling and finishing.

3. Ivor Jenkins Medal: This award is given in recognition of a significant contribution that has enhanced the scientific, industrial, or technological understanding of materials processing or component production using particulate materials.

**Section 3: Criteria and Impact**

Each of these awards has specific criteria that must be met in order to be eligible for nomination. For example, the Rosenhain Medal and Prize requires distinguished achievement in any branch of materials science, while the Dowding Medal and Prize recognizes a significant contribution to the invention, development, design, or technical operation of metallurgical plant.

The impact of these awards on the field of materials science and technology cannot be overstated. They serve as recognition of outstanding achievements and contributions, and inspire others to strive for excellence in their own work. Furthermore, these awards help to raise the profile of the field and attract more talented individuals to pursue careers in materials science and technology.

**Section 4: Critical Thinking**

As we have discussed the significance of materials science and technology awards, let's take a moment to apply critical thinking skills and evaluate their importance. What factors should be considered when evaluating the impact of these awards? How do they contribute to the advancement of the field? Are there any potential drawbacks or limitations to these awards?

**Glossary:**
- Materials science: The study of the properties and applications of various materials.
- Technology: The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
- Metallurgy: The science and technology of metals.
- Particulate materials: Materials composed of small particles or grains.

**Conclusion:**

In conclusion, materials science and technology awards play a vital role in recognizing outstanding achievements and contributions in the field. These awards not only inspire excellence but also help to raise the profile of the field and attract more talented individuals to pursue careers in materials science and technology. By critically evaluating the significance of these awards, we can gain a deeper understanding of their impact on the advancement of the field.


text: You might recognize Fareoh from the oh-so-wonderful remixes he puts out on Soundcloud. Some of more well-known ones include an alluring cover by Birdy of “Skinny Love” by Bon Iver, as well as one of my personal favorites, a big room house remix originally by Hailee Steinfeld called “Love Myself”.. This time, we’re especially proud of Fareoh. He’s dished out a song of his own creation entitled “Illegal”, and it’s vastly different from his previous works. If you like Kygo or Sam Feldt, this track will definitely attract you. If you’re wondering who the beautiful voice belongs to, it’s 26 year old Katelyn Tarver. You’ve probably heard her lovely voice on tracks by Skizzy Mars and Samuraii. This track is an instant pop classic and definitely radio material. We love the balance between EDM and Pop, Fareoh! Keep it up!. If you haven’t heard it already, check it out on Soundcloud right here!

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Music Production

**Section 1: Introduction to Music Production**

Music production is the process of creating and recording music, often with the use of technology. It involves several steps, including composing, recording, editing, mixing, and mastering. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of music production and learn about the different tools and techniques used in the industry.

**Section 2: Composing and Recording**

Composing is the first step in music production. It involves creating melodies, harmonies, and rhythms. This can be done by playing an instrument or using software such as Ableton Live or Logic Pro. Once the composition is complete, it's time to record the music. This can be done in a studio or at home using a microphone and a computer.

**Section 3: Editing and Mixing**

After the recording is complete, the next step is editing. This involves cutting and pasting different parts of the recording to create the perfect version of the song. Then comes mixing, which is the process of balancing the different elements of the song, such as vocals, instruments, and effects. This is done using a mixer board or software such as Pro Tools or FL Studio.

**Section 4: Mastering**

The final step in music production is mastering. This involves making the song sound good on all types of speakers and devices. This is done by adjusting the volume levels, equalization, and stereo imaging.

**Conclusion**

Music production is a complex process that requires creativity, technical skills, and attention to detail. By understanding the different stages of music production, you can create your own music or work with others to produce high-quality recordings. Whether you're interested in producing pop, rock, or electronic music, the skills you learn in this lesson will help you create music that sounds great and tells a story.

**Glossary**

- Composing: Creating melodies, harmonies, and rhythms
- Recording: Capturing sound using a microphone and a computer
- Editing: Cutting and pasting different parts of the recording to create the perfect version of the song
- Mixing: Balancing the different elements of the song, such as vocals, instruments, and effects
- Mastering: Making the song sound good on all types of speakers and devices

**Self-Debate Discussion**

What are some challenges that music producers face when creating a song? How can they overcome these challenges to create a successful recording?


text: it's mueller time. Sean Spicer has reportedly been interviewed by Mueller's team. Former White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer spent most of Monday being interviewed by members of Special Counsel Robert Mueller's team, several people familiar with the meeting told Politico Tuesday.. One person with knowledge of the interview said Spicer was asked about President Trump's firing of former FBI Director James Comey, the statements he made about the firing, and Trump's meetings with Russian officials like Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov. The interview was part of Mueller's investigation into Russia's potential meddling in the 2016 presidential election.. Spicer is a former Republican National Committee spokesman, and during the general election he was part of Trump's team working out of Trump Tower. Trump's former chief of staff, Reince Priebus, another RNC official who left to join the Trump administration, met with Mueller on Friday. Spicer declined to comment to Politico on the report.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Mueller Investigation

Introduction:
The Mueller investigation is a legal investigation led by special counsel Robert Mueller. The investigation is focused on determining whether the Trump campaign colluded with Russia during the 2016 presidential election. This investigation has been ongoing since May 2017 and has resulted in several indictments and convictions. In this lesson, we will explore the purpose and scope of the Mueller investigation, as well as the key players involved.

Section 1: Purpose and Scope of the Mueller Investigation

Purpose:
The purpose of the Mueller investigation is to determine whether there was any collusion between the Trump campaign and Russia during the 2016 presidential election. This investigation is also looking into any potential obstruction of justice by the President or his associates.

Scope:
The Mueller investigation has a broad scope, which includes any potential links between the Trump campaign and Russia, as well as any other matters that arise during the course of the investigation. This includes investigating potential financial crimes, such as money laundering, as well as potential violations of the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA).

Key Players:
Some of the key players involved in the Mueller investigation include:
- Robert Mueller: The special counsel leading the investigation
- James Comey: The former FBI director who was fired by President Trump
- Paul Manafort: The former Trump campaign chairman who was indicted on multiple counts of financial crimes
- Michael Flynn: The former national security advisor who pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI
- Jared Kushner: The President's son-in-law and senior advisor who has been interviewed by the investigation

Section 2: The Investigation and Key Events

The Mueller investigation has been ongoing since May 2017. Some of the key events in the investigation include:

- The firing of James Comey by President Trump in May 2017
- The appointment of Robert Mueller as special counsel in May 2017
- The indictment of Paul Manafort and Rick Gates in October 2017
- The guilty plea of Michael Flynn in December 2017
- The indictment of 13 Russian nationals and 3 Russian companies in February 2018
- The conviction of Paul Manafort on multiple counts of financial crimes in August 2018

Section 3: Conclusion

In conclusion, the Mueller investigation is a complex legal investigation focused on determining whether the Trump campaign colluded with Russia during the 2016 presidential election. The investigation has resulted in several indictments and convictions, and has shed light on potential financial crimes and violations of FARA. As the investigation continues, it is important to remain informed and engaged in the democratic process.

Glossary:
- Collusion: The act of secretly cooperating or conspiring with an enemy or opponent.
- Obstruction of Justice: The act of interfering with or impeding the administration of justice, often through the destruction or fabrication of evidence.
- FARA: The Foreign Agents Registration Act, a law that requires individuals and organizations to disclose to the U.S. Department of Justice information about their work as foreign agents.


text: Few scientists played a greater role in constructing how Americans envisioned sharks than marine biologist Perry W. Gilbert. From the 1940s to the 1980s, he and a handful of other scientists linked earlier investigations of morphology with newer studies on populations and ecosystem dynamics to understand predation in marine environments. Investigators often abstracted sharks by privileging body parts, such as the jaws or eyes, in ways that made it difficult to see this group of animals within larger ecological or historical contexts. Starting in the 1960s, shark tagging studies helped convince a growing number of researchers that these creatures were vulnerable to overexploitation.. This content is only available via PDF.. © 2016 by the Regents of the University of California. 2016

textbook:
Title: Sharks and Their Importance in Marine Environments

### Introduction
Sharks are fascinating creatures that play an essential role in marine ecosystems. They are apex predators that keep other species in check and maintain balance in the ocean. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of sharks, their anatomy, and how they contribute to their environment.

### Section 1: What are Sharks?
Sharks are cartilaginous fish that have been around for millions of years. They are found in oceans worldwide, except for the polar regions. There are over 400 species of sharks, ranging in size from a few feet to more than 40 feet long. Some of the most common types of sharks include great whites, hammerheads, and tiger sharks.

Sharks have a unique skeleton made of cartilage instead of bone, which makes them lighter and more flexible than other fish. They also have a specialized respiratory system that allows them to extract oxygen from the water as they swim. Sharks have excellent senses, including electroreception, which helps them detect prey even in dark environments.

### Section 2: Why are Sharks Important?
Sharks are essential to the health of marine ecosystems. They are apex predators, meaning they are at the top of the food chain and have no natural predators. As a result, they help regulate the populations of other species and prevent them from overpopulating. This keeps the balance of the ocean's ecosystem in check.

Sharks also play a crucial role in maintaining the health of coral reefs. They help control the population of herbivorous fish, which can damage coral if left unchecked. Additionally, some species of sharks are known to consume algae that can harm coral.

### Section 3: Threats to Sharks and Their Habitats
Despite their importance, sharks face many threats in their environment. Overfishing is a significant problem, as many species of sharks are hunted for their fins, which are used in shark fin soup. This practice has led to a decline in shark populations worldwide.

Climate change is another threat to sharks and their habitats. Rising ocean temperatures can disrupt the food chain and affect the availability of prey for sharks. Additionally, ocean acidification caused by carbon dioxide emissions can harm coral reefs, which are essential to some shark species.

### Conclusion
Sharks are fascinating creatures that play a vital role in marine ecosystems. They are apex predators that help maintain balance and prevent overpopulation of other species. However, they face many threats, including overfishing and climate change. By learning about sharks and their importance, we can better appreciate these magnificent animals and work to protect them and their habitats.


text: theater PC a kick in the case with Xion XON-810PCB-BK HTPC case. As all other products, Xion skimped on nothing when it made this stylish case: all the options were included, all the requirements exceeded, and it's a knockout value. They started with the basics -- the fans. The designers went big for maximum air flow with an 80mm top exhaust fan. A plethora of features such as dual vents design, 5 in 1 card reader, smooth edge and dual position setup-vertical and horizontal make this case a good asset for your HTPC system. The included 450W PSU can handle all power needs of your components. As an added bonus, a premium keyboard & mouse set with multimedia hot key functions makes controlling your system.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Choose the Right Computer Case for Your Needs
Introduction:
A computer case is an essential component of a computer system. It protects the delicate electronic components from dust, damage, and overheating. In this lesson, we will learn how to choose the right computer case for our needs.
Section 1: Understanding the Basic Features of a Computer Case
- What is a computer case?
- What are the basic features of a computer case?
- Why are these features important?
Section 2: Choosing the Right Size and Shape
- What are the different sizes and shapes of computer cases?
- How do I know which one is right for me?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of each size and shape?
Section 3: Considering the Power Supply Unit (PSU)
- What is a PSU?
- Why is it important?
- What are the different types of PSUs?
- How do I know which one is right for me?
Section 4: Evaluating the Cooling System
- What is a cooling system?
- Why is it important?
- What are the different types of cooling systems?
- How do I know which one is right for me?
Section 5: Assessing the Additional Features
- What are the additional features of a computer case?
- Why are they important?
- What are some examples of additional features?
- How do I know which ones are right for me?
Conclusion:
In conclusion, choosing the right computer case for your needs is an important decision. By considering the basic features, size and shape, PSU, cooling system, and additional features, you can find the perfect computer case that meets your needs and budget. Remember to evaluate each option carefully and consider the pros and cons before making a final decision.


text: Thomas J. D'Amore, Jr.. - Spring 1992. Thomas J. D'Amore, Jr. is chief of staff to the Governor of Connecticut. Prior to becoming Chief of Staff for Governor Weicker, he served as Chairman and Manager of Weicker's campaign for governor and then as Director of the Transition Office for Weicker. From 1983 to 1987 Mr. D'Amore was the Connecticut Republican Party Chairman and National Republican Committeeman. Mr. D'Amore served as Director of U.S. Senator Weicker's Connecticut Field Staff and was campaign manager of Senator Weicker's re-election campaign. From 1968 to 1975, Mr. D'Amore worked in various positions for Governor Thomas Meskill.

textbook:
**Lesson:**

**Title:** Political Career Paths

**Grade Level:** High School

**Section 1: Introduction**

Political careers are diverse and can take many paths. In this lesson, we will explore the career path of Thomas J. D'Amore, Jr., who has held various political positions throughout his career. We will examine his education, experience, and accomplishments to understand how he built his political career.

**Section 2: Education and Experience**

Thomas J. D'Amore, Jr., was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on November 24, 1942. He graduated from Trinity College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in History in 1964. After college, he began working for Governor Thomas Meskill, serving in various positions from 1968 to 1975. D'Amore then became the Connecticut Republican Party Chairman and National Republican Committeeman from 1983 to 1987. He served as Chairman and Manager of Lowell P. Weicker, Jr.'s campaign for governor and then as Director of the Transition Office for Weicker. In 1991, D'Amore became the Chief of Staff to Governor Weicker, a position he held until 1995.

**Section 3: Accomplishments**

Throughout his political career, D'Amore accomplished many feats. As the Connecticut Republican Party Chairman, he helped elect several Republicans to state and local offices. During his time as Director of U.S. Senator Weicker's Connecticut Field Staff, he managed Weicker's re-election campaign, which was successful. As Chief of Staff to Governor Weicker, D'Amore played a crucial role in implementing the governor's agenda and managing the state government.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

Thomas J. D'Amore, Jr.'s political career is an example of how one can rise through the ranks of politics and hold various positions of power. Through hard work, dedication, and a strong network of connections, D'Amore was able to achieve success in his political career. By examining his education, experience, and accomplishments, we can gain insight into the paths available to those interested in pursuing a career in politics.

**Glossary:**

- Bachelor of Arts degree: A four-year undergraduate degree awarded by colleges and universities.
- Campaign manager: A person responsible for planning and executing a political candidate's campaign strategy.
- Chief of Staff: The highest-ranking staff member in an office or organization, responsible for managing the day-to-day operations and providing support to the head of the organization.
- Governor: The chief executive officer of a state in the United States, responsible for executing state laws and appointing officials.
- National Republican Committeeman: A member of the Republican National Committee representing a particular state.
- Transition Office: An office responsible for managing the transition between one administration and another.


text: Want to know what business will be like in 2013? Look over your shoulder. Most economists expect the U.S. economy in the year ahead to perform slightly better than the one just past. Business prospects continue to improve slowly, with consumer confidence at its highest level since the recession began. Unemployment remains high and is the main barrier to more robust growth, but is on a definite downward trend. Manufacturing output is up and the sales of cars and homes.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Economic Analysis

### Section 1: Understanding the Basics

Economic analysis involves studying how people allocate resources to meet their needs and wants. This includes analyzing how businesses produce goods and services, how consumers purchase them, and how governments regulate the economy. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of economic analysis and how to apply them to real-world scenarios.

### Section 2: Analyzing the Economy

The economy consists of all the goods and services produced within a country. Economic analysts use various indicators to measure the health of the economy, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation rate, and unemployment rate. In this section, we will explore these indicators and discuss their significance in understanding the economy's performance.

### Section 3: Applying Economic Analysis

Now that we understand the basics of economic analysis, let's apply our knowledge to a real-world scenario. Suppose you are a business owner looking to expand your company. How would you use economic analysis to make informed decisions? We will discuss different strategies and techniques you can use to analyze the market and make data-driven decisions.

## Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned the basics of economic analysis and how to apply it to real-world scenarios. By understanding economic indicators and analyzing the market, we can make informed decisions to help our business grow. Remember that economic analysis is an essential tool for understanding the economy and making data-driven decisions.

Glossary:
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.
- Inflation Rate: The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling.
- Unemployment Rate: The percentage of the workforce that is without work but is actively seeking employment.


text: Roasted Vegetables with Mustard Mayonnaise. Serves 4. Ingredients:. 1kg/2¼lb fennel bulbs, baby new potatoes and red onion mix. 2 unpeeled garlic cloves. 5 fresh rosemary sprigs. 4 tbsp olive oil. 1 tbsp balsamic vinegar. salt and ground black pepper. For the mustard mayonnaise. 150ml/¼ pint/scant ⅔ cup mayonnaise. 2 tbsp Dijon mustard. Method:. 1 Preheat the oven to 220°C/425°F/Gas 7.. 2 Quarter the fennel bulbs, slice the new potatoes thickly and cut the red onions into wedges.. 3 Put the vegetables, garlic and rosemary in a roasting pan Toss in the oil and season with salt and pepper.. 4 Cook in the oven for 30–40 minutes or until tender and starting to char. Sprinkle with balsamic vinegar.. 5 Meanwhile, make the mustard mayonnaise. Blend together the mayonnaise and mustard in a bowl.. 6 Transfer the roasted vegetables to a serving dish and serve hot or cold with the mustard mayonnaise.

textbook:
Lesson: Roasted Vegetables with Mustard Mayonnaise Recipe

### Overview
In this lesson, we will learn how to prepare a delicious and healthy dish called "Roasted Vegetables with Mustard Mayonnaise." This recipe serves four people and is perfect for a dinner party or family gathering. We will cover the ingredients, method, and tips for making this dish successfully.

### Ingredients
- 1kg/2¼lb fennel bulbs
- Baby new potatoes and red onion mix
- 2 unpeeled garlic cloves
- 5 fresh rosemary sprigs
- 4 tbsp olive oil
- 1 tbsp balsamic vinegar
- Salt and ground black pepper
- 150ml/¼ pint/scant ⅔ cup mayonnaise
- 2 tbsp Dijon mustard

### Method
1. Preheat the oven to 220°C/425°F/Gas 7.
2. Quarter the fennel bulbs, slice the new potatoes thickly, and cut the red onions into wedges.
3. Put the vegetables, garlic, and rosemary in a roasting pan. Toss in the oil and season with salt and pepper.
4. Cook in the oven for 30-40 minutes or until tender and starting to char. Sprinkle with balsamic vinegar.
5. Meanwhile, make the mustard mayonnaise by blending together the mayonnaise and mustard in a bowl.
6. Transfer the roasted vegetables to a serving dish and serve hot or cold with the mustard mayonnaise.

### Tips
- Use a mix of baby new potatoes and red onions for the best flavor.
- Adjust the seasoning to your taste. You can add more salt or pepper if needed.
- Make sure not to overcook the vegetables, as they will become dry and tough.
- If you don't have a roasting pan, you can use a baking dish or a sheet pan.

### Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned how to prepare a delicious and healthy dish called "Roasted Vegetables with Mustard Mayonnaise." We covered the ingredients, method, and tips for making this dish successfully. By following these steps, you can create a beautiful and flavorful dish that will impress your guests or family members. Remember to adjust the seasoning to your taste and use a mix of baby new potatoes and red onions for the best flavor.


text: The success of any research study depends on highly trained study teams.. Each study team should have effective and efficient processes and have a mind-set that is absolutely focused on protecting patients’ rights and assurance of data integrity as well as the day to day conduct of the study. To achieve this, each member of the research team must be appropriately qualified and experienced for their role on the research study and must participate in ongoing training and education appropriate to their role.. We also encourage researchers to provide suggestions for potential education sessions that may be of benefit. Please email you suggestions to researchgovernance@mh.org.au.. Request to receive research updates. To ensure you receive training and other research updates, send your Melbourne Health email address along with your position description (i.e. PI, AI, research nurse) to researchgovernance@mh.org.au and include “Request to add researcher to research email list” in the subject line of the email.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Research Governance
## Section 1: What is Research Governance?
Research governance refers to the framework of policies, procedures, and practices that ensure the proper conduct of research studies. It involves the management of risks associated with research, such as ensuring the safety of participants and protecting their rights.
## Section 2: Why is Research Governance Important?
Research governance is crucial because it helps to maintain the integrity of research data and protect the rights of participants. It also ensures that research studies are conducted in an ethical manner, which is essential for the advancement of knowledge and the health of society.
## Section 3: Who is Involved in Research Governance?
Research governance involves various stakeholders, including researchers, sponsors, institutions, and regulatory bodies. Each of these parties has a role to play in ensuring that research is conducted in a responsible and accountable manner.
## Section 4: What are the Key Components of Research Governance?
The key components of research governance include:
- Research protocols: These are the guidelines that outline the methods and procedures for conducting a research study.
- Research ethics: This refers to the principles and standards that guide the conduct of research, including the protection of participants' rights and welfare.
- Data management: This involves the collection, storage, and analysis of research data, including the protection of confidentiality and privacy.
- Risk management: This involves identifying and managing the risks associated with research, such as potential harm to participants or damage to reputation.
## Section 5: How can I Learn More about Research Governance?
To learn more about research governance, you can:
- Read books and articles on the topic.
- Attend workshops and seminars on research governance.
- Join online forums and discussion groups related to research governance.
- Seek mentorship from experienced researchers in the field.
## Glossary
- Research protocols: A set of instructions that outline the methods and procedures for conducting a research study.
- Research ethics: The principles and standards that guide the conduct of research, including the protection of participants' rights and welfare.
- Data management: The collection, storage, and analysis of research data, including the protection of confidentiality and privacy.
- Risk management: The identification and management of risks associated with research, such as potential harm to participants or damage to reputation.
## Conclusion
Research governance is an essential component of any research study. By understanding the key components of research governance and following best practices, researchers can ensure that their studies are conducted in an ethical and responsible manner. By applying these principles, researchers can contribute to the advancement of knowledge and the health of society.


text:
In this file photo, bicyclists and cars co-exist while heading south in heavy traffic along Portland Ave., near E. Grant Street on Aug. 30, 2012, in Minneapolis.

David Joles, Star Tribune

By the numbers

Bike route miles per square mile:

Minneapolis: 3.9, tied for 7th

52-city average: 1.6

Pedestrian fatality rate per 10,000 walking commuters:

Minneapolis: 4.5, tied for 7th

52-city average: 8.3

Biker fatalities per 10,000 biking commuters:

Minneapolis: 2.3, tied for 9th

52-city average: 4.9

Minneapolis gets high marks in biker and walker safety

Article by: STEVE BRANDT

Star Tribune

April 17, 2014 - 5:30 AM

Besides ranking near the top places in the country for bikers and walkers commuting to work, Minneapolis now can boast of safety rates for walking and biking that are also among the best.

The latest statistical almanac for biking and walking, released Wednesday, puts Minneapolis ahead of most of the nation’s largest cities in almost every major category. The city also fares much better than the state of Minnesota as a whole.

Minneapolis ranks second in bike commuting and ninth for walking to work.

The survey also finds that Minneapolitans are far less likely to die walking or biking, with rates about half the average for the 52 largest U.S. cities. The city is tied for ninth in bike fatalities per 10,000 bikers and tied for seventh in pedestrian fatalities by a similar measure during 2009 to 2011. Pedestrian and bike safety concerns have been fanned recently by the February deaths of cyclist Marcus Nalls, 26, on a high-crash portion of Franklin Avenue and pedestrian Caitlan Barton, 25, on Lake Street.

Safety in the city is helped by the fact that Minneapolis bikers are more likely to have bike lanes or off-road paths to use, the survey found, with 3.9 miles of such routes for every square mile of land area.

That’s more than double the national average among large cities of 1.6 miles. Minneapolis ranked eighth overall in that category and 10th specifically for painted bike lanes.

“I certainly won’t rest until we’re at the top of those lists,” said Ethan Fawley, executive director of the Minneapolis Bicycle Coalition, a local advocacy group. Fawley said good biking conditions improve the tax base and attract residents.

The federally subsidized study comes from the Alliance for Biking and Walking, a national nonprofit advocacy group that has documented trends in walking and biking since 2003. Much of the data comes from federal statistics and surveys completed by state or city bike and pedestrian coordinators.

$28 million helps

The high Minneapolis rankings in part reflect the $28 million in federal money directed to the Twin Cities in recent years by the federal Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program, championed by former U.S. Rep. James Oberstar.

Even before that investment, Minneapolis had developed miles of off-road bike routes, including the Grand Rounds bike and walking trails that date to the 1970s, and the more recent Midtown Greenway, Cedar Lake Trail and Kenilworth Trail. But the Oberstar money allowed the city to rapidly expand its on-road lanes, said Jon Wertjes, the city’s director of traffic and parking services.

It also helped Minneapolis to rank third nationally among cities in the share of its federal transportation dollars spent on biking or walking improvements at 24 percent, the study found.

With almost all the money spent, that percentage could plunge. But Fawley looks to the city’s five-year $568 million capital spending budget and state money as sources to keep the bike infrastructure growing. Wertjes said the city will look for opportunities to do bike-pedestrian projects with the state and Hennepin County.

Push for protected lanes

The next big wave of potential bike improvements is a push for protected bike lanes, in which biker space is protected from traffic by a raised surface, curbs or posts. One has already been approved for part of Washington Avenue downtown, and the city is working to develop a plan for where to install more.

The alliance report portrays protected lanes as a way to attract more female commuters, saying they are less willing to ride in mixed traffic.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Statistics

Lesson Overview:

In this lesson, we will learn about statistics, which is the branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. We will cover the following topics:

1. Data Collection and Representation
2. Measurements and Units
3. Probability and Odds
4. Central Tendency and Variability
5. Hypothesis Testing

Lesson Outline:

I. Data Collection and Representation
   A. Definition of Statistics
   B. Types of Data
   C. Data Collection Methods
   D. Data Representation Techniques

II. Measurements and Units
   A. Scales of Measurement
   B. Units of Measurement
   C. Converting Units

III. Probability and Odds
   A. Definition of Probability
   B. Odds and Probabilities
   C. Probability Distributions

IV. Central Tendency and Variability
   A. Mean, Median, and Mode
   B. Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation
   C. Shape of Distributions

V. Hypothesis Testing
   A. Null and Alternative Hypotheses
   B. Type I and Type II Errors
   C. Significance Levels
   D. Tests of Significance

VI. Practice Questions

VII. Glossary

Conclusion:

In conclusion, statistics is an essential tool for understanding and interpreting data. By learning the basics of statistics, we can make informed decisions and draw valid conclusions based on empirical evidence. This lesson provides a foundation for further study in the field of statistics and will be useful in many areas of life, from scientific research to business decision-making.


text:
Uric acid in heart failure: a biomarker or therapeutic target?
There is a need for a cost-effective prognostic biomarker in heart failure (HF). Substantial evidence suggests that uric acid (UA) is an independent marker for adverse prognosis in acute and chronic HF of varying severity. Whether UA is a merely a marker of poor prognosis or is an active participant in disease pathogenesis is currently unknown. In the setting of HF, at least two different processes can be responsible for increased UA: increased production, which may result from oxidative stress, and decreased excretion due to renal insufficiency, which can be a consequence of cardio-renal syndrome, renal congestion, or comorbidities. While pioneer studies have raised the possibility of preventing HF through the use of UA lowering agents, namely xanthine oxidase inhibitors and uricosurics, the literature is still conflicting on whether the reduction in UA will result in a measurable clinical benefit. In this review, we examine the evidence relating UA to HF prognosis, the mechanisms that contribute to increased UA levels in HF, and future novel treatments aimed at reducing UA levels.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Uric Acid and Heart Failure

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Uric acid is a chemical compound found in the blood. It is formed when the body breaks down substances called purines. Purines are found in some foods and drinks, such as liver, anchovies, and beer. When there is too much uric acid in the blood, it can form crystals that cause gout, a painful form of arthritis.

Heart failure is a condition in which the heart is not able to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can lead to shortness of breath, fatigue, and other symptoms. Heart failure can be caused by many things, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and heart valve problems.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

We can use a simple formula to calculate the amount of uric acid in the blood:

Uric Acid = (0.85 x Serum Creatinine) + 1.17

This formula assumes that the patient's blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is normal and that they do not have any kidney problems. If the BUN is abnormal, the formula may not give accurate results.

### Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

Is uric acid a cause or a symptom of heart failure? Some studies suggest that high levels of uric acid may contribute to the development of heart failure, while others argue that it is simply a marker of poor prognosis. More research is needed to determine the exact relationship between uric acid and heart failure.

What role do purines play in heart failure? Purines are found in many foods, but they also play a role in the body's metabolism. When purines are broken down, they can form uric acid. Some studies suggest that high levels of uric acid may be related to the buildup of substances called "reactive oxygen species" in the body, which can damage cells and contribute to heart failure. However, more research is needed to confirm this link.

### Glossary
- Uric acid: A chemical compound found in the blood that is formed when the body breaks down purines.
- Heart failure: A condition in which the heart is not able to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
- Serum creatinine: A blood test that measures the amount of creatinine in the blood. Creatinine is a waste product that is removed from the body by the kidneys.
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): A blood test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea nitrogen is produced when protein is broken down in the body.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about uric acid and its potential relationship with heart failure. While more research is needed to fully understand the role of uric acid in heart failure, it is clear that understanding the underlying mechanisms could lead to better treatment options for patients. By applying the concepts learned in this lesson, students can begin to think critically about other areas of medicine and public health.


text: What Kinds of Shampoo Regrow Hair?. It’s evident that in order to keep your hair and scalp clean, you must use some type of shampoo. If you are losing your hair, then it’s even more important that you use the right one in order to maintain your hair and grow more of it. A lot of folks are wondering what kinds of shampoo work best for those suffering from hair loss.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Choose the Right Shampoo for Hair Loss

Introduction:
Hair loss is a common problem that many people face. It can be caused by various factors such as genetics, hormones, stress, and medical conditions. However, there are ways to combat hair loss, and one of them is by using the right shampoo. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of shampoos that can help regrow hair and how to choose the right one for your needs.

Section 1: Understanding Hair Loss

Hair loss is a condition where the hair falls out or becomes thinning. It can occur in patches or all over the scalp. There are two main types of hair loss: temporary and permanent. Temporary hair loss is usually caused by stress, illness, or medication, while permanent hair loss is usually caused by genetics or hormones.

Section 2: Types of Shampoos for Hair Loss

There are several types of shampoos that can help regrow hair. These include:

1. Anti-Dandruff Shampoos: Dandruff is a common cause of hair loss, so using an anti-dandruff shampoo can help prevent it. Look for shampoos that contain zinc pyrithione, coal tar, or ketoconazole.

2. Hair Regrowth Shampoos: These shampoos contain ingredients that stimulate hair growth. They may contain minoxidil, which is the only FDA-approved ingredient for hair regrowth. Other ingredients may include biotin, saw palmetto, and nettle extract.

3. Clarifying Shampoos: These shampoos remove buildup and residue from the hair and scalp. They can help unclog follicles and promote healthy hair growth.

Section 3: How to Choose the Right Shampoo for Hair Loss

To choose the right shampoo for your hair loss, consider the following:

1. Causes of Hair Loss: Determine the cause of your hair loss before choosing a shampoo. If it's caused by dandruff, an anti-dandruff shampoo may be the best option. If it's caused by genetics or hormones, a hair regrowth shampoo may be more effective.

2. Ingredients: Look for shampoos that contain ingredients that are effective in treating hair loss. Minoxidil is the most effective ingredient for hair regrowth, while biotin, saw palmetto, and nettle extract are also popular choices.

3. Sensitivity: Some shampoos can cause skin irritation or other side effects. If you have sensitive skin, choose a shampoo that is gentle and hypoallergenic.

Section 4: Practical Examples

Let's say you have been experiencing hair loss due to genetics. You decide to try a hair regrowth shampoo. After researching different options, you choose one that contains minoxidil and biotin. You use the shampoo twice a week as directed and notice a significant difference in your hair after two months of use.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, choosing the right shampoo for hair loss is crucial in maintaining healthy hair and promoting regrowth. By understanding the different types of shampoos and their ingredients, you can make an informed decision on which one is best for your needs. Remember to consult with a doctor or dermatologist if your hair loss persists or worsens.

Glossary:
- Hair Loss: A condition where the hair falls out or becomes thinning.
- Anti-Dandruff Shampoos: Shampoos that contain ingredients that fight against dandruff.
- Hair Regrowth Shampoos: Shampoos that contain ingredients that stimulate hair growth.
- Clarifying Shampoos: Shampoos that remove buildup and residue from the hair and scalp.
- Minoxidil: The only FDA-approved ingredient for hair regrowth.
- Biotin: A popular ingredient in hair regrowth shampoos.
- Saw Palmetto: An ingredient that may help block the enzyme that converts testosterone into DHT, which can cause hair loss.
- Nettle Extract: An ingredient that may help increase hair density and reduce hair breakage.


text:
Teams calling Sacramento about the #7 pick are being told it’s already been moved. Problem is, no one knows to who, or for which player.

Okay, that’s kind of a new one. There has been widespread speculation that the Spurs have been looking to trade Tony Parker and/or Richard Jefferson‘s contract in order to get the pick and take Klay Thompson, but clearly there’s a bit of mystery surrounding the actual deal that may or may not have gone down.

Sports Illustrated’s Sam Amick, whose reporting on the Kings has always been as reliable as any reporting on any team, confirmed Givony’s tidbit, and offered this tidbit of his own:

As an interesting subplot, sources say the Kings and Golden State had substantial talks about Monta Ellis. Not sure who Warriors wanted.

Have to wonder if Brandon Jennings is involved since Sacramento wants a point. It gets him back in his home state, but as a Bucks fan I’d be sad to see him go. He’s not the best shooter but he needs more free run in this offense here in Milwaukee. Such a slow-pace isn’t going to favor someone like Brandon. The Bucks offense is HARD to watch.

textbook:
Lesson: The Value of Trades in the NBA Draft

Introduction:
The NBA Draft is an annual event where teams have the opportunity to select eligible players to play in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Trades are an essential part of the draft process, as they allow teams to acquire players they want without having to wait until the draft. In this lesson, we will explore the value of trades in the NBA Draft and how they can impact a team's future success.

Section 1: Understanding Trades in the NBA Draft

Topic 1: What is a Trade?
A trade is an agreement between two or more teams in the NBA to exchange players, draft picks, or other assets. Trades can occur before or during the draft and can help teams improve their roster without having to wait until free agency.

Topic 2: Why are Trades Important?
Trades are crucial because they allow teams to address immediate needs or acquire players they believe will help them win championships. Trades can also help teams clear cap space or create flexibility for future signings.

Section 2: Analyzing Trades in the NBA Draft

Topic 3: How do Teams Evaluate Players?
Teams use various methods to evaluate players, including scouting reports, workouts, interviews, and statistical analysis. They also consider factors such as character, work ethic, and fit with the team's system.

Topic 4: What Factors Should Teams Consider When Making Trades?
Teams should consider several factors when making trades, including the player's skill set, contract status, age, and personality. They should also consider the team's current roster, salary cap situation, and future draft picks.

Section 3: Real-World Examples of Trades in the NBA Draft

Topic 5: The 2011 NBA Draft
In the 2011 NBA Draft, the Cleveland Cavaliers traded the number one overall pick to the Toronto Raptors for guard Jonny Flynn, forward Donatas Motiejunas, and a future first-round pick. The Raptors then traded the pick to the Minnesota Timberwolves for guard Derrick Williams.

Topic 6: The 2018 NBA Draft
In the 2018 NBA Draft, the Atlanta Hawks traded the number three overall pick to the Dallas Mavericks for forward Luka Doncic and a future first-round pick. The Mavericks then traded the pick to the Phoenix Suns for guard Mikal Bridges and a future second-round pick.

Conclusion:
Trades are an essential part of the NBA Draft, allowing teams to improve their roster and address immediate needs. By evaluating players carefully and considering various factors, teams can make trades that will help them succeed both in the short term and long term.

Glossary:
- NBA: National Basketball Association
- Draft: A process in which sports teams select new players
- Trade: An agreement between two or more teams to exchange players, draft picks, or other assets
- Cap space: The amount of money a team has available to spend on players
- Fit: How well a player's skills and abilities match the team's needs and system.


text: SITA Soars to Training Success for Customers and Employees with Litmos LMS. SITA is an organization owned by airlines and developed to take away the complexity of the networks and applications the airline industry uses to run their businesses, enabling them to focus on providing excellent service to their passengers. SITA was looking for a way to manage the training for 7,200+ users, on multiple levels.. SITA selected Litmos as a training partner to ensure timely delivery of their training through in-house development of SCORM packs and multi-media, which is deployed through the Litmos platform. Their time from development to deployment is now twice as fast on the Litmos platform, and there have been no training-related issues since integration.. “As we’ve had to evolve and offer more to our customers and internal students as well, the Litmos pipeline of development has really kept up with that,” said Justin Neale, Director, Customer Strategy and Experience, SITA. “Litmos has made our job easy!”

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Learning Management Systems (LMS)

## Section 1: What is an LMS?
An LMS is a software application that allows organizations to manage and track employee or student learning experiences. It provides a centralized location for course creation, delivery, and evaluation. An LMS can be used for a variety of purposes, including compliance training, professional development, and customer education.

## Section 2: Why use an LMS?
Using an LMS offers several benefits. First, it makes it easier to deliver consistent and high-quality training to large groups of people. Second, it provides a way to track employee or student progress and identify areas where additional support may be needed. Finally, an LMS can help reduce costs associated with travel and other expenses related to traditional classroom training.

## Section 3: How does an LMS work?
An LMS typically includes several key features. These include a course catalog, where learners can browse available courses; a registration system, where learners can sign up for courses; a content management system, where instructors can create and organize course materials; and a grading system, where instructors can evaluate learner performance.

## Section 4: Types of content in an LMS
An LMS can host a variety of content types, including text, images, videos, and interactive activities. Some LMS platforms also allow for the creation of virtual simulations or games that can be used to reinforce learning.

## Section 5: Choosing an LMS
When choosing an LMS, there are several factors to consider. These include ease of use, customization options, scalability, and cost. It's also important to consider the needs of your learners and how they will interact with the LMS.

## Conclusion
By understanding the basics of an LMS, you can begin to explore how this technology can benefit your organization. Whether you're looking to provide employee training or offer educational opportunities to customers, an LMS can help you achieve your goals. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can choose the right LMS for your needs and begin to create engaging and effective learning experiences for your learners.

Glossary:
- LMS: Learning Management System
- Course Catalog: A collection of courses available for learners to enroll in
- Registration System: A system for registering learners for courses
- Content Management System: A tool for creating and organizing course materials
- Grading System: A system for evaluating learner performance
- Virtual Simulation: A computer-based model of a real-world system or process
- Gamification: The use of game design elements in non-game contexts to improve user engagement


text:
To Relativity

An episode of Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei concludes with a fake show-within-a-show involving the character Kaere as a Hot Teacher. Since she's teaching geometry, she's shown strolling through several famous Escher works.

The first time we meet the Godhand in Berserk, they're in a Relativity-esque dimension filled with multidirectional staircases and a shot that resembles Another World.

A strip in an early issue of Marvel'sEpic Illustrated is about a demonic architect boasting to a lady friend about the new house he's designed, which is finally revealed to be based on a mixture of Relativity and other works. The strip concludes with a dedication "to MCE" in the shape of Escher's own logo.

Labyrinth: The Goblin King's final chamber was clearly based on this, and Sarah has a print of Relativity in her room.

During a fight/chase scene, several characters in Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb fall into a RelativityPortal Picture, causing the action to become more confusing with the inconsistent gravity of the place.

In Half World, by Hiromi Goto, Melanie's mother keeps Escher prints on the wall. Later, when Melanie goes Down the Rabbit Hole, to the magical realm Half World, the staircases go both up and down like Relativity.

Warehouse 13 has the "Escher Vault," which is a room constructed like Relativity, which is constantly changing at high speed. You need special equipment of one kind or another to get through it. According to Mrs. Frederic, at least one Warehouse Agent has gotten lost in the room because they forgot to wear safety goggles when venturing inside and hasn't been seen since.

It's called the Escher Vault because the man himself was an architect on that iteration of the Warehouse. His initial design involved it folding up like a tesseract and the model of it is artifact.

Ipsen's Castle in Final Fantasy IX seems to be based on this. Described as an architectural marvel, many rooms are upside down and in one room the visitor has to slide up a pole. While in Ipsen's Castle, weapons will do more damage the lower their attack power is.

A choice adventure in the Kingdom of Loathing — more specifically, the Haunted Art Gallery — starts here, and all directions seem to be as if this work was providing directions (up, down, or sideways).

In King's Quest VII, you have to get through a room shaped like this in Archduke Fifi's manor.

Echochrome is a puzzle game based on the works of M. C. Escher. The geometries are as weird as you might expect.

To elaborate, in the game, you are allowed to "cheat" the laws of perspective because only the camera angle's perspective counts as "real". If there is a beam covering up a hole, the hole then ceases to exist. This is a necessary skill to guide the main characternote You control the camera, not the player character to safety.

One of the apartments Fry and Bender look at in the Futurama episode "I, Roommate". Bender fell down, up, and across the stairs. Fry decides they don't want to pay for a dimension they won't be using.

Briefly seen in The Simpsons Movie during Homer's dream quest, with the stairs shaped like the inside of Homer's head. One of the show's Couch Gags uses it too.

Family Guy referenced it twice. Once Stewie obtained a copy while posing as Brian's college roommate; on another occasion Peter referenced "that rap video by MC Escher", prompting a cut to Escher dressed as MC Hammer doing an incredibly bad rap song and dancing on the stairs.

In the second episode of Drawn Together, Toots convinces Clara she's pregnant after her Les Yay kiss with Foxxy, just so she can push her down a flight of stairs for laughs. When Clara "still smells pregnant," they next try the "M.C. Escher room," where Clara falls down the iconic set of circling stairs for like three minutes to kill her non-existent baby. Yes, it was that kind of show.

In one of the last episodes of "CatDog", one of Winslow's rooms hidden in CatDog's house is directly based on Relativity.

To other works

Christopher Nolanwas inspired by Escher in Inception, which has two sets of Ascending and Descending (and hence Penrose stairs)-inspired stairs: Arthur shows a fairly large one to Ariadne during her training and later makes good with an ass-kicking use of a second one in the second dream level's hotel.

Escher's work Eye is seen in Donnie Darko, as a poster on Donnie's wall.

In the Discworld novel Moving Pictures, the layout of the Library of Unseen University is described as "a topographical nightmare, [...] that would make M. C. Escher go for a good lie down, or possibly sideways." In Guards! Guards!, old-fashioned bookshops are said to be looking like "as though they were designed by M.C. Escher on a bad day".

Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid includes (along with many other references to Escher, as one might infer from the title) a dialogue in which the characters find themselves inside "Convex and Concave" and "Reptiles".

In the Young Adult novel Before I Fall, it's revealed that the school bike Anna Cartullo likes M. C. Escher. Sam gives her a book of his drawings on her final day.

James Gurney's Dinotopia: Journey to Chandara features a university structure with an impossible staircase based on Escher's work known as the Scholar's Stairway; the "Pen and Rose Fraternity" that Gurney invents as the scholars associated with the stairway is a further homage to Roger Penrose and his son.

In AdventureQuest Worlds, the town of Mobius is the victim of the First Lord of Chaos: Escherion. The entire quest chain to confront him is filled with M.C. Escher references, fitting of a Lord of Chaos.

In Chrono Cross, a sojourn through a place that appears to be outside reality, or something, features a tower with an endless staircase like that in Ascending and Descending.

In Quest for Glory I, when you navigate the Brigand warlock's maze, one of the comments you make is that M.C. Escher would love this place. The maze in question is somewhat reminiscent of Relativity, but also of other Escher drawings.

The 78th level of Lemmings is titled "Tribute to M.C. Escher". The main solution to the level involves building a confusing zigzag stairway.

Monument Valley has perspective and impossible paths as a major element of game play.

Atari Games' Crystal Castles has one level with a looped staircase based on Ascending And Descending.

HyperRogue has graphics inspired by the hyperbolic tilings in the Circle Limit series.

TV Tropes is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available from thestaff@tvtropes.org. Privacy Policy

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Relativity

## Overview

Relativity is a theory in physics proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905. It fundamentally changed our understanding of space and time. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of Relativity, including its principles, applications, and implications. We will also examine some of the most famous thought experiments in Relativity, such as the twin paradox and the black hole paradox. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of the core concepts of Relativity and be able to apply them to real-world scenarios.

## Section 1: Principles of Relativity

### Topic 1: The Special Theory of Relativity

The Special Theory of Relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905, is based on two postulates:

1. The laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion relative to one another.
2. The speed of light in a vacuum is always the same, regardless of the motion of the observer or the source of the light.

These postulates lead to some surprising conclusions, such as time dilation and length contraction. Time dilation means that time passes more slowly for objects moving at high speeds relative to an observer. Length contraction means that objects moving at high speeds appear shorter in the direction of motion than they would if they were stationary.

### Topic 2: The General Theory of Relativity

The General Theory of Relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915, extends the Special Theory to include gravity. It describes gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy. This curvature affects the motion of objects in a way that appears like a force.

The General Theory of Relativity has several important implications, including the bending of light around massive objects (gravitational lensing) and the existence of black holes. A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it.

## Section 2: Applications of Relativity

### Topic 1: Time Travel

While the Special Theory of Relativity does not allow for true time travel (going backward in time), it does predict that time could be affected by gravity. This has led to speculation about the possibility of time travel in the context of the General Theory of Relativity. However, no practical method for time travel has been discovered, and it remains a topic for science fiction rather than science.

### Topic 2: GPS Technology

The Global Positioning System (GPS) relies on precise timing signals transmitted from satellites orbiting Earth. These signals must account for the effects of relativity, such as time dilation due to the high speed of the satellites. Without taking relativity into account, the GPS system would be off by several kilometers.

## Section 3: Implications of Relativity

### Topic 1: The Twin Paradox

The Twin Paradox is a thought experiment that involves a pair of identical twins, one of whom takes a journey into space in a high-speed rocket and returns home to find that the other twin, who remained on Earth, has aged more than the space-traveling twin. This apparent paradox arises from the effects of time dilation in the Special Theory of Relativity.

### Topic 2: The Black Hole Paradox

The Black Hole Paradox refers to the apparent contradiction between the predictions of the General Theory of Relativity and the laws of quantum mechanics when it comes to black holes. According to Relativity, nothing can escape the event horizon of a black hole, not even light. However, quantum mechanics suggests that particles can pop into existence out of nothingness. This conflict has led to ongoing debates among physicists about the true nature of black holes.

## Conclusion

Relativity is a fundamental theory in physics that has revolutionized our understanding of space and time. While it has many practical applications, such as GPS technology, it also raises intriguing questions and paradoxes that continue to challenge physicists today. By studying Relativity, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the complexity and wonder of the universe.


text: Catalog Advanced Search | Try Our New OneSearch database is a comprehensive collection of journals covering clinical and biomedical literature. The database is updated daily with the full version refresh of the December 14, 2011 release by the U.S. National Library of Medicine to occur prior to March 13, 2012. Covers all areas of medicine, including clinical medicine, experimental medicine, dentistry, nursing, health services administration, nutrition, and much more...

textbook:
**Lesson: How to Use Medical Databases**

**Introduction**

Medical databases are an essential tool for researchers, healthcare professionals, and students alike. They provide access to a vast amount of information on medical topics, making it easier to find relevant articles and studies. In this lesson, we will learn how to use medical databases effectively.

**Section 1: Understanding Medical Databases**

A medical database is a collection of information that is organized and managed so that it can be accessed, retrieved, and analyzed easily. There are several types of medical databases, including those that contain published research articles, clinical trial results, and patient data.

**Section 2: Finding a Suitable Database**

The first step in using a medical database is to find one that contains the information you need. There are many medical databases available, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some popular databases include PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane.

**Section 3: Searching the Database**

Once you have found a suitable database, you can begin searching for information. The search process will vary depending on the database you are using, but most databases have similar features. For example, you may be able to search by keyword, author, title, or publication date.

**Section 4: Evaluating the Results**

After conducting a search, you will be presented with a list of results. It is essential to evaluate each result to determine which articles are most relevant to your needs. Some factors to consider include the publication date, the reputation of the journal, and the study design.

**Section 5: Accessing the Full Text**

If you have found an article that looks promising, you may need to access the full text. Some databases provide free access to the full text of articles, while others require a subscription or payment. If you cannot access the full text through your database, you may be able to request it through interlibrary loan or use a service like Google Scholar to find a copy.

**Section 6: Citing Sources**

When you use information from a medical database, it is essential to give credit to the original authors. This can be done by citing the source in your work. The specific format for citations will vary depending on the citation style you are using, but most databases provide tools to help you generate citations.

**Conclusion**

Using medical databases is a valuable skill for anyone interested in healthcare or medical research. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can effectively use medical databases to find the information you need. As you become more comfortable with these databases, you will be able to apply your skills to new problems and continue to expand your knowledge in the field of medicine.


text: Welcome evidence-based medicine seminars focused on critical appraisal of the medical literature, clinical experiences within a patient-centered medical home and interdisciplinary teams, and faculty-mentored quality improvement efforts in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Adding to this rich curriculum of experiences, each resident is paired with a faculty mentor to advance personal career goals and interests.. I would like to highlight a couple Track to those who are considering academic research as a part of their careers... Hal H. Atkinson, MD, MSProgram Director, Internal Medicine Residency. Residency Office 336-716-4305. Disclaimer: The information on this website is for general informational purposes only and SHOULD NOT be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Evidence-Based Medicine

## Section 1: What is Evidence-Based Medicine?
Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) is a way of practicing medicine that uses the best available scientific evidence to guide decision-making about the care of patients. It involves integrating clinical expertise, patient values, and the best available evidence from systematic research.

## Section 2: Why is EBM Important?
EBM is important because it helps doctors make better decisions about patient care. By using the best available evidence, doctors can provide more effective and safe treatments to their patients. EBM also helps doctors stay up-to-date with the latest medical research and advancements.

## Section 3: How does EBM work?
EBM involves several steps, including:

1. Formulating a clinical question: This is an essential first step in EBM. It involves identifying a problem or issue that needs to be addressed in patient care.

2. Finding the best available evidence: Once a clinical question has been identified, the next step is to find the best available evidence to answer it. This may involve searching medical databases, reviewing scientific articles, or consulting with other experts.

3. Appraising the evidence: After finding the evidence, it must be appraised to determine its validity and reliability. This involves assessing the quality of the study design, the credibility of the researchers, and the strength of the conclusions.

4. Integrating the evidence with clinical expertise and patient values: Once the evidence has been appraised, it must be integrated with the doctor's clinical expertise and the patient's values and preferences. This involves considering the patient's individual circumstances and preferences when making decisions about their care.

5. Evaluating the outcome: Finally, after the treatment has been provided, it is essential to evaluate the outcome to determine whether the treatment was effective. This may involve tracking the patient's progress over time or conducting follow-up studies to assess the long-term effects of the treatment.

## Section 4: Examples of EBM in Practice
EBM is used in many different areas of medicine, including:

1. Diagnosis: EBM can help doctors make more accurate diagnoses by using the best available evidence to guide their decision-making. For example, if a patient presents with symptoms that could be caused by several different conditions, EBM can help doctors determine which condition is most likely based on the available evidence.

2. Treatment: EBM can also help doctors choose the most effective treatments for their patients. For example, if there are several different medications that can be used to treat a particular condition, EBM can help doctors determine which medication is most likely to be effective based on the available evidence.

3. Prevention: EBM can also be used to prevent disease by identifying risk factors and implementing strategies to reduce those risks. For example, if research shows that smoking increases the risk of lung cancer, EBM can be used to develop strategies to help people quit smoking and reduce their risk of developing lung cancer.

## Conclusion
In conclusion, EBM is an essential tool for doctors to provide the best possible care to their patients. By using the best available evidence, doctors can make more informed decisions about patient care, leading to better outcomes and improved patient satisfaction.


text: We were tasked with designing and installing a gym for the staff of a large biopharmaceutical company. We assisted the team with equipment choice, ensuring each piece of equipment would be maximised within the space available. Following the equipment choice, we began the design process using 3D drawings to really make it come to life and give the team the visuals they needed to see our planned installation. This 3D drawing allows for changes to be made before the installation begins ensuring the design is exactly how the client wants. We supplied all the equipment within the lead times required while ensuring the installation went off without a hitch.

textbook:
Lesson: Designing and Installing a Gym
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the process of designing and installing a gym for a large biopharmaceutical company. We will cover the steps involved in this process, including equipment choice, design, and installation. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the importance of each step and how they contribute to creating a successful gym.
Section 1: Equipment Choice
Equipment choice is the first step in designing and installing a gym. It involves selecting the right type of equipment that will meet the needs of the staff. Some of the factors to consider when choosing equipment include the space available, the fitness level of the staff, and the budget.
Questions and Answers:
- What are some factors to consider when choosing equipment for a gym?
- How does the equipment affect the space available?
- What is the fitness level of the staff?
- What is the budget for the gym?
Section 2: Design
After choosing the equipment, the next step is to design the gym. This involves creating a 3D drawing of the gym layout to ensure that each piece of equipment is maximized within the space available. The design also includes the placement of mirrors, mats, and other accessories.
Questions and Answers:
- Why is a 3D drawing important in designing a gym?
- What are some of the accessories that can be included in the gym?
- How does the placement of mirrors affect the gym design?
Section 3: Installation
The final step in designing and installing a gym is the installation process. This involves setting up the equipment and ensuring that it is working correctly. It also involves testing the equipment to ensure that it is safe to use.
Questions and Answers:
- What is the installation process like?
- How does testing the equipment ensure safety?
- What happens if there are issues with the equipment during installation?
Glossary:
- Biopharmaceutical: A type of drug that is derived from living organisms such as bacteria, yeast, or animal cells.
- Maximize: To make the best use of something, especially by using it in the most effective way possible.
- Accessory: A thing that is used to enhance or complete something else.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, designing and installing a gym for a large biopharmaceutical company involves several steps, including equipment choice, design, and installation. Each step is crucial in creating a successful gym that meets the needs of the staff. By understanding the importance of each step, you can apply these skills to other areas of your life, such as designing a home gym or creating a fitness plan for yourself.


text: To find a. good trainer, you can approach your local gym and enquire about personal training OrangeCounty. et al.. Expert Personal Fitness Trainer. Merits. Look out. for the following qualities when choosing a private coach for personal training. OrangeCounty:. What To Expect During. Sessions. The first. session of Personal. TrainingOrangeCounty. is dedicated to assessing your level of fitness, body measurements,. history of exercise and health, and your goals. Before beginning, personal. trainers normally ask detail questions regarding your goals. From then on, each. meeting will comprise of workouts such as weight training, cardio, flexibility. and other exercises that will help you attain your target weight.. Robert Wilk is a Personal fitness trainer. He. has written more articles about Personal. Trainer Huntington Beach, Personal Training Newport Beach. and Long Beach Personal Trainer. For more information visit our site. {pixabay|100|campaign}

textbook:
Lesson 1: How to Choose a Good Personal Trainer
Introduction:
A good personal trainer can help you achieve your fitness goals faster and more efficiently. In this lesson, we will learn how to choose a good personal trainer.
Core Value:
To find a good personal trainer, you need to look for someone who is qualified, experienced, and has a good reputation.
Lesson Plan:
Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
- Qualifications: A good personal trainer should have a certification from a reputable organization such as the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) or the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM).
- Experience: A good personal trainer should have at least two years of experience working with clients.
- Reputation: A good personal trainer should have positive reviews from previous clients and be recommended by other professionals in the industry.
Section 2: Practical Examples
- Interview Questions: Ask the personal trainer about their training philosophy, their experience with clients like you, and their approach to goal setting.
- Workout Session: Observe the personal trainer's technique and attention to detail during the workout session. Pay attention to how they communicate with you and motivate you.
- Client Reviews: Read reviews from previous clients to get an idea of the personal trainer's personality, communication skills, and ability to help clients achieve their goals.
Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
- Personal Trainer Huntington Beach: If you live in Huntington Beach, you can search for personal trainers who specialize in working with clients who want to lose weight, gain muscle, or improve their overall fitness.
- Personal Training Newport Beach: If you live in Newport Beach, you can search for personal trainers who specialize in working with clients who want to improve their endurance, speed, or agility.
- Long Beach Personal Trainer: If you live in Long Beach, you can search for personal trainers who specialize in working with clients who want to improve their posture, balance, or flexibility.
Conclusion:
Choosing a good personal trainer is important because they can help you achieve your fitness goals faster and more efficiently. By considering their qualifications, experience, and reputation, you can find a personal trainer who is a good fit for you. By interviewing them, observing their workout sessions, and reading client reviews, you can get a sense of their personality, communication skills, and ability to help clients achieve their goals. By searching for personal trainers who specialize in your specific fitness goals, you can find a personal trainer who is right for you.


text: Today we were fortunate to start our service for the week at the St Joan of Arc school for Pre-k through 8th grade! Each participant was assigned to a classroom or grade level and helped with tutoring and guidance as the students entered their quarterly exams.. The photo here is the Joan of Arc school motto. The kids recite this every morning.. After a full day of school (which included some genuine hot-sausage Po'Boys at the close), the group took a tour of the St. Louis Cathedral in the heart of the French Quarter. The love, beauty, and hope seen in the school and Cathedral proved to be an amazing start to the week.. To all the parents, friends, and Campus Ministry staff, know you are in our thoughts and everyone is doing well!. Social Saint Anselm

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Education
Introduction:
Education is a fundamental aspect of human life. It is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values, and habits. Education is essential for personal development, social interaction, and economic growth. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of education and its impact on society.
Section 1: Personal Development
Topic 1: Knowledge
Question: Why is knowledge important?
Answer: Knowledge is essential for personal development. It helps us understand the world around us and makes us more aware of our surroundings. Knowledge also enables us to make informed decisions and solve problems effectively.
Topic 2: Skills
Question: Why are skills important?
Answer: Skills are essential for personal growth. They help us perform tasks efficiently and effectively. Skills also enable us to adapt to new situations and challenges.
Topic 3: Values
Question: Why are values important?
Answer: Values are crucial for shaping our character and behavior. They help us distinguish between right and wrong and guide us in making moral decisions.
Practical Example: A person who is educated in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) can apply their knowledge and skills to create innovative solutions that can change the world.
Section 2: Social Interaction
Topic 1: Communication
Question: Why is communication important?
Answer: Communication is essential for building relationships and fostering understanding. It helps us express our thoughts and feelings and enables us to connect with others.
Topic 2: Empathy
Question: Why is empathy important?
Answer: Empathy is crucial for developing compassion and sensitivity towards others. It helps us understand their perspectives and feelings and enables us to respond appropriately.
Topic 3: Critical Thinking
Question: Why is critical thinking important?
Answer: Critical thinking is essential for evaluating information and making informed decisions. It helps us analyze data, identify patterns, and draw conclusions.
Practical Example: A person who is educated in history can understand the cultural and social context of a particular event and engage in meaningful conversations with people from diverse backgrounds.
Section 3: Economic Growth
Topic 1: Job Opportunities
Question: Why are job opportunities important?
Answer: Job opportunities are essential for economic growth and development. They provide a means of income and help individuals contribute to society.
Topic 2: Entrepreneurship
Question: Why is entrepreneurship important?
Answer: Entrepreneurship is crucial for innovation and economic growth. It helps create new businesses, products, and services that can improve people's lives.
Topic 3: Financial Literacy
Question: Why is financial literacy important?
Answer: Financial literacy is essential for managing money wisely and avoiding financial pitfalls. It helps individuals make informed decisions about saving, investing, and budgeting.
Practical Example: A person who is educated in finance can create financial models that can predict future trends and help businesses make informed decisions.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, education is essential for personal development, social interaction, and economic growth. It helps us acquire knowledge, skills, values, and habits that can change the world. By investing in education, we can create a better future for ourselves and others.
Glossary:
- Knowledge: Information and understanding acquired through learning and experience.
- Skills: Abilities and expertise acquired through practice and training.
- Values: Beliefs and principles that guide behavior and decision-making.
- Communication: The exchange of information and ideas between individuals through verbal or non-verbal means.
- Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of others.
- Critical Thinking: The process of analyzing and evaluating information to make informed judgments.
- Job Opportunities: Available positions in the job market that provide income and career advancement.
- Entrepreneurship: The process of creating new businesses and ventures that can improve people's lives.
- Financial Literacy: The ability to manage money wisely and make informed decisions about saving, investing, and budgeting.


text: A Virtual Bear Affair. We would like to thank everyone that supported our A Virtual Bear Affair for 2020. We are so pleased to announce that we raised over $243,000 to support the paediatric palliative care program at Bear Cottage.. Even though the world may have paused and many things were put on hold, Bear Cottage never stopped. Patients and their families still need us more than ever and with your help Bear Cottage will continue to provide vital services now and into the future.. This outstanding result would not have been possible without the overwhelming support and generosity from our prize donors and partners. We are indebted to the remarkable kindness that everyone has shown during such uncertain times.. Want to make a last minute donation? You can still do so by clicking here.. We look forward to coming together for the 20th Anniversary of A Bear Affair on Saturday 28 August 2021.. For any questions or further enquiries please contact Events Manager Nicole Ilacqua -Nicole.ilacqua@schf.org.au.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Fundraising

### Section 1: What is Fundraising?
Fundraising is the process of gathering money or resources to support a cause or organization. It is an essential part of many non-profit organizations, including hospitals, schools, and charities. Fundraising helps these organizations to provide essential services and programs to their communities.

### Section 2: Why is Fundraising Important?
Fundraising is important because it allows non-profit organizations to continue their work and provide essential services to their communities. Without fundraising, these organizations may not have the necessary resources to operate, and they may not be able to help those who need their services. Fundraising also helps to raise awareness about important causes and can bring people together to work towards a common goal.

### Section 3: How does Fundraising Work?
Fundraising works by attracting people to donate money or resources to a cause or organization. There are many ways to do this, including events, campaigns, and appeals. Fundraisers may also use social media, email, and other forms of communication to reach potential donors. Once someone donates, the funds are typically used to support the organization's mission and programs.

### Section 4: Types of Fundraising
There are many different types of fundraising, including:

1. Event-based fundraising: This includes events like galas, auctions, and races. These events often have a theme and are designed to be fun and engaging for participants.

2. Direct mail fundraising: This involves sending letters, emails, or other forms of communication to potential donors, asking for donations.

3. Online fundraising: This includes using websites, social media, and other online platforms to solicit donations.

4. Peer-to-peer fundraising: This involves recruiting friends, family, and others to fundraise on behalf of the organization.

5. Corporate giving: This involves partnering with businesses to raise funds for the organization.

### Section 5: Conclusion
Fundraising is an essential part of many non-profit organizations and is crucial for providing essential services and programs to communities. By understanding the importance of fundraising and learning about the different types of fundraising, you can help support important causes and make a difference in the world.


text: VOLUNTEERING & PLACEMENTS. Opportunities to support and develop. We value the contribution that volunteers make to our community. At NCT we pride ourselves on offering opportunities for local people to develop their skills and practice and gain experience to help them develop both personally and professionally. There are many different aspects to volunteering in the NCT Centre including; Reception, Cafe Front-of-House, Group Support and Administration.. We are also proud to offer quality placements for students studying at University and have hosted several successful students to date. We currently host work experience and employability training placements for various students from local schools and colleges..

textbook:
Lesson: Volunteering and Placements
Introduction:
Volunteering and placements are essential components of personal and professional development. They provide an opportunity to contribute to society while gaining valuable experience and skills. In this lesson, we will explore the different aspects of volunteering and placements, their benefits, and how to get involved.
Section 1: Types of Volunteering Opportunities
There are several types of volunteering opportunities available, including:
1. Reception - volunteers greet visitors, answer phones, and perform other administrative tasks.
2. Cafe Front-of-House - volunteers serve food and beverages, clean up, and interact with customers.
3. Group Support - volunteers assist group leaders in organizing events, activities, and meetings.
4. Administration - volunteers perform office tasks such as data entry, filing, and answering emails.
Questions and Answers:
1. What are the benefits of volunteering?
- Volunteering provides an opportunity to give back to the community, develop new skills, and gain experience.
2. How do I get started with volunteering?
- Contact your local community center or non-profit organization to learn about available volunteer opportunities.
Section 2: Benefits of Volunteering and Placements
Volunteering and placements offer several benefits, including:
1. Personal growth - volunteering and placements provide an opportunity to develop new skills and gain experience.
2. Networking - volunteering and placements provide an opportunity to meet new people and form connections within your community.
3. Employability - volunteering and placements can improve your resume and make you more attractive to potential employers.
Questions and Answers:
1. Why is volunteering important?
- Volunteering is important because it allows individuals to contribute to their community while developing new skills and gaining experience.
Section 3: How to Get Involved
To get involved in volunteering and placements, follow these steps:
1. Research organizations - research organizations that align with your interests and values.
2. Contact the organization - contact the organization to learn about available volunteer opportunities.
3. Complete an application - complete an application and provide any necessary documentation.
4. Attend orientation - attend orientation to learn about the organization's policies and procedures.
Questions and Answers:
1. What is the difference between volunteering and placements?
- Volunteering is unpaid work done willingly, while placements are structured learning experiences that provide students with practical experience in their field of study.
Conclusion:
Volunteering and placements are essential components of personal and professional development. By getting involved in volunteering and placements, individuals can contribute to their community while gaining valuable experience and skills. Apply the skills gained from this lesson to new problems and challenges.


text: Applied Statistics: Using Large Databases in Education. - Course Number: APSTA-GE 2110. - Hours: 40. - Units: 4. - Description: This course provides hands-on experience applying estimation techniques used by social & behavioral scientists to large longitudinal education databases. Students begin with descriptive statistics & correlations, estimate OLS regression models, & then move onto indicator variable, common functional forms, & estimation of fixed effect models, random effects models & regression discontinuity designs. In addition, students will use STATA for estimation & become familiar with the national datasets. After this course students will be able to use large datasets with modern statistical software & will be prepared for an independent project in their capstone class.. - Old Course Number: E10.2110

textbook:
Lesson Title: Applied Statistics: Using Large Databases in Education

## Section 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about applied statistics and how it is used in education. We will cover the basics of descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis. We will also learn how to use STATA software to analyze data and interpret results. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to apply statistical methods to real-world problems in education.

## Section 2: Descriptive Statistics and Correlation

### Subsection 2.1: Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics is the branch of statistics that deals with collecting, summarizing, and organizing data. It helps us understand the main features of a dataset by calculating measures such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and range.

### Subsection 2.2: Correlation

Correlation is a measure of the relationship between two variables. It tells us how much one variable changes when the other variable changes. There are different types of correlation, such as positive, negative, and zero correlation.

## Section 3: Regression Analysis

### Subsection 3.1: Introduction to Regression

Regression analysis is a statistical method used to study the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. It helps us predict the value of the dependent variable based on the values of the independent variables.

### Subsection 3.2: Linear Regression

Linear regression is a simple way to model the relationship between two variables. It assumes that there is a straight line that best fits the data. We can use linear regression to predict the value of the dependent variable based on the values of the independent variables.

### Subsection 3.3: Logistic Regression

Logistic regression is used when the dependent variable is categorical (e.g., yes/no, true/false). It models the probability of a binary outcome event occurring. We can use logistic regression to predict the likelihood of an event happening based on the values of the independent variables.

## Section 4: Practical Examples

### Subsection 4.1: Education Dataset

We will use a hypothetical education dataset to illustrate the concepts learned in this lesson. The dataset contains information about students' test scores, grades, and demographics. We will use this dataset to perform descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis.

## Section 5: Conclusion

In this lesson, we have learned about applied statistics and how it is used in education. We covered the basics of descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis. We also learned how to use STATA software to analyze data and interpret results. By applying these concepts to a real-world problem in education, we can gain valuable insights into student performance and make informed decisions about improving educational outcomes.

Glossary:
- Descriptive statistics: A branch of statistics that deals with collecting, summarizing, and organizing data.
- Correlation: A measure of the relationship between two variables.
- Regression analysis: A statistical method used to study the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
- Linear regression: A simple way to model the relationship between two variables.
- Logistic regression: A statistical method used to analyze a dataset in which there are one or more independent variables that determine some outcome.
- STATA: A software package used for data analysis and statistical computing.


text:
But What Have You Done for Us Lately?: Some Recent Perspectives on Linguistic Nativism

Abstract

The problem with many contemporary criticisms of Chomsky and linguistic nativism is that they are based upon features of the theory that are no longer germane; aspects that have either been superseded by more adequate proposals, or that have been dropped altogether under the weight of contravening evidence. In this paper, rather than rehashing old debates that are voluminously documented elsewhere, we intend to focus on more recent developments. To this end, we have put a premium on references from the 1990s and the latter half of the 1980s. First, we will describe exactly what is now thought to be innate about language, and why it is thought to be innate rather than learned. Second, we will examine the evidence that many people take to be the greatest challenge to the nativist claim: ape language. Third, we will briefly consider how an innate language organ might have evolved. Fourth we will look at how an organism might communicate without benefit of the innate language structure proposed by Chomsky, and examine a number of cases in which this seems to be happening. Finally we will try to sum up our claims and characterize what we believe will be the most fruitful course of debate for the immediate future.

References in Article

Select the SEEK icon to attempt to find the referenced article. If it does not appear to be in cogprints you will be forwarded to the paracite service. Poorly formated references will probably not work.

Bates, E. (1976). Language and context: Studies in the acquisition of pragmatics. New York:

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Linguistic Nativism

Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about linguistic nativism, which is the theory that language is innate and not learned. We will explore what is thought to be innate about language, why it is thought to be innate rather than learned, and the evidence that challenges this claim. We will also discuss how an innate language organ might have evolved.

Section 1: What is Linguistic Nativism?

Linguistic nativism is the idea that humans have an innate ability to learn and use language. This means that language is something that comes naturally to us, like our sense of sight or hearing. It is not something that we have to learn through experience or practice.

Section 2: What is Innate About Language?

According to linguistic nativism, there are certain aspects of language that are innate. These include our ability to understand and produce complex sentences, our knowledge of grammar rules, and our ability to learn any language we are exposed to. These abilities are thought to be hardwired into our brains, much like our ability to see or hear.

Section 3: Evidence Against Linguistic Nativism

One piece of evidence that is often cited against linguistic nativism is the ability of apes to learn sign language. If language is innate, then why can't apes use it? However, this evidence is not as compelling as it first appears. Apes may be able to learn some aspects of sign language, but they are not able to use it in the same way that humans do. They do not have the same understanding of grammar and syntax that humans have.

Section 4: How Did an Innate Language Organ Evolve?

If language is innate, then how did it evolve? One theory is that language evolved as a result of natural selection. Humans who were able to communicate better were more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their language abilities to their children. Over time, these abilities became more and more sophisticated, leading to the complex language we use today.

Conclusion

In this lesson, we have learned about linguistic nativism and the evidence that supports it. We have explored what is thought to be innate about language and how an innate language organ might have evolved. By understanding the theory of linguistic nativism, we can better understand how language works and how it has developed over time.

Glossary:
- Innate: Something that is present from birth or origin
- Nativism: The belief that something is innate and not learned
- Grammar: The set of rules that govern the structure of a language
- Syntax: The arrangement of words in a sentence
- Phonology: The study of the sounds of language
- Semantics: The study of meaning in language
- Pragmatics: The study of how context affects language use