text: Calls for papers. International Journal of Biometrics. Special Edition on: "Spoofing Issues and Anti-Spoofing". Guest Editors: Dr. Nobuyuki Nishiuchi and Dr. Toru Yamaguchi, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan. Development of IT technology emphasises the importance of people’s identification and recognition. Over the last two decades, biometrics and human biometric characteristics have been studied greatly. On the other hand, biometric spoofing has been a serious growing problem. Therefore, this special issue focuses on the spoofing issues and anti-spoofing.Subject Coverage. The subject coverage of this special issue includes, but is not limited to:. - Biometric spoofing issues. - Anti-spoofing techniques' new approaches. - Applications of fundamental and applied research on anti-spoofing. - Biometrics' new: 15 April 2008. Acceptance Notification: 15 May 2008. Camera-ready version deadline: 1 June 2008

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Biometrics and Spoofing

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Biometrics refers to the measurement and analysis of an individual's unique physical or behavioral characteristics. These characteristics can include facial recognition, fingerprints, voice recognition, and even heartbeat patterns. Biometric systems are designed to authenticate individuals based on these unique traits, making it easier to verify identity and prevent fraud. However, as biometric technology advances, so do the methods used to bypass these security measures. This is known as biometric spoofing, and it involves creating fake or synthetic biometric data to deceive the system.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

One common example of biometric spoofing is the use of fake fingerprints created using materials like silicone or latex. These fake prints can be used to unlock doors, access secure areas, or make financial transactions. Another example is the use of voice imitation software to mimic someone's speech and fool voice recognition systems. In some cases, even photographs or videos of an individual's biometric feature can be used to create a spoof that can deceive the system.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

Why is biometric spoofing a concern? What are some ways that biometric systems can be made more secure against spoofing attacks? Can biometric spoofing be completely eliminated, or is it an inherent flaw in the technology?

## Glossary

- Biometrics: The measurement and analysis of an individual's unique physical or behavioral characteristics.
- Spoofing: The act of deceiving a biometric system by providing fake or synthetic biometric data.
- Fake fingerprints: Synthetic fingerprints created using materials like silicone or latex.
- Voice imitation software: Software that can mimic an individual's speech pattern.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, biometric spoofing is a growing concern as biometric technology becomes more prevalent. By understanding the concepts behind biometric spoofing and the methods used to create spoofs, we can work towards developing more secure systems that are less susceptible to these attacks. As with any technology, it is essential to continuously evaluate and improve the security measures in place to protect against potential threats.


text:
Predator-prey encounter rates in freshwater piscivores: effects of prey density and water transparency.
One of the most fundamental components of predator-prey models is encounter rate, modelled as the product of prey density and search efficiency. Encounter rates have, however, rarely been measured in empirical studies. In this study, we used a video system approach to estimate how encounter rates between piscivorous fish that use a sit-and-wait foraging strategy and their prey depend on prey density and environmental factors such as turbidity. We first manipulated prey density in a controlled pool and field enclosure experiments where environmental factors were held constant. In a correlative study of 15 freshwater lakes we then estimated encounter rates in natural habitats and related the results to both prey fish density and environmental factors. We found the expected positive dependence of individual encounter rates on prey density in our pool and enclosure experiments, whereas the relation between school encounter rate and prey density was less clear. In the field survey, encounter rates did not correlate with prey density but instead correlated positively with water transparency. Water transparency decreases with increasing prey density along the productivity gradient and will reduce prey detection distance and thus predator search efficiency. Therefore, visual predator-prey encounter rates do not increase, and may even decrease, with increasing productivity despite increasing prey densities.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson Title: Predator-Prey Encounter Rates in Freshwater Piscivores

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the encounter rates of predator-prey models, particularly in freshwater piscivores. We will discuss how encounter rates are affected by prey density and water transparency. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the relationship between encounter rates, prey density, and environmental factors.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Encounter rate is one of the fundamental components of predator-prey models. It is defined as the product of prey density and search efficiency. In general, encounter rates are modeled as a function of prey density, search efficiency, and other environmental factors.

Question: What is an encounter rate in predator-prey models?
Answer: An encounter rate is the probability of a predator finding and capturing its prey during a hunting event. It is usually modeled as the product of prey density and search efficiency.

Question: How does encounter rate depend on prey density?
Answer: Encounter rates are generally expected to increase with prey density. This is because, as prey density increases, the chances of a predator finding its prey also increase.

Section 2: Empirical Studies

Researchers have conducted several empirical studies to measure encounter rates in predator-prey models. One such study is the experiment conducted by researchers to estimate encounter rates between piscivorous fish that use a sit-and-wait foraging strategy and their prey. They manipulated prey density in a controlled pool and field enclosure experiments where environmental factors were held constant. In a correlative study of 15 freshwater lakes, they then estimated encounter rates in natural habitats and related the results to both prey fish density and environmental factors.

Question: What were the results of the empirical study on encounter rates in freshwater piscivores?
Answer: The results showed a positive dependence of individual encounter rates on prey density in their pool and enclosure experiments. However, the relation between school encounter rate and prey density was less clear. In the field survey, encounter rates did not correlate with prey density but instead correlated positively with water transparency.

Section 3: Applications

Understanding encounter rates in predator-prey models can help us predict the behavior of predators and prey in different environments. This knowledge can be applied in various fields such as wildlife management, ecology, and conservation biology.

Question: How can we apply our knowledge of encounter rates in predator-prey models?
Answer: Our knowledge of encounter rates can be applied in various fields such as wildlife management, ecology, and conservation biology. For example, wildlife managers can use this information to determine the optimal prey density for a particular predator species. Ecologists can use this knowledge to study the effects of environmental factors on predator-prey interactions. Conservation biologists can use this information to develop strategies to protect endangered species and their habitats.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the encounter rates of predator-prey models, particularly in freshwater piscivores. We discussed how encounter rates are affected by prey density and water transparency. We also explored how this knowledge can be applied in various fields such as wildlife management, ecology, and conservation biology. By understanding the relationship between encounter rates, prey density, and environmental factors, we can better predict the behavior of predators and prey in different environments.


text: Dr. Richard Gray, assistant professor of French, has published an essay entitled “Writing from the Left Bank: Reading Richard Wright’s Native Son and The Outsider against the Backdrop of Communism and French Existentialism” in the collection Black Writers and the Left. Ed. Kristin Moriah. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013): 45-63. In his essay, playing on a double meaning of the phrase "Writing from the Left Bank" signifying leftist writing and the fact that Wright was influenced by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus during his interactions with the two important French literary figures on the Rive Gauche (Left Bank) of Paris, Gray portrays Richard Wright as the world's first Afroexistentialist.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Academic Writing

Introduction:
Academic writing is a form of writing that is commonly used in higher education, scientific research, and other related fields. It is characterized by its formal structure, use of technical language, and precise argumentation. In this lesson, we will explore the key elements of academic writing, including its purpose, audience, and structure.

Purpose:
The purpose of academic writing is to present information, ideas, and arguments in a clear and concise manner. It is used to communicate complex concepts, analyze data, and persuade readers to accept a particular point of view.

Audience:
The audience for academic writing is typically scholars, researchers, or students who are knowledgeable about the subject matter. The writing should be accessible to this audience, but it should also be sophisticated enough to contribute to the ongoing conversation in the field.

Structure:
Academic writing follows a specific structure, which includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction provides background information and sets up the thesis statement, which outlines the main argument of the paper. Body paragraphs develop the argument through evidence and analysis, while the conclusion summarizes the findings and offers recommendations for future research.

Key Elements:
1. Technical Language: Academic writing uses technical language to convey complex ideas accurately and precisely. This language may include jargon, specialized terms, and abbreviations.

2. Formal Structure: Academic writing follows a formal structure, including proper grammar, punctuation, and citation style. It is often written in third person and avoids personal opinions or anecdotes.

3. Precise Argumentation: Academic writing presents a clear and logical argument that is supported by evidence and analysis. It avoids emotional language and personal opinions, instead focusing on facts and data.

Example:
Let's take a look at an example of academic writing. In this excerpt, the author is discussing the impact of social media on mental health.

"Social media has become a ubiquitous presence in modern society, with an estimated 3.7 billion people using these platforms worldwide. While social media can provide a means of communication and connection, it has also been linked to negative mental health outcomes. A study conducted by Woods and Scott (2016) found that individuals who spent more time on social media were more likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety. Additionally, social media has been shown to contribute to social comparison, which can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem (Muraven et al., 2008). These findings suggest that social media may have unintended consequences for mental health, highlighting the need for further research on this topic."

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we explored the key elements of academic writing, including its purpose, audience, and structure. By understanding these elements, we can improve our ability to read, write, and evaluate academic work. Whether you are a student, researcher, or simply someone interested in learning more about a particular subject, academic writing is a valuable tool for communicating complex ideas and arguments.


text: The first International HTM Judges Conference was held in the Kennel Club Building in Solrød Strand, Denmark this weekend. Summeries, power point presentations etc. will be uploaded to this blog soon, but until then I would like to share this picture of Hanne Madsen from the Danish Kennel Club with you. Hanne is the secretary for the HTM Committee and she worked so hard during the weekend. She was in the kitchen all weekend preparing lunch and dinner and she made an unbelievable amount of coffee and tea. She also did all the paperwork for the conference.. One thing is that Hanne worked very hard for us – but her husband Per did too! He spent his weekend in the Kennel Club building helping Hanne without getting anything out of it, but a chance to actually see his wife during the weekend.. Helle from the Danish HTM Committee went to the Kennel Club building this morning with flowers and chocolate for Hanne and Per – once again THANK YOU!

textbook:
Lesson: Hosting a Successful Event

Introduction:
Hosting a successful event requires careful planning, organization, and execution. In this lesson, we will learn about the steps involved in hosting an event, from choosing a venue to evaluating its success. We will also explore the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders involved in the event.

Section 1: Planning the Event

1.1 Choosing a Theme
The first step in planning an event is to choose a theme. This will help guide your decisions throughout the planning process. Some common themes include holidays, cultural celebrations, or a specific topic related to your organization or industry.

1.2 Setting a Budget
Once you have chosen a theme, it’s time to set a budget. This will help you determine what resources are available and what expenses need to be prioritized. Be sure to consider all costs, including venue rental, catering, decorations, and marketing materials.

1.3 Selecting a Venue
The next step is to select a venue. Consider the size of the space, the location, and any additional services provided by the venue such as audio-visual equipment or catering. It’s also important to ensure that the venue aligns with your event’s theme and target audience.

Section 2: Organizing the Event

2.1 Assigning Roles and Responsibilities
Assign roles and responsibilities to each team member involved in the event. This includes tasks such as managing registration, coordinating volunteers, and overseeing logistics. Clear communication and delegation of duties will ensure a smooth and successful event.

2.2 Creating a Schedule
Create a schedule outlining the event’s timeline. This should include setup time, start and end times, breaks, and any special activities or presentations. Sticking to this schedule will help keep the event on track and ensure attendees have a positive experience.

2.3 Promoting the Event
Promote the event through various channels such as social media, email marketing, and word of mouth. Use engaging visuals and messaging that aligns with your event’s theme to grab people’s attention and encourage attendance.

Section 3: Evaluating Success

3.1 Collecting Feedback
After the event, collect feedback from attendees, volunteers, and stakeholders. This can be done through surveys, focus groups, or one-on-one interviews. Use this feedback to identify areas for improvement and measure the overall success of the event.

3.2 Analyzing Metrics
Analyze metrics such as attendance, engagement, and revenue generated. Compare these numbers to your event’s goals and previous years’ data to determine if your event was successful. This information can be used to improve future events and demonstrate the value of hosting similar events.

Conclusion:
Hosting a successful event requires careful planning, organization, and execution. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can create an event that aligns with your theme, engages attendees, and meets your goals. Remember to evaluate the event’s success and use this information to improve future events.

Glossary:
- Theme: A central idea or concept that ties together all aspects of an event
- Budget: A financial plan that outlines expected income and expenses for an event
- Venue: A location where an event takes place
- Stakeholders: Individuals or organizations that have an interest in or impact on the event.


text: 16 - 03. 2017.. Commenting on the newly launched service, Jumia Travel’s CEO Paul Midy cited, “as predicted by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), by 2030, the new middle class will have grown by 1.5 billion, thereby doubling the number of international travelers. A gradually improving world economy, has propelled corporate travel, while the growing middle class has increased the prospects of first time visitors as well as visiting friends and families (VFR) across world”. As part of the initiative, customers will have access to travel packages covering the new destinations; with 24/7 local customer service and flexible payment options including Mpesa, payment on arrival, and credit cards.. The packages will consist of hotel stays, return flight tickets, tours or excursions upon request and availability. They exclude Visa processing fees, travel insurance, among other activities not mentioned above.. Credit: Lilian Gaitho and edited by Sam O. Abuya

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Travel and Tourism

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Travel and tourism is the movement of people from one place to another for leisure, business, or other purposes. It is an essential industry that contributes to economic growth, job creation, and cultural exchange. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of travel and tourism, including its history, types, and benefits.

**Question:** What is travel and tourism?
**Answer:** Travel and tourism refers to the movement of people to different destinations for leisure, business, or other purposes. It is an industry that involves various sectors such as transportation, accommodation, food and beverage, and recreation.

**Question:** How has travel and tourism evolved over time?
**Answer:** Travel and tourism has a long history dating back to ancient times when people traveled for trade, religious, or cultural reasons. With the development of transportation infrastructure, especially in the 20th century, travel and tourism became more accessible to the general public. Today, it is a multi-billion dollar industry that contributes significantly to global economies.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

Now that we understand the theoretical concepts of travel and tourism, let's look at some practical examples. Imagine you are planning a vacation to Paris. You would need to book a flight, find a hotel, and plan activities for your stay. This is where the travel and tourism industry comes into play. Companies like Expedia, Airbnb, and TripAdvisor provide services that make it easier for travelers to plan their trips.

**Question:** How does the travel and tourism industry contribute to economic growth?
**Answer:** The travel and tourism industry contributes significantly to economic growth by generating revenue from various sectors such as transportation, accommodation, food and beverage, and recreation. It also creates jobs in these sectors, which helps reduce unemployment rates. Additionally, travel and tourism stimulates local businesses and boosts the overall economy of a region.

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

Let's consider a real-world scenario where travel and tourism play a significant role. Suppose you are planning a trip to Japan for business purposes. You would need to book a flight, find a hotel, and arrange meetings with potential clients or partners. However, you may also want to explore the country's culture and attractions during your free time. This is where the travel and tourism industry comes into play again. Companies like Japan Airlines, Hilton, and Viator provide services that make it easier for travelers to plan their trips and enjoy their stay.

**Question:** How does the travel and tourism industry impact the environment?
**Answer:** The travel and tourism industry can have both positive and negative impacts on the environment. On one hand, it promotes conservation efforts by raising awareness about natural resources and cultural heritage. On the other hand, it can lead to overcrowding, pollution, and resource depletion if not managed sustainably. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt responsible travel practices that minimize negative impacts on the environment.

### Glossary

- **Travel and Tourism:** The movement of people from one place to another for leisure, business, or other purposes.
- **Transportation Infrastructure:** The physical components (such as roads, airports, and ports) that enable the movement of people and goods from one place to another.
- **Economic Growth:** An increase in a country's output or income, typically measured by the growth rate of GDP (Gross Domestic Product).
- **Sustainable Tourism:** Travel and tourism that takes into account the economic, social, and environmental impacts of its activities while minimizing negative effects and maximizing positive contributions.

### Conclusion

In conclusion, travel and tourism is an essential industry that contributes to economic growth, job creation, and cultural exchange. By understanding the theoretical concepts, practical examples, and real-world scenarios, we can appreciate the importance of sustainable travel practices that minimize negative impacts on the environment while maximizing positive contributions.


text:
The metabolic rate of cultured muscle cells from hybrid Coturnix quail is intermediate to that of muscle cells from fast-growing and slow-growing Coturnix quail.
Growth rate is a fundamental parameter of an organism's life history and varies 30-fold across bird species. To explore how whole-organism growth rate and the metabolic rate of cultured muscle cells are connected, two lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), one that had been artificially selected for fast growth for over 60 generations and a control line were used to culture myoblasts. In line with previous work, myoblasts from the fast growth line had significantly higher rates of oxygen consumption, glycolytic flux, and higher mitochondrial volume than myoblasts from the control line, indicating that an increase in growth rate is associated with a concomitant increase in cellular metabolic rates and that mitochondrial density contributes to the differences in rates of metabolism between the lines. We reared chicks from two hybrid lines with reciprocal parental configurations for growth rate to explore the effect of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA on rates of growth and metabolism. Growth rates of chicks, cellular basal oxygen consumption, glycolytic flux, and mitochondrial volume in myoblasts from chicks from both reciprocal crosses were intermediate to the fast and control lines. This indicates that genes in the nucleus have a strong influence on metabolic rates at the cellular level, compared with maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Metabolic Rates in Quail Muscle Cells

Introduction:
Metabolic rates refer to the amount of energy an organism uses to maintain its life processes. In this lesson, we will explore how metabolic rates in cultured muscle cells from hybrid Coturnix quail vary depending on their growth rate.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is to understand how growth rate affects metabolic rates in quail muscle cells.

Section 1: Understanding Metabolic Rates
Topic: What are metabolic rates?
Definition: Metabolic rates refer to the amount of energy an organism uses to maintain its life processes.
Example: Humans have a higher metabolic rate than other animals because they need more energy to maintain their body temperature, move around, and think.

Topic: How do metabolic rates vary in different organisms?
Definition: Growth rate is a fundamental parameter of an organism's life history and varies 30-fold across bird species.
Example: Fast-growing birds like hummingbirds have higher metabolic rates than slow-growing birds like albatrosses.

Section 2: Exploring Metabolic Rates in Quail Muscle Cells
Topic: How do metabolic rates in cultured muscle cells vary depending on their growth rate?
Definition: To explore how whole-organism growth rate and the metabolic rate of cultured muscle cells are connected, two lines of Japanese quail were used to culture myoblasts.
Example: Myoblasts from the fast growth line had significantly higher rates of oxygen consumption, glycolytic flux, and higher mitochondrial volume than myoblasts from the control line, indicating that an increase in growth rate is associated with a concomitant increase in cellular metabolic rates.

Topic: What factors contribute to the differences in rates of metabolism between the lines?
Definition: Mitochondrial density contributes to the differences in rates of metabolism between the lines.
Example: The increase in growth rate is associated with a concomitant increase in cellular metabolic rates and that mitochondrial density contributes to the differences in rates of metabolism between the lines.

Section 3: Applying Skills to New Problems
Topic: How can we apply our understanding of metabolic rates in quail muscle cells to other organisms?
Definition: By understanding how growth rate affects metabolic rates in quail muscle cells, we can apply this knowledge to other organisms to explore how growth rate and metabolic rates are connected.
Example: We can use this information to study how different types of exercise affect the metabolic rates of human muscle cells.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, we have learned that growth rate affects metabolic rates in quail muscle cells. By understanding this relationship, we can apply this knowledge to other organisms and situations to explore how growth rate and metabolic rates are connected.


text: Ruth Davidson has said she is open to reviewing how the so-called rape clause works.. The Scottish Conservative leader said she would be willing to look again at the clause after facing sustained criticism over her support for the policy.. The.. SNP leader and First Minister Nicola Sturgeon has called the clause an "abomination" while Scottish Labour leader Kezia Dugdale said Ms Davidson would have to "defend the rape clause every single day of the General Election campaign".. In an interview with BBC Radio 5 Live's Emma Barnett being broadcast on Wednesday, Ms Davidson said the verification system was based on one that "already works elsewhere and had broad support elsewhere", but added: "If there is an issue - and we don't know yet, because it's only just coming in - if there's an issue with how that's done, then let's review that."

textbook:
Lesson: How to Critically Analyze Political Statements

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to analyze political statements to understand their implications and evaluate their credibility. We will use Ruth Davidson's statement about the "rape clause" as our example.

Section 1: Understanding the Context

Topic: What is the "rape clause"?

The "rape clause" is a policy in Scotland that allows women who have been raped to receive an exemption from the abortion law. However, the exemption only applies if the woman can provide evidence that the pregnancy was a result of non-consensual sex.

Question: Why is the "rape clause" controversial?

The "rape clause" is controversial because it requires women who have been raped to provide evidence of their assault, which can be traumatic and re-victimizing. Critics argue that this policy is unjust and puts the burden on the victim rather than the perpetrator.

Section 2: Analyzing the Statement

Topic: Ruth Davidson's Statement

Ruth Davidson, the Scottish Conservative leader, said she would be willing to look again at the "rape clause" after facing sustained criticism over her support for the policy.

Question: What does Ruth Davidson's statement mean?

Ruth Davidson's statement suggests that she is open to changing the "rape clause" policy. However, she also implies that the policy is necessary and that it works.

Section 3: Evaluating the Credibility

Topic: Evaluating the Credibility of Ruth Davidson's Statement

Question: Does Ruth Davidson's statement align with her previous stance on the "rape clause"?

No, Ruth Davidson's statement contradicts her previous stance on the "rape clause," where she defended it as necessary and fair.

Question: Does Ruth Davidson's statement align with the public opinion on the "rape clause"?

No, Ruth Davidson's statement is not aligned with the public opinion on the "rape clause," as many people see it as an "abomination" and a violation of women's rights.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned how to analyze political statements to understand their implications and evaluate their credibility. We used Ruth Davidson's statement about the "rape clause" as an example. By analyzing the context, the statement itself, and evaluating its credibility, we can better understand the implications of political statements and make informed decisions.

Glossary:
- Rape clause: A policy in Scotland that allows women who have been raped to receive an exemption from the abortion law, but only if they can provide evidence that the pregnancy was a result of non-consensual sex.
- Abomination: Something that is considered repulsive or abhorrent.


text: The media and pollsters are assuring us that our effort to vote was fruitless as McCain has already lost. On Decks: 14 Aft Facing Balcony Aft Facing Balcony These staterooms are aft facing so the view from your private balcony is amazing. ??When two surfaces of a joint are moved apart rapidly, there is a change of pressure within the joint space.. ?. Join us for these events to ask questions about what to bring, student services available and network with your future classmates. The team is set up to counter attack so there are going to be periods of any game where we don't have possession and have to defend. allows staff to gain deeper understanding and assessment of our children and also allows children to choose their play independently and be encouraged to develop this further under the guidance of qualified practitioners. I found the benefits system a great help in order to finish off college which I did and I then went into working.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Pressure Changes Within Joint Spaces

Introduction:
Pressure changes within joint spaces are an essential aspect of human anatomy and physiology. These changes are responsible for the smooth movement of our joints, and they play a crucial role in maintaining our overall health and wellbeing. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of pressure changes within joint spaces, and we will examine the factors that influence these changes.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

**Topic 1: Pressure Changes Within Joint Spaces**

Pressure changes within joint spaces refer to the fluctuations in pressure that occur within the joint cavity. These changes are primarily caused by the movement of fluids within the joint, and they are regulated by the body's nervous system.

**Topic 2: Factors That Influence Pressure Changes**

There are several factors that can influence pressure changes within joint spaces. These factors include:

1. The volume of fluid within the joint cavity
2. The rate of fluid flow into and out of the joint
3. The elasticity of the joint tissues
4. The overall health of the joint

Section 2: Questions and Answers

**Question: What is the role of pressure changes within joint spaces?**

Answer: Pressure changes within joint spaces play a critical role in maintaining the smooth movement of our joints. These changes help to lubricate the joints, reducing friction and wear on the bones and cartilage. Additionally, pressure changes help to maintain the overall health of the joint by delivering nutrients and removing waste products.

**Question: What factors can influence pressure changes within joint spaces?**

Answer: Several factors can influence pressure changes within joint spaces, including the volume of fluid within the joint cavity, the rate of fluid flow into and out of the joint, the elasticity of the joint tissues, and the overall health of the joint.

Section 3: Practical Examples

**Example 1: Pressure Changes During Exercise**

During exercise, the pressure within the joints changes as the muscles contract and relax. When we contract our muscles, we increase the pressure within the joints, which helps to stabilize the joint and protect it from injury. As we relax our muscles, the pressure within the joints decreases, allowing for smooth movement.

**Example 2: Pressure Changes in Arthritic Joints**

In individuals with arthritis, the pressure changes within the joints can become disrupted due to inflammation and damage to the joint tissues. This can lead to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to restore normal pressure changes within the joint.

Section 4: Self-Debating Discussions

**Debate Topic: The Role of Pressure Changes in Joint Health**

Some experts argue that pressure changes within joint spaces are not essential for joint health, while others believe that they play a critical role in maintaining the overall health of the joint. Debate the importance of pressure changes within joint spaces and their impact on joint health.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we have explored the concept of pressure changes within joint spaces and examined the factors that influence these changes. We have also looked at practical examples of how these changes affect our daily lives, including during exercise and in individuals with arthritis. Finally, we engaged in a self-debating discussion on the role of pressure changes in joint health. By understanding these concepts, we can better appreciate the complexity of our bodies and the importance of maintaining overall health and wellbeing.


text: Nmapeland needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.. A winner was selected from 380 designs submitted by 102 freelance designers.. Bedre kommunikasjon. Communications consulting, reputation management. Bedre kommunikasjon means "Better communication" in Norwegian. We help companies to better analysis, PR strategies and messages.. The founder of the company (@nilsapeland) is a male, 42 years old with 20 years experience in the PR and comms field. A well known lecturer and speaker, and a trusted adviser and expert in the field of reputation management in Norway. Target group is Communications directors and managers.

textbook:
**Lesson: How to Create a Logo Design**

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the process of creating a logo design. We will cover the steps involved in designing a logo, the importance of brand identity, and the role of a designer in creating an effective logo.

Section 1: The Process of Creating a Logo Design

1. Research: The first step in creating a logo design is research. This involves understanding the client's business, target audience, and competitors. A designer must gather information about the company's values, mission, and products or services.

2. Sketching: Once the research is complete, the designer starts sketching ideas. This is the brainstorming stage where the designer comes up with multiple concepts. It's essential to experiment with different shapes, colors, fonts, and symbols.

3. Digital Mockups: After sketching, the designer moves to digital mockups. They use software like Adobe Illustrator or Photoshop to create digital versions of their ideas. At this stage, the designer refines the sketches and selects the best ones to present to the client.

4. Presentation: The designer presents the logo designs to the client. They discuss the ideas, and the client provides feedback. The designer makes revisions based on the client's input.

5. Finalization: Once the client approves the design, the designer finalizes it. They ensure that the logo is in the correct format and resolution for the client's needs.

Section 2: Brand Identity and Logo Design

A logo is a visual representation of a company's brand identity. It communicates the company's values, mission, and personality. A strong logo can make a lasting impression on customers and help a company stand out from its competitors.

Questions:
- Why is brand identity important?
- What elements should a logo contain?
- How does a logo represent a company's brand identity?

Section 3: The Role of a Designer in Creating an Effective Logo

A designer plays a crucial role in creating an effective logo. They must understand the client's business, target audience, and competitors. They must also be creative, innovative, and able to communicate effectively with the client.

Questions:
- What skills are necessary for a designer to create an effective logo?
- How does a designer balance creativity and functionality in a logo design?
- What is the designer's role in the logo design process?

Conclusion:
In conclusion, creating an effective logo design requires research, sketching, digital mockups, presentation, and finalization. A logo is a visual representation of a company's brand identity, and a designer must understand the client's business and target audience to create an effective design. By following these steps, a designer can create a logo that represents a company's values, mission, and personality.

Glossary:
- Brand identity: The perception of a company's values, mission, and personality by its customers.
- Logo: A visual representation of a company's brand identity.
- Designer: A professional who creates visual concepts, by hand or by computer, to convey messages and ideas that capture the attention of consumers.


text: It seems everyone is switching up their shade this spring, even Michelle Obama.. The FLOTUS initially debuted honey-colored highlights at the International Women of Courage Award ceremony on Tuesday, but everyone got a good look at her new hue at BET’s Leading Women Defined Summit in Miami. Donning a printed wrap dress, she sat down with Good Morning America’s Robin Roberts during the summit to discuss eating healthy and staying active as part of her Let’s Move campaign. She also took over her Instagram to share the details of her trip (and show off the new ‘do) as she went on to help families sign up for healthcare.. While the new look does come on the heels of her bold brows, it also bucks the Technicolor trend that Hollywood is having at the moment. Needless to say for the FLOTUS, a little change can go a long way!

textbook:
Lesson: How to Write an Informative Article
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to write an informative article. An informative article is a type of writing that provides information to the reader about a particular topic or issue. It is usually written in a clear, concise, and objective manner. The goal of an informative article is to educate and inform the reader, not to persuade or entertain them.
Section 1: Understanding the Purpose of an Informative Article
The first step in writing an informative article is understanding its purpose. An informative article should provide the reader with accurate and reliable information about a particular topic or issue. It should be written in a clear and concise manner, using facts and evidence to support the main idea.
Section 2: Researching the Topic
Before you begin writing your informative article, you need to research the topic thoroughly. This means gathering information from reputable sources, such as books, journals, and online articles. You should also take notes and organize your research so that you can easily refer to it later.
Section 3: Organizing Your Information
Once you have gathered all of your research, you need to organize it into a logical order. This means deciding on the main points that you want to include in your article and arranging them in a way that makes sense to the reader. You may want to use an outline to help you organize your information.
Section 4: Writing the Article
Now that you have organized your information, you can begin writing your informative article. Start by introducing the topic and providing some background information. Then, move on to the main points of your article, providing evidence and supporting your ideas with facts. Make sure to use clear and concise language, and avoid using jargon or technical terms that the average reader may not understand.
Section 5: Concluding the Article
At the end of your informative article, you should summarize the main points and restate your thesis. This will help the reader remember the most important information and leave them with a clear understanding of the topic.
Conclusion:
Writing an informative article can be a challenging task, but with careful research and organization, you can create a clear and concise piece that educates and informs your readers. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can develop your own informative article on any topic you choose.


text: - This event has passed.. Jazz Story Time & Rhythm Play. October 10, 2019 @ 10:00 am - 11:00 am. Bring the little ones out for an introduction to jazz music and rhythm with Jazz Story Time and Rhythm Play. This FREE program is geared towards children 2 – 5.. Story time with jazz rhythm and music, followed by rhythm play and musical crafts.. Event will take place in the Paul F. Keller Meeting Hall..

textbook:
**Lesson: Introduction to Jazz Music and Rhythm**

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn about jazz music and rhythm, and how they are used in different forms of art. We will also explore the history of jazz and its influence on other genres of music.

**Section 1: Introduction to Jazz Music**

**Theoretical Concept:** Jazz is a genre of music that originated in African American communities in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is characterized by improvisation, syncopation, swing, and the use of various instruments such as saxophone, trumpet, piano, bass, and drums.

**Practical Example:** Listen to the following jazz piece and try to identify the instruments being used, the tempo, and the style of improvisation.
[Insert audio or video of jazz piece]

**Discussion:** What did you notice about the jazz piece? How does it make you feel? Can you identify any similarities between this piece and other genres of music?

**Definition:** Jazz is often described as a fusion of African and European musical traditions. It is characterized by improvisation, where musicians play without a predetermined score, and syncopation, which is the deliberate disruption of the regular rhythm.

**Glossary:**
- Improvisation: the act of creating or inventing something spontaneously
- Syncopation: the deliberate disruption of the regular rhythm

**Section 2: Rhythm in Jazz**

**Theoretical Concept:** Rhythm is an important element in jazz music. It refers to the pattern of beats and pauses in a piece of music. Jazz musicians often use syncopation to create a sense of swing and to add variety to their music.

**Practical Example:** Listen to the following jazz piece and try to count the beats and identify the offbeat notes.
[Insert audio or video of jazz piece]

**Discussion:** How does the jazz piece make you feel? Can you identify the offbeat notes? Why do you think jazz musicians use syncopation?

**Definition:** Rhythm in jazz is often described as a feeling or a groove. It is created by the combination of melody, harmony, and the way the notes are played. Jazz musicians often use syncopation to add variety and to create a sense of swing.

**Glossary:**
- Swing: a rhythmic feeling that is characteristic of jazz music
- Offbeat: a note that falls on the weak part of the beat, creating a sense of swing

**Section 3: Jazz and Other Forms of Art**

**Theoretical Concept:** Jazz has had a significant influence on other forms of art, such as dance, painting, and literature. It has been used as a source of inspiration and as a medium of expression.

**Practical Example:** Watch the following jazz performance and try to identify the movements of the dancers. How do their movements relate to the music?
[Insert video of jazz performance and dancers]

**Discussion:** How does the jazz performance make you feel? Can you identify any similarities between the movements of the dancers and the music? What other forms of art can you think of that have been influenced by jazz?

**Definition:** Jazz has had a significant influence on other forms of art, such as dance, painting, and literature. It has been used as a source of inspiration and as a medium of expression.

**Glossary:**
- Inspiration: a creative idea or a source of ideas
- Expression: the act of showing or communicating one's feelings or thoughts

**Conclusion:** In this lesson, we learned about jazz music and rhythm, and how they are used in different forms of art. We explored the history of jazz and its influence on other genres of music. We also discussed the importance of improvisation and syncopation in jazz music. By understanding the theoretical concepts and practical examples of jazz, we can apply these skills to new problems and appreciate the beauty of this genre of music.


text:
---
layout: base
title:  'Statistics of aux in UD_Chinese-PUD'
udver: '2'
---

## Treebank Statistics: UD_Chinese-PUD: Relations: `aux`

This relation is universal.
There are 1 language-specific subtypes of `aux`: <tt>aux:pass</tt>.

686 nodes (3%) are attached to their parents as `aux`.

398 instances of `aux` (58%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.75218658892128.

The following 5 pairs of parts of speech are connected with `aux`: <tt>VERB</tt>-<tt>PART</tt> (396; 58% instances), <tt>VERB</tt>-<tt>AUX</tt> (269; 39% instances), <tt>ADJ</tt>-<tt>AUX</tt> (11; 2% instances), <tt>NOUN</tt>-<tt>AUX</tt> (8; 1% instances), <tt>ADJ</tt>-<tt>PART</tt> (2; 0% instances).

~~~ conllu
# visual-style 11	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11	fgColor:white
# visual-style 10	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10	fgColor:white
# visual-style 10 11 aux	color:blue
1	希拉里	_	PROPN	NNP	_	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=xīlālǐ
2	的	_	PART	DEC	Case=Gen	1	case	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=de
3	巨額	_	NOUN	NN	_	5	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=jù'é
4	銀行	_	NOUN	NN	_	5	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=yínxíng
5	帳戶	_	NOUN	NN	_	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=zhànghù
6	使	_	VERB	VV	Voice=Cau	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=shǐ
7	政府	_	NOUN	NN	_	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=zhèngfǔ
8	支出	_	VERB	VV	_	10	csubj	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=zhīchū
9	的	_	PART	DEC	_	8	mark:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=de
10	突破	_	VERB	VV	_	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=tūpò
11	了	_	PART	AS	Aspect=Perf	10	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=le
12	新上限	_	NOUN	NN	_	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=xīnshàngxiàn
13	。	_	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	Translit=。

~~~

~~~ conllu
# visual-style 15	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 15	fgColor:white
# visual-style 16	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 16	fgColor:white
# visual-style 16 15 aux	color:blue
1	潘	_	PROPN	NNP	_	3	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=潘
2	沃爾卡	_	PROPN	NNP	_	3	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=wò'ěrkǎ
3	先生	_	NOUN	NN	_	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=xiānshēng
4	說	_	VERB	VV	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=shuō
5	，	_	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=，
6	曾經	_	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=céngjīng
7	有	_	VERB	VV	_	13	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=yǒu
8	一	_	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=yī
9	段	_	NOUN	NNB	_	10	clf	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=duàn
10	時刻	_	NOUN	NN	_	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=shíkè
11	，	_	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=，
12	他們	_	PRON	PRP	Number=Plur|Person=3	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=tāmen
13	覺得	_	VERB	VV	_	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=juéde
14	自己	_	PRON	PRD	_	16	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=zìjǐ
15	應該	_	AUX	MD	_	16	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=yīnggāi
16	離開	_	VERB	VV	_	13	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=líkāi
17	那	_	DET	DT	_	18	det	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=nà
18	幢	_	NOUN	NNB	_	19	clf	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=幢
19	大樓	_	NOUN	NN	_	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=dàlóu
20	。	_	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	Translit=。

~~~

~~~ conllu
# visual-style 8	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8	fgColor:white
# visual-style 10	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10	fgColor:white
# visual-style 10 8 aux	color:blue
1	在	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=zài
2	丹麥語	_	PROPN	NNP	_	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=dānmàiyǔ
3	中	_	ADP	IN	_	2	case:loc	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=zhōng
4	，	_	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=，
5	這	_	DET	DT	_	6	det	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=zhè
6	個	_	NOUN	NNB	_	7	clf	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=gè
7	詞	_	NOUN	NN	_	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=cí
8	可能	_	AUX	MD	_	10	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=kěnéng
9	也	_	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=yě
10	適用	_	ADJ	JJ	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=shìyòng
11	於	_	VERB	VV	_	10	mark:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=於
12	淺礁湖	_	NOUN	NN	_	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No|Translit=qiǎn礁hú
13	。	_	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	Translit=。

~~~

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Probability and Statistics

### Overview:
Probability and statistics are essential tools for understanding data and making informed decisions. This lesson will introduce you to the basics of probability and statistics, including the concept of randomness, probability distributions, and hypothesis testing.

### Section 1: Introduction to Probability

#### Topic 1.1: What is Probability?
Probability is the measure of how likely an event is to happen. It is usually expressed as a percentage or a fraction, such as 0.5 or 50%. For example, if you flip a coin, there is a 50% chance that it will land on heads and a 50% chance that it will land on tails.

#### Topic 1.2: What is Randomness?
Randomness refers to events or outcomes that cannot be predicted with certainty. In other words, they have an equal chance of happening. For example, when you roll a dice, the outcome is random because each side has an equal chance of landing up or down.

#### Topic 1.3: Types of Probability
There are two types of probability: theoretical and experimental. Theoretical probability is calculated using mathematics, while experimental probability is calculated by observing the results of an experiment.

#### Practice Questions:
1. What is the probability of rolling a 3 on a six-sided die?
2. What is the probability of drawing a heart from a standard deck of playing cards?

#### Answers:
 1. The probability of rolling a 3 on a six-sided die is 1/6, since there is one favorable outcome (rolling a 3) out of six possible outcomes (rolling a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6).
2. The probability of drawing a heart from a standard deck of playing cards is 1/4, since there are 13 hearts out of 52 cards in total.

### Section 2: Probability Distributions

#### Topic 2.1: What are Probability Distributions?
A probability distribution is a way of representing all possible outcomes of an experiment and their corresponding probabilities. There are several types of probability distributions, including discrete and continuous.

#### Topic 2.2: Discrete Probability Distributions
Discrete probability distributions represent the probabilities of specific outcomes. For example, if you flip a coin, there are only two possible outcomes: heads or tails. The probabilities of each outcome are 0.5 (50%).

#### Topic 2.3: Continuous Probability Distributions
Continuous probability distributions represent the probabilities of any outcome within a range. For example, if you measure the weight of a group of apples, the weights could range from very small (e.g., 0.1 grams) to very large (e.g., 2000 grams). The probability of each weight is determined by the shape of the distribution, which can be described by a curve.

#### Practice Questions:
1. What is the probability of rolling a 6 on a six-sided die?
2. What is the probability of getting a sum of 10 when rolling two dice?

#### Answers:
 1. The probability of rolling a 6 on a six-sided die is 1/6, since there is one favorable outcome (rolling a 6) out of six possible outcomes (rolling a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6).
2. The probability of getting a sum of 10 when rolling two dice depends on the specific outcomes rolled. There are four ways to get a sum of 10: rolling a 5 and a 5, a 4 and a 6, a 3 and a 7, or a 2 and an 8. Therefore, the probability of getting a sum of 10 is 4/36 or 1/9.

### Section 3: Hypothesis Testing

#### Topic 3.1: What is Hypothesis Testing?
Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to determine whether an observed effect is due to chance or if it is likely to be due to some other cause. It involves setting up a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis, and then testing them using data.

#### Topic 3.2: Null Hypothesis
The null hypothesis is the assumption that there is no effect or difference between groups or conditions. It is often represented as H0.

#### Topic 3.3: Alternative Hypothesis
The alternative hypothesis is the assumption that there is an effect or difference between groups or conditions. It is often represented as Ha.

#### Practice Questions:
1. If you want to test whether a new medication is more effective than a placebo, what would be your null hypothesis?
2. If you want to test whether a new medication is more effective than an existing medication, what would be your alternative hypothesis?

#### Answers:
 1. The null hypothesis would be that there is no difference in the effectiveness of the new medication compared to the placebo (H0: The new medication is not more effective than the placebo).
2. The alternative hypothesis would be that the new medication is more effective than the existing medication (Ha: The new medication is more effective than the existing medication).

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we introduced the basics of probability and statistics, including the concept of randomness, probability distributions, and hypothesis testing. We covered the different types of probability, the role of probability distributions in data analysis, and the process of hypothesis testing. By the end of this lesson, you should have a basic understanding of these important concepts and be able to apply them to real-world problems.


text: This.. Students on F-3 visas full-time will be required to take at least 12 undergraduate credit hours and 9 graduate credit hours.. Students on F-3 visas part-time will be required to take at least 6 undergraduate credit hours and 3 graduate credit hours.. On November 2, 2002, the President signed into law PL 107-274, the Border Commuter Student Act of 2002. The Border Commuter Student Act of 2002 creates two new nonimmigrant student visa categories, F-3 and M-3, for Canadian and Mexican citizens who study part-time in the United States but who live in their home country and commute to academic or vocational classes in the United States.. The University of Texas at Brownsville website uses Javascript.. Your browser either doesn't support Javascript or you have it turned. off.. To access this page as it is meant to function please use a Javascript. enabled browser.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Nonimmigrant Student Visas

**Introduction:**

Nonimmigrant student visas are types of visas that allow foreign students to study in the United States temporarily. There are two main types of nonimmigrant student visas: F-1 and M-1. In this lesson, we will focus on the F-3 and M-3 visas, which were created by the Border Commuter Student Act of 2002.

**Section 1: Overview of F-3 and M-3 Visas**

The F-3 and M-3 visas are designed for Canadian and Mexican citizens who study part-time in the United States but live in their home country and commute to academic or vocational classes in the United States.

- F-3 visas are for Canadian citizens who want to study part-time at an accredited post-secondary institution in the United States.
- M-3 visas are for Mexican citizens who want to study part-time at an academic or vocational institution in the United States.

**Section 2: Eligibility Requirements**

To be eligible for an F-3 or M-3 visa, you must meet the following requirements:

1. You must be a citizen of Canada or Mexico.
2. You must be enrolled in a part-time program at an accredited post-secondary institution in the United States.
3. You must maintain a residence in your home country and commute to the United States for classes.
4. You must demonstrate that you have sufficient financial resources to cover your expenses while studying in the United States.

**Section 3: Benefits of F-3 and M-3 Visas**

The main benefit of obtaining an F-3 or M-3 visa is that it allows you to study part-time in the United States while living in your home country. This can be particularly beneficial for those who cannot afford to move to the United States full-time or who have family or work commitments in their home country.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

In conclusion, the F-3 and M-3 visas provide an opportunity for Canadian and Mexican citizens to study part-time in the United States while living in their home country. These visas have specific eligibility requirements, but they offer many benefits to those who qualify. By understanding the basics of nonimmigrant student visas, you can make an informed decision about whether this type of visa is right for you.

**Glossary:**

- Nonimmigrant student visa: A type of visa that allows foreign students to study in the United States temporarily.
- F-1 visa: A nonimmigrant student visa for full-time students.
- M-1 visa: A nonimmigrant student visa for vocational students.
- F-3 visa: A nonimmigrant student visa for Canadian citizens who study part-time in the United States.
- M-3 visa: A nonimmigrant student visa for Mexican citizens who study part-time in the United States.


text:
Development of improved support structures in the fields of civil, mechanical and aerospace design is a constant and ongoing effort. One primary focus of these efforts is in producing efficient support structures that exhibit high strength properties while being low in weight. In other words, a beneficially efficient support structure will comprise a relatively high force to weight ratio.
In the field of composite lattice support structures, a primary issue concerning such structures relates to the difficulty in the manufacturing methods used to form the individual support members making up the lattice structure.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Support Structures in Engineering

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

A support structure is a framework or system that provides assistance, stability, or protection to a larger structure or object. In engineering, support structures are essential components of various designs, including bridges, buildings, and aerospace vehicles. They are used to bear loads, resist forces, and maintain stability.

There are different types of support structures, such as column, beam, and truss. Each type has its unique properties and applications. In this lesson, we will focus on composite lattice support structures, which are lightweight and strong.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

A composite lattice support structure is made of multiple materials combined together to create a strong and lightweight design. For example, a bridge support column could be made of concrete reinforced with steel bars, while the outer shell could be made of a lightweight material like fiberglass. This combination results in a strong support structure that is also lightweight, which is beneficial for reducing the overall weight of the bridge and increasing its efficiency.

Another example is an aerospace vehicle like an airplane wing. The wing's support structure could be made of a composite lattice material that combines carbon fibers and resin. This design is lightweight yet strong enough to support the weight of the aircraft during flight.

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

One real-world scenario where support structures are crucial is in the construction of tall buildings. The support structures in these buildings must be strong enough to bear the weight of the entire building and resist external forces like wind and earthquakes. A common design for tall buildings is a truss system, which uses triangular shapes to distribute weight evenly throughout the structure.

In aerospace engineering, support structures are essential for maintaining the stability and integrity of spacecraft and rockets. For example, the rocket's engines generate enormous forces during launch, and the support structure must be able to bear these forces without breaking or deforming.

### Glossary
- Composite: A material made by combining two or more different substances, such as a combination of metal and plastic.
- Lattice: A structure formed by joining points or lines, often used to describe a repeating pattern.
- Force: A push or pull upon an object resulting from its interaction with another object.
- Weight: The amount of mass that an object has, measured in units of weight.
- Truss: A structure consisting of a series of connected beams or rods, often used in bridges and buildings to provide support and distribute weight evenly.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about support structures in engineering and their importance in various designs. We discussed composite lattice support structures, their benefits, and practical examples. We also explored real-world scenarios where these structures are crucial, such as in tall buildings and aerospace vehicles. By understanding the principles behind support structures, engineers can design more efficient and effective solutions for various applications.


text:
Backesallred said that while students on her route complain about the smell, she is powerless to do anything about it.

"I thought about changing my route, but they've popped up everywhere," Backesallred told KDRV. "So no matter what, I'm driving through the hemp farms because we are just surrounded by them now."

Diane Archer, who has driven a school bus for 20 years, said the smell of hemp is strong and "disgusting."

"We go by fields and it's disgusting and the kids have to hold their breath because it stinks," Archer told KDRV.

The state of Oregon has restrictions on marijuana, but not hemp, which is considered an agricultural crop. the television station reported. Still, parents like Brett Goila, whose five children attend school in the area, is incredulous that hemp grows next to the lot where school buses are parked.

"It's a terrible location, I believe that if more parents knew about this, there's better locations either to move the buses or move the pot," Goila told KDRV.

textbook:
Lesson: The Smell of Hemp and Its Impact on School Bus Drivers and Students

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the smell of hemp and its impact on school bus drivers and students. We will discuss the difference between hemp and marijuana, the legal status of hemp in Oregon, and the health effects of exposure to hemp smoke.

Section 1: Understanding Hemp and Marijuana
Hemp and marijuana are both types of cannabis plants, but they have some key differences. Hemp has a much lower concentration of the psychoactive compound THC, which is responsible for the "high" feeling associated with marijuana use. Instead, hemp is primarily cultivated for its fiber and seeds, which can be used in a variety of products such as clothing, food, and body care products.

Marijuana, on the other hand, is grown specifically for its high THC content and is typically consumed for recreational or medicinal purposes. While marijuana is still illegal at the federal level in the United States, many states have legalized its use for medical or recreational purposes.

Section 2: The Legal Status of Hemp in Oregon
In Oregon, hemp is considered an agricultural crop and is therefore not subject to the same restrictions as marijuana. This means that hemp farms can be located near schools and other public areas without facing the same regulatory hurdles as marijuana farms. However, this also means that school bus drivers and students may be exposed to the strong smell of hemp, which can be unpleasant and even potentially harmful.

Section 3: Health Effects of Exposure to Hemp Smoke
While the health effects of exposure to hemp smoke are not as severe as those associated with marijuana use, there are still potential risks. Hemp smoke contains some of the same irritants and carcinogens found in tobacco smoke, so prolonged exposure can increase the risk of respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer. Additionally, the strong odor of hemp smoke can cause headaches, dizziness, and nausea in some individuals.

Section 4: Practical Examples and Real-World Scenarios
School bus drivers and students in areas with hemp farms may experience the strong smell of hemp on a daily basis. To mitigate the effects of this exposure, some bus drivers have suggested changing routes or parking in different locations. Additionally, parents may choose to speak out about the issue and advocate for changes in local regulations or land use policies.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the smell of hemp can be a significant issue for school bus drivers and students in areas with hemp farms. While the legal status of hemp may make it difficult to regulate, there are still steps that can be taken to minimize exposure and protect the health of those affected. By understanding the differences between hemp and marijuana, the legal status of hemp in Oregon, and the potential health effects of exposure to hemp smoke, we can make informed decisions about how to address this issue.


text: Sunshine Village supports several artists and artisans who work together in a collaborative way to create unique works of art. Sometimes, these individuals stay together as a team and at other times, members of the various groups change as interests shift. The creators for each piece are tracked so that each artist can be compensated for their contribution.. The piece featured above is a piece that was made in a collaborative effort!. List By Organization: Sunshine Village. Listing created Nov 27, 2019

textbook:
Lesson: Collaboration and Compensation in Art

Introduction:
Collaboration and compensation are two important aspects of creating art. In this lesson, we will explore how artists and artisans work together to create unique pieces of art and how they are compensated for their contributions. We will also learn about the importance of tracking the creators of each piece to ensure that everyone involved is properly compensated.

Section 1: Collaboration in Art

Topic 1: What is collaboration in art?
Collaboration in art refers to the process of multiple artists or artisans working together to create a single piece of art. This can involve artists from different disciplines, such as painting, sculpture, and photography, or artists from different cultures and backgrounds.

Topic 2: Why is collaboration important in art?
Collaboration is important in art because it allows artists to combine their talents and perspectives to create something truly unique. By working together, artists can push the boundaries of what is possible in art and create pieces that are more complex and meaningful than any one artist could create alone.

Topic 3: How do artists collaborate?
Artists collaborate in many ways, including sharing ideas, techniques, and materials. They may also work together on a single piece of art, with each artist contributing their own unique style and approach. Some artists even create entire communities or collectives where they work together on a regular basis.

Section 2: Compensation in Art

Topic 1: How are artists compensated for their work?
Artists are typically compensated for their work through a combination of commissions, sales, and grants. Commissions are payments made by a client or gallery to create a specific piece of art. Sales refer to the money earned from selling artwork to collectors or museums. Grants are financial awards given by organizations or government agencies to support artists and their work.

Topic 2: Why is it important to track creators in art?
It is important to track creators in art so that everyone involved in the creation of a piece is properly compensated. This includes not only the primary artist but also any assistants, apprentices, or other individuals who contributed to the piece. Tracking creators ensures that everyone who contributed to the artwork is fairly compensated for their work.

Section 3: Real-World Examples

Topic 1: A Collaborative Piece
The piece featured above is an example of a collaborative effort between multiple artists. Each artist contributed their own unique style and approach to create a piece that is more complex and meaningful than any one artist could have created alone.

Topic 2: Compensation in Action
In this example, we can see how tracking creators is essential for proper compensation. If we were to create a similar piece without tracking the creators, some artists may not be properly compensated for their contributions. By tracking each individual's contribution, we can ensure that everyone involved is fairly compensated for their work.

Conclusion:
Collaboration and compensation are two important aspects of creating art. By working together and tracking creators, artists can create unique and meaningful pieces that push the boundaries of what is possible in art. By ensuring that everyone involved is properly compensated, we can support the arts and promote a fair and equitable system for all artists.


text: Joe is the Director of HSS Sports Safety and brings more than 20 years of experience as a physical therapist and athletic trainer to injury prevention program development.. He has considerable clinical experience with youth, high school, collegiate and professional athletes, with particular concentration in baseball and rugby. His professional interests include ACL Rehabilitation, the Overhead Athlete, Motor Learning Strategies for Sport Skill Acquisition, and Return to Play. He has taught at both the University of Scranton and Marywood University and is pursuing a DSc degree in human and Sports Performance.. Belaire Building, Ground Floor. 525 East 71st Street. New York, NY 10021. Tel: 212.606.1005

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Injury Prevention Program Development

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

In this lesson, we will learn about injury prevention program development. An injury prevention program is a plan that helps athletes avoid getting hurt while playing sports. These programs are designed by experts like Joe, who has extensive experience as a physical therapist and athletic trainer. We will cover topics such as motor learning strategies, ACL rehabilitation, and the overhead athlete.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

Let's start with motor learning strategies. This refers to the process of learning how to perform a skill or movement pattern. For example, if you are learning how to hit a baseball, you need to practice the correct technique over and over again until it becomes automatic. This is called "automaticity." Joe has worked with many athletes who have improved their performance by practicing the right way to do things.

Next, let's talk about ACL rehabilitation. The ACL is a ligament in your knee that can be injured during sports like basketball, soccer, or volleyball. When this happens, it's important to follow a special rehab program to get better. Joe has helped many athletes recover from ACL injuries and return to their sport stronger than ever.

Finally, let's discuss the overhead athlete. This refers to any athlete who performs movements above their head, such as a pitcher in baseball or a volleyball player. These athletes are at risk for injuries like shoulder impingement or rotator cuff tears. Joe has developed programs to help these athletes stay healthy and perform at their best.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

Now let's think critically about what we've learned so far. Why is it important to practice the correct technique when learning a new skill? How does automaticity help prevent injury? What are some common mistakes that athletes make when rehabilitating from an ACL injury?

## Glossary

- Automaticity: The ability to perform a skill or movement pattern without conscious thought.
- ACL: Anterior cruciate ligament.
- Motor learning strategies: Techniques used to learn and improve motor skills.
- Overhead athlete: Any athlete who performs movements above their head.

## Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about injury prevention program development and some of the key concepts involved in creating effective programs. We discussed motor learning strategies, ACL rehabilitation, and the overhead athlete. We also engaged in self-debating discussions to deepen our understanding of these topics. By applying these concepts, we can help athletes stay healthy and perform at their best.


text:
Tick-borne encephalopathies : epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Tick-borne encephalopathies constitute a broad range of infectious diseases affecting the brain and other parts of the CNS. The causative agents are both viral and bacterial. This review focuses on the current most important tick-borne human diseases: tick-borne encephalitis (TBE; including Powassan encephalitis) and Lyme borreliosis. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) and Colorado tick fever (CTF), less common tick-borne diseases associated with encephalopathy, are also discussed. TBE is the most important flaviviral infection of the CNS in Europe and Russia, with 10 000-12 000 people diagnosed annually. The lethality of TBE in Europe is 0.5% and a post-encephalitic syndrome is seen in over 40% of affected patients, often producing a pronounced impairment in quality of life. There is no specific treatment for TBE. Two vaccines are available to prevent infection. Although these have a good protection rate and good efficacy, there are few data on long-term immunity. Lyme borreliosis is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in Europe and North America, with >50 000 cases annually. Localised early disease can be treated with oral phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V), doxycycline or amoxicillin. The later manifestations of meningitis, arthritis or acrodermatitis can be treated with oral doxycycline, oral amoxicillin or intravenous ceftriaxone; intravenous benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) or cefotaxime can be used as alternatives. The current use of vaccines against Lyme borreliosis in North America is under discussion, as the LYMErix vaccine has been withdrawn from the market because of possible adverse effects, for example, arthritis. RMSF and CTF appear only in North America. RMSF is an important rickettsial disease and is effectively treated with doxycycline. There is no treatment or preventative measure available for CTF.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Tick-borne Encephalopathies

**Objective:** To introduce students to tick-borne encephalopathies, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods.

**Glossary:**
- Tick-borne encephalopathies: A group of infectious diseases that affect the brain and other parts of the central nervous system, caused by ticks.
- CNS: Central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord.
- Flavivirus: A type of virus that causes diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, and Zika.
- Vaccine: A substance used to stimulate the body's immune system to protect against a specific disease.

**Section 1: Introduction to Tick-borne Encephalopathies**
- Tick-borne encephalopathies are infectious diseases that affect the brain and other parts of the central nervous system (CNS).
- They are caused by various pathogens, including viruses and bacteria.
- Two of the most common tick-borne encephalopathies are tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and Lyme borreliosis.

**Section 2: Symptoms and Diagnosis**
- Symptoms of tick-borne encephalopathies can vary depending on the specific disease.
- Common symptoms include headache, fever, fatigue, and nausea.
- In severe cases, patients may experience seizures, paralysis, or even death.
- Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to detect the presence of the pathogen causing the infection.
- In some cases, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans may be used to identify damage to the brain or other parts of the CNS.

**Section 3: Treatment and Prevention**
- There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalopathies, but supportive care may be provided to manage symptoms and complications.
- Prevention is key when it comes to tick-borne encephalopathies.
- This can include avoiding areas where ticks are commonly found, using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and checking for ticks after spending time outdoors.
- Two vaccines are available to prevent infection from certain types of tick-borne encephalopathies, but their availability may be limited depending on where you live.

**Section 4: Critical Thinking Questions**
- Why is it important to diagnose tick-borne encephalopathies early?
- How do the symptoms of tick-borne encephalopathies differ from those of other neurological disorders?
- What are some potential challenges in developing vaccines for tick-borne encephalopathies?

**Conclusion:**
- Understanding tick-borne encephalopathies is crucial for preventing and treating these potentially devastating diseases.
- By learning about the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods, students can become informed about the risks associated with tick-borne encephalopathies and take steps to protect themselves and others from these diseases.


text: APHRODITE. $29.99. The Lash of choice for any beauty babe who wants to take their eye makeup game to the next level. Designed with length that gradually increases from the inner to outer corner, the blackest-black lash is perfect for adding a touch more glam to any eye look. This Luxurious Mink Lash includes wispy fibers that blend seamlessly with your eyelash, for a flirty, full effect.. The Aphrodite 3D Mink Lash delivers the perfect amount of definition to achieve a glamorous finish.. 3D Mink. Volume:. Length: Varying (8 – 14mm). Band: Handcrafted Silk. Wear: Multi-use (Suggested use 20-25). Reviews. There are no reviews yet.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Eyelash Extensions

**Overview:** Eyelash extensions are a popular beauty treatment that enhances the length, curl, and volume of natural eyelashes. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of eyelash extensions, including their history, types, and benefits. We will also discuss the process of applying eyelash extensions and the aftercare procedures required to maintain their longevity.

**History:** Eyelash extensions were first introduced in Russia in the early 1990s as an alternative to wearing mascara or using false eyelashes. Since then, they have become a popular beauty treatment worldwide, with many celebrities and beauty enthusiasts sporting them.

**Types:** There are several types of eyelash extensions, including:

1. Classic lashes: These are individual lashes that mimic the natural growth pattern of eyelashes. They can be applied to create a subtle or dramatic look.

2. Volume lashes: These are multiple lashes applied to each natural lash, creating a fuller, fluffier look.

3. Mega volume lashes: These are even thinner and lighter lashes applied to each natural lash, creating an ultra-voluminous look.

**Benefits:** Eyelash extensions offer several benefits, including:

1. No need for mascara or false eyelashes: Eyelash extensions enhance the length, curl, and volume of natural eyelashes, eliminating the need for additional makeup.

2. Long-lasting: When applied correctly, eyelash extensions can last up to 8 weeks with proper maintenance.

3. Low maintenance: Eyelash extensions require minimal upkeep, such as avoiding water contact, using a clean mascara brush to comb through the lashes, and refraining from using oil-based products near the eyes.

**Process:** Applying eyelash extensions is a meticulous process that requires skill and patience. Here are the steps involved:

1. Consultation: The lash technician assesses the client's natural lashes and discusses their desired look, including length, curl, and volume.

2. Cleansing: The client's face is cleansed to remove any oils or makeup that may interfere with the adhesive.

3. Application: Individual lashes or groups of lashes are applied to each natural lash, following a specific pattern to create a natural or dramatic look.

4. Drying: The lashes are set using a fan or blow-dryer to ensure they adhere properly to the natural lashes.

**Aftercare:** To maintain the longevity of eyelash extensions, clients must follow these aftercare instructions:

1. Avoid water contact: Limit exposure to water, steam, and saunas for at least 24 hours after application.

2. Use a clean mascara brush: Comb through the lashes using a clean mascara brush to prevent clumping or damage to the extensions.

3. Avoid oil-based products: Refrain from using oil-based products, such as facial oils or certain skincare products, near the eyes.

4. No touching: Avoid touching or pulling the lashes, as this can cause damage or premature fallout.

**Glossary:**

- **Lash line:** The natural line where eyelashes grow.
- **Lash base:** The part of the eyelash attached to the skin.
- **Lash bulb:** The root of the eyelash hair, which contains the hair follicle and melanocytes responsible for pigmentation.

**Conclusion:** Eyelash extensions are a popular beauty treatment that enhances the length, curl, and volume of natural eyelashes. By understanding their history, types, and benefits, as well as the process of applying and caring for them, individuals can make informed decisions about whether eyelash extensions are right for them.


text:
                             STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

                          SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                FILED
TIMOTHY G. HAUGHT,                                                               July 19, 2013
                                                                            RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
Claimant Below, Petitioner                                                SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                              OF WEST VIRGINIA

vs.)   No. 11-1548 (BOR Appeal No. 2045969)
                   (Claim No. 2006060809)

UNITED CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC.,
Employer Below, Respondent

                             MEMORANDUM DECISION
        Petitioner Timothy G. Haught, by M. Jane Glauser, his attorney, appeals the decision of
the West Virginia Workers’ Compensation Board of Review. United Construction Company,
Inc., by Lucinda Fluharty, its attorney, filed a timely response.

       This appeal arises from the Board of Review’s Final Order dated October 13, 2011, in
which the Board affirmed an April 26, 2011, Order of the Workers’ Compensation Office of
Judges. In its Order, the Office of Judges affirmed the claims administrator’s November 22,
2010, decision denying a request for an MRI of the lumbar spine and authorization for the
medication Percocet. The Court has carefully reviewed the records, written arguments, and
appendices contained in the briefs, and the case is mature for consideration.

       This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision is appropriate under Rule 21 of the Rules of Appellate
Procedure.

        Mr. Haught was injured while working for United Construction Company, Inc. on
October 27, 2006. On November 22, 2010, the claims administrator denied a request for an MRI
of the lumbar spine and authorization for the medication Percocet.

       The Office of Judges affirmed the claims administrator’s decision, and held that the
preponderance of the evidence did not establish that the requested medical treatment was
medically related and reasonably required for the treatment of the compensable injury. On
appeal, Mr. Haught argues that because an aggravation of spondylolisthesis was held
compensable, the MRI should be authorized. He further asserts that the medication Percocet
                                                1
should be authorized because the record documents continued pain management. United
Construction Company maintains that the MRI is unrelated to the compensable injury, and that
the medication is outside the guidelines of West Virginia Code of State Rules § 85-20-53.14
(2006).

        Under West Virginia Code of State Rules § 85-20-53.14, “Schedule II drugs should be
prescribed on an outpatient basis for no longer than two weeks after initial injury or following a
subsequent operative procedure.” The Office of Judges noted that the evidence did not
demonstrate that Mr. Haught has complied with the narcotic prescription rules contained in West
Virginia Code of State Rules § 85-20. It further noted that Dr. Guberman in his 2009 evaluation,
indicated that Mr. Haught should be weaned and tapered off his narcotic medication. Further, the
Office of Judges concluded that the preponderance of the evidence did not establish that the
requested MRI of the lumbar spine was medically related to the compensable conditions in this
claim. The Board of Review reached the same reasoned conclusions in its decision of October
13, 2011. We agree with the reasoning and conclusions of the Board of Review.

        For the foregoing reasons, we find that the decision of the Board of Review is not in clear
violation of any constitutional or statutory provision, nor is it clearly the result of erroneous
conclusions of law, nor is it based upon a material misstatement or mischaracterization of the
evidentiary record. Therefore, the decision of the Board of Review is affirmed.

                                                                                Affirmed.

ISSUED: July 19, 2013

CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Robin J. Davis
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Allen H. Loughry II

DISSENTING:
Justice Menis E. Ketchum

                                                2

textbook:
This is a memorandum decision of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. The decision is based on an appeal from the West Virginia Workers' Compensation Board of Review. The appeal arises from a final order dated October 13, 2011, in which the Board affirmed an April 26, 2011, order of the Workers' Compensation Commission. The main issue before the court is whether the claimant, Timothy G. Haught, sustained a compensable injury in the course and scope of his employment with United Construction Company, Inc.

The court reviews the record and finds that the claimant failed to prove that he sustained a compensable injury in the course and scope of his employment. The court affirms the Board of Review's final order and remands the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

In conclusion, the court finds that the claimant failed to prove that he sustained a compensable injury in the course and scope of his employment with United Construction Company, Inc. The Board of Review's final order is affirmed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.


text:
IRONMAN World Championship

Kona 2012 in Words and Pictures

Photos and story by Lee Gruenfeld

It was hard.
It’s supposed to be hard.
I like it when it’s hard.
It’s just not supposed to be that hard…

Elite prizefighters are surrounded by entourages, people who hover close by day and night and are devoted to their meal ticket’s every comfort and convenience. The fighter gets so used to it that it’s often a shock when, at the time he needs that support most of all, it suddenly evaporates and he finds himself on a tiny patch of canvas-covered earth, alone except for one other man who’s sole purpose is to beat him to a pulp.

It’s much the same with the Ironman triathlete. After months of constant encouragement from family, friends, coaches, club members and workout partners, there comes a point when he is suddenly, frighteningly, alone. In Kona it happens somewhere out on the Queen K when the laws of natural selection have spread the pack out, the sun is relentlessly screaming down on his back, the silence becomes a palpable, malevolent presence, and the wind is a purpose-driven beast trying to beat him to a pulp.

For the age grouper who can’t break twelve hours, it gets worse. On the bike there were occasional moments of relief when he could coast and, as harsh as the sun was, at least there was light. Now, on the run, there is no coasting. When his feet stop moving, he stops moving. And at just the moment when he is most vulnerable, when he starts hallucinating and hears the demons whispering, when he fears that his exhaustion might not be temporary, that’s when the sun disappears, blackness descends, and the loneliness and disconnection are complete.

It’s not supposed to be that hard? It’s always that hard. Last Saturday it was even harder, as ocean currents, wind, heat and pounding rain in Hawi conspired to maximize energy drain on the swim and bike and make the marathon more of a Bataan death march than an athletic event. Rumors abounded that the swim course was longer than 2.4 miles and that 0.2 miles had been added to the bike course. Not true, but I know the feeling: On some days I’m convinced my golf course grew more yardage, trees and sand traps overnight.

One way to gauge the difficulty of an Ironman is by the number of age group records broken. There are over thirty competitive divisions, and half a dozen new records is fairly typical. This time there were two. And yet over 95% of the athletes who toed the start line made it to the finish. "Ironman" is not a title conferred casually.

There were some wonderful moments. Hiromu Inada of Japan, who came within two minutes of breaking fifteen hours in South Korea last year as a 79-year-old, set a new 80+ record here in 15:38. Harriett Anderson, the oldest finisher and sole occupant of the 75-79 division, beat the 17-hour cutoff by twenty seconds. If you admire a pro who finishes in 8:30, just try to imagine what it must have been like to be out on that course nonstop for twice that long. Five athletes achieved "The Double" for 2012, capturing titles in both the Ironman and Ironman 70.3 world championships: Pro Leanda Cave and age groupers Laura Sophiea (55-59), Danielle Kehoe (25-29), Milos Kostic (70-74), 80+ record-breaker Inada, and me own bride Cherie Gruenfeld (65-69).

textbook:
Lesson: Self-Discipline and Perseverance in Athletic Training

Introduction:
Self-discipline and perseverance are essential traits for athletes to achieve their goals. These qualities allow athletes to push through challenges and overcome obstacles during training and competition. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of self-discipline and perseverance in athletic training and how they can help athletes reach their full potential.

Section 1: Importance of Self-Discipline
Self-discipline refers to the ability to control one's actions and emotions to achieve long-term goals. For athletes, self-discipline is crucial for maintaining a consistent training schedule, sticking to a healthy diet, and avoiding distractions that could hinder performance.

Questions:
- Why is self-discipline important for athletes?
- How can athletes develop self-discipline?
- What are some examples of self-discipline in athletic training?

Section 2: Perseverance in Athletic Training
Perseverance is the ability to persist through challenges and setbacks. Athletes must demonstrate perseverance to overcome injuries, mental blocks, and other obstacles that arise during training and competition.

Questions:
- Why is perseverance important for athletes?
- How can athletes develop perseverance?
- What are some examples of perseverance in athletic training?

Section 3: Applying Self-Discipline and Perseverance in Athletic Training
Athletes who exhibit self-discipline and perseverance in their training are more likely to achieve their goals and reach their full potential. By consistently following a training plan, maintaining a healthy diet, and overcoming obstacles, athletes can improve their performance and resilience.

Questions:
- How does self-discipline and perseverance contribute to athletic success?
- What are some examples of athletes who have demonstrated self-discipline and perseverance in their training?
- How can athletes apply these traits to their own training?

Glossary:
- Self-discipline: The ability to control one's actions and emotions to achieve long-term goals.
- Perseverance: The ability to persist through challenges and setbacks.

Conclusion:
Self-discipline and perseverance are essential traits for athletes to achieve their goals and reach their full potential. By consistently following a training plan, maintaining a healthy diet, and overcoming obstacles, athletes can improve their performance and resilience. By applying these traits to their own training, athletes can achieve success both on and off the field.


text:
Q:

changing directories in python - string not recognized

I am learning python and one of the operations I am trying to complete is to change directories. I am storing directory names in a dictionary and then trying to access these directories as follows :
Creating the directories :
for i in range(length):
    try:
        original_umask = os.umask(0)
        os.makedirs(item_dict[i], 0755)
    finally:
        os.umask(original_umask)
for i in range (length):
    os.chdir(item_dict[i])

This is working. However when I try to do further processing later by accessing these directories I run into the following error :
osdir = os.getcwd()
print " current working directory is "  + osdir //works correctly
for i in range (length):
    os.chdir((item_dict[i])

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File ".\actions.py", line 40, in <module>
    os.chdir((item_dict[i]))
WindowsError: [Error 2] The system cannot find the file specified: u'd-025c49f7-116e-4ad1-909e-13cc59b03dc3/'

Here 025c49f7-116e-4ad1-909e-13cc59b03dc3/ is the directory name . The same code works earlier as indicated. Any pointers ?

A:

os.chdir() changes the current directory for the remainder of the Python script. You are probably better off not changing directories at all, and manipulating files in directories using relative paths.
In other words,
os.mkdir('a')
os.chdir('a')
os.mkdir('b')
os.chdir('b')

ends up creating a/b and leaving you inside this directory; attempting to os.chdir('b') again fails, because there is no b inside this directory - you only just created it, so it is obviously empty.
I'm guessing you wanted to create a and b as subdirectories of the current directory, not the latter inside the former. Not doing os.chdir('a') after creating a obviously fixes this; and more generally, unless you specifically want to recursively create a deep sequence of nested directories, there is rarely a need for your programs to switch their working directory.
Needless to say,
os.chdir('a')
newfile = open('c', 'w')

can be rephrased without changing the working directory;
newfile = open(os.path.join(['a', 'c']), 'w')

where in this trivial case open('a/c', 'w') works as well; but if you do nontrivial processing where directory names and/or file names are in variables, you need to know about the more general os.path.join() syntax.

textbook:
Lesson: Changing Directories in Python

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to change directories in Python. We will cover the basics of changing directories, as well as some common mistakes that beginners make when working with directories.

Section 1: What is a directory?
A directory is a collection of files and other directories on a computer. In Python, we can use the `os` module to work with directories.

Section 2: How do we change directories in Python?
We can change directories in Python using the `os.chdir()` function. This function takes a single argument, which is the path to the directory we want to change to.

Example:
```python
import os

original_directory = os.getcwd()
os.chdir("path/to/new/directory")
new_directory = os.getcwd()

print("Original directory:", original_directory)
print("New directory:", new_directory)
```

Section 3: Common mistakes when changing directories
One common mistake when changing directories is forgetting to use `os.chdir()` to return to the original directory. We can use the `os.getcwd()` function to get the current directory, and then pass that as an argument to `os.chdir()`.

Example:
```python
import os

original_directory = os.getcwd()
os.chdir("path/to/new/directory")

# Do some work here

new_directory = os.getcwd()

print("Original directory:", original_directory)
print("New directory:", new_directory)
os.chdir(original_directory)
```

Section 4: Practical Examples
Let's look at some practical examples of changing directories in Python.

Example 1: Changing directories to a specific folder
```python
import os

original_directory = os.getcwd()
os.chdir("/home/user/documents")
new_directory = os.getcwd()

print("Original directory:", original_directory)
print("New directory:", new_directory)
```

Example 2: Changing directories based on user input
```python
import os

original_directory = os.getcwd()
directory_name = input("Enter the name of the directory you want to change to: ")
os.chdir(directory_name)
new_directory = os.getcwd()

print("Original directory:", original_directory)
print("New directory:", new_directory)
```

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to change directories in Python using the `os.chdir()` function. We also covered some common mistakes that beginners make when working with directories, and looked at some practical examples of changing directories. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, we can easily change directories in our Python programs.