text:
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a rationally designed engineered attenuated antigenic marker vaccine-virus production platform comprising a deletion of the Lpro coding sequence resulting in complete attenuation and mutations (negative markers) introduced in two non-structural viral proteins resulting in the elimination of two antigenic epitopes recognized by specific antibodies, one located in 3B and the other in 3D, thus providing a target for DIVA (Differentiation of naturally Infected from Vaccinated Animals) serological tests. The attenuated marker vaccine production virus also comprises unique restriction endonuclease sites flanking the capsid-coding region to facilitate the replacement of the capsid region making possible the exchange of cassettes representing relevant capsid coding regions of different serotypes and subtypes of FMDV field isolates for the design of custom vaccines.
2. Description of the Relevant Art
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed ungulates which include domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and others) and a variety of wild animals. The most prominent disease symptoms in FMDV-infected cattle include vesicular lesions of the epithelium of the mouth, tongue, teats and feet. Although some countries, among them United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia and most of Europe, are considered to be free of FMD, the disease is distributed worldwide and has a great economic impact on the export industry. Indeed, several economically devastating outbreaks have occurred over the past decade on almost every continent.
Control methods to eradicate FMD depend upon the prevalence of the disease in particular geographical regions/states and often include mass annual prophylactic vaccination campaigns and the application of stringent zooprophylactic measures following outbreaks. A chemically inactivated whole virus vaccine has been used to contain the disease, but it is slow acting and does not always permit distinction between infected and vaccinated animals. Indeed, in recent years the differentiation of infected animals from those that have been vaccinated is of paramount importance as a protective activity following emergency vaccination. Historically, the use of non-structural viral protein as serological indicators of viral replication has been widely applied. Among these proteins, the highly conserved FMDV 3D polymerase (3Dpol) of 52-KDa has been identified as the main determinant of infection and has been called the FMD-Virus Infection-Associated Antigen (FMD-VIAA; Berger et al. 1990. Vaccine 8:213-216; Bergmann et al. 1993. Am. J. Vet. Res. 54:825-831; Cowan and Graves. 1966. Virology 30:528-540; McVicar and Sutmoller. 1970. Am. J. Epidemiol. 92:273-278; Sorensen et al. 1998. Arch. Virol. 143:1461-1476). Studies by Newman and Brown (1997. J. Virol. 71: 7657-7662; Newman et al. 1994. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:733-737) suggested that purified 140S FMDV preparations contain small quantities of 3Dpol and therefore, could account for seroconversion to 3Dpol in animals that have received inactivated FMDV vaccines.
Previous strategies to select highly attenuated vaccines for FMDV have relied on the selection of less-pathogenic variants produced by serial passages of the virus in non-natural hosts such as embryonated chicken eggs and rabbits (Giraudo et al. 1990. Virology 177:780-783; Xin et al. 2009. Vet. Microbiol.). Those empirical strategies failed when tested in susceptible species due to reversion to virulence by the mutant viruses harboring point-mutations and therefore, were not pursued for being too risky (Sutmoller, P. 2001. Rev. Sci. Tech. 20:715-722; Sutmoller et al. 2003. Virus Res. 91:101-144). Modern approaches to produce genetically engineered FMDV with altered virulence have relied on the deletion of the cell-receptor binding site (Mason et al. 1994. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:1932-1936; McKenna et al. 1995. J. Virol. 69:5787-5790; Rieder et al. 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10428-33), the viral leader coding sequence (Lpro, Piccone et al. 1995. J. Virol. 69:5376-82) or elements within the non-translated region (NTR) (Rodriguez et al. 2009. J. Virol. 83:3475-3485). The FMDV Lpro together with the 3Cpro and 2A proteinases play an important role in processing of the viral polyprotein. In addition to cleaving itself from the nascent polyprotein, Lpro cleaves the eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) causing inhibition of the cellular translation machinery. Lpro is also known to relocate to the nucleus in the FMDV-infected cells and to induce degradation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) with the consequent inhibition of the innate immune response (de Los Santos et al. 2006. J. Virol. 80:1906-1914). FMDVs of serotype A lacking Lpro have been shown to be infectious, to grow more slowly in BHK-21 cells (A12-LLV2, (Piccone et al., supra) and be attenuated for pigs (Brown et al. 1996. J. Virol. 70:5638-5641; Chinsangaram et al. 1998. Vaccine 16:1516-1522; Mason et al. 1997. Virology 227:96-102).
Currently killed-antigen FMDV vaccines are produced in expensive biological containment facilities, by growing large volumes (thousands of liters) of virulent FMDV that has been adapted to grow in cells, which can be sometimes difficult. This process has resulted in escape of virulent virus from the manufacturing facility causing costly outbreaks in livestock (see Cottam et al. 2008. PLoS Pathogen 4:1-8). After growth, virus is then inactivated using chemicals and antigen concentrates are prepared, followed by purification steps required to remove contaminant proteins, making it difficult to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) through serological diagnostic tests. There is little to no cross protection across serotypes and subtypes requiring the appropriate matching between vaccine and circulating field strains to achieve protection. Despite these shortcomings of the vaccines, billions of doses are manufactured every year around the world. Their use has been the basis for eradicating FMDV from Europe and for controlling the disease in many parts of the world through mass vaccination campaigns. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of effective marker FMDV vaccine candidates with DIVA capabilities.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Scientific Texts

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to understand scientific texts. We will start by learning about the structure of scientific papers and then move on to understanding the main components of a scientific paper. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to read and comprehend scientific papers with ease.

Section 1: Structure of a Scientific Paper
A scientific paper typically follows a specific structure. Here are the main components of a scientific paper:

1. Title: This is the first thing you see when you open a scientific paper. It should be clear, concise, and informative.

2. Abstract: This is a brief summary of the study. It should include the purpose of the study, the methods used, the results obtained, and the conclusions drawn.

3. Introduction: This section provides background information on the topic being studied. It should include a review of previous research and an explanation of why the current study is important.

4. Methods: This section describes how the study was conducted. It should include details on the participants, the procedures used, and the measurements taken.

5. Results: This section presents the findings of the study. It should include tables, graphs, and other visual aids to help explain the results.

6. Discussion: This section interprets the results and places them in the context of previous research. It should also include an explanation of any limitations of the study and suggestions for future research.

7. Conclusion: This section summarizes the main findings of the study and their implications.

8. References: This section lists all the sources cited in the paper.

Section 2: Understanding the Main Components of a Scientific Paper
To understand a scientific paper, you need to be familiar with the main components of a scientific paper. Here are the main components you should focus on:

1. Introduction: This section provides background information on the topic being studied. It should include a review of previous research and an explanation of why the current study is important.

2. Methods: This section describes how the study was conducted. It should include details on the participants, the procedures used, and the measurements taken.

3. Results: This section presents the findings of the study. It should include tables, graphs, and other visual aids to help explain the results.

4. Discussion: This section interprets the results and places them in the context of previous research. It should also include an explanation of any limitations of the study and suggestions for future research.

5. Conclusion: This section summarizes the main findings of the study and their implications.

Section 3: Practical Examples
Let's take a look at some practical examples to see how these components work together to communicate scientific information.

Example 1: A study on the effects of caffeine on memory
Title: The effects of caffeine on memory performance in college students
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of caffeine on memory performance in college students. Participants were randomly assigned to either a caffeine group or a placebo group. Memory performance was assessed before and after the intervention using a standardized memory test.

Results: Participants in the caffeine group showed significant improvements in memory performance compared to the placebo group.

Discussion: These findings suggest that caffeine may have a positive effect on memory performance in college students. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and to explore the optimal dosage of caffeine for memory enhancement.

Conclusion: In conclusion, this study provides evidence that caffeine may improve memory performance in college students.

Example 2: A study on the effects of exercise on depression
Title: The effects of exercise on depression in adults
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of exercise on depression in adults. Participants were randomly assigned to either an exercise group or a control group. Depression levels were assessed before and after the intervention using a standardized depression scale.

Results: Participants in the exercise group showed significant improvements in depression levels compared to the control group.

Discussion: These findings suggest that exercise may have a positive effect on depression in adults. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and to explore the optimal type and duration of exercise for depression reduction.

Conclusion: In conclusion, this study provides evidence that exercise may improve depression levels in adults.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the structure of scientific papers and the main components of a scientific paper. We also looked at some practical examples to see how these components work together to communicate scientific information. By understanding these components, you can read and comprehend scientific papers with ease.


text: Every pair of Danner boots is built to last from superior quality materials – like these, the Bull Runs, which have uppers manufactured from oil-tanned leather that’s strenuously tested for durability. Taking a rich chestnut tone that’ll develop a beautiful patina over time, they’re placed on Danner’s iconic wedge outsole, and finished with a stars-and-stripes tab at the ankle.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: How to Identify Quality Products

Introduction:
In today's world, people are often tempted to buy cheap products that are not of good quality. However, these products tend to break easily and do not last long. In this lesson, we will learn how to identify quality products that are worth investing in.

Section 1: Understanding Quality
- What makes a product of good quality?
- Why is it important to invest in quality products?
- How can we identify quality products?

Section 2: Identifying Quality Products
- Look for products made from high-quality materials
- Check the workmanship of the product
- Look for products that are durable and long-lasting
- Consider the reputation of the brand

Section 3: Practical Examples
- Let's take the example of shoes. Good quality shoes are made from durable materials such as leather, and have a sturdy construction that can withstand wear and tear. They should also have a good arch support and cushioning to prevent injuries.
- Similarly, when buying electronic devices, look for products that have a good build quality, with a sturdy casing and good battery life.

Section 4: Self-Debate Discussion
- Is it always worth investing in expensive products?
- Can we compromise on quality for affordability?
- How important is the reputation of the brand?

Glossary:
- Quality: The standard of something as measured against other things of its kind; the degree of excellence.
- Workmanship: The skill and care taken by someone when making something.
- Durable: Able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage.
- Reputation: The beliefs or opinions that are held about someone or something.

Conclusion:
Investing in quality products may require some extra effort and research, but in the long run, it saves money and time. By learning how to identify quality products, we can make informed decisions and avoid buying products that are not worth our money.


text: Latest study focusing on Payment Gateway Market by 2025 | Profiling Top Global Players like PayPal Holdings, Amazon Payments, Secure Trading, Cardstream, CCBill, LLC. Premium market Insights has announced the addition of the “Payment Gateway Market”, the report analyzes opportunities in the market for stakeholders by identifying the high-growth segments of the Payment Gateway Payment Gateway Market in the coming years.. Get Sample Copy here -. The market study also includes the key drivers expected to boost the market growth and restraining factors along with future opportunities during the forecast. The Payment Gateway Market is likely to showcase symbolic growth opportunities owing to growing demands for Payment Gateway. PayPal Holdings, Inc.. 2. Amazon Payments, Inc.. 3. Secure Trading Limited. 4. Cardstream Limited. 5. CCBill, LLC. 6. BitPay, Inc.. 7. GoCardless Ltd.. 8. Stripe Inc.. 9. Due Inc.. 10. Merchant Warrior. 11. Authorize.Net.. 12. WePay Inc.. Inquire before Buying at.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Payment Gateways

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

A payment gateway is an electronic service that enables customers to pay for goods or services through an online platform. It acts as a bridge between the customer's bank account and the merchant's bank account, facilitating secure online transactions.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

Payment gateways are used in various industries, including e-commerce, hospitality, healthcare, and finance. They allow businesses to accept payments from customers worldwide, without the need for physical cash or checks. For example, when you make an online purchase, the payment gateway encrypts your credit card information and sends it to the merchant's bank for processing. The merchant then receives the payment into their bank account.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

Real-world scenarios where payment gateways are used include online shopping, hotel bookings, and fund transfers. For instance, when you book a hotel room online, the payment gateway securely processes your credit card information, and the hotel receives the payment into their account.

## Glossary

- Payment Gateway: An electronic service that enables customers to pay for goods or services through an online platform.
- Encryption: The process of converting data into a code to prevent unauthorized access or use.
- Merchant: A person or organization that receives payment for goods or services.
- Bank Account: A financial institution where money is deposited and withdrawn.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, payment gateways play a crucial role in the online transaction process. They provide a secure and convenient way for customers to pay for goods or services, while enabling merchants to receive payments from anywhere in the world. By understanding the principles behind payment gateways, we can better appreciate their importance in today's digital economy.


text: A general procedure is outlined for studying the binding of electrophiles, particularly heavy metal species, to polynucleotides and nucleic acid constituents in aqueous solution. The principal experimental technique employed is Raman difference spectroscopy augmented by Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Structures of products produced by attack on a nucleoside are determined by comparison of the spectra with those of model compounds of known structure. The spectra provide fingerprints for identification of the products in more complex systems. By studying the reactions over a wide range of reactant concentrations and pH, the equilibrium constants can be determined by the proton competition method. Data also are obtained on the inductive effect of the bound electrophile. The rate of electrophilic attack also can be measured with inert systems. Selectivity in the attack on a mixture of several nucleotides is studied by the competitive reaction technique. Model systems consisting of four nucleotides or the corresponding phosphate methyl esters are allowed to compete for a limited amount of electrophile. The product distribution in labile systems is determined with the aid of the Raman, IR, and 1H NMR fingerprints. In this way, the effect of changes in metal electronic configuration and the other ligands in the coordination sphere on selectivity can be measured, and metal electrophiles can be compared with alkylating agents. We propose to compare, particularly, the very labile H3CHg(II) and (H3C)2Au(III), the moderately reactive enPdCl2 (en equals ethylenediamine), trans-(H3N)2PdCl2, (Co(NH3)5OH2)3 ion, and the inert enPtCl2, trans-(H3N)2PtCl2, and H3CSO2OCH3. Competition among sites on a polynucleotide can be studied by the Raman and ir techniques and compared to the model system with similar base composition. Improvements in Raman difference spectrophotometry for the study of reactions of biological molecules in aqueous solution are described.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson Title: Studying the Binding of Electrophiles to Polynucleotides

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the general procedure for studying the binding of electrophiles, particularly heavy metal species, to polynucleotides and nucleic acid constituents in aqueous solution. We will cover the experimental techniques used, the data obtained, and the applications of this study.

Experimental Techniques:
The principal experimental technique employed in this study is Raman difference spectroscopy, which is used to study the binding of electrophiles to polynucleotides. This technique is augmented by Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy, which are used to determine the structures of products produced by attack on a nucleoside.

Data Obtained:
By studying the reactions over a wide range of reactant concentrations and pH, the equilibrium constants can be determined by the proton competition method. Data also are obtained on the inductive effect of the bound electrophile. The rate of electrophilic attack also can be measured with inert systems. Selectivity in the attack on a mixture of several nucleotides is studied by the competitive reaction technique. Model systems consisting of four nucleotides or the corresponding phosphate methyl esters are allowed to compete for a limited amount of electrophile. The product distribution in labile systems is determined with the use of th.

Applications:
The data obtained from this study can be used to understand the binding of electrophiles to polynucleotides and nucleic acid constituents in aqueous solution. This knowledge can be applied to various fields such as biochemistry, molecular biology, and environmental science. For example, understanding the binding of heavy metals to DNA can help us develop strategies to prevent or mitigate the effects of heavy metal contamination in the environment.

Conclusion:
In summary, this lesson has covered the general procedure for studying the binding of electrophiles to polynucleotides and nucleic acid constituents in aqueous solution. We learned about the experimental techniques used, the data obtained, and the applications of this study. By understanding the binding of electrophiles to polynucleotides, we can develop strategies to prevent or mitigate the effects of heavy metal contamination in the environment.

Glossary:
- Electrophile: A molecule that has a tendency to accept electrons from another molecule.
- Polynucleotide: A large molecule made up of many nucleotides linked together, such as DNA or RNA.
- Nucleic Acid: A complex organic compound that is an essential component of all living cells and contains the genetic information necessary for the transmission of hereditary traits.
- Spectroscopy: The study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, especially the absorption and emission of light and other radiation by atoms and molecules.
- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: A technique that measures the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules in order to identify the molecular structure and functional groups present.
- 1H NMR Spectroscopy: A technique that uses nuclear magnetic resonance to study the structure and dynamics of molecules containing hydrogen atoms.
- Proton Competition Method: A technique used to determine the equilibrium constants of a reaction by measuring the rate of electrophilic attack under different conditions.
- Inductive Effect: A phenomenon where the presence of an electron-withdrawing group in a molecule increases the electron density at a nearby atom, making it more susceptible to electrophilic attack.
- Labile Systems: Systems that are easily altered or broken down by external factors.


text: Visitors: over. 29. million. Page views: over. 125. million. Before you start looking at what suburbs are best for your family, start looking at the suburbs with top schools using Edu Suburb Rating.. The following table lists the suburbs and neighbouring suburbs with the best non-government secondary secondary school zones.. Related: Brisbane hot suburbs |. Brisbane suburbs with best public secondary schools |. Brisbane suburbs with best private secondary schools |. QLD suburb ratings by secondary school results |. compare suburbs by QLD

textbook:
Lesson: How to Use Edu Suburb Rating to Find the Best Suburbs for Your Family

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to use Edu Suburb Rating to find the best suburbs for your family. We will cover the following topics:

1. What is Edu Suburb Rating?
2. How to use Edu Suburb Rating to find the best suburbs for your family
3. How to interpret the results of Edu Suburb Rating
4. Practical examples of using Edu Suburb Rating
5. Glossary of key terms
6. Conclusion

Section 1: What is Edu Suburb Rating?
Edu Suburb Rating is a website that rates suburbs based on their secondary school results. It provides a rating for each suburb, which takes into account the results of the non-government secondary schools in that area. This rating can help you determine which suburbs have the best schools and therefore make the best choices for your family.

Section 2: How to use Edu Suburb Rating to find the best suburbs for your family
To use Edu Suburb Rating, follow these steps:

1. Go to the Edu Suburb Rating website and enter the name of the suburb you are interested in.
2. The website will display the rating for that suburb, along with information about the non-government secondary schools in the area.
3. If the rating is high, it means that the suburb has good schools. You may want to consider this suburb as a potential choice for your family.
4. If the rating is low, it means that the suburb does not have good schools. You may want to consider other suburbs instead.
5. You can also look at the individual ratings of each non-government secondary school in the area. The higher the rating, the better the school is likely to be.

Section 3: How to interpret the results of Edu Suburb Rating
The rating provided by Edu Suburb Rating is based on several factors, including:

1. The results of the non-government secondary schools in the area
2. The quality of the education provided by those schools
3. The reputation of those schools

A high rating indicates that the suburb has good schools, while a low rating indicates that the suburb does not have good schools. You can use this information to help you choose the best suburb for your family.

Section 4: Practical examples of using Edu Suburb Rating
Let's say you are considering moving to Brisbane and you want to find the best suburbs for your family. You can use Edu Suburb Rating to help you make this decision. Here's an example:

1. Go to the Edu Suburb Rating website and enter "Brisbane" as the suburb you are interested in.
2. The website will display the rating for Brisbane, along with information about the non-government secondary schools in the area.
3. Based on this information, you can see that Brisbane has a high rating and therefore has good schools.
4. You can then narrow down your search to specific suburbs within Brisbane and use the rating to help you choose the best suburb for your family.

Section 5: Glossary of key terms
Edu Suburb Rating - A website that rates suburbs based on their secondary school results
Non-government secondary schools - Schools that are not run by the government
Rating - A score given to a suburb based on its secondary school results
Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to use Edu Suburb Rating to find the best suburbs for our family. We covered the basics of using this website, how to interpret the results, and practical examples of using this tool. By following these steps, we can make informed decisions about where to live based on the quality of the schools in the area.


text: Material Detail. Investigative Case-Based Learning web site. Investigative cases enable students to use their prior knowledge and their own interests to choose a meaningful problem for study. Learners construct new knowledge based on what they already know (National Academy Press, 2000). Students learn biological science in context as they employ scientific information and methods to investigate and resolve - at least partially - realistic, complex problems. When learning occurs around a specific problem,...Show More. Quality. - User Rating. - Learning Exercises. - Bookmark Collections. - Course ePortfolios. - Accessibility Info

textbook:
Lesson: Investigative Case-Based Learning

## Section 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about Investigative Case-Based Learning (ICBL), a teaching method that involves students in solving real-world problems. ICBL is an effective way to engage students and help them develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

## Section 2: What is Investigative Case-Based Learning?

Investigative Case-Based Learning (ICBL) is a teaching method that uses real-world problems as the basis for instruction. In ICBL, students work together to investigate a complex problem and use their knowledge and skills to find a solution. The goal of ICBL is to help students develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills while engaging them in the learning process.

## Section 3: How does Investigative Case-Based Learning work?

ICBL works by presenting students with a real-world problem that they must investigate and solve. The problem may be complex and require multiple steps to solve. Students work together in groups to gather information, analyze data, and develop solutions. Throughout the process, the teacher acts as a facilitator, guiding students and providing feedback when needed.

## Section 4: Why is Investigative Case-Based Learning effective?

ICBL is an effective teaching method because it engages students in the learning process. When students are interested in the subject matter, they are more likely to be motivated to learn and retain information. Additionally, ICBL helps students develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills, which are valuable in many areas of life.

## Section 5: Example of Investigative Case-Based Learning

Let's say you are teaching a biology class and want to use ICBL to teach students about the water cycle. You could present students with a problem such as, "Why is there a drought in California?" Students would then work together to investigate the causes of the drought and explore the role of the water cycle in the problem. They might research factors such as climate change, population growth, and agricultural practices. Through this investigation, students would develop a deeper understanding of the water cycle and its importance in our world.

## Section 6: Conclusion

In conclusion, Investigative Case-Based Learning is an effective teaching method that engages students in the learning process while helping them develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. By using real-world problems as the basis for instruction, students can see the relevance of what they are learning and become motivated to learn more.


text: For a year or so, India’s super rich are quietly planning to save a chunk of their big money because they fear the taxman might come calling with a new tax law if it’s passed in the next Budget. The government is considering the levy of an inheritance tax on high net worth individuals.Inheritance tax had existed in India till 1986, but since the beginning of this year, there has been the talk of the government bringing the levy back. Sources say now the government has sought feedback, including recommendations, on the proposed re-introduction of inheritance tax, also known as estate duty, two people aware of the development said.The tax would mean the super rich will have to part with a considerable chunk of their wealth. The tax could range from 5% to 10% and would apply only to families with a certain net worth.Ever since the super-rich circles started buzzing with the possibility of a new inheritance tax, novel methods are being devised to dodge the tax.One such method is forming a family trust which insulates their assets. Family trusts would fall outside the scope of inheritance tax—if it is introduced—because there is no transfer in ownership of assets, only a change in the trust shareholding.Recently, there has been a rise in the number of HNIs wanting to form a trust.However, many family trusts typically hold only bank accounts and equity shares and not immovable property, experts say.Since most family trusts do not transfer immovable assets in the trusts due to the additional expense of having to pay stamp duty, if such a tax is introduced these assets would be taxed when bequeathed or transferred via gift.Some of the family trusts are also being formed outside India just to circumvent Indian taxation regulations. Jersey of Channel Islands is emerging as a favourite destination for many businessmen who want to take part of their family trust outside India, say industry trackers. Rich Indian families are now sending at least one of the family members outside India to create a family trust registered in tax-friendly destinations.“We have seen a spurt in the number of HNIs who want to opt for family trusts as many of them fear that the government may introduce an inheritance tax. However, what is new in these family trusts is the constitution and rules that are being laid by the patriarchs or the promoters on how the beneficiaries must behave morally,” says Sandeep Nerlekar, founder, Terentia Consultants, an estate planning firm.

textbook:
Lesson: Tax Planning for High Net Worth Individuals
Introduction:
Tax planning is an essential part of financial planning for high net worth individuals (HNWIs). In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of tax planning, the different types of taxes that HNWIs may face, and some strategies to minimize tax liabilities.
Section 1: Importance of Tax Planning
- Tax planning is crucial for HNWIs as it helps them to legally reduce their tax burden and keep more of their hard-earned money.
- Tax planning can also help HNWIs to protect their assets and pass them on to their heirs without incurring heavy tax liabilities.
- Proper tax planning can also help HNWIs to achieve their financial goals, such as funding their retirement, buying a second home, or sending their children to college.
Section 2: Types of Taxes Faced by HNWIs
- Income tax: This is a tax levied on the income earned by individuals or businesses. HNWIs may face higher income tax rates due to their high earnings.
- Capital gains tax: This is a tax levied on the profits made from selling assets such as stocks, real estate, or artwork. HNWIs may face capital gains taxes on their investments and other assets.
- Estate tax: This is a tax levied on the transfer of assets from one generation to another. HNWIs may face estate taxes when they pass on their assets to their heirs.
- Gift tax: This is a tax levied on gifts given by individuals to others. HNWIs may face gift taxes if they give away large sums of money or property to their loved ones.
Section 3: Strategies to Minimize Tax Liabilities
- Deductions: HNWIs can claim deductions on their tax returns to reduce their taxable income. Examples of deductions include charitable contributions, mortgage interest, and state and local taxes.
- Retirement accounts: HNWIs can contribute to retirement accounts such as IRAs and 401(k)s to reduce their taxable income.
- Trusts: HNWIs can set up trusts to hold their assets and pass them on to their heirs without incurring estate taxes.
- Investment diversification: HNWIs can diversify their investments to minimize their capital gains taxes. For example, they can invest in a mix of stocks, bonds, and real estate to spread out their tax liabilities.
Conclusion:
Tax planning is an essential part of financial planning for high net worth individuals. By understanding the different types of taxes they may face and implementing strategies to minimize their tax liabilities, HNWIs can keep more of their hard-earned money and achieve their financial goals.


text: Raising awareness of the climate emergency, encouraging more sustainable ways of living and promoting social justice are the foundations of our movement. These issues affect everyone in society, and campaigning for them requires our effort, energy and attention all the time -not just as part of the electoral cycle! In this section, you’ll find everything you need to show your support for the Green Party, help get the message out and really make a difference as part of our GREEN movement.. Please note that owing to Covid-19 restrictions, not all products and experiences are available at present and most orders are shipped once per week. For the latest updates, please check back regularly.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Sustainability and Social Justice

## Section 1: The Importance of Sustainability and Social Justice

In today's world, sustainability and social justice are essential for maintaining a healthy environment and creating a fair society. Sustainability refers to the ability of natural resources to meet the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Social justice, on the other hand, is about ensuring equal opportunities and fair treatment for all people regardless of their background or circumstances.

The Green Party, a political party that focuses on environmental and social issues, recognizes the importance of sustainability and social justice and campaigns for their implementation. By supporting the Green Party, you can contribute to a better future for everyone.

## Section 2: Understanding Sustainability and Social Justice

Sustainability involves reducing our impact on the environment by using renewable energy sources, conserving natural resources, and minimizing waste. It also means supporting policies that promote sustainable practices in industries, agriculture, and transportation.

Social justice involves promoting equality and fairness in all aspects of life, including education, employment, housing, and healthcare. It means fighting against discrimination based on race, gender, sexual orientation, and other factors.

To understand these concepts better, let's consider some examples:

- Sustainability: Using public transportation instead of driving a car helps reduce carbon emissions and improve air quality.
- Social Justice: Supporting affirmative action programs in schools and workplaces can help create more diverse and inclusive environments.

## Section 3: Practical Examples and Applications

Now that we understand the importance of sustainability and social justice, let's look at some practical examples of how they can be applied in everyday life:

- Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: By practicing the three R's, we can reduce waste and conserve resources. For example, using reusable shopping bags instead of plastic ones helps reduce plastic pollution.
- Buy Local: Supporting local businesses reduces the carbon footprint associated with transportation and helps strengthen the local economy.
- Volunteer: Volunteering at a local food bank or community center helps promote social justice by providing necessary resources to those in need.

## Glossary
- Sustainability: The ability of natural resources to meet the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- Social Justice: Ensuring equal opportunities and fair treatment for all people regardless of their background or circumstances.

## Conclusion

By understanding the importance of sustainability and social justice, we can take steps towards creating a better future for ourselves and future generations. By supporting the Green Party and its initiatives, we can contribute to a fairer and more sustainable society. Remember, small actions can make a big difference when done collectively.


text:
_____

Many eyes around the world are watching Brazil, a country of 210 million people and Latin America’s largest. For those who love liberty and free markets, it’s a place that now offers hope in place of the despair that gripped the country before elections in 2018 swept socialists from their long-held positions of power.

Brazil has experienced an extraordinary shift away from statism—in terms of both popular ideas and public policy. These things never move in a straight line, and there’s certainly still an immense amount of progress yet to be made. But make no mistake about it, Brazil is a different place today than it was a decade ago. The optimism, excitement, and activity among Brazilians who long for a free society are palpable nearly everywhere.

Free speech must be expanded to the fullest, not constrained by political repression.

Books and articles written by scholars such as Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, and Ludwig von Mises can now be found with Portuguese translations in bookstores across Brazil. Even previously ignored pro-liberty Brazilian authors like Roberto Campos, once unknown by the general public, are being given their due recognition. Foreign and local organizations have been established, promoting ideas to create and support a new generation of influencers. And most importantly, ordinary people are rejecting tired, old, anti-freedom concepts that dominated Brazilian hearts and minds for many decades.

Winds of Change

The winds of change are blowing in Brazil. Citizens are becoming more demanding with regard to both economics and politics; they want results, not empty promises made with other people’s money. Throughout the country, many new members of the federal Congress and state assemblies have been chosen on platforms of feasible, pro-liberty ideas. Terms like privatization are no longer considered politically detrimental, while other ones, such as taxation (especially more of it!), are now widely viewed as pejoratives.

In recent years, the number of Brazilians investing in the stock market has doubled. We are confident that if those who love liberty continue to work hard and smart, the country’s best days are ahead.And Brazil is the only country in the world where a Google search for Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises surpasses that of mainstream interventionist John Maynard Keynes.

“What’s next?” one might ask. Are Brazilians good enough for liberty? It’s beginning to appear as if they might be, but they’re just getting started. Brazilians have always exhibited an entrepreneurial spirit and a measure of good character, and they have demonstrated an inclination for liberty over subjugation. But ideas of state control and redistribution pushed upon society by a handful of progressives have taken a terrible toll and sidetracked Brazilians on the road to prosperity. Brazilians have much to do to make sure the country will continue moving in the direction of liberty.

Pictured on the left is Alexandre Aleluia, FEE alum and Councilman on Salvador's City Council in Brazil, and on the right is author Rafael Riberio.

Freedom Movements on College Campuses

One step is spreading the freedom philosophy on more college campuses in Brazil. It is of utmost importance because today’s students will be tomorrow’s leaders. Como Se Preparar Para Uma Economia Liberal will play a huge part in that effort.

Pedro Almeida, editorial director at Faro Editorial, explains the backdrop that led to his decision to publish the book:

We decided to release Mr. Reed’s book early this year because Brazil is undergoing a major political and economic restructuring. And we need more material about Classical Liberal thought. For decades, the country lived under socialist theories, but now everything is changing. The book comes at a great time to start the year under new perspectives for a truly liberal economy. In late 2019, the current president of the country launched a package of economic freedom laws to reduce bureaucracies at all levels and encourage entrepreneurship, which ultimately reduces state corruption and produces job creation. Reed’s book will provide support, as one does not change a culture overnight without sound ideas persuasively offered. It provides the basis for Brazilians to understand how to operate in this new economic model that emphasizes freer markets. We are delighted to launch the book throughout Brazil at a time when we are making the leap from a socialist economy toward a liberal one.

Brazilians must advance liberty principles in easy-to-understand ways so they become crystal clear and tied to high standards of truth and integrity. Good ideas like school choice, homeschooling, private initiative, and entrepreneurship must be championed to the general public. Free speech must be expanded to the fullest, not constrained by political repression. Ordinary people should be free to run for office as independents, representing their communities without a mandatory party affiliation. Brazilians must learn that one’s word and personal character—not a meaningless stamp from a government agency—should be paramount when making agreements and contracts with each other.

The past few years have been amazing for lovers of liberty in Brazil. We are confident that if those who love liberty continue to work hard and smart, the country’s best days are ahead.

So interested readers may learn more about the changes taking place in Brazil, we offer links below to articles and interviews previously published at FEE.org

Lawrence W. Reed is president emeritus of FEE. Rafael Ribeiro is a Brazilian Fulbright alumnus and the President of Instituto Antônio Lacerda in the state of Bahia, Brazil. While at the University of Georgia for a year, he worked with organizations such as Young Americans for Liberty. He often writes articles related to his home country for FEE.

For additional information, see:

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Shift towards Liberty and Free Markets in Brazil

Introduction:

Brazil, a country of over 200 million people, has undergone an extraordinary shift towards liberty and free markets in recent years. This shift has been driven by a number of factors, including the rise of social media and the internet, which have allowed for greater access to information and ideas. Additionally, the country has experienced a series of economic crises that have led many Brazilians to question the effectiveness of traditional government policies.

The Shift towards Liberty and Free Markets:

The shift towards liberty and free markets in Brazil began in earnest in 2018, when socialists were swept from power in a series of elections. Since then, the country has implemented a number of pro-market policies, including tax reform, deregulation, and privatization. These policies have helped to spur economic growth, create jobs, and reduce poverty.

One of the most significant developments in this shift has been the rise of a new generation of pro-liberty leaders. These leaders, many of whom are young and tech-savvy, have used social media and other online platforms to connect with voters and spread their message. They have also been successful in mobilizing support for their causes through grassroots organizing and advocacy campaigns.

The Impact of these Policies:

The impact of these policies has been significant. Brazil's economy has grown at a faster rate than it has in decades, and unemployment rates have fallen to their lowest levels in years. Additionally, the country has seen a surge in entrepreneurship, as more and more Brazilians have taken advantage of the new business-friendly environment to start their own companies.

Importance of Free Speech:

Free speech is a crucial component of any society that values liberty and free markets. In Brazil, as in any other country, it is essential to protect the rights of individuals to express their opinions and ideas without fear of reprisal or censorship. Unfortunately, in some parts of the world, including Brazil, free speech is under attack. It is important that we continue to fight for our right to speak freely and openly about the issues that matter most to us.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the shift towards liberty and free markets in Brazil is an exciting development that holds great promise for the future. While there is still much work to be done, the country has made significant strides in recent years towards building a more prosperous, free, and open society. By continuing to champion free speech and pro-market policies, we can help ensure that this trend continues and that Brazil remains a beacon of hope and opportunity for generations to come.


text: First technical level, Technical 1 introduces the use of ternary mixtures and the decompression gases as well. The standard gas is 21/35 trimix for the dive and nitrox 50 or oxygen, depending on the convenience, for decompression. The depth is limited to 50 meters with T-Value 70. Hypoxic gases are excluded. The Mnemonic Deco suitable for the type of dive envisaged will be tackled, using both the maximum and average depths. Specific attention will be paid to emergency procedures, internship management, team system and finally planning.. Maximum depth 50 meters. Tt-Value 70. Maximum 2 stages

textbook:
Lesson Title: Technical Diving Level 1

Introduction:
Technical diving is a type of scuba diving that exceeds the recreational diving limits. Technical divers use specialized equipment and techniques to explore deeper, longer, and more challenging dives. In this lesson, we will learn about Technical Diving Level 1, which includes the use of ternary mixtures and decompression gases.

Section 1: Technical Diving Equipment

Topic 1: Ternary Mixtures
- A ternary mixture is a type of gas blend used in technical diving that consists of three different gases.
- The three gases used in a ternary mixture are usually helium, nitrogen, and oxygen.
- The ratio of the gases can be adjusted to provide the desired depth and decompression capabilities.

Topic 2: Decompression Gases
- Decompression gases are used to help divers safely ascend from deep dives.
- Nitrogen is often used as a decompression gas because it is cheap and readily available.
- Oxygen can also be used as a decompression gas, but it is more expensive and requires careful monitoring.

Section 2: Technical Diving Procedures

Topic 1: Standard Gas
- The standard gas for Technical Diving Level 1 is 21/35 trimix.
- This means that the gas mixture contains 21% oxygen, 35% helium, and 44% nitrogen.
- The gas mixture is chosen based on the depth and duration of the dive.

Topic 2: Maximum Depth
- The maximum depth for Technical Diving Level 1 is 50 meters.
- This depth limit is set to ensure the safety of the diver and prevent decompression sickness.
- Divers must monitor their depth and ascend if they reach or exceed the maximum depth.

Topic 3: Decompression Procedures
- Decompression procedures are used to help divers safely ascend from deep dives.
- Divers must use a computer or table to calculate their decompression stops based on the depth and duration of the dive.
- Divers must also monitor their air supply and switch to a backup regulator if necessary.

Section 3: Emergency Procedures

Topic 1: Lost Regulator
- If a diver loses their regulator underwater, they should immediately switch to their backup regulator.
- If the backup regulator is also lost, the diver should hold their breath and swim to the surface as quickly as possible.
- Divers should practice losing their regulator in a controlled environment to prepare for an emergency.

Topic 2: Out of Air
- If a diver runs out of air, they should immediately switch to their backup air supply.
- If the backup air supply is also depleted, the diver should perform an emergency swimming ascent to the surface.
- Divers should practice running out of air in a controlled environment to prepare for an emergency.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the equipment and procedures used in Technical Diving Level 1. We covered the use of ternary mixtures, decompression gases, and the importance of monitoring depth and air supply. We also discussed emergency procedures that divers should know to ensure their safety underwater. By understanding these concepts, divers can plan and execute safe and successful technical dives.

Glossary:
- Ternary Mixture: A type of gas blend used in technical diving that consists of three different gases.
- Decompression Gas: A gas used by divers to safely ascend from deep dives.
- Trimix: A type of gas blend used in technical diving that consists of oxygen, helium, and nitrogen.
- Maximum Depth: The deepest a diver can go during a technical dive.
- Decompression Stops: Planned stops during a dive where divers spend extra time at specific depths to offload excess nitrogen from their bodies.
- Backup Regulator: An additional regulator that divers carry in case their primary regulator fails.


text: Spalart-Allmaras model. From CFD-Wiki. Revision as of 16:35, 19 May 2008. Spalart-Allmaras model is a one equation model which solves a transport equation for a viscosity-like variable. . This may be referred to as the Spalart-Allmaras variable.. Boundary conditions are set by defining values of. .. Freestream boundary conditions are discussed in turbulence free-stream boundary conditions.. Walls:. .

textbook:
**Lesson: Introduction to Fluid Dynamics**

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn about fluid dynamics, including the properties of fluids, how they interact with other objects, and how they can be described mathematically. We will also explore the Spalart-Allmaras model, a popular model used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations.

**Section 1: Introduction to Fluid Dynamics**

Fluid dynamics is the study of how fluids move and interact with other objects. Fluids are substances that flow, such as liquids, gases, and plasmas. They have several unique properties that distinguish them from solids, including incompressibility and the ability to flow around obstacles.

There are several forces that affect the motion of fluids, including pressure, gravity, and friction. These forces can cause fluids to flow in different ways, such as laminar flow (smooth and orderly) or turbulent flow (chaotic and disordered).

**Section 2: Spalart-Allmaras Model**

The Spalart-Allmaras model is a mathematical model used to describe turbulence in fluids. It is based on the idea that turbulence can be described by a single variable called the "Spalart-Allmaras variable." This variable is related to the fluid's velocity and pressure, and it can be calculated using a transport equation.

The Spalart-Allmaras model is a popular choice for CFD simulations because it is relatively simple and accurate. It can be used to predict the behavior of fluids in a wide range of situations, from flowing through pipes to flying through the air.

**Section 3: Applying the Spalart-Allmaras Model**

To apply the Spalart-Allmaras model to a real-world scenario, we need to consider several factors. These include the type of fluid, the shape of the object it is flowing around, and the speed and direction of the flow.

Let's say we want to simulate the flow of air around an airplane wing. We would first need to gather data on the shape of the wing, the speed of the air, and any other relevant factors. Then, we could use the Spalart-Allmaras model to calculate the turbulence in the airflow and predict how it would affect the flight of the airplane.

**Conclusion**

In this lesson, we learned about fluid dynamics and the Spalart-Allmaras model. We saw how the properties of fluids affect their motion and how the model can be used to predict turbulence in real-world scenarios. By understanding these concepts, we can apply them to new problems and improve our knowledge of the world around us.

**Glossary**

- Fluid dynamics: The study of how fluids move and interact with other objects.
- Incompressible: Unable to be compressed or squeezed.
- Turbulence: Chaotic and disordered flow of a fluid.
- Laminar flow: Smooth and orderly flow of a fluid.
- Transport equation: A mathematical equation used to describe the behavior of a fluid.
- Spalart-Allmaras variable: A variable related to the velocity and pressure of a fluid, used to describe turbulence.
- Computational fluid dynamics (CFD): The use of computer simulations to study fluid motion.
- Turbulence model: A mathematical model used to predict the behavior of turbulent flow.


text: Volume Phase Gratings have many advantages over SR or surface relief gratings. However they cannot break the laws of physics. Gratings with low dispersion and a diffraction angle under 30° have low polarization dependency.. Gratings made for high dispersion with an angle of incidence greater than 30° will start exhibiting polarized dependent losses (DPL). S and P polarized light begin to diffract at different efficiencies depending on the index modulation of the grating medium as seen in this graph for a 1400 l/mm grating at 840 nm.. By adjusting the index modulation of the grating medium, a grating can be enhanced to favor S polarized light, P polarized light or for average polarization. A grating can also be manipulated so that there is almost no diffraction of a particular polarization.. At angles above 36° the PDL of the grating starts to become excessive and the peak efficiency starts to fall below 80% as seen in the figure below.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Volume Phase Gratings and their Polarization Dependency

**Introduction**

Volume Phase Gratings (VPG) are optical components that are widely used in various applications such as spectroscopy, imaging, and telecommunications. VPGs have many advantages over traditional Surface Relief Gratings (SRG) and are known for their low dispersion and high efficiency. However, like all optical components, VPGs have their limitations and one of these is their polarization dependency.

**Theory**

Polarization is a property of light waves that describes the orientation of the electric field vector as it propagates through space. Light waves can be classified into two types: S polarized and P polarized. S polarized light has its electric field vector oscillating in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation, while P polarized light has its electric field vector oscillating parallel to the direction of propagation.

When light passes through an optical component such as a grating, the polarization state of the light can change due to the interaction between the electric field vector of the light and the periodic structure of the grating. This phenomenon is known as polarization dependency.

**Practical Examples**

Let's consider a VPG with a low dispersion angle of 20°. This means that the VPG will have a high efficiency for both S and P polarized light, with very little difference in the diffraction efficiency of the two polarizations. However, as we increase the angle of incidence to 30°, the VPG will start to show a polarization dependence, with the diffraction efficiency of P polarized light decreasing compared to S polarized light.

To overcome this issue, we can modify the index modulation of the grating medium to enhance the VPG for a specific polarization. For example, we can design the VPG to favor S polarized light by increasing the index modulation for the S polarized light, or to favor P polarized light by decreasing the index modulation for the P polarized light.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, understanding the polarization dependency of VPGs is crucial when designing and selecting optical components for various applications. By adjusting the index modulation of the grating medium, we can manipulate the VPG to favor a specific polarization or to minimize the polarization dependency. This knowledge can be applied to improve the performance of optical systems and to develop new technologies in the field of optics.


text: This subject exposes an Introduction of our Malaysian Legal System and few other common areas of the law. students will be introduced to the different meanings given to the word “Law”, the sources of law, hierarchy of Malaysian courts and the importance of the doctrine of judicial precedent. Students will also be exposed to the area of Law of Tort, particularly on Tort of Negligence, studying the essential elements of negligence and how to apply relevant cases in problem questions. As for Criminal Law, students will have a basic understanding of the law on Homicide, Property Offences, Inchoate Offences, Offences against the person and the Defences available to an accused person. Students will then be introduced to the law on Equity & Trusts where they will learn the pre-requisites to a valid trust and the types of trusts.

textbook:
Lesson 1: Introduction to the Malaysian Legal System
## I. Overview of the Malaysian Legal System
- The Malaysian legal system is based on the common law system, which means that it is derived from English law.
- The legal system in Malaysia consists of several sources of law, including statute law, case law, and customary law.
- The hierarchy of courts in Malaysia includes the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, the High Court, and the Sessions Court.
- The doctrine of judicial precedent is an important principle in the Malaysian legal system, which means that decisions made by higher courts are binding on lower courts.
## II. Sources of Law
- Statute law is made up of Acts of Parliament and subsidiary legislation.
- Case law is made up of decisions made by the courts in previous cases.
- Customary law is based on the customs and traditions of certain communities in Malaysia.
## III. Hierarchy of Courts
- The Supreme Court is the highest court in Malaysia.
- The Court of Appeal is the second highest court in Malaysia.
- The High Court has jurisdiction over civil and criminal matters.
- The Sessions Court has jurisdiction over minor offenses and summary offenses.
## IV. Doctrine of Judicial Precedent
- The doctrine of judicial precedent means that decisions made by higher courts are binding on lower courts.
- This means that if a case has already been decided by a higher court, then lower courts must follow the decision made by the higher court.
## V. Law of Tort
- The law of tort is concerned with civil wrongs committed against individuals.
- One of the most common types of tort is negligence.
- To establish a claim in negligence, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant owed them a duty of care, that the defendant breached that duty, and that the breach caused harm to the plaintiff.
## VI. Criminal Law
- Criminal law deals with offenses against the state.
- Some examples of offenses against the person include murder, assault, and theft.
- Some examples of inchoate offenses include attempts and conspiracies.
- Some examples of property offenses include theft, robbery, and burglary.
- There are several defenses available to an accused person, including self-defense, insanity, and duress.
## VII. Equity & Trusts
- Equity & Trusts is concerned with the law relating to trusts.
- A trust is a relationship where one person (the settlor) transfers property to another person (the trustee) for the benefit of a third person (the beneficiary).
- For a trust to be valid, there must be an intention to create a trust, certainty of objects, and certainty of subject matter.
- There are several types of trusts, including express trusts, implied trusts, and resulting trusts.
## Glossary
- Common law: A legal system based on judges' decisions rather than written laws.
- Statute law: Laws passed by Parliament or state legislatures.
- Case law: Precedents set by previous court decisions.
- Customary law: Laws based on the customs and traditions of certain communities.
- Hierarchy of courts: The structure of courts in a legal system, with higher courts having authority over lower courts.
- Doctrine of judicial precedent: The principle that decisions made by higher courts are binding on lower courts.
- Law of tort: The area of law concerned with civil wrongs committed against individuals.
- Criminal law: The area of law dealing with offenses against the state.
- Equity & Trusts: The area of law relating to trusts.
## Conclusion
In this lesson, we have introduced the Malaysian legal system and some of the key principles that govern it. We have also covered the sources of law, the hierarchy of courts, and the doctrine of judicial precedent. We have also looked at the law of tort, criminal law, and equity & trusts. By understanding these key concepts, students can begin to apply their knowledge to new problems and situations.


text:
Guanethidine-induced adrenergic sympathectomy augments endoneurial perfusion and lowers endoneurial microvascular resistance.
Chronic administration of guanethidine sulfate in the rat induces a selective adrenergic neuropathy. We studied the effects of guanethidine-induced adrenergic sympathectomy on rat sciatic nerve blood flow (NBF), microvascular resistance (MR), vessel caliber and norepinephrine (NE) content. A control group of animals was studied following chronic administration of mammalian Ringer's solution. NBF and MR were measured with an endoneurial microelectrode, using the technique of hydrogen clearance (HC). Following HC, the sciatic nerve was perfused with India Ink, removed, frozen and sectioned. Measurements were made of endoneurial microvessel numbers, diameter, circumference and area. The contralateral sciatic nerve was removed for measurements of NE content. In guanethidine-treated animals we observed elevated NBF, reduced MR and dilated microvessels. Numbers of microvessels and fascicular areas were similar to controls. NE content was markedly reduced following sympathectomy. These studies suggest that NBF, unlike cerebral blood flow (CBF), is regulated by its adrenergic input. Removal of adrenergic innervation of the vasa nervorum appears to result in a loss of tonic vasoconstrictive action.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Microcirculation

## Chapter 1: Overview of Microcirculation

Microcirculation refers to the circulation of blood through the smallest vessels in the body, such as arterioles, capillaries, and venules. This process is essential for delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues, removing waste products, and maintaining homeostasis.

## Chapter 2: Structure of Microvessels

Microvessels are composed of three layers: the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima is the innermost layer, which contains endothelial cells that regulate blood flow and transport substances across the vessel wall. The tunica media is composed of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers, which help regulate blood flow by constricting or dilating the vessel. The tunica adventitia is the outermost layer, which provides structural support and protection to the vessel.

## Chapter 3: Regulation of Blood Flow

Blood flow through microvessels is regulated by several factors, including vessel diameter, blood pressure, and blood viscosity. When blood pressure increases, the smooth muscle cells in the tunica media constrict, reducing the diameter of the vessel and decreasing blood flow. Conversely, when blood pressure decreases, the vessels dilate, increasing blood flow.

## Chapter 4: Functions of Microcirculation

Microcirculation plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including nutrient delivery, waste removal, temperature regulation, and immune response. Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to cells through capillaries, while waste products and carbon dioxide are removed from cells through venules. Microvessels also help regulate body temperature by constricting or dilating to control blood flow to different parts of the body. Additionally, the immune system uses microvessels to transport white blood cells and other immune cells to sites of infection or injury.

## Chapter 5: Diseases of Microcirculation

Diseases affecting the microcirculation can result in reduced blood flow, increased blood viscosity, or damage to the endothelial cells lining the microvessels. Some common diseases affecting the microcirculation include diabetes, peripheral artery disease, and sickle cell anemia. These conditions can lead to pain, fatigue, and organ dysfunction if left untreated.

## Chapter 6: Conclusion

Understanding the structure, function, and regulation of microcirculation is essential for maintaining overall health and preventing diseases affecting the microcirculatory system. By studying the effects of guanethidine-induced adrenergic sympathectomy on rat sciatic nerve blood flow, microvascular resistance, vessel caliber, and norepinephrine content, we can gain valuable insights into the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating microcirculation.


text:
Le Local I

Another favourite haunt in Montreal is Le Locale, located almost under a highway tucked away from the bustle of downtown restaurant goers. You enter what looks like an old warehouse with high loft ceilings and a giant projector with a black and white movie silently playing on the high wall. Unfortunately we forgot to reserve on the terrace but it was possible. Since the terrace is facing a large parking lot it has been skillfully decorated with lush green plants under a tent so that you do not feel like you are enjoying your dinner in a parking lot but in a secret hideaway. Le Local is located a handful of blocks from the water which makes for a nice walk after dinner on a warm Montreal summer day.

When we arrived we were seated near the open kitchen which was lovely when we had gone in the winter but unbearable in the summer. The staff was very accommodating and since the was no room in the dining room we sat on beautiful armchairs surrounding round tables in the bar area overlooking both the terrace and the black and white film projected onto the wall. Diva #1 ordered a mojito which was made well but in an old fashioned glass which is too small of a glass for a drink that boasts a lot of ice, limes and mint leaves.

Last time we were there, a friend of the divas enjoyed a rabbit dish that we were looking forward to. Unfortunately, although the menu is not completely seasonal, some dishes will be exchanged for others. This is understandable because it ensures the freshness and quality of good ingredients.

We were here for Diva#2’s birthday so we were in the mood for a night filled with different appetizers! We ordered the salmon tartare and the beef tartare which are fresh, lightly seasoned and are tasty. Unfortunately, the portions of these appetizers were small. The beef tartare was mixed with a creamy cheese which was very tasty and original, but the salmon tartare’s flavours was unimpressive.

“Tartare de salmon à l’ huile de truffeet lime” 14$

“Tartare de boeuf façon Le Local” 14$

The appetizers ranged from 7 – 14$ and since the tartare was not as plentiful as we would have liked we asked that the waiter recommend a commonly ordered appetizer. The Divas love asking the house special to really evaluate a restaurant’s most famous plate. the waiter commended the pissaladière which we had never tried and some of us had never heard of. It was exquisite, piled high with lightly seared tuna, prosciutto and hard boiled eggs, and topped with frisé lettuce. The dish was filled with complex flavours and other ingredients like capers and onions. The presentation of the dish was intimidating since it was so high and we don’t know how it did not topple over when the waiter brought it to us. It was hard to serve and cut as an appetizer but it was well worth the trouble. I wish the menu described this appetizer in greater detail because I am sure it would be ordered more if people knew everything it came with.

“Pissaladière au thon Albacore” 16$

We also ordered a type of dip that is not necessarily food divas style but one of our guests this night was adamant that we try it. It was a layered dip that sounded interesting but odd since there was cream cheese within it. It was delicious and it came in a jar so you felt like someone’s grand-mère had made it using garden ingredients. Even the nachos that it was served with were anything but typical. We soon finished the nachos and devoured the rest of the dip with our spoons.

We asked the waiter to bring us a dry white wine which was, as promised, cool and dry; we love daring suggestions from a restaurant’s staff. Two divas had the duck confit which was served with vegetables, a poached egg and orange mayo. The duck confit was good but typical to most French restaurants, nothing particularly stood out. The orange mayonnaise was interesting and surprisingly really good with the duck. Even the Parmesan cheese was a generous amount over the arugula salad.

Entrées range from 17 – 70$. Another diva had the lobster roll on toasted white bread with cheese curds. The lobster roll was slathered in mayo as per the typical way one sees lobster rolls. The roll also had red peppers and lettuce which added to the flavour and the mass of lobster. The fries were also delicious and there is even a poutine option for an additional cost that we did not take advantage of but is an option.

For dessert we asked the waiter to bring an assortment since it was a diva’s birthday. The mixed plate arrived on a large wooden cutting board with bite size strawberry rhubarb crumble like pies, brownies and maple ice cream pops. The brownies tasted like Reese’s chocolate and were anything but ordinary. The waiter was very accommodating and the wooden cutting board even had Happy Birthday written in chocolate. Too bad it didn’t say “Bonne Fête Diva #2″ … next year!

As if this was not enough dessert, we ordered a petit pot de caramel crémeux, with espresso ganache with fleur de sel and financiers. The little bites of desserts were not on the menu but the pot de crème is.

textbook:
Lesson:
Introduction to Restaurant Reviews

**Objective:** To introduce students to reading and writing restaurant reviews.

**Materials:**
- A sample restaurant review
- A list of restaurant review criteria
- Writing prompts
- A rubric for grading

**Instructions:**
1. Begin by introducing the concept of restaurant reviews to students. Explain that a restaurant review is a critical assessment of a restaurant's quality, service, and cuisine.
2. Provide students with a sample restaurant review to read. Discuss the different elements of the review, such as the description of the atmosphere, the evaluation of the food and service, and the overall rating.
3. Introduce students to a list of criteria that can be used to evaluate a restaurant review. These may include the quality of the food, the cleanliness of the restaurant, the friendliness of the staff, and the overall value for money.
4. Provide students with writing prompts based on the sample review. For example, students could be asked to write their own restaurant review based on a recent dining experience or to evaluate a different restaurant using the same criteria.
5. Finally, provide students with a rubric for grading their restaurant reviews. This will help them understand what is expected of them and provide a clear guide for evaluating their work.

**Section 1: Introduction to Restaurant Reviews**
- What is a restaurant review?
- Why do people write restaurant reviews?
- How are restaurant reviews useful?

**Section 2: Analyzing a Sample Restaurant Review**
- Discuss the different elements of the review
- Identify the criteria used to evaluate the restaurant
- Evaluate the quality of the review

**Section 3: Writing Restaurant Reviews**
- Use the sample review as a model
- Identify the key elements of a good restaurant review
- Apply the criteria to evaluate a restaurant

**Section 4: Grading Restaurant Reviews**
- Use a rubric to evaluate the quality of the review
- Provide feedback on strengths and weaknesses
- Encourage revision and improvement

**Conclusion:**
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to read and write restaurant reviews using a variety of criteria. They will also be able to apply these skills to evaluate restaurants and write their own reviews.

**Glossary:**
- Restaurant: A business establishment where people sit down to eat meals that are prepared and served on the premises.
- Review: A critical assessment or analysis of something.
- Criteria: A set of rules or principles used to judge or evaluate something.


text: Help making a green tea like Starbucks. Made from leaves that have not been oxidized.. joelbct wrote:Hey, I hear Starbucks makes a smokin' cup of grean tee!. Would that be lapsang pouchong?. skywarrior. -. - Posts: 578. - Joined: Aug 23rd, '. - Location: Somewhere in the wilds of Montana, but never without a teacup.. -. joelbct wrote:Not to mention, it's better for the soul... just the act of stopping for a minute and paying attention long enough to brew some leaf into a beverage properly each day would do wonders for society.... I love the taste, but this is also part of why I love hot tea. It's become a ritual to choose the tea, heat up the water, and watch/wait for it to steep.. My husband and I believe that some smokers have such a hard time quitting because the ritual of going to a certain place, doing the same motions every time, is soothing, and not just the actual smoking of the cigarette. These people might really benefit from taking up tea drinking, because of the relaxing nature of preparing it.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make Green Tea Like Starbucks
Introduction:
Green tea is a popular beverage that is enjoyed by millions of people worldwide. It is made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant, which has not been oxidized. Starbucks is known for its delicious green tea beverages, and many people want to learn how to make them at home. In this lesson, we will explore the steps involved in making a green tea like Starbucks.
Materials:
- Loose leaf green tea
- Tea kettle or pot
- Tea strainer or infuser
- Cup or mug
- Water
Instructions:
1. Start by boiling water in a tea kettle or pot. You will need about 8 ounces of water for every cup of tea you plan to make.
2. Add one teaspoon of loose leaf green tea to the tea strainer or infuser.
3. Once the water has reached a boiling point, pour it over the tea leaves in the strainer or infuser.
4. Allow the tea to steep for 3-5 minutes, depending on your preference. The longer you let the tea steep, the stronger it will be.
5. After the steeping time has elapsed, use the tea strainer or infuser to remove the tea leaves from the tea.
6. Pour the tea into a cup or mug and enjoy!
Variations:
You can add different flavors to your green tea to make it more interesting. Here are a few variations:
1. Add a slice of lemon or lime to your tea for a refreshing twist.
2. Add a spoonful of honey for a sweet and slightly bitter flavor.
3. Add a sprig of mint or a slice of ginger for a unique taste.
Conclusion:
Making green tea like Starbucks is easy and enjoyable. By following the steps outlined above, you can create a delicious and refreshing beverage that will satisfy your taste buds and provide a calming effect. Remember to experiment with different flavors and variations to find the perfect blend for your taste preferences.


text:
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textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Landscape Gardening

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Landscape gardening is the process of designing and creating an outdoor space that is both visually appealing and functional. It involves the use of various materials such as plants, rocks, water features, and structures to create an aesthetically pleasing environment.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

A practical example of landscape gardening could be designing a backyard garden for a homeowner. The homeowner may want a space where they can relax and entertain guests, so the landscape gardener would incorporate seating areas, a water feature, and plantings that provide visual interest and privacy.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

A real-world scenario where landscape gardening could be used is in the creation of a public park. The landscape gardener would need to take into account the needs of the community, such as providing areas for play, relaxation, and exercise. They would also need to consider the local climate and soil conditions to ensure that the plants and other features chosen would thrive in the environment.

## Glossary

- Landscape gardening: The process of designing and creating an outdoor space that is both visually appealing and functional.
- Aesthetically pleasing: Something that looks attractive and satisfying to the eye.
- Privacy: The state of being free from public attention or knowledge.
- Climate: The long-term average weather patterns in a particular area.
- Soil conditions: The physical and chemical properties of the soil in a particular area.

## Conclusion

Landscape gardening is a valuable skill that can be used to create beautiful and functional outdoor spaces. By understanding the theoretical concepts and applying them to practical examples and real-world scenarios, landscape gardeners can create stunning environments that meet the needs of their clients.


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textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Import and Export Business

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

**Topic:** Import and export business refers to the practice of purchasing and selling products or services across international borders.

**Question:** Why do companies engage in import and export business?

**Answer:** Companies engage in import and export business to expand their market reach, take advantage of lower production costs, and access products or services that are not available domestically.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

**Topic:** Let's consider a hypothetical example of a company that imports and exports products.

**Question:** Suppose Company X imports furniture from Indonesia and exports coffee beans to Brazil. How does this benefit both countries?

**Answer:** By importing furniture from Indonesia, Company X creates jobs and stimulates economic growth in that country. Similarly, when Company X exports coffee beans to Brazil, they provide Brazilians with a high-quality product while generating revenue for their own economy. In this way, both countries benefit from the trade.

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

**Topic:** A real-world scenario of import and export business is the global trade of oil.

**Question:** How does the import and export of oil affect the global economy?

**Answer:** The import and export of oil play a crucial role in the global economy, as it is one of the most traded commodities. Countries that export oil, such as Saudi Arabia, generate significant revenue, which helps support their economies. Meanwhile, countries that import oil, such as the United States, rely on this resource to meet their energy needs. The price of oil can also impact inflation rates and currency exchange rates, affecting the overall health of the global economy.

### Glossary

**Import:** The act of purchasing goods or services from another country.

**Export:** The act of selling goods or services to another country.

**Trade:** The exchange of goods or services between countries.

### Conclusion

In summary, import and export business plays a vital role in the global economy, enabling countries to access goods and services that may not be available domestically and fostering economic growth. Understanding the principles of import and export business can help individuals and companies make informed decisions about international trade.


text:
After touting two about-to-begin facelifts at Northwest Side Blue Line stations, CTA President Dorval Carter on Tuesday morning said he has no plans to raise bus and train fares again.

“We don’t have any plans for any fare increases in the near future; we just did a fare increase this year,” Carter said.

A 25-cent increase took effect in January for bus and rail riders, the first such increase in nine years.

“We never take it lightly,” said Mayor Rahm Emanuel, who also attended the news conference.

With a lack of state transportation funding that hit the CTA’s operating budget this year “it came to a point where we had to do what we had to do,” he said.

Carter and Emanuel spoke to reporters at a ground breaking ceremony for modernization projects at the Belmont and Jefferson Park stations, which also serve as bus hubs.

The projects are part of the Your New Blue program, which aims to rehabilitate the stations on the O’Hare Branch of the Blue Line with a budget of $492 million.

The $17 million Belmont station rehab will include a new glass and steel canopy that “reflects the unique style and charm of the Avondale community,” Carter said. Upgrades will also be made to the bus turnaround, station house and platform. Work is scheduled for completion later this year.

The Jefferson Park station, an important hub for multiple bus routes and Metra trains, will undergo $25 million in improvements. Construction will include new stairs, escalators, canopies, lighting, paint and platform upgrades. Work to the station will be complete later this year, while updates to the bus terminal will be finished in 2019.

Rehab projects have been completed at the following Blue Line stops: Damen, Western, California, Addison, Irving Park, Montrose, Harlem and Cumberland.

The CTA has yet to begin projects at the Blue Line’s Logan Square, Division, Chicago and Grand subway stations.

Construction plans also call for track and signal modernization along the 12-mile stretch of the Blue Line that connects the Loop to O’Hare International Airport. Funding for the project comes from state and federal sources.

Contributing: Sun-Times Wire

textbook:
# Lesson: Understanding Fare Increases and Transportation Funding

## Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about fare increases and transportation funding in the context of public transit systems like the CTA. We will explore the reasons behind fare increases, their impact on riders, and the role of government funding in keeping public transit affordable and accessible.

## Section 1: Understanding Fare Increases

### Question 1: What is a fare increase?

A fare increase is a change in the price of riding on a public transit system, such as a bus or train. This can happen for various reasons, including rising costs, inflation, or a need to invest in improvements to the system.

### Question 2: Why do public transit systems implement fare increases?

Public transit systems may implement fare increases to cover rising costs, such as fuel, labor, or maintenance expenses. They may also do so to encourage people to use the system less often or to switch to other modes of transportation, such as driving or walking.

### Question 3: How does a fare increase affect riders?

A fare increase can have a significant impact on riders, especially those who rely on public transit to get to work, school, or other important destinations. It can make transportation more expensive, which may lead to financial hardship for some individuals and families. Additionally, higher fares may discourage people from using public transit, leading to reduced ridership and revenue for the system.

### Question 4: How often do fare increases occur?

Fare increases can happen at different intervals, depending on the public transit system and its financial situation. Some systems may have fare increases every few years, while others may go longer without raising fares.

## Section 2: Transportation Funding

### Question 1: What is transportation funding?

Transportation funding refers to the money that governments provide to support public transit systems and other forms of transportation. This can come from various sources, such as taxes, fees, or grants.

### Question 2: Why is transportation funding important?

Transportation funding is crucial because it helps ensure that public transit systems can operate efficiently and provide reliable service to riders. Without adequate funding, systems may struggle to maintain their infrastructure, purchase new vehicles, or hire enough staff to keep up with demand.

### Question 3: Who provides transportation funding?

Transportation funding can come from various sources, including local, state, or federal governments. In some cases, transit systems may also receive funding from private companies or organizations.

## Section 3: Applying Skills Gained

Now that we understand fare increases and transportation funding, let's consider how these concepts apply to real-world scenarios. Imagine you are a city planner working to improve public transit in your community. You have been tasked with proposing a plan to reduce fares for low-income riders while still maintaining the system's financial stability.

### Scenario: Proposing a Plan

1. Research existing programs that provide reduced fares for low-income individuals or groups, such as seniors or students.
2. Analyze the financial impact of implementing such a program, including potential revenue losses and additional costs.
3. Consider alternative funding sources, such as grants or partnerships with local businesses, to offset any losses.
4. Develop a proposal that outlines the benefits of the program, including increased accessibility and equity, as well as potential economic benefits for the community.
5. Present the proposal to stakeholders, such as transit officials, community leaders, and riders, and gather feedback to refine the plan.

Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about fare increases and transportation funding in the context of public transit systems. We explored the reasons behind fare increases, their impact on riders, and the role of government funding in keeping public transit affordable and accessible. We also applied these concepts to a real-world scenario, proposing a plan to reduce fares for low-income riders while maintaining financial stability. By understanding these concepts, we can better advocate for and support public transit systems that serve our communities.

Glossary

Fare increase - A change in the price of riding on a public transit system.

Transportation funding - The money that governments provide to support public transit systems and other forms of transportation.

Ridership - The number of people who use a public transit system.

Revenue - The money earned by a public transit system through fares, advertising, or other sources.


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textbook:
Lesson Title: Making a Difference Through Service

Introduction:
Service is an important aspect of life that allows us to give back to our community and make a positive impact on the lives of others. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of service and its benefits, as well as discuss the organization City Year and how it promotes service.

Core Value:
Service is an act of selflessness where one gives their time, energy, and resources to help others without expecting anything in return. It is a way of showing love and care for our community and making the world a better place.

Section 1: Understanding Service

Topic 1: Benefits of Service
- Service is not only beneficial to the recipient but also to the person providing the service.
- It promotes personal growth and development, such as improved communication skills, increased confidence, and a broader perspective on life.
- It also fosters a sense of belonging and connection to others, which can lead to better mental health and overall well-being.

Topic 2: Types of Service
- There are many ways to serve, including volunteering, donating, and advocating for social causes.
- Volunteering involves giving your time and effort to help others, while donating involves giving money or resources.
- Advocacy involves raising awareness and supporting causes that you believe in, such as environmental protection or human rights.

Section 2: City Year and Service

Topic 1: What is City Year?
- City Year is a nonprofit organization that promotes service by uniting young people of all backgrounds for a year of full-time service.
- Their mission is to help students succeed in school and in life by providing them with additional support and resources.

Topic 2: How does City Year promote service?
- City Year achieves its mission through a variety of programs and initiatives, such as tutoring, mentoring, and afterschool programs.
- These programs are designed to improve students' attendance, behavior, and course performance, ultimately helping them stay on track to graduate.

Section 3: Applying Service to Your Life

Topic 1: Ways to Get Involved
- There are many ways to get involved in service, such as volunteering at a local organization, participating in a service project, or starting your own initiative.
- You can also support service organizations by donating money or resources, attending events, or spreading awareness about their cause.

Topic 2: The Importance of Continuous Service
- Service is not just a one-time event but rather an ongoing commitment to making a difference in the world.
- By engaging in continuous service, you can develop a lifelong habit of giving back and creating positive change.

Glossary:
- Service: An act of selflessness where one gives their time, energy, and resources to help others without expecting anything in return.
- Volunteering: Giving your time and effort to help others.
- Donating: Giving money or resources to support a cause.
- Advocacy: Raising awareness and supporting causes that you believe in.

Conclusion:
Service is an essential part of living a fulfilling life and making a positive impact on the world. By engaging in service, you can develop valuable skills and experiences that will benefit you throughout your life. Whether you choose to volunteer, donate, or advocate for a cause, there are many ways to get involved and make a difference. Remember, service is not just a one-time event but rather an ongoing commitment to creating positive change.