text: Upwelling. - Page ID. - 598. Upwelling occurs where surface waters diverge, mostly due to wind, and deeper water is brought up to replace the surface waters. In the diagram above, the wind is blowing along the coast and Ekman transport is causing the surface layer of water to move 90 degrees away from the direction of the wind. This movement creates a void that brings deep water from below the Pycnocline to the surface.. Ekman transport is a result of the Coriolois Effect (the effect of the Rotation of the Earth) and Wind-Driven surface currents. These two forces creates the Ekman Spiral which moves each of the layers of water in the ocean in a different direction, the result is a net movement 90 degrees away from the direction of wind, shown in the diagram below.. Sources:

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Ocean Currents

Introduction:
Ocean currents are the flow of water in the ocean. They are caused by many factors including wind, temperature, salinity, and the rotation of the Earth. In this lesson, we will learn about some of the forces that cause ocean currents and how they affect the movement of water.

Section 1: Understanding Ocean Currents

Question: What is an ocean current?
Answer: An ocean current is the flow of water in the ocean.

Question: What are some of the factors that cause ocean currents?
Answer: Some of the factors that cause ocean currents include wind, temperature, salinity, and the rotation of the Earth.

Question: Can you explain the Coriolis Effect?
Answer: The Coriolis Effect is the effect of the rotation of the Earth on moving objects. It causes objects to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

Question: What is the Ekman Transport?
Answer: The Ekman Transport is the movement of surface waters caused by the Coriolis Effect. It causes the surface waters to move at an angle to the direction of the wind.

Question: What is the Ekman Spiral?
Answer: The Ekman Spiral is the spiral pattern that is formed by the movement of surface waters caused by the Ekman Transport.

Question: What is the Pycnocline?
Answer: The Pycnocline is the layer of water in the ocean where there is a significant change in density. It separates the warmer, less dense water near the surface from the colder, denser water below.

Section 2: Understanding Upwelling

Question: What is upwelling?
Answer: Upwelling is the process where deeper, colder water is brought up to the surface of the ocean.

Question: Why does upwelling occur?
Answer: Upwelling occurs where surface waters diverge, mostly due to wind. The wind causes the surface waters to move away from the coast, creating a void that is filled with deeper, colder water.

Question: How does upwelling affect the ocean's ecosystem?
Answer: Upwelling brings nutrient-rich waters to the surface, which supports a large amount of marine life. This supports a thriving ecosystem of plants and animals that rely on these nutrients for survival.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Question: How can we use our understanding of ocean currents to predict weather patterns?
Answer: By studying ocean currents, we can understand how warm and cold water masses interact, which can help us predict weather patterns such as El Niño and La Niña events.

Question: How do ocean currents affect marine life?
Answer: Ocean currents play a crucial role in the distribution of marine life. They can affect the migration patterns of fish and other marine animals, as well as the distribution of nutrients that support the food chain.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the factors that cause ocean currents, including the Coriolis Effect and the Ekman Transport. We also learned about upwelling, which is the process where deeper, colder water is brought up to the surface of the ocean. Finally, we explored practical examples of how our understanding of ocean currents can be used to predict weather patterns and affect marine life. By gaining a better understanding of ocean currents, we can appreciate their importance in our world and the impact they have on our planet.

Glossary:
- Coriolis Effect: The effect of the rotation of the Earth on moving objects.
- Ekman Transport: The movement of surface waters caused by the Coriolis Effect.
- Ekman Spiral: The spiral pattern that is formed by the movement of surface waters caused by the Ekman Transport.
- Pycnocline: The layer of water in the ocean where there is a significant change in density.
- Upwelling: The process where deeper, colder water is brought up to the surface of the ocean.


text: In 2018, the national minimum wage in Mexico remained fixed at 113.6 € per month, that is 1,363 euros per year, taking into account 12 payments per year.. If we look at the minimum salary in Mexican pesos, which is the official currency in Mexico, we can see that, this year, it was 2,687.6 Mexican pesos and accordingly, the national minimum wage has been raised 253 Mexican pesos per month from the previous year, 10.39%. This increase is greater than the CPI of 2017 which was 6.8%, so workers have gained buying power in the last year.. If we look at the ranking of the national minimum wage that we publish, Mexico is in 77 Mexico. You can see NMW in other countries in National Minimum Wage 2018 and see all the information about this country in Mexico economy.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
**Lesson: Understanding Inflation and its Effect on Minimum Wage**

**Introduction:**
Inflation is the rate at which the general price level of goods and services in an economy is rising over time, and, consequently, the purchasing power of money is falling. Understanding inflation is crucial because it affects the economy, interest rates, and wages, including the minimum wage. In this lesson, we will learn about inflation, how it affects the minimum wage, and how to calculate the real value of the minimum wage.

**Section 1: Theoretical Concepts**

**Topic 1: Inflation**
- Inflation is the rate at which the general price level of goods and services in an economy is rising over time.
- It is usually measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the Producer Price Index (PPI).
- Inflation can be caused by various factors, such as an increase in demand for goods and services, a decrease in supply, or an increase in production costs.

**Topic 2: Minimum Wage**
- The minimum wage is the lowest hourly, daily, or monthly wage that employers may legally pay to employees.
- It is set by the government to ensure that workers are paid fairly and to prevent exploitation.
- The minimum wage is subject to change due to inflation and other economic factors.

**Section 2: Questions and Answers**

**Question: How does inflation affect the minimum wage?**
**Answer:** Inflation reduces the purchasing power of money over time, which means that the minimum wage loses its value if it does not keep up with inflation. If the minimum wage remains constant while inflation increases, workers' purchasing power decreases because they can buy less with their wages than before.

**Question: How do you calculate the real value of the minimum wage?**
**Answer:** To calculate the real value of the minimum wage, you need to adjust it for inflation. You can do this by dividing the nominal minimum wage (the minimum wage in current dollars) by the consumer price index (CPI) and multiplying the result by 100 to get the real minimum wage (the minimum wage in constant dollars).

**Section 3: Practical Examples**

**Example 1: Calculate the real value of the minimum wage in 2018**
- Nominal minimum wage: $1,363 per year
- CPI in 2018: 100

Real minimum wage = (1,363 / 100) * 100 = $13,630

**Example 2: Compare the real value of the minimum wage in 2018 and 2019**
- Nominal minimum wage in 2019: $1,412 per year
- CPI in 2019: 105

Real minimum wage in 2019 = (1,412 / 105) * 100 = $13,826.32

**Conclusion:**
Understanding inflation and its effect on the minimum wage is essential for workers, employers, and policymakers. By calculating the real value of the minimum wage, we can determine whether workers' purchasing power has increased or decreased over time. This knowledge can help us make informed decisions about wages, budgets, and economic policies.

**Glossary:**
- Inflation: The rate at which the general price level of goods and services in an economy is rising over time.
- Minimum Wage: The lowest hourly, daily, or monthly wage that employers may legally pay to employees.
- Consumer Price Index (CPI): A measure of the average change in prices of goods and services consumed in the United States.
- Producer Price Index (PPI): A measure of the average change in prices received by domestic producers for their output.


text: You Searched for Beach Wedding Favors Canada, Here is an Article Related to Beach Wedding Favors Canada. Beach Wedding Favors Canada.. Beach Wedding Favors Canada Specific links. Beach Wedding Favors Canada News. Hicks: Whitney Houston's daughter allegedly gambled in Las Vegas. Also: A major superhero will soon come out of the closet: Steven Tyler won t confirm he ll return to 'American Idol; Chris Brown kicked out of Vegas club; Tom cruise may star in new "The Magnificent Seven.Read more.... Vendors in Georgia, Florida and Tennessee to be Featured on the PartyPOP.com Online Network. Omni Productions, Inc., Lil Divas, Engle Consulting Inc., A Star Performance and G-Mara Song Productions demonstrate their skills on the largest party, wedding and event planning network, PartyPOP.com. (PRWeb May 19, 2012) Read the full story at more...

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Mathematics

### Section 1: What is Mathematics?

Mathematics is the study of numbers, quantities, structures, and relationships. It is a universal language that uses logical and abstract concepts to solve problems and explain the world around us. Mathematics is divided into several branches, including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, and statistics.

### Section 2: Why is Mathematics Important?

Mathematics is essential in our daily lives because it helps us understand and analyze the world around us. It is used in various fields such as science, engineering, finance, and technology. Mathematics is also used to solve problems in everyday life, such as calculating distances, determining the area of a room, or figuring out how much change you should receive after making a purchase.

### Section 3: How does Mathematics work?

Mathematics works by using logical and systematic methods to solve problems. It involves using symbols, equations, and formulas to represent and manipulate quantities and relationships. Mathematics also involves using deductive reasoning to arrive at conclusions based on a set of premises or axioms.

### Section 4: Practical Examples

Let's consider an example of how mathematics can be used to solve a problem. Suppose you want to determine how long it will take you to drive from your home to work. You can use mathematics to calculate the distance between the two locations and then use that information to estimate your travel time.

First, you need to know the distance between your home and work. You can use a map or a GPS device to find the distance. Let's say the distance is 15 miles.

Next, you need to determine your average speed. This is the speed at which you can travel over a given distance in a specific amount of time. Let's say your average speed is 30 miles per hour.

Using these two pieces of information, you can calculate your travel time. To do this, you can use the formula:

Travel Time = Distance / Speed

Plugging in the values we have, we get:

Travel Time = 15 miles / 30 miles per hour

Travel Time = 0.5 hours

So, it will take you half an hour to drive from your home to work.

### Section 5: Conclusion

In conclusion, mathematics is a powerful tool that can be used to solve problems and make sense of the world around us. By understanding mathematical concepts and principles, we can make informed decisions and better understand the world around us.


text:
The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society's New Jersey Chapter was founded in 2009 to serve residents who have been touched by one of the blood cancers: leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma. The chapter maintains two offices, one in Cranford and one in Mt. Laurel.

About The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society

The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS), based in White Plains, NY, is the world's largest voluntary health organization dedicated to funding blood cancer research, education and patient services. LLS's mission is to cure leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and myeloma, and improve the quality of life of patients and their families. Since it was founded in 1949, LLS has invested more than $750 million in research specifically targeting blood cancers.

The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS) is the world's largest voluntary health agency dedicated to blood cancer. The LLS mission: Cure leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and myeloma, and improve the quality of life of patients and their families. LLS funds lifesaving blood cancer research around the world and provides free information and support services.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Nonprofit Organizations

Overview: In this lesson, we will learn about nonprofit organizations, their purpose, and how they operate. We will also explore the role of The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS) in the fight against blood cancers.

Section 1: What is a Nonprofit Organization?

A nonprofit organization is an entity that operates for a specific purpose, such as charitable, educational, or scientific, rather than generating profit for its owners or shareholders. Nonprofits are exempt from paying taxes on their income because they provide a public benefit.

Question: What are some examples of nonprofit organizations?
Answer: Some examples of nonprofit organizations include charities, churches, schools, hospitals, and environmental groups.

Section 2: The Role of LLS in the Fight Against Blood Cancers

The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to funding blood cancer research, education, and patient services. LLS's mission is to cure leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and myeloma and improve the quality of life of patients and their families.

Question: How does LLS fulfill its mission?
Answer: LLS fulfills its mission by funding research to find treatments and cures for blood cancers, providing education and support to patients and their families, and advocating for policies that benefit blood cancer patients.

Section 3: How Nonprofit Organizations Operate

Nonprofit organizations operate on funds raised from donors, grants, and fundraising events. They must file tax returns and financial disclosures with the government to maintain their tax-exempt status.

Question: How do nonprofits use their funds?
Answer: Nonprofits use their funds to further their mission, which could include providing services, conducting research, or educating the public.

Section 4: The Importance of Nonprofit Organizations

Nonprofit organizations play an essential role in society by providing services and resources that governments or businesses may not. They address social issues and needs that are not always profitable but are essential for the well-being of individuals and communities.

Question: Why are nonprofit organizations important?
Answer: Nonprofit organizations are important because they fill gaps in services and resources that other entities may not address, such as providing aid to those in need or conducting research for diseases.

Conclusion: In this lesson, we learned about nonprofit organizations, their purpose, and how they operate. We also explored the role of The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society in the fight against blood cancers and how it fulfills its mission. By understanding the importance of nonprofit organizations, we can appreciate their contributions to society and consider ways to support them.

Glossary:
- Nonprofit organization: An entity that operates for a specific purpose, such as charitable, educational, or scientific, rather than generating profit for its owners or shareholders.
- Tax-exempt: Exempt from paying taxes on income because it provides a public benefit.
- Mission: A nonprofit organization's specific purpose or goal.


text: Irondale Chamber. The Greater Irondale Chamber of Commerce is dedicated to providing members an environment where businesses, organizations, and the local community can be successful and enhance the quality of life in the Irondale area.. To accomplish our mission, we will:. - Promote the businesses and community we serve.. - Develop programs that provide our businesses with the information they need to prosper and grow.. - Use our resources to be an influential leader to encourage, support, and foster commerce in the Irondale area.. - Partner with the City of Irondale to strengthen the economic viability of the Irondale area.. - Give back in a tangible way to the community that supports us.. Our mission will be realized through an ongoing partnership with our members, board of directors, community organizations, local/state government, volunteers and the public we serve.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Chambers of Commerce

Introduction:
Chambers of commerce are organizations that represent the interests of businesses in a particular area. They play a crucial role in promoting economic development and supporting the growth of local companies. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of chambers of commerce and how they contribute to the success of businesses and communities.

Section 1: Understanding Chambers of Commerce

Topic 1: What is a chamber of commerce?
- A chamber of commerce is an organization that represents the interests of businesses in a particular area.
- Chambers of commerce work to promote the growth and success of local companies.
- They do this by providing resources, networking opportunities, and advocacy for their members.

Topic 2: Why do businesses join chambers of commerce?
- Businesses join chambers of commerce to gain exposure and credibility within their community.
- Membership in a chamber of commerce provides opportunities for networking and collaboration with other businesses.
- Chambers of commerce also advocate for policies that support business growth and development.

Section 2: The Benefits of Joining a Chamber of Commerce

Topic 1: Networking opportunities
- One of the most significant benefits of joining a chamber of commerce is access to networking events and opportunities.
- These events allow business owners to meet other professionals and potential customers or clients.
- Networking can lead to new partnerships, collaborations, and referrals.

Topic 2: Exposure and Credibility
- Chambers of commerce often host events that showcase local businesses and their products or services.
- By participating in these events, businesses can increase their visibility and credibility within their community.
- This exposure can lead to increased sales and customer loyalty.

Topic 3: Advocacy and Support
- Chambers of commerce advocate for policies that support business growth and development.
- They also provide resources and support for their members, such as training programs and educational workshops.
- These resources can help businesses improve their operations and better serve their customers.

Section 3: The Impact of Chambers of Commerce on Communities

Topic 1: Economic Development
- Chambers of commerce play a crucial role in promoting economic development within their communities.
- They work to attract new businesses and support existing ones, leading to job creation and increased revenue.
- This, in turn, contributes to the overall growth and prosperity of the community.

Topic 2: Quality of Life
- Chambers of commerce also work to improve the quality of life in their communities.
- They do this by supporting local events, organizations, and initiatives that enhance the community's cultural, social, and environmental well-being.
- A thriving business community contributes to a higher quality of life for residents.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, chambers of commerce play a vital role in promoting economic development and supporting the growth of local businesses. By joining a chamber of commerce, businesses can gain access to networking opportunities, exposure, and support. Additionally, chambers of commerce contribute to the overall well-being of their communities by promoting economic development and improving the quality of life for residents. By understanding the importance of chambers of commerce, business owners can make informed decisions about whether to join and how to engage with their local chamber.


text: Nationwide Auto Insurance in Powhatan, Virginia From King Insurance Agency King Insurance Agency in Powhat04) 598-9002 to speak with Richard S King Jr, or one of our other friendly and knowledgeable agents, at 2146 Plainview Ctr, Powhatan, Virginia, 23139. We are more than happy to tell you more about our insurance offerings and how we can build a comprehensive policy that works best for your protection and financial needs.. The King Insurance Agency also offers products in Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and West Virginia. Please call for information on products in those states.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Insurance Policies
Introduction:
Insurance is a contract between two parties where one party, known as the insurer, agrees to provide financial protection against specified losses in exchange for a premium paid by the other party, known as the insured. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of insurance policies, their coverage, and how they can protect us from financial losses.
Section 1: Types of Insurance Policies
There are several types of insurance policies available in the market, including life insurance, health insurance, auto insurance, home insurance, and business insurance. Each type of policy has its own coverage and benefits.
Life Insurance:
Life insurance is a type of insurance policy that provides financial protection to the insured's family or dependents in case of their death. The policy pays out a lump sum amount to the beneficiaries named by the insured.
Health Insurance:
Health insurance is a type of insurance policy that covers medical expenses incurred by the insured. The policy may cover hospitalization expenses, doctor's fees, medicines, and other related expenses.
Auto Insurance:
Auto insurance is a type of insurance policy that covers damages to the insured's vehicle or property due to an accident, theft, or vandalism. The policy may also cover injuries to the driver and passengers of the insured's vehicle.
Home Insurance:
Home insurance is a type of insurance policy that covers damages to the insured's home and belongings due to fire, theft, or other natural disasters.
Business Insurance:
Business insurance is a type of insurance policy that covers financial losses due to business interruptions, lawsuits, or employee injuries.
Section 2: Coverage and Benefits
Each type of insurance policy has its own coverage and benefits. Life insurance provides financial protection to the insured's family or dependents in case of their death. Health insurance covers medical expenses incurred by the insured. Auto insurance covers damages to the insured's vehicle or property due to an accident, theft, or vandalism. Home insurance covers damages to the insured's home and belongings due to fire, theft, or other natural disasters. Business insurance covers financial losses due to business interruptions, lawsuits, or employee injuries.
Section 3: How Insurance Policies Protect Us
Insurance policies protect us from financial losses due to unexpected events such as accidents, illnesses, or natural disasters. By paying a premium, we can ensure that we are protected against these risks. In case of an accident or illness, we can file a claim with our insurance company, which will cover the expenses. In case of a natural disaster, our home insurance policy will cover the damages to our home and belongings. In case of a business interruption, our business insurance policy will cover the financial losses.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, insurance policies are essential to protect ourselves from financial losses due to unexpected events. By understanding the different types of insurance policies and their coverage, we can choose the policy that best suits our needs. We can also file claims with our insurance company in case of an accident or illness, or in case of damages to our home or business. By applying the skills learned in this lesson, we can make informed decisions about our insurance needs and protect ourselves from financial losses.


text: Our Latest. Announcement.. Explore the Difference. EPS. Our Vision and Mission. Vision. To Nurture the holistic growth of every child, by facilitating an environment highly conducive for promoting and fostering curiosity and self-discovery as the first step to a lifetime of learning.. Mission. To provide a conductive ambience for exploring and bringing out the innate talents in each student.. To develop a sustainable environment for innovative learning.. To train young minds with values, culture, integrity, innovation and leadership.. At Excel, you’ll discover bold ideas about. what Institutions can be.. Medical Facilities. Swimming Pool. ATM. Facilities for students. Sports Grounds. Transport convenient. Every child is a different kind of flower and all together make this world a beautiful garden.. December 7, 2021. The first letter of a great story. December 7, 2021. The Tiny artists’ creation of Lord Vinayaka. December 7, 2021

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Education

Introduction:
Education is a fundamental aspect of human life. It is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values, and habits. Education is essential for personal development, social progress, and economic growth. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of education and its impact on our lives.

Section 1: Personal Development

Topic: Why is education important for personal development?

Question: How does education contribute to personal growth and development?

Answer: Education is crucial for personal development because it helps us to acquire knowledge, skills, and values that shape our identity and sense of self. Through education, we learn to think critically, make informed decisions, and develop a sense of curiosity and creativity. Education also helps us to understand ourselves better, our strengths and weaknesses, and how to overcome them.

Practical Example: A person who has been educated in a particular field can apply their knowledge and skills to solve real-world problems. They can use their knowledge to make informed decisions, which can help them achieve their goals.

Section 2: Social Progress

Topic: How does education contribute to social progress?

Question: What role does education play in creating a just and equitable society?

Answer: Education is essential for social progress because it promotes equality, justice, and fairness. An educated society is more likely to be tolerant, empathetic, and understanding of diverse cultures and perspectives. Education also helps to break down barriers and promotes social mobility, which leads to a more equitable distribution of resources and opportunities.

Practical Example: Education has played a significant role in promoting gender equality and women's empowerment. Educated women are more likely to participate in the workforce, have higher-paying jobs, and enjoy better health outcomes.

Section 3: Economic Growth

Topic: How does education contribute to economic growth?

Question: Why is education important for economic development?

Answer: Education is crucial for economic growth because it promotes innovation, productivity, and competitiveness. An educated workforce is more skilled, adaptable, and creative, which leads to higher productivity and efficiency. Education also helps to create a knowledge-based economy, which is essential for sustainable economic growth.

Practical Example: Countries that invest in education have higher GDP per capita, lower unemployment rates, and higher levels of innovation and entrepreneurship.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, education is essential for personal development, social progress, and economic growth. It is the foundation upon which we build our lives, our communities, and our nations. By investing in education, we invest in our future, and the future of generations to come.

Glossary:

- Personal development: The process of improving oneself through education, experience, and reflection.
- Social progress: The advancement of human well-being, freedom, and equality through social reform and innovation.
- Economic growth: The increase in the output of goods and services produced by an economy over time.

[**Note:** This lesson is designed for students from primary through high school. Each section provides theoretical concepts, questions and answers, definitions of purpose, practical examples using mathematical abstractions and real-world scenarios, increasing in difficulty level. The lesson emphasizes detailed explanations of reasoning, highlights important concepts using markdown annotations, tables, and formulas, and includes self-debating discussions to teach critical thinking. Each chapter should generate content suitable for different levels.]


textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Acidity Levels in Olive Oil

Introduction:
Olive oil is a staple ingredient in many kitchens around the world. It is used for cooking, dressings, and even adding flavor to dishes. However, not all olive oils are created equal. One of the most important factors to consider when choosing olive oil is its acidity level. In this lesson, we will explore what acidity levels mean, why they matter, and how to choose the right olive oil for your needs.

Section 1: What is Acidity Level in Olive Oil?
Acidity level refers to the amount of oleic acid present in olive oil. Oleic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid that gives olive oil its distinctive taste and smell. The acidity level is measured by the percentage of oleic acid in the oil. A lower acidity level indicates that the oil is of higher quality and has been produced under better conditions.

Section 2: Why does Acidity Level Matter?
The acidity level of olive oil matters because it affects the taste, shelf life, and overall quality of the oil. Olive oil with a higher acidity level will have a bitter taste and a shorter shelf life. On the other hand, olive oil with a lower acidity level will have a milder taste and a longer shelf life. Additionally, olive oil with a lower acidity level is more resistant to oxidation, which means it will not go rancid as quickly.

Section 3: How to Choose the Right Olive Oil?
When choosing olive oil, look for a product with an acidity level of 0.5% or less. This is considered an extra virgin olive oil, which means it has been produced using traditional methods and has not been refined or processed. Additionally, look for an olive oil that is stored in a dark-colored tin or bottle. This helps to protect the oil from light, which can cause it to oxidize and lose its flavor.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding the acidity level of olive oil is an important factor in choosing the right oil for your needs. By selecting an olive oil with a lower acidity level, you can ensure that your oil is of higher quality and will have a longer shelf life. Additionally, by storing your olive oil in a dark-colored tin or bottle, you can further protect its flavor and extend its shelf life. With these tips in mind, you can confidently choose the best olive oil for your culinary needs.

Glossary:
- Acidity level: The percentage of oleic acid present in olive oil.
- Oleic acid: A naturally occurring fatty acid that gives olive oil its distinctive taste and smell.
- Extra virgin olive oil: Olive oil that has been produced using traditional methods and has not been refined or processed.

[1] Acropolis Extra Virgin Olive Oil with an acidity level up to 0.5% in a 500ml tin, is made exclusively from the Koroneiki variety of olive from Messinia, known as the leading olive variety to make olive oil in the world.. The tin allows for easier transportation when travelling as it is less fragile and it doesn’t allow any sunlight, this helps to keep the acidity level low.. Our Acropolis Extra Virgin Olive Oil is ideal for everyday use as it can be used to both cook with and to use as a dressing or be added to a dish.


text: Kraka helps IT companies make more out of their research ideas and prototypes - by creating technology that makes sense in use and finding new opportunities in the work & life practices of users.. Kraka's particular strength is the link between prototyping novel technology. and understanding people through ethnographic study. We help clients build. prototypes and conduct studies of usage domains.. Kraka works mostly on pre-product and early product concepts, bridging between the R&D world and the (coming) reality of markets and users.. Kraka is located in California. Some of my blogs: of my blogs:

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make More Out of Your Research Ideas and Prototypes

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to make more out of our research ideas and prototypes. We will explore the process of creating technology that makes sense in use and finding new opportunities in the work and life practices of users. We will also discuss the importance of linking prototyping novel technology with understanding people through ethnographic study.

Section 1: Creating Technology that Makes Sense in Use

The first step in making more out of your research ideas and prototypes is to create technology that makes sense in use. This means designing products and services that are user-friendly, intuitive, and meet the needs of your target audience. To do this, you need to understand your users' needs, preferences, and behaviors.

Question: How can you understand your users' needs, preferences, and behaviors?
Answer: You can understand your users by conducting surveys, interviews, and focus groups. You can also observe them in their natural environment (e.g., their homes or workplaces) to see how they use technology in their daily lives.

Exercise: Imagine you are designing a new app for fitness enthusiasts. What features would you include based on your understanding of their needs and preferences?

Section 2: Finding New Opportunities in Work and Life Practices

The second step in making more out of your research ideas and prototypes is to find new opportunities in the work and life practices of users. This means identifying gaps in the market and creating innovative solutions that address these gaps.

Question: How can you identify gaps in the market?
Answer: You can identify gaps in the market by analyzing industry trends, customer feedback, and competitor offerings. You can also use data analytics tools to identify patterns and insights that can inform your product development strategy.

Exercise: Imagine you are working for a company that produces household cleaning products. How can you identify new opportunities in the market?

Section 3: Linking Prototyping with Ethnographic Study

The third step in making more out of your research ideas and prototypes is to link prototyping novel technology with understanding people through ethnographic study. This means combining qualitative research methods (e.g., interviews, observations) with prototyping to test and refine your ideas.

Question: How can you combine qualitative research methods with prototyping?
Answer: You can combine qualitative research methods with prototyping by conducting user testing sessions where you observe people using your prototype and ask them for feedback. You can also use the insights you gather from your qualitative research to inform the design and functionality of your prototype.

Exercise: Imagine you are designing a new website for online shopping. How can you combine qualitative research methods with prototyping to improve your design?

Glossary:
- Prototyping: the process of creating a preliminary model of a product or system
- Ethnography: the study of people and cultures

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to make more out of our research ideas and prototypes by creating technology that makes sense in use, finding new opportunities in work and life practices, and linking prototyping with ethnographic study. By following these steps, you can create innovative solutions that meet the needs of your users and stand out in the market.


text:
Jorge Hirsch (2005a, 2005b) recently proposed a new research performance indicator that is designed for application at the micro level. The Hirsch index, or h index, quantifies as a single-number criterion the scientific output of a single researcher. Hirsch’s (2005b) index is an original and simple new measure incorporating both quantity and visibility of publications (van Raan 2006): “A scientist has index h if h of his or her Np papers have at least h citations each and the other (Np − h) papers have fewer than ≤h citations each” (Hirsch 2005a: 16569). A h index of 40 means, for example, that a scientist has published 40 papers that each had at least 40 citations. A scientist’s h index will never decrease (Sidiropoulos et al. 2006); an increase is to be expected as new (high-impact) papers are published, as ‘sleeping beauties’ (van Raan 2004b) come to life, and as the scientist’s papers attract citations (Cronin and Meho 2006; Hirsch 2005a). h = 0 characterizes inactive scientific authors (Glänzel 2006) that have at best published papers that have had no visible impact.

The proposed new measure of research performance was quickly taken up by Nature (Ball 2005) and Science (Anon 2005). The idea of ranking scientists by a single number and the alleged advantages that the h index has over other citation-based indices (for example, total number of papers, total number of citations, or citations per paper) attracted the attention of scientific news editors. The h index is seen to have the advantage that it gives a robust estimate of the broad impact of a scientist’s cumulative research contributions (Cronin and Meho 2006; Hirsch 2005a). This means that the h index is insensitive to a set of lowly cited (non cited) papers or to one or several highly cited papers: A scientist with very few highly cited papers (a ‘one-hit wonder’) or, alternatively, many lowly cited papers will have a weak h index (see Table 1). A further advantage seen for the h index is that the necessary data for calculation is easy to access in the Thomson Scientific (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) Web of Science database without the need for any off-line data processing (Batista et al. 2005). The index can be calculated sorting a set of papers (co-authored by one scientist) using the ‘times cited’ option: scroll down the Web of Science output until the rank of the paper (in terms of citations) is greater than the number of citations that it has. The preceding rank equals the h index (Kelly and Jennions 2006).

Table 1: Two scientists with the same h index: scientist A with very fewhighly cited papers and scientist B with many lowly cited papers.

Paper

Citations

Scientist A

Scientist B

1

51

6

2

34

5

3

29

4

4

22

4

5

3

3

6

1

3

7

0

2

8

2

9

1

10

0

11

0

h

4

4

Because of the advantages that the h index offers as an evaluative bibliometric measure, the h index has found widespread positive reception. As an alternative to other citation-based indices that could be used to measure research performance, however, some critical objections to the new index have been raised. Van Raan (2006), for instance, states, “it is not wise to force the assessment of researchers or of research groups into just one measure, because it reinforces the opinion … that scientific performance can be expressed simply by one note” (p. 501). Several indicators are necessary in order to illuminate different aspects of performance (van Raan 2006) and to provide a more adequate and multifaceted picture of reality (Glänzel 2006). According to Sidiropoulos et al. (2006) the h index “has various shortcomings, mainly of its inability to differentiate between active and inactive (or retired) scientists and its weakness to differentiate between significant works in the past (but not any more) and the works which are ‘trendy’ or the works which continue to shape the scientific thinking”. Since h values (that is, published papers and the citations papers receive) increase over time (Egghe 2006; Hirsch 2005a), it is apparent that a scientist’s h index depends on the scientist’s scientific age (that is, years publishing, Glänzel 2006; Roediger III 2006). Therefore, in ranking scientists, the h indexputs always newcomers at a disadvantage and older, well-established scientists at a advantage (Cronin and Meho 2006; Glänzel 2006). It should also be considered that when using the h index for comparison purposes, there are discipline-dependent citation patterns in science (Bornmann and Daniel, accepted for publication-a; Hirsch 2005a) that are determined by the average number of citations in a paper in a given research field, the average number of papers produced by each scientist in the field, the size of the field (number of scientists), and the attractiveness of the research area (mainstream or non-mainstream area). Because of these discipline-dependent citation conventions, higher h indices can be expected in some areas of research than in others (Iglesias and Pecharromán 2006).

The findings by Hirsch (2005a), Cronin and Meho (2006), Bornmann and Daniel (2005), van Raan (2006), and Kelly and Jennions (2006) on the convergent validity of the h index in different research fields indicate that the h index is a valid indicator for research performance at the micro and meso level. However, Lehmann et al. (2005) found that the h index lacks the necessary accuracy and precision to be useful. As there has as yet been no thorough validation of the h index – that is, cross-discipline validation on the basis of broad statistical data – for various areas of application, the h index with the current state of research should not (yet) be used as a criterion to inform decision making in science (Bornmann and Daniel, accepted for publication-b). Only when these studies have been conducted and can confirm the validity of the h index should the new measure be implemented. However, as the h index has some disadvantages – just as do many other evaluative bibliometric indicators – it should, for evaluative purposes, always be applied as an addition and not as a substitute (Egghe and Rousseau 2006; Glänzel 2006) for other indicators that have become established standards in recent years (van Raan 2004a).

Glänzel, Wolfgang, 2006: On the Opportunities and Limitations of the H-Index. Science Focus, 1(1): 10-11.

Hirsch, Jorge E., 2005a: An Index to quantify an Individual's Scientific Research Output. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(46): 16569-16572. [Retrieved 31.10.2006]

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to the Hirsch Index

Introduction:
The Hirsch Index, also known as the h-index, is a measure of the impact and productivity of a scientist or researcher. It was proposed by Jorge Hirsch in 2005 and has since become a widely used metric in evaluating scientific output. In this lesson, we will learn about the Hirsch Index, its significance, and how it is calculated.

Section 1: What is the Hirsch Index?

The Hirsch Index is a numerical value that represents the productivity and impact of a researcher. It is based on the number of papers published by the researcher and the number of citations those papers have received. The h-index is defined as the smallest integer h such that at least h of the researcher's Np papers have at least h citations each.

Significance:

The Hirsch Index is significant because it provides a simple and objective way to measure the impact of a researcher's work. It takes into account both the quantity and quality of a researcher's publications, making it a more accurate measure of productivity than traditional metrics such as the number of publications alone.

Section 2: How is the Hirsch Index calculated?

To calculate the Hirsch Index, follow these steps:

1. Determine the total number of papers (Np) published by the researcher.
2. Count the number of papers with at least h citations.
3. If there are h or more papers with at least h citations, the Hirsch Index is equal to h.
4. If there are fewer than h papers with at least h citations, the Hirsch Index is equal to the number of papers with at least h citations.

Example:

Suppose a researcher has published 10 papers, and each paper has been cited between 1 and 10 times. The Hirsch Index would be 1, as only one paper has at least 1 citation.

Section 3: Applications and Limitations

Applications:

The Hirsch Index is widely used in academia and research institutions to evaluate the impact and productivity of researchers. It is also used in funding decisions, promotions, and hiring processes.

Limitations:

The Hirsch Index has some limitations, including:

1. It does not take into account the quality of the research or the impact of the publications.
2. It may favor researchers who publish in highly cited journals, even if their work is not as significant or influential.
3. It can be manipulated by researchers who engage in citation manipulation or self-citation.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the Hirsch Index is a valuable tool for measuring the impact and productivity of researchers. However, it should be used in conjunction with other metrics and factors to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of a researcher's contributions to their field.

Glossary:

- Hirsch Index: a numerical value representing the impact and productivity of a researcher.
- Citations: the number of times a publication has been referred to by other publications.
- Productivity: the rate at which a researcher produces scientific papers or other research outputs.

Self-Debate:

Discuss with a partner whether you think the Hirsch Index is a fair measure of a researcher's impact and productivity. Do you think it should be the sole metric used to evaluate researchers, or should other factors be considered as well?


text: This second edition of "A glimpse at Photo Vogue" at Galleria Carla Sozzani is conceived as a natural evolution from last year’s project: therefore there will be exhibited 25 artists each with 4 images in order to allow a more in-depth acquaintance with their work.. Vogue Italia has been a huge ambassador for photography, having started in 2011 a section on vogue.it to support professional and amateur photographers from all around the world. The photographers chosen for this year's exhibition are an evidence of the multi-faceted nature of this platform: for instance, the architecture of Fabio Vittorelli to the street photography genre represented by Toru Tanaka, the unconventional portrayals of Billy Kidd and the conceptual ones by Anna di Prospero.. - Opening Thursday 13th June 2013 - On show from 14th June to 10th August 2013. - Galleria Carla Sozzani - Corso Como 10, Milano, Italia

textbook:
Lesson: How to Write a Press Release

Introduction:
A press release is a written statement that announces news about something or someone. It is used to share information with the media and the public. In this lesson, we will learn how to write a press release for an upcoming event.

Section 1: Understanding the Purpose of a Press Release

The purpose of a press release is to inform the public about an event or news. It should be written in a clear and concise manner, providing all the necessary information without any unnecessary details.

Section 2: Writing the Press Release

Title: The title of the press release should be catchy and attention-grabbing. It should summarize the main point of the release.

Body: The body of the press release should contain all the relevant information about the event. This includes the date, time, and location of the event, as well as any other important details.

Quotes: Including quotes from organizers or participants can add depth and credibility to the press release. These quotes should be brief and to the point.

Contact Information: The press release should include contact information for the person or organization responsible for the event. This includes the name, phone number, email address, and website.

Section 3: Formatting the Press Release

Headline: The headline should be short and to the point, summarizing the main message of the press release.

Date: The date should be included at the beginning of the press release, followed by the location and time of the event.

Subheading: A subheading can be used to provide additional information about the event, such as the theme or objective.

Section 4: Examples of Press Releases

Example 1:
Title: "Local Charity Hosts Annual Fundraising Gala"
Body: "Local Charity will host its annual fundraising gala on Saturday, October 23rd at the Grand Hotel. The event will feature live music, dinner, and a silent auction. All proceeds will go towards supporting the charity's programs."

Example 2:
Title: "New Exhibition Opens at Local Gallery"
Body: "The Local Gallery will open a new exhibition featuring the works of local artist John Smith on Friday, November 12th. The exhibition will run until January 3rd and will include over 20 pieces of artwork."

Conclusion:
In conclusion, writing a press release is an important skill for anyone involved in public relations or marketing. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can create a clear and effective press release that will help promote your event or news.


text: 3.8 out of 5 (4 Ratings). Apr 11, 2017. IBM provided solid pre-sales support including support for extended proof of concept. They also provided thorough personalized training that resulted in a relatively quick ramp up. The functionality of the product is broad as advertised. It's fully extensible and allows us to fairly easily introduce custom attributes. Our biggest challenge is performance - IBM has not been able to significantly improve response times and this has hindered our rollout. We've also had challenges with integration, particularly with Cognos and single sign-on (SAML) integration. IBM has been slow to provide specific support to resolve related issues.. Mar 22, 2017. Good tool to use on a day to day basis as Data Officer.. Jan 19, 2017. After some inital bumps, mainly due to our highly secure environment, we were able to successfully launch the appliction.. Dec 7, 2016. The tool suite is very complex, not simple to adopt and requires a lot of involvement from the vendor to roll it out

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Analyze Reviews

Introduction:
Reviews are an essential part of our daily lives. We read reviews before buying a product, choosing a restaurant, or even applying for a job. However, not all reviews are created equal. Some reviews are written by people who have used the product or service, while others are written by people who have not. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and analyze reviews to make informed decisions.

Section 1: Understanding Reviews

Topic 1: Types of Reviews
- Product reviews: These reviews are written by people who have used the product. They provide information about the quality, performance, and features of the product.
- Service reviews: These reviews are written by people who have used the service. They provide information about the quality, timeliness, and professionalism of the service.
- Employment reviews: These reviews are written by people who have worked for the company. They provide information about the work culture, management, and job satisfaction.

Topic 2: Writing Reviews
- Be honest: Write a review based on your experience with the product or service. Do not exaggerate or lie about your experience.
- Be specific: Provide details about your experience with the product or service. This will help other readers understand your review better.
- Be objective: Avoid using emotional language or making personal attacks. Stick to the facts and provide a balanced review.

Section 2: Analyzing Reviews

Topic 1: Positive Reviews
- Look for common themes: Are there common positive themes in the reviews? This could indicate that the product or service is generally good.
- Check the rating: Is the rating high? This could indicate that the product or service is popular among users.
- Check for recent reviews: Are there recent positive reviews? This could indicate that the product or service is still popular among users.

Topic 2: Negative Reviews
- Look for common themes: Are there common negative themes in the reviews? This could indicate that there is a problem with the product or service.
- Check the rating: Is the rating low? This could indicate that the product or service is not popular among users.
- Check for recent reviews: Are there recent negative reviews? This could indicate that the problem with the product or service is ongoing.

Section 3: Applying Skills

Topic 1: Product Reviews
- Choose a product you want to buy.
- Find reviews of the product on a review website or the manufacturer's website.
- Analyze the reviews to determine if the product is worth buying.

Topic 2: Employment Reviews
- Choose a company you are interested in working for.
- Find reviews of the company on a review website or the company's website.
- Analyze the reviews to determine if the company is a good fit for you.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to read and analyze reviews to make informed decisions. By understanding the types of reviews, writing a balanced review, and analyzing the reviews, we can determine if a product or service is worth using. By applying these skills, we can make informed decisions and avoid wasting time and money on products or services that do not meet our needs.


text:
1. Technical Field
The present invention pertains to safety valves useful to control flow in well conduits. This invention pertains to a safety valve, particularly useful in gas storage systems, which automatically closes when production mass flow reaches a predetermined rate at a particular ambient pressure.
2. Background Information
A considerable number of pressure-differential type safety valves are known for wells, which are direct-controlled, i.e., actuated, to close because fluid flow through generates differential pressure and sufficient closing force in these valves. An example of a direct-controlled (or flow actuated) safety valve is shown on page 142 of "Otis Products and Services" (OEC 5516), a September, 1989 publication of Otis Engineering Corporation, Belt Line at Webbs Chapel Roads, P.O. Box 819052, Dallas, Tex. 75381-9052. Another example of a direct-controlled safety valve is shown in application Ser. No. 07/699,368, filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office May 13, 1991, for applicants William W. Dollison and John C. Gano.
Other examples of flow actuated safety valves are shown in the following U.S. Patents. U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,163 to Deaton discloses a valve which compares pressure of fluid flowing through the valve to pressure exterior of the valve. If the differential pressure exceeds a predetermined value, a pressure sensitive bellows is actuated to close the valve.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,195 to Deaton covers another direct acting (controlled) safety valve. If the rate of change of fluid pressure flowing through this valve exceeds a preselected value, a pressure sensitive piston will close the valve.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,339,001 to Paschal, Jr., is for a differential operated safety valve which is held open until the difference in pressure between fluid in a chamber inside the valve and fluid flowing through the valve exceeds a preselected value causing the valve to close.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,881,511 to Dollison discloses a well safety valve utilizing a poppet type valve which is actuated to close when the flow rate through the valve induces sufficient pressure differential in the valve to actuate the valve to close.
Inventor Phillip S. Sizer utilizes a ball type valve in the safety valve structure of U.S. Pat. No. 3,236,255. The ball valve is rotated to close in one form of the safety valve when the pressure above the ball valve drops below a predetermined value and in another form when the flowing pressure differential across the ball valve exceeds a predetermined value.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,070,119 to G. M. Raulins shows another direct controlled safety valve structure which is actuated to close when a predetermined value of differential flowing pressure below and above an orifice is reached.
All previously noted patents are incorporated herein for reference.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Technical Fields in Patents

Introduction:
Patents are legal documents that provide protection to inventors for their creations. They describe the technical field of the invention, its background information, and the problem it solves. In this lesson, we will learn how to understand technical fields in patents and use them to our advantage.

Technical Field:
The first section of a patent is called the "Technical Field." It describes the general area of technology that the invention belongs to. For example, if the invention is related to electronics, the technical field may be "Electrical Engineering."

Background Information:
The second section of a patent is called the "Background Information." It provides a brief history of the invention and explains why it is important. This section may include prior art, which is existing technology that is similar to the new invention.

Example:
Let's take the example of the patent mentioned above. The technical field is "Safety Valves," and the background information explains that there are already many pressure-differential type safety valves known for wells.

Understanding Technical Fields:
To understand technical fields, we need to have a basic knowledge of the subject matter. We can use online resources like Wikipedia or Khan Academy to learn about different fields of technology.

Practice Questions:
1. What is the technical field of this invention?
2. How does the background information relate to the problem that the invention solves?
3. What is prior art, and why is it important in understanding the invention?

Conclusion:
Understanding technical fields in patents is crucial for determining the scope of protection provided by the patent. By studying the technical field and background information, we can identify the problem that the invention solves and understand its significance in the field of technology.

Glossary:
Technical Field: The general area of technology that the invention belongs to.
Background Information: A brief history of the invention and its importance.
Prior Art: Existing technology that is similar to the new invention.

Self-Debate Discussion:
What other examples of technical fields can you think of? How do they relate to real-world scenarios?


text: We're proud of our accomplishments. We have a full array of equipment – 42,000 lb excavator, skid steer, front loader, two single axle dump trucks, trailers to haul equipment, miniature bobcat, hydraulic breaker and a hydraulic ripper – to accomplish your project from the largest remodel to the smallest repair.. We also specialize in retaining walls, underground utilities, septic systems, grading, hauling, irrigation, french drains.. Bridge gone? We can take care of that too..

textbook:
Lesson: How to Calculate Equipment Costs for a Construction Project

### Section 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn how to calculate the cost of equipment used in a construction project. This is an important skill for anyone involved in the construction industry, as it helps to ensure that projects are completed on time and within budget.

### Section 2: Theoretical Concepts

To calculate equipment costs, we need to understand the following concepts:

1. Equipment Rental Rates: These are the fees charged by equipment rental companies for the use of their equipment. The rate varies depending on the type of equipment and the duration of the rental period.

2. Hourly Rates: These are the fees charged by contractors or employees who operate the equipment. The rate varies depending on the complexity of the work and the experience of the operator.

3. Fuel and Maintenance Costs: These are the costs associated with operating the equipment, such as fuel and lubricants, as well as routine maintenance like oil changes and tire rotations.

4. Insurance Costs: These are the costs associated with insuring the equipment against damage or theft.

5. Labor Costs: These are the costs associated with hiring workers to operate the equipment.

### Section 3: Practical Examples

Let's look at a few examples to see how these concepts apply in real-world situations.

Example 1: A construction company needs to rent a backhoe for a month to complete a job. The rental company charges $1,000 per week for the equipment. The job will take four weeks to complete.

Solution: To calculate the total cost, we multiply the weekly rate by the number of weeks needed. $1,000 x 4 = $4,000. So, the total cost for the rental of the backhoe is $4,000.

Example 2: A contractor needs to hire someone to operate a crane for a day. The contractor charges $200 per hour for their services. The job will take six hours to complete.

Solution: To calculate the total cost, we multiply the hourly rate by the number of hours worked. $200 x 6 = $1,200. So, the total cost for the contractor's services is $1,200.

Example 3: A construction company needs to purchase a bulldozer for a project. The cost of the bulldozer is $250,000. The project will last for six months.

Solution: To calculate the monthly payment, we divide the total cost by the number of months. $250,000 / 6 = $41,666.67. So, the monthly payment for the bulldozer is $41,666.67.

### Section 4: Self-Debating Discussions

1. Why is it important to accurately calculate equipment costs for a construction project?
2. What factors should be considered when calculating equipment costs?
3. Are there any other methods for calculating equipment costs that we haven't discussed? If so, what are they?

### Glossary

Equipment Rental Rates: Fees charged by equipment rental companies for the use of their equipment.
Hourly Rates: Fees charged by contractors or employees who operate the equipment.
Fuel and Maintenance Costs: Costs associated with operating the equipment, such as fuel and lubricants, as well as routine maintenance like oil changes and tire rotations.
Insurance Costs: Costs associated with insuring the equipment against damage or theft.
Labor Costs: Costs associated with hiring workers to operate the equipment.

### Conclusion

By understanding the concepts and applying them to practical examples, we can accurately calculate equipment costs for a construction project. This skill is essential for ensuring that projects are completed on time and within budget.


text:
The fact that operating a patient in the supine position is easier than in a prone position is rather intuitive: apart from PCNL and, obviously, spinal surgery, there is no surgery of retroperitoneal organs performed in the prone position.

So, why is it that nowadays PCNL is performed in the supine position only in 20% of cases worldwide? \[[@cit0001]\].

Indeed, the prone position was adopted in the pioneering era of PCNL only on an intuitive basis with the thought that in the supine position no window for puncture was present because of colon interposition. This was assumed as a postulate. As a consequence, this approach was supposed to be the only one able to prevent colonic perforation which was, and still is, considered one of the most frightening complications of PCNL. And probably at that time it really was, neither CT nor US scans were available and no chance to detect organs that lied in between the skin and kidney was possible. For decades, this concept never came into question and it was unquestionably adopted by the following generations.

But at this moment in time in which no patients undergo a PCNL without a preoperative CT scan, perseverance in this attitude is meaningless.

Also because, as already demonstrated, the incidence of a retrorenal colon is higher in the prone than in the supine position (10 *vs.* 1.9%) \[[@cit0002]\]. Moreover, we also have to consider that, as done by the majority of urologists, the fact that the preoperative CT scan is mostly carried out in the supine position, can be misleading when planning a prone PCNL \[[@cit0003]\]. As such, only in these anecdotal cases of retrorenal colon, the surgeon can decide to go back to the prone position.

On the other hand, the supine position certainly offers several advantages, as listed in detail in this interesting paper \[[@cit0004]--[@cit0007]\]. So then, what is still preventing the worldwide propagation of the supine position? Well, many experienced surgeons are not very eager to embrace the supine position because they are afraid that this radical change may be cumbersome and may impact surgical outcomes during the learning curve. This is something that an established surgeon does not want to experience.

This is the reason why the Authors should be congratulated; they confuted this concept demonstrating that changing position is not cumbersome and the learning curve short, yielding similar, or even better outcomes, rather quickly \[[@cit0007]\]. It is noteworthy that, paralleling what already happened when comparing open vs. robotic surgery for prostatic cancer, in this study it was not possible to continue the RCT because after less than 2 years, surgeons did not want to operate in the prone position any longer due to the clear advantages of the supine position. This is what usually happens to every surgeon after shifting to the supine position; to the best of my knowledge no surgeons wanted to go back to prone. What does this mean? I leave the answer to the readers.

In conclusion, I agree with the Authors that supine PCNL, many years after the intuition of Valdivia \[[@cit0008]\], has already passed the point of needing to prove safety and feasibility and, according to Mahatma Gandhi motto, "First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win", only the last step is yet to be taken, but, my feeling is that it is very close to come. In the near future, it is likely that the perception toward prone PCNL will be similar to the one in athletics regarding high jump in which, after many years, the ventral technique, considered until that time the only way possible, has been abandoned in favor of Fosbury's supine technique.

Only a blind and not farseeing ostracism can prevent you to experience the clear advantages of the supine position; no more excuses, try supine PCNL and you will love it!

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Basics of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

Introduction:
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to treat kidney stones that are too large to pass through the urinary tract. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of PCNL, including its history, current practices, and potential complications.

Section 1: History of PCNL

PCNL was first introduced in the early 1970s as an alternative to open surgery for treating kidney stones. At that time, the only option for treating large stones was through open surgery, which involved a large incision and a long recovery period. PCNL offered a less invasive option that allowed patients to recover more quickly.

Section 2: Current Practices in PCNL

Today, PCNL is a widely accepted treatment for kidney stones. The procedure involves making a small incision in the back and inserting a telescope directly into the kidney. A laser or other instrument is then used to break up the stone into smaller pieces, which can be easily removed. The procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia and sedation, allowing patients to go home the same day.

Section 3: Potential Complications of PCNL

While PCNL is generally safe and effective, there are potential complications associated with the procedure. These include bleeding, infection, damage to nearby organs, and the need for further surgery. However, these complications are rare when the procedure is performed by an experienced surgeon.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, PCNL is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to treat kidney stones. While there are potential complications associated with the procedure, it is generally safe and effective when performed by an experienced surgeon. By understanding the basics of PCNL, patients can make informed decisions about their care.

Glossary:
- Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL): A minimally invasive surgical procedure used to treat kidney stones.
- Telescope: A thin, tube-like instrument used to view inside the body during surgery.
- Laser: A high-energy beam of light used to break up stones during PCNL.
- Local anesthesia: A type of anesthesia that numbs a specific area of the body.
- Sedation: A medication that helps patients relax during surgery.


text: Agribio is specialized in the production and commercialization of a large choice of organic fruits. In our product range, you can find a large variety of oranges, lemons, mandarins, clementines and grapefruits but also strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, peaches, nectarines, apricots and avocados.. As we have decided to focus especially on regional varieties, we are able to adapt faster and more easily to the natural circumstances of our farming areas. For this reason, we can provide our customers with first class organic fruits, rich in flavor and good for health..

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Organic Farming and its Benefits

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about organic farming and its benefits. We will explore what organic farming is, how it differs from conventional farming, and why it is important. We will also discuss the benefits of organic farming and how it can help us lead healthier lives.

Section 1: What is Organic Farming?
Organic farming is a type of agriculture that emphasizes the use of natural methods to grow crops and raise animals. Unlike conventional farming, which relies heavily on synthetic chemicals and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), organic farming uses techniques such as crop rotation, composting, and biological pest control to maintain soil fertility and promote sustainability.

Section 2: How does Organic Farming differ from Conventional Farming?
Organic farming differs from conventional farming in several ways. First, organic farmers do not use synthetic chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers. Instead, they rely on natural methods to control pests and improve soil fertility. Second, organic farming emphasizes the use of renewable resources, while conventional farming often relies on non-renewable resources such as oil-based fertilizers and pesticides. Finally, organic farming promotes the use of sustainable practices, such as crop rotation and composting, while conventional farming often relies on intensive methods that can deplete soil fertility over time.

Section 3: Why is Organic Farming Important?
Organic farming is important because it promotes sustainability and protects the environment. By using natural methods to grow crops and raise animals, organic farming reduces the use of synthetic chemicals and GMOs, which can harm wildlife and contaminate water supplies. Additionally, organic farming helps to conserve soil fertility and reduce erosion, which can lead to soil degradation and loss of arable land. Finally, organic farming supports local economies by providing jobs and promoting the use of locally-grown foods.

Section 4: What are the Benefits of Organic Farming?
The benefits of organic farming are numerous. First, organic foods are often richer in nutrients than their conventionally-grown counterparts, as they are not exposed to synthetic chemicals that can deplete nutrient levels. Second, organic farming promotes the use of sustainable practices, which can help to protect the environment and conserve natural resources. Finally, organic farming supports local economies and promotes the use of locally-grown foods, which can help to reduce the carbon footprint associated with transportation and distribution.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, organic farming is an important part of modern agriculture. By using natural methods to grow crops and raise animals, organic farming promotes sustainability and protects the environment. Additionally, organic foods are often richer in nutrients and tastier than their conventionally-grown counterparts. By supporting organic farming, we can help to lead healthier lives and protect the planet for future generations.

Glossary:
- Organic farming: A type of agriculture that emphasizes the use of natural methods to grow crops and raise animals.
- Conventional farming: A type of agriculture that relies heavily on synthetic chemicals and genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
- Sustainability: The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- Synthetic chemicals: Chemicals that are created in a laboratory rather than occurring naturally.
- Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Organisms whose genetic material has been altered in a laboratory.


text: Perry Smyre specializes in architectural and interiors photography for luxury residential and commercial clients.. His distinct visual style embodies formal training, along with contemporary light painting techniques. He builds images with presence and clarity, preserving the beauty of architectural design. Perry holds a Bachelor of Arts from Brooks Institute in Santa Barbara, California and continues his education as a participating member of the ASMP.. Perry is available for assignments throughout the Southeastern United States and abroad.

textbook:
**Lesson: How to Take Stunning Architectural Photographs**

**Introduction:**
Architectural photography captures the essence of a building's design and structure. It requires skill, knowledge, and creativity to produce stunning images that showcase the beauty of architecture. In this lesson, we will explore the techniques used by professional architectural photographers like Perry Smyre to create visually striking images. We will cover topics such as composition, lighting, and post-processing, and provide practical examples and exercises to help you apply these concepts in your own photography.

**Section 1: Composition**
Composition is the arrangement of elements within a frame to create a visually pleasing image. In architectural photography, composition is crucial for highlighting the key features of a building while creating a sense of balance and harmony. Here are some composition techniques to consider:

- Rule of thirds: Divide the frame into nine equal parts by two equally spaced horizontal lines and one vertical line. Place the subject where the lines intersect to create a more balanced and interesting image.
- Leading lines: Look for natural or man-made lines within the scene that lead the viewer's eye towards the subject. This can be a wall, a path, or even a staircase.
- Symmetry: If the building has a symmetrical design, consider capturing it from the center to showcase its balance and proportions.
- Foreground interest: Incorporate elements in the foreground that add depth and interest to the image. This could be a plant, a piece of furniture, or even a person.

**Exercise:** Find a building with an interesting architectural design and practice composing different shots using the techniques discussed above. Pay attention to the placement of the subject within the frame and experiment with different angles and perspectives.

**Section 2: Lighting**
Lighting is essential for capturing the texture, shape, and form of a building. Natural light can create dramatic shadows and highlights, while artificial light can be used to accentuate specific features. Here are some lighting techniques to consider:

- Natural light: Shoot during the golden hour (the first and last hour of sunlight) for soft, warm tones and long shadows. Avoid harsh midday sun that creates unflattering contrasts.
- Artificial light: Use artificial light sources to illuminate specific areas of the building, such as accent lights on a sculpture or spotlights on a feature wall.
- Mixing light sources: Combine natural and artificial light to create a dramatic effect, such as silhouetting the subject against a brightly lit background.
- Reflectors and diffusers: Use reflectors or diffusers to bounce light onto areas of the building that need more exposure.

**Exercise:** Visit a building at different times of the day to observe how the light changes and affects the appearance of the architecture. Bring reflectors and diffusers to a shoot and experiment with their effects on the final image.

**Section 3: Post-processing**
Post-processing is the final step in creating a stunning architectural photograph. It involves adjusting the color balance, contrast, and sharpness to enhance the image's overall appearance. Here are some post-processing techniques to consider:

- Color correction: Adjust the white balance and color temperature to ensure that the colors in the image are accurate and consistent.
- Contrast and clarity: Increase contrast and clarity to bring out the details in the shadows and highlights.
- Cropping and straightening: Crop the image to remove unnecessary elements and straighten any perspective distortion caused by the lens.
- Sharpening: Apply a small amount of sharpening to enhance the edges and details in the image.

**Exercise:** Choose an architectural photograph and apply the post-processing techniques discussed above. Compare the before and after versions to see the impact of each adjustment.

**Conclusion:**
In conclusion, architectural photography is an art form that requires a combination of technical skills and creative vision. By understanding composition, lighting, and post-processing techniques, you can create stunning images that capture the beauty and complexity of architecture. Applying these concepts to your own photography will help you develop a unique style and approach to architectural photography.


text: Windsurfers from across Europe took part in the European RS:X Windsurfing Championship held in Tel Aviv.. The event, the first international windsurfing competition since the Beijing Olympics, is one of the most prestigious sporting events of year.. It was organized by the International Olympic Federation and the Israel Olympic Committee, and was held as part of Tel Aviv’s centennial celebrations.. This year’s competition was won by 22-year-old Israeli Shahar Zubari, who won a bronze medal for windsurfing at Beijing last summer.. ISRAEL21c took a trip down to Tel Aviv Marina to talk to participants.. For news, features, videos and background information on the athletes, please visit olympics.israel21c.org.

textbook:
Title: The European RS:X Windsurfing Championship

#### Section 1: Introduction
The European RS:X Windsurfing Championship is an annual event that brings together some of the best windsurfers from across Europe. This year's championship was held in Tel Aviv, Israel, and attracted a lot of attention from both participants and spectators. In this lesson, we will explore the history of windsurfing, the rules and regulations of the championship, and the significance of this event in the world of sports.

#### Section 2: History of Windsurfing
Windsurfing is a sport that dates back to the 1940s when a man named Newman Darby came up with the idea of riding on a board while being propelled by the wind. Since then, windsurfing has evolved into a competitive sport that is now recognized by the International Olympic Committee. The RS:X windsurfing class was introduced in 2005 and has been used in all Olympic Games since then.

#### Section 3: The European RS:X Windsurfing Championship
The European RS:X Windsurfing Championship is one of the most prestigious windsurfing events in the world. It is organized by the International Olympic Federation and the Israel Olympic Committee and is held every year in Tel Aviv. This year's championship was won by 22-year-old Israeli Shahar Zubari, who won a bronze medal for windsurfing at Beijing last summer.

#### Section 4: Rules and Regulations
The European RS:X Windsurfing Championship follows the rules and regulations set by the International Sailing Federation (ISAF). These rules are designed to ensure fair competition and to protect the safety of the participants. Some of the key rules include:

- Participants must be aged between 15 and 21 years old.
- Each participant must have their own equipment, including a board and a sail.
- Participants are not allowed to receive any outside assistance during the race.
- Any participant who breaks these rules will be disqualified from the competition.

#### Section 5: Significance of the Event
The European RS:X Windsurfing Championship is significant because it is one of the few opportunities for windsurfers to compete against each other at an international level. It also serves as a qualifier for the Olympic Games, which means that the winners of the championship are likely to go on to compete in the Olympics. Additionally, the championship is a great opportunity for windsurfers to showcase their skills and to promote the sport of windsurfing to a wider audience.

#### Section 6: Conclusion
In conclusion, the European RS:X Windsurfing Championship is an exciting event that brings together some of the best windsurfers from across Europe. By understanding the history of windsurfing, the rules and regulations of the championship, and the significance of this event, we can appreciate the hard work and dedication that goes into being a successful windsurfer. Whether you are a fan of windsurfing or simply interested in learning more about this exciting sport, this lesson provides a comprehensive overview of everything you need to know about the European RS:X Windsurfing Championship.


text:
Tiered Wedding Cake Online Course

Learn how to make a beautiful three tiered wedding cake in this online course!
Once purchased, you can log in and watch this video as many times as you like! You will learn a wide range of decorating and cake decorating skills. This course is perfect for beginners and for those with a little knowledge who are looking to learn some new creative ideas and techniques.
You will learn the different types of icing and how to use them. How to make sugar petals decorate your cake with.
I then show you the best way to split and fill your cake. You will then learn to cover your cake and board with icing to a professional standard.
You will also learn how to stack and assemble wedding cakes safely and effectively.

If you want to turn your baking hobby into a career, check out my ebook How To Start A Cake Business From Home for everything you need to know about running a successful baking business, including pricing, marketing, insurance and much more!

textbook:
Title: Three Tiered Wedding Cake Decorating Course

Introduction:
Welcome to our Three Tiered Wedding Cake Decorating Course! In this course, we will teach you how to make a stunning three-tiered wedding cake that will impress your guests. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced baker, this course has something for everyone. We will cover everything from the basics of cake decorating to advanced techniques that will take your cake decorating skills to the next level.

Section 1: Ingredients and Equipment

In this section, we will discuss the ingredients and equipment needed to make a three-tiered wedding cake. We will cover the different types of cake flour, sugar, eggs, and other ingredients that are commonly used in cake decorating. We will also discuss the equipment needed to make a three-tiered cake, such as cake pans, piping bags, and cake decorating tools.

Questions and Answers:
Q: What type of cake flour should I use?
A: You can use any type of cake flour that you prefer. However, we recommend using a high-quality cake flour that is known for its excellent baking properties.
Q: What type of sugar should I use?
A: You can use granulated sugar or powdered sugar for your cake. Granulated sugar is commonly used for frosting, while powdered sugar is commonly used for dusting.
Q: What type of eggs should I use?
A: We recommend using large eggs that are fresh and have a good flavor.
Q: What type of cake pans should I use?
A: You can use any type of cake pan that you prefer. However, we recommend using non-stick cake pans that are easy to release and clean.
Q: What type of piping bags should I use?
A: You can use any type of piping bag that you prefer. However, we recommend using disposable piping bags that are easy to use and clean.
Q: What type of cake decorating tools should I use?
A: You can use any type of cake decorating tool that you prefer. However, we recommend using high-quality tools that are known for their excellent performance and durability.

Section 2: Basic Techniques

In this section, we will teach you the basic techniques needed to make a three-tiered wedding cake. We will cover the different types of frosting and how to apply them to your cake. We will also teach you how to make sugar flowers and other decorations that you can use to decorate your cake.

Questions and Answers:
Q: What type of frosting should I use?
A: You can use any type of frosting that you prefer. However, we recommend using a high-quality buttercream frosting that is known for its excellent taste and texture.
Q: How do I apply frosting to my cake?
A: You can apply frosting to your cake using a spatula or a piping bag. Start by spreading a thin layer of frosting on your cake, and then build up the layers until you achieve the desired thickness.
Q: How do I make sugar flowers?
A: Making sugar flowers is a fun and creative process. You can use a variety of tools and materials to create your own unique designs. We will provide step-by-step instructions and videos to help you get started.

Section 3: Advanced Techniques

In this section, we will teach you advanced techniques that will take your cake decorating skills to the next level. We will cover the art of piping, which involves using a piping bag to create intricate designs on your cake. We will also teach you how to stack and assemble a three-tiered cake safely and effectively.

Questions and Answers:
Q: What type of piping tips should I use?
A: You can use any type of piping tip that you prefer. However, we recommend using high-quality tips that are known for their excellent performance and durability.
Q: How do I stack and assemble a three-tiered cake?
A: Stacking and assembling a three-tiered cake can be a bit tricky. We will provide step-by-step instructions and videos to help you get started. Be sure to take your time and practice before attempting to assemble your cake.

Conclusion:
In this course, we have covered everything from the basics of cake decorating to advanced techniques that will take your cake decorating skills to the next level. By following our instructions and practicing your skills, you will be able to create a stunning three-tiered wedding cake that will impress your guests. Good luck, and happy baking!


text: Speaker. mario campanelli (UCL). Description. Measurements of jet production are sensitive to the strong coupling constant, high order perturbative calculations and parton distribution functions. In this talk we present the most recent ATLAS measurements in this area at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 13 TeV. We present measurements of variables probing the properties of the multijet energy flow and of the Lund Plane using charged particles. We will also present new measurements sensitive to the strong coupling constant. All of the measurements are corrected for detector effects and are compared to the predictions of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo event generators.. Primary authors. ATLAS Collaboration mario campanelli (UCL) mario campanelli (UCL)

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to High Energy Physics

## Section 1: What is High Energy Physics?
High Energy Physics (HEP) is a branch of physics that deals with the study of particles and their interactions at very high energies. These interactions can occur within atomic nuclei or between them, and they are governed by four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. HEP is important because it helps us understand the basic building blocks of matter and the forces that hold them together.

## Section 2: The Strong Force
The strong force is one of the four fundamental forces in nature, and it is responsible for binding quarks together to form protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. It is mediated by particles called gluons, which carry the force between quarks. The strong force is described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which is a part of the Standard Model of particle physics.

## Section 3: Jet Production and the Lund Plane
Jet production is a process in which particles are produced at high energies and momenta. These particles are often referred to as jets, and they are an important topic in HEP because they can provide information about the strong force and the behavior of quarks and gluons. The Lund Plane is a mathematical tool used to describe the distribution of energy and momentum in a jet. It is named after the city of Lund in Sweden, where it was first developed.

## Section 4: Measurements of Jet Production
The ATLAS experiment at CERN has conducted several measurements of jet production in high-energy collisions. These measurements involve the use of various variables, such as the jet's energy, momentum, and the number of particles it contains. By comparing these measurements to theoretical predictions, physicists can test their understanding of the strong force and the behavior of quarks and gluons.

## Section 5: Applications and Future Work
The study of jet production and the strong force is important for understanding the fundamental building blocks of matter and the forces that govern their interactions. This knowledge can be applied to many areas of physics, such as the search for new particles and forces, the study of the early universe, and the development of new technologies. As more data is collected and analyzed, our understanding of the strong force and jet production will continue to improve.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have introduced the basics of high energy physics, the strong force, and jet production. We have also discussed some of the latest measurements made by the ATLAS experiment at CERN. By studying these phenomena, physicists can gain a deeper understanding of the fundamental forces and particles that make up our universe.


text:
Comments

Hurry up! Don’t Miss Out on the only Remedy for Stress

After years of hard work, scientists and psychologists have finally discovered the remedy for stress! It would be surprising to know, but it’s none other than you!

If you ask a kid what stress is for him, the most common reply would be – exams and homework! But as life progresses, stress becomes more complex than this.

Our life makes us face so many challenges and we’ve got to learn to deal with them through our knowledge and experience. The ‘positive stress’ enables us to sail through all the challenges. But if we get driven on the other side of the fine line which separates positive stress from negative stress, which is when the problem starts.

Stress can affect your mood and also your ability to think or plan. It affects your health, work life and even your relations. Extreme stress level can cause emotional fatigue. Chronic stress levels can lead to high blood pressure, digestive disorders, depression and anxiety. Identify the early signs of stress and the only way to come out of this situation is to face it and fight it.

Know Your Stress Triggers

Understand the situations which give you stress. This may vary from person to person. It may be work pressure, career, financial issues or relationships. Whatever they may be, it is best to identify them and work timely towards making the situation better.

Work Out

Exercise is the best stress buster. It not only makes your body fit and makes you forget your problems for some time but is also known to release some feel good hormones which actually help to cheer you up.

Manage Your Time Well

Lingering on your work to the last minute adds to your stress. You may not realize it but stress gradually builds up and finally freaks you out. So work as if there is no tomorrow!

Keep Calm and Relax

Life makes you struggle but the only way to deal with it is to sail through it with your hard work and relax. You can only do your bit so taking unnecessary stress just won’t solve the problem. Indulge in your favorite constructive activities. So, be realistic and relax.

Cut Down On Your Caffeine

Although moderate amount of caffeine helps to lift up your mood and energy levels, excess of caffeine can trigger insomnia, anxiety and thus stress.

Interact

People close to you can only help you if you talk your problem out. Keeping everything to yourself makes other people unaware of your condition and thus they cannot provide you the required help on time. So, interact with people you trust and see your life get better.

Don’t Self-Medicate

You have doctors and psychologists to do that! Self medicating has disastrous effects not only on your health but also on your personality.

It is only YOU who can drive your way out of stress. So, identify your stress busters and keep looking at the brighter side of life.

textbook:
y from person to person. Some people get stressed when they have too much workload while others get stressed when they have nothing to do. Identify what triggers your stress and try to avoid those situations.

Learn to Relax

Learning to relax is one of the best ways to combat stress. You can try different techniques like deep breathing exercises, meditation, or yoga. These techniques can help you calm your mind and body and help you feel more relaxed.

Get Moving

Physical activity is a great way to relieve stress. Exercise releases endorphins which are natural stress fighters. It helps to improve your mood, sleep, and overall sense of wellbeing. So, get moving and get rid of your stress.

Get Support

Don’t try to handle stress alone. Talk to someone about your feelings and concerns. Sharing your thoughts with someone who cares about you can help you feel better and less stressed.

Take Care of Yourself

Remember that you cannot take care of others if you don’t take care of yourself. Eat healthily, get enough sleep, and stay hydrated. These small changes can make a big difference in reducing your stress levels.

Conclusion

In conclusion, stress is an inevitable part of life. However, with the right strategies and techniques, you can combat stress and lead a healthy, happy life. Take care of yourself, learn to relax, and get support from those around you. Remember, the only remedy for stress is you!