text: Ozaukee County Circuit Judge Tom Wolfgram, a three-term incumbent who faced heavy criticism for signing the Scott Walker recall petitions lost to Joe Voiland. The vote was not close -- Voiland garnered over 60%.. Wolfgram was appointed by Republican Governor Tommy Thompson in 1994 and ran unopposed in this other three races. He also was named 2008 Judge of the Wisconsin State Bar. Some details on the race -- note that Darling was one of the state legislators who survived a recall vote:. A circuit court election is nonpartisan, but both candidates emphasized their Republican supporters in the race. Several Republican office holders in the county, including District Attorney Adam Gerol and Sheriff Maury Straub, endorsed Wolfgram.. Voiland's candidacy was backed by several Republican lawmakers representing portions of the county, such as Alberta Darling of River Hills and Jim Ott of Mequon.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Political News

Introduction:
In today's world, political news is everywhere. It's on TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, and social media. As a student, it's essential to understand what's going on in the world around you. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand political news.

Section 1: Reading Political News

The first step in understanding political news is learning how to read it. Here are some tips:

1. Start with the headline: The headline is the most important part of the article. It tells you what the story is about. Read it carefully and make sure you understand the main point.

2. Look at the date: Political news can change quickly. Make sure the article you're reading is up-to-date.

3. Check the source: Not all sources are created equal. Some sources are more reliable than others. Try to stick to reputable sources like newspapers, magazines, and websites that end in .org or .edu.

4. Skim the article: Once you've read the headline and checked the date and source, skim the rest of the article. This will help you get a feel for the story and see if there are any important details you missed.

5. Take notes: As you read, take notes on what you learn. This will help you remember the important points later on.

Section 2: Understanding Political News

Now that you know how to read political news, let's talk about how to understand it. Here are some tips:

1. Know the basics: Before you can understand complex political news, you need to know the basics. This includes understanding how government works, who the major players are, and what the issues are.

2. Look for context: When reading political news, try to put the story into context. What happened before this event? What might happen next? This will help you understand the bigger picture.

3. Consider multiple perspectives: In politics, different people have different opinions. Try to consider multiple perspectives when reading news. This will help you understand the full story.

4. Ask questions: If you don't understand something, ask questions. This could be of a classmate, teacher, or even the news source itself.

5. Use critical thinking: Political news is often designed to persuade you to think a certain way. Use critical thinking to evaluate what you're reading and decide for yourself.

Section 3: Applying Political News to Real Life

Now that you know how to read and understand political news, let's talk about how to apply it to real life. Here are some ways:

1. Participate in democracy: One of the best ways to apply political news is to participate in democracy. This could mean voting in elections, contacting your representatives, or joining a political group.

2. Discuss politics with others: Talking about politics with others can help you understand different perspectives and learn more about the issues. Just make sure to do so respectfully.

3. Stay informed: Keep up with the news to stay informed about what's happening in the world. This will help you make informed decisions and participate in conversations.

4. Take action: If you see an issue that you care about, take action. This could mean writing a letter to your representative, attending a protest, or volunteering for a cause.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, reading and understanding political news is an essential skill for anyone who wants to be an informed citizen. By following the tips in this lesson, you'll be well on your way to understanding the complex world of politics.


text:
Q:

Concatenate filename inside of CSV file for each line for multiple CSV files

I have lots of CSV files and I need the filename of each specific CSV file in every line of each file.
Original file content of abc123.csv:
ColVal_1;ColVal_2;ColVal_3
ColVal_4;ColVal_5;ColVal_6

New file content:
ColVal_1;ColVal_3;ColVal_3;abc123.csv
ColVal_4;ColVal_5;ColVal_6;abc123.csv

All CSV files are in the same directory. I don't want to specify the name of each file.

A:

Its much more simple, easier and faster with sed and xargs. Here sed uses in-place editing thus avoiding additional shell tools.
$ ls file{1..5}.txt|xargs -I% sed -i 's/$/;%/' %

And here is the output.
$ cat file{1..5}.txt
ColVal_1;ColVal_2;ColVal_3;file1.txt
ColVal_4;ColVal_5;ColVal_6;file1.txt
ColVal_1;ColVal_2;ColVal_3;file2.txt
ColVal_4;ColVal_5;ColVal_6;file2.txt
ColVal_1;ColVal_2;ColVal_3;file3.txt
ColVal_4;ColVal_5;ColVal_6;file3.txt
ColVal_1;ColVal_2;ColVal_3;file4.txt
ColVal_4;ColVal_5;ColVal_6;file4.txt
ColVal_1;ColVal_2;ColVal_3;file5.txt
ColVal_4;ColVal_5;ColVal_6;file5.txt

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Concatenate filename inside of CSV file for each line for multiple CSV files

### Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn how to concatenate the filename inside of a CSV file for each line using sed command. We will use the following CSV file as an example:

```
ColVal_1;ColVal_2;ColVal_3
ColVal_4;ColVal_5;ColVal_6
```

After completing this lesson, you will be able to concatenate the filename inside of a CSV file for each line using sed command for any number of CSV files.

### Theory

To concatenate the filename inside of a CSV file for each line using sed command, we will use the following steps:

1. List all CSV files in the current directory using `ls` command.
2. Use `xargs` command to pass the list of CSV files to `sed` command.
3. Use the `-i` option with `sed` command to edit the CSV files in place.
4. Use a regular expression to replace the last newline character with a semicolon followed by the filename.

Here is the sed command that concatenates the filename inside of a CSV file for each line:

```
ls file{1..5}.txt | xargs -I% sed -i 's/$/;%/' %
```

This command lists all CSV files in the current directory starting from `file1.txt` to `file5.txt`. It then passes the list of CSV files to `xargs`, which uses the `file{1..5}.txt` syntax to generate the list of filenames. Finally, it uses `sed` command to edit the CSV files in place by replacing the last newline character with a semicolon followed by the filename.

### Practice

Now let's practice concatenating the filename inside of a CSV file for each line using sed command.

1. Open your terminal or command prompt.
2. Navigate to the directory where your CSV files are located.
3. Type the following command and press Enter:

```
ls file{1..5}.txt | xargs -I% sed -i 's/$/;%/' %
```

4. Wait for the command to finish executing. You should see the output of the command, which should look like this:

```
ColVal_1;ColVal_2;ColVal_3;file1.txt
ColVal_4;ColVal_5;ColVal_6;file1.txt
ColVal_1;ColVal_2;ColVal_3;file2.txt
ColVal_4;ColVal_5;ColVal_6;file2.txt
ColVal_1;ColVal_2;ColVal_3;file3.txt
ColVal_4;ColVal_5;ColVal_6;file3.txt
ColVal_1;ColVal_2;ColVal_3;file4.txt
ColVal_4;ColVal_5;ColVal_6;file4.txt
ColVal_1;ColVal_2;ColVal_3;file5.txt
ColVal_4;ColVal_5;ColVal_6;file5.txt
```

5. Open one of the modified CSV files using a text editor. You should see that the last newline character has been replaced with a semicolon followed by the filename.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned how to concatenate the filename inside of a CSV file for each line using sed command. We covered the theory behind the command and practiced using it on multiple CSV files. With this skill, you can easily concatenate the filename inside of any CSV file for each line using sed command.


text:
Albert Stewart Meek

Albert Stewart Meek (26 October 1871 – 1 October 1943) was an English bird collector and naturalist.

Biography
Meek was born on 26 October 1871 in Bow, London, the son of a merchant in natural history. In 1893 he travelled to Australia and spent some time at George Barnard’s cattle station at Coomooboolaroo, the only place in Australia where the now-extinct paradise parrot had occurred. It is not known if Meek ever saw this species.

In 1894 he began collecting bird and insect specimens for Lionel Walter Rothschild; first in England, then in Australia. Later, in the Pacific region (in particular the Solomon Islands, New Guinea and Bougainville, he was the first naturalist who observed the birdlife).

Meek also collected reptiles for the Natural History Museum in London, including the holotype and paratype of the venomous Woodlark Island snake (Toxicocalamus longissimus) from Woodlark Island, off the east coast of British New Guinea, and described by George Albert Boulenger in 1896, as the type-species of the genus Toxicocalamus. A third specimen collected by Meek, reported to have come from Fergusson Island in the d'Entrecasteaux Islands also off the east coast of British New Guinea, is also believed to have originated from Woodlark Island. Today this rare snake is still only known from twelve specimens in four museums.

Meek became a dealer in feathers and insects. In 1904 he travelled to Choiseul, where he collected the last specimens of the Choiseul crested pigeon. But, due to the horrible reputation of the islanders as cannibals, he was protected by an armed escort to bring the skins to his vessel. On an expedition in New Guinea in 1906 he discovered and shot the first specimen of the Queen Alexandra's birdwing (Ornithoptera alexandrae), the largest butterfly in the world. While on a visit to New Guinea he estimated that the headdress of a chief needed the feathers of more than 23 killed birds (e.g., birds of paradise), just to create the middle part.

His collection of bird skins and insects is held by the Natural History Museum in London. Specimens from Meek's collections can also be seen in the American Museum of Natural History.

Species named after Meek include eight full bird species: Choiseul crested pigeon (Migrogoura meeki),  Meek's lorikeet (Charmosyna meeki), Meek's pygmy parrot (Micropsitta meeki), Bougainville crow (Corvus meeki), white-throated white-eye (Zosterops meeki), yellowish-streaked honeyeater (Ptiloprora meekiana), North Solomons dwarf kingfisher (Ceyx meeki) and the Manus hawk owl (Ninox meeki). Also several butterfly and moth species were named after Meek, including Graphium meeki, Gnathothlibus meeki, Delias meeki, Angonyx meeki, Macroglossum meeki, Oxycanus meeki, Bindahara meeki, Acupicta meeki, and Udara meeki. In 1896, Oldfield Thomas described Emballonura beccarii meeki, a subspecies of the Beccari's sheath-tailed bat of which Meek had collected the type series on Kiriwina, Trobriand Islands. Despite the considerable collections of reptiles made by Meek, including the holotype and paratype of the rare elapid snake Toxicocalamus longissimus, only one reptile was named in his honour, a treesnake Dendrophis meeki, by G.A.Boulenger in 1895, this species now being a synonym of Dendrelaphis gastrostictus.

Meek died on 1 October 1943 at his home in Bondi, Sydney. He had two sons and two daughters: Wilfred, Victor, Gladys and Marie.

Literature by and about Meek

Rothschild, M. 1983. Dear Lord Rothschild: Birds, butterflies and history. Balaban, Philadelphia. xx + 398 pp. Mentions Walter Rothschild's collectors in New Guinea, including William Doherty, Albert S. Meek, Ernst Mayr, etc.
Rothschild, W., and E. Hartert. 1913. List of the collections of birds made by Albert S. Meek in the lower ranges of the Snow Mountains, on the Eilanden River, and on Mount Goliath during the years 1910 and 1911.Novitates Zoologicae 20:473–527. Notes on Lepidoptera collected by Albert S. Meek in Irian Jaya during 1910 and 1911, including descriptions of localities
Barbara and Richard Mearns, The Bird Collectors, Academic Press, 1998,
Albert S. Meek, A Naturalist in Cannibal Land, 1913, Fischer Unwin, London

References

External links

Category:1871 births
Category:1943 deaths
Category:English naturalists
Category:English entomologists

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Bird Collecting and Naturalism

### Overview

This lesson introduces students to the fascinating world of bird collecting and naturalism. Through this lesson, students will learn about the life and work of Albert Stewart Meek, an English bird collector and naturalist. They will also explore the importance of bird collecting and naturalism in understanding the natural world.

### Objectives

- Understand the concept of bird collecting and naturalism
- Learn about the life and work of Albert Stewart Meek
- Identify the importance of bird collecting and naturalism in understanding the natural world

### Background

Bird collecting and naturalism involve the study of birds and their habitats to understand the natural world. This field has been crucial in advancing our knowledge of the natural world and has led to significant discoveries and innovations.

Albert Stewart Meek was an English bird collector and naturalist who played a significant role in advancing our understanding of the natural world. He traveled extensively, collecting thousands of bird specimens, which he sold to wealthy patrons who supported his work.

### Section 1: Introduction to Bird Collecting and Naturalism

- What is bird collecting and naturalism?
- Why is it important?

Bird collecting and naturalism involve the study of birds and their habitats to understand the natural world. This field has been crucial in advancing our knowledge of the natural world and has led to significant discoveries and innovations.

Bird collectors and naturalists study birds in their natural habitats, observing their behavior, and collecting specimens for further study. These specimens are used to better understand the biology, ecology, and distribution of birds. This information is essential for conservation efforts, as it helps us identify species at risk and develop strategies to protect them.

### Section 2: The Life and Work of Albert Stewart Meek

- Who was Albert Stewart Meek?
- What were his contributions to bird collecting and naturalism?

Albert Stewart Meek was an English bird collector and naturalist who played a significant role in advancing our understanding of the natural world. He traveled extensively, collecting thousands of bird specimens, which he sold to wealthy patrons who supported his work.

Meek's collections were extensive and diverse, including specimens from Australia, the Pacific region, and other parts of the world. He was also known for his meticulous records, which provided valuable information about the birds he collected.

### Section 3: The Importance of Bird Collecting and Naturalism

- Why is bird collecting and naturalism important?
- How has it contributed to our understanding of the natural world?

Bird collecting and naturalism are essential because they provide us with valuable information about the natural world. By studying birds in their natural habitats, we can learn about their behavior, ecology, and distribution. This information is essential for conservation efforts, as it helps us identify species at risk and develop strategies to protect them.

Furthermore, bird collecting and naturalism have contributed significantly to our understanding of the natural world. For example, the discovery of new species has led to a better understanding of the distribution of birds globally. Additionally, the study of bird migration patterns has helped us understand the impact of climate change on bird populations.

### Conclusion

In conclusion, bird collecting and naturalism are essential fields that have contributed significantly to our understanding of the natural world. Albert Stewart Meek was a prominent figure in these fields, and his contributions have helped us advance our knowledge of birds and their habitats. By studying bird collecting and naturalism, we can better appreciate the beauty and complexity of the natural world and work towards protecting it for future generations.


text:
Yesterday I wrote about how potential has changed in NBA2K14 (from previous versions of the game), to cut the long story short (although it will help if you read the article); potential now acts as a static cap (once a player reaches an overall level equal to his potential, the game will stop “growing” the player during the end-of-season player changes), previously potential would rise as a player improved, that is no-longer the case. Potential can only rise by putting a player through training camp. This change has had a profound effect on Association Mode (read the article for more info).

While writing about potential, I used last year’s no1 draft pick Anthony Davis as an example. I never really considered applying the potential cap to the 2013 draft, until now!

NBA 2013 Draft – NBA 2K14 Potential and Overall Rating.

(NBA 2013 draft, sorted by NBA2K14 Potential – high > low)

Pick Name Pos Team (original!) POT OVR 6 Nerlens Noel C New Orleans Pelicans (traded to Philadelphia)[A] 88 71 17 1 Anthony Bennett PF/SF Cleveland Cavaliers 86 76 10 2 Victor Oladipo SG/PG Orlando Magic 86 76 10 7 Ben McLemore SG Sacramento Kings 85 72 13 9 Trey Burke PG Minnesota Timberwolves (traded to Utah)[B] 85 73 12 10 C. J. McCollum PG/SG Portland Trail Blazers 85 72 13 11 Michael Carter-Williams PG/SG Philadelphia 76ers 85 69 16 3 Otto Porter SF Washington Wizards 84 74 10 8 Kentavious Caldwell-Pope SG Detroit Pistons 83 70 13 4 Cody Zeller PF/C Charlotte Bobcats 82 68 14 5 Alex Len C Phoenix Suns 78 62 16 13 Kelly Olynyk C Dallas Mavericks (traded to Boston)[C] 78 68 10 12 Steven Adams C Oklahoma City Thunder (from Toronto via Houston)[a] 73 57 16 18 Shane Larkin PG Atlanta Hawks (from Houston via Brooklyn,[b] traded to Dallas)[D] 73 70 3 17 Dennis Schröder PG Atlanta Hawks 72 66 6 23 Solomon Hill SF Indiana Pacers 72 62 10 24 Tim Hardaway, Jr. SG New York Knicks 72 69 3 29 Archie Goodwin SG Oklahoma City Thunder (traded to Phoenix via Golden State) [E][G] 72 68 4 30 Nemanja Nedović PG Phoenix Suns (from Miami via Cleveland and LA Lakers,[c][f] traded to Golden State)[G] 72 63 9 21 Gorgui Dieng C Utah Jazz (from Golden State via Brooklyn,[d] traded to Minnesota)[B] 71 64 7 14 Shabazz Muhammad SG/SF Utah Jazz (traded to Minnesota)[B] 70 65 5 15 Giannis Antetokounmpo G/F Milwaukee Bucks 70 60 10 19 Sergey Karasev SG/SF Cleveland Cavaliers (from LA Lakers)[c] 70 60 10 25 Reggie Bullock SF Los Angeles Clippers 70 64 6 20 Tony Snell SF Chicago Bulls 68 62 6 22 Mason Plumlee C Brooklyn Nets 68 61 7 26 André Roberson PF Minnesota Timberwolves (from Memphis via Houston,[e] traded to Oklahoma City via Golden State)[E] 68 63 5 27 Rudy Gobert C Denver Nuggets (traded to Utah)[F] 66 52 14 16 Lucas Nogueira# C Boston Celtics (traded to Atlanta via Dallas)[C][D] 0 0 0 28 Livio Jean-Charles SF San Antonio Spurs 0 0 0

Key:

POS – Positions player can play (taken from wikipedia – not all are reflected in game!)

POT – Player potential: the maximum overall level a player can reach.

OVR – Overall: the starting statistic for the player (not including any +/- for team chemistry)

Note: All values are v1 preseason stats and may change in future updates. Players with 0/0 are not currently in the game. Should you notice any mistakes please tweet me @NBA2KBlogger (in the current game database, please don’t contact me a month or more from now to rectify a stat, because in that first month+ of the season 2K has likely updated the stats to reflect the Zeitgeist!).

(draft information is from the Wikipedia NBA 2013 Draft page all other information is from the NBA2K14 game database).

How does this affect NBA2K14?

In the article yesterday the 2012 no 1 pick, Anthony Davis, had a potential of 93. I think the potentials above are a fair reflection of this year’s draft, if Davis had been available for this draft he would have been the favourite for the no1 pick again (although it will take a while to properly assess the 2013 draftees!).

Interestingly the only player who has a chance of hitting a true 99 overall without using Untapped Potential at least twice (and doing a lot of extra training) is Nerlens Noel, who would probably reach 99 with just a single Untapped Potential and a lot of training (he should hit late 90s with a single Untapped Potential if you use it in the first season, and with team chemistry he could hit 99 without training. But as a rookie you would probably put him through some drills/training anyway to smoove off those rough edges/increase his best stats! I showed yesterday that you can break the potential “cap limit” by using training camps/drills).

There are a lot of players who are already very close to maxing out their stats. Shane Larkin and Tim Hardaway, Jr. are only 3 points away from reaching their potential (so you will probably max them out in the first season, or see very little gain!). Snell will probably max out in a season or two, as will Shabazz Muhammad (which is a shame because he has some great dunks and a nice set of skills and even worse, I’ve just signed him on my Bulls save game!). It is arguable whether it is worth keeping these players at all! You can’t send them to training camp until after the first season has finished (and the rookie season usually sees the biggest boosts in stats), and even then the potential will only be high 70s/low 80s. They aren’t going to turn into superstar players (without cheating or a boost later in the year from 2K). They certainly aren’t first team caliber and you might be better to trade them for a player with higher potential or better base stats!

The biggest gaps (between starting rating and potential, effectively the players with the most room to grow; although you should note, that is NOT the same as a list of the players who will turn out to be the best! For example, Gobert is listed here as 14, but only has 66 potential, the difference is high because he starts with even more terrible base stats!) are:

Nerlens Noel (17)

Michael Carter-Williams, Alex Len and Steven Adams (16)

Cody Zeller and Rudy Gobert (14)

Ben McLemore, Kentavious Caldwell-Pope, and C. J. McCollum (13)

and finally Trey Burke with (12)

(the rest of the players from the first round of the 2013 draft are all 10 or under in overall>potential ratio).

So what have we learned about the 2013 draft? Certainly those players at the top of the list are worth getting. A team consisting of Burke, Oladipo (who isn’t listed as a PG in the game currently), Porter, Bennett and Noel would grow into a great team and you’ll have a lot of fun with them, especially if you can gain enough points to use untapped potential early enough in their careers (although you’d probably be better off picking one or two players from any one draft year, due to the limit on points available for Untapped Potential, expensive at 75 points a pop!).

I think the first thing I’ll be aiming for in my current game is a Davis, Noel pairing! As an aside, I wonder if Wiggins will enter NBA2K15 with 99 potential? (I believe only James has 99 pot’ in the current game. Durant has 98, I haven’t seen any others as high as that, although Paul George has had a nice increase with 95 potential and will become (already is!) a beast!).

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Potential and Overall Rating in NBA2K14

**Objective:** To understand the concept of potential and overall rating in NBA2K14, and how they affect the performance of players in the game.

**Introduction:** In NBA2K14, potential and overall rating are two important attributes that determine the performance of players in the game. Potential refers to the maximum overall rating that a player can achieve, while overall rating refers to the current rating of a player. In this lesson, we will explore the meaning of potential and overall rating, how they are calculated, and how they affect the performance of players in the game.

**Section 1: Understanding Potential and Overall Rating**

**Potential:** Potential is a measure of the maximum overall rating that a player can achieve in NBA2K14. It represents the player's ceiling or the highest level of performance that they can reach. Once a player reaches their potential, their overall rating will not increase any further.

**Overall Rating:** Overall rating is a measure of a player's current performance in the game. It takes into account their skills, abilities, and attributes. The overall rating of a player can change over time based on their performance in games, training, and other activities.

**Section 2: Calculation of Potential and Overall Rating**

The potential of a player is determined by a combination of factors, including their physical attributes, skills, and abilities. The overall rating of a player is calculated based on their performance in games, training, and other activities.

**Section 3: Effect of Potential and Overall Rating on Player Performance**

The potential and overall rating of a player have a significant impact on their performance in the game. Players with higher potential and overall ratings tend to perform better than those with lower ratings. Additionally, players who reach their potential in the game tend to plateau in terms of their performance, while those who have not yet reached their potential continue to improve.

**Section 4: Practical Examples**

Let's consider the case of Anthony Davis, the number one pick in the 2012 NBA draft. In NBA2K14, he has a potential of 92 and an overall rating of 81. This means that he has the potential to reach an overall rating of 92, but he has not yet reached that level. As a result, his performance in the game may improve over time as he continues to train and develop his skills.

**Conclusion:** Understanding the concept of potential and overall rating in NBA2K14 is crucial for anyone who wants to excel at the game. By understanding how these attributes are calculated and how they affect player performance, you can make informed decisions about which players to draft, train, and play in the game.

**Glossary:**

- **Potential:** The maximum overall rating that a player can achieve in NBA2K14.
- **Overall rating:** The current rating of a player in NBA2K14, which takes into account their skills, abilities, and attributes.
- **Ceiling:** The highest level of performance that a player can reach in NBA2K14.
- **Plateau:** A point in a player's development where their performance does not improve any further.


text:
Humans beings appear to be hardwired to have a sense of fairness. This is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective, which you would have thought would mean we were predisposed to seek advantage for ourselves and our families wherever possible. But in fact a sense of fairness is important for humans to be able to help each other. Human cooperation is based on reciprocal altruism – we help people because they’ve either helped us in the past or they may help us in the future.

This form of cooperation is only possible when individuals are able to keep track of other individuals’ efforts and payoffs – and a sense of fairness helps with this. But what about non-human animals? Is sense of fairness unique in differentiating humans from other animals or has it evolved in other non-human animals too?

There’s a way of testing for this in animals using an “inequity aversion task”. One test subject receives a reward for completing a task, while an experimental partner gets a “booby prize” – something they don’t particularly like. You’d imagine that individual animals that have a strong sense of fair play would either stop taking part in the experiment or refuse the treat.

One of the first species that was tested for inequity aversion were brown capuchin monkeys. In a task where the monkeys had to exchange a token for a treat, one individual was given a piece of cucumber in exchange for a token, whereas a model individual – another monkey not the focus of the experiment – in an adjacent cage got a grape for the same action. Capuchin monkeys prefer grapes to cucumbers – and the individual receiving the cucumber soon started to “protest” by throwing the unloved vegetable back at the experimenter.

orangecrush, Shutterstock

The capuchin monkeys were also well aware of unfairness in the amount of effort they had to expend to receive a reward. When they had to “work” for a reward – and could see that their experimental partner received the reward as a “gift”, they stopped participating.

A number of other primate species, including chimpanzees, rhesus macaques and long-tailed macaques, have been shown to express some form of behavioural responses to inequity. Apart from primates, two further highly social mammalian species, dogs and rats, have also been shown to be sensitive to unfairness.

Bird brains

But what about non mammalian species? In recent years, the family of corvids has become one of the prime models when it comes to studying cognition in birds. Corvids are a large family of more than 120 species – including ravens, crows, magpies and jays. Corvids are highly social and have flexible social systems. Adult ravens for example live in territorial pairs, whereas jackdaws live in large community groups. In some species, such as the carrion crow, sociability depends on the environment – they might breed in male-female pairs in some environments as well as cooperative groups in others.

Claudia Wascher , Author provided

Various forms of naturally occurring cooperation can be observed in different corvid species. They help each other in aggressive encounters and share resources such as food or information about predators. So, given the extent to which corvids have been seen to cooperate in the wild, we expected them to have a sense of fairness and unfairness.

We decided to put them to the same test as the primates. The test subjects were four common ravens and six carrion crows. The birds received a piece of cheese as their reward (they like cheese) and a piece of grape as the booby prize. In one experiment, both individuals received the same food reward for exchanging a token with a human experimenter, while in another, one bird received only grapes for exchanging, whereas the other was given cheese. We also tried what’s called an “effort control” experiment in which the test subject had to exchange its token either for a piece of cheese or a piece of grape while the other bird was given the same reward, but got it as a gift and did not have to exchange for it.

In the “inequity” condition the subject crow – the bird that was being unfairly treated – stopped taking the lesser reward. In the “effort control” they stopped exchanging their token for the reward when they saw the other bird getting its reward for no effort. In both cases they could see how they were being treated unfairly and decided not to cooperate.

So in this respect, corvids are like some mammals – and a high complexity and flexibility in cooperation may have driven the evolution of this awareness of what is fair and what isn’t. The fact that inequity aversion is present not only in a number of primate species but also corvids suggests that this idea of fairness and cooperation is something that cooperative species have got in common which has enabled them to evolve sociability.

Claudia Wascher will be giving a talk: Unfairness ruffles crows’ feathers as part of the Cambridge Science Festival from March 13 to 26.

textbook:
Lesson:

## Chapter 1: Introduction to Fairness

Fairness is a concept that is often associated with human behavior, but is it unique to humans? In this lesson, we will explore the concept of fairness and its evolutionary significance. We will also investigate whether non-human animals exhibit a sense of fairness.

## Chapter 2: What is Fairness?

Fairness refers to the quality of being impartial, just, and equitable. It is the ability to recognize when someone is being treated unfairly and to take action to correct the situation. Fairness is important in human society because it allows us to cooperate and work together towards common goals.

## Chapter 3: Evolutionary Significance of Fairness

Fairness is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective. You would think that humans would be predisposed to seek advantage for themselves and their families. However, a sense of fairness is important for humans to be able to help each other. Human cooperation is based on reciprocal altruism, which means that we help people because they have helped us in the past or may help us in the future. This form of cooperation is only possible when individuals are able to keep track of other individuals' efforts and payoffs. A sense of fairness helps with this.

## Chapter 4: Do Non-Human Animals Exhibit a Sense of Fairness?

There is a way of testing for a sense of fairness in non-human animals using an "inequity aversion task." In this task, one test subject receives a reward for completing a task, while an experimental partner gets a "booby prize" - something they don't particularly like. You would imagine that individual animals that have a strong sense of fair play would either stop taking part in the experiment or refuse the treat.

## Chapter 5: Conclusion

In conclusion, a sense of fairness is important for human cooperation and has evolved as a result of our need to help each other. However, there is evidence to suggest that non-human animals may also exhibit a sense of fairness. By understanding the concept of fairness and its evolutionary significance, we can better appreciate the importance of fairness in both human and non-human societies.


text: Product 17/30. Hanro Cotton Deluxe sleeveless nightdress comes in white buttery soft pima cotton suitable for bed or lounge wear.At 90cm long this above-the-knee style with curved hem is modern and comfortable.A button down front adds detail, makes it easy to take on off and allows for neckline adjustment.Hanro Cotton Deluxe collection features everything from a shirt style night dress to a full length nightdress.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Product Descriptions

**Introduction**
In today's world, we encounter product descriptions almost everywhere we go. Whether you're shopping online or in-store, understanding what a product is and what it can do is essential before making a purchase. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand product descriptions by breaking them down into their main components.

**Section 1: Understanding the Structure of a Product Description**
A typical product description follows a specific structure that includes the following elements:

1. Product Name
2. Material
3. Color
4. Size/Dimensions
5. Features
6. Benefits
7. Instructions/Care Guide
8. Customer Reviews

Let's take a closer look at each component.

**Section 2: Analyzing the Components of a Product Description**

1. **Product Name:** This is the name of the product being described. It should give you an idea of what the product is and what it does.

2. **Material:** This section tells you what the product is made of. It's essential to know if the material is suitable for your needs. For example, if you have allergies, you may want to avoid products made of certain materials.

3. **Color:** This section tells you the color of the product. It's crucial if you're looking for a specific color or if the color is essential to the product's function.

4. **Size/Dimensions:** This section provides information about the size and dimensions of the product. It's vital if you need a specific size or if the product's dimensions are essential to its function.

5. **Features:** This section lists the unique features of the product. It's essential to know what the product can do and how it differs from other similar products.

6. **Benefits:** This section explains how the product can benefit the user. It's crucial to understand the advantages of the product and how it can improve your life.

7. **Instructions/Care Guide:** This section provides instructions on how to use the product and how to care for it. It's essential to follow these instructions to ensure the product's longevity and safety.

8. **Customer Reviews:** This section provides reviews from other customers who have already purchased the product. It's a great way to get an honest opinion about the product from someone who has already used it.

**Section 3: Practice**
Now that we understand the structure of a product description, let's put our knowledge to the test. Below is a product description for a smartphone. Read it carefully and answer the following questions:

1. What is the product name?
2. What is the phone made of?
3. What color options are available?
4. What are the dimensions of the phone?
5. What are the unique features of the phone?
6. How can the phone benefit the user?
7. Are there any instructions or care guides for the phone?
8. What do customer reviews say about the phone?

**Glossary**
- Product Name: The name of the product being described.
- Material: The substance the product is made of.
- Color: The hue of the product.
- Size/Dimensions: The measurements of the product.
- Features: Unique aspects of the product.
- Benefits: Advantages of using the product.
- Instructions/Care Guide: Directions on how to use and care for the product.
- Customer Reviews: Opinions from other customers who have already purchased the product.

**Conclusion**
Understanding how to read and interpret product descriptions is a valuable skill that can help you make informed purchasing decisions. By analyzing the structure and components of a product description, you can determine if the product is right for you. Remember to practice your skills by reading product descriptions and answering questions about them.


text: I haven't done inchies for a while since Apr swaps, I'm back with Jul and Aug swaps. Guess I'm now into origami, a number of them are all folded as I challenge myself to fold them small to fit the 1-inch squares - cranes, frogs and maple leaves. The pink inchies, mermaid Moos and robot twinchies with the robot head inchies are done with die-cuts.. Notice the minion inchies? I watched both shows and must admit they are simple and cute. Aren't they?

textbook:
Lesson: Origami for Beginners
Introduction:
Origami is the traditional Japanese art of paper folding. It involves transforming a flat sheet of paper into a three-dimensional shape by folding and unfolding it without cutting or gluing. Origami has become a popular hobby worldwide, and it is an excellent way to develop problem-solving skills, creativity, and patience.
Core Value:
The core value of origami is that it teaches us to think critically and solve problems creatively. Origami requires us to visualize the final product in our minds, plan the steps, and execute them accurately. It also teaches us to appreciate the beauty of simplicity and the joy of creating something with our hands.
Lesson Plan:
Section 1: Introduction to Origami
- Definition of Origami
- History of Origami
- Why Origami is Important
- Basic Folding Techniques
Section 2: Creating a Simple Origami Figure
- Choose a figure (e.g., crane, frog, maple leaf)
- Follow the step-by-step instructions to fold the figure
- Practice folding the figure until you can do it quickly and accurately
- Challenge yourself to fold the figure smaller and smaller without losing its shape
Section 3: Designing Your Own Origami Figure
- Choose a theme (e.g., animals, flowers, robots)
- Sketch out your design on paper
- Identify the folding patterns required to create your design
- Test your design by folding a small piece of paper
- Refine your design until you are satisfied with the result
Section 4: Advanced Origami Techniques
- Sink folds
- Mountain folds
- Valley folds
- Petals
- Pleats
- Waterbomb base
- Pre-folding
- Layering
Section 5: Applying Origami Skills to Real-Life Scenarios
- Design a greeting card with an origami figure
- Create an origami sculpture for a school project
- Teach someone else how to fold an origami figure
Conclusion:
Origami is a fun and educational hobby that teaches us to think creatively and solve problems systematically. By following the step-by-step instructions and practicing regularly, we can improve our skills and create beautiful and intricate figures. We can also apply our origami skills to real-life scenarios, such as designing greeting cards or creating sculptures. With patience and perseverance, anyone can learn to fold paper like a pro!


text:
Day: December 1, 2015

Employment of healthcare occupations is projected to develop 18 {438fa13be9b3e7f0376276a065a0c1969841d3c3715da9d9faa374e14cc72fab} from 2016 to 2026, much quicker than the typical for all occupations, including about 2.4 million new jobs. Affordable quality health care assured,” read campaign billboards for President Emmerson Mnangagwa, a former Mugabe protege, ahead of the July 2018 election. Apps that access HealthKit are required to have a privateness coverage, so be sure to review these insurance policies before providing apps with access to your health and fitness knowledge.

Public health has been described as “the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health by way of the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, private and non-private, communities and people.” 52 It is concerned with threats to the general health of a community primarily based on inhabitants health evaluation.

Every group is totally different, and as a result, efforts to enhance health will differ. … Read the rest

textbook:
Chapter 1: Introduction to Healthcare Occupations

### Lesson Overview

In this chapter, we will introduce you to the concept of healthcare occupations and their importance in the healthcare industry. We will cover the following topics:

1. What are healthcare occupations?
2. Why are healthcare occupations important?
3. Types of healthcare occupations
4. How to become a healthcare professional

### Lesson Content

1. What are healthcare occupations?

Healthcare occupations refer to jobs that involve taking care of people's health or helping them stay healthy. These occupations can range from doctors and nurses to medical technicians and support staff.

2. Why are healthcare occupations important?

Healthcare occupations are important because they provide essential services to maintain and improve people's health. They play a crucial role in preventing and treating illnesses, promoting healthy lifestyles, and ensuring that individuals receive proper medical care when they need it.

3. Types of healthcare occupations

There are many different types of healthcare occupations, including:

- Doctors and surgeons
- Nurses
- Medical technicians
- Dental professionals
- Healthcare support workers
- Administrative staff

4. How to become a healthcare professional

To become a healthcare professional, you typically need to complete a degree or diploma program in a relevant field, such as nursing, medicine, or dentistry. Depending on your chosen occupation, you may also need to complete additional training or obtain a license or certification.

### Lesson Conclusion

In this chapter, we have introduced you to the concept of healthcare occupations and their importance in the healthcare industry. We have covered what they are, why they are important, and the different types of healthcare occupations. We have also provided an overview of how to become a healthcare professional.

In the next chapter, we will delve deeper into the role of doctors and nurses in the healthcare industry.


text: Yamaha RD400E – 1977. Year: 1977. Manufacturer: Yamaha. Model: RD400E. Colour: Blue. Engine Size: 400. Drive Type: Chain. Start Type: Kick Start. Parts and Spares for this Motorcycle delivered Worldwide >>>. Download the Official Workshop Manual for this Motorcycle>>>. Restored 1977 Yamaha RD400E Motorcycle.. This Yamaha was restored by its owner in the USA.. The bike was disassembled and rebuilt with new old stock parts where available.. The engine was rebuilt with all new bearings.. The seals in the engine and transmission were replaced.. A new clutch was installed.. The crank was rebuilt.. New pistons were fitted.. The carburettors were cleaned and rebuilt with new jets and floats.. New cables were fitted.. The brake callipers were rebuilt.. The master cylinder was rebuilt.. A new seat was sourced and fitted.. The seat pan was replaced.. A great restored Yamaha RD400E Motorcycle.. Parts and Spares for this Motorcycle delivered Worldwide >>>. Download the Official Workshop Manual for this Motorcycle>>>

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Vintage Motorcycles

**Objective:** To introduce students to vintage motorcycles and their history, as well as their restoration and maintenance.

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will explore the world of vintage motorcycles, their history, and their restoration and maintenance. We will cover the basics of motorcycle engines, their parts, and how they work. We will also discuss the importance of maintaining these motorcycles and the skills required to do so.

**Section 1: Introduction to Vintage Motorcycles**

- What is a vintage motorcycle?
- Why are vintage motorcycles popular?
- Who invented the first motorcycle?

**Section 2: The History of Vintage Motorcycles**

- When were the first motorcycles built?
- Who were the early manufacturers of motorcycles?
- How have motorcycles evolved over time?

**Section 3: Restoring and Maintaining Vintage Motorcycles**

- Why is it important to restore and maintain vintage motorcycles?
- What are the steps involved in restoring a vintage motorcycle?
- What tools and skills are required to maintain a vintage motorcycle?

**Section 4: Practical Examples**

- Let's take a closer look at the 1977 Yamaha RD400E motorcycle featured in the input text.
- What makes this motorcycle unique?
- How does its engine work?
- What are some common issues that can arise when restoring a motorcycle like this?

**Glossary:**
- Vintage motorcycle: A motorcycle that is at least 25 years old and has historical significance.
- Restoration: The process of repairing and refurbishing a vintage motorcycle to its original condition.
- Maintenance: Regular upkeep and care of a vintage motorcycle to keep it running smoothly.

**Conclusion:**
In conclusion, we have learned about the world of vintage motorcycles and their history, as well as the importance of restoring and maintaining them. By understanding the basics of how these motorcycles work and the skills required to keep them running smoothly, we can appreciate the craftsmanship and engineering that goes into creating these beautiful machines.


text:
The process of a new team joining the world championship, last undertaken by Haas in 2016, is a highly complex one, and few F1 insiders believed that it was possible.

However, the FIA’s sporting regulations leave a little-known door open for a late entry, and Force India – with the full support of the governing body – has been able to use it.

The option is so unusual that the FIA didn’t actually have a late entry form for the team to use.

The FIA and F1 owners Liberty Media had to ensure that it followed a legally watertight process, and not just in terms of how the nine other teams would view it. It had to ensure, for example, that if a Force India was involved in a serious accident, no one could claim that the car shouldn’t be on track.

This was a highly unusual case, with no precedent, and thus it establishes one. It’s important to note, however, that it won’t become a licence for struggling teams to walk away from debts in the middle of the year and re-emerge with a new identity.

Lawrence Stroll’s original plan was to buy the team as a going concern, go through the legal process of taking it out of administration, and then arrive at Spa pretty much as if nothing had happened.

That strategy was derailed largely because of the legal situation of shareholders Vijay Mallya and the Sahara Group, and the involvement of 13 Indian banks in agreeing to what happens to their assets.

Agreement for the sale to Stroll could not be completed within the two-week deadline set by the administrator, so at the last minute it became not a share sale but an asset sale, with Stroll acquiring the cars and everything else needed to go racing through a new company, called Racing Point.

He thus had a team, but not an entry, which was still tied to the original Force India company and thus the Mallya and Sahara shareholdings. The only option was to enter as a brand new team.

The key to the success of the whole process is that the FIA was given guarantees that all the original Force India team’s creditors would be paid by new owner Stroll, that the 400 plus jobs were safe, and that there was a sound business plan, one that was not relying on future F1 prize money income.

The first step that the FIA used was an investigation into the original team under its Judicial and Disciplinary Rules, in essence because the original Sahara Force India was no longer able to compete.

In its statement, the FIA notes that “following a disciplinary investigation and prosecution by the FIA under Article 4 of the FIA’s Judicial and Disciplinary Rules, the Sahara Force India F1 Team has accepted its exclusion from the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship with immediate effect, due to its incapacity to comply with Article 8.2 of the Sporting Regulations moving forward, and forfeits all Constructors Championship points under Article 6.2.”

The specific part that Sahara Force India could not comply with was Article 8.2.f, which says that when entering the championship a team has to give “an undertaking by the applicant to participate in every Event with the number of cars and drivers entered.” Clearly that was no longer possible as the team had sold its cars and other assets.

Article 6.2 referred to by the FIA. meanwhile, is simply a basic reference to points: “The title of Formula One World Champion Constructor will be awarded to the competitor which has scored the highest number of points, results from both cars (see Article 8.6) being taken into account.”

Having cancelled Sahara Force India’s entry, excluded it from the world championship and ended its history as an active F1 team, the FIA then had to find a way for its replacement to enter at Spa under the Racing Point Force India name, with the same cars.

As reported on Wednesday night, the key in the Sporting Regulations is Article 8.1, the first part of the section that refers to “Competitors Applications.”

Initially, it spells out how entries have to be submitted by November 1st of the previous year, with the entry fee – calculated on points earned – paid by November 30th.

However, crucially, Article 8.1 then goes on to note the little known fact that late entries can be accepted: “Applications at other times will only be considered if a place is available and on payment of a late entry fee to be fixed by the FIA.”

Clearly a place was available – what the public hasn’t been told thus far is the size of that entry fee, but it is understood to be a significant sum.

The FIA says that the new team has complied not just with Article 8.1, but also with Article 8.2 – the basic requirements which apply to any entrant. And that also explains why Force India remains part of the team name, alongside Racing Point, because under the regulations it is impossible to change a chassis name in the middle of the season.

Those entry requirements are as follows:

a) Confirmation that the applicant has read and understood the Regulations and agrees, on its own behalf and on behalf of everyone associated with its participation in the Championship, to observe them.

b) The name of the team (which must include the name of the chassis).

c) The make of the competing car.

d) The make of the engine.

e) The names of the drivers. A driver may be nominated subsequent to the application upon payment of a fee fixed by the FIA.

Plus as noted earlier there’s an “undertaking by the applicant to participate in every Event with the number of cars and drivers entered.”

All of these items were easily ticked off, allowing the FIA to finally sign off the Belgian GP entry list on Thursday afternoon – the first official sign that Racing Point Force India is in business.

textbook:
Lesson: The Process of Joining the World Championship in Formula One Racing

Introduction:
The process of joining the world championship in Formula One racing is a highly complex one. However, there is a little-known door open for a late entry, which Force India used in 2018. This lesson will teach you about the process of joining the world championship in Formula One racing and the steps involved in becoming a team.

Section 1: Understanding the Process

Topic 1: The Process of Joining the World Championship
- The process of joining the world championship in Formula One racing is a highly complex one.
- It involves a lot of legal and financial considerations.
- The FIA’s sporting regulations leave a little-known door open for a late entry, which is rarely used.

Topic 2: The Late Entry Option
- The late entry option is so unusual that the FIA didn’t actually have a late entry form for the team to use.
- Force India used this option in 2018 with the full support of the governing body.
- This option is rare and has only been used once before by Haas in 2016.

Section 2: Legal and Financial Considerations

Topic 1: Ensuring Legal Compliance
- The FIA and F1 owners Liberty Media had to ensure that the process followed a legally watertight process.
- They had to ensure that if a Force India was involved in a serious accident, no one could claim that the car shouldn’t be on track.
- This was a highly unusual case, with no precedent, and thus it establishes one.

Topic 2: Ensuring Financial Viability
- Lawrence Stroll’s original plan was to buy the team as a going concern.
- He had to go through the legal process of taking it out of administration.
- Then he arrived at Spa pretty much as if nothing had happened.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Topic 1: The Case of Haas in 2016
- Haas became the first new team to join the world championship since 2010.
- They used the late entry option to join the championship midway through the season.
- They finished the season with 29 points, making them the most successful new team in recent history.

Topic 2: The Case of Force India in 2018
- Force India used the late entry option to join the championship after going into administration.
- They were able to use their existing cars and infrastructure to compete in the championship.
- They finished the season with 48 points, making them the most successful new team in recent history.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, joining the world championship in Formula One racing is a highly complex process that requires a lot of legal and financial considerations. However, with the right planning and preparation, it is possible to join the championship and be successful. By understanding the process, ensuring legal and financial viability, and using practical examples, you can apply these skills to new problems and achieve success in your own endeavors.


text: ABOUT. Committed to Excellence. Since day one, we have been recognized as a top IT Consultant. We provide clients with a wide range of services that will help them thrive and grow. Whether it’s project planning, business analyses or crisis management - we are here for our clients, wherever, whenever.. We know that sometimes things can get challenging, and we are here to ease the load off your shoulders from day one. If you’d like to learn more about how our consulting services can help you or your business grow, send us an email.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to IT Consulting

## Section 1: What is IT Consulting?
In this section, we will learn what IT consulting is, why it is important, and what services it provides.

**What is IT Consulting?**
IT consulting is a type of service that helps businesses use technology to achieve their goals. This can include anything from improving their website to implementing new software or systems.

**Why is IT Consulting Important?**
IT consulting is important because it helps businesses stay competitive in today's fast-paced world. Technology changes quickly, and businesses need to keep up with these changes to stay relevant. An IT consultant can help a business do this by providing expert advice and guidance.

**What Services Does IT Consulting Provide?**
IT consulting provides many services, including:
- Project planning: IT consultants help businesses plan and manage technology projects.
- Business analysis: IT consultants analyze a business's needs and recommend solutions that will help the business meet its goals.
- Crisis management: IT consultants help businesses recover from technology disasters, such as data breaches or system failures.

## Section 2: How does IT Consulting work?
In this section, we will learn how IT consulting works and what steps are involved in the process.

**How does IT Consulting Work?**
IT consulting works by following a set of steps that ensure the success of the project. These steps include:
1. Understanding the client's needs: The first step is to understand what the client wants to achieve through technology.
2. Developing a plan: Once the needs are understood, an IT consultant will develop a plan to meet those needs.
3. Implementing the plan: The next step is to implement the plan by installing new software or systems.
4. Testing and evaluating: After the plan is implemented, it needs to be tested and evaluated to ensure that it is working correctly.
5. Maintaining and updating: Finally, an IT consultant will maintain and update the technology to ensure that it stays relevant and effective.

## Section 3: Real-World Examples
In this section, we will look at some real-world examples of how IT consulting has helped businesses succeed.

**Example 1: Website Redesign**
A business wanted to redesign its website to make it more user-friendly and attractive to customers. An IT consultant was hired to help with this project. The consultant analyzed the business's needs and recommended changes to the website's layout and design. They also helped the business choose new colors, fonts, and images that would appeal to customers. As a result, the business saw an increase in traffic and sales.

**Example 2: Data Recovery**
A business suffered a data breach that caused them to lose important information. An IT consultant was hired to help recover the data and prevent future breaches. The consultant analyzed the situation and recommended new security measures, such as firewalls and antivirus software. They also helped the business recover the lost data and prevent similar breaches in the future.

## Glossary
- IT Consulting: A type of service that helps businesses use technology to achieve their goals.
- Project Planning: The process of creating a plan to achieve a specific goal.
- Business Analysis: The process of analyzing a business's needs and recommending solutions to meet those needs.
- Crisis Management: The process of recovering from a technology disaster, such as a data breach or system failure.

## Conclusion
In conclusion, IT consulting is a valuable service that helps businesses use technology to achieve their goals. By providing expert advice and guidance, IT consultants can help businesses stay competitive in today's fast-paced world. Through project planning, business analysis, and crisis management, IT consulting can help businesses succeed and grow.


text: Have you ever wondered about where insects go in the winter?. It turns out that different kinds of insects have different strategies for avoiding the stresses of winter.. I found two examples of one strategy this morning. The tactic is for the female insects to lay eggs in the fall. Eggs are often more resistant to cold and drying out than other life stages and can be hidden in protected places. In the spring, the eggs hatch and start the cycle again.. This cluster of eggs is on a grapefruit leaf. It will be interesting to find out what kind of insect they hatch into.. Here is the second example. It is an egg case of the Mediterranean mantis, Iris oratoria. The female mantis has added a layer of hard foam around her eggs to further protect them.. Have you found any overwintering insects lately? What was their strategy to protect themselves from the cold?

textbook:
Lesson: Overwintering Strategies of Insects
Introduction:
Insects have developed various strategies to survive the harsh conditions of winter. In this lesson, we will learn about two common strategies used by insects to protect themselves from the cold.
Section 1: Laying Eggs in the Fall
The first strategy is for the female insects to lay eggs in the fall. This is because eggs are often more resistant to cold and drying out than other life stages. They can be hidden in protected places, such as under leaves, in crevices, or in soil. When the temperature drops in winter, the eggs remain dormant until the warmth returns in the spring.
Questions:
1. Why do female insects lay eggs in the fall?
2. How do eggs protect themselves from the cold?
3. Where do female insects usually lay their eggs?
Answers:
1. Female insects lay eggs in the fall because eggs are more resistant to cold and drying out than other life stages.
2. Eggs protect themselves from the cold by remaining dormant until the warmth returns in the spring.
3. Female insects usually lay their eggs in protected places, such as under leaves, in crevices, or in soil.
Section 2: Adding a Layer of Hard Foam
The second strategy is for the female mantis to add a layer of hard foam around her eggs to further protect them from the cold. This foam acts as insulation, keeping the eggs warm and preventing them from freezing.
Questions:
1. Why does the female mantis add a layer of hard foam around her eggs?
2. How does the foam protect the eggs from the cold?
3. What is the purpose of the foam?
Answers:
1. The female mantis adds a layer of hard foam around her eggs to further protect them from the cold.
2. The foam acts as insulation, keeping the eggs warm and preventing them from freezing.
3. The purpose of the foam is to provide insulation and protection for the eggs.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, insects have developed various strategies to survive the harsh conditions of winter. By laying eggs in the fall and adding a layer of hard foam around their eggs, insects can protect themselves from the cold and ensure their survival. These strategies can be applied to other organisms as well, providing valuable insights into the natural world.
Glossary:
- Eggs: the reproductive cells produced by a female insect, usually enclosed in an outer covering.
- Foam: a lightweight, porous material that is formed by trapping gas bubbles in a liquid or solid.
- Insulation: the process of preventing heat, sound, or light from passing through a material or being transmitted.
- Overwintering: the process by which an organism survives the winter season.


text: Bidets are making a comeback.. IBS is a poorly understood condition that affects millions of Americans, women often more than men.. Once more serious reasons for a person having IBS symptoms are ruled out by your colon rectal surgeon or gastroenterologist, we resort to drug treatment, which is often not effective in significantly relieving symptoms. These meds are expensive and have side effects that limit their wide acceptance by patients.. HypnoTherapy is a new technique that is proving to be surprisingly effective in the management of IBS. It is usually accomplished in 5-7 sessions and has no side effects. Good studies are reporting better than 75% significant improvement that lasts years. Patients usually return to me very pleased with their progress.. Contact our office for a referral to a qualified specialist in HypnoTherapy, for proven IBS that is poorly responding to prescription medications.. You Might Also Enjoy.... Bidets are making a comeback..

textbook:
Title: Understanding Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and its Management

## Chapter 1: Introduction to IBS

### Section 1.1: What is IBS?
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that affects the large intestine. It is characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. The exact cause of IBS is unknown, but it is believed to be related to changes in the way the gut muscles contract, sensitivity to pain, and changes in the movement of the digestive tract.

### Section 1.2: Who can get IBS?
IBS can affect anyone, but it is more common in women than in men. It usually starts in early adulthood and can continue throughout life.

### Section 1.3: How common is IBS?
IBS is a very common disorder, affecting about 10-15% of the population. It is more common in developed countries than in developing ones.

## Chapter 2: Diagnosing IBS

### Section 2.1: How is IBS diagnosed?
IBS is usually diagnosed based on the presence of certain symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. A healthcare provider will take a medical history and perform a physical examination to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms. In some cases, additional tests, such as blood tests, stool tests, or imaging studies, may be performed to determine if there are any underlying conditions that need to be treated before managing the IBS.

### Section 2.2: What tests are used to diagnose IBS?
There is no specific test for IBS, but healthcare providers may use a variety of tests to rule out other conditions. These tests may include:

- Blood tests to check for anemia or other conditions that may cause similar symptoms
- Stool tests to check for infections or other issues that may be causing the symptoms
- Imaging studies, such as X-rays or MRIs, to look for any structural abnormalities in the digestive tract

## Chapter 3: Managing IBS

### Section 3.1: What treatments are available for IBS?
There is no cure for IBS, but there are several treatments that can help manage the symptoms. These may include:

- Lifestyle changes, such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and getting enough sleep
- Medications, such as antispasmodics, laxatives, or fiber supplements, to help with specific symptoms
- Psychological therapies, such as hypnotherapy, to help with relaxation and stress reduction

### Section 3.2: Is there a cure for IBS?
There is currently no cure for IBS, but there are many treatments available to help manage the symptoms. With proper management, most people with IBS can lead normal, active lives.

## Chapter 4: Living with IBS

### Section 4.1: Can I still lead a normal life with IBS?
Yes, most people with IBS can lead normal, active lives with proper management of their symptoms. It is essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that works best for each individual.

### Section 4.2: What is the prognosis for people with IBS?
The prognosis for people with IBS is generally good, as most people can manage their symptoms effectively. However, some people may experience flare-ups or periods of increased symptoms, while others may find that their symptoms improve over time.

## Glossary

- IBS: Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Gastrointestinal: The digestive system, including the stomach and intestines
- Antispasmodics: Medications that help relax the muscles in the digestive tract
- Laxatives: Medications that help increase bowel movements
- Fiber supplements: Supplements that help with constipation by adding bulk to the diet
- Hypnotherapy: A type of psychological therapy that uses hypnosis to help with relaxation and stress reduction
- Colon rectal surgeon: A doctor who specializes in surgery of the colon and rectum
- Gastroenterologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive disorders.

Conclusion

Understanding IBS and its management is crucial for individuals living with this condition. By working closely with a healthcare provider, individuals can develop a personalized treatment plan that helps manage their symptoms effectively. This chapter has provided an introduction to IBS, its diagnosis, and management, as well as tips for living with the condition.


text:
The U.S. tourism industry is on track for a record-setting year in 2012

Hugo Martin, Los Angeles Times

- Dec 05, 2012 12:17 am

Skift Take

Visitor spending is trending upwards each year due to a growing demographic of wealthy BRIC tourists, but it’s too soon to say if Brand USA’s global marketing campaign played any role.

— Samantha Shankman

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Spending by international visitors to the U.S. continues to rise, setting a record in September.

Foreign visitors spent $13.9 billion traveling to and visiting the U.S. in September, a 4% increase over the previous record for the month, $13.4 billion in September 2011, according to data released Monday by the U.S. Commerce Department.

Spending by international visitors has been growing steadily the last three years, with tourists from China, Brazil, Australia, South Korea and a few other countries generating the biggest boost in revenue.

In September, foreign visitors spent about $10.7 billion on hotels, food, gifts and other expenses in the U.S. An additional $3.2 billion or so was spent on airfares and other transportation costs.

The spending is on pace to break last year’s record.

International visitors spent $152.7 billion in 2011, a 14% increase over 2010, according to federal data.

In the first nine months of 2012, foreign visitors had already spent $123 billion, up 8% from the same period in 2011, according to the Commerce Department.

“The U.S. tourism industry is on pace for yet another record-setting year and represents our fastest growing private services export sector through the first three quarters of 2012,” Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade Francisco Sanchez said in a statement.

Travel experts attribute the increase in visitor spending to a growth in affluent travelers from China, Brazil and other countries with relatively stable economies, and the removal of travel barriers into the U.S.

To draw even more visitors, the U.S. travel industry this year helped launch a $150-million media campaign, the first coordinated effort to promote the country to foreign travelers. The campaign features an anthem called “Land of Dreams,” performed by singer-songwriter Rosanne Cash.

In January, President Obama announced plans to make it easier for international visitors to travel to the U.S., partly by accelerating the visa process for travelers from China and Brazil.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Tourism Industry

Objective: Understand the importance of the tourism industry and its impact on the economy.

Level: Primary through High School

Introduction:

Tourism is the act of traveling for pleasure or business. It is one of the largest industries in the world, generating billions of dollars in revenue each year. In this lesson, we will learn about the tourism industry, its impact on the economy, and why it is an important part of our daily lives.

Section 1: What is Tourism?

Tourism can be defined as the movement of people from one place to another for leisure, business, or other purposes. It involves activities such as sightseeing, shopping, visiting friends and relatives, attending meetings or conventions, and participating in sports or cultural events.

Section 2: The Impact of Tourism on the Economy

Tourism is a major contributor to the economy. It creates jobs, generates tax revenues, and helps to promote economic growth. In addition, tourism can also help to preserve cultural heritage and natural resources.

Section 3: Why is Tourism Important?

Tourism is important because it brings people together from all over the world. It allows us to experience new cultures, try new foods, and learn about different ways of life. Additionally, tourism can help to promote peace and understanding between different groups of people.

Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, the tourism industry is an important part of our daily lives. It brings people together from all over the world, promotes economic growth, and helps to preserve cultural heritage and natural resources. By understanding the importance of tourism, we can appreciate its impact on our lives and the world around us.

Glossary:

- Tourism: The movement of people from one place to another for leisure, business, or other purposes.
- Economy: The system by which a country allocates its resources and produces goods and services.
- Revenue: Money received by a person or organization from a particular source.
- Cultural heritage: The legacy of physical artifacts, intangible assets, and values inherited from past generations.
- Natural resources: Valuable components of the Earth's environment, such as water, minerals, and vegetation.

Conclusion:

By studying the tourism industry, we can gain a deeper appreciation for its impact on our lives and the world around us. Through understanding the importance of tourism, we can apply these skills to new problems and challenges in the future.


text: Reservoir Project, Unit #12. Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. Oregon, 2002. <![if !vml]><![endif]>. Mixed conifer (Douglas fir and. Ponderosa pine) stand before treatment (above), which included thinning to. reduce the number of trees. Forest health was also improved by reducing the. number of trees per acre and reducing the hazardous fuel build up caused by. dense forest stands. Prior to treatment, there were 223 trees per acre.. After treatment there. were 67 trees per acre.. <![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Forest Health and Management

## Section 1: Introduction to Forest Health and Management

Forests are complex ecosystems that provide numerous benefits to humans and wildlife. They help regulate the climate, purify the air, and provide habitat for many species. However, over time, forests can become unhealthy due to factors such as overcrowding, disease, and fire. In this lesson, we will learn about forest health and management practices that can help maintain and improve forest health.

## Section 2: What is Forest Health?

Forest health refers to the overall condition of the trees, wildlife, and soil in a forest ecosystem. A healthy forest has a diverse range of tree species, a balanced population of wildlife, and fertile soil that supports plant growth. When a forest becomes unhealthy, it may experience issues such as disease, insect infestations, or fire. These problems can lead to a decline in the forest's overall health.

## Section 3: Why is Forest Health Important?

Maintaining forest health is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, healthy forests provide numerous benefits to humans, including clean air and water. Secondly, they serve as a home for many species of wildlife. Finally, a healthy forest can better withstand disturbances such as storms or disease outbreaks. By taking steps to improve forest health, we can ensure that these valuable resources continue to provide benefits for generations to come.

## Section 4: How can Forest Health be Improved?

There are several ways to improve forest health. One approach is through active management, which involves thinning out dense areas and removing dead or diseased trees. This helps reduce the risk of fire and allows healthier trees to grow. Another approach is through passive management, which involves allowing natural processes such as fire or insect infestations to occur without intervention. This can help maintain a balance between different species in the forest ecosystem.

## Section 5: Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding and managing forest health is essential for the well-being of both humans and wildlife. By implementing practices such as active or passive management, we can help maintain and improve the health of our forests. As you continue your studies in science and math, remember that these skills can be applied to real-world situations such as forest management.

## Glossary

- Forest: A large area of land dominated by trees and other vegetation.
- Dense: Having a large number of trees or plants in a small area.
- Hazardous fuel: Any material that can easily ignite and contribute to the spread of a fire.
- Balance: An even distribution of different elements or factors.
- Disturbance: An event that disrupts the normal functioning of an ecosystem.
- Thinning: The process of removing some trees from a forest to make it less dense.


text: Inequality For All. April 23, 3:00 pm – 5:30 pm. Moderator:. Linda Buckley. WSCUC Commissioner, Chief Planning Officer. University of the Pacific. Inequality For All. Featuring Robert Reich (Chancellor’s Professor of Public Policy at the University of California at Berkeley, former Secretary of Labor in the Clinton administration) and directed by Jacob Kornbluth, the documentary Inequality for All explores the challenges of widening income inequality in the United States. Reich explores the effects that the increasing gap in income equality has had on the U.S. economy and also on American democracy. The film explores this fundamental question: What is a good society and what role does the widening income gap play in the deterioration of the nation's economic health?. CLICK HERE to post your questions on Backchan.nl about Inequality For All

textbook:
Lesson: Income Inequality and Its Effects on Society

Introduction:
Income inequality refers to the unequal distribution of income among individuals within a society. It is an important topic to understand because it affects various aspects of society, including economic stability, education, and political power. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of income inequality, its causes, and its effects on society.

Section 1: Understanding Income Inequality

Topic 1: Definition of Income Inequality
- Income inequality refers to the unequal distribution of income among individuals within a society.
- It is measured by the difference between the top 10% and bottom 10% of earners in a country.

Topic 2: Causes of Income Inequality
- There are several factors that contribute to income inequality, including:
    - Education level
    - Race and ethnicity
    - Gender
    - Occupation
    - Geographic location

Section 2: Effects of Income Inequality on Society

Topic 1: Economic Stability
- Income inequality can lead to economic instability because it creates a divide between the rich and poor.
- When a small group of people holds most of the wealth, they have more influence over the economy, leading to economic instability.

Topic 2: Education
- Income inequality affects education because children from low-income families often have limited access to quality education.
- This creates a cycle where people from lower-income families are unable to break out of poverty because they lack the education and skills needed to get good jobs.

Topic 3: Political Power
- Income inequality can lead to political power imbalances because the rich have more influence over government policies.
- This can result in policies that favor the wealthy at the expense of the poor.

Section 3: Solutions to Income Inequality

Topic 1: Increase Minimum Wage
- One solution to income inequality is to increase the minimum wage so that people earn a living wage.
- This would help close the gap between the rich and poor and provide more economic stability.

Topic 2: Improve Education System
- Another solution is to improve the education system so that all children have equal opportunities to succeed.
- This includes providing better resources and teachers in low-income areas and offering more scholarships and grants for higher education.

Conclusion:
Income inequality is a complex issue that affects various aspects of society. By understanding its causes and effects, we can work towards finding solutions that promote economic stability, education, and political power balances. By applying these concepts, we can create a more equitable society for all.

Glossary:
- Income Inequality: The unequal distribution of income among individuals within a society.
- Top 10%: The top 10% of earners in a country.
- Bottom 10%: The bottom 10% of earners in a country.


text: Previous work in our Branch and elsewhere has shown that in some individuals psychosis is accompanied by significant elevations in the amount of phenylethylamine (PEA) excreted in the urine. PEA is a metabolite of phenylalanine and is normally produced in both peripheral and central nervous systems. It is rapidly degraded by monoamine oxidase. PEA is known to have many behavioral similarities to amphetamines when injected into rats. In a few individuals with psychosis and elevated urinary PEA, the administration of carbidopa (an L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor) reduces excreted PEA and ameliorates the psychosis. We will identify patients with elevated PEA by screening their urine and then offer them participation in a protocol that will compare carbidopa and neuroleptic in a double- blind fashion. This study is still in the planning phase.

textbook:
Lesson Title: The Role of Phenylethylamine in Psychosis

Introduction:
Phenylethylamine (PEA) is a compound found in the human body that is related to amphetamines. It is produced from phenylalanine and can be detected in the urine. In some individuals, particularly those with psychosis, PEA levels are significantly elevated. This lesson will explore the role of PEA in psychosis, its effects on the brain, and potential treatments using carbidopa.

Section 1: Understanding PEA and Its Effects on the Brain

Topic 1: What is PEA and what is its role in the body?
- PEA is a compound produced from phenylalanine, an amino acid found in protein-rich foods.
- PEA acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and is involved in regulating mood, attention, and motivation.
- PEA is also known as "the love molecule" because it is released during moments of intense pleasure or romantic attraction.

Topic 2: How does PEA affect people with psychosis?
- In some individuals with psychosis, PEA levels are significantly elevated in the urine.
- Elevated PEA levels may contribute to the symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions.
- The exact mechanism by which PEA causes psychosis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve changes in neurotransmitter systems in the brain.

Section 2: Treatment Options for Elevated PEA Levels

Topic 1: How can elevated PEA levels be treated?
- One potential treatment for elevated PEA levels is the use of carbidopa, an L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor.
- Carbidopa works by blocking the enzyme that breaks down PEA, thereby increasing its levels in the brain.
- In some individuals with psychosis and elevated urinary PEA, the administration of carbidopa reduces excreted PEA and ameliorates the psychosis.

Topic 2: How does carbidopa work to treat psychosis?
- Carbidopa is believed to work by increasing PEA levels in the brain, which may help to normalize neurotransmitter systems and reduce the symptoms of psychosis.
- Carbidopa has been shown to be effective in reducing PEA levels and improving psychotic symptoms in some individuals.
- However, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which carbidopa works and to determine its long-term safety and efficacy.

Section 3: Critical Thinking and Application of Knowledge

Topic 1: How can we apply our knowledge of PEA and carbidopa to improve mental health treatment?
- Understanding the role of PEA in psychosis may lead to the development of new treatments for this debilitating condition.
- By identifying individuals with elevated PEA levels, clinicians may be able to target specific interventions that could improve outcomes for these patients.
- Additionally, further research into the mechanisms by which PEA affects the brain may lead to the development of novel treatments for other mental health disorders.

Topic 2: What are some potential limitations of using carbidopa to treat psychosis?
- While carbidopa has shown promise in reducing PEA levels and improving psychotic symptoms, more research is needed to fully understand its long-term safety and efficacy.
- Some individuals may experience side effects from carbidopa, such as headaches or nausea, which could limit its use.
- Additionally, carbidopa may interact with other medications, such as antidepressants or antipsychotics, which could pose challenges in managing patient care.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored the role of PEA in psychosis and its potential as a treatment target. By understanding the mechanisms by which PEA affects the brain, researchers and clinicians may be able to develop new interventions for individuals with this debilitating condition. Additionally, by identifying individuals with elevated PEA levels, targeted treatments may improve outcomes for these patients. As with any medical intervention, however, further research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and limitations of using carbidopa to treat psychosis.

Glossary:
- Phenylethylamine (PEA): A compound produced from phenylalanine that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain.
- Carbidopa: An L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor used to increase PEA levels in the brain.
- Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.


text: Dancing the night away at Columbia University Dance Maraton 2013. Is this photo a winner?. Similar Photos: Dance marathon | columbia | columbia university | dance | aids | EGPAF | Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation | college clubs and groups | college charitable event | charitable event. Feeling inspired? Visit the CustomInk Design Lab to start your own group order.Design Your Own Enter the Contest

textbook:
Lesson: How to Win a Photo Contest

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about how to win a photo contest by analyzing a winning photo and the key factors that make it stand out. We will also explore the different elements that go into creating a successful entry, including composition, lighting, and subject matter. By the end of this lesson, you will have a better understanding of what it takes to create a winning photo and how to apply these techniques to your own photography.

Section 1: Analyzing a Winning Photo

Topic: Composition

The winning photo in this example has a strong composition that draws the viewer's attention to the center of the image. This is achieved through the use of the rule of thirds, where the subject is placed off-center and not directly in the middle of the frame. This creates a more dynamic and interesting image that keeps the viewer's attention.

Question: How can you apply the rule of thirds to your own photography?
Answer: To apply the rule of thirds, try placing your subject off-center in the frame and using natural lines or shapes to lead the viewer's eye towards the subject. You can also experiment with different angles and perspectives to create a more dynamic composition.

Topic: Lighting

The winning photo also has excellent lighting that enhances the mood and atmosphere of the image. The use of natural light creates a warm and inviting feel, while the placement of the lights in the background adds depth and dimension to the scene.

Question: How can you improve your lighting techniques?
Answer: To improve your lighting techniques, try experimenting with different types of light sources and positions. You can also use reflectors or diffusers to soften harsh shadows and create a more even lighting pattern. Additionally, pay attention to the time of day when you are taking photos and take advantage of the best lighting conditions.

Topic: Subject Matter

The subject matter of the winning photo is also an important factor in its success. The photo captures a lively and energetic moment, with people dancing and having fun. This creates a sense of joy and excitement that is infectious and engaging.

Question: How can you choose interesting and engaging subject matter?
Answer: To choose interesting and engaging subject matter, try looking for unique or unexpected moments that tell a story. You can also experiment with different perspectives and angles to create a more interesting composition. Additionally, pay attention to the emotions and expressions of your subjects to capture their personality and energy.

Section 2: Creating a Successful Entry

Topic: Composition

To create a successful entry in a photo contest, it is essential to follow the rule of thirds and place your subject off-center in the frame. This creates a more dynamic and interesting image that keeps the viewer's attention. Additionally, experiment with different angles and perspectives to create a unique and engaging composition.

Question: How can you apply the rule of thirds to your photography?
Answer: To apply the rule of thirds, try placing your subject off-center in the frame and using natural lines or shapes to lead the viewer's eye towards the subject. You can also experiment with different angles and perspectives to create a more dynamic composition.

Topic: Lighting

Lighting is another crucial element in creating a successful entry. Use natural light whenever possible to create a warm and inviting feel. Additionally, pay attention to the placement of lights in the background to add depth and dimension to the scene. You can also experiment with different types of light sources and positions to create interesting shadows and highlights.

Question: How can you improve your lighting techniques?
Answer: To improve your lighting techniques, try experimenting with different types of light sources and positions. You can also use reflectors or diffusers to soften harsh shadows and create a more even lighting pattern. Additionally, pay attention to the time of day when you are taking photos and take advantage of the best lighting conditions.

Topic: Subject Matter

Finally, choose interesting and engaging subject matter that tells a story or captures a unique moment. Look for unique or unexpected moments that showcase the personality and energy of your subjects. Additionally, pay attention to the emotions and expressions of your subjects to create a more powerful and impactful image.

Question: How can you choose interesting and engaging subject matter?
Answer: To choose interesting and engaging subject matter, try looking for unique or unexpected moments that tell a story. You can also experiment with different perspectives and angles to create a more interesting composition. Additionally, pay attention to the emotions and expressions of your subjects to capture their personality and energy.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, winning a photo contest requires careful consideration of composition, lighting, and subject matter. By following the rule of thirds, using natural light, and choosing interesting subject matter, you can create a powerful and impactful image that stands out from the competition. By applying these techniques to your own photography, you can improve your skills and increase your chances of winning a photo contest.


text: << back to the line up page. IPcress has been involved in the UK electronic music scene for nearly 5 years now. Having DJ'ed for most of the UK's biggest productions over recent years including, Glade Festival, Twisted Records, Alpha Omega, Omniscience, Inspiral, Alchemy Records, Hadra Records, Liquid Records, Bom Shanka Records and many many more. He has also taken his particular brand of dance music to Switzerland, Holland, Ireland, Germany in recent years with upcoming international booking in Spain & Germany this summer as well as a whole host of UK festivals. His style can vary from chilled minimal electronica right the way through to progressive techno....his emphasis is on mixing different styles of music together to create a psychedelic cocktail...a journey through sound.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Electronic Dance Music (EDM)

## Section 1: What is EDM?
In this section, we will explore what EDM is and its history.

**What is EDM?**
Electronic Dance Music (EDM) is a genre of music that is primarily composed of electronic instruments and created using electronic technology. It is often characterized by a fast tempo and repetitive beats.

**History of EDM**
The origins of EDM can be traced back to the early 20th century when experimental musicians began using electronic instruments to create new sounds. However, it was not until the 1970s that EDM began to gain popularity with the rise of disco music. Since then, EDM has evolved and diversified into various sub-genres such as house, techno, trance, and dubstep.

## Section 2: Understanding EDM Genres
In this section, we will delve into the various sub-genres of EDM and their characteristics.

**House**
House is one of the earliest sub-genres of EDM and originated in Chicago in the 1980s. It is characterized by a steady beat, deep basslines, and soulful vocals.

**Techno**
Techno is a sub-genre of EDM that originated in Detroit in the 1980s. It is characterized by a fast tempo, repetitive beats, and synthesized sounds.

**Trance**
Trance is a sub-genre of EDM that originated in Germany in the 1990s. It is characterized by uplifting melodies, repetitive beats, and emotional lyrics.

**Dubstep**
Dubstep is a sub-genre of EDM that originated in the UK in the late 1990s. It is characterized by heavy basslines, syncopated beats, and experimental soundscapes.

## Section 3: Creating EDM
In this section, we will explore the process of creating EDM and the tools used by producers.

**Creating EDM**
To create EDM, producers use digital audio workstations (DAWs) such as Ableton Live or FL Studio. They use software instruments such as synthesizers, samplers, and drum machines to create and manipulate sounds. Producers also use effects such as reverb, delay, and compression to enhance their music.

**Tools Used by Producers**
Producers use various hardware and software tools to create EDM. Some common hardware tools include DJ controllers, midi keyboards, and audio interfaces. Software tools include virtual instruments, effects plugins, and sample libraries.

## Glossary
- DAW: Digital Audio Workstation
- Synthesizer: A device or software that generates electronic sounds by combining and manipulating waveforms
- Sampler: A device or software that records and plays back sounds
- Drum machine: A device or software that creates rhythmic patterns
- Reverb: An effect that adds echo and spatial dimension to a sound
- Delay: An effect that repeats a sound with a slight delay
- Compression: An effect that reduces the dynamic range of a sound

## Conclusion
In conclusion, EDM is a diverse and exciting genre of music that has evolved over time. By understanding its history, sub-genres, and production process, we can appreciate the creativity and skill involved in creating this unique form of art.