text: Congenital heart disease is one of the most common types of birth defects in children. A congenital heart defect is a defect in the structure of the heart and great vessels which is present a birth. Many defects do not need treatment; however some complex congenital heart defects require medication or surgery. At Albany Med, our young patients with congenital heart defects have access to cutting-edge surgical techniques, advanced anesthetic management and comprehensive pre- and post-operative care tailored specifically to their needs.. Albany Med is dedicated to providing expert surgical care for infants, children and adolescents with congenital heart defects. Our specialists are highly trained in treating the specific needs of children. Working closely with parents, our specialists will develop an individualized treatment plan to meet the needs of your child. We strive to provide family-centered care, understanding how stress this time can be for children and their parents.

textbook:
Lesson: Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction:
Congenital heart disease is a type of birth defect that affects the structure of the heart and the blood vessels around it. In this lesson, we will learn about the causes, symptoms, and treatments of congenital heart disease.

Section 1: Causes and Symptoms
- Congenital heart disease is caused by abnormal development of the heart and blood vessels during pregnancy.
- Some common symptoms of congenital heart disease include shortness of breath, fatigue, and blue lips or skin.
- Some children may not show any signs or symptoms of the condition and may live a normal life without needing treatment.
- However, some complex congenital heart defects may require medication or surgery.

Section 2: Treatment
- Treatment for congenital heart disease depends on the severity of the condition and the specific defect.
- Some children may need medication to help manage their symptoms, while others may require surgery to repair the defect.
- Albany Med is a leading medical center that provides cutting-edge surgical techniques and comprehensive care for children with congenital heart defects.
- Our specialists are highly trained in treating the specific needs of children and work closely with parents to develop an individualized treatment plan.

Section 3: Prevention
- While there is no known way to prevent congenital heart disease, early detection and intervention can improve outcomes for children with the condition.
- Pregnant women should receive regular prenatal checkups to monitor the health of their baby.
- If a congenital heart defect is detected during pregnancy, parents can make informed decisions about treatment options.

Conclusion:
Congenital heart disease is a common birth defect that can affect the structure of the heart and blood vessels. However, with proper treatment and care, many children with the condition can lead normal, healthy lives. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatments of congenital heart disease, parents can make informed decisions about their child's care.


text: MAC Cosmetics launches a new Extended Play Gigablack Lash with high volume and wide reach that lasts up to 16 hours. According to the press release, the mascara curls, lifts and enhances the natural thickness of lashes in an intensely black pigment, while beautifully conditioning for a smooth, soft finish. A petite “gripper” brush, embedded with micro-spheres covers even the tiniest lashes, from base to tip, for dramatic definition.. Available in stores and online at maccosmetics.com from March 14th in the permanent line. I can’t wait to try this!. Extended play gigablack lash $16.00 US/$19.00 CDN Intense black

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Cosmetic Products

**Section 1: What are cosmetic products?**
Cosmetic products are substances or preparations that are used to cleanse, protect, or alter the appearance of the human body or its products. They can be used to enhance or improve the natural features of the body such as skin, hair, and nails.

**Section 2: Types of cosmetic products**
There are many types of cosmetic products, including skincare, makeup, hair care, and fragrances. Skincare products are designed to cleanse, moisturize, and protect the skin. Makeup products are used to enhance the appearance of the face, eyes, lips, and nails. Hair care products are used to cleanse, condition, and style the hair. Fragrances are used to enhance the natural scent of the body.

**Section 3: How do cosmetic products work?**
Cosmetic products work by interacting with the surface of the skin or hair. They can contain ingredients that cleanse, exfoliate, or moisturize the skin. Some products also contain active ingredients that can improve the appearance of the skin, such as retinoids or vitamin C.

**Section 4: How to choose the right cosmetic product**
When choosing a cosmetic product, it is important to consider the type of skin or hair you have. For example, if you have dry skin, you may want to choose a moisturizing cream or lotion. If you have oily skin, you may want to choose a cleanser that is designed to remove excess oil. It is also important to read the labels of the products to ensure that they do not contain any ingredients that may cause an allergic reaction or other adverse effects.

**Section 5: Conclusion**
Cosmetic products can enhance the natural beauty of the body. By understanding the different types of cosmetic products and how they work, you can choose the right product for your needs. Remember to always read the labels and consult with a dermatologist or other medical professional if you have any concerns about using cosmetic products.


text: For.. Transgender people like myself have consistently tried to promote the idea that sex and gender are two distinct qualities that every human possesses. Meanwhile, our adversaries believe that sex (chromosomes or genital morphology at birth, or both) completely determine what our gender should be...and if we deny that, we are committing deception.. There is a new study by Boby Ho-Hong Ching and Jason Teng Xu in the journal Sex Roles (The Effects of Gender Neuroessentialism on Transprejudice: An Experimental Study) that examines the effects of that adversarial belief.. Ching and.". The students were then asked various questions about transgender individuals and the stereotypes associated with us, their attitudes towards us and whether civil rights should be accorded to us... There have been other such studies, some of which have reached similar conclusions..

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Differences between Sex and Gender

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the differences between sex and gender and learn about the importance of understanding these distinctions. We will also examine how beliefs about these two concepts can impact our perceptions of transgender individuals.

Section 1: Understanding Sex and Gender

Sex refers to the biological characteristics that define males and females, such as chromosomes, genital morphology, and secondary sexual characteristics. Gender, on the other hand, refers to the social and cultural norms that define what it means to be masculine or feminine in a particular society. These norms can vary greatly between cultures and change over time.

Questions and Answers:
- What are the differences between sex and gender?
- How do societies define masculinity and femininity?
- Can someone's sex determine their gender identity?

Section 2: Beliefs About Sex and Gender

Many people hold strong beliefs about the relationship between sex and gender. Some believe that sex completely determines gender identity, while others believe that gender is entirely separate from sex. These beliefs can have significant implications for how people perceive and treat transgender individuals.

Questions and Answers:
- Why do people hold different beliefs about sex and gender?
- How do these beliefs impact our perceptions of transgender individuals?
- Can beliefs about sex and gender change over time?

Section 3: The Impact of Beliefs on Attitudes Towards Transgender Individuals

Research has shown that beliefs about sex and gender can influence attitudes towards transgender individuals. For example, people who believe that sex determines gender may be more likely to hold negative attitudes towards transgender individuals because they do not conform to traditional gender roles.

Questions and Answers:
- How do beliefs about sex and gender impact attitudes towards transgender individuals?
- Can changing beliefs about sex and gender lead to more positive attitudes towards transgender individuals?
- What can be done to promote more positive attitudes towards transgender individuals?

Conclusion:
Understanding the differences between sex and gender is essential for promoting acceptance and respect for all individuals, including transgender people. By challenging beliefs that suggest that sex determines gender, we can create a more inclusive and supportive environment for transgender individuals.

Glossary:
- Sex: Biological characteristics that define males and females, such as chromosomes, genital morphology, and secondary sexual characteristics.
- Gender: Social and cultural norms that define what it means to be masculine or feminine in a particular society.
- Transgender: An umbrella term used to describe people whose gender identity does not align with their assigned sex at birth.

[1] Ching, B., & Xu, J. T. (2018). The Effects of Gender Neuroessentialism on Transprejudice: An Experimental Study. Sex Roles, 79(11-12), 645-655. doi: 10.1007/s11199-018-0898-2


text: Interlinked Councils oversee the day-to-day activities of the college and its faculty—the Executive Council, Research Councils and the Academic Council.. Executive Council. The Executive Council manages the general direction of the College.. Academic Council. The Academic Council develops the programs, academic rules and curriculum.. The Academic Council works with student representatives of the college to help the students become more effective and qualified. It also supervises examinations, protocol and thesis submissions, and presentations.. More importantly, the Academic Council helps to ensure the safety of our Osteopathic patients by providing and verifying the quality of the Academic programs of the various affiliate Colleges.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Interconnected Councils in a College

**Introduction:** In this lesson, we will learn about the different councils that oversee the activities of a college. We will focus on the Executive Council, Academic Council, and Research Councils. By understanding their roles and responsibilities, we can gain insight into how these councils work together to ensure the smooth running of the college.

**Section 1: The Executive Council**

The Executive Council is responsible for managing the general direction of the college. This means that they make decisions about the overall strategy and goals of the college, and ensure that everyone is working towards achieving these objectives.

**Questions:** What is the role of the Executive Council in a college? What does it mean to manage the general direction of the college?

**Answer:** The Executive Council is responsible for setting the overall direction of the college. They make decisions about what the college should be doing, and ensure that everyone is working towards achieving these goals.

**Section 2: The Academic Council**

The Academic Council is responsible for developing the programs, academic rules, and curriculum of the college. This means that they decide what students will learn, how they will be assessed, and what standards they need to meet in order to graduate.

**Questions:** What is the role of the Academic Council in a college? What does it mean to develop the programs, academic rules, and curriculum of the college?

**Answer:** The Academic Council is responsible for designing the educational experience of the college. They decide what students will study, how they will be evaluated, and what standards they need to meet in order to graduate.

**Section 3: The Research Councils**

The Research Councils are responsible for overseeing the research activities of the college and its faculty. This means that they ensure that all research is conducted according to the highest standards of integrity and scientific rigor.

**Questions:** What is the role of the Research Councils in a college? What does it mean to oversee the research activities of the college and its faculty?

**Answer:** The Research Councils are responsible for ensuring that all research conducted by the college and its faculty meets the highest standards of integrity and scientific rigor. They oversee the entire research process, from the design of experiments to the publication of results.

**Conclusion:** By understanding the roles and responsibilities of the different councils in a college, we can gain insight into how these organizations work together to ensure the smooth running of the college. Whether you are a student, teacher, or administrator, this knowledge can help you contribute more effectively to the success of your institution.

**Glossary:**
- Executive Council: A council that manages the general direction of the college
- Academic Council: A council that develops the programs, academic rules, and curriculum of the college
- Research Councils: A council that oversees the research activities of the college and its faculty


text:
More Ladders on Everest

Hillary Step too crowded

Nepal’s tourism ministry proposed installing ladders on Everest’s Hillary Step for a second time early Monday morning. The government body already announced that additional ropes would be fixed on congested ice walls, including the Hillary Step, for the upcoming season in an effort to ease major traffic jams on the world’s tallest mountain.

The Hillary Step is a 40-foot section of rock wall that climbers have to complete before reaching the summit. It's been a controversial bottleneck for years as both ascending and decending climbers have to pass through just before or after their summit bids. During the peak climbing months of April to June, climbers are often halted at the Hillary Step due to crowds, a dangerous and frustrating delay.

"This is very much like our drug war on our U.S./Mexican border," Howard Buffett told reporters, referring to how illegal hunters from Mozambique infiltrate Kruger National Park (KNP) in South Africa.

The money will fund a 30-month campaign in Kruger National Park and provide rangers with a helicopter, an aerostat balloon, and land vehicles equipped with sensors to track down poachers.

In parts of Asia, rhino horns are worth more per ounce than gold. Believed to be a cure-all for everything from cancer to hangovers, one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of rhino horn can fetch between $65,000 to $100,000 in Vietnam.

Edna Molewa, South Africa's Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, told Reuters that "fighting and winning the battle in South Africa is fighting and winning the battle in the world."

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textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Mathematical Abstraction

Overview:
Mathematical abstraction is the process of removing unnecessary details from a concept, leaving only the essential features, and then rebuilding the concept in a more simplified form. This lesson will introduce students to the concept of mathematical abstraction and its applications in solving real-world problems.

Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

1. Define mathematical abstraction and explain its importance in problem-solving.
2. Identify the essential features of a concept and remove unnecessary details.
3. Apply mathematical abstraction to solve real-world problems.

Section 1: Introduction to Mathematical Abstraction

Topic 1: Definition and Importance
- Definition: Mathematical abstraction is the process of simplifying a complex concept by removing unnecessary details and focusing on the essential features.
- Importance: Mathematical abstraction allows us to solve problems more efficiently by breaking them down into simpler components.

Topic 2: Examples of Mathematical Abstraction
- Example 1: Reducing a complex equation to its simplest form.
- Example 2: Modeling a real-world system using mathematical models.

Section 2: Applying Mathematical Abstraction

Topic 1: Identifying Essential Features
- Questions: What are the essential features of a concept? How do we identify them?
- Answers: The essential features are the most important aspects of a concept that contribute to its overall behavior. We can identify them by analyzing the concept and removing any unnecessary details.

Topic 2: Applying Mathematical Abstraction to Real-World Problems
- Questions: Can you give an example of a real-world problem that can be solved using mathematical abstraction?
- Answers: One example is modeling the spread of a disease in a population using differential equations. By abstracting the essential features of the disease's transmission rate, population size, and other factors, we can create a mathematical model that helps us predict the disease's spread and devise strategies to control it.

Section 3: Practice Problems

Problem 1: A company wants to model the demand for its products over time. They collect data on sales, advertising spend, and other factors. How can they use mathematical abstraction to simplify the model and make predictions about future demand?

Problem 2: A city is experiencing traffic congestion during peak hours. The city council wants to install more traffic lights to reduce waiting times at intersections. How can mathematical abstraction help them determine the optimal number of traffic lights needed?

Glossary:
- Mathematical Abstraction: The process of simplifying a concept by removing unnecessary details and focusing on essential features.
- Essential Features: The most important aspects of a concept that contribute to its overall behavior.

Conclusion:
Mathematical abstraction is a powerful tool for problem-solving that allows us to simplify complex concepts and make them more manageable. By identifying essential features and removing unnecessary details, we can create models that help us understand real-world systems and make predictions about their behavior. As we continue to explore mathematical abstraction, we will learn how to apply it to various scenarios and develop critical thinking skills necessary for success in mathematics and beyond.


text: Canning and Preserving. You do not need to be an expert on diet and nutrition to understand that food preservation is one of the best things that has ever happened to humanity. If people have no safe methods of preserving food, they are often in serious trouble and frequently suffer from hunger. Modern times, in many parts of the world, people often rely on foods that are imported from other places. These foods have to be preserved or else they will spoil before they get to the destinations where people need them the most. Even in food producing countries like the US, canning and preserving food plays a vital role in the local food industry. The message here is quite simple: the individual who preserves food is contributing to the progress of the society and that is good. Keep Reading

textbook:
**Lesson: Canning and Preserving Food**

**Introduction:**

Food preservation is an essential skill that has been practiced for centuries. It allows us to store food for long periods, making it available when fresh produce is not in season or when it's scarce. In this lesson, we will learn about the history of canning and preserving food, its importance in the modern world, and the different methods used to preserve food.

**Section 1: History of Canning and Preserving Food**

Canning and preserving food have a long history that dates back to ancient civilizations. The Egyptians were known to use salt and drying to preserve food, while the Greeks and Romans used vinegar and oil mixtures. However, the modern method of canning was developed in France in the early 18th century by a man named Nicolas Appert. He discovered that food could be preserved in glass jars by heating it and creating a vacuum seal. This method became popular worldwide and is still used today.

**Section 2: Importance of Canning and Preserving Food**

Canning and preserving food is crucial in our modern world because it helps ensure that we have access to nutritious food throughout the year. During certain seasons, fresh produce may not be available or affordable, but canned foods allow us to enjoy these items year-round. Additionally, canning and preserving food helps reduce food waste, as we can store surplus produce for later use.

**Section 3: Methods of Canning and Preserving Food**

There are several methods of canning and preserving food, including:

1. Drying: This method involves removing moisture from food, which prevents bacterial growth and spoilage. Examples include sun-drying fruits and meat curing.

2. Salting: This method involves adding salt to food, which draws out moisture and creates an environment that prevents bacterial growth.

3. Sugaring: This method involves adding sugar to food, which acts as a preservative and also enhances flavors.

4. Vinegaring: This method involves adding vinegar to food, which preserves it and adds a tangy flavor.

5. Canning: This method involves sealing food in airtight containers, such as glass jars or cans, which prevents bacterial growth and preserves the food.

**Section 4: Practical Examples**

Let's consider a practical example of canning and preserving food. Suppose you have a large amount of fresh tomatoes from your garden. You can preserve them by canning them into tomato sauce or paste. Here's how you can do it:

1. Wash the tomatoes and remove any bad ones.
2. Chop the tomatoes into small pieces.
3. Measure the tomatoes and add enough water or juice to cover them.
4. Bring the mixture to a boil and then reduce the heat and let it simmer for about 30 minutes.
5. Use a blender or immersion blender to puree the mixture until smooth.
6. Ladle the mixture into clean, sterilized jars and seal them with lids.
7. Process the jars in a water bath canner or pressure cooker for the recommended time.

**Section 5: Self-Debating Discussion**

Is canning and preserving food worth the effort? Some people argue that it's not worth the time and energy when you can buy canned food at the grocery store. However, others believe that canning and preserving food is a valuable skill that helps us become more self-sufficient and reduces our reliance on commercial food production. What do you think?

**Glossary:**

- Canning: A method of preserving food in airtight containers such as glass jars or cans.
- Preserving: The process of keeping food from spoiling by using techniques such as drying, salting, sugaring, or vinegaring.
- Bacterial growth: The growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, which can cause food to spoil.
- Moisture: Water or liquid in food.
- Microorganisms: Tiny living organisms that can cause food to spoil.

**Conclusion:**

In conclusion, canning and preserving food is an essential skill that has been practiced for centuries. It helps ensure that we have access to nutritious food throughout the year and reduces food waste. By learning about the different methods of canning and preserving food, we can make informed decisions about how to preserve our own food or purchase canned goods from trusted sources.


text: Timberdene Holders Hill Road, Hendon. Weekly Rental Of £334. - Photo 8. - Photo 5. - Photo 1. - Photo 4. - Photo 2. - Photo 6. - Photo 7. - Photo 3. - 2 DOUBLE BEDROOMS. - LARGE TOP FLOOR FLAT. An exceptionally spacious 2 double bedroom second (top) floor flat situated in a purpose built block. The property has a large living room with private balcony overlooking the communal gardens and Hendon Golf Course. Additional benefits include a separate kitchen, built-in wardrobes in both bedrooms, gas central heating and a garage (additional £25pm). Area: 969 sq ft / 90 sq m... Hendon NW4 1LA

textbook:
Lesson: Real Estate Listing Analysis

Introduction:
Real estate listings provide valuable information about properties for sale or rent. In this lesson, we will analyze an example of a real estate listing to learn how to read and interpret the information provided.

Section 1: Understanding the Basics

**Topic 1: Reading the Listing**

The first step in analyzing a real estate listing is to read it carefully. Here are some key elements to look for:

- Address: This is the location of the property. It includes the street name, city, state, and zip code.
- Rent/Price: This is the weekly rental price or purchase price of the property.
- Number of Photos: These are visual representations of the property that help you get a sense of its appearance and layout.
- Number of Bedrooms and Bathrooms: These are the number of sleeping and bathing areas in the property.
- Other Features: These are additional details about the property, such as its size, age, or amenities.

**Topic 2: Analyzing the Information**

Once you have read the listing, you can start analyzing the information provided. Here are some questions to ask:

- Location: Is the property located in a desirable area? Is it close to public transportation, schools, shopping, or other amenities?
- Condition: Is the property well-maintained? Are there any signs of damage or neglect?
- Size: Is the property large enough for your needs? Does it have enough space for your furniture and belongings?
- Amenities: Does the property have all the features you need? For example, is there a dishwasher, washing machine, or dryer?

**Topic 3: Evaluating the Property**

After analyzing the information provided in the listing, you can begin evaluating the property. Here are some factors to consider:

- Price/Rent: Is the property priced or rented fairly based on its location, condition, and size?
- Amenities: Do the amenities justify the price/rent? Are they worth the extra cost?
- Neighborhood: Is the neighborhood safe and quiet? Are there any nearby sources of noise or disturbance?
- Maintenance: How much maintenance will the property require? Will you need to spend time and money on repairs or upgrades?

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to read and interpret a real estate listing. By understanding the basics of the listing and analyzing the information provided, we can evaluate a property and determine if it meets our needs and budget. This skill is valuable for anyone looking to buy or rent a property.

Glossary:
- Address: The location of the property, including the street name, city, state, and zip code.
- Rent/Price: The weekly rental price or purchase price of the property.
- Number of Photos: The number of visual representations of the property provided in the listing.
- Number of Bedrooms and Bathrooms: The number of sleeping and bathing areas in the property.
- Other Features: Additional details about the property, such as its size, age, or amenities.
- Location: The area where the property is located.
- Condition: The physical state of the property.
- Size: The amount of space in the property.
- Amenities: The features and services provided by the property.
- Neighborhood: The area surrounding the property.
- Maintenance: The level of upkeep required for the property.


text: fromthecoil. missionstatement. From The Coil is platform for passionate creatives to share information + holistic healing techniques for spiritual hygiene, health + beauty, and lifestyle alternatives that inspire and empower one to own + move in their innate beauty. We aim to guide ourselves + our audience of all ethnicities on the origin, history, + ways to adorn, protect, and manage a healthy lifestyle + beautiful coils utilizing homeopathic care. We support the client by creating a safe space for the clients hair experience to bring them comfort + support their confidence by creating innovative protective hair styles that express the uniqueness of the client and accommodates their lifestyle. From The Coil believes hair should be an extension of ones expression of their uniqueness while showcasing the natural beauty of the individual.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding and Managing Natural Hair

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of taking care of natural hair. We will cover the basics of natural hair care, including its history, benefits, and challenges. We will also explore different hair types and how to manage them effectively.

Section 1: Understanding Natural Hair
Topic 1: Definition of Natural Hair
- Natural hair refers to hair that has not been chemically altered or straightened.
- It grows from the scalp in its original state.

Topic 2: History of Natural Hair
- Natural hair has been a part of human culture for thousands of years.
- In many cultures, natural hair is seen as a symbol of beauty, strength, and identity.

Topic 3: Types of Natural Hair
- There are four main types of natural hair: straight, wavy, curly, and kinky.
- Each type has its unique characteristics and requires different hair care techniques.

Section 2: Benefits of Natural Hair
Topic 1: Healthy Hair
- Natural hair is less likely to break or become damaged compared to chemically treated hair.
- It can grow longer and healthier if properly cared for.

Topic 2: Reduced Maintenance
- Natural hair requires less maintenance than chemically treated hair.
- It does not need to be straightened or relaxed, saving time and money.

Topic 3: Self-Esteem Booster
- Natural hair is often associated with pride, self-acceptance, and cultural identity.
- Wearing natural hair can boost self-esteem and confidence.

Section 3: Challenges of Natural Hair
Topic 1: Dryness
- Natural hair can be prone to dryness due to lack of moisture.
- It is essential to keep the hair hydrated using water, conditioners, and oils.

Topic 2: Tangling
- Natural hair can tangle easily due to the shape and texture of the strands.
- Regular detangling and deep conditioning can help prevent tangles.

Topic 3: Breakage
- Natural hair is more susceptible to breakage due to friction and stress.
- Proper care, such as regular trims and avoiding excessive pulling, can minimize breakage.

Conclusion:
Taking care of natural hair is essential for maintaining its health and beauty. By understanding its history, types, and unique characteristics, we can better manage our hair and embrace its natural state. With proper care, natural hair can be strong, healthy, and a source of pride and confidence.

Glossary:
- Natural Hair: Hair that has not been chemically altered or straightened.
- Chemically Treated Hair: Hair that has been straightened or relaxed using chemicals.
- Types of Natural Hair: Straight, wavy, curly, and kinky.
- Healthy Hair: Hair that is strong, shiny, and free from damage.
- Reduced Maintenance: Requires less time and effort to maintain.
- Self-Esteem: Confidence in oneself and belief in ones abilities.
- Cultural Identity: A sense of belonging and connection to a particular culture or group.
- Dryness: Lack of moisture in the hair.
- Tangling: The formation of knots or tangles in the hair.
- Breakage: The splitting or breaking of hair strands.


text: I am a nutritionist involved in early childhood development programs; with a keen interest in behavioural assessments and how their use can be improved in large scale surveys.. I am interested in the different pathways (agriculture-nutrition linkages, parenting and care influences etc) by which children can develop successfully and how the different actors in the pathways interact.. I first came to the Gambia in 2016 on an epigenetic study and fell in love with the peace and quiet in Keneba. I am passionate about children and their development so coming back in 2018 for BRIGHT was an amazing opportunity to work with my favourite sub population.. In the Gambia, I am responsible for coordinating all BRIGHT project activities and happy to be working with an amazing team!

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Child Development Pathways

Introduction:
Child development is a complex process that involves multiple pathways and interactions between different actors. As a nutritionist, understanding these pathways is crucial in promoting healthy development in children. In this lesson, we will explore the different pathways through which children can develop successfully and how the different actors in these pathways interact.

Pathway 1: Agriculture-Nutrition Linkages

The agriculture-nutrition linkage is one of the most important pathways for child development. This pathway involves the production, processing, and consumption of food. Children who grow up in households that rely on agriculture for their livelihood are more likely to have access to diverse and nutritious foods. However, this pathway can also lead to malnutrition if the agricultural practices are not sustainable or if the food produced is not consumed in adequate amounts.

Questions and Answers:
- What is the agriculture-nutrition linkage?
- How does this pathway contribute to child development?
- What are some examples of sustainable agricultural practices that can promote healthy child development?

Pathway 2: Parenting and Care Influences

Parenting and caregiving are essential for child development. Parents and caregivers play a critical role in shaping a child's cognitive, emotional, and social development. Positive parenting practices, such as responsive feeding and nurturing care, can promote healthy child development. On the other hand, negative parenting practices, such as harsh discipline and inconsistent caregiving, can hinder child development.

Questions and Answers:
- What is the role of parenting and caregiving in child development?
- What are some examples of positive parenting practices?
- What are some examples of negative parenting practices?

Pathway 3: Education and Learning Opportunities

Education and learning opportunities are crucial for child development. Children who have access to quality education and learning opportunities are more likely to develop cognitively, emotionally, and socially. Education provides children with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in life. However, not all children have equal access to education and learning opportunities.

Questions and Answers:
- What is the role of education and learning opportunities in child development?
- What are some examples of barriers to education and learning opportunities?
- How can we promote equal access to education and learning opportunities for all children?

Conclusion:
Understanding the different pathways and actors involved in child development is essential for promoting healthy development. By focusing on agriculture-nutrition linkages, parenting and care influences, and education and learning opportunities, we can create a world where all children have the opportunity to develop into healthy, happy adults.

Glossary:
- Agriculture-Nutrition Linkage: The relationship between agriculture and nutrition, which involves the production, processing, and consumption of food.
- Sustainable Agricultural Practices: Farming methods that conserve natural resources and maintain ecological balance while providing food and other products.
- Responsive Feeding: A parenting practice that involves responding to a child's hunger cues and providing them with adequate and appropriate food.
- Nurturing Care: A caregiving practice that involves providing a child with love, warmth, and support.
- Harsh Discipline: A parenting practice that involves using physical or verbal abuse to control a child's behavior.
- Inconsistent Caregiving: A caregiving practice that involves providing a child with unpredictable or unreliable care.


text: ). Ancient town in west central italy. The last Vietnamese poet of New Poetry Movement passes away. In 1939, Sanh, together with other like-minded artists, including Phạm Văn Hạnh, Nguyễn Lương Ngọc, Nguyễn Đỗ Cung and Nguyễn Xuân Khoát, established a group called Xuân Thu Nhã Tập. By June 1942, the group established a book featuring their poems, philosophical prose and artistic declarations. According to some researchers, Xuân Thu Nhã Tập significantly contributed to the innovation and creativity in a new stage of the New Poetry Movement in the literary scene of Việt Nam. … [Read more...] about The last Vietnamese poet of New Poetry Movement passes away

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Poetry

## Section 1: What is Poetry?
Poetry is a form of literature that uses language and its aesthetic qualities to evoke emotions or ideas. It often explores themes and topics that are not usually discussed in everyday language.

## Section 2: Types of Poetry
There are several types of poetry, including narrative, lyric, dramatic, and epic. Narrative poetry tells a story, while lyric poetry expresses the poet's emotions and thoughts. Dramatic poetry is meant to be spoken aloud, and epic poetry tells a long, adventurous tale.

## Section 3: Reading and Understanding Poetry
To read and understand poetry, you need to pay attention to the language and imagery used by the poet. Look for metaphors, similes, and other figures of speech that help to create vivid images in your mind. Also, consider the poem's structure, rhythm, and rhyme scheme, as these can add to its meaning.

## Section 4: Writing Poetry
Writing poetry can be a fun and rewarding experience. Start by choosing a subject that you are passionate about or that inspires you. Then, experiment with different forms and structures to find one that suits your needs. Don't be afraid to use descriptive language and to play with rhythm and rhyme.

## Section 5: Examples of Poetry
Here is an example of a narrative poem:
```
In Hanoi, at the age of six,
I learned the art of writing poetry.
My teacher was a wise old man,
Who taught me how to use my pen.
He said, "Write from your heart, my son,
And let your words flow like a river."
So I wrote about the streets I roamed,
And the people I met on my journey.
I wrote about the smells and sounds,
Of the city that I loved so much.
I wrote about the joy and pain,
Of living in a world full of rain.
```

Here is an example of a lyric poem:
```
The sun has set, and the moon is bright,
But all I feel is darkness tonight.
My heart is heavy, and my soul is lost,
As I wander through this lonely coast.
The waves crash in, and the winds do howl,
But I am deaf to their mournful howl.
For all I see is an endless sea,
Where I am destined to forever be.
```

## Section 6: Glossary
- Metaphor: A figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using the words "like" or "as."
- Simile: A figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words "like" or "as."
- Figure: A person or object represented in a work of art or literature.
- Structure: The arrangement of elements in a work of literature or music.
- Rhythm: The pattern of beats or stresses in a line of verse.
- Rhyme: The repetition of similar sounds at the end of words or phrases.

## Conclusion
Poetry is a beautiful form of literature that allows us to explore our emotions and thoughts in a creative way. By reading and writing poetry, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us.


text: The risk of having a heart attack is 60 per cent higher just a year after a patient has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, according to research published in the December issue of the Journal of Internal Medicine.. Swedish researchers followed 7,469 patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) between 1995 and 2006, together with 37,024 matched controls without RA to determine the risk of ischaemic heart disease, with particular reference to myocardial infarction (heart attack). The maximum follow-up was 12 years and the median was just over four years.. "Our findings emphasise.". Story Source:. The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Wiley - Blackwell. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.. Journal Reference:. Cite This Page:

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Risk Factors for Heart Attacks

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the risk factors for heart attacks and how they can be prevented. We will focus on rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a condition that increases the risk of heart attacks by 60%.

Core Value:
The risk of having a heart attack is 60% higher just a year after a patient has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Topic 1: Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that affects the joints.
- It causes pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints.
- It can also cause damage to other parts of the body, including the heart.

Topic 2: Heart Attacks
- A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle.
- Risk factors for heart attacks include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and diabetes.

Section 2: Practical Examples

Example 1: John has been diagnosed with RA. His doctor tells him that he has a 60% higher risk of having a heart attack within a year of his diagnosis. What can John do to reduce his risk?
- John can make lifestyle changes such as exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, and quitting smoking.
- He can also take medications as prescribed by his doctor to manage his RA and reduce his risk of heart attacks.

Example 2: Sarah has been diagnosed with RA, but she doesn't smoke and her cholesterol levels are normal. Does she still have an increased risk of heart attacks?
- Yes, Sarah still has an increased risk of heart attacks due to her RA diagnosis. However, her non-smoking habit and normal cholesterol levels can help lower her risk.

Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

Discussion Topic: Preventing Heart Attacks
- What are some ways to prevent heart attacks?
- How does RA increase the risk of heart attacks?
- Can lifestyle changes and medications help reduce the risk of heart attacks in people with RA?

Glossary:
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): An autoimmune disorder that affects the joints.
- Heart attack: A condition where blood flow to the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle.
- Autoimmune disorder: A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells.
- Cholesterol: A type of fat found in the blood. High levels of cholesterol can lead to heart disease.
- Blood pressure: The force of blood against the walls of arteries. High blood pressure can lead to heart disease.

Conclusion:
Understanding the risk factors for heart attacks, such as rheumatoid arthritis, can help us take steps to prevent them. By making lifestyle changes and taking medications as prescribed, we can reduce our risk of heart attacks and live healthier lives.


text: While we're still in 2011, here are my favorite things from the past year!. bachlorette party. Jonathan built us a fence for the pups.. girls weekend. My favorite summer activity, tubing down the creek happened. Our book club drank too many margaritas. Jonathan and I sold lots of junk at the flea.. Raystown Lake with the family. My sister in law Sarah and I had a girls weekend in NYC.. crashed a wedding in NYC. The book club moved to my house and I drank a lot of wine.. camping for the first time, got yelled at by dog haters and walked up a thousand stairs. I also got crazy over Halloween.. stamp carving. We hiked and hiked and hiked. We saw Hoots and Hellmouth in concert.. ton of cookies. Had friends visit for the weekend. Added a new member to the family. Plus Christmas.. Thanks for hanging out with me during 2011 and here's to an even more AWESOME 2012!!! HAPPY NEW YEAR!. Thanks for including Thomas and I in your "year in review"! I'm glad we got to share our year with you and Jonathan too!

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Personal Finance

### Section 1: Personal Finance Basics

Personal finance refers to the way individuals manage their money. It involves budgeting, saving, investing, and planning for the future. This lesson will cover the basics of personal finance, including budgeting, saving, and investing.

**Question:** What is personal finance?

**Answer:** Personal finance refers to the way individuals manage their money. It involves budgeting, saving, investing, and planning for the future.

### Section 2: Budgeting

Budgeting is an essential part of personal finance. It involves creating a plan for how to spend and save money. This lesson will cover the basics of budgeting.

**Question:** Why is budgeting important?

**Answer:** Budgeting is important because it helps individuals control their spending and save money. It also allows people to prioritize their expenses and make the most of their income.

### Section 3: Saving

Saving is an essential part of personal finance. It involves setting aside money for future use. This lesson will cover the basics of saving.

**Question:** Why is saving important?

**Answer:** Saving is important because it allows individuals to prepare for unexpected expenses and achieve their financial goals. It also provides a safety net for unexpected events, such as job loss or medical emergencies.

### Section 4: Investing

Investing involves putting money into an asset with the expectation of earning a profit. This lesson will cover the basics of investing.

**Question:** What is investing?

**Answer:** Investing involves putting money into an asset with the expectation of earning a profit. It can involve stocks, bonds, real estate, or other assets.

### Glossary

- Budgeting: The process of creating a plan for how to spend and save money.
- Saving: Setting aside money for future use.
- Investing: Putting money into an asset with the expectation of earning a profit.

### Conclusion

Personal finance is an essential skill that everyone should learn. By understanding the basics of budgeting, saving, and investing, individuals can take control of their financial future and achieve their financial goals.


text: . Winter. Tag: Winter. Dolphin Tale – How Morgan Freeman got a little scruffy. Judy Sloane. -. Sep 22nd, 2011 @ 11:30 am EDT. Dolphin’s Tale – Harry Connick Jr on being upstaged. Judy Sloane. -. Sep 21st, 2011 @ 11:16 am EDT. TV Spotlight. Spooks – Season 9, Episode 3. Sep 29th, 2010 @ 10:37 am EDT. Scream Queens – Comedy/horror with Emma Roberts and Jamie Lee Curtis. Sep 16th, 2015 @ 7:41 pm EDT. Outcasts 1.05. Feb 15th, 2011 @ 5:00 pm EDT. Being Human (USA) – Mark Pellegrino on being a 300 year.... Jan 24th, 2011 @ 11:36 am EDT. The Crown – Claire Foy, Matt Smith and the reign of.... Nov 4th, 2016 @ 8:40 pm EDT. Movie Spotlight. Peep World – Michael C Hall is the straight man in.... Mar 18th, 2011 @ 1:52 pm EDT. Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son – Director John Whitesell &.... Feb 17th, 2011 @ 7:23 am EDT. Moonrise Kingdom – Film Review – 5 Stars!. May 22nd, 2012 @ 8:00 pm EDT. Fright Night – Poster and release dates. May 16th, 2011 @ 7:33 am

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of numbers, shapes, patterns, and relationships between them. It is an essential subject that helps us understand the world around us and solve real-life problems. In this lesson, we will learn about some basic concepts in mathematics, such as numbers, algebra, geometry, and probability.

**Section 1: Numbers**

Numbers are the foundation of mathematics. They are used to represent quantities, measurements, and values. There are different types of numbers, such as integers, fractions, decimals, and percentages.

**Questions:**

1. What is the difference between integers and fractions?
2. How are decimals and percentages related?

**Answers:**

1. Integers are whole numbers, such as -4, 0, and 25. Fractions are parts of a whole, such as 1/4 and 3/4.
2. Decimals are numbers with one or more digits to the right of the decimal point, such as 3.14 and 2.5. Percentages are fractions expressed as a portion of 100, such as 50% and 75%.

**Definition:**

A number is any quantity that can be represented by a figure or symbol. Numbers can be classified into different categories based on their properties and uses.

**Example:**

Suppose you want to buy a pencil from a store. The price of the pencil is $1.50. You have $2.00 in your wallet. Can you buy the pencil?

**Answer:**

 Yes, you can buy the pencil because you have enough money.

**Section 2: Algebra**

Algebra is the branch of mathematics that deals with the manipulation of symbols and the study of relationships between variables. It is used to solve equations, inequalities, and other mathematical problems.

**Questions:**

1. What is an equation?
2. How do you solve an equation?

**Answers:**

1. An equation is a statement that two expressions are equal. It usually contains two expressions separated by an equal sign (=).
2. To solve an equation, you need to find the value of the variable that makes the equation true. This involves isolating the variable on one side of the equal sign and solving for it.

**Definition:**

An equation is a statement that two expressions are equal. It is used to represent relationships between variables and quantities.

**Example:**

Solve the following equation for x: 3x + 5 = 15

**Answer:**

 To solve the equation, follow these steps:

1. Subtract 5 from both sides of the equation:
   3x + 5 - 5 = 15 - 5
   3x = 10

2. Divide both sides of the equation by 3:
   3x / 3 = 10 / 3
   x = 10/3

So, the solution to the equation is x = 10/3.

**Section 3: Geometry**

Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with the study of shapes, sizes, positions, and properties of objects. It is used in many fields, such as engineering, architecture, and art.

**Questions:**

1. What is a polygon?
2. How do you find the area of a triangle?

**Answers:**

1. A polygon is a closed two-dimensional shape with straight sides. It is formed by connecting a sequence of straight line segments.
2. To find the area of a triangle, you need to know the base (b) and the height (h) of the triangle. Use the formula: Area = (base × height) / 2.

**Definition:**

A polygon is a closed two-dimensional shape with straight sides. It is formed by connecting a sequence of straight line segments.

**Example:**

Find the area of a triangle with a base of 10 cm and a height of 8 cm.

**Answer:**

 Using the formula, Area = (base × height) / 2, we get:

Area = (10 cm × 8 cm) / 2
Area = 40 cm² / 2
Area = 20 cm²

So, the area of the triangle is 20 square centimeters.

**Section 4: Probability**

Probability is the branch of mathematics that deals with the study of chance and uncertainty. It is used to predict the likelihood of events and make decisions based on risks and uncertainties.

**Questions:**

1. What is probability?
2. How do you find the probability of an event?

**Answers:**

1. Probability is the measure of how likely an event is to occur. It is usually expressed as a percentage, fraction, or decimal.
2. To find the probability of an event, you need to know the number of successful outcomes and the total number of possible outcomes. Use the formula: Probability = (successful outcomes) / (total outcomes).

**Definition:**

Probability is the measure of how likely an event is to occur. It is usually expressed as a percentage, fraction, or decimal.

**Example:**

A fair six-sided die is rolled. What is the probability of rolling an odd number?

**Answer:**

 There are 6 possible outcomes when rolling a fair six-sided die: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. 3 of these outcomes (1, 3, and 5) are odd numbers. So, there are 3 successful outcomes and 6 total outcomes. Using the formula, Probability = (successful outcomes) / (total outcomes), we get:

Probability = 3/6
Probability = 1/2

So, the probability of rolling an odd number is 1/2 or 50%.

**Glossary:**

- Number: A quantity that can be represented by a figure or symbol.
- Equation: A statement that two expressions are equal.
- Algebra: The branch of mathematics that deals with the manipulation of symbols and the study of relationships between variables.
- Geometry: The branch of mathematics that deals with the study of shapes, sizes, positions, and properties of objects.
- Probability: The measure of how likely an event is to occur.

**Conclusion:**

In this lesson, we learned about the basics of mathematics, including numbers, algebra, geometry, and probability. We practiced solving equations, finding areas of triangles, and calculating probabilities. By understanding these fundamental concepts, we can apply them to real-life situations and make informed decisions.


text:
I have many beautiful memories of Jisr al-Hadeed; memories of how many times I sat in that coffee shop and stared at the glittering reflections of its lights on the water, of how many evenings I sat under it with friends. When we were young and couldn’t drink at home, the Nazla (the river bank immediately under the bridge) was one of our favorite spots. Once there we’d drink cold beers in hot summer nights, with the sound of the slow and small waves of the Tigris as our music….

(중략)

Everyone I talked to today was more saddened by the bridge attack than the explosion at the parliament building that killed two of its members. [Jisr al-Hadeed]

When the bridge was destroyed early Thursday morning by a truck bomb that collapsed a large section into the river, Baghdad mourned. People who had crossed the bridge every day to go to their jobs on the opposite side gathered on the riverbanks and stood weeping as if they had lost someone they loved.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Bridges in Our Daily Lives

Introduction: Bridges are essential structures that connect people and communities. They allow us to cross rivers, valleys, and other obstacles that would otherwise hinder our movement. In this lesson, we will learn about the significance of bridges in our daily lives and how they impact society.

Section 1: The Role of Bridges in Our Daily Lives

Topic 1: How Bridges Enhance Mobility
- Bridges enable us to move from one place to another quickly and efficiently.
- They reduce travel time and distance, making it easier for people to commute to work, school, and other essential activities.
- Without bridges, we would have to use ferries or other means of transportation that are slower and less reliable.

Topic 2: The Economic Impact of Bridges
- Bridges facilitate trade and commerce by connecting different regions and countries.
- They enable goods and services to be transported more easily and cost-effectively, leading to economic growth and development.
- The absence of bridges can lead to isolation and stagnation, as communities become cut off from the rest of the world.

Section 2: The Social Significance of Bridges

Topic 1: Bridges as Symbols of Unity and Progress
- Bridges often represent unity and progress, as they bring people together and help them overcome physical barriers.
- They can serve as powerful symbols of hope and reconciliation, especially after periods of conflict or division.
- Bridges can also represent technological advancement and human ingenuity, as they showcase our ability to overcome challenges and create innovative solutions.

Topic 2: The Cultural Significance of Bridges
- Bridges have played an important role in many cultures throughout history.
- They have been featured in myths, legends, and folktales as symbols of transformation and crossing thresholds.
- Bridges can also represent artistic expression, as they inspire architects and engineers to design unique and beautiful structures.

Section 3: Real-World Examples of the Importance of Bridges

Topic 1: The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, USA
- This iconic bridge is not only an engineering marvel but also a symbol of American progress and innovation.
- It has become a popular tourist attraction, drawing millions of visitors each year who appreciate its beauty and historical significance.
- The Golden Gate Bridge also plays a crucial role in the local economy, providing jobs and contributing to the region's growth.

Topic 2: The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia
- This bridge, also known as the "Coathanger," is another example of a structure that has become a cultural icon.
- It has been featured in films, songs, and literature, solidifying its place in Australian culture and history.
- The Sydney Harbour Bridge also serves as a vital transportation link, connecting the city's north and south shores and facilitating trade and commerce.

Conclusion: Bridges are essential components of our society, enhancing mobility, promoting economic growth, and serving as powerful symbols of unity and progress. By understanding the importance of bridges in our daily lives, we can appreciate their impact on our communities and the world at large.

Glossary:
- Bridge: A structure built to span physical obstacles, such as rivers or valleys, to enable easy movement from one place to another.
- Ferry: A boat used to transport people or goods across a body of water.
- Trade: The exchange of goods or services between countries or regions.
- Commerce: The activity of buying and selling products and services, especially on a large scale.


text:
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and a device for purifying an exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine. More specifically, the invention relates to a method and a device which are capable of efficiently purifying hydrocarbon in the exhaust gas released from the engine during a starting up period.
2. Description of the Related Art
An exhaust gas purification device utilizing a three-way reducing and oxidizing catalyst (hereinafter referred to as a "three-way catalyst") is commonly used for purifying HC, CO and NO.sub.x from the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine. However, a three-way catalyst is capable of purifying HC, CO and NO.sub.x only when the temperature of the catalyst becomes higher than a activating temperature (for example, about 300.degree. C.). Therefore, when the temperature of the three-way catalyst is low, such as in the starting up period of the engine, HC and CO in the exhaust gas pass through the three-way catalyst without being purified. Further, since the amount of fuel supplied to the engine is increased during the starting operation in order to facilitate the engine start, a relatively large amount of HC (unburned hydrocarbons) is contained in the exhaust gas in the period immediately after the engine has started compared to that during a normal operation. Also, since the amount of the fuel supplied to the engine during a starting operation is increased as the temperature of the engine is lower, a large amount of HC is released during a cold starting of the engine. This large amount of HC is released to atmosphere without being purified by the three-way catalyst since the three-way catalyst does not reach the activating temperature during cold starting of the engine. Therefore, it is necessary to purify HC in the exhaust gas during a starting operation of the engine in order to reduce air pollution due to engine exhaust gases.
To solve this problem, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 5-79319 discloses an exhaust gas purifying device which utilizes an HC adsorbent for adsorbing and temporarily storing hydrocarbons released from the engine during starting operation. The device in the '319 publication disposes an HC adsorbent in the exhaust gas passage of the engine. The HC adsorbent adsorbs hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas when the temperature of the adsorbent is lower than a releasing temperature determined by the material of the adsorbent. Further, the HC adsorbent releases the adsorbed hydrocarbons when the temperature becomes higher than the releasing temperature. The device in the '319 publication further includes an electrically heated catalytic converter disposed in the exhaust gas passage downstream of the HC adsorbent. The electrically heated catalytic converter (hereinafter referred to as "an EHC") is a catalytic converter provided with an electric heater which is capable of heating the catalyst in a short time. By energizing the heater at the start of the engine, the catalyst is heated to the activating temperature rapidly. According to the device in the '319 publication, a relatively large amount of the hydrocarbons contained in the low temperature exhaust gas during the starting up period of the engine is adsorbed and temporarily stored in the HC adsorbent. Therefore, during the starting up period of the engine, i.e., when the temperature of the catalyst is lower than the activating temperature, hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas do not pass through the catalytic converter, and hydrocarbons are not released into the atmosphere. When the catalyst in the converter reaches the activating temperature, the catalytic converter starts to oxidize the hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas. Therefore, even if the HC adsorbent is saturated with the adsorbed hydrocarbons after the EHC reaches the activating temperature, hydrocarbons which are not adsorbed by the HC adsorbent and flow into the EHC are purified by the EHC.
However, when the temperature of the HC adsorbent reaches the releasing temperature due to a temperature rise after the engine has started, the hydrocarbons adsorbed and stored in the HC adsorbent are released in a short time, and the concentration of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas flowing into the EHC largely increases. In this case, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the EHC becomes very low due to the hydrocarbons released from the HC adsorbent. In this condition, the EHC cannot oxidize hydrocarbons due to a shortage of oxygen in the exhaust gas. Therefore, the device in the '319 publication disposes a temperature sensor for detecting the temperature of the HC adsorbent bed, and supplies secondary air to the exhaust gas passage between the HC adsorbent and the EHC when the temperature of the HC adsorbent becomes higher than the releasing temperature. Further, the device adjusts the amount of secondary air by a feedback control based on an oxygen concentration sensor disposed in the exhaust gas passage at the inlet of the EHC in order to supply an exact amount of secondary air required for purifying (oxidizing) hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas to the EHC.
Namely, in the device disclosed in the '319 publication, relatively large amounts of hydrocarbons released from the engine during the starting up period are stored in the HC adsorbent, and when the hydrocarbons stored in the HC adsorbent are released due to a temperature rise of the exhaust gas, secondary air is supplied to EHC in order to purify the released hydrocarbons on the EHC.
However, in the device in the '319 publication, a temperature sensor for detecting the HC adsorbent bed temperature is required to determine the timing at which the releasing of hydrocarbons occurs. Further, an oxygen concentration sensor and a feedback control system of secondary air are required to supply a proper amount of air to the EHC because, if an excess amount of air is supplied to the EHC, the fuel consumption of the engine will increase due to the power consumption of an air source such as an air pump in the secondary air system and, if the amount of air is not sufficient, hydrocarbons are not sufficiently purified on the EHC. Therefore, the device in the '319 publication is complicated and the manufacturing cost is relatively high.
Further, since the oxygen concentration in air is only about 20%, a relatively large amount of secondary air must be supplied to the EHC in order to purify all the hydrocarbons released from the HC adsorbent. Therefore, in the device in the '319 publication, the EHC, even after it reaches the activating temperature, may be cooled by a large amount of secondary air to a temperature below the activating temperature and may loose its activity. This lowers the ability of the EHC to purify hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding Patents and Their Importance in Technology

Introduction:
Patents are legal documents that grant inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a certain period of time. This means that no one else can use, sell or manufacture the invention without the inventor's permission. Patents play a crucial role in protecting intellectual property and promoting innovation in technology.

Core Value:
Understanding patents and their importance in technology is essential for anyone interested in innovation and entrepreneurship. By learning about patents, individuals can protect their ideas, invest in new technologies, and contribute to the advancement of society.

Lesson Outline:

Section 1: What is a Patent?
- Definition of a patent
- Types of patents
- Requirements for obtaining a patent

Section 2: Why are Patents Important?
- Protection of Intellectual Property
- Encouragement of Innovation
- Economic Benefits

Section 3: How to Read a Patent
- Understanding the parts of a patent
- Reading claims, descriptions, and drawings
- Using patent databases to search for information

Section 4: Practical Examples of Patents in Technology
- Case study: The invention of the telephone
- Case study: The development of the internet
- Case study: The impact of self-driving cars on society

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding patents and their importance in technology is crucial for anyone interested in innovation and entrepreneurship. By learning about patents, individuals can protect their ideas, invest in new technologies, and contribute to the advancement of society. Whether you are an inventor, entrepreneur, or simply someone who wants to stay informed about the latest technological advancements, this lesson has provided you with a solid foundation for understanding the role of patents in technology.


text:
Protests slam Trump’s emergency declaration

NEW YORK (AP) — Protesters around the U.S. spent Presidents Day rallying against President Donald Trump’s national emergency declaration as at least a dozen states planned a lawsuit to block Trump’s latest ploy to fund his long-promised border wall.

“Trump is the national emergency!” chanted a group of hundreds lined up Monday at the White House fence while Trump was out of town in Florida. Some held up large letters spelling out “stop power grab.” In downtown Fort Worth, Texas, a small group carried signs with messages including “no wall! #FakeTrumpEmergency.”

Rep. Maxine Waters, D-Los Angeles, decried the president’s actions at a peaceful rally attended by a few hundred people outside Los Angeles City Hall. Police kept the crowd separate from a handful of pro-Trump counter-protesters who waved flags and wore red “Make America Great Again” hats.

A large crowd also gathered outside the Federal Building in San Francisco. One demonstrator carried a sign that read: “Step 1: Declare a national emergency. Step 2: Play golf. Step 3: Watch SNL.”

A crowd of more than 100 protesters gathered in frigid weather at the state Capitol in Denver roared with approval when told Colorado was joining the multistate lawsuit, Denverite reported.

“There is zero real-world basis for the emergency declaration, and there will be no wall,” New Mexico Gov. Lujan Grisham, a Democrat, said in a statement.

Organized by the liberal group MoveOn and others, Monday’s demonstrations took the occasion of the Presidents Day holiday to assail Trump’s proclamation as undemocratic and anti-immigrant.

Kelly Quirk, of the progressive group Soma Action, told a gathering of dozens in Newark, N.J., that “democracy demands” saying “no more” to Trump.

In New York City, hundreds of people at a Manhattan park chanted “No hate, no fear, immigrants are welcome here” as several of them held up letters spelling out, “IMPEACH.”

There were some counter-protesters, including in Washington, where there was a brief scuffle in the crowd.

Trump’s declaration Friday shifts billions of dollars from military construction to the border. The move came after Congress didn’t approve as much as Trump wanted for the wall, which the Republican considers a national security necessity.

His emergency proclamation calls the border “a major entry point for criminals, gang members, and illicit narcotics.”

Illegal border crossings have declined from a high of 1.6 million in 2000. But 50,000 families are now entering illegally each month, straining the U.S. asylum system and border facilities.

Trump’s critics have argued he undercut his own rationale for the emergency declaration by saying he “didn’t need to do this” but wanted to get the wall built faster than he otherwise could. In announcing the move, he said he anticipated the legal challenges.

“President Trump declared a national emergency in order to spend billions of taxpayer dollars on his border wall obsession,” Manar Waheed of the American Civil Liberties Union told protesters rallying in a Washington park before heading to the nearby White House fence. The ACLU has announced its intention to sue Trump over the issue.

Ana Maria Archila, co-executive director of the left-leaning Center for Popular Democracy, said the president had undertaken to “steal money that we desperately need to build a country of our dreams so that he can build a monument to racism along the border.”

At one point during the rally, a counter-protester walked through the crowd toting a sign saying “finish the wall” on one side and “protect the poor” on the other. Another man snatched his sign from him, sparking a short scuffle.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Probability Theory

### Overview:
Probability theory is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of random events and their likelihood of occurrence. It has numerous applications in fields such as finance, insurance, statistics, and gambling. In this lesson, we will introduce the basic concepts of probability theory and provide examples to illustrate these concepts.

### Section 1: Definitions and Basic Concepts

**Definition:** A probability is a number between 0 and 1 that represents the likelihood of an event occurring. The sum of all probabilities of all possible outcomes is equal to 1.

**Example:** Flipping a fair coin. The probability of getting heads when flipping a fair coin is 0.5, while the probability of getting tails is also 0.5.

**Definition:** An event is any occurrence or outcome that can be observed or measured.

**Example:** When flipping a fair coin, the event is either heads or tails.

**Definition:** An experiment is any procedure that leads to observations or outcomes that can be considered events.

**Example:** Flipping a fair coin is an experiment that leads to two possible outcomes: heads or tails.

**Definition:** Independent events are events that do not affect each other's probability.

**Example:** The probability of rolling a 3 on a six-sided die is independent of whether the die was previously rolled.

**Definition:** Dependent events are events that affect each other's probability.

**Example:** The probability of drawing a heart from a deck of cards depends on whether the previous card drawn was a heart or not.

### Section 2: Probability Distributions

**Definition:** A probability distribution is a table or graph that shows the probability of each outcome of an experiment.

**Example:** A standard die has six faces with numbers 1 through 6. If we roll the die, the probability distribution of the outcomes is as follows:

| Outcome | Probability |
|--------|-------------|
| 1      | 1/6        |
| 2      | 1/6        |
| 3      | 1/6        |
| 4      | 1/6        |
| 5      | 1/6        |
| 6      | 1/6        |

### Section 3: Applications of Probability Theory

**Example:** A gambler wants to know the probability of winning a game.

**Example:** A business wants to know the probability of a certain product selling well.

**Example:** A scientist wants to know the probability of a certain event occurring in nature.

**Example:** A doctor wants to know the probability of a patient developing a certain disease.

### Conclusion:
In conclusion, probability theory is a powerful tool that can help us make informed decisions based on the likelihood of certain events occurring. By understanding the basic concepts of probability and probability distributions, we can apply this knowledge to a wide range of scenarios in our daily lives.


text: Woohoo!!!! Zinny's Blog Debuts CUTEST BABY OF THE MONTH!!!! I'm soooooooo..... over the roof!!!!. Here's my first super entry of the month:. Hi everyone! I'm Joyce from South Africa, My Cute Son is 2months Old. He is such a treasure especially when he's asleep ;) :). Every mother knows she's got the most adorable baby in the world! So don't be shy! Let your little one shine. Share your baby’s photo. Send entries to zinnylicious6@gmail.com. Zinny's Blog 'Cutest Baby Calender Contest' is coming up soon.... y...

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Blogging

**Section 1: What is a Blog?**
A blog is a website where people can share their thoughts, opinions, and experiences with others through written posts. It is a platform for creative expression and communication.

**Section 2: Why do people blog?**
People blog for various reasons, such as to share their interests, connect with others, build an online presence, or express themselves creatively. Some bloggers also use their blogs as a way to make money through advertising, sponsored posts, or affiliate marketing.

**Section 3: How do you start a blog?**
To start a blog, you need to choose a blogging platform, such as WordPress or Blogger, and select a domain name. You will also need to choose a hosting provider and design your blog with a theme and plugins. Finally, you can start creating and publishing your blog posts.

**Section 4: What makes a good blog post?**
A good blog post is engaging, informative, and well-written. It should have a clear topic, a strong introduction, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points. The post should also be visually appealing with images, videos, or graphics.

**Section 5: How do you promote a blog?**
To promote a blog, you can use social media, guest posting, email marketing, and search engine optimization (SEO). You can also participate in blogging communities and comment on other blogs to increase your visibility and reach.

**Glossary:**
- Blogging platform: a website that provides tools for creating and managing a blog
- Domain name: the unique web address of a blog
- Hosting provider: a company that stores and serves blog content to users
- Theme: a pre-designed template for customizing the appearance of a blog
- Plugins: additional features that can be added to a blog to enhance its functionality

**Conclusion:**
Blogging is a fun and rewarding hobby that allows people to share their passions and connect with others. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, anyone can start their own blog and begin sharing their voice with the world.


text: On Commodities Now, on the special Diwali edition on topics related to commodities, all the commodity prices have recovered by the third quarter following steep declines that we saw in the year due to the COVID19 pandemic. Crude oil prices hit negative has more than doubled and supported by a cut in oil supply. The prices are still more than one third lower than pre-pandemic levels. Metal prices have managed to recover rapidly in response to a faster than expected pick up of China’s industrial activities. Food prices around the world have risen. Over the last few months, the numbers tell a tale, and especially in the months of June, July, and August this year has witnessed some massive traction coming into the MCX total volumes.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding Commodities and their Prices

Introduction:
Commodities are basic goods used in everyday life, such as food, metals, and energy sources. In this lesson, we will learn about commodities, their prices, and how they are traded on exchanges like MCX.

Core Value:
In this special Diwali edition, we will focus on understanding the recovery of commodity prices after the steep decline caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. We will analyze the factors that contributed to this recovery and discuss how these changes affect the global economy.

Section 1: Understanding Commodities

Topic 1: Definition of Commodities
A commodity is a basic good that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type. Commodities can be classified into four main categories: food, metals, energies, and currencies.

Topic 2: Uses of Commodities
Commodities are used in various industries, such as agriculture, manufacturing, and construction. They are also used as investment assets and traded on exchanges.

Topic 3: Characteristics of Commodities
Commodities are homogeneous, meaning they are identical in quality and quantity. They are also fungible, which means that one unit of a commodity is interchangeable with another unit of the same commodity.

Section 2: Understanding Commodity Prices

Topic 1: Factors Affecting Commodity Prices
Several factors can affect the price of commodities, including supply and demand, weather conditions, government policies, and global economic trends.

Topic 2: Commodity Price Cycles
Commodity prices often follow cycles of boom and bust. During a boom, prices rise due to high demand and low supply. During a bust, prices fall due to oversupply and low demand.

Section 3: Trading Commodities on Exchanges

Topic 1: How Commodities are Traded on Exchanges
Commodities are traded on exchanges through futures contracts. Futures contracts are agreements to buy or sell a commodity at a specific price and time in the future.

Topic 2: Advantages of Trading Commodities on Exchanges
Trading commodities on exchanges allows investors to hedge against price fluctuations and speculate on future market trends. It also provides a way to diversify investment portfolios.

Section 4: Conclusion
In this lesson, we have learned about commodities, their prices, and how they are traded on exchanges. We have also discussed the factors that affect commodity prices and the advantages of trading commodities on exchanges. By understanding these concepts, we can make informed decisions about investing in commodities and stay up-to-date on the latest market trends.

Glossary:
- Commodities: Basic goods used in everyday life, such as food, metals, and energy sources.
- Futures Contracts: Agreements to buy or sell a commodity at a specific price and time in the future.
- Homogeneous: Identical in quality and quantity.
- Fungible: Interchangeable with another unit of the same commodity.


text: The vocabulary of a language is a dynamic system constantly evolving to meet the changing needs of society. This course consists of the study and analysis of the structure of the lexicon, the creative mechanisms of language, and the various types of word formations, including derivation, neology, loanwords and metaphors.. Prerequisite: FR/LING 3404..

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Lexicon and its Evolution

Introduction:
The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, consisting of all the words and their meanings. It is an essential component of language, and understanding its structure and evolution is crucial for linguists and language enthusiasts. In this lesson, we will explore the lexicon and its dynamics, including the mechanisms of language creation, word formations, and the impact of society on language change.

Section 1: The Structure of the Lexicon

Topic 1: Lexical Categories
- Definition: A lexical category is a group of related words that share similar grammatical properties.
- Example: Nouns (cat, dog), Verbs (run, jump), Adjectives (happy, sad), Adverbs (quickly, slowly), etc.
- Question: Can you give an example of a lexical category and its related words?
- Answer: One example of a lexical category is verbs. Some related words in this category include run, walk, jump, eat, and sleep.

Topic 2: Lexical Meaning
- Definition: The lexical meaning of a word refers to its core meaning, which is independent of context.
- Example: The lexical meaning of the word "dog" is a four-legged mammal that barks and is often kept as a pet.
- Question: How do you determine the lexical meaning of a word?
- Answer: To determine the lexical meaning of a word, you can use a dictionary or thesaurus to find its definition and related words.

Section 2: Creative Mechanisms of Language

Topic 1: Derivation
- Definition: Derivation is the process of forming new words from existing ones by adding affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes).
- Example: The word "unbelievable" is formed by adding the prefix "un-" to "believe" and the suffix "-able."
- Question: What are some common affixes used in English?
- Answer: In English, common affixes include prefixes such as "un-," "re-," and "dis-"; suffixes such as "-ed," "-ing," and "-er"; and infixes such as "in-" and "ir-."

Topic 2: Neology
- Definition: Neology is the creation of new words or new meanings for existing words.
- Example: The word "blog" was coined in the 1990s to refer to an online journal or website.
- Question: How do new words enter the lexicon?
- Answer: New words can enter the lexicon through various ways, including neologism, borrowing, and adaptation.

Section 3: Types of Word Formations

Topic 1: Loanwords
- Definition: Loanwords are words borrowed from another language.
- Example: The word "sushi" is a Japanese loanword that means "vinegared rice."
- Question: How do loanwords become part of the lexicon?
- Answer: Loanwords can become part of the lexicon through widespread usage, cultural exchange, and language contact.

Topic 2: Metaphors
- Definition: A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using "like" or "as."
- Example: The phrase "time is money" is a metaphor that compares time to money.
- Question: How do metaphors contribute to language change?
- Answer: Metaphors contribute to language change by creating new meanings and expressions that enrich the lexicon.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we explored the lexicon and its structure, the creative mechanisms of language, and various types of word formations. We learned about lexical categories, lexical meaning, derivation, neology, loanwords, and metaphors. By understanding these concepts, we can better appreciate the dynamic nature of language and its evolution over time.

Glossary:
- Lexicon: The vocabulary of a language
- Affix: A morpheme that is added to a root word to modify its meaning
- Neology: The creation of new words or new meanings for existing words
- Loanword: A word borrowed from another language
- Metaphor: A figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using "like" or "as"


text: As many as 2,000 of the BlackBerry 10 test models will be given out to developers at RIM’s BlackBerry Jam conference in Orlando, Florida and they are designed to allow developers to build applications using the underlying operating system, Alec Saunders, RIM’s vice-president developer relations, said in an telephone interview today.“It’s a huge step forward on our path to eventually launching BB10,” Saunders said. “It’s tangible evidence of the company making progress to finally shipping the device.”. Waterloo, Ontario-based RIM fell 0.5 percent to $13.72 at 1:44 p.m New York time. The stock fell 75 percent last year and is down 5.. RIM had the best market share being the first in the game with Smartphones but they lost the battle when everyone else came out with their own Smartphones. With superior leadership and organization RIM can till get back into the game, the war is not over.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Timely Action

Introduction:
In today's fast-paced world, timely action is crucial for success. This lesson will teach you about the importance of taking action quickly and how it can impact your life positively or negatively. We will explore real-world scenarios and mathematical abstractions to understand the concept better.

Section 1: Understanding the Concept

Topic 1: The Importance of Timely Action
- Definition: Timely action refers to taking action at the right time and in a timely manner. It is essential for achieving success in various aspects of life, including business, education, and personal relationships.
- Example: A student who starts studying for an exam a few days before the test is less likely to perform well than someone who studies regularly over a longer period.

Topic 2: The Impact of Timely Action
- Positive impact: Taking timely action can lead to better outcomes and increased chances of success. For example, a business that responds quickly to customer feedback is more likely to retain customers and improve its products or services.
- Negative impact: Delaying action can lead to missed opportunities and negative consequences. For example, a person who delays seeking medical help for a serious illness may face severe health complications or even death.

Section 2: Practical Examples

Topic 3: Business Scenario
- Example: A startup company receives funding from investors to develop a new product. If the company takes timely action to allocate resources and develop the product efficiently, it can launch the product successfully in the market. However, if the company delays taking action, it may miss the opportunity to capture the market share, and the product may fail.

Topic 4: Personal Relationships
- Example: A couple who communicates openly and honestly about their feelings and concerns can resolve conflicts quickly and strengthen their relationship. However, if they delay addressing issues, misunderstandings may escalate, leading to distance and potential separation.

Section 3: Self-Debating Discussion

Topic 5: Critical Thinking
- Question: How can we ensure that we take timely action in our personal and professional lives?
- Answer: To ensure timely action, we must develop critical thinking skills. Critical thinking involves analyzing information objectively, evaluating arguments, and making informed decisions. By practicing critical thinking, we can identify potential risks and opportunities, assess the potential outcomes of our actions, and act proactively rather than reactively.

Conclusion:

Timely action is essential for success in various aspects of life. By understanding the concept, analyzing real-world scenarios, and engaging in self-debating discussions, we can develop critical thinking skills and make informed decisions. Remember, the war is not over, and with superior leadership and organization, RIM can still get back into the game.

Glossary:
- Timely action: Taking action at the right time and in a timely manner
- Outcome: The result or effect of an action
- Proactive: Taking action before a problem arises
- Reactive: Taking action after a problem arises
- Critical thinking: Analyzing information objectively, evaluating arguments, and making informed decisions


text: Trumped up expectations cooling a bit?. PMI Manufacturing Index Flash. Services:. Initial earnings estimates have tended to fall:. This is extraordinary, as their liabilities are most likely predominately euro denominated, which is what I’d call a ‘fundamental short’ position. That is, this has been part of the ‘portfolio shifting’ that has been keeping the euro down:. Source:. Reserves capable of being profitable way down with lower prices:. Energy Companies Face Crude Reality: Better to Leave It in the Ground. By Sarah Kent, Bradley Olsen and Georgi Kantchev. Feb 17 (WSJ) — U.S. regulations require companies to take oil reserves off their books if they aren’t profitable at existing prices or can no longer be included as part of five-year development plans. Canada was once thought to hold the world’s third-largest trove of crude... Gasoline demand always falls this time of year but more than expected this year, raising questions of whether demand is fundamentally down even with lower prices, etc:.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Financial Statements

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Financial statements are documents that provide information about a company's financial performance and position. They are essential tools for investors, creditors, and other stakeholders to evaluate a company's financial health and make informed decisions. There are four main types of financial statements: the balance sheet, the income statement, the cash flow statement, and the statement of changes in equity.

The balance sheet shows a company's assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific point in time. Assets are resources owned by the company, such as cash, inventory, and property. Liabilities are obligations the company owes, such as loans and accounts payable. Equity represents the residual interest of shareholders after all expenses and liabilities have been paid.

The income statement shows a company's revenues, expenses, and profit over a period of time, usually a year. Revenues are the amounts earned from selling products or services. Expenses are the costs incurred in generating those revenues. Profit is the difference between revenues and expenses, also known as net income or net profit.

The cash flow statement shows how cash flows into and out of the company during a period of time. Cash flow from operating activities includes revenues minus expenses, plus or minus changes in working capital. Cash flow from investing activities includes purchases and sales of long-term assets. Cash flow from financing activities includes issuing and repaying debt, paying dividends, and receiving or paying out equity.

The statement of changes in equity shows how equity changed during a period of time. It includes contributions from shareholders, retained earnings, and other comprehensive income.

### Section 2: Questions and Answers
Why are financial statements important?
Ans: Financial statements are important because they provide valuable information about a company's financial performance and position. They help investors, creditors, and other stakeholders make informed decisions about investing, lending, or doing business with the company.

What is the difference between an asset and a liability?
Ans: An asset is a resource owned by the company, while a liability is an obligation the company owes. Assets increase equity, while liabilities decrease equity.

What is the difference between net income and cash flow from operations?
Ans: Net income is the difference between revenues and expenses, while cash flow from operations is the difference between cash inflows and outflows related to revenues and expenses. Net income does not consider changes in working capital, while cash flow from operations does.

### Section 3: Practical Examples
Let's say a company has the following financial statements:

Balance Sheet:
Assets: $500,000
Liabilities: $300,000
Equity: $200,000

Income Statement:
Revenues: $100,000
Expenses: $80,000
Net Income: $20,000

Cash Flow Statement:
Cash Flow from Operations: $30,000
Cash Flow from Investing Activities: ($10,000)
Cash Flow from Financing Activities: $20,000

Statement of Changes in Equity:
Contributions from Shareholders: $10,000
Retained Earnings: $10,000
Other Comprehensive Income: $5,000

To calculate the company's cash position, we can add the cash flow from operations to the beginning and ending cash balances:

Beginning Cash Balance: $10,000
Add: Cash Flow from Operations: $30,000
Ending Cash Balance: $40,000

The company has a positive cash flow and a healthy cash position. This indicates that the company is able to pay its bills and has enough cash to invest in growth opportunities.

### Glossary
Asset: A resource owned by the company, such as cash, inventory, or property.

Liability: An obligation the company owes, such as loans or accounts payable.

Equity: The residual interest of shareholders after all expenses and liabilities have been paid.

Net Income: The difference between revenues and expenses, also known as profit or net profit.

Cash Flow: The movement of cash into and out of the company.

Cash Flow from Operations: The amount of cash generated from regular business activities, such as selling products or providing services.

Cash Flow from Investing Activities: The amount of cash spent on long-term assets, such as property, equipment, or investments.

Cash Flow from Financing Activities: The amount of cash received from or paid out for debt, dividends, or equity.

Contributions from Shareholders: The amount of money invested in the company by shareholders.

Retained Earnings: The amount of profit that is retained in the company instead of being paid out as dividends.

Other Comprehensive Income: Changes in the value of investments or other assets that are not reflected in net income.

### Conclusion
Financial statements are essential tools for understanding a company's financial health and making informed decisions. By analyzing the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, and statement of changes in equity, investors, creditors, and other stakeholders can gain valuable insights into a company's financial performance and position.