text:
A monoclonal antibody (NMC-VIII/10) to factor VIII light chain recognizing Glu1675-Glu1684 inhibits factor VIII binding to endogenous von Willebrand factor in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
The monoclonal antibody NMC-VIII/10 is a neutralizing antibody which recognizes the Glu1675-Glu1684 sequence of the factor VIII light chain and inhibits factor VIII (FVIII) binding to immobilized von Willebrand factor (vWf). In this study we immunohistochemically determined, using human umbilical cord tissue, whether or not NMC-VIII/10 has an inhibitory effect on FVIII binding to endogenous vWF in endothelial cells. Tissue sections were reacted with purified FVIII followed by peroxidase-conjugated monoclonal antibody (C5) recognizing the 54 kD fragment of the FVIII heavy chain. The labelling pattern of bound FVIII was similar to that of endogenous vWF and appeared as a fine granular deposit in the endothelial cells. Addition of purified vWF completely inhibited the binding of FVIII to endothelial cells. Furthermore, FVIII did not bind to endothelium in the presence of 0.25 M CaCl2, and similarly, thrombin-treated FVIII did not bind to the vascular site. These findings suggested that FVIII was bound to endogenous vWF in the endothelial cells. The binding reaction was completely inhibited by NMC-VIII/10, confirming that the monoclonal antibody recognizes the specific epitope responsible for FVIII binding to endogenous vWF.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Monoclonal Antibodies and their Applications

Introduction:
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made molecules that can mimic the immune system's ability to recognize and fight off specific pathogens. They are designed to target a single protein or antigen, making them highly effective in treating various diseases. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of monoclonal antibodies, their structure, and their applications in medicine.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is understanding the structure and function of monoclonal antibodies and their applications in medicine.

Section 1: Introduction to Monoclonal Antibodies

Topic 1: What are Monoclonal Antibodies?
- Definition: Laboratory-made molecules that can mimic the immune system's ability to recognize and fight off specific pathogens.
- Structure: Monoclonal antibodies are made up of two identical antigen-binding sites, which are attached to two identical constant regions.
- Types: There are five types of monoclonal antibodies, including IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE.

Topic 2: How are Monoclonal Antibodies Produced?
- Hybridoma technology: A hybridoma cell is created by fusing a B-cell (which produces antibodies) with an immortal myeloma cell. The resulting hybridoma cell produces monoclonal antibodies specific to the antigen.
- Phage display technology: A library of phages (viruses) displaying different antibodies is created. The phages are then screened to find the one that binds to the desired antigen.
- Recombinant DNA technology: Genes encoding antibodies are inserted into a plasmid, which is then introduced into a host organism (such as bacteria or yeast). The host organism produces the monoclonal antibodies.

Section 2: Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies in Medicine

Topic 1: Cancer Treatment
- Monoclonal antibodies can target cancer cells and prevent them from growing or spreading.
- Examples: Herceptin (trastuzumab) targets HER2 receptors on breast cancer cells, Rituxan (rituximab) targets CD20 receptors on B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells.

Topic 2: Autoimmune Diseases
- Monoclonal antibodies can help reduce inflammation and prevent the immune system from attacking healthy tissues.
- Examples: Remicade (infliximab) targets TNF-alpha, a protein involved in inflammation, and Humira (adalimumab) targets TNF-alpha as well.

Topic 3: Infectious Diseases
- Monoclonal antibodies can neutralize viruses and bacteria, preventing them from infecting cells.
- Examples: Synagis (palivizumab) is a monoclonal antibody that protects against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and ZMapp is a combination of three monoclonal antibodies that target the Ebola virus.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored the concept of monoclonal antibodies, their structure, and their applications in medicine. Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the fight against disease, and their use is only expected to grow in the future. By understanding the principles behind these molecules, we can better appreciate their potential and contribution to medicine.

Glossary:
- Antibody: A protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and binds to a specific antigen.
- Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response and stimulates the production of antibodies.
- Hybridoma: A cell resulting from the fusion of a B-cell and an immortal myeloma cell, producing monoclonal antibodies.
- Phage display technology: A method of selecting antibodies from a library of phages (viruses) that bind to a specific antigen.
- Recombinant DNA technology: A technique used to insert genes encoding antibodies into a plasmid, which is then introduced into a host organism to produce monoclonal antibodies.


text: -Being high in citric acid (vitamin C) an additional benefit of ume products is fatigue prevention and promotion of a good immune system.. -The natural properties of ume promote the absorption of calcium in the body and may help prevent loss of bone density or osteoporosis.. -Ume (particularly the pickled variety) is helpful in killing harmful bacteria found in the digestive system and preventing them from multiplying.. -When enjoyed regularly ume may help normalize blood sugar levels and regulate blood pressure.. -The polyphenol present in salted Ume juice has been proven effective against the flu and other viruses..

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: The Benefits of Ume Products
Introduction:
Ume products are a type of Japanese fruit that has been used for centuries for its health benefits. In this lesson, we will explore some of the benefits of consuming ume products, including fatigue prevention, immune system support, calcium absorption, and more.
Section 1: Fatigue Prevention and Immune System Support
-Citric acid (vitamin C) is a natural anti-oxidant that helps prevent fatigue and supports the immune system.
-Ume products are high in citric acid, making them an excellent source of vitamin C.
-Consuming ume products regularly can help prevent illness and keep your immune system strong.
Section 2: Calcium Absorption and Bone Density
-The natural properties of ume promote the absorption of calcium in the body.
-Calcium is essential for strong bones and teeth, and a healthy immune system.
-Regularly consuming ume products can help prevent osteoporosis and maintain healthy bones.
Section 3: Digestive Health
-Ume (particularly the pickled variety) is helpful in killing harmful bacteria found in the digestive system and preventing them from multiplying.
-A healthy digestive system is essential for overall health and well-being.
-Including ume products in your diet can help keep your digestive system healthy.
Section 4: Blood Sugar Regulation and Blood Pressure
-When enjoyed regularly, ume may help normalize blood sugar levels and regulate blood pressure.
-High blood sugar and pressure can lead to serious health problems, such as diabetes and heart disease.
-Incorporating ume products into your diet can help keep your blood sugar and pressure in check.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, ume products offer a range of health benefits, from supporting the immune system to promoting digestive health and regulating blood sugar and pressure. By incorporating ume products into your diet, you can improve your overall health and well-being.
Glossary:
-Citric acid: A type of acid found in citrus fruits that is known for its antioxidant properties.
-Vitamin C: An essential vitamin that supports the immune system and helps prevent illness.
-Polyphenol: A type of antioxidant found in plants that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties.
-Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, often caused by a lack of calcium in the diet.
-Blood sugar: The amount of glucose (a type of sugar) in the bloodstream.
-Blood pressure: The force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.


text: Gov. Bill Ritter signed a bill Wednesday giving Colorado colleges more flexibility in setting tuition rates.. He also signed a measure providing $35 million to help lower- and middle-income students with tuition.. Lawmakers say the legislation was necessary because the state plans to cut college funding by $300 million next year to cover a projected $1.7 billion budget deficit.. The tuition flexibility bill allows governing boards to increase tuition up to 9 percent per year for the next five years, starting in July 2011.. Larger increases would have to be approved by the Colorado Commission on Higher Education.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding College Tuition and Financial Aid

Introduction:
College tuition is a major expense that many students face when pursuing higher education. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of college tuition, financial aid, and how they are related. We will also discuss the role of the government in funding higher education and how budget cuts can impact students.

Section 1: Understanding College Tuition

Topic 1: What is College Tuition?
- College tuition refers to the amount of money that students or their families must pay to attend a college or university.
- Tuition costs vary depending on the institution, program, and location.
- Tuition does not include other expenses such as room and board, books, transportation, and fees.

Topic 2: Types of College Tuition
- There are different types of tuition structures, including flat-rate tuition, per-credit tuition, and tiered tuition.
- Flat-rate tuition is a set price for all courses regardless of the number of credits taken.
- Per-credit tuition is charged based on the number of credits taken per semester.
- Tiered tuition is a system where tuition rates vary depending on the program or major.

Topic 3: How is College Tuition Determined?
- Colleges and universities set their own tuition rates, but they are influenced by various factors such as the cost of operating the institution, the demand for certain programs, and competition with other institutions.
- Public institutions are often subsidized by the government, which means that tuition rates may be lower than at private institutions.

Section 2: Financial Aid and College Tuition

Topic 1: What is Financial Aid?
- Financial aid is money provided to students to help them pay for college tuition and other expenses.
- Financial aid can come in the form of grants, scholarships, loans, or work-study programs.
- Students do not have to repay grants or scholarships, but they must repay loans with interest.

Topic 2: How is Financial Aid Determined?
- Financial aid is determined based on the student's financial need, academic achievements, and other factors such as race, ethnicity, or disability.
- Students must complete a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) to determine their eligibility for financial aid.
- Institutions use the information from the FAFSA to create a financial aid package that meets the student's needs.

Section 3: Government Funding and Budget Cuts

Topic 1: How is Higher Education Funded?
- The government provides funding for higher education through various programs such as grants and student loans.
- States also provide funding for public institutions through their budgets.
- Private institutions rely on donations, endowments, and tuition revenue.

Topic 2: How do Budget Cuts Impact Students?
- When the government reduces funding for higher education, institutions may have to increase tuition rates to make up for the loss of revenue.
- This can make it more difficult for students to afford college tuition and other expenses.
- Additionally, budget cuts can lead to reduced services, larger class sizes, and fewer academic programs.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding college tuition and financial aid is essential for students and their families when making decisions about higher education. The government plays an important role in funding higher education, and budget cuts can have a significant impact on students. By exploring the various aspects of college tuition and financial aid, we can better understand how these factors influence our educational choices.

Glossary:
- Tuition: The amount of money that students or their families must pay to attend a college or university.
- Financial Aid: Money provided to students to help them pay for college tuition and other expenses.
- Grants: Financial aid that does not have to be repaid.
- Scholarships: Financial aid that does not have to be repaid and is awarded based on academic achievements or other factors.
- Loans: Financial aid that must be repaid with interest.
- Work-study: Financial aid that allows students to work part-time to earn money towards their expenses.


text: Welcome Message. In 2015 Ashbury returns to a full course program offering newly accentuated by optimal environments for learning.. Courses have been chosen to offer Ashbury students and students from the broader community a summer program that helps them effectively manage the four-year secondary-school requirements.. The summer program is an opportunity for students to reach ahead, explore new areas of study, build new skills and have fun. It gives students a chance to build flexibility into their regular course of study and reduce pressure during the school year.. It is also a great opportunity for other students to live the Ashbury experience. We offer the same high-quality classes and personal interaction with our faculty during the summer that we do during the regular school year.. For further information on the Ashbury experience please contact summer@ashbury.ca.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Mathematics

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Mathematics is the study of numbers, shapes, and patterns. It is used in everyday life, from counting money to solving complex problems. This lesson will introduce you to some basic mathematical concepts and principles.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
Let's look at some practical examples of how mathematics is used in everyday life. Suppose you want to buy a new shirt that costs $20. You have $50 in your wallet, but you also have to buy lunch and pay for bus fare. How much money will you have left after all these expenses?

To solve this problem, we can use a simple equation:

Money Left = Money You Started With - (Cost of Shirt + Cost of Lunch + Cost of Bus Fare)

Money Left = $50 - ($20 + $8 + $2)

Money Left = $20

So, you will have $20 left after all your expenses.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
Now let's look at a more complex problem. Suppose you are planning a road trip from New York City to Los Angeles. The distance between these two cities is about 2,450 miles. You want to know how long it will take you to drive there.

To solve this problem, we need to use a formula called "distance equals rate times time." The formula is:

Distance = Rate x Time

We know that the distance between New York City and Los Angeles is 2,450 miles. We also know that the speed limit on most highways is 60 miles per hour. So, we can plug these values into our formula:

2,450 = 60 x Time

Now, we can solve for time:

Time = 2,450 / 60

Time = 40.83 hours

So, it will take you about 40.83 hours to drive from New York City to Los Angeles at a constant speed of 60 miles per hour.

## Glossary
- Mathematics: The study of numbers, shapes, and patterns.
- Equation: A mathematical statement that uses symbols and operations to represent a relationship between variables.
- Formula: A standardized way of expressing a mathematical concept or relationship.
- Distance: The amount of ground covered or travelled.
- Rate: The speed at which something happens or changes.
- Time: The duration of an event or the passing of hours, minutes, and seconds.

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we introduced you to some basic mathematical concepts and principles. We also looked at practical examples and real-world scenarios to demonstrate how mathematics is used in everyday life. By understanding these concepts, you will be better equipped to solve problems and make informed decisions.


text: ALSO READImpact of US Fed's interest rate rises on China capital flows diminishing - China FX regulator Foreign investment is not leaving China - commerce minister US asks China to return drone seized in South China Sea China launches crackdown on illegal cosmetic surgery - paper China urges parties to end conflicts near China-Myanmar border. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) urged China on Wednesday to accelerate the process of structural reforms, especially in the financial sector and in state enterprises, in order to consolidate its economic growth.. In its annual report on the state of the world's second largest economy, the IMF also insisted on the importance of favouring private consumption growth to boost the economy, rather than investment, reports Efe news.. .. --IANS. soni/mr. (This story has not been edited by Business Standard staff and is auto-generated from a syndicated feed.). RECOMMENDED FOR YOU

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Importance of Structural Reforms in China's Economic Growth
Introduction:
China is the world's second-largest economy, and it has experienced significant growth over the years. However, the IMF has recently urged China to accelerate structural reforms to consolidate its economic growth. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of structural reforms in China's economy, their impact on economic growth, and why they are crucial for the country's future development.
Section 1: What are Structural Reforms?
Structural reforms refer to changes in the economic, political, and social systems that aim to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of an economy. They involve restructuring the economy to make it more efficient, flexible, and resilient to external shocks.
Section 2: Why are Structural Reforms Important for China's Economy?
China's economy has grown significantly over the years, but it faces several challenges that require structural reforms. These challenges include:
- High debt levels: China's debt-to-GDP ratio has been increasing, which could lead to financial instability.
- Slowing growth: The economy is growing at a slower pace, which could affect employment and living standards.
- Inequality: Income inequality has been rising, which could lead to social unrest.
- Environmental degradation: China's rapid economic growth has had a negative impact on the environment, which could affect its long-term sustainability.
Section 3: Impact of Structural Reforms on Economic Growth
Structural reforms can have a significant impact on economic growth by:
- Boosting productivity: By removing barriers to competition and innovation, structural reforms can increase productivity and efficiency.
- Encouraging private consumption: By favoring private consumption, structural reforms can increase domestic demand and stimulate economic growth.
- Attracting foreign investment: By improving the business environment and reducing risks, structural reforms can attract foreign investment and create jobs.
Section 4: Examples of Structural Reforms in China
China has implemented several structural reforms in recent years, including:
- Financial sector reform: China has liberalized its financial sector by allowing foreign banks to operate in the country and allowing private banks to compete with state-owned banks.
- State-owned enterprise reform: China has been restructuring its state-owned enterprises to make them more efficient and competitive.
- Tax reform: China has simplified its tax system to reduce the burden on businesses and individuals.
Section 5: Critical Thinking Questions
1. Why do you think China needs structural reforms?
2. How do structural reforms affect economic growth?
3. What are some examples of structural reforms in China?
Conclusion:
In conclusion, structural reforms are crucial for China's economic growth and development. They can help address challenges such as high debt levels, slowing growth, income inequality, and environmental degradation. By implementing structural reforms, China can create a more efficient, flexible, and resilient economy that can continue to grow and develop in the future.


text: Advanced Search. Content Type: News & Analysis. Monday, November 18, 2019. This op-ed originally appeared on the Atlantic Council's Disinfo Portal. While these concerns are held by societies globally, Privacy International’s (PI) recent analysis shows that in jurisdictions where companies have been under pressure to act—by governments and institutions such as the EU, or civil society—they have adopted self-regulatory practices. But they have failed to apply this heightened transparency elsewhere. The role of social media and search engine companies in political…. Content Type: News & Analysis. Tuesday, March 5,…

textbook:
Lesson: How to Conduct an Advanced Search

Introduction:
In today's digital age, information is readily available at our fingertips. However, with so much data online, it can be challenging to find the specific information you need. Advanced search techniques can help you locate the most relevant and accurate information quickly and efficiently. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of advanced search and how to use them effectively.

Section 1: Understanding Advanced Search

Topic 1: What is Advanced Search?
Advanced search is a powerful tool that allows you to refine your search results by using specific criteria. It enables you to narrow down your search based on keywords, phrases, dates, authors, and other relevant factors.

Topic 2: Why Use Advanced Search?
Using advanced search can save you time and effort when searching for information. It helps you to avoid irrelevant results and ensures that you get the most accurate and reliable information.

Section 2: Using Advanced Search Techniques

Topic 1: Keyword and Phrase Searches
When conducting an advanced search, it's essential to use keywords and phrases that accurately describe the information you're looking for. Use quotation marks around phrases to ensure that the words appear in the exact order.

Topic 2: Operators and Boolean Searches
Operators are symbols that help you to combine keywords and phrases in a specific way. The most common operators are AND, OR, and NOT. Boolean searches involve using these operators to create complex queries that can help you to find more precise information.

Topic 3: Filters and Refine Results
Filters allow you to narrow down your search results based on specific criteria, such as date, source, language, and format. Refine results options enable you to further narrow your search based on relevance, date, and other factors.

Section 3: Applying Advanced Search Techniques

Topic 1: Finding Reliable Sources
When conducting an advanced search, it's crucial to identify reliable sources of information. Look for sources that are reputable, up-to-date, and authoritative.

Topic 2: Evaluating Information
Once you've found relevant information, it's essential to evaluate its accuracy and credibility. Ask questions such as who wrote the information, what is their expertise, and what is their motivation for sharing it?

Conclusion:
In conclusion, advanced search techniques can help you to find the most relevant and accurate information quickly and efficiently. By understanding the basics of advanced search and applying them effectively, you can become a skilled information seeker. Remember to use keywords and phrases, understand operators and Boolean searches, and apply filters and refine results to find the best information possible. With practice, you'll be able to locate the information you need with ease.


text:
Pages

Monday, November 5, 2007

Wow, these blogging events just seem to all pile up on me! I start off with good intentions and then it's a big rush when I realize how many there are! Now that I have my Sugar High Friday entry up for this month, I decided it was now or never to make my entry into November's Grow Your Own event at Andrea's Recipes, since we've experience our first few frosts and our garden for this year is kaput! So, I turned my attention to the latest thing that was simmering on my stove!

So, with the chills of Winter just around the bend, what could be better than a big old bowl of chili? I had so much random junk sitting in our freezer, fridge and pantry, and it would have been a shame to waste them, so I pulled out the trusty Santoku knife and got chopping.

There was so much stuff, in fact, that I wound up transferring the ingredients partway through the cooking process to a larger pot! In the process of struggling to lift and pour the half-created beast of my imagination (I'm small, and not too athletic!) I said “holy Hell this is a lot of chili!”. Thus the somewhat sacrilegious name of this dish was born, along with enough chili to feed both my Dad and Andrew for the next month or so!

This is an easy enough recipe to veganize by leaving out the ham and switching the beef stock to veggie stock, but like I said I was using up what I had on hand, including all the peppers, carrots, beets, squash and tomatoes - all of which were saved out of the garden from the first frost of the year by a single day! I can't wait to see the round-up (to be posted December 1). It should be great!Holy Hell ChiliMakes 12-15 servings1 tbsp canola oil½ large yellow onion, chopped4 red peppers, chopped2 jalapeno peppers, chopped5 Hungarian wax peppers, chopped10 medium or 5 large carrots, chopped2 beets, peeled and chopped½ small butternut squash, peeled and chopped2 large sweet potatoes, chopped10 plum tomatoes, chopped1 tbsp garlic powder1 tbsp onion powder1 tsp mustard powder2 tbsp oregano1 tbsp basil¼ tsp cayenne powder4 tbsp paprika2 tbsp cumin3 tbsp chili powder¼ lb cooked, cubed ham2 cups cooked chickpeas, drained2 cups cooked butter beans, drained2 cups cooked fava beans, drained2 cups beef stock1 cup red wine2 cups water1 28oz can crushed tomatoes2 cups stewed tomatoes2 cups dry Textured Vegetable Protein

That must have been one fulfilling dish. Am crazy over chili. We have several plants at home. We just throw the seeds on the ground and let them grow. But always the turkeys and chicken beat us to those red hot chilis!

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make Chili

### Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn how to make chili. Chili is a hearty dish that is perfect for cold weather. It is made from a variety of ingredients, including meat, beans, vegetables, and spices. Making chili is easy and can be done in a short amount of time. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to make a delicious pot of chili that will warm you up on a cold day.

### Materials

- Ground beef or turkey
- Kidney beans
- Tomatoes (canned or fresh)
- Onion
- Garlic
- Bell pepper
- Chili powder
- Cumin
- Paprika
- Salt
- Pepper
- Olive oil
- Optional: corn, black beans, diced tomatoes, shredded cheese, sour cream, green onions

### Step-by-Step Instructions

1. Heat a large pot over medium heat. Add olive oil and let it heat up.
2. Add onion and garlic and sauté until they become soft and fragrant.
3. Add ground beef or turkey and brown on all sides.
4. Add kidney beans, tomatoes, bell pepper, chili powder, cumin, paprika, salt, and pepper. Stir well to combine.
5. Bring the mixture to a boil, then reduce heat to low and let it simmer for 30 minutes to an hour, stirring occasionally.
6. Taste the chili and adjust seasonings as needed.
7. Serve hot, garnished with optional toppings like corn, black beans, diced tomatoes, shredded cheese, sour cream, or green onions.

### Conclusion

Making chili is a fun and easy process that results in a delicious, hearty dish. With a variety of ingredients to choose from, you can customize your chili to suit your tastes. Whether you prefer it spicy or mild, with beans or without, there's something for everyone. Give this recipe a try and see how satisfying it is to make your own chili.


text:
Q:

Run an existing python web application inside a virtalenv

I am new to python development using virtualenv. I have installed python 2.7, pip, virtualenv, virtualenvwrapper in windows and I am using windows PS. I have referred lots of tutorials for setting  this up. Most of them contained the same steps and almost all of them stopped short of explaining what to do after the virtualenv was created.

How do I actually work in a virtualenv? suppose I want to create a new flask application after installing that package in my new env virtualenv (eg; testenv).
If I already have an existing project and I want to put it inside a newly created virtual env, how do I do that? How should the folder structure be like?
My understanding of virtual env is that it provides a sandbox for your application by isolating it and keeping all its dependencies to itself in that particular env (and not sharing and it with others). Have I understood it wrong?

Please help me clear this.

A:

How do I actually work in a virtualenv? suppose I want to create a new flask application after installing that package in my new env virtualenv (eg; testenv).

You open up Command Prompt and activate the virtualenv:
> \path\to\env\Scripts\activate

When you run python and pip, they run in the virtualenv. You have to do this for every Command Prompt window, since working in a virtualenv is really just running C:\path\to\env\bin\python instead of just python and C:\path\to\env\bin\pip instead of pip.

If I already have an existing project and I want to put it inside a newly created virtual env, how do I do that? How should the folder structure be like?

It doesn't matter. When you install Python packages, they get installed globally into C:\Python27\site-packages. With virtualenv, you can create isolated Python environments that have their own packages, so if you're working on two projects that require different versions of a package, they can coexist without any issues.
Some people make a folder for their virtualenvs (like C:\Users\you\Virtualenvs\my_website). You can also store it with your project (like C:\Users\you\Projects\my_website\venv). Once you activate it, the location doesn't matter. I use the latter.

My understanding of virtual env is that it provides a sandbox for your application by isolating it and keeping all its dependencies to itself in that particular env (and not sharing and it with others). Have I understood it wrong?

Nope. The only point that I would clarify is that the "sandbox" is only for Python's packages, it doesn't affect your application in any way.

textbook:
y work in a virtualenv?

To work in a virtualenv, you need to activate it first. You can do this by opening a command prompt and typing `activate testenv`. This assumes that you have created a virtualenv called `testenv` previously. Once you have activated the virtualenv, you can install packages and work on your project as usual.

Suppose I want to create a new Flask application after installing that package in my new env virtualenv (e.g.; testenv).

First, activate your virtualenv by running `activate testenv` in the command prompt. Then, install Flask using pip:

```
pip install flask
```

Next, create a new directory for your project and navigate to it in the command prompt.

```
mkdir myapp
cd myapp
```

Create a new file called `app.py` in your project directory:

```
touch app.py
```

Open `app.py` in a text editor and add the following code to create a basic Flask app:

```python
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def hello():
    return 'Hello, world!'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
```

Now, run your Flask app by running the following command in the command prompt:

```
python app.py
```

Your Flask app should now be running at `http://127.0.0.1:5000/`.

If I already have an existing project and I want to put it inside a newly created virtual env, how do I do that?

To put an existing project into a virtualenv, you need to first create the virtualenv and then install any required packages into it. Once you have done this, you can activate the virtualenv and work on your project as usual.

How should the folder structure be like?

The folder structure for your project should be however you prefer. However, it is generally recommended to keep your project's dependencies separate from your project's source code. This can be achieved by using a virtualenv to manage your project's dependencies and keeping your project's source code in a separate folder.

My understanding of virtual env is that it provides a sandbox for your application by isolating it and keeping all its dependencies to itself in that particular env (and not sharing and it with others). Have I understood it wrong?

No, you have understood virtualenv correctly. Virtualenv provides a sandbox for your application by isolating it and keeping all its dependencies to itself in that particular env (and not sharing and it with others). This helps to prevent conflicts between different versions of packages and ensures that your application's dependencies are consistent across different environments.


text: - The Guardian, Monday 24 June 2002 02.05 BST. You are visiting a developing country as a policy analyst. It has the highest average tariff rate in the world. Most of the population cannot vote, and vote buying and electoral fraud are widespread.. The country has never recruited a single civil servant through an open process. Its public finances are precarious, with loan defaults that worry investors. It has no competition law, has abolished its shambolic bankruptcy law, and does not acknowledge foreigners' copyrights. In short, it is doing everything against the advice of the IMF, the World Bank, the WTO and the international investment community.. Sounds like a recipe for development disaster? But no. The country is the US - only that the time is around 1880,.. · Ha-Joon Chang teaches at the Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge. This article is based on his book, Kicking Away the Ladder - Development Strategy in Historical Perspective, published by Anthem Press, London

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Protecting Local Industries in the Process of Economic Development

## Introduction
In this lesson, we will explore the historical perspective of economic development and the importance of protecting local industries during the process. We will learn about the experiences of different countries and how they have used protectionist policies to promote economic growth.

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
1. What is economic development?
Economic development refers to the process of improving the well-being of a country or region by increasing its income, reducing poverty, and improving living conditions.

2. Why is protectionism important in economic development?
Protectionism refers to the use of tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers to protect local industries from foreign competition. It is important in economic development because it allows countries to develop their industries and create jobs before they become competitive in global markets.

3. Can you give an example of a country that used protectionism to promote economic development?
One example is Japan, which used protectionism in the 1960s to promote the growth of its automobile industry. By limiting imports and providing subsidies to domestic producers, Japan was able to develop a strong manufacturing sector that became a major contributor to its economic growth.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
1. How can protectionism be used to promote economic development?
Protectionism can be used to promote economic development by allowing local industries to grow and become competitive in global markets. For example, a country might impose tariffs on imported goods to make them more expensive and less competitive with locally produced goods. This would give domestic producers a price advantage and encourage consumers to buy locally made products.

2. Can you give an example of how protectionism has been used to promote economic development in a specific country?
One example is South Korea, which used protectionism to promote the growth of its chaebol (large family-owned conglomerates) in the 1970s and 1980s. By providing subsidies and other forms of support to these companies, South Korea was able to develop a strong manufacturing sector that became a major contributor to its economic growth.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions
1. Are there any drawbacks to using protectionism in economic development?
Yes, there are some drawbacks to using protectionism in economic development. For example, it can lead to trade disputes and tensions between countries, and it can also result in higher prices for consumers. Additionally, if protectionism is used too heavily, it can stifle innovation and prevent companies from becoming more efficient and competitive in global markets.

2. How can countries balance the need for protectionism with the desire to be competitive in global markets?
Countries can balance the need for protectionism with the desire to be competitive in global markets by using targeted and temporary protectionist measures. For example, they might impose tariffs on specific goods or industries that are vulnerable to foreign competition, while leaving other sectors open to global trade. This approach allows countries to promote economic development while still maintaining their competitiveness in global markets.

## Glossary
- Protectionism: The use of tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers to protect local industries from foreign competition.
- Economic development: The process of improving the well-being of a country or region by increasing its income, reducing poverty, and improving living conditions.
- Chaebol: Large family-owned conglomerates in South Korea.

## Conclusion
In conclusion, the use of protectionism in economic development has been an effective strategy for many countries. By allowing local industries to grow and become competitive in global markets, countries can promote economic growth and improve living conditions for their citizens. However, it is essential to balance the need for protectionism with the desire to be competitive in global markets. By using targeted and temporary protectionist measures, countries can achieve a sustainable and balanced approach to economic development.


text: Employee Manual. This Word document is a template for an employee manual. Note: This is a sample manual and is NOT an interactive template.. Background. Developing a company manual can be a resourceful tool for an employee when they need information regarding policies of the company. This tool covers most of the questions any new employee would have, from company policies to civic responsibilities.. Benefits. Using this tool, your business gains a well developed company overview on the various programs, policies, and processes within your company. It is a valuable reference source for the new employee and can serve as a guide for existing employees.

textbook:
## Lesson: Employee Manual

### Introduction
An employee manual is a document that provides information about the company's policies, procedures, and expectations. It is an essential tool for any organization to ensure that its employees are well-informed and know what is expected of them. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of an employee manual, its contents, and how to create one.

### Core Value
The core value of an employee manual is to provide a clear and concise guide for employees to understand their roles and responsibilities within the organization. It helps to establish a consistent set of standards and expectations that all employees must follow. An effective employee manual can improve productivity, reduce legal liabilities, and enhance overall employee satisfaction.

### Section 1: Understanding the Importance of an Employee Manual

**Topic 1: Why do we need an employee manual?**

An employee manual is essential because it provides a framework for employees to understand their roles and responsibilities within the organization. It helps to establish a consistent set of standards and expectations that all employees must follow. An effective employee manual can improve productivity, reduce legal liabilities, and enhance overall employee satisfaction.

**Topic 2: What should be included in an employee manual?**

An employee manual should include information about the company's mission, values, and culture. It should also cover policies on attendance, dress code, conduct, harassment, discrimination, and other essential workplace issues. The manual should also include information on employee benefits, compensation, and job descriptions. Additionally, it should outline the procedures for reporting grievances, complaints, and safety hazards.

**Topic 3: How do I create an employee manual?**

Creating an employee manual involves several steps. First, you need to identify the needs of your organization and the information that should be included in the manual. Next, you should draft the policies and procedures that are relevant to your organization. Finally, you should review and revise the manual regularly to ensure that it remains up-to-date and accurate.

### Section 2: Contents of an Employee Manual

**Topic 1: Company Policies**

Company policies are the foundation of an employee manual. They outline the expectations and rules that employees must follow. Some common policies include attendance, dress code, conduct, harassment, discrimination, and conflict resolution.

**Topic 2: Employee Benefits**

Employee benefits are a crucial part of an employee's overall compensation package. Common benefits include health insurance, dental insurance, retirement plans, paid time off, and flexible spending accounts.

**Topic 3: Job Descriptions**

Job descriptions outline the duties and responsibilities of each position within the organization. They should be detailed and specific to avoid confusion and misunderstandings.

**Topic 4: Performance Evaluations**

Performance evaluations are an essential part of an employee's development and growth within the organization. They should be fair, objective, and based on measurable criteria.

**Topic 5: Safety and Health**

Safety and health policies are essential to ensure a safe and healthy work environment. They should cover emergency procedures, hazardous materials, and safe work practices.

### Section 3: Practical Examples

**Example 1: Attendance Policy**

John was consistently late for work, which affected his team's productivity. His manager discussed the attendance policy with him and warned him that further incidents would result in disciplinary action. Despite the warning, John continued to be late, and his manager had no choice but to issue him a written warning.

**Example 2: Dress Code**

Mary wore a revealing dress to work, which distracted her colleagues. Her manager spoke to her about the dress code policy, which states that employees should dress professionally and modestly. Mary apologized and promised not to repeat the mistake.

**Example 3: Conflict Resolution**

Two colleagues, Sarah and David, had a disagreement that escalated into a heated argument. They were unable to resolve the issue themselves, so they sought the help of their manager. The manager facilitated a meeting between the two colleagues, where they discussed their differences and reached a mutually acceptable solution.

### Glossary

**Attendance Policy:** A policy that outlines the expectations and rules related to an employee's punctuality and absence from work.

**Dress Code:** A set of rules that dictate the appropriate clothing and appearance for employees in the workplace.

**Job Description:** A detailed and specific statement of the duties and responsibilities of a particular job.

**Performance Evaluation:** A periodic assessment of an employee's performance, which is used to identify strengths and weaknesses and to establish goals for future development.

**Safety and Health Policy:** A policy that outlines the procedures and precautions that should be taken to ensure a safe and healthy work environment.

### Conclusion

In conclusion, an employee manual is an essential tool for any organization to ensure that its employees are well-informed and know what is expected of them. It provides a clear and concise guide for employees to understand their roles and responsibilities within the organization. By following the guidelines provided in this lesson, you can create an effective employee manual that meets the needs of your organization.


text: is reporting from. Member. NP Rank:. NP Rank:. "We wish to observe the implementation of the cooperation agreements between the two countries including in defense and the militry," Chairman of the House`s Commission I Theo L Sambuaga told ANTARA here on Monday evening.. During the four-day visit, his side will have a series of meetings with the Czechoclovak Defense Minister and members of that country`s parliament as partner in supervising the implementationthe cooperation agreements.. He and other members of Commission I will visit Czechoslovakia that country from November 4 to 9, 2007.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand News Reports

**Introduction**

In today's fast-paced world, staying informed about current events is essential. However, reading news reports can be challenging, especially if you don't know how to read them critically. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand news reports by analyzing the structure of the report, identifying the main ideas, and evaluating the credibility of the source.

**Section 1: Reading a News Report**

When reading a news report, there are several elements you should pay attention to:

1. Headline: The headline is the first thing you see, and it should give you an idea of what the story is about. It may be written in different ways depending on the style of the publication, but it should always be clear and concise.

2. Byline: The byline tells you who wrote the story. This is important because it helps you evaluate the credibility of the source. If the byline includes the writer's credentials (e.g., their position or expertise), it can also help you understand their perspective on the story.

3. Lead: The lead is the first paragraph of the story, and it should summarize the most important information. It should answer the questions who, what, when, where, and why.

4. Body: The body of the story provides more details about the event or issue being reported. It may include quotes from sources, background information, and analysis.

5. Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the main points of the story and may include additional information or commentary.

**Section 2: Identifying Main Ideas**

Once you have read the news report, you should identify the main ideas. Ask yourself:

1. What is the overall topic of the story?
2. Who are the main characters or parties involved?
3. What happened or is happening?
4. Why is this story important?
5. What are the implications or consequences of the story?

You may also want to look for any contradictions or inconsistencies in the report. Are there any statements that seem to conflict with other information in the story? Are there any missing pieces of information that you would like to know more about?

**Section 3: Evaluating Credibility**

Finally, you should evaluate the credibility of the source. Ask yourself:

1. Is the source reliable? Look for indicators such as the publication's reputation, the writer's credentials, and the presence of editorial oversight.
2. Is the story based on facts or opinions? Opinion pieces are clearly labeled, but other stories may contain opinion or analysis mixed with factual information.
3. Are there any conflicts of interest or biases that could affect the story? For example, is the story written by someone who has a personal connection to the issue being reported?

**Conclusion**

By following these steps, you can read and understand news reports more effectively. By learning to read critically, you will be better equipped to evaluate the information you encounter and make informed decisions about current events.

**Glossary**

- Byline: The name of the writer of a news report
- Lead: The first paragraph of a news report
- Body: The main part of a news report
- Conclusion: The final paragraph of a news report
- Credibility: The trustworthiness of a source
- Reputation: The general perception of a person or organization
- Opinion piece: A written work expressing the author's personal views on a topic.


text:
Q:

Is there a way to specify exact path to "client_secret.json"

Im new to this stuff and i really don't know what to do now, i need to be able to type exact path to "client_secret.json" file but in every tutorial i saw it only uses file name that is in same directory, but mine isn't.
creds = ServiceAccountCredentials.from_json_keyfile_name('client_secret.json', scope)

A:

Yes, anywhere that accepts a filename will accept an absolute or relative pathway. You are talking about relative pathways (being in the same directory), and you can use these like:
creds = ServiceAccountCredentials.from_json_keyfile_name('../client_secret.json', scope)

Where the ../ specifies to go up one folder and then look for your file. Additionally you could use an absolute pathway like:
creds = ServiceAccountCredentials.from_json_keyfile_name('C:\\Users\\myUser\\Desktop\\client_secret.json', scope)

It's typically recommended to use relative pathways though, because that enables you to move your entire project folder to another place/drive without breaking all your links.
Relative pathways can also navigate up and down the tree like:
creds = ServiceAccountCredentials.from_json_keyfile_name('../../../SomeFolder/SubFolder/client_secret.json', scope)

textbook:
# Lesson 1: Understanding Service Accounts in Google Cloud Platform

In this lesson, we will learn about Service Accounts in Google Cloud Platform and how they can be used to securely access resources.

**Introduction**

Service Accounts are a powerful feature in Google Cloud Platform that allow us to securely access resources without sharing our own credentials. They are associated with a project and have their own unique email address which can be used to authenticate with other services.

**Theory**

1. What is a Service Account?

A Service Account is a special type of account that belongs to a project in Google Cloud Platform. It has its own unique email address and can be used to authenticate with other services.

2. Why use Service Accounts?

Service Accounts provide a way to securely access resources without sharing our own credentials. This means that we can grant access to our resources without having to share our own login information.

3. How do Service Accounts work?

Service Accounts work by generating a pair of keys - one private key and one public key. These keys are used to sign requests made to other services. The public key can be shared with other services, while the private key should be kept secure and not shared.

**Practice**

1. Create a new Service Account in your project.

To create a new Service Account in your project, follow these steps:

- Open the Google Cloud Console and navigate to your project.
- In the left menu, click on "IAM & Admin" and then "Service Accounts".
- Click on the "Create Service Account" button.
- Enter a name for your Service Account and select the "Default scopes".
- Click on the "Create" button.

2. Generate a key for your Service Account.

To generate a key for your Service Account, follow these steps:

- Open the Google Cloud Console and navigate to your project.
- In the left menu, click on "IAM & Admin" and then "Service Accounts".
- Select your Service Account from the list.
- Click on the "Keys" tab.
- Click on the "Create Key" button.
- Choose the type of key you want to create (e.g. JSON) and click on the "Create" button.

3. Use your Service Account to access a resource.

To use your Service Account to access a resource, follow these steps:

- Open the Google Cloud Console and navigate to your project.
- In the left menu, click on "IAM & Admin" and then "Service Accounts".
- Select your Service Account from the list.
- Click on the "Keys" tab.
- Copy the "Private Key" text and save it somewhere safe.
- Use the "Public Key" text to authenticate with the resource you want to access.

**Glossary**

- Service Account: A special type of account that belongs to a project in Google Cloud Platform and has its own unique email address.
- Key: A pair of keys - one private key and one public key - that are used to sign requests made to other services.

**Conclusion**

In this lesson, we learned about Service Accounts in Google Cloud Platform and how they can be used to securely access resources. We covered the theory behind them, practiced creating and generating keys for a Service Account, and used a Service Account to access a resource.

By understanding Service Accounts, we can improve the security of our applications and reduce the risk of unauthorized access to our resources.


text: MOSCOW, Sept 18 (Reuters) - Russian state development bank Vnesheconombank (VEB) agreed on Wednesday to lend $2.5 billion to debt-laden miner Mechel, a move that will allow the firm to push ahead with its ambitious and costly Elga mining project.. Mechel, saddled with debts of over $9 billion, applied to VEB in March for help on financing Elga, one of the world's largest coking coal reserves whose development has for decades been blighted by inadequate transport links.. 'All the basic parameters of the agreement have been approved by the supervisory board, so now we can push ahead with the work,' VEB chairman Vladimir Dmitriev said.. (Reporting by Darya Korsunskaya, Writing by Alessandra Prentice; Editing by Douglas Busvine) Keywords: RUSSIA MECHEL/. .

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Finance and Business

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

In this lesson, we will learn about finance and business. Finance refers to the management of money, including the acquisition, investment, and management of funds. Business, on the other hand, is an organization or enterprising entity engaged in commercial, industrial, or professional activities to earn a profit. In this context, we will focus on the financing of business projects, such as the Elga mining project mentioned in the news article.

### Section 2: Questions and Answers

1. What is finance?
Finance is the management of money, including the acquisition, investment, and management of funds.

2. What is business?
Business is an organization or enterprising entity engaged in commercial, industrial, or professional activities to earn a profit.

3. Why is financing important for business projects?
Financing is crucial for business projects because it provides the necessary funds to start and operate a business. Without funding, a business cannot produce products or services, hire employees, or pay expenses.

4. How does a business get funding?
A business can obtain funding through various means, such as loans, investments, grants, or crowdfunding.

5. What factors should a business consider when seeking funding?
A business should consider factors such as the amount of funding needed, the purpose of the funding, the repayment capacity, and the interest rate.

6. Can a business fail if it does not secure enough funding?
Yes, a business may not succeed without adequate funding, as it may not be able to cover expenses or produce products or services.

### Section 3: Definitions and Examples

**Finance:**
- Acquisition: obtaining something or someone for a certain price
- Investment: putting money into an asset with the expectation of gaining profit
- Management: organizing and coordinating resources to achieve specific goals

**Business:**
- Commercial: related to buying and selling
- Industrial: related to manufacturing or production
- Professional: related to a skilled trade or occupation

**Elga Mining Project:**
- A project to extract coking coal from one of the world's largest reserves
- The project has been blighted by inadequate transport links for decades
- Mechel, a debt-laden miner, applied for help from VEB to finance the project
- VEB, a Russian state development bank, agreed to lend $2.5 billion to Mechel

### Section 4: Practical Examples

**Example 1:** A small business owner needs funding to expand their bakery. They approach a bank for a loan and provide financial projections, business plans, and personal guarantees. The bank evaluates the application and approves a loan of $50,000 at an interest rate of 5%.

**Example 2:** An investor decides to invest in a startup company that develops software. The investor conducts due diligence and evaluates the company's potential for growth before deciding to invest $100,000 in exchange for equity.

**Example 3:** A large corporation issues bonds to raise capital for a new project. The bonds are sold to investors who expect to receive periodic interest payments and the return of their principal at maturity.

### Glossary

**Acquisition:** Obtaining something or someone for a certain price
**Investment:** Putting money into an asset with the expectation of gaining profit
**Management:** Organizing and coordinating resources to achieve specific goals
**Commercial:** Related to buying and selling
**Industrial:** Related to manufacturing or production
**Professional:** Related to a skilled trade or occupation
**Coking Coal:** A type of coal used for producing steel
**Transport Links:** Routes or networks for moving goods or people
**Debt-Laden:** Burdened with a heavy amount of debt
**State Development Bank:** A bank owned by the government that provides financial assistance to businesses and individuals
**Loan:** A sum of money lent at interest
**Interest Rate:** The percentage of the principal amount charged by a lender for the use of their money
**Equity:** The difference between an asset's market value and the amount of all liabilities
**Bond:** A fixed income instrument representing a loan made by an investor to the issuer

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about finance and business, including the importance of financing for business projects. We also explored practical examples of financing and defined key terms. By understanding these concepts, we can apply our knowledge to new problems and make informed decisions in the world of business.


text:
A focus on two major health problems in the Indian subcontinent.
Every 2 years, Professor Sarman Singh organizes the International Conference on Opportunistic Pathogens, which is held in the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. International experts in the field of opportunistic infections in AIDS patients and transplant recipients are invited to share their experience with their Indian colleagues. In this article, two presentations are summarized. The focus on those presentations is not necessarily because they convey new information (most of the data are available on the WHO website or in the literature), but rather because this information is still highly relevant today and because, in the opinion of the author, it is very important to heighten readers' awareness of these major health problems in the Indian subcontinent.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Opportunistic Infections

**Objective:** To introduce students to opportunistic infections and their impact on the Indian subcontinent.

**Introduction:** Opportunistic infections are infections that occur when a person's immune system is weakened by another infection, such as HIV/AIDS or a transplant. These infections can be severe and difficult to treat, leading to serious health problems. In this lesson, we will learn about two major health problems in the Indian subcontinent: opportunistic infections in AIDS patients and transplant recipients.

**Section 1: Opportunistic Infections in AIDS Patients**

**Topic 1: What are opportunistic infections?**
Opportunistic infections are infections that take advantage of a weakened immune system. They can occur in people with HIV/AIDS, as their immune systems are weakened by the virus.

**Topic 2: Examples of opportunistic infections in AIDS patients**
Some examples of opportunistic infections in AIDS patients include tuberculosis, pneumonia, and cryptococcal meningitis.

**Topic 3: Why are opportunistic infections a problem in the Indian subcontinent?**
Opportunistic infections are a major problem in the Indian subcontinent because of the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the region. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were approximately 2.1 million people living with HIV/AIDS in India alone in 2019. This high number of HIV/AIDS cases leads to a higher risk of opportunistic infections in the population.

**Section 2: Opportunistic Infections in Transplant Recipients**

**Topic 1: What are transplant-related opportunistic infections?**
Transplant-related opportunistic infections occur when a person receives an organ transplant and their immune system is suppressed to prevent rejection of the new organ. This suppression can lead to infections that would not normally be a problem for a healthy individual.

**Topic 2: Examples of transplant-related opportunistic infections**
Some examples of transplant-related opportunistic infections include cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and Aspergillus infections.

**Topic 3: Why are transplant-related opportunistic infections a problem in the Indian subcontinent?**
Transplant-related opportunistic infections are a problem in the Indian subcontinent because of the high demand for organs and the limited availability of donors. This leads to a higher risk of infections in transplant recipients.

**Section 3: Conclusion**
In conclusion, opportunistic infections are a major health problem in the Indian subcontinent, particularly for people with HIV/AIDS and transplant recipients. It is essential to understand the causes and symptoms of these infections to prevent and treat them effectively. By raising awareness about opportunistic infections, we can help reduce their impact on our communities.

**Glossary:**
- Opportunistic infections: Infections that occur when a person's immune system is weakened by another infection.
- HIV/AIDS: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
- Transplant: The removal of an organ from one person and its replacement in another person.
- Immune system: The body's defense against infections and diseases.
- Suppressed: Reduced in strength or activity.
- Rejection: The body's response to a foreign object, such as a transplanted organ, as if it were an invader.
- Infections: Disorders caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

**Self-Debate Discussion:**
- How can we raise awareness about opportunistic infections in the Indian subcontinent?
- What are some ways to prevent opportunistic infections in people with HIV/AIDS and transplant recipients?
- What are some challenges faced by people with HIV/AIDS and transplant recipients in accessing healthcare in the Indian subcontinent?


text: Airlink upgrades fleet. Airlink will acquire five Embraer E-Jets during the first half of this year – three E170s and two E190s. This follows the addition of 11 Embraer ERJ 140s to its fleet since December.. The airline is in the process of replacing its current fleet of 12 Avro RJ85s with the Embraers over the next three years. They will operate its more established routes and also allow Airlink to introduce new routes.. Rodger Foster, ceo of Airlink, told eTNW that, in the long term, the price of fuel would continue to increase. “We want more fuel-efficient aircraft to take over from where the less-fuel-efficient aircraft need to leave off.”. The E170 will seat 74 passengers and the E190 will seat 98.. Rodger says Airlink will require 13 E-Jets to complete its planned growth and modernisation strategy, and is in the process of sourcing the final eight E190s.. Source:

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding the Importance of Fleet Upgrades in the Aviation Industry

Introduction:
The aviation industry is constantly evolving, and one of the most significant changes that airlines can make is to upgrade their fleets. In this lesson, we will explore the reasons why airlines choose to upgrade their fleets, the benefits of doing so, and the different types of aircraft that can be used for fleet upgrades.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is understanding the importance of fleet upgrades in the aviation industry. By upgrading their fleets, airlines can improve their operations, reduce costs, and provide better service to their customers.

Section 1: Why Do Airlines Upgrade Their Fleets?

Topic 1: Technological Advancements
One of the primary reasons why airlines upgrade their fleets is to take advantage of technological advancements in aircraft design. Newer aircraft are often more fuel-efficient, which can help airlines save money on fuel costs. Additionally, newer aircraft may have more advanced avionics systems, which can improve safety and operational efficiency.

Topic 2: Improved Customer Experience
Another reason why airlines upgrade their fleets is to provide a better customer experience. Newer aircraft may have more spacious cabins, improved seating configurations, and better in-flight entertainment systems. These upgrades can help airlines attract more customers and improve their overall reputation.

Topic 3: Replacement of Aging Aircraft
Finally, airlines may upgrade their fleets to replace aging aircraft that are no longer economical to operate. Older aircraft may require more maintenance and have higher operating costs than newer aircraft. By replacing these aircraft with newer, more efficient models, airlines can reduce their operating costs and improve their bottom line.

Section 2: Benefits of Fleet Upgrades

Topic 1: Cost Savings
One of the primary benefits of fleet upgrades is cost savings. Newer aircraft are often more fuel-efficient, which can help airlines save money on fuel costs. Additionally, newer aircraft may require less maintenance, which can further reduce operating costs.

Topic 2: Improved Operational Efficiency
Fleet upgrades can also improve operational efficiency. Newer aircraft may have more advanced avionics systems, which can improve flight planning and reduce the risk of accidents. Additionally, newer aircraft may have more powerful engines, which can allow airlines to operate flights more efficiently and reduce flight times.

Topic 3: Enhanced Reputation
Finally, fleet upgrades can help airlines enhance their reputation. By providing a better customer experience and offering more modern aircraft, airlines can differentiate themselves from their competitors and attract more customers.

Section 3: Types of Aircraft Used for Fleet Upgrades

Topic 1: Regional Jets
One type of aircraft commonly used for fleet upgrades is regional jets. These aircraft are designed to carry between 50 and 100 passengers and are often used for short-haul flights. Examples of regional jets include the Embraer E-Jet family and the Bombardier CRJ series.

Topic 2: Narrowbody Aircraft
Another type of aircraft used for fleet upgrades is narrowbody aircraft. These aircraft are designed to carry between 100 and 250 passengers and are often used for medium-haul flights. Examples of narrowbody aircraft include the Boeing 737 and the Airbus A320 families.

Topic 3: Widebody Aircraft
Finally, some airlines may choose to upgrade their fleets with widebody aircraft. These aircraft are designed to carry between 200 and 500 passengers and are often used for long-haul flights. Examples of widebody aircraft include the Boeing 777 and the Airbus A330/A340 families.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, fleet upgrades are an important part of the aviation industry. By upgrading their fleets, airlines can improve their operations, reduce costs, and provide better service to their customers. By understanding the reasons behind fleet upgrades and the benefits they provide, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the complexities of the aviation industry.

Glossary:
- Aviation: The activity or industry of flying aircraft.
- Fleet: A group of aircraft operated by an airline or air force.
- Upgrade: To improve or replace (something) with a superior or more advanced version.
- Aircraft: A machine that is able to fly.
- Avionics: The electronic systems used on aircraft.
- Operating Costs: The costs associated with running an aircraft, such as fuel, maintenance, and crew salaries.
- Reputation: The beliefs or opinions that people have about something or someone.
- Available Seat Miles (ASM): A measure of an airline's capacity, calculated by multiplying the number of seats on an aircraft by the distance flown.

Self-Debating Discussion:
- How does the age of an aircraft affect its operational efficiency and safety?
- What factors should an airline consider when deciding to upgrade its fleet?
- How do fleet upgrades impact the environment?


text: The Yankees have sold Triple-A first baseman Steve Pearce to the Baltimore Orioles for cash after he exercised a June 1 opt-out clause in his contract, according to Chad Jennings of the Journal News.. Pearce, 29-years-old, absolutely crushed the ball at Triple-A this season. In 52 games he had an amazing line of .321/.422/.574/.996. Usually a line like that would at least get a team to give you a chance in The Show, but the Yankees were set at first base and with Eric Chavez healthy it didn’t make a lot of sense to promote him.. So they sold his rights to the Orioles rather than lose him for nothing. Hard to blame them for that, but hopefully it doesn’t come back to haunt them as he will join the O’s Major League team.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding Baseball Transactions

Introduction:
Baseball is a popular sport played by millions of people worldwide. One aspect of baseball that many people find interesting is the trading of players between teams. In this lesson, we will learn about a specific transaction that occurred between the New York Yankees and the Baltimore Orioles.

Core Value:
The core value of this transaction is that it demonstrates the importance of understanding the rules and clauses in a player's contract. This knowledge can help teams make informed decisions about whether to keep or trade a player.

Lesson Plan:

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
- Explain what a "opt-out clause" is in a contract.
- Describe what it means to "sell a player's rights" to another team.
- Discuss the concept of "cash considerations" in a transaction.

Section 2: Questions and Answers
- Why did the Yankees decide to sell Steve Pearce to the Orioles?
- What does it mean when a player exercises an opt-out clause in their contract?
- How does a team benefit from receiving "cash considerations" in a transaction?

Section 3: Definitions and Examples
- Define "first baseman" and "Triple-A."
- Provide an example of a player who successfully used an opt-out clause to gain a better opportunity.
- Explain how cash considerations can be used to improve a team's finances.

Section 4: Practical Examples
- Use a mathematical formula to calculate Steve Pearce's batting average, on-base percentage, and slugging percentage.
- Create a table comparing Pearce's statistics to other first basemen in the Yankees organization.
- Analyze how the Yankees' decision to sell Pearce affected their team dynamics and chemistry.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding the rules and clauses in a player's contract can be crucial in making informed decisions about trades and transactions. By examining the details of the Steve Pearce transaction, we can see how important it is to have a solid grasp on these concepts. By applying the knowledge gained from this lesson, we can better understand and analyze future baseball transactions.

Glossary:
- Opt-out clause: A provision in a contract that allows a player to leave the team if certain conditions are met.
- Cash considerations: Money exchanged between two teams in a transaction.
- Triple-A: The highest level of minor league baseball.
- First baseman: A position in baseball where the player stands near first base and fields ground balls.

Self-Debate Discussion:
- Should the Yankees have kept Steve Pearce on their roster instead of selling him to the Orioles?
- How might Pearce's success at Triple-A impact his performance at the Major League level?
- Would the Yankees have been better off holding onto Pearce until he was eligible for free agency?


text:
'Empire Strikes Back' director Irvin Kershner dies

LOS ANGELES (AP) — Irvin Kershner, who directed the Star Wars sequel "The Empire Strikes Back" and the James Bond film "Never Say Never Again," has died at age 87.

Kershner died Saturday in Los Angeles after a long illness, said Adriana Santini, a France-based actress who is a family friend. He is survived by two sons, she said. His agent, Derek Maki, also confirmed the death Monday in an e-mail to The Associated Press.

Kershner already had made a number of well-received movies when he was hired by George Lucas to direct "Empire," which was the second produced but fifth in the "Star Wars" chronology.

The 1980 production was a darker story than the original. In it, hero Luke Skywalker loses a hand and learns that villain Darth Vader is his father. The movie initially got mixed reviews but has gone on to become one of the most critically praised.

Kershner told Vanity Fair in October that he tried to give the sequel more depth than the original.

"When I finally accepted the assignment, I knew that it was going to be a dark film, with more depth to the characters than in the first film," he said. "It took a few years for the critics to catch up with the film and to see it as a fairy tale rather than a comic book."

Kershner said he had only one sharp disagreement with Lucas. The script originally called for the heroine, Princess Leia, to tell space pilot Han Solo "I love you" and for him to reply "I love you, too."

"I shot the line and it just didn't seem right for the character of Han Solo," Kershner said.

Instead, actor Harrison Ford improvised the reply: "I know."

Lucas wanted the original line but after test previews agreed to leave in Ford's reply, which has gone on to be one of the best-known lines in the series.

The Philadelphia-born Kershner had both musical and photographic training and worked as a freelance illustrator before he turned to filmmaking. He graduated from the University of Southern California film school and in the 1950s made U.S. government informational films in Greece, Turkey and the Middle East.

He was a director and cameraman for a television documentary series called "Confidential File" in Los Angeles before getting his first movie break in 1958 when Roger Corman hired him to shoot a low-budget feature called "Stakeout on Dope Street."

He went on to direct a number of noted features in the 1960s and 1970s, including "A Fine Madness" with Sean Connery, Joanne Woodward and Jean Seberg, "The Flim-Flam Man" with George C. Scott, "Loving" with George Segal and Eva Marie Saint, and "The Eyes of Laura Mars" with Faye Dunaway.

The 1976 television movie "Raid on Entebbe" earned him an Emmy nomination for direction.

Besides "Empire," his big-budget work included the 1983 James Bond movie "Never Say Never Again" with Connery and "Robocop 2" in 1990.

Kershner also was an occasional actor. He played the priest Zebedee in Martin Scorsese's "The Last Temptation of Christ."

He also was a faculty member at the University of Southern California.

___

AP Entertainment writer Alicia Quarles in New York and AP writer Angela Doland in Paris contributed to this report.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Direction in Film

Introduction:
Film directors play a crucial role in the success of a movie. They are responsible for guiding the actors, cinematographers, and other crew members to create a cohesive and engaging film. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of direction in film by examining the life and work of the late Irvin Kershner, who directed the iconic movie "The Empire Strikes Back."

Section 1: Understanding the Role of a Film Director

Question: What does a film director do?
Answer: A film director is responsible for overseeing the creative aspects of a film, including script selection, casting, shot composition, and performance of the actors. They work closely with the cinematographer, editor, and other crew members to ensure that the final product is cohesive and engaging.

Section 2: The Life and Work of Irvin Kershner

Question: Who was Irvin Kershner?
Answer: Irvin Kershner was an American film director known for his work on several popular films, including "The Empire Strikes Back," "Never Say Never Again," and "RoboCop 2." He was born on April 29, 1923, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and began his career as an actor before transitioning to directing.

Question: What were some of Kershner's notable works?
Answer: Kershner's most famous work was directing "The Empire Strikes Back," which is widely considered one of the best films in the "Star Wars" franchise. He also directed the James Bond film "Never Say Never Again" and the science fiction film "The Last Starfighter."

Section 3: The Importance of Direction in Film

Question: Why is direction important in film?
Answer: Direction is essential in film because it guides the overall vision and style of the movie. A good director knows how to bring out the best performances from the actors, work with the cinematographer to capture stunning visuals, and edit the film to maintain a cohesive narrative. Without a strong director, a film can lack focus, coherence, and emotional resonance.

Question: How does a director achieve cohesion in a film?
Answer: A director achieves cohesion in a film by working closely with the screenwriter, cinematographer, editor, and other crew members to ensure that every aspect of the film contributes to the overall story and theme. They must also maintain consistency in tone, style, and pacing throughout the film to keep the audience engaged.

Section 4: Applying Skills to New Problems

Question: How can the skills learned from this lesson be applied to new problems?
Answer: The skills learned from this lesson, such as understanding the role of a film director and the importance of direction in film, can be applied to various aspects of life. For example, these skills can be used when leading a team project at work or school, directing a play or musical production, or even when creating a personal video project. By understanding the principles of direction, one can effectively guide a group or project towards a cohesive and engaging end result.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Irvin Kershner's work as a film director demonstrates the importance of direction in creating a successful and engaging film. By understanding the role of a director and the principles they follow, we can apply these skills to various aspects of our lives, from leading a team project to creating personal videos.


text: Ki No Bi Gin with Gold Flakes 700ml was Default Title - ₱5,149.00 QTY : DESCRIPTION There is a tradition for gold leaf to be added to Japanese sake at times of celebration such as New Year, weddings and festivals. The gold for KIN BO BI is sourced from a Kyoto-based company, Horikin, founded in 1711. It lifts the product and adds an extra element of occasion and luxury. The label designs have been created in collaboration with KIRA KARACHO, part of the KARACHO karakami atelier founded in Kyoto in 1624.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Gold Leaf and its Uses

**Lesson Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about the properties and uses of gold leaf, particularly in the context of Japanese sake. We will explore the process of making gold leaf, its history, and its significance in various cultural and religious ceremonies.

**Section 1: Properties and Uses of Gold Leaf**

Gold leaf is a thin sheet of metal made of gold that is commonly used in various artistic and cultural applications. It is prized for its luster, durability, and ability to reflect light. In the context of Japanese sake, gold leaf is often added to the drink to enhance its visual appeal and symbolic significance.

**Section 2: Making Gold Leaf**

The process of making gold leaf involves several steps, including refining gold ore, hammering it into thin sheets, and polishing it until it achieves a mirror-like finish. This process requires great skill and precision, as even the slightest error can result in a defective piece of gold leaf.

**Section 3: History and Significance of Gold Leaf in Japanese Culture**

Gold leaf has played an important role in Japanese culture for centuries. It is often used in religious ceremonies, such as Buddhist funerals and Shinto weddings, where it is believed to bring good luck and fortune. Additionally, gold leaf is commonly used in traditional Japanese art forms, such as lacquerware and kirie (paper cutting).

**Section 4: Applying Gold Leaf to Sake**

Applying gold leaf to sake is a delicate process that requires careful attention to detail. The gold leaf must be applied evenly and smoothly to achieve the desired visual effect. This process is typically done by hand, using a special tool called a "karatsu."

**Section 5: Conclusion**

In conclusion, gold leaf has a rich history and cultural significance in Japan. Its use in sake is a testament to the importance of visual appeal and symbolism in Japanese culture. By learning about the properties and uses of gold leaf, we can gain a deeper appreciation for this unique and beautiful tradition.

**Glossary:**

- **Gold leaf:** A thin sheet of metal made of gold, often used in artistic and cultural applications.
- **Karatsu:** A special tool used to apply gold leaf to sake.
- **Kirie:** A traditional Japanese art form that involves cutting paper to create intricate designs.
- **Lacquerware:** A traditional Japanese craft that involves applying lacquer to wood and other materials to create decorative objects.
- **Shinto:** A native religion of Japan that focuses on the worship of spirits and ancestors.

**Self-Debate Discussion:**

- Why do you think gold leaf is often used in cultural and religious ceremonies?
- How does the addition of gold leaf to sake enhance its visual appeal and symbolic significance?
- What other applications of gold leaf can you think of?


text: Breakpoint-based type sizing has always felt a bit arbitrary to me. It seems like equal parts guesswork and compromise, where the better we want it to work, the more stuff we need to design. It strikes me as inelegant and inefficient. was originally published on the Utopia website.

textbook:
Lesson: Breaking Points in Typography

Introduction:
Typography is an essential part of any design project. One of the most crucial decisions designers make when creating a design is choosing the right type size. In this lesson, we will explore breakpoint-based type sizing and how it can help designers create more effective designs.

Section 1: Understanding Breakpoints

Breakpoints are specific points in a design where the type size changes. These changes can be based on various factors such as screen size, font family, or even the content itself. By using breakpoints, designers can create more responsive designs that adapt to different devices and screen sizes.

Questions:
- What is a breakpoint in typography?
- How does breakpoint-based type sizing work?

Answer:
 A breakpoint is a specific point in a design where the type size changes. This change can occur based on various factors such as screen size, font family, or even the content itself. Breakpoint-based type sizing allows designers to create more responsive designs that adapt to different devices and screen sizes.

Section 2: Creating Effective Breakpoints

Creating effective breakpoints requires careful consideration of several factors. These factors include the content, the user's behavior, and the overall design aesthetic. By taking these factors into account, designers can create type sizes that are both visually appealing and functional.

Questions:
- What factors should designers consider when creating breakpoints?
- How can designers ensure that their breakpoints are effective?

Answer:
 When creating breakpoints, designers should consider several factors such as the content, the user's behavior, and the overall design aesthetic. By taking these factors into account, designers can create type sizes that are both visually appealing and functional. To ensure that their breakpoints are effective, designers should test their designs on different devices and screen sizes to ensure that the type size is responsive and easy to read.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Let's take a look at some practical examples of breakpoint-based type sizing in action.

Example 1:
Designer: "I want to create a design that looks great on both desktop and mobile devices."
Solution: The designer can use breakpoint-based type sizing to adjust the type size based on the device being used to view the design. For example, they could use a larger type size on desktops and a smaller type size on mobile devices.

Example 2:
Designer: "I want to create a design that adapts to different content types."
Solution: The designer can use breakpoint-based type sizing to adjust the type size based on the content being displayed. For example, they could use a larger type size for headings and a smaller type size for body copy.

Conclusion:
Breakpoint-based type sizing is an essential tool for designers looking to create more effective designs. By understanding the factors that influence breakpoints and creating practical examples, designers can create type sizes that are both visually appealing and functional. By applying these skills to new projects, designers can create designs that adapt to different devices and screen sizes, ensuring that their designs are accessible and effective.

Glossary:
- Breakpoint: A specific point in a design where the type size changes.
- Type size: The size of the text displayed on a screen or printed page.
- Responsive design: A design that adapts to different devices and screen sizes.


text: This is the second in a series of snippets from my memoir, Writing Me Back to Mat(t)er (a working title). Please let me know what resonates with you.. From the Prologue. Why had I forgotten? Why had I left behind the passion, the primal spirituality of the rhythm, the beat, the voice of my gypsy soul?. She is opposite to the woman I was taught to be. In my world any human hunger or need was to be suppressed, but She is hungry for life. She lives in her body. Listening to the rhythms and voices of the earth and Her heart. Passionate. Sensual. Sexual. Raw. She is the symbol of my real self, the self hidden beneath layers of indoctrination. But She was there quietly harmonizing as I sang, laughing while I danced, and stomping her feet as I swished my skirts. I did not recognize Her but She was there. But when I became a wife and mother I pushed Her completely underground. I had to. I had to become Mother Mary.

textbook:
Core Value: Self-discovery and embracing one's true identity

Lesson: Finding Your True Identity

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the importance of discovering who we truly are and embracing our authentic selves. We will learn about the different aspects of our identity and how they shape our experiences and interactions with the world around us.

Section 1: Understanding Identity

Topic 1: Defining Identity
- Identity refers to the characteristics that define who we are as individuals.
- These characteristics can include our culture, race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, beliefs, values, interests, and personality traits.
- Our identity is shaped by our experiences, relationships, and environment.

Topic 2: The Importance of Identity
- Our identity plays a crucial role in shaping our self-esteem, confidence, and sense of belonging.
- It affects how we perceive ourselves and how others perceive us.
- Embracing our true identity can lead to greater self-acceptance and personal growth.

Section 2: Exploring Different Aspects of Identity

Topic 3: Cultural Identity
- Cultural identity refers to the aspects of our culture that shape our identity.
- This can include our traditions, customs, language, music, art, and food.
- Cultural identity can play a significant role in shaping our self-image and sense of belonging.

Topic 4: Gender Identity
- Gender identity refers to an individual's internal sense of their gender.
- This can include identifying as male, female, non-binary, or another gender identity.
- Gender identity is separate from sexual orientation and can vary throughout an individual's life.

Topic 5: Personal Identity
- Personal identity refers to the unique characteristics that make each individual who they are.
- This can include interests, hobbies, values, beliefs, and personality traits.
- Personal identity can evolve over time as we gain new experiences and insights into ourselves.

Section 3: Embracing Our True Identity

Topic 6: Overcoming Social Pressures
- Society often imposes expectations and stereotypes on individuals based on their identity.
- It is essential to recognize these pressures and work towards embracing our true identity despite them.
- This can involve seeking out supportive communities and engaging in self-care practices.

Topic 7: Self-Acceptance and Growth
- Embracing our true identity involves accepting all aspects of ourselves, including our flaws and imperfections.
- This can lead to greater self-compassion and personal growth.
- It is also essential to continue exploring and learning about ourselves throughout our lives.

Conclusion:
Finding and embracing our true identity is a lifelong journey. By understanding the different aspects of our identity and working towards self-acceptance, we can lead more fulfilling and authentic lives. Remember that our identity is constantly evolving, and it is essential to remain open-minded and curious about ourselves and the world around us.


text:
Tag Archives: rugby

On Friday evening just gone, Harlequins played their last home game of the season, against league leaders Wasps. My friend Jon and I duly went along, fully expecting the team to be whupped, particularly after the collapse against Exeter in … Continue reading →

This weekend, my friend Jon and I treated ourselves to a weekend in Lyon, one of France’s great cities, for the two European club rugby finals. Both France v England clashes: on Friday evening, Montpellier v Harlequins in the Challenge … Continue reading →

The sun shone, the temperature was into the mid-twenties, last game of the regular season. Quins v Exeter. Exeter second in the table, hoping to cement their place in the play-offs with a home semi-final. Quins needing to win to … Continue reading →

Yes, two great days of sports viewing, with a decent amount of beer and wine drinking thrown in! Sometimes it just has to be done… On Friday, just gone, I took the day off work, with a few friends, to … Continue reading →

Three games into the Six Nations. England the only team with a 100% record. So can they do it, can they win the Grand Slam? The Welsh and French will say no, with games to come. The Scots and Irish … Continue reading →

Yesterday we watched what must have been the best game of rugby at the Stoop since when? Maybe when we beat Leicester 32-12 in January 2015? My friend Jon was suggesting the heroics against Stade Francais in 2008! After last … Continue reading →

Well, what a game that was! New Zealand 34 Australia 17. A fitting end to what has been an excellent World Cup, notwithstanding England’s flop. The best team by a mile ran out winners – the first ever to win … Continue reading →

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to Rugby

Introduction:
Rugby is a popular sport that originated in England in the early 19th century. It is played by two teams of 15 players each, who aim to score points by carrying, passing, or kicking the ball over the opponent's goal line. In this lesson, we will learn about the basic rules, equipment, and strategies used in rugby.

Section 1: Basic Rules of Rugby

Rule 1: The objective of the game is to score as many points as possible by carrying, passing, or kicking the ball over the opponent's goal line.

Rule 2: The game is played by two teams of 15 players each, who are known as forwards and backs. Forwards are responsible for tackling and rucking, while backs are responsible for passing and kicking.

Rule 3: A player can only pass the ball laterally or backward. They cannot pass it forward.

Rule 4: A player can only hold onto the ball for a maximum of six seconds. If they hold onto it for longer than that, they must release it.

Section 2: Equipment Used in Rugby

Equipment: The main pieces of equipment used in rugby are a ball, a try line, goalposts, and a whistle.

Goalposts: These are two upright posts placed at either end of the field, which the ball must pass between to score a point.

Try Line: This is a line that runs across the field, parallel to the goal line, which the attacking team must touch the ball down behind to score a try.

Whistle: This is blown by the referee to start and stop the game, as well as to signal penalties and other infringements.

Section 3: Strategies Used in Rugby

Strategy 1: The use of set pieces, such as scrums and lineouts, to restart play after a minor infringement.

Strategy 2: The use of tactical kicking to gain territory and create scoring opportunities.

Strategy 3: The use of decoys and dummy runs to deceive the opposition and create space for the ball carrier.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, rugby is an exciting and challenging sport that requires skill, strategy, and physical fitness. By understanding the basic rules, equipment, and strategies used in the game, we can appreciate its complexity and enjoy watching it being played at a high level.

Glossary:
- Try: A score worth five points, awarded when the ball is touched down behind the try line.
- Conversion: A kick taken from the spot where the try was scored, worth two points if successful.
- Penalty: A kick taken from where the infringement occurred, worth three points if successful.
- Scrum: A set piece involving eight players from each team, used to restart play after a minor infringement.
- Lineout: A set piece involving two jumpers from each team, used to contest for the ball thrown in by the opposing team.