text: Not Within Top #500. A.06. Linkin Park. Send "A.06" Ringtone to Your Cell (ad). Visit Artist's Official Website. Popular ringtone start times for this song... (mouse over to see times). Recent ringtone creations using this song.... A.06 00:10 → 01:00. 7 years ago by Blaise Fisk. A.06 00:04 → 00:44. 8 years ago by Tanisha Benningotn. Recent app creations.... 00:05→00:354 years ago. 00:00→00:304 years ago. 00:04→00:345 years ago. 00:00→00:305 years ago. 00:04→00:345 years ago. Lyrics For "A.06". We're sorry, but we don't have lyrics available for this song. Please check back later.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Create a Custom Ringtone Using a Song

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to create a custom ringtone using a song. We will cover the following topics:

1. What is a ringtone?
2. How to choose a song for your ringtone?
3. How to create a custom ringtone using a song?
4. Tips for creating a great ringtone

What is a ringtone?
A ringtone is a short melody or sound that plays on your phone when someone calls you. It is an essential feature of any mobile phone, as it helps you identify who is calling without checking your phone screen.

How to choose a song for your ringtone?
Choosing the right song for your ringtone can be challenging, but here are some tips:

1. Choose a song that has a catchy melody or beat that you like.
2. Make sure the song is not too long, as ringtones should be short and sweet.
3. Choose a song that has a positive vibe, as you want your phone to bring you joy, not sadness.

How to create a custom ringtone using a song?
Creating a custom ringtone using a song is easy, and you can do it in a few simple steps:

1. Download a ringtone maker app or software that allows you to create custom ringtones.
2. Import the song you want to use as your ringtone into the app or software.
3. Trim the song to the length you want your ringtone to be.
4. Add effects or transitions to make your ringtone more interesting.
5. Preview your ringtone and make any necessary adjustments.
6. Save your ringtone and set it as your default ringtone.

Tips for creating a great ringtone
1. Keep it short: Ringtones should be short and sweet, so choose a section of the song that is less than 30 seconds long.
2. Add effects: Adding effects or transitions to your ringtone can make it more interesting and unique.
3. Choose a positive song: Choose a song with a positive vibe that makes you feel good.
4. Test it out: Before setting your ringtone as your default, test it out to make sure it's the right fit for you.

Conclusion:
Creating a custom ringtone using a song is a fun and easy way to personalize your phone. By following the tips provided in this lesson, you can create a great ringtone that will make you happy every time your phone rings.


text: Steve Turner has a management consulting company. Let me share the real keys of management/leadership success with you. I was on the UPS. management team for 34 years. I am now President and COO of WorldWide Mobile Systems, LLC.. “I enjoy talking with business leaders and learning about their companies; their successes and the challenges they face. Hopefully, my 40 years in the management world can provide a measure of value to help them continue to grow their success. I know that I will learn a lot about what they do just by listening.”

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Management Consulting 101

## Section 1: Introduction to Management Consulting

Management consulting is a professional service that helps organizations improve their performance by providing expert advice and guidance. It involves analyzing an organization's operations, identifying issues, and developing solutions to improve efficiency, productivity, and profitability.

## Section 2: Understanding the Keys to Management/Leadership Success

According to Steve Turner, the real keys to management/leadership success are:

1. Building a strong team culture: A positive work environment fosters collaboration, creativity, and productivity.
2. Clear communication: Effective communication ensures that everyone understands their roles and responsibilities, leading to better decision-making and problem-solving.
3. Continuous improvement: Always looking for ways to improve processes, products, and services leads to a competitive advantage in the market.

## Section 3: Practical Examples of Management Consulting in Action

Let's consider a hypothetical example of a manufacturing company that hires a management consulting firm to improve its efficiency.

1. Analyzing the current state: The consulting firm conducts an audit of the company's operations, identifying bottlenecks and areas for improvement.
2. Developing a plan: Based on the audit results, the consulting firm develops a comprehensive plan to streamline production, reduce waste, and improve quality control.
3. Implementing the plan: The consulting firm works closely with the company's leadership team to implement the plan, providing training and support as needed.
4. Measuring results: The consulting firm tracks progress, measuring the impact of the changes on productivity, cost savings, and customer satisfaction.
5. Continuous improvement: Based on the results, the consulting firm recommends additional improvements to further optimize the company's operations.

## Glossary
- Management consulting: Professional service that helps organizations improve their performance by providing expert advice and guidance.
- Bottleneck: A point of congestion in a process or system that slows down or stops progress.
- Quality control: The process of ensuring that products and services meet specified standards before they are delivered to customers.

## Conclusion

Management consulting is a valuable tool for organizations seeking to improve their performance. By analyzing operations, identifying issues, and developing solutions, management consultants can help companies achieve greater efficiency, productivity, and profitability. Whether you are a business leader or an aspiring manager, understanding the principles of management consulting can provide valuable insights into how to grow and succeed in your industry.


text: 8-9 March 2018 | Skills Training. The professional context puts high demands on executives’ conflict resolution competencies. Issues range from personal conflicts involving team members, partners or competitors to group conflicts within participants' own departments, and also include conflicts of an intersectoral nature.. In this Skills Training, participants are provided with the opportunity to analyse their personal attitude to conflict and get to know techniques for effectively handling disputes, both from the viewpoint of an affected party and from that of a mediator.. Furthermore, the course addresses means for avoiding the emergence of conflicts within organisations or closed social systems.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Conflict Resolution Skills for Primary through High School Students

Introduction:
Conflict resolution is an essential skill that everyone should learn. It is not always easy to deal with conflicts, but it is necessary to learn how to handle them effectively. This lesson will teach you the basics of conflict resolution and how to apply them in different scenarios.

Section 1: Understanding Conflict

**Theoretical Concept:** Conflict is a disagreement or a clash between two or more parties. It can arise from differences in opinions, values, beliefs, or goals.

**Practical Example:** Imagine two friends who want to go on a trip together. One wants to go to the beach, while the other wants to go hiking. They cannot decide on where to go, and this leads to an argument.

**Questions and Answers:**
1. What is conflict?
2. Why do conflicts arise?
3. Can conflicts be avoided?

Section 2: Handling Conflicts

**Theoretical Concept:** There are different ways to handle conflicts. You can choose to avoid, accommodate, compete, or collaborate.

**Practical Example:** In the example above, the friends could choose to avoid the issue and not go on a trip together. Alternatively, they could compromise and go on both trips, or they could work together to find a solution that satisfies both of their desires.

**Questions and Answers:**
1. What are the different ways to handle conflicts?
2. Which method is the best?
3. When should you use each method?

Section 3: Applying Conflict Resolution Skills

**Theoretical Concept:** Conflict resolution skills can be applied in different scenarios. You can use them in your personal life, at school, or in your workplace.

**Practical Example:** Imagine a student who is having trouble with a classmate. They keep bumping into each other during group projects and it is causing tension. The student could use conflict resolution skills to talk to their teacher or a counselor to help resolve the issue.

**Questions and Answers:**
1. How can you apply conflict resolution skills in different scenarios?
2. What are the benefits of learning conflict resolution skills?
3. How can you improve your conflict resolution skills?

Conclusion:
Conflict resolution is an essential skill that everyone should learn. By understanding the different methods of handling conflicts and applying them in different scenarios, you can improve your communication skills, build stronger relationships, and create a more peaceful environment. Remember to use these skills in your personal life, at school, or in your workplace.

Glossary:
- Conflict: A disagreement or a clash between two or more parties
- Mediation: The process of helping two opposing parties reach a settlement
- Compromise: An agreement between two parties that involves each giving up something to reach a common goal
- Collaboration: Working together to achieve a common goal

Self-Debate Discussion:
- Think about a time when you had a conflict with someone. How did you handle it?
- What are some benefits of learning conflict resolution skills?
- How can you improve your conflict resolution skills?


text:
Structural encoding processes contribute to individual differences in face and object cognition: Inferences from psychometric test performance and event-related brain potentials.
The enhanced N1 component in event-related potentials (ERP) to face stimuli, termed N170, is considered to indicate the structural encoding of faces. Previously, individual differences in the latency of the N170 have been related to face and object cognition abilities. By orthogonally manipulating content domain (faces vs objects) and task demands (easy/speed vs difficult/accuracy) in both psychometric and EEG tasks, we investigated the uniqueness of the processes underlying face cognition as compared with object cognition and the extent to which the N1/N170 component can explain individual differences in face and object cognition abilities. Data were recorded from N = 198 healthy young adults. Structural equation modeling (SEM) confirmed that the accuracies of face perception (FP) and memory are specific abilities above general object cognition; in contrast, the speed of face processing was not differentiable from the speed of object cognition. Although there was considerable domain-general variance in the N170 shared with the N1, there was significant face-specific variance in the N170. The brain-behavior relationship showed that faster face-specific processes for structural encoding of faces are associated with higher accuracy in both perceiving and memorizing faces. Moreover, in difficult task conditions, qualitatively different processes are additionally needed for recognizing face and object stimuli as compared with easy tasks. The difficulty-dependent variance components in the N170 amplitude were related with both face and object memory (OM) performance. We discuss implications for understanding individual differences in face cognition.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Structural Encoding Processes and Cognition

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about structural encoding processes and how they contribute to individual differences in face and object cognition. We will explore the N170 component in event-related potentials (ERP), which is used to indicate the structural encoding of faces. We will also investigate the uniqueness of the processes underlying face cognition as compared with object cognition and the extent to which the N1/N170 component can explain individual differences in face and object cognition abilities.

Section 1: Structural Encoding Processes

Structural encoding refers to the process of breaking down information into smaller, more manageable chunks. This process is essential for understanding and remembering information. Structural encoding processes contribute to individual differences in face and object cognition by allowing us to perceive and process information differently depending on the type of stimulus.

Section 2: The N170 Component

The N170 component in ERP is an electrical signal produced by the brain when we are exposed to face stimuli. It is considered to indicate the structural encoding of faces. The N170 component is typically seen around 170 milliseconds after the onset of the stimulus. It is thought to reflect the early stages of face processing, including the perception of basic features such as eyes, nose, and mouth.

Section 3: Individual Differences in Face and Object Cognition

Previous research has shown that individual differences in the latency of the N170 are related to face and object cognition abilities. In other words, people who have a faster N170 response time tend to have better face cognition abilities, while those with a slower response time tend to have better object cognition abilities. This suggests that the N170 component can help explain individual differences in face and object cognition abilities.

Section 4: Orthogonal Manipulation of Content Domain and Task Demands

To investigate the uniqueness of the processes underlying face cognition as compared with object cognition and the extent to which the N1/N170 component can explain individual differences in face and object cognition abilities, the researchers used orthogonal manipulation of content domain and task demands. They used both psychometric and EEG tasks to measure face and object cognition abilities.

Section 5: Results

The results showed that the accuracy of face perception (FP) and memory are specific abilities above general object cognition. In contrast, the speed of face processing was not differentiable from the speed of object cognition. This suggests that the N1/N170 component can help explain individual differences in face and object cognition abilities, particularly in terms of accuracy.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, structural encoding processes contribute to individual differences in face and object cognition. The N170 component in ERP is an essential indicator of the structural encoding of faces. Orthogonal manipulation of content domain and task demands revealed that the processes underlying face cognition are unique compared to object cognition. The N1/N170 component can help explain individual differences in face and object cognition abilities, particularly in terms of accuracy. By understanding these processes, we can improve our cognitive abilities and apply them to new problems.


text: War Field crowdsale announced. War Field crowdsale announced. War Field team is proud to announce their crowdsale.. See War Field overview.. About War Field. First-person shooter game you play to win real crypto. Concept. WAR FIELD is the first online multiplayer first-person shooter game you play to win real cryptocurrency.What makes a game most exciting is not the action, the number of players, or even the realism. What makes it most exciting is when the stakes are real. WAR FIELD is the online first-person shooter game that lets you play for real cryptocurrency and win it, if you’re good! Having something real to win or lose makes all the difference in terms of intensity and adrenaline.. More information. War Field data sheet | Get email notification on War Field updates | ICO calendar. Data provided by TokenMarket digital asset database

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Technology

### Section 1: Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about cryptocurrency and blockchain technology. Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security. It operates on a decentralized network called blockchain, which is a distributed ledger that records all transactions.

### Section 2: What is Cryptocurrency?
Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security. This means that it is secure and difficult to counterfeit because it is encrypted. Cryptocurrencies are decentralized, meaning they are not controlled by any government or central authority. Instead, they operate on a peer-to-peer network.

### Section 3: What is Blockchain Technology?
Blockchain technology is a decentralized and distributed digital ledger that records transactions in a secure and transparent way. It is used to record and verify the transfer of assets, such as cryptocurrencies. The blockchain is made up of blocks that contain transactions. Once a block is added to the chain, it cannot be altered or deleted.

### Section 4: How does Blockchain Work?
Blockchain technology works by using a consensus mechanism to validate transactions. This means that multiple nodes on the network must agree that a transaction is valid before it is added to the blockchain. Once a block is added to the chain, it cannot be altered or deleted. This makes the blockchain secure and transparent.

### Section 5: Why is Blockchain Important?
Blockchain technology is important because it provides a secure and transparent way to record and verify transactions. This is particularly useful for financial transactions, but it can also be used in other industries such as supply chain management and healthcare. By using a decentralized network, blockchain eliminates the need for intermediaries such as banks or governments, making transactions faster and cheaper.

### Section 6: Real-World Examples
One real-world example of blockchain technology is Bitcoin. Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency that operates on a blockchain network. Users can send and receive bitcoins from anywhere in the world without the need for a bank account or intermediary. Another example is Ethereum, which is a platform that allows developers to create decentralized applications (dApps) using blockchain technology.

### Section 7: Conclusion
In conclusion, blockchain technology is an innovative and transformative technology that has the potential to revolutionize many industries. By providing a secure and transparent way to record and verify transactions, blockchain eliminates the need for intermediaries and makes transactions faster and cheaper. As we continue to explore and understand this technology, we will likely see even more applications and use cases for it.


text: The political madness in Wisconsin continues as we shift some of our attention to the impending recalls of several state Senators. The nonpartisan Government Accountability Board is in the middle of a mess of a fight over signatures, petitions and affidavits for the recalls. They held an open session with lawyers and GAB staff to help determine how to handle the situation..

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Political News

**Introduction:** In today's fast-paced world, it can be challenging to keep up with current events, especially when they involve complex issues like politics. However, staying informed about what's happening in your community and country is essential to being an active citizen. In this lesson, we will teach you how to read and understand political news.

**Section 1: Reading Political News**

Before you can begin to understand political news, you need to know how to read it. Here are some tips for reading political news:

1. Start with the headline - The headline is the first thing you should read, as it gives you an idea of what the article is about.
2. Skim the article - Once you've read the headline, skim the article to get a general idea of what it's about. Look for bolded words or phrases that stand out to you.
3. Read the lead paragraph - The lead paragraph is usually the most important part of the article. It tells you who, what, when, where, why, and how.
4. Look for quotes - Quotes from experts or people involved in the story can provide valuable insights into the issue.
5. Check the source - Make sure the source of the information is reliable.

**Section 2: Understanding Political News**

Now that you know how to read political news, let's move on to understanding it. Here are some tips for understanding political news:

1. Identify the issue - Determine what the issue is that the article is discussing.
2. Understand the context - Know the background of the issue and any previous events that may have led to it.
3. Look for evidence - Check to see if there is any evidence to support the claims being made in the article.
4. Consider multiple perspectives - Try to understand the issue from different viewpoints.
5. Evaluate the arguments - Determine if the arguments presented in the article are valid or not.

**Section 3: Applying Critical Thinking Skills**

Critical thinking is an important skill to have when reading and understanding political news. Here are some ways to apply critical thinking skills:

1. Ask questions - Ask yourself if the information presented in the article is accurate and reliable.
2. Analyze the information - Determine if the information presented is relevant and if it supports the argument being made.
3. Evaluate the sources - Determine if the sources used in the article are credible.
4. Consider the consequences - Think about what the potential consequences of the issue could be.
5. Draw conclusions - Based on the information you've gathered, draw your own conclusions about the issue.

**Glossary:**
- Headline: The title of the article
- Lead paragraph: The first paragraph of the article
- Source: The person or organization that provided the information
- Context: The background information on an issue
- Evidence: Proof or information that supports a claim
- Perspectives: Different points of view on an issue
- Arguments: Reasons given to support a claim

**Conclusion:**
In conclusion, reading and understanding political news is an important skill to have as an active citizen. By following the tips in this lesson, you can learn how to read and understand political news and apply critical thinking skills to evaluate the information presented. Remember to always consider multiple perspectives and draw your own conclusions based on the information you gather.


text: I really like the idea of writing things off line and then posting them a day or so later… when I’ve had a chance to cool down or cheer up. I wrote something a little while back that was just so “Woe is me” I felt like giving myself a good kick up the bum. Thankfully, the internet wasn’t working so it never saw the light of day.. So reading back through this article “Adventures with the Beecks” I wrote for Resonate kinda makes me cringe a little. As anyone who knows me well will testify, I don’t really like sharing the struggles… I usually keep them to myself. I’m happier talking about them once they’re done and dusted, not when they’re raw and hurting.. Then again, I guess it’s not so bad with the whole delay in publishing thing that happens. Oh bum… I was just going to say I haven’t cried in like over a week but that would be a big fat lie. I cried this morning – but about something else. I haven’t cried about stuff to do solely with living here for ages now!. Happy reading!

textbook:
Lesson: Writing and Sharing Your Thoughts

Introduction:
Writing and sharing your thoughts can be a powerful way to express yourself, connect with others, and reflect on your experiences. In this lesson, we will explore the benefits of writing and sharing your thoughts, as well as some strategies for overcoming common challenges.

Section 1: The Benefits of Writing and Sharing Your Thoughts

Benefit 1: Self-expression
One of the most significant benefits of writing and sharing your thoughts is that it allows you to express yourself in a meaningful way. When you write down your thoughts and feelings, you are able to communicate your innermost feelings and ideas to others. This can help you feel more connected to others and can even lead to greater self-awareness.

Benefit 2: Connection with Others
Another benefit of writing and sharing your thoughts is that it allows you to connect with others on a deeper level. When you share your thoughts and feelings with others, you open up the opportunity for them to respond and relate to you. This can create a sense of community and belonging, which is essential for our wellbeing.

Benefit 3: Reflection and Growth
Writing and sharing your thoughts can also be a powerful tool for personal growth and reflection. By taking the time to reflect on your experiences and share them with others, you can gain new perspectives and insights that can help you grow and develop as a person.

Section 2: Strategies for Overcoming Common Challenges

Challenge 1: Fear of Judgment
One common challenge that people face when writing and sharing their thoughts is the fear of judgment. This can be especially daunting if you are sharing something personal or vulnerable. To overcome this challenge, try to focus on the value that your writing brings to others, rather than worrying about what others might think.

Challenge 2: Writer's Block
Another common challenge is writer's block, which can make it difficult to get started or continue writing. To overcome this challenge, try setting aside dedicated time for writing each day, even if it's just a few minutes. You can also try free-writing exercises, where you write without stopping or censoring yourself, to get the creative juices flowing.

Challenge 3: Lack of Confidence
Finally, some people may lack confidence in their writing abilities or feel that their thoughts are not worth sharing. To overcome this challenge, try practicing and honing your writing skills, either through writing regularly or taking a writing class. You can also seek out feedback and encouragement from others to boost your confidence.

Section 3: Conclusion

In conclusion, writing and sharing your thoughts can be a powerful way to express yourself, connect with others, and reflect on your experiences. By overcoming common challenges such as fear of judgment, writer's block, and lack of confidence, you can unlock the full potential of writing and sharing your thoughts. Whether you're writing in a journal, blogging, or simply sharing your thoughts with a friend, remember that your thoughts and feelings are valuable and worth sharing.

Glossary:
- Self-expression: the act of expressing one's emotions, thoughts, and ideas
- Connection: a feeling of closeness or rapport between people
- Reflection: the action of thinking carefully about something, such as a situation or experience

Conclusion:
By applying the strategies outlined in this lesson, you can overcome common challenges and unlock the full potential of writing and sharing your thoughts. Remember that your thoughts and feelings are valuable and worth sharing, and that by doing so, you can connect with others, grow and develop as a person, and express yourself in a meaningful way.


text:
Tor

Tor is an encrypted anonymising network that makes it harder to intercept internet communications, or see where communications are coming from or going to.

In order to use the WikiLeaks public submission system as detailed above you can download the Tor Browser Bundle, which is a Firefox-like browser available for Windows, Mac OS X and GNU/Linux and pre-configured to connect using the anonymising system Tor.

Tails

If you are at high risk and you have the capacity to do so, you can also access the submission system through a secure operating system called Tails. Tails is an operating system launched from a USB stick or a DVD that aim to leaves no traces when the computer is shut down after use and automatically routes your internet traffic through Tor. Tails will require you to have either a USB stick or a DVD at least 4GB big and a laptop or desktop computer.

Tips

Our submission system works hard to preserve your anonymity, but we recommend you also take some of your own precautions. Please review these basic guidelines.

1. Contact us if you have specific problems

If you have a very large submission, or a submission with a complex format, or are a high-risk source, please contact us. In our experience it is always possible to find a custom solution for even the most seemingly difficult situations.

2. What computer to use

If the computer you are uploading from could subsequently be audited in an investigation, consider using a computer that is not easily tied to you. Technical users can also use Tails to help ensure you do not leave any records of your submission on the computer.

3. Do not talk about your submission to others

If you have any issues talk to WikiLeaks. We are the global experts in source protection – it is a complex field. Even those who mean well often do not have the experience or expertise to advise properly. This includes other media organisations.

After

1. Do not talk about your submission to others

If you have any issues talk to WikiLeaks. We are the global experts in source protection – it is a complex field. Even those who mean well often do not have the experience or expertise to advise properly. This includes other media organisations.

2. Act normal

If you are a high-risk source, avoid saying anything or doing anything after submitting which might promote suspicion. In particular, you should try to stick to your normal routine and behaviour.

3. Remove traces of your submission

If you are a high-risk source and the computer you prepared your submission on, or uploaded it from, could subsequently be audited in an investigation, we recommend that you format and dispose of the computer hard drive and any other storage media you used.

In particular, hard drives retain data after formatting which may be visible to a digital forensics team and flash media (USB sticks, memory cards and SSD drives) retain data even after a secure erasure. If you used flash media to store sensitive data, it is important to destroy the media.

If you do this and are a high-risk source you should make sure there are no traces of the clean-up, since such traces themselves may draw suspicion.

4. If you face legal action

If a legal action is brought against you as a result of your submission, there are organisations that may help you. The Courage Foundation is an international organisation dedicated to the protection of journalistic sources. You can find more details at https://www.couragefound.org.

Submit documents to WikiLeaks

WikiLeaks publishes documents of political or historical importance that are censored or otherwise suppressed. We specialise in strategic global publishing and large archives.

The following is the address of our secure site where you can anonymously upload your documents to WikiLeaks editors. You can only access this submissions system through Tor. (See our Tor tab for more information.) We also advise you to read our tips for sources before submitting.

wlupld3ptjvsgwqw.onion

Copy this address into your Tor browser. Advanced users, if they wish, can also add a further layer of encryption to their submission using our public PGP key.

If you cannot use Tor, or your submission is very large, or you have specific requirements, WikiLeaks provides several alternative methods. Contact us to discuss how to proceed.

1. WHILE IT IS HARD TO SEE HOW CAMPBELL'S ARRIVAL KHARTOUM
CAN BE HELPFUL IN EXPEDITING RELEASE CISCO 2, HIS SON HAS
CERTAINLY BEEN HELD FAR TOO LONG FOR US SEEK TO DISCOURAGE ANY
MOVE THAT LEN CAMPBELL MAY THINK HELPFUL. HE SHOULD BE
INFORMED, HOWEVER, THAT LIKELIHOOD OF HIS BEING ABLE TO DISCUSS
CASE WITH ERITREAN REBEL LEADERS REPEAT LEADERS IN KHARTOUM IS
ALMOST NON-EXISTENT. ISAIAS AFEWORK HAS BEEN WIDELY REPORTED
AS HAVING RETURNED TO ERITREA, AND IT IS OUR IMPRESSION THAT
ONLY REPRESENTATIVES MILITARY GROUP WHO REMAIN HERE ARE LOW
LEVEL INDIVIDUALS USEFUL SIMPLY FOR PASSING MESSAGES BY
SURFACE MEANS.
2. DEPT'S PERIODIC BRIEFINGS OF LEN CAMPBELL HAVE NO DOUBT
GIVEN HIM SOME APPRECIATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF PLF SPLIT AND
FACT THAT CISCO 2 HAVE BECOME PAWNS IN ITRA-PLF HASSEL.
HOWEVER, IN LIGHT HIS COMING TRIP, BELIEVE HE SHOULD BE
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
PAGE 02 KHARTO 01048 131036Z
SPECIFICALLY WARNED AGAINST DEALING WITH OTHER THAN BONA FIDE
REPRESENTATIVES PLF MILITARY GROUP. SINCE MOST ERITREAN
REPS OUTSIDE ERITREA ARE PART OF EITHER ELF REPEAT ELF OR OF
SABBE'S PLF FOREIGN MISSION, THIS SUGGESTS THAT LEN CAMPBELL
WOULD PROBABLY BE WELL ADVISED TO HAVE NO REPEAT NO
CONTACT WITH ERITREANS PRIOR TO HIS ARRIVAL KHARTOUM.
3. EMBASSY WILL, OF COURSE, EXTEND ALL APPROPRIATE
ASSISTANCE TO LEN CAMPBELL SHOULD HE ARRIVE HERE.
BREWER
CONFIDENTIAL
NNN

Raw content

CONFIDENTIAL
PAGE 01 KHARTO 01048 131036Z
15
ACTION SS-25
INFO OCT-01 ISO-00 SSO-00 /026 W
--------------------- 045187
P 130945Z APR 76
FM AMEMBASSY KHARTOUM
TO SECSTATE WASHDC PRIORITY 1497
INFO AMEMBASSY ADDIS ABABA
AMCONSUL ASMARA PRIORITY
AMEMBASSY CAIRO PRIORITY
AMEMBASSY JIDDA PRIORITY
AMCONSUL FRANKFURT PRIORITY
AMEMBASSY LONDON PRIORITY
C O N F I D E N T I A L KHARTOUM 1048
EXDIS
E.O. 11652: GDS
TAGS: PINS
SUBJECT: CISCO 2 - LEN CAMPBELL TRAVEL PLANS
REF: STATE 088155 (NOTAL)
1. WHILE IT IS HARD TO SEE HOW CAMPBELL'S ARRIVAL KHARTOUM
CAN BE HELPFUL IN EXPEDITING RELEASE CISCO 2, HIS SON HAS
CERTAINLY BEEN HELD FAR TOO LONG FOR US SEEK TO DISCOURAGE ANY
MOVE THAT LEN CAMPBELL MAY THINK HELPFUL. HE SHOULD BE
INFORMED, HOWEVER, THAT LIKELIHOOD OF HIS BEING ABLE TO DISCUSS
CASE WITH ERITREAN REBEL LEADERS REPEAT LEADERS IN KHARTOUM IS
ALMOST NON-EXISTENT. ISAIAS AFEWORK HAS BEEN WIDELY REPORTED
AS HAVING RETURNED TO ERITREA, AND IT IS OUR IMPRESSION THAT
ONLY REPRESENTATIVES MILITARY GROUP WHO REMAIN HERE ARE LOW
LEVEL INDIVIDUALS USEFUL SIMPLY FOR PASSING MESSAGES BY
SURFACE MEANS.
2. DEPT'S PERIODIC BRIEFINGS OF LEN CAMPBELL HAVE NO DOUBT
GIVEN HIM SOME APPRECIATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF PLF SPLIT AND
FACT THAT CISCO 2 HAVE BECOME PAWNS IN ITRA-PLF HASSEL.
HOWEVER, IN LIGHT HIS COMING TRIP, BELIEVE HE SHOULD BE
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
PAGE 02 KHARTO 01048 131036Z
SPECIFICALLY WARNED AGAINST DEALING WITH OTHER THAN BONA FIDE
REPRESENTATIVES PLF MILITARY GROUP. SINCE MOST ERITREAN
REPS OUTSIDE ERITREA ARE PART OF EITHER ELF REPEAT ELF OR OF
SABBE'S PLF FOREIGN MISSION, THIS SUGGESTS THAT LEN CAMPBELL
WOULD PROBABLY BE WELL ADVISED TO HAVE NO REPEAT NO
CONTACT WITH ERITREANS PRIOR TO HIS ARRIVAL KHARTOUM.
3. EMBASSY WILL, OF COURSE, EXTEND ALL APPROPRIATE
ASSISTANCE TO LEN CAMPBELL SHOULD HE ARRIVE HERE.
BREWER
CONFIDENTIAL
NNN

textbook:
Lesson: How to Use Tor and Tails for Anonymity and Privacy

Introduction:

Tor and Tails are essential tools for maintaining anonymity and privacy online. In this lesson, we will learn how to use Tor and Tails to protect our online identity and communicate securely. We will cover the following topics:

1. What is Tor?
2. How to use Tor Browser Bundle
3. What is Tails?
4. How to use Tails
5. Tips for using Tor and Tails

Section 1: What is Tor?

Tor is an encrypted anonymizing network that makes it harder to intercept internet communications, or see where communications are coming from or going to. It is a free software that helps users protect their privacy and freedom online by providing them with a way to communicate and browse the web anonymously.

Section 2: How to use Tor Browser Bundle

To use the Tor Browser Bundle, follow these steps:

1. Download the Tor Browser Bundle from the official Tor website.
2. Extract the files to a directory on your computer.
3. Open the "Start Tor Browser" file to launch the Tor Browser.
4. Configure the Tor Browser settings according to your preferences.
5. Connect to the Tor network by clicking on the "Connect" button.

Section 3: What is Tails?

Tails is a secure operating system that you can use on a computer or a USB stick. It is designed to leave no traces when the computer is shut down after use and automatically routes your internet traffic through Tor. Tails is perfect for those who need to use the internet anonymously and securely, such as journalists, activists, and whistleblowers.

Section 4: How to use Tails

To use Tails, follow these steps:

1. Download the latest version of Tails from the official Tails website.
2. Create a live USB stick or a live DVD using the Tails installer.
3. Restart your computer and boot from the Tails USB stick or DVD.
4. Use Tails like any other operating system, but be sure to shut down the computer instead of restarting it to avoid leaving any traces.

Section 5: Tips for using Tor and Tails

Here are some tips for using Tor and Tails:

1. Use a VPN to encrypt all your internet traffic and improve your anonymity.
2. Use a disposable email address when registering with websites.
3. Use a burner phone or a prepaid SIM card for online verifications.
4. Do not visit suspicious websites or download suspicious files.
5. Regularly update your software and operating system to fix security vulnerabilities.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, using Tor and Tails can significantly improve your anonymity and privacy online. By following the tips provided in this lesson, you can use these tools effectively and safely. Remember that protecting your online identity requires constant vigilance and effort, but it is essential for preserving your freedom and dignity in the digital age.


text: There are many options in Oakland for those who need food help. In addition to official services from the city, Oakland has a lot of nonprofits that provide food assistance and even informal food exchanges & sources (for example, many of our urban farms sell food on a sliding scale, etc.)

textbook:
Lesson: Food Assistance in Oakland

**Introduction:** In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of food assistance available in Oakland and how to access them. We will also explore the various nonprofits and informal sources of food in the city. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to identify the different ways to get food help in Oakland and understand the benefits of each option.

**Section 1: Official Services from the City**

The city of Oakland provides several official services to help residents access food. One such service is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), which provides funds to purchase groceries. To qualify for SNAP, you must meet certain income requirements and be a resident of Oakland. You can apply for SNAP online or at your local Department of Human Services office.

Another official service from the city is the Oakland Food Bank. The food bank distributes food to over 300 partner agencies throughout the city, including schools, churches, and community centers. To access the food bank, you can visit one of their distribution sites or contact a partner agency near you.

**Section 2: Nonprofits and Informal Sources of Food**

In addition to official services from the city, Oakland has many nonprofits that provide food assistance. These nonprofits include food pantries, soup kitchens, and meal delivery programs. Some examples of these nonprofits are the Alameda County Community Food Bank, the SF-Marin Food Bank, and the Oakland Emergency Food Box Program.

Oakland also has informal sources of food, such as urban farms that sell food on a sliding scale. These farms allow people to purchase fresh produce at affordable prices based on their income. Examples of such farms include the Oakland Food Connection and the Mandela Parkway Community Garden.

**Section 3: Critical Thinking Questions**

1. Why do you think there are so many nonprofits and informal sources of food in Oakland?
2. How does the sliding scale system work at urban farms?
3. What are some advantages and disadvantages of official services compared to nonprofits and informal sources of food?

**Glossary:**
- SNAP: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
- Nonprofit: An organization that uses its surplus revenues to achieve its goals, rather than distributing them as profit or dividends
- Informal: Not organized or operated according to rules or laws

**Conclusion:** In this lesson, we learned about the different types of food assistance available in Oakland and how to access them. We also explored the various nonprofits and informal sources of food in the city. By understanding the benefits of each option, we can make informed decisions about which type of food assistance best suits our needs.


text:
Richard Marais

Richard Malcolm Marais  is Director of the Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Manchester Institute and Professor of Molecular Oncology at the University of Manchester.

Education
Marais was educated at University College London where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in Genetics and Microbiology in 1985. He completed his postgraduate study at the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and was awarded a PhD in 1989 for research on isotypes of the protein kinase C (PKC) enzyme supervised by Peter Parker.

Career and research
Marais's research investigates the biology of melanoma and other cancers in order to deliver better treatment strategies for patients. His studies on B-RAF and cell signalling significantly advanced understanding of melanoma biology and aetiology.  He translated his basic research discoveries into clinical implementation, improving patient outcomes, elucidating mechanisms of drug resistance and developing new drugs against BRAF and other cancer targets.  His research informs innovative clinical trial designs with signal-seeking biomarkers to monitor therapy responses and optimise patient treatment.  His research also highlights the importance of combining sunscreen with other sun avoidance strategies to reduce population melanoma risk.

Marais started his career as a postdoctoral researcher with Richard Treisman at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF) in London, where he worked on the oncogene known as c-Fos. This was followed by a period in Chris
Marshall’s laboratory at the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), after which Marais set up his own laboratory in 1998 before moving to Manchester in 2012.

University of Manchester launched in 2019 an investigation into research misconduct from the Marais laboratory

Awards and honours
With colleagues, Marais received the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Team Science Award in 2012 for cancer drug discoveries. He received the Leopold Griffuel Prize  in 2016 and the Outstanding Research Award from the Society for Melanoma Research (SMR) in 2017. He was elected a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in 2009, a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2018, and a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 2008. His citation on election reads:
Marais was awarded membership of the Academia Europaea (MAE) in 2015.

References

Category:Living people
Category:Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society
Category:Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

textbook:
Title: Understanding Cancer Biology and its Treatment Strategies

Introduction:
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the ability to invade and spread to other parts of the body. In this lesson, we will learn about the biology of cancer, its causes, and the various treatment strategies available.

Section 1: Understanding Cancer Biology

1.1 What is cancer?
Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control. These cells can form tumors, invade surrounding tissues, and spread to other parts of the body.

1.2 What causes cancer?
Cancer can be caused by genetic mutations, exposure to environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals, or certain viruses. These factors can damage DNA, leading to the formation of cancerous cells.

1.3 How does cancer spread?
Cancer can spread through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body. It can also invade nearby tissues and organs, causing damage and potentially leading to more cancerous growths.

Section 2: Treatment Strategies

2.1 Surgery
Surgery is often used to remove cancerous tumors and prevent them from spreading further. Depending on the type and location of the cancer, surgery may involve removing the entire tumor or just part of it.

2.2 Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. It can be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as surgery or chemotherapy.

2.3 Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. These drugs can be taken orally or injected into the bloodstream and are designed to target rapidly dividing cells, which are more likely to be cancerous.

2.4 Targeted therapy
Targeted therapy uses drugs that specifically target cancer cells without harming healthy cells. These drugs may work by blocking the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow, or by interfering with the signals that tell cancer cells to grow and divide.

2.5 Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to fight cancer. This can be done by stimulating the immune system to attack cancer cells or by giving the body substances that help it recognize and attack cancer cells.

Conclusion:
Understanding the biology of cancer and the various treatment strategies available is crucial in the fight against this disease. By learning about the causes of cancer, how it spreads, and the different types of treatments available, we can better understand how to prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer.


text: HOME | CONTACT US | TRANSLATE. SBC-103 is an investigational enzyme replacement therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB (MPS IIIB), also known as Sanfilippo B syndrome. MPS IIIB is caused by a marked the recombinant form of the human alpha-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAGLU) enzyme.. Using various dosing approaches, SBC-103 demonstrated cellular uptake and reduced HSD substrate storage in the brains, liver and kidney tissues in an MPS IIIB animal model. SBC-103 has been granted orphan designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency.. For more information regarding MPS IIIB, please visit the following patient organizations:

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Enzyme Replacement Therapy

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a type of treatment that involves replacing or supplementing missing or deficient enzymes in the body. This is done to help restore normal functions and prevent further damage to tissues and organs. ERT is commonly used to treat lysosomal storage disorders, such as mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB (MPS IIIB).

## Section 2: Practical Examples
MPS IIIB is caused by a deficiency in the NAGLU enzyme, which is responsible for breaking down heparan sulfate (HSD). When there is not enough of this enzyme, HSD accumulates in the body's cells and tissues, leading to severe physical and cognitive impairments. SBC-103 is an investigational enzyme replacement therapy for MPS IIIB that contains a recombinant form of the human NAGLU enzyme. By replacing the missing enzyme, SBC-103 helps to break down HSD and reduce its accumulation in the body.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
In an animal model of MPS IIIB, SBC-103 was shown to demonstrate cellular uptake and reduce HSD substrate storage in the brains, livers, and kidneys of affected animals. This suggests that SBC-103 may be effective at reaching the target cells and tissues in the body and providing the needed enzyme replacement therapy.

## Glossary
- Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT): A type of treatment that involves replacing or supplementing missing or deficient enzymes in the body to help restore normal functions and prevent further damage to tissues and organs.
- Lysosomal storage disorder (LSD): A group of rare genetic disorders that result from the deficiency of a specific enzyme needed to break down large molecules within the lysosomes, leading to their accumulation and damage to various tissues and organs.
- Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB (MPS IIIB): A specific type of LSD caused by a deficiency in the NAGLU enzyme, which leads to the accumulation of heparan sulfate (HSD) in the body's cells and tissues.
- Recombinant: A form of a protein or enzyme that is produced by recombining its genetic material with that of another organism, often a bacterium or yeast, to produce large quantities of the desired protein or enzyme.
- Heparan sulfate (HSD): A complex carbohydrate that is found in various tissues and organs throughout the body, including the skin, eyes, and nervous system. It plays an important role in cell signaling, cell adhesion, and maintaining the structural integrity of connective tissues.

## Conclusion
Enzyme replacement therapy is a promising treatment option for individuals with lysosomal storage disorders like MPS IIIB. By replacing the missing or deficient enzymes, ERT can help to break down accumulated substrates and prevent further damage to tissues and organs. As research continues, we may see even more effective treatments developed for these rare and debilitating conditions.


text:
My Dad sent me this book today, says it's an important read among several other comments. I'm swamped with my own projects these days (damn u rc.com!!), but I wonder if anyone here has already read the book and if he/she thinks it's as ground-breaking as it's being made out to be.

Acemoglu's (co-author) resume is impressive, and he's still rather young.

In reply to:

Kamer Daron Acemoglu (born September 3, 1967 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish-American economist of Armenian origin. He is currently the Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and winner of the 2005 John Bates Clark Medal.[2] He is among the 10 most cited economists in the world according to IDEAS/RePEc. His most cited article is "Colonial origins of comparative development" (2001).

Acemoglu was born in Istanbul, Turkey. He graduated in 1986 from the Galatasaray High School in Istanbul. He got his B.Sc. degree from the University of York, UK and his M.Sc. degree in Econometrics and Mathematical Economics and then his Ph.D. degree in 1992 from the London School of Economics. He was a lecturer in economics at the LSE from 1992-1993. Acemoglu became a member of the M.I.T. faculty in 1993. He was promoted to full professor in 2000, and was named the Charles P. Kindleberger Professor of Applied Economics in 2004. He is a member of the Economic Growth program of the Canadian Institute of Advanced Research. He is also affiliated with the National Bureau of Economic Research, Center for Economic Performance, International Growth Centre, and Centre for Economic Policy Research.<

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Economic Development

## Chapter 1: What is Economic Development?

Economic development refers to the process of improving the well-being of a country or region by increasing its wealth, reducing poverty, and improving living conditions. It involves increasing economic growth, creating jobs, and improving infrastructure, education, healthcare, and other social services.

## Chapter 2: Why is Economic Development Important?

Economic development is important because it helps to create a better future for people by providing them with access to basic needs such as food, shelter, and education. It also helps to reduce poverty and improve the overall quality of life for individuals and communities.

## Chapter 3: How can we Achieve Economic Development?

Achieving economic development requires a combination of policies and strategies that focus on promoting economic growth, creating jobs, and improving social services. These may include investments in infrastructure, education, and healthcare, as well as policies that encourage entrepreneurship and innovation.

## Chapter 4: The Role of Government in Economic Development

Governments play a crucial role in promoting economic development by implementing policies and programs that support growth and improve social welfare. This may involve investing in infrastructure, providing subsidies to businesses, and creating job training programs.

## Chapter 5: The Impact of Globalization on Economic Development

Globalization has both positive and negative impacts on economic development. On the one hand, it can promote economic growth by increasing trade and investment. On the other hand, it can lead to job losses and income inequality if countries do not have the necessary policies and institutions in place to protect their workers and citizens.

## Chapter 6: Case Study: The Impact of COVID-19 on Economic Development

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on economic development around the world. Many countries have experienced recessions and job losses, while others have been able to adapt and continue growing despite the challenges. This case study explores the ways in which different countries have responded to the crisis and what lessons can be learned for future economic development efforts.

## Conclusion:

Economic development is a complex and multifaceted process that requires careful consideration of many factors. By understanding the principles and practices involved in achieving economic growth and improving social welfare, we can work towards building a better future for all.


text: A Distinct Triplex DNA Unwinding Activity of ChlR1 Helicase [Enzymology]. January 5th, 2015 by Guo, M., Hundseth, K., Ding, H., Vidhyasagar, V., Inoue, A., Nguyen, C.-H., Zain, R., Lee, J. S., Wu, Y.Mutations in the human ChlR1 (DDX11) gene are associated with a unique genetic disorder known as Warsaw Breakage Syndrome (WABS), ChlR1 triplex resolving activity is unique. On the other hand, the mutant protein from a WABS patient failed to unwind these triplexes. A previously characterized triplex DNA-specific antibody (Jel 466) bound triplex DNA structures and inhibited ChlR1 unwinding activity. Moreover, cellular assays demonstrated there were increased triplex DNA content and double strand breaks in ChlR1- depleted cells, but not in FANCJ-/- cells, when cells were treated with a triplex stabilizing compound benzoquinoquinoxaline (BQQ),

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding DNA Unwinding and Its Importance

Introduction:
DNA unwinding is an essential process in biology that involves separating the two strands of DNA helix. This process is crucial for various cellular processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and repair. In this lesson, we will learn about DNA unwinding, its importance, and the role of ChlR1 helicase in this process.

Section 1: Understanding DNA Unwinding

Topic 1: What is DNA unwinding?
DNA unwinding is the process of separating the two strands of DNA helix. This process is necessary for various cellular processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and repair.

Topic 2: Why is DNA unwinding important?
DNA unwinding is essential for several reasons:

- It allows the cell to replicate its DNA during cell division, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genetic material.
- It enables the cell to transcribe specific genes into RNA, which can then be translated into proteins.
- It helps maintain the integrity of the DNA molecule by repairing any damage or errors that may occur.

Topic 3: How does DNA unwinding work?
There are several enzymes called helicases that facilitate DNA unwinding. These enzymes use energy from ATP hydrolysis to separate the two strands of DNA. One such enzyme is ChlR1 helicase, which plays a crucial role in unwinding triplex DNA structures.

Section 2: The Role of ChlR1 Helicase in DNA Unwinding

Topic 1: What is ChlR1 helicase?
ChlR1 helicase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in unwinding triplex DNA structures. It is also known as the DNA helicase ChlR1.

Topic 2: What is triplex DNA?
Triplex DNA is a structural form of DNA that consists of three strands twisted together into a rope-like structure. This structure can form under certain cellular conditions and is more stable than regular DNA.

Topic 3: What is the distinct triplex DNA unwinding activity of ChlR1 helicase?
ChlR1 helicase has a unique ability to unwind triplex DNA structures. This activity is essential for maintaining genomic stability and preventing the accumulation of triplex DNA in cells.

Section 3: Applications of DNA Unwinding and ChlR1 Helicase

Topic 1: What are some applications of DNA unwinding?
DNA unwinding is essential for various cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and repair. Some applications of DNA unwinding include:

- DNA replication: During cell division, DNA unwinding ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genetic material.
- Transcription: DNA unwinding allows the cell to transcribe specific genes into RNA, which can then be translated into proteins.
- DNA repair: DNA unwinding helps maintain the integrity of the DNA molecule by repairing any damage or errors that may occur.

Topic 2: What is the significance of the distinct triplex DNA unwinding activity of ChlR1 helicase?
The distinct triplex DNA unwinding activity of ChlR1 helicase is significant because it prevents the accumulation of triplex DNA in cells, which could lead to genomic instability and various diseases such as Warsaw Breakage Syndrome (WABS).

Conclusion:
In summary, DNA unwinding is a crucial process that allows cells to replicate their DNA, transcribe specific genes into RNA, and maintain the integrity of the DNA molecule. ChlR1 helicase plays a unique role in unwinding triplex DNA structures, which is essential for maintaining genomic stability. Understanding the importance of DNA unwinding and the role of ChlR1 helicase in this process can help us appreciate the complexity and importance of biological processes.

Glossary:
- DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, and reproduction of all living organisms.
- Helicase: An enzyme that unwinds DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the two strands, allowing them to separate.
- Triplex DNA: A structural form of DNA that consists of three strands twisted together into a rope-like structure.
- ChlR1: DNA helicase ChlR1, an enzyme that unwinds triplex DNA structures.
- WABS: Warsaw Breakage Syndrome, a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the ChlR1 gene.
- Benzoquinoquinoxaline (BQQ): A compound that stabilizes triplex DNA.

Questions for Discussion:
1. Why is it essential to understand the role of ChlR1 helicase in DNA unwinding?
2. How does the distinct triplex DNA unwinding activity of ChlR1 helicase contribute to maintaining genomic stability?
3. What are some potential applications of understanding DNA unwinding and the role of ChlR1 helicase in this process?


text: When Saying Goodnight is Hard – 20 Ways to Bridge the Nighttime Distance — Deborah McNamara PhD. Apparently it's Deborah McNamara week. I can't help it. Her stuff is so good! My little Mouse struggles so much at bedtime. This one's a keeper.. "One of the strategies for helping with bedtime protests is to point a child’s face into connection instead of separation. This can be done by ‘bridging’ – giving them something to hold onto which represents the connection between you."

textbook:
Lesson: How to Deal with Separation Anxiety at Bedtime
Introduction:
Separation anxiety is a normal part of childhood development. However, it can be difficult for both children and parents when it comes to bedtime. In this lesson, we will learn 20 ways to bridge the nighttime distance and help children cope with separation anxiety at bedtime.
Section 1: Understanding Separation Anxiety
- What is separation anxiety?
- Why does separation anxiety occur?
- When does separation anxiety typically start?
- How long does separation anxiety last?
Section 2: Strategies for Dealing with Separation Anxiety at Bedtime
- Create a bedtime routine
- Use a security object or blanket
- Leave a nightlight on
- Put a note or picture under the pillow
- Read a book together
- Sing a lullaby
- Tell stories or make up a new adventure
- Use a sleep training method such as sleep coaching or white noise
- Give your child a stuffed animal or toy that represents connection instead of separation
- Use a baby monitor to keep an eye on your child while they sleep
- Let your child know that you will check on them throughout the night
- Use a video baby monitor to see and talk to your child from another room
- Use a weighted blanket or stuffed animal that provides deep pressure touch stimulation
- Play calming music or sounds such as raindrops or ocean waves
- Use essential oils such as lavender or chamomile to create a calming environment
- Make sure your child's bedroom is comfortable and safe
- Use a sleep mask or eye shade to block out light
- Use a white noise machine or fan to block out background noise
- Use a humidifier to add moisture to the air
Section 3: Practical Examples
- If your child has trouble falling asleep, try creating a bedtime routine that includes activities such as brushing teeth, reading a book, and singing a lullaby.
- If your child is afraid of the dark, leave a nightlight on or use a glow-in-the-dark star or moon decal on the ceiling.
- If your child is worried about being alone, leave a note or picture under their pillow that says "I love you" or "You are safe and secure."
- If your child is having trouble staying asleep, try using a weighted blanket or stuffed animal that provides deep pressure touch stimulation.
Conclusion:
Separation anxiety at bedtime can be challenging for both children and parents. However, by implementing these 20 strategies, you can bridge the nighttime distance and help your child feel more connected to you even when you're not in the same room. Remember, it's important to be patient and consistent with these strategies, as it may take time for your child to feel comfortable with the changes.


text: Nottingham’s Sandstone CavesThe English city of Nottingham has a unique architectural heritage - beneath the city there are nearly 500 man-made caves cut into the natural sandstone. Some date back to the medieval period and possibly even earlier. These caves “constitute a feature of the City that is unique in the national context” (Nottingham Local Plan, 2005: 79). They have been used for a vast array of purposes, including dungeons, beer cellars, cess-pits, tanneries, malt-kilns, houses, wine cellars, tunnels, summer-houses, air-raid shelters, sand mines, follies, dovecotes and even a bowling alley. Some of these caves are currently utilised for commercial purposes and visitor attractions, including the City of Caves attraction in the Broadmarsh Centre, Mortimer’s Hole beneath the Castle, the cave-restaurant at the Hand & Heart public house and the cellar-caves at the Trip to Jerusalem pub. Some are occasionally publicly accessible by means of organised tours, including the Bridlesmith Gate cave system and those beneath the Salutation public house. Most, however, including important and interesting systems such as Lenton Hermitage, Thomas Herbert’s caves and the Peel Street caves, are not publicly accessible and are poorly known. The experience of visiting these domestic caves is far removed from the clean regularity of modern urban living and offers a tangible link to medieval Nottingham. This is particularly significant in a city with such a strong past personality but so few medieval structures still standing above ground. The caves thus represent a unique and important part of Nottingham’s built environment and a vastly under-exploited tourism and heritage resource.

textbook:
Lesson: Underground Cities - Nottingham's Sandstone Caves

Introduction:
Nottingham, a city in England, has a unique architectural heritage with nearly 500 man-made caves cut into the natural sandstone. These caves have been used for various purposes such as dungeons, beer cellars, cess-pits, tanneries, malt-kilns, houses, wine cellars, tunnels, summer-houses, air-raid shelters, sand mines, follies, dovecotes, and even a bowling alley. In this lesson, we will explore the history, uses, and significance of these underground caves.

Section 1: History
- Nottingham's sandstone caves date back to the medieval period and possibly even earlier.
- The caves were initially created for mining sandstone, which was used for building purposes.
- Over time, people started using the caves for various purposes such as storage, housing, and even as dungeons.

Section 2: Uses of the Caves
- The caves have been used for storage, housing, and even as dungeons.
- Some caves were used as beer cellars, cess-pits, tanneries, malt-kilns, houses, wine cellars, tunnels, summer-houses, air-raid shelters, sand mines, follies, dovecotes, and even a bowling alley.
- Some of these caves are currently utilized for commercial purposes and visitor attractions.

Section 3: Significance of the Caves
- The caves constitute a feature of the City that is unique in the national context (Nottingham Local Plan, 2005: 79).
- They provide insight into the city's history and culture.
- The caves have become a significant tourist attraction in Nottingham.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Nottingham's sandstone caves are a unique architectural heritage that provides insight into the city's history and culture. They have been used for various purposes over the years, and they continue to be an essential part of the city's identity. This lesson has taught us about the history, uses, and significance of these underground caves, which can be applied to other similar structures around the world.

Glossary:
- Sandstone: A sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral or rock grains.
- Medieval Period: A period in European history from the 5th to the 15th century.
- Follies: A small decorative building with no practical purpose.
- Dovecote: A small building used for raising doves for their meat and eggs.
- Bowling alley: A facility where people can play lawn bowling or indoor bowling.

[1] Nottingham Local Plan (2005) - City of Nottingham Council. Retrieved from https://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/documents/nottingham_local_plan_2005.pdf


text: White Leather Bracelet No Snaps. Brighten up your accessories with the 9x1-inch white leather bracelet with no snaps. This bracelet features a thick cuff-like appearance, yet it is soft and flexible. It is sure to rest comfortably against the skin. This bracelet displays a lovely eggshell white color, a shade that will complement any skin tone. You can embellish this bracelet with snaps or even. rivets. . Try pairing it with solid shades of black for a mod look.. Customer Reviews for. 9x1-Inch White Leather Bracelet No Snaps. This product has not yet been reviewed.. to continue to the product details page.

textbook:
**Lesson: How to Make a Simple Bracelet**

**Introduction:**

Making a simple bracelet is an easy and fun craft project that you can do at home. In this lesson, we will learn how to make a basic bracelet using materials like leather and snaps. We'll cover the steps involved in creating a bracelet, as well as some tips and tricks for making it look great.

**Materials:**

- Leather cord or strip (at least 1 foot long)
- Snap fasteners (2)
- Scissors
- Measuring tape
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Pen

**Step 1: Cut the leather**

Measure the length of the leather cord or strip you want to use for your bracelet. Add an extra inch or two to account for any stretching or shrinking that may occur when you add the snaps. Use the measuring tape to measure the length of the leather, and then cut it to size with scissors.

**Step 2: Thread the needle**

Thread a large-eyed sewing needle with a thin thread. You can use any color thread, but black or brown are good choices for leather bracelets.

**Step 3: Attach the snaps**

Find the middle of the leather cord or strip. This will be the point where you attach the snaps. Thread one end of the leather through the loop of one snap, and then thread the other end of the leather through the loop of the second snap. Pull the ends of the leather through the snaps until they are tight against the loops.

**Step 4: Tie off the ends**

Once the snaps are attached, tie a knot at each end of the leather to secure the snaps in place. Make sure the knots are tight and won't come loose.

**Step 5: Adjust the bracelet**

After you have tied off the ends, adjust the bracelet so that it fits comfortably around your wrist. If it's too loose, you can tighten it by pulling on the snaps. If it's too tight, you can loosen it by sliding the snaps closer together.

**Tips and Tricks:**

- To make your bracelet look more polished, you can use a sharpie or paint pen to draw a design or pattern on the leather.
- If you want to add some texture or dimension to your bracelet, you can use a leather tool or punch to create small holes or patterns along the length of the leather.
- To prevent the snaps from scratching your skin, you can cover them with a small piece of felt or fabric glued onto the back of the leather.

**Conclusion:**

Making a simple bracelet is an easy and fun craft project that you can do at home. With just a few materials and some basic sewing skills, you can create a stylish and unique accessory that will complement any outfit. Remember to experiment with different colors and designs to find the perfect bracelet for your style.


text:
Q:

Practical efficacy of parallel back substitution

The fact that the back substitution is not done in parallel is not
  important, because it uses a negligible amount of computer time when N
  is large, compared to the forward elimination.

This is a citation from this book (page 204) when discussing the implementation of parallel solution of linear systems using Gaussian elimination. I suspect that in practice people do parallelize back substitution and a brief googling shows that such algorithms exist. So the questions are:

When parallel back substitution is reasonable and when it is not?
What is the most effective parallel back substitution algorithm so far?

A:

You are right that, if there are only $O(1)$ right-hand sides available to be simultaneously solved, then triangular solves are not very scalable. However, if there are $p$ processes and $O(p)$ right-hand sides, then scalable algorithms exist since each right-hand side is independent.
I believe that the current gold standard for parallel triangular solves with a single right-hand side is this paper by Joshi et al.. Fast scalable triangular solves are important to many algorithms, especially when an approximate factorization is embedded in a Krylov algorithm, as one or more triangular systems will need to be solved at every iteration. One effective trick is to explicitly invert the triangular matrices of the factors so that the triangular solves become triangular matrix-vector multiplications (see selective inversion).

textbook:
# Lesson: Parallel Back Substitution

## Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about the practical efficacy of parallel back substitution. We will explore when it is reasonable to use parallel back substitution and what the most effective parallel back substitution algorithm is.

## When is Parallel Back Substitution Reasonable?

Parallel back substitution is reasonable when there are multiple right-hand sides available to be simultaneously solved. This is because the process of solving a system of linear equations involves solving for the unknowns in the right-hand side. If there are only a few right-hand sides, then sequential back substitution is sufficient. However, if there are many right-hand sides, then parallel back substitution can be used to speed up the process.

## What is the Most Effective Parallel Back Substitution Algorithm?

The most effective parallel back substitution algorithm is the one that is best suited for the specific problem at hand. There are several algorithms available, including the Krylov subspace method, the conjugate gradient method, and the multigrid method. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of algorithm depends on the specific problem being solved.

## Conclusion

In summary, parallel back substitution is reasonable when there are multiple right-hand sides available to be simultaneously solved. The most effective parallel back substitution algorithm is the one that is best suited for the specific problem at hand. By understanding the practical efficacy of parallel back substitution and the available algorithms, we can apply these skills to new problems and improve our ability to solve complex systems of linear equations.

## Glossary

- **Parallel back substitution**: The process of solving a system of linear equations by simultaneously solving for the unknowns in multiple right-hand sides.
- **Krylov subspace method**: A parallel back substitution algorithm that uses the Krylov subspace to approximate the solution.
- **Conjugate gradient method**: A parallel back substitution algorithm that uses the conjugate gradient to approximate the solution.
- **Multigrid method**: A parallel back substitution algorithm that uses a hierarchy of grids to approximate the solution.


text: Archive for January 2015. How do you know when to say Goodbye?. Walk on the Wild Side. Windows and Doors. One of my local photography clubs has monthly friendly competition events. This month we are focusing on windows and doors. Yesterday, a group of us went out to Lorenzo State Historic site which provided plenty of opportunities to find interesting windows and doors. It was worth the below zero temperature to get these and…. Happy 2015. We will celebrate the start of 2015 with two of the last pictures of 2014. I took these at Hiawatha Lake on Dec 31st.. (also known as Upper Onondaga Park). I have spent a lot of time recently taking pictures at this local park. The park is very picturesque especially during the Holiday’s when…

textbook:
Lesson: Windows and Doors in Photography

Introduction:
Windows and doors are essential elements in photography that can make or break an image. They add depth, perspective, and interest to a photograph. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of windows and doors in photography, how to find them, and how to capture them creatively.

Section 1: Understanding Windows and Doors in Photography

Topic 1: Importance of Windows and Doors in Photography
- Windows and doors are visual elements that add interest to a photograph.
- They provide a sense of depth and perspective, leading the viewer's eye through the image.
- They can also convey a mood or atmosphere, such as warmth, security, or mystery.

Topic 2: Types of Windows and Doors
- Architectural windows and doors, such as those found in buildings or homes.
- Natural windows and doors, such as those found in landscapes or nature scenes.
- Metaphorical windows and doors, such as those found in abstract or conceptual photography.

Section 2: Finding Windows and Doors

Topic 1: Scouting Locations
- Look for buildings or structures with unique or interesting windows and doors.
- Search for natural formations, such as caves or rock formations, that resemble windows and doors.
- Consider the time of day and weather conditions to create the best lighting for your subject.

Topic 2: Compositional Techniques
- Use the rule of thirds to place windows and doors off-center for a more dynamic composition.
- Experiment with leading lines, such as doorframes or window ledges, to guide the viewer's eye through the image.
- Consider negative space, or the empty space around your subject, to create balance and contrast in the image.

Section 3: Capturing Windows and Doors Creatively

Topic 1: Lighting
- Utilize natural light to highlight texture and detail in your subject.
- Use artificial light sources, such as flash or studio lights, to create dramatic or moody images.
- Experiment with different lighting conditions to achieve the desired mood or atmosphere.

Topic 2: Angles and Perspectives
- Shoot from low angles to emphasize the height of a building or structure.
- Use high angles to create a sense of scale or to show the subject in a unique way.
- Try shooting from different angles to find the most visually interesting perspective.

Topic 3: Composition
- Frame your subject using windows and doors within the frame.
- Use foreground elements, such as plants or objects, to lead the viewer's eye towards the subject.
- Consider the background elements, such as other buildings or nature, to add context or depth to the image.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, windows and doors are essential elements in photography that can enhance the visual interest and depth of an image. By understanding their importance, finding them in various locations, and capturing them creatively, you can create compelling photographs that convey a mood or atmosphere while leading the viewer's eye through the image.

Glossary:
- Composition: The arrangement of elements within a photograph to create a balanced and visually interesting image.
- Rule of thirds: A compositional technique that divides the frame into nine equal parts, placing the subject off-center for a more dynamic image.
- Negative space: The empty space surrounding the subject in a photograph, creating balance and contrast.
- Leading lines: Lines within an image that guide the viewer's eye towards the subject.
- Lighting: The amount and quality of light in a photograph, which affects texture, detail, and mood.


text:
"The world is a better place because of him and his belief that good can triumph over evil!" Trump tweeted Sunday evening.

He was roundly lambasted the day before after tweeting an image of a smiling Clinton on top of $100 bills and next to a Star of David reading "Most Corrupt Candidate Ever!" He later tweeted a new image that replaced the star with a circle and deleted the first tweet.

Wiesel, who survived the Auschwitz concentration camp and went on to win the Nobel Peace Prize, authored more than 50 books, including "Night," based on his experiences during the Holocaust. He was an "eloquent witness for the six million Jews slaughtered in World War II," The New York Times wrote in an obituary. The Nobel committee dubbed him "a messenger to mankind."

“He raised his voice, not just against anti-Semitism, but against hatred, bigotry and intolerance in all its forms," the president wrote. "As a writer, a speaker, an activist, and a thinker, he was one of those people who changed the world more as a citizen of the world than those who hold office or traditional positions of power. His life, and the power of his example, urges us to be better.”

On Sunday, the Anti-Defamation League called on Trump to disavow the anti-Semitic acts by some of his supporters.

"It's been concerning that [Donald Trump] hasn't spoken out forcefully against these people. It is outrageous to think that the candidate is sourcing material from some of the worst elements in our society," Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO and national director of the league, told The Hill.

"We would like to see [Trump] speak out consistently and clearly and reject not only this kind of prejudice, but the people behind it. And make it clear that they have no please [sic] in the public conversation, and no place in a political campaign, and that they have nothing to do with making America great again."

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Speaking Out Against Injustice

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the life and legacy of Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor who became a powerful voice for justice and peace. We will also explore the importance of speaking out against injustice and hatred in all their forms.

Section 1: Who was Elie Wiesel?
Elie Wiesel was a Romanian-American writer, professor, and political activist. He was born in 1928 in Sighetu Marmatiei, Romania, and was one of four siblings. When he was 15 years old, he and his family were sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where they were separated. Elie and his two older sisters were sent to work in a labor camp, while their parents were sent to the gas chambers. After the war, Elie moved to France, where he studied literature and philosophy. He eventually became a naturalized American citizen and taught at Boston University.

Section 2: Why was Elie Wiesel important?
Elie Wiesel was important because he was a powerful voice for justice and peace. He wrote more than 50 books, including "Night," which was based on his experiences during the Holocaust. He was an eloquent witness for the six million Jews slaughtered in World War II, and he used his platform to speak out against hatred, bigotry, and intolerance in all their forms. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986 for being "a messenger to mankind."

Section 3: What can we learn from Elie Wiesel's life?
We can learn several important lessons from Elie Wiesel's life. First, we can learn that speaking out against injustice is important. Even though it can be difficult or dangerous, we must stand up for what is right. Second, we can learn that our actions can have a powerful impact on the world. Elie Wiesel's words and actions inspired millions of people to fight against hatred and injustice. Finally, we can learn that even in the darkest of times, there is always hope. Elie Wiesel's story is a testament to the resilience of the human spirit and the power of love and compassion.

Section 4: Practical Examples
Let's consider some practical examples of how we can apply these lessons to our own lives. Suppose you witness someone being bullied at school. Instead of ignoring it or joining in, you could speak out against the bullying and tell an adult. This might be difficult, but it is the right thing to do. Another example could be standing up for your beliefs when your friends are pressuring you to do something that goes against your values. By speaking out against injustice and standing up for what is right, you can make a difference in the world.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Elie Wiesel was an important figure who used his voice to speak out against injustice and hatred. His legacy serves as a reminder that each of us has the power to make a difference in the world. By speaking out against injustice and standing up for what is right, we can create a better, more peaceful world for ourselves and future generations.


text: Kiln Dried, Rough, Random Widths 5"+, Random Widths 8'+. 90-100% Clear.. Padouk also spelled Padauk, is sought after for it's unique orange coloration, that can finish to an almost iridescent glow. It is a very stable wood that can be used outdoors with good result. Padouk is an African wood that can have spotty availablity. It is good to call regarding current availablity before planning your project. Typically Wood Vendors can supply 4/4 and 8/4 rough or surfaced lumber.. Call Pat or Tom with your Padouk questions or inquiries.

textbook:
**Lesson: Introduction to Padouk Wood**

**Objective:** To introduce students to the properties, characteristics, and uses of Padouk wood.

**Section 1: Introduction to Padouk Wood**

- What is Padouk wood?
- Where does Padouk wood come from?
- What are the unique properties of Padouk wood?
- Why is Padouk wood popular among woodworkers and craftsmen?

**Section 2: Properties and Characteristics of Padouk Wood**

- What is the color of Padouk wood?
- Is Padouk wood stable?
- Can Padouk wood be used outdoors?
- What are the other unique characteristics of Padouk wood?

**Section 3: Uses of Padouk Wood**

- What are some common uses of Padouk wood?
- What are the advantages of using Padouk wood in woodworking projects?
- Can Padouk wood be used for flooring or furniture?
- What are some creative ways to use Padouk wood?

**Glossary**

- Padouk wood: A type of wood that comes from Africa, known for its unique orange color and stability.
- Stable: A property of wood that means it does not expand or contract significantly when exposed to changes in temperature or humidity.
- Outdoor use: Using wood in applications where it will be exposed to the elements, such as rain, sunlight, and temperature changes.
- Unique characteristics: Traits that distinguish Padouk wood from other types of wood, such as its vibrant color and stability.

**Conclusion**

Padouk wood is a unique and beautiful type of wood that has many practical uses. By learning about its properties, characteristics, and uses, students can gain a deeper appreciation for this material and explore ways to incorporate it into their own projects. Whether you're a woodworker, craftsman, or simply someone who appreciates natural materials, Padouk wood is definitely worth learning about.


text: Under Construction !. The Brooks Academy of Science and Engineering was founded by Dr. Lewis W. Brooks in 1924. The school was named for Dr. Brooks’ father, also a noted scientist and engineer. Dr. Brooks’ mother, Anna Elsworth Brooks, and his two brothers, Horace and Howard Brooks were also hugely regarded throughout their lifetimes for their notable contributions to the field of medicine and their inventions. Whilst attending Harvard University, Brooks received his Bachelor of Science degree in physics and was straight away hired by radiation laboratory in the Harvard Healthcare College as an assistant professor. From thereon, Brooks went to work on experiments in radiation remove plagiarism from my essay therapy though pursuing graduate degrees in mathematics and chemistry at Columbia University and then in electrical engineering at MIT.

textbook:
# Lesson: The History of the Brooks Academy of Science and Engineering
## Introduction
The Brooks Academy of Science and Engineering is one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in the world. Founded in 1924 by Dr. Lewis W. Brooks, the school has a rich history of producing some of the most talented scientists and engineers in the world. In this lesson, we will explore the history of the Brooks Academy and learn about the people who made it what it is today.
## Section 1: The Founding of the Brooks Academy
Dr. Lewis W. Brooks founded the Brooks Academy of Science and Engineering in 1924 in honor of his father, also a noted scientist and engineer. Dr. Brooks' mother, Anna Elsworth Brooks, and his two brothers, Horace and Howard Brooks, were also highly respected in their fields and made significant contributions to medicine and invention.
## Section 2: The Early Years
While attending Harvard University, Dr. Brooks received his Bachelor of Science degree in physics and was immediately hired by the radiation laboratory at the Harvard Medical School as an assistant professor. He continued his education at Columbia University, where he earned graduate degrees in mathematics and chemistry. He then attended MIT, where he earned a degree in electrical engineering.
## Section 3: The Brooks Family Legacy
The Brooks family has a long history of achievement in science and engineering. Dr. Brooks' father was a renowned scientist and engineer, and his mother and brothers were also highly respected in their fields. The Brooks Academy continues this legacy today, producing graduates who go on to make significant contributions to science and engineering.
## Conclusion
The Brooks Academy of Science and Engineering has a rich history that dates back to its founding in 1924. The school was founded by Dr. Lewis W. Brooks in honor of his father, who was also a noted scientist and engineer. The Brooks family has a long history of achievement in science and engineering, and the school continues this legacy today. This lesson has explored the history of the Brooks Academy and the people who made it what it is today.


text: Anyone Speak Portuguese?. Decorating By MariaLovesCakes Updated 10 Jan 2009 , 2:29pm by anacardia. Does anyone here speak Portuguese?. We have a nice new member that just joined and she is asking if anyone speaks the language?. Anyone?. I can understand a little bit but don't know how to write it.. Há um Web site onde você possa datilografar um paragragh, diz o Web site que você quer traduzir de uma língua a outra, tal como o português ao inglês. Estale sobre "traduzem", então copíam e colam em sua pergunta do forum.. That is how I wrote the sentences above.. It is. When i used to live in fort lauderdale, florida I had friends from brazil and venezuela and columbia. They said it was easier for the poruguese to understand spanish but not as easy for the spanish speaking to understand portuguese.. Portuguese from brazil is my favorite language.. Sim sim! yes! I speak portuguese! I'm from Brazil. I'll love to help anybody who speaks portuguese!. Thaks. Mila. Quote by @%username% on %date%. %body%

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Programming Languages

**Section 1: What is a Programming Language?**

A programming language is a set of instructions, commands, and syntax used to create software programs, websites, mobile apps, and other computer-based technologies. These languages provide a way for people to communicate with computers and tell them what to do.

**Section 2: Types of Programming Languages**

There are several types of programming languages, including:

1. Low-level languages: These are the most basic programming languages that are close to the computer's hardware. Examples include Assembly and Machine code.

2. High-level languages: These are easier to read and understand than low-level languages and provide more abstraction from the hardware. Examples include C, C++, and Java.

3. Scripting languages: These are lightweight and easy-to-use languages that allow programmers to add interactive features to web pages. Examples include JavaScript and Python.

4. Markup languages: These are used to structure and format documents, such as HTML and XML.

**Section 3: Popular Programming Languages**

Some of the most popular programming languages today include:

1. Python: A high-level, general-purpose programming language that is easy to learn and use.

2. JavaScript: A scripting language used to create interactive web pages and mobile apps.

3. Java: A high-level, object-oriented programming language used to create enterprise-level applications.

4. C++: A powerful, high-level language used to create video games, operating systems, and other complex software.

**Section 4: Learning Programming Languages**

Learning a programming language can be challenging, but there are many resources available to help you get started. You can take online courses, read books, or find a mentor to guide you through the process.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

Programming languages are essential tools for creating technology that shapes our world. By learning one or more programming languages, you can become a valuable contributor to the tech industry and make a positive impact on society.


text:
Measuring the success of your app via the number of monthly active users is dubious at best. The metric may have become the standard but, when it comes to daily use apps such as messaging services or social networks, the data point becomes all the less illustrative.

As I pointed out last year, humans are social beings and we generally communicate with friends, family and loved ones on a daily basis. If I’m just opening your chat app once a month or once a week, you don’t have the right to label me an “active” user. Doing so is lazy at best or deliberately misleading at worst.

These habits take time to shift, of course. To date, the industry has stuck with its fuzzy data point: Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, WeChat, Line and even Snapchat (internal data only) are among the many that convey their traction by listing how many people have opened their app at least one time per month.

They also track messages sent and received (which are crucially not the same due to groups), messaging frequency and other large numbers that don’t really provide much context into how apps are actually being used. Even time spent inside an app is misleading considering chat apps are typically used alongside other apps as users multitask on the device.

One chat app firm that is trying to change the status quo is Kik . The Canada-based company, which was recently backed by China’s Tencent at a valuation of over $1 billion, has adopted a more qualitative approach to measuring engagement.

Active: when a user replies to a chat messaging within 20 seconds

Passive: when a user replies to a chat messaging in two to three minutes

Sporadic: when a user replies to chat messaging over longer periods during the day

Kik, which only provides total registered user numbers (now 300 million), is squarely focused on the U.S. youth market — it claims that 40 percent of U.S. teens use its iOS or Android app. With a focus on a particular group not a mass audience, it is perhaps unsurprisingly that it is pushing this kind of measurement.

“As we have seen chat behaviors evolve, at Kik we’ve become less interested in how many messages are exchanged or how many times an app is opened, and more interested in how people engage in chatting. Put more simply: we care more about attention than app taps,” Kik CEO Ted Livingston (pictured above) explained in a Medium post.

Within this measurement structure, Kik put out a few interesting snippets about its young userbase:

The average U.S. teen on Kik engages in 6.1 chats a day, averaging 12.7 minutes per session

U.S. teen females on Kik chat 35 percent longer than their male equivalents

U.S. teen “super users” — who Kik says make up 10 percent of its userbase — engage in 10 chats per day with an average of 157 minute per day

Kik users are more engaged in active chat mode during the week, but they have more chat sessions during the weekend

Overall, Kik users spend about 21 percent of their time in an active chat state and 79 percent in passive state

To really benefit from these new metrics it would be useful if Kik did share common industry metrics — that would help emphasize the relevancy of its new metrics — but don’t expect that to happen any time soon… well, actually, ever.

“Existing metrics tend to favor feed-based consumption rather than chat,” Joel Cumming, Kik’s head of data, told TechCrunch in an interview. “Everyone can make up their own rules for [measuring monthly active users] — we could’ve gone down that route but didn’t. The U.S. teen market is not 600 million users in size so we prefer to focus on engagement.”

(We’ve heard that before from Kik.)

Of course, going public with MAUs would also make Kik look a lot smaller than the competition. Facebook Messenger and Facebook-owned WhatsApp both claim over one billion active users, Line has 212 million, WeChat has over 697 million, and Snapchat has — according to leaked data — over 100 million daily users.

Nonetheless, as someone who had to deal with companies peddling bullsh*t user data for far too long, I applaud the qualitative focus. Sadly, I doubt others in the industry will follow Kik’s lead.

textbook:
Lesson: Measuring App Success

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the concept of measuring app success using monthly active users (MAUs). We will discuss why this metric may not be the most accurate way to measure success, especially for daily use apps like messaging services and social networks. We will also look at alternative ways to measure app success.

Section 1: Understanding MAUs

What are monthly active users?
Monthly active users (MAUs) is a metric used to measure the number of people who use an app or website at least once a month. It is often used to gauge the popularity and success of an app.

Why is MAU a problematic metric for some apps?
For apps that are used daily, such as messaging services and social networks, the MAU metric may not be the most accurate way to measure success. This is because it only measures how many people use the app once a month, not how often they use it on a daily basis.

Section 2: Alternative Ways to Measure App Success

What are some alternative ways to measure app success?
Some alternative ways to measure app success include:

1. Daily active users (DAUs): This metric measures how many people use the app every day. It is a better indicator of success for apps that are used daily.

2. Engagement rate: This metric measures how engaged users are with the app. It takes into account how often users open the app, how long they spend on it, and what actions they take while using it.

3. Conversion rate: This metric measures how well the app is converting users into paying customers. It is especially important for apps that offer in-app purchases or subscriptions.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Let's say we have an app that allows users to send and receive messages. We can use the following table to compare the success of our app based on MAUs vs DAUs.

| Metric | Example |
|---------|---------|
| MAUs    | 100,000 |
| DAUs    | 50,000  |

In this example, we have 100,000 monthly active users, which means that 50,000 people use the app at least once a month. However, our DAUs are only 50,000, which means that only 50,000 people use the app every day. This shows that the MAU metric may not be the most accurate way to measure success for our app.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, measuring app success using monthly active users (MAUs) may not be the most accurate way to gauge success for apps that are used daily. Instead, we can use alternative metrics such as daily active users (DAUs) and engagement rate to get a more accurate picture of app success. By understanding these metrics and their practical applications, we can make informed decisions about how to improve our apps and better serve our users.