text: The death penalty in wartime: arguments for abolition. This paper considers whether there are any special arguments which would justify limiting the abolition of the death penalty to ordinary crimes. It presents arguments for and against the death penalty for wartime offences and includes a brief review of the subject from the point of view of international law. An appendix provides a summary of existing provisions on the death penalty for exceptional offences in the legislation of states where this penalty has been abolished for ordinary crimes.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Should the Death Penalty be Abolished in Wartime?

Overview: In this lesson, we will explore the arguments for and against the death penalty for wartime offenses. We will also consider the international law perspective on this issue and examine the existing provisions on the death penalty for exceptional offenses in states where this penalty has been abolished for ordinary crimes.

Section 1: Introduction

The death penalty is a contentious issue that has been debated for centuries. While many countries have abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes, some still retain it for wartime offenses. In this lesson, we will consider the arguments for and against the death penalty in wartime and explore the international law perspective on this issue.

Section 2: Arguments for Abolition

There are several arguments for abolishing the death penalty in wartime. One argument is that the death penalty is a violation of human rights. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person. Executing individuals for their actions during wartime contradicts this right.

Another argument is that the death penalty is not an effective deterrent. Studies have shown that the threat of the death penalty does not deter individuals from committing crimes during wartime. In fact, in some cases, it may even increase violence.

Section 3: Arguments for Retention

On the other hand, there are arguments for retaining the death penalty for wartime offenses. One argument is that the death penalty can act as a deterrent during wartime. If soldiers know that they will face the death penalty for certain actions, they may be more hesitant to commit such acts.

Another argument is that the death penalty can help maintain discipline within the military. If soldiers know that they will face the death penalty for desertion or other acts of cowardice, they may be more likely to fight bravely and loyally.

Section 4: International Law Perspective

The death penalty for wartime offenses is a complex issue in international law. Some argue that the death penalty can be justified in times of war due to the unique circumstances. However, others argue that the death penalty is always a violation of human rights and should be abolished, regardless of the circumstances.

Section 5: Existing Provisions

In states where the death penalty has been abolished for ordinary crimes, there are existing provisions on the death penalty for exceptional offenses in wartime. These provisions vary widely between countries, but generally, the death penalty can be imposed for offenses such as treason, espionage, and crimes against humanity.

Section 6: Conclusion

In conclusion, the death penalty is a complex issue that has been debated for centuries. While many countries have abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes, some still retain it for wartime offenses. This lesson has explored the arguments for and against the death penalty in wartime and considered the international law perspective on this issue. By understanding the existing provisions on the death penalty for exceptional offenses in states where this penalty has been abolished for ordinary crimes, we can better understand the complexities of this issue. Ultimately, the decision to abolish or retain the death penalty in wartime is a moral and legal question that must be carefully considered by policymakers and the public.


text: Mud Housing?. “MUD IS a versatile building material that has been used to make some extraordinary architectural marvels — from 1,000-year-old ksars (forts) in Morocco and 6,000-year-old arches, vaults and domes in the Nile Valley to multi-storeyed houses of adobe, sun-baked bricks of mud and straw, which is the traditional building material throughout much of Latin America.” (). “Mud is cheap, is a ‘breathable’ material and helps to maintain fairly even temperatures inside the house. Besides being eco-friendly, it is malleable and offers better insulation than concrete structures.” — Revathi Kamath. Mud Housing Consultancy:. Reply

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Mud Housing

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Mud housing is a type of construction that uses mud as the primary building material. Mud is a natural material that is composed of water, clay, and other organic materials. It is often used in areas where other building materials are scarce or expensive, such as in rural areas or developing countries.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

One example of mud housing can be found in the Yoruba region of West Africa, where homes are built using a mixture of mud, straw, and water. The walls of these homes are typically several feet thick, providing excellent insulation against both heat and cold. In addition, the mud used in these homes is often mixed with plant fibers, which help to strengthen the structure and prevent cracking.

Another example of mud housing can be found in the Nile Valley, where ancient structures made from mud bricks have survived for thousands of years. These structures were often used for storage or as temporary shelters, but they were also capable of supporting multi-story buildings.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

One practical application of mud housing can be found in disaster relief efforts. In areas that have been devastated by natural disasters, such as earthquakes or hurricanes, mud homes can be quickly and easily constructed using local materials. These homes are often stronger and more durable than traditional wooden or concrete structures, and they can be built at a fraction of the cost.

In addition, mud homes are often more environmentally friendly than other types of construction. Because they are made from natural materials, they do not contribute to deforestation or the depletion of other resources. Furthermore, because they are breathable, they help to regulate temperature and humidity levels inside the home, reducing the need for artificial heating and cooling.

## Glossary
- Mud: A mixture of water, clay, and other organic materials that is used as a building material in some parts of the world.
- Adobe: A type of mud brick that is commonly used in Latin America.
- Ksar: A fort or castle made from mud bricks, often found in Morocco.
- Vault: An arched ceiling or roof that is commonly found in ancient structures made from mud bricks.
- Dome: A hemispherical roof that is often found in ancient structures made from mud bricks.

## Conclusion

Mud housing is an interesting and practical type of construction that has been used for centuries in many parts of the world. By using natural materials and simple techniques, people have been able to build strong and durable structures that are both affordable and environmentally friendly. By learning about mud housing, we can gain a greater appreciation for the ingenuity and resourcefulness of human beings, as well as the potential benefits of sustainable construction practices.


text: The most noticeable spectator at this year's Australian Open is Redfoo, formerly of the popular dance music duo LMFAO and son of Motown founder Berry Gordy. He is a guest of top-seeded Victoria Azarenka who is aiming for her second straight Australian Open title.. Well, when she is not playing, Azarenka likes to have some fun with ESPN cameras set up outside the players' clubhouse at the tournament. The latest was Azarenka and Redfoo doing a little dance number. You can see another example of Azarenka messing with the cameras below (via @cjzero)....

textbook:
Lesson:
Introduction to Dance and its Influence on Popular Culture

**Objective:** To introduce students to the art of dance and its influence on popular culture.

**Overview:** Dance is a form of artistic expression that involves movement of the body to music or rhythm. It has been part of human culture for thousands of years and has evolved into numerous styles and techniques. In recent times, dance has become an integral part of popular culture, influencing fashion, music, and even politics.

**Section 1: History and Evolution of Dance**
Dance has been a part of human culture since prehistoric times. Early forms of dance were used for rituals, ceremonies, and storytelling. Over time, dance evolved into various styles such as ballet, tap, jazz, hip-hop, salsa, and many more. Each style has its unique movements, techniques, and costumes.

**Activity:** Have students research and present on the history and evolution of a specific dance style.

**Section 2: Influence of Dance on Popular Culture**
Dance has had a significant impact on popular culture over the years. From the Charleston in the 1920s to the Macarena in the 1990s, dance crazes have swept the world. Dance has also influenced fashion, with designers creating clothing that allows for freedom of movement. Music videos and concerts often feature elaborate dance routines that become popular among young people.

**Activity:** Have students analyze the role of dance in popular music videos and its influence on fashion and choreography.

**Section 3: Career Opportunities in Dance**
Dance is not just a form of artistic expression; it can also be a lucrative career. Professional dancers can work in various industries, including Broadway shows, movies, television, and commercials. They can also teach dance classes or choreograph for other performers.

**Activity:** Have students research and report on the various career opportunities available in the dance industry.

**Conclusion:** Dance is an art form that has evolved over time and has had a significant impact on popular culture. It offers numerous career opportunities for those interested in pursuing it professionally. By understanding the history and evolution of dance and its influence on popular culture, students can appreciate the importance of this art form and its relevance in today's society.

**Glossary:**
- Dance: A form of artistic expression that involves movement of the body to music or rhythm.
- Style: A specific technique or method of dancing.
- Technique: A set of methods or principles used in dancing.
- Choreography: The art of creating dance routines.
- Career Opportunities: Jobs or positions available in the dance industry.


text:
Q:

Too many glDrawElements cause for low fps? OpenGL ES1.1 ( iPhone )

I am developing a 2D Tile based game and currently struggling with performance issue as  I am getting around 10 - 15 FPS even when running on iPad 3. OpenGL ES Frame capture reveals that I am making call to glDrawElements 689 times per frame! Is that a lot? Could it be the case of low performance?
Should I stack everything in one huge array and perform 1 draw call? will it make any difference?

A:

At this point in time, you are currently limited by your command issue(assuming), if you run opengl performance detective ( it's under xcode (right click, open developer tools) you may have to download it through preferences ).
Your goal is to be limited by fill rate at the end of the day, here are some tips to help you get there
Sort all sprites by
Draw Depth
Blend Mode
Texture ID
Once sorted,
Pack all sprites into one vertex buffer object and an index buffer object.
When ever your draw depth, blend mode, or texture ID change, it's time to make a new draw call and bind those resources.
Also keep in mind that your sprites should have your vertices flatted on the cpu side (pos x mvp ) and you should not be sending over matrices and any other attributes such as color, should be part of the vertex.
Typical vertex
{
    float pos[3]
    int color
    float uv[2]
}

source: minipile

textbook:
# Lesson: Understanding Performance Issues in 2D Tile-Based Games

## Introduction
In this lesson, we will explore the causes of performance issues in 2D tile-based games and learn how to optimize them. We will focus on the use of OpenGL ES and its impact on frame rates.

## Section 1: Understanding Performance Issues
Performance issues in 2D tile-based games can arise from several factors, including the number of draw calls, the complexity of the graphics, and the efficiency of the code. In the question provided, the developer is experiencing performance issues with a high number of draw calls, specifically 689 per frame. This can cause a significant drop in frame rates, leading to a choppy gameplay experience.

## Section 2: Optimizing Performance
There are several ways to optimize performance in 2D tile-based games. One approach is to reduce the number of draw calls by combining objects into larger batches. This can be done by sorting sprites by their draw depth, blend mode, and texture ID. Once sorted, all sprites can be packed into one vertex buffer object and an index buffer object, reducing the number of draw calls and improving performance.

Another optimization technique is to use a single vertex buffer object and an index buffer object to pack all sprites. This reduces the number of draw calls and can significantly improve performance. Additionally, optimizing the code to reduce overhead and improve efficiency can also help improve performance.

## Section 3: Practical Examples
Let's consider a simple example where we have 100 tiles on the screen. If each tile has its own draw call, we would have 100 draw calls per frame. However, by sorting the tiles by draw depth, blend mode, and texture ID, we can combine them into larger batches. For instance, we could combine all tiles with the same draw depth into one batch, reducing the number of draw calls to 10.

Similarly, if we have a large number of sprites on the screen, we can pack them all into one vertex buffer object and an index buffer object, further reducing the number of draw calls and improving performance.

## Glossary
- Draw call: A call to the graphics card to render an object on the screen.
- Vertex buffer object: A data structure that holds the vertices of 3D objects.
- Index buffer object: A data structure that holds the indices of triangles.

## Conclusion
Understanding the causes of performance issues in 2D tile-based games and implementing optimization techniques can significantly improve the game's frame rate and overall performance. By sorting sprites, using a single vertex buffer object and an index buffer object, and optimizing code, we can reduce the number of draw calls and improve the game's performance.


text: Bee Garden. Bee Hotel Garden is a Beautiful Insectary. Our bee hotel garden is a beautiful insectary for native nesting bees. In California, we have over 1600 varieties of native nesting bees! These are the tiny bees you see darting around your gardens, pollinating flowers and vegetables.. They do not make honey. They do not have a queen or a hive. Young children are incredulous when they hear this! Their only job is to pollinate 70% of the food we grow here in California.. These bees usually nest in the ground, or in downed wood. We clean up much of that old wood, and have created this habitat for them here. The bee blocks and logs have holes of various sizes, for the many different sized bees.. >>IMAGE perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error.

textbook:
**Title:** Bee Garden: A Beautiful Insectary for Native Nesting Bees

**Introduction:** In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of bees in our ecosystem and how to create a bee-friendly garden. We will cover the types of bees, their habitats, and the benefits they provide to our environment.

**Section 1: Types of Bees**

Bees are insects that belong to the family Apidae. There are over 20,000 species of bees worldwide, but in this lesson, we will focus on native nesting bees. These are the bees you see darting around your gardens, pollinating flowers and vegetables. They do not make honey, and they do not have a queen or a hive. Their only job is to pollinate 70% of the food we grow here in California.

**Section 2: Bee Habitats**

Native nesting bees usually nest in the ground or in downed wood. They prefer to live in areas with plenty of flowers and other sources of nectar. To create a habitat for these bees, we can leave some dead wood in our gardens and plant flowers that bloom at different times throughout the year. This will provide a constant supply of nectar for the bees.

**Section 3: Bee Blocks and Logs**

To make it easier for bees to nest in our gardens, we can use bee blocks and logs. These are made with holes of various sizes to accommodate the many different sizes of bees. By providing these nesting sites, we can help increase the population of native nesting bees in our area.

**Section 4: Benefits of Bee-Friendly Gardens**

Having a bee-friendly garden has many benefits. First, it provides a safe habitat for native nesting bees. Second, it helps to pollinate our food crops, which in turn increases the yield of our gardens. Finally, it helps to preserve the natural balance of our ecosystem.

**Conclusion:** In this lesson, we learned about the importance of native nesting bees and how to create a bee-friendly garden. We covered the types of bees, their habitats, and the benefits they provide to our environment. By creating a bee-friendly garden, we can help preserve the natural balance of our ecosystem and ensure that these important pollinators continue to thrive.


text: This is a large corporate hotel located at the botton of Long street in Cape Town. The hotel offers a free shuttle to the waterfront, which runs regularly all day. I had an excellent stay in the Westin. The check-in was quick and friendly and I was soon in my room. The room itself is large and very clean wih a sat TV, free coffee/tea/water. The bathroom was excellent with a separate bath and shower. I tried teh gym, which is well equipped. I also tried the 19th floor lounge with offered excellent views over Cape Town. It did carry a charge though, unlike some other Westin lounges. The breakfast was excellent with a large range of foods, both hot and cold. We also took a hotel winelands trip and the driver was well-informed. We had a history tour as well as a wine tour and it was absolutely perfect. He only took us to the vinyards that he really rated. Great hotel if you are stopping in the area.More. - Free Wifi. - Pool

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Hotel Reviews

Introduction:
Hotel reviews are an essential tool for travelers when choosing a place to stay. They provide valuable insights into the quality of service, amenities, and overall experience at a particular hotel. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand hotel reviews to make informed decisions about our accommodations.

Section 1: Understanding Hotel Reviews

Topic 1: Types of Hotel Reviews
There are two main types of hotel reviews: guest reviews and expert reviews. Guest reviews are written by people who have stayed at the hotel and share their experiences. Expert reviews are written by professional reviewers who evaluate the hotel based on specific criteria such as location, amenities, and service.

Topic 2: Reading Hotel Reviews
When reading hotel reviews, look for specific details that can help you determine the quality of the hotel. Pay attention to the following aspects:

- Location: Is the hotel located in a convenient area? Is it close to popular attractions or transportation hubs?
- Amenities: Does the hotel offer the necessary facilities for your needs (e.g., Wi-Fi, fitness center, restaurant)?
- Service: How friendly and helpful were the staff members? Was the check-in process smooth?
- Cleanliness: Were the rooms and common areas clean and well-maintained?
- Value: Did you get what you paid for? Was the price reasonable for the quality of the hotel?

Topic 3: Evaluating Hotel Reviews
After reading several reviews, try to identify patterns and trends. Look for common praises and complaints. If many guests mention positive experiences with the service, it's likely that the hotel has a strong customer service culture. On the other hand, if many guests complain about the same issue (e.g., noise from the neighboring room), it may indicate a recurring problem that the hotel hasn't addressed.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, reading and understanding hotel reviews is an essential skill for any traveler. By paying attention to specific details and evaluating patterns and trends, you can make informed decisions about where to stay and ensure a comfortable and enjoyable experience.

Glossary:
- Guest reviews: reviews written by people who have stayed at the hotel
- Expert reviews: reviews written by professional reviewers
- Location: the area where the hotel is located
- Amenities: facilities and services provided by the hotel
- Service: the quality of interaction between guests and hotel staff
- Cleanliness: the state of tidiness of the rooms and common areas
- Value: the perceived worth of the hotel in relation to its price

Self-Debate Discussion:
- How important is it to read both guest and expert reviews when evaluating a hotel?
- Can you think of other factors that should be considered when reading hotel reviews?
- How can you tell if a hotel has genuinely improved its service based on previous guest complaints?


text: Advanced Synthesis MatrixBrute TUTORiAL-SYNTHiC4TE26 February 2018. Advanced Synthesis MatrixBrute TUTORiAL. SYNTHiC4TE | Feb 26 2018 | 0.98 GB. MatrixBrute truly offers limitless possibilities. Thankfully, synth expert Marc Doty is back with an advanced look at this very complex instrument. Join him, and dive deeper!! Here are some of the things you will learn in this course: a special technique to give a bass boost to any sound, how to go beyond the standard ADSR and generate complex envelopes, a trick to add delay when the effect section is already in use, how to do additive synthesis with your MatrixBrute, the theory and science of creating human voice-like sound, a workaround to use the monophonic sequencer polyphonically, how to synthesize full drum beats… and more! The course ends with a demonstration of emulating well-known classic synths such as the Minimoog and Korg MS-20.. INFO/DEMO/BUY:. Advanced Synthesis MatrixBrute TUTORiAL-SYNTHiC4TE. Category(s):. Magesy® Related Post:

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to Synthesis

Overview: Synthesis is the process of creating sounds using electronic devices or computer software. It is used in music production, sound design, and other creative fields. This lesson introduces the basics of synthesis and provides an overview of the different types of synthesizers.

Objectives:
- Understand the basic principles of synthesis
- Identify the different types of synthesizers
- Explain how synthesizers create sound

Section 1: Introduction to Synthesis

Synthesis is the process of creating sounds using electronic devices or computer software. It involves generating audio signals that can be heard through speakers or headphones. Synthesis is used in music production, sound design, and other creative fields.

Section 2: Types of Synthesizers

There are several types of synthesizers, including:

1. Analog synthesizers: These use analog circuits to generate sound. They were popular in the 1970s and 1980s and are still used today.

2. Digital synthesizers: These use digital technology to generate sound. They were introduced in the 1980s and are now the most common type of synthesizer.

3. Hybrid synthesizers: These combine elements of both analog and digital synthesizers.

Section 3: How Synthesizers Create Sound

Synthesizers create sound by manipulating electrical signals. They use oscillators to generate waveforms, which are then shaped by filters and amplified by an envelope generator. The sound is then output through a speaker or headphones.

Section 4: Conclusion

In this lesson, we introduced the basics of synthesis and provided an overview of the different types of synthesizers. We also explained how synthesizers create sound. This knowledge can be applied to create unique and innovative sounds in music production and sound design.

Glossary:
- Synthesis: The process of creating sounds using electronic devices or computer software.
- Synthesizer: An electronic musical instrument that generates sounds.
- Oscillator: A component in a synthesizer that generates waveforms.
- Filter: A component in a synthesizer that shapes the sound.
- Envelope generator: A component in a synthesizer that controls the volume and other aspects of the sound.

Self-Debate Discussion:

What are some ways that synthesis has impacted music and sound design? How has technology changed the way synthesizers are created and used?


text: *. Prices incl. VAT plus shipping costs. Ready to ship today,. Delivery time appr. 1-3 workdays. - Order number: 050001. For gentle cold-preservation of various fruit juices in Your household. Content of package to... more. Product information "Antiferm for 10 l". For gentle cold-preservation of various fruit juices in Your household. Content of package to be dissolved in 1 l of the juice and then to be added to the entire batch. Stir and store with air-tight seal. No boiling!. Big bag, Antiferm for 50 l aslo available!. Related links to "Antiferm for 10 l". Customer evaluation for "Antiferm for 10 l". Write an evaluation. Evaluations will be activated after verification.. Viewed

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Product Descriptions

Introduction:
Product descriptions are essential when buying products online or in-store. They provide information about the product's features, benefits, and specifications. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand product descriptions effectively.

Section 1: Reading Techniques
- Start by reading the title and subtitle of the product description. This will give you an overview of what the product is about.
- Look for key words and phrases that indicate the product's features, benefits, and specifications.
- Pay attention to the sentence structure and grammar to ensure that the description is clear and easy to understand.
- Check for any images or videos that accompany the product description. These can provide additional information about the product's appearance, size, and functionality.

Section 2: Understanding Product Features and Benefits
- Identify the main features of the product by looking for key phrases such as "includes," "features," or "comes with."
- Determine the benefits of each feature by asking yourself how it will improve your life or solve a problem.
- Compare the product's features and benefits to those of similar products to determine if it is a good value for the price.

Section 3: Understanding Specifications
- Look for specifications such as size, weight, color, and material to determine if they meet your needs.
- Compare the product's specifications to those of similar products to determine if it is a good value for the price.
- Consider the product's dimensions and weight if you need to transport or store it.

Glossary:
- Product Description: A written explanation of a product's features, benefits, and specifications.
- Features: The unique characteristics of a product that set it apart from other products.
- Benefits: The advantages that a product provides to the user.
- Specifications: The technical details of a product, such as size, weight, and material.

Conclusion:
By following the techniques outlined in this lesson, you can effectively read and understand product descriptions. This skill will help you make informed purchasing decisions and ensure that you are getting the best value for your money.


text: Nanofilm Serves as Artificial Retina. Greater durability, flexibility and efficiency offer advantages over other artificial retina solutions. Greater durability, flexibility and efficiency offer advantages over other artificial retina solutions. Retina chip gets both power and data from near-infrared light. At this year's International Electron Devices Meeting in San Francisco, the phrase of the day was 22nm CMOS. Because it is the smallest manufacturable feature of a transistor, and because those transistors have been getting inexorably smaller for the past 40 years, the technology node is the defining characteristic of microchips. I was under the impression that fabrication had barely started on integrated circuits at the 45-nanometer node, which represents the current state of the art. But though I have heard precious little about 32 this year, 22nm invaded the territory before 2008 was even out. 32 nm, in …. The first prosthetic retina that would allow users to recognize faces

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Nanotechnology

### Section 1: What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter at the atomic or molecular level. It involves creating, modifying, or manipulating materials that are between 1 and 100 nanometers in size. This field has a wide range of applications, including medicine, electronics, and energy production.

### Section 2: Why is Nanotechnology Important?
Nanotechnology is important because it allows us to create materials with properties that are not possible using traditional methods. For example, nanoparticles can be engineered to have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties that can be used in a variety of applications. Additionally, nanotechnology can be used to develop new materials that are lighter, stronger, and more efficient than those currently available.

### Section 3: How does Nanotechnology Work?
Nanotechnology works by manipulating atoms and molecules to create new materials or modify existing ones. This can be done using a variety of techniques, including chemical synthesis, physical deposition, and self-assembly. Once these materials have been created or modified, they can be used in a variety of applications, such as creating new drugs or developing more efficient solar cells.

### Section 4: Applications of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology has a wide range of applications in fields such as medicine, electronics, and energy production. For example, nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs directly to cancer cells, while nanowires can be used to create more efficient solar cells. Additionally, nanotechnology can be used to create new materials that are lighter, stronger, and more efficient than those currently available.

### Section 5: Conclusion
Nanotechnology is an exciting field that has the potential to revolutionize a wide range of industries. By manipulating matter at the atomic or molecular level, we can create new materials with unique properties that can be used in a variety of applications. As research in this field continues to progress, we can expect to see even more innovative uses for nanotechnology in the future.


text: Exempt Organization’s – Does your Maryland sales tax exemption certificate expire 09/30/2012? September 4, 2012The SALT ShakerOn September 30, 2012 the state-issued exemption certificates for all Maryland exempt organizations will expire (the expiration date is on the top right corner of the certificate below the issue date). This means that exempt organizations must apply for and receive new certificates in order to continue purchasing goods and services without sales tax. The exempt organizations should send copies of their new certificates to the vendors that supply taxable goods and services so that tax-free purchases continue.The instructions for renewing your certificate are located on the Comptroller’s website at: contact Andy Bareham if you have any questions about this process.

textbook:
Lesson: Tax Exemption for Nonprofit Organizations
Introduction:
Nonprofit organizations play a crucial role in society by providing essential services to the public. To encourage these organizations to carry out their missions, many states offer tax exemptions to nonprofits. In this lesson, we will learn about tax exemption for nonprofit organizations in Maryland and how to renew the exemption certificate.
Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is to teach students how to apply for and renew a tax exemption certificate for their nonprofit organization in Maryland.
Section 1: What is a Tax Exemption for Nonprofit Organizations?
A tax exemption is a financial exemption from taxes that would otherwise be payable by an individual or corporation. For nonprofit organizations, this means that they do not have to pay sales tax on goods and services they purchase.
Section 2: How to Apply for a Tax Exemption Certificate in Maryland?
To apply for a tax exemption certificate in Maryland, nonprofit organizations must complete an application form and submit it to the Comptroller's Office. The application requires information about the organization's mission, activities, and financial status. Once the application is approved, the organization will receive a certificate that must be renewed every three years.
Section 3: How to Renew a Tax Exemption Certificate in Maryland?
To renew a tax exemption certificate in Maryland, nonprofit organizations must submit a new application and supporting documents to the Comptroller's Office. The renewal process is similar to the initial application process, but the organization must provide updated information about its activities and financial status.
Section 4: Practical Examples
Let's say a nonprofit organization in Maryland purchases office supplies worth $500. If the organization has a valid tax exemption certificate, it will not have to pay sales tax on these supplies. However, if the certificate expires, the organization will have to pay sales tax on the purchase.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, tax exemption for nonprofit organizations is an essential tool for encouraging these organizations to carry out their missions. By applying for and renewing a tax exemption certificate, nonprofit organizations can save money on purchases and use those funds to further their goals. Students should take away from this lesson the importance of tax exemption for nonprofits and the process of applying for and renewing a certificate in Maryland.
Glossary:
Tax Exemption: A financial exemption from taxes that would otherwise be payable by an individual or corporation.
Nonprofit Organization: An organization that operates for a public or charitable purpose, rather than generating profit for owners or shareholders.
Comptroller's Office: The government agency responsible for collecting and managing public funds.


text: Overcoming fear and ignorance is the key to reaching a supreme degree of self realization.. Tag: FEAR. The Sky Is The Limit If You Can Overcome Your Fears With Knowledge, Wisdom, And Understanding. Without a solid foundation of "knowledge of self" you will be consistently overwhelmed with fears and self doubt. When you know and understand your supreme circumstance in the universe anything is possible.. The Established Order Is Falling, Will You Fear The Chaos? Or Become It?. The sinister reality beneath the glamours, conveniences and distractions of modern society is manifesting itself more and more everyday. As world markets collapse, millions become unemployed, booming industries vanish into thin air, and "normal" becomes a thing of the past, widespread fear oozes from the masses.

textbook:
**Lesson: Overcoming Fear**

**Introduction**

Fear is an emotion that everyone experiences at some point in their lives. It can be caused by various situations such as meeting new people, starting a new job, or even just walking down a dark alley. However, fear should not hold us back from achieving our goals and dreams. In this lesson, we will learn how to overcome fear and use it to our advantage.

**Section 1: Understanding Fear**

Fear is a natural response to danger or threat. It is an emotion that triggers the "fight or flight" response in our bodies. This response helps us to protect ourselves from harm or to run away from danger. However, sometimes fear can be irrational and hold us back from achieving our goals.

**Question:** What is fear and why do we experience it?

**Answer:** Fear is an emotion that is triggered by a perceived threat or danger. It is a natural response that helps us to protect ourselves from harm. However, sometimes fear can be irrational and hold us back from achieving our goals.

**Section 2: Overcoming Fear**

To overcome fear, we need to understand what is causing it. Often, fear is caused by our imagination running wild and creating scenarios that are unlikely to happen. To overcome this, we need to focus on the present moment and take one step at a time. We also need to face our fears head-on and not avoid them.

**Question:** How can we overcome fear?

**Answer:** To overcome fear, we need to understand what is causing it. We should focus on the present moment and take one step at a time. We also need to face our fears head-on and not avoid them.

**Section 3: Using Fear to Our Advantage**

Fear can be a powerful tool if we use it correctly. Instead of running away from fear, we can use it to motivate us to achieve our goals. For example, if we are afraid of public speaking, we can use this fear to prepare extensively for our presentation and deliver it with confidence.

**Question:** How can we use fear to our advantage?

**Answer:** We can use fear to motivate us to achieve our goals. Instead of running away from fear, we can use it to prepare extensively for our presentation and deliver it with confidence.

**Glossary**

- Fear: An emotion that is triggered by a perceived threat or danger.
- Fight or flight response: A natural response that helps us to protect ourselves from harm or to run away from danger.
- Imagination: The ability to form mental images or concepts of something not present.
- Motivation: The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, fear is an emotion that everyone experiences at some point in their lives. However, it should not hold us back from achieving our goals and dreams. By understanding what is causing our fear and facing it head-on, we can overcome it and use it to our advantage. Remember, the sky is the limit if you can overcome your fears with knowledge, wisdom, and understanding.


text: Articles Tagged ‘Scion’. What Scion sees in The Plateaus. How a web series about a fake band and a car company turned the traditional funding model on its side.. Blue Ant teams with Scion for music vid series. The Toyota brand is sponsoring an original series in which up-and-coming musicians team up with visual artists and filmmakers.. City Chase nabs new sponsors. Scion is now the title sponsor of the Amazing Race-style competition, and will also have its cars integrated into the event.. Toyota’s Scion iQ goes to the big screen. The world’s smallest car is promoted in a big way at Cineplex Entertainment theatres with film trivia and a contest.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Sponsorship in Business

Introduction:
Sponsorship is a crucial aspect of business, especially for companies looking to increase their visibility and reach new customers. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of sponsorship in business and how it can benefit companies like Scion, a car manufacturer that has partnered with various brands to promote its products.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
- Sponsorship is a marketing strategy where a company pays to support an event, activity, or person to promote its products or services.
- Sponsorship can help companies increase their visibility, build brand awareness, and reach new customers.
- Companies often sponsor events, sports teams, charities, and other organizations to associate themselves with positive images and values.

Section 2: Practical Examples
- Scion sponsored a web series about a fake band and a car company, which turned the traditional funding model on its side. This unconventional approach helped Scion stand out from other car brands and attract a younger audience.
- Scion also teamed up with Blue Ant, a media company, to create a music video series. This partnership allowed Scion to reach a new audience and showcase its cars in a creative and engaging way.
- Scion's sponsorship of City Chase, an Amazing Race-style competition, helped increase its visibility and associates it with adventure and excitement.

Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
- As a business owner, you can learn from Scion's sponsorship strategies and apply them to your own company. Consider partnering with organizations or events that align with your brand values and target audience.
- You can also create your own sponsorship opportunities by supporting local events or charities in your community. This can help build brand loyalty and showcase your commitment to social responsibility.

Glossary:
- Sponsorship: A marketing strategy where a company pays to support an event, activity, or person to promote its products or services.
- Brand awareness: The extent to which people are familiar with and recognize a brand.
- Target audience: The group of people that a company aims to sell its products or services to.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, sponsorship is a powerful tool that can help companies like Scion increase their visibility, build brand awareness, and reach new customers. By partnering with other brands and supporting events and organizations that align with their values, companies can create meaningful connections with their target audience and stand out in a crowded marketplace.


text:
Intermetallics as zintl phases: Yb2Ga4Ge6 and RE3Ga4Ge6 (RE=Yb, Eu): structural response of a [Ga4Ge6]4- framework to reduction by two electrons.
Two new intermetallic compounds, Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) and Yb(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), were obtained from reactions in molten Ga. A third compound, Eu(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), was produced by direct combination of the elements. The crystal structures of these compounds were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell with a=4.1698(7), b=23.254(4), c=10.7299(18) A in the polar space group Cmc2(1). The structure of RE(3)Ga(4)Ge(6) is monoclinic, space group C2/m, with cell parameters a=23.941(6), b=4.1928(11), c=10.918(3) A, beta=91.426(4) degrees for RE=Yb, and a=24.136(2), b=4.3118(4), c=11.017(1) A, beta=91.683(2) degrees for RE=Eu. The refinement [I>2 sigma(I)] converged to the final residuals R(1)/wR(2)=0.0229/0.0589, 0.0411/0.1114, and 0.0342/0.0786 for Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6), Yb(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), and Eu(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), respectively. The structures of these two families of compounds can be described by a Zintl concept of bonding, in which the three-dimensional [Ga(4)Ge(6)](n-) framework serves as a host and electron sink for the electropositive RE atoms. The structural relation of RE(3)Ga(4)Ge(6) to of Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) lies in a monoclinic distortion of the orthorhombic cell of Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) and reduction of the [Ga(4)Ge(6)] network by two electrons per formula unit. The results of theoretical calculations of the electronic structure, electrical transport data, and thermochemical and magnetic measurements are also reported.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Structural Response of a [Ga4Ge6]4- Framework to Reduction by Two Electrons

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the structural response of a [Ga4Ge6]4- framework to reduction by two electrons. We will learn about the crystal structures of new intermetallic compounds, Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) and Yb(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), and their monoclinic structure, space group C2/m, and orthorhombic cell. We will also discuss the crystal structure of Eu(3)Ga(4)Ge(6) and its space group C2/m.

Section 1: Crystal Structures of Intermetallic Compounds

1.1 What are intermetallic compounds?
Intermetallic compounds are materials that consist of two or more metallic elements combined in a fixed proportion. They have unique properties that make them useful in various applications, such as electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and thermal conductivity.

1.2 Crystal structures of intermetallic compounds
The crystal structures of intermetallic compounds can be classified into several categories, including simple cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed. The arrangement of atoms in these structures determines the physical and chemical properties of the compounds.

1.3 Structural response of a [Ga4Ge6]4- framework to reduction by two electrons
In the case of Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) and Yb(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), the crystal structures were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds have different crystal structures, with Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) having an orthorhombic cell and Yb(3)Ga(4)Ge(6) having a monoclinic structure. These structures are important because they determine the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the compounds.

Section 2: Crystal Structure of Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6)

2.1 Space group Cmc2(1)
The crystal structure of Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) is in a polar space group Cmc2(1). This means that the structure has a two-fold symmetry axis and a center of symmetry. The unit cell has a=4.1698(7), b=23.254(4), and c=10.7299(18) A.

2.2 Atomic positions
The structure of Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) consists of alternating layers of Yb and Ga atoms separated by Ge atoms. The Yb atoms are located at the corners of the cube, while the Ga atoms are located at the centers of the faces. The Ge atoms form a square lattice with a=2.515(2) A.

Section 3: Crystal Structure of Yb(3)Ga(4)Ge(6)

3.1 Space group C2/m
The crystal structure of Yb(3)Ga(4)Ge(6) is also in a polar space group C2/m. This means that the structure has a two-fold symmetry axis and a center of symmetry. The unit cell has a=24.136(2), b=4.3118(4), and c=10.917(1) A, and beta=91.683(2) degrees for RE=Eu.

3.2 Atomic positions
The structure of Yb(3)Ga(4)Ge(6) consists of alternating layers of Yb and Ga atoms separated by Ge atoms. The Yb atoms are located at the corners of the cube, while the Ga atoms are located at the centers of the faces. The Ge atoms form a square lattice with a=2.515(2) A.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the crystal structures of intermetallic compounds and the specific structures of Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) and Yb(3)Ga(4)Ge(6). We discussed the space groups and atomic positions of these compounds and how their structures affect their physical and chemical properties. By understanding these structures, scientists can design and create new materials with specific properties for various applications.

Glossary:
- Intermetallic compound: A material consisting of two or more metallic elements combined in a fixed proportion.
- Crystal structure: The arrangement of atoms in a solid material.
- Polar space group: A space group with a two-fold symmetry axis and a center of symmetry.
- Monoclinic: A crystal system with a non-right-angled parallelogram habit.
- Orthorhombic: A crystal system with a right-angled parallelogram habit.
- Center of symmetry: A point in a crystal structure that is unchanged under a symmetry operation.


text: Monday, October 20, 2014. Laura Rance is an award-winning journalist who has been writing about farm and rural issues for nearly 30 years. She grew up on a farm in southern Manitoba and has lived in rural communities for most of her career. Laura is currently editor of the Manitoba Co-operator and a business columnist with the Winnipeg Free Press.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Journalism

**Objective:** To introduce students to the basics of journalism and its importance in society.

**Section 1: What is Journalism?**

Journalism is the practice of gathering, writing, editing, and disseminating news and information to the public. It is an essential part of our society, as it helps to keep people informed about current events and issues.

**Section 2: Why is Journalism Important?**

Journalism is important because it holds those in power accountable for their actions. It also serves as a watchdog for society, exposing corruption and wrongdoing. Additionally, journalism provides a platform for individuals to voice their opinions and share their stories.

**Section 3: Types of Journalism**

There are several types of journalism, including:

1. News reporting - This involves covering current events and breaking news.
2. Feature writing - This involves writing longer, more in-depth articles about people, places, or events.
3. Investigative journalism - This involves conducting research and uncovering information that may not be readily available to the public.
4. Sports journalism - This involves covering sports events and writing about athletes and teams.

**Section 4: Skills Needed for Journalism**

To succeed in journalism, one must possess several skills, including:

1. Writing skills - Journalists must be able to write clearly and concisely, while also being able to capture the attention of their readers.
2. Research skills - Journalists must be able to conduct thorough research to ensure that their articles are accurate and well-supported.
3. Interviewing skills - Journalists must be able to ask probing questions and effectively communicate with sources to gather the information they need.
4. Time management skills - Journalists must be able to work efficiently to meet deadlines while still producing quality work.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

Journalism is an important field that plays a crucial role in society. By learning the basics of journalism, students can develop the skills needed to pursue careers in this field and make a positive impact on the world around them.


text: Facebook's soon-to-be-opened data center in Altoona, Iowa will be 100% wind-powered, the company has announced. Electricity will be supplied by MidAmerican Energy in nearby Wellsburg, IA. It will be Facebook's fourth proprietary data center.. The wind plant is being built concurrently with the data center. Originally, MidAmerican was going to build a nuclear facility, but when it heard about Facebook's desire to move into Iowa with green energy, MidAmerican shifted plans. How much pull does Facebook have? That much.. "When we settled on Altoona as the location for our fourth data center," a Facebook blog post from today reads, .". The wind plant will generate 138 MW, which will more than cover Facebook's needs for the data center (artist rendering shown above.) The remainder will be sold by MidAmerican to other customers. Both projects are scheduled to start operating in 2014. It will bring Facebook that much closer to the company's goal of being 25% renewable energy-powered worldwide by 2015.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Renewable Energy

Introduction:
Renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly important in our world today. In this lesson, we will explore the reasons why companies like Facebook choose to use renewable energy sources, such as wind power, to power their data centers. We will also learn about the benefits of renewable energy and how it can help us reduce our carbon footprint and protect the environment.

Section 1: Why Use Renewable Energy?

Topic 1: The Benefits of Renewable Energy
- Renewable energy sources, such as wind power, are sustainable and do not harm the environment.
- They can help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, which contribute to air pollution and climate change.
- Using renewable energy can also help reduce our carbon footprint and protect the environment.

Topic 2: The Advantages of Using Renewable Energy in Data Centers
- Data centers consume a lot of energy, so using renewable energy sources can help reduce costs and improve efficiency.
- Renewable energy sources are also reliable and can provide a steady stream of electricity, which is important for data centers that require constant power.
- Using renewable energy can also help companies like Facebook achieve their sustainability goals and improve their reputation.

Section 2: How Does Renewable Energy Work?

Topic 1: Understanding Wind Power
- Wind power is a form of renewable energy that harnesses the power of the wind to generate electricity.
- Wind turbines capture the kinetic energy of the wind and convert it into electrical power.
- This power can then be used to power homes, businesses, and other facilities.

Topic 2: How Wind Power Works
- Wind turbines are made up of several components, including blades, a generator, and a tower.
- When the wind blows, it turns the blades of the turbine, which causes the generator to spin.
- The spinning generator creates electricity that can be used to power homes and businesses.

Section 3: Applying Renewable Energy to Real-World Scenarios

Topic 1: Calculating the Amount of Renewable Energy Needed
- To calculate the amount of renewable energy needed, you need to know the amount of electricity that your data center uses.
- You can then compare this to the amount of electricity that can be generated by renewable energy sources, such as wind power.
- This will help you determine how much renewable energy you need to purchase to meet your goals.

Topic 2: Analyzing the Costs of Renewable Energy
- The cost of renewable energy varies depending on several factors, such as the location of the data center and the availability of renewable energy sources.
- However, in general, the cost of renewable energy has been decreasing over time, making it more affordable for companies to invest in.
- It's important to analyze the costs of renewable energy and compare them to the costs of traditional energy sources to determine which option is most cost-effective.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the importance of renewable energy cannot be overstated. By using renewable energy sources, such as wind power, companies like Facebook can reduce their carbon footprint, improve their sustainability, and protect the environment. By understanding the benefits of renewable energy and how it works, we can apply this knowledge to real-world scenarios and make informed decisions about how to power our data centers and other facilities.

Glossary:
- Renewable energy: Energy that comes from natural resources that can be replenished, such as sunlight, wind, and water.
- Carbon footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, organization, or product.
- Sustainability: The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- Data center: A facility that stores, manages, and disseminates digital information.


text: My Nonprofit Reviews. Gray Matters. 132 profile views. 1 reviews. Review for Help Is Here Inc, Murrieta, CA, USA. I deposited $ to be used to help people who have sustained Brain Injuries. I made numerous requests for funds and was never transferred a penny. Maggie Baker is a liar and a thief. It is bad when people steal from each other, but to approach small start ups that are trying to do some good in this world and steal the money that is allowing for it, is demonic!

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Nonprofit Reviews

**Overview:** This lesson will introduce students to the concept of nonprofit reviews and how they can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a nonprofit organization. Students will learn about the different types of nonprofit reviews, how to read and interpret them, and how to use this information to make informed decisions about donating to or volunteering with a particular organization.

**Objectives:** By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

- Define what a nonprofit review is and why it is important
- Identify the different types of nonprofit reviews
- Read and interpret nonprofit reviews
- Use nonprofit reviews to make informed decisions about donating or volunteering

**Section 1: What is a Nonprofit Review?**

A nonprofit review is a evaluation of a nonprofit organization's programs, services, and overall impact. Nonprofit reviews can come in many forms, including written evaluations, video testimonials, and even social media posts. These reviews are important because they provide insight into how well an organization is doing its job and whether or not it is worth supporting.

**Section 2: Types of Nonprofit Reviews**

There are several different types of nonprofit reviews, including:

- Program evaluations: These reviews assess the effectiveness of a specific program or service offered by the nonprofit.
- Organizational assessments: These reviews evaluate the overall health and viability of the organization, including its finances, staff, and programs.
- Impact assessments: These reviews measure the overall impact of the nonprofit on its target population or community.
- Donor feedback: These reviews provide feedback from donors about their experience giving to the nonprofit.

**Section 3: Reading and Interpreting Nonprofit Reviews**

When reading nonprofit reviews, there are several things to look for:

- The source of the review: Is it from a reputable organization or individual?
- The date of the review: Has it been recently updated?
- The specifics of the review: Does it provide details about the program or organization being evaluated?
- The tone of the review: Is it positive or negative?

Once you have gathered this information, you can begin to interpret the review and decide whether or not it is trustworthy.

**Section 4: Using Nonprofit Reviews to Make Informed Decisions**

Now that you know how to read and interpret nonprofit reviews, you can use this information to make informed decisions about donating to or volunteering with a particular organization. Here are some steps to follow:

1. Research the organization: Before reading any reviews, do some research on the organization to see if it aligns with your values and interests.
2. Read multiple reviews: To get a well-rounded picture of the organization, read reviews from multiple sources.
3. Look for patterns: Pay attention to any patterns or trends in the reviews. If multiple reviews mention the same issue, it may be a red flag.
4. Consider the source: Take into account the credibility of the reviewer or the organization providing the review.
5. Make a decision: Based on the information you have gathered, decide whether or not the organization is worth supporting.

**Glossary:**

- Nonprofit: An organization that operates for a public benefit, rather than for profit.
- Review: An evaluation of something, such as a program, service, or organization.
- Impact: The effect or influence that something has on something or someone.

**Conclusion:**

In this lesson, we have learned about the importance of nonprofit reviews and how to read and interpret them. We have also learned how to use this information to make informed decisions about donating or volunteering with a particular organization. By following these steps and considering the information presented in this lesson, we can make a difference in our communities and support organizations that align with our values.


text: Induction Sealers. Showing all 4 results. Items Per Page:Sort by:. AF-2000W. Fully Automatic Induction sealer with stand only-(for customers who already have conveyor) water cooling system, 2000W power 220V 12A Cap Dia 10-55mm. AF-500W. Semi-Automatic Induction Cap Sealer suitable for non-metal container such as glass, plastic bottles ABS, PE, PET, PP, PS, PVC. Cap size 15-120mm (500W power) 220 V, footswitch operated.. AFC-2000W. Fully Automatic Induction sealer with Conveyor. Water cooling system, 2000W power 220V 12A Cap Dia 10-55mm, Belt Speed 20-60m/min, Metal belt conveyor. CS-501. Semi-Automatic Capping and Foil Sealing Machines. Will screw on cap and foil seal, For non-metal containers such as glass, or plastic bottles, ABS, PE, PET, PP, PS, PVC. Cap range from 22-40mm (1000W) 220V

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Induction Sealers

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
An induction sealer is a machine that uses electromagnetic induction to heat and seal the caps of containers such as bottles, jars, and cans. This process creates a hermetic seal that prevents the contents from spilling or leaking. Induction sealers are commonly used in food and beverage industries, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
Induction sealers work by generating an electromagnetic field around the cap of a container. When the cap is placed on the container, the electromagnetic field induces an electric current in the metal foil lining the cap. This current flows through the foil and generates heat, which melts the foil and creates a seal. The sealing process takes only seconds, making it a fast and efficient method of sealing containers.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
Induction sealers are useful in various industries where containers need to be sealed securely. For example, in the food and beverage industry, induction sealers are used to seal bottles containing carbonated drinks, juices, and other liquids. In the pharmaceutical industry, induction sealers are used to seal vials containing medications. In the cosmetics industry, induction sealers are used to seal containers of creams, lotions, and other beauty products.

## Glossary
- Electromagnetic induction: The process of generating an electrical current in a conductor by changing the magnetic field surrounding it.
- Hermetic seal: A type of seal that is completely airtight and watertight.
- Induction sealer: A machine that uses electromagnetic induction to seal containers.
- Cap: A removable lid that covers the opening of a container.
- Container: A receptacle or holder for a substance, such as a bottle, jar, or can.

## Conclusion
Induction sealers are essential machines in various industries that require secure sealing of containers. Understanding the principles behind induction sealers and their practical applications can help individuals understand the importance of these machines in modern manufacturing processes. By mastering the concepts presented in this lesson, students will be well-equipped to apply their knowledge to new problems and situations.


text: Owner and licensed Kindermusik educator Alison Kern is closing up shop after six years in Albion, because her family is moving to the Kansas City area in late July.. “I’m so sad to be saying goodbye to the kids and families I’ve worked with over the years,” Kern said. “When I started the program in 2010, I was hoping to just have enough kids to make a class for my son, Noah, who was a baby then. As it turned out, more than 160 kids came through the program, and I couldn’t be prouder of all the ways they’ve grown.”. Kern will continue teaching the music and movement classes as part of a large Kindermusik program in the Kansas City area.

textbook:
**Lesson:**
## Core Value: Perseverance
Perseverance is the ability to persist in the face of challenges and obstacles. It is an essential life skill that helps us achieve our goals and overcome adversity. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of perseverance and learn how to develop it in ourselves.
## Section 1: Introduction
Perseverance is a core value that helps us achieve our goals and overcome obstacles. It is the ability to keep going even when things get tough. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of perseverance and learn how to develop it in ourselves.
## Section 2: Why Perseverance is Important
Perseverance is important because it helps us achieve our goals. When we set a goal, we may encounter obstacles and challenges along the way. Perseverance helps us overcome these obstacles and stay on track towards achieving our goal. Additionally, perseverance helps us build character and resilience. When we persevere through difficult times, we become stronger and more confident in our ability to handle future challenges.
## Section 3: How to Develop Perseverance
Developing perseverance takes time and effort. Here are some strategies to help you develop perseverance:
1. Set achievable goals: Start with small goals and work your way up to bigger ones. This will help you build confidence and momentum.
2. Stay positive: Positive thinking can help you stay motivated and focused on your goals.
3. Learn from failure: Failure is a natural part of the learning process. Use failure as an opportunity to learn and grow.
4. Practice self-care: Taking care of yourself physically and mentally will help you stay energized and focused on your goals.
## Section 4: Practical Examples
Let's consider an example where perseverance is important. Suppose you want to learn to play the piano. You start taking lessons and practicing regularly. However, after a few months, you feel like you're not making progress. You start to doubt whether you have the talent or dedication to continue. At this point, perseverance comes into play. You remind yourself of why you started playing the piano and what you hope to achieve. You also remember that learning to play the piano takes time and practice. With this mindset, you continue practicing and taking lessons, even when it gets tough. Eventually, you start to see progress and feel a sense of accomplishment.
## Section 5: Conclusion
Perseverance is a core value that helps us achieve our goals and overcome obstacles. By developing perseverance, we can become stronger and more resilient individuals. Remember to set achievable goals, stay positive, learn from failure, and practice self-care. With these strategies, you can develop perseverance and achieve your goals.


text: Octopus Character Animation. For my next animation project in my motion graphics class, I am producing an animation involving a character that interacts with an object. I chose my character that is a pink octopus that interacts with a pot of cheese fondue. I wanted to animate an octopus because of the opportunities to hold different objects such as… Continue reading Octopus Character Animation

textbook:
Lesson: Creating an Animated Character

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about creating an animated character, specifically an octopus. We will explore the process of designing and animating an octopus character that interacts with an object, such as a pot of cheese fondue.

Section 1: Designing the Character

The first step in creating an animated character is to design it. When designing an octopus character, consider its shape, size, and color. The octopus should be visually appealing and easy to recognize. Here are some design tips:

- Shape: Octopuses have eight arms, so make sure your character has eight arms that look like tentacles.
- Size: Decide on the size of your octopus character based on the object it will interact with.
- Color: Choose a color that stands out and makes your character memorable.

Once you have designed your character, you can start animating it.

Section 2: Animating the Character

Now that you have designed your octopus character, it's time to animate it. Here are some tips for animating an octopus:

- Movement: Octopuses can move quickly and gracefully. Use smooth movements when animating your character to make it look realistic.
- Interaction: Make sure your octopus interacts with the object in a believable way. For example, if your character is reaching for the cheese fondue, make sure its tentacles move naturally.
- Timing: Pay attention to the timing of your character's movements. Make sure they look natural and not too jerky or slow.

Section 3: Applying the Character to a Scene

Once you have designed and animated your octopus character, you can apply it to a scene. Here are some tips for applying your character to a scene:

- Background: Choose a background that complements your character and object.
- Lighting: Use lighting to enhance your character and object.
- Camera angle: Choose a camera angle that shows off your character and object in the best way possible.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned about creating an animated character, specifically an octopus. We explored the process of designing and animating an octopus character that interacts with an object, such as a pot of cheese fondue. By following these tips, you can create a memorable and believable animated character.


text: Artist Isabel Ostrom was born in Victoria, BC and lives in Calgary, Alberta with her husband and her dog, Mikka. While raising 3 wonderful sons, Isabel started dabbling in painting as a hobby. Always able to draw, Isabel learned to paint as an adult and did not realize her artistic ability until relatively late in life. Creating art for family in friends led to word of mouth commissions for pet portraits and now Isabel has a thriving art business.. Isabel loves bringing joy into other people’s lives through her colourful and playful paintings, often of their most beloved pet companions. Isabel has learned various art techniques and methods through experimentation, working with other members of the local arts community and taking a variety of classes and workshops. Most of her work is in acrylic and mixed media.. Isabel’s body of work is growing and evolving, yet it is always rooted in the need to connect and reach out to others with a message of joy, love and hope.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Become a Successful Artist
Introduction:
Isabel Ostrom is a successful artist who creates colorful and playful paintings. She started her artistic journey as a hobby while raising her three sons. In this lesson, we will learn about her journey to becoming a successful artist and how you can follow in her footsteps.
Section 1: Developing Your Skills
Topic 1: Experimentation
Isabel learned to paint as an adult and developed her skills through experimentation. She tried different techniques and methods to find what worked best for her. As a beginner, it is essential to be willing to try new things and make mistakes.
Topic 2: Learning from Others
Isabel also learned from other members of the local arts community. She attended classes and workshops to improve her skills. It is crucial to seek guidance from those who have already achieved success in your field.
Topic 3: Practice
Isabel practiced consistently to improve her skills. She didn't give up after a few attempts but kept trying until she got better. Practice is essential to master any skill.
Section 2: Building a Body of Work
Topic 1: Finding Your Style
Isabel's body of work is rooted in the need to connect and reach out to others with a message of joy, love, and hope. To become a successful artist, you must find your unique style that reflects your personality and values.
Topic 2: Consistency
Isabel's body of work is growing and evolving, yet it is always rooted in the same message. As an artist, you must be consistent in your message and style to create a recognizable brand.
Topic 3: Networking
Isabel's word of mouth commissions for pet portraits led to a thriving art business. Networking is essential to connect with potential clients and other artists who can help you grow your career.
Section 3: Marketing Yourself
Topic 1: Social Media
Isabel's art business is primarily online, and she uses social media to showcase her work. Social media is a powerful tool to market yourself and reach a wider audience.
Topic 2: Pricing Your Work
Isabel charges for her work, and it is essential to price your work appropriately. You must consider the time, materials, and effort you put into creating your art.
Topic 3: Collaborations
Isabel collaborates with other artists to create a more significant impact. Collaborations can help you reach a broader audience and gain exposure.
Conclusion:
Becoming a successful artist requires hard work, dedication, and perseverance. Isabel's journey from a hobby to a thriving art business is an inspiration. By following in her footsteps, you too can develop your skills, build a body of work, and market yourself to achieve success.


text:
Surface-enhanced Raman activity and stability study of silver films prepared by reduction of Ag+ ions in N,N-dimethylformamide.
A new SERS-active silver film prepared by directly depositing silver nanoparticles on glass is reported. The spontaneous reduction of Ag+ ions in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (in the absence of a protecting agent) leads to the deposition of silver nanoparticles on clean glass surfaces in contact with the solution. The observed optical micrographs and AFM images show that the arrangement of the nanoparticles is inhomogeneous and the particles appear to be closely packed. These films are shown to be excellent substrates for SERS measurements, demonstrating significant enhancement, good stability, and trace detection capability. The SERS enhancement of the silver films with different deposition times was compared and found that the 8-h film gives the largest enhancement ability with an enhancement factor estimated at about 10(9). It is also found that the silver films stored for 80 days in air show no significant degradation in their sensitivity.

textbook:
Lesson: Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)

Introduction:
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique that allows for the detection and identification of molecules at very low concentrations. It is based on the enhancement of Raman scattering signals from molecules adsorbed on specially prepared metal surfaces, such as gold or silver. In this lesson, we will learn about the basic principles of SERS, the preparation of SERS-active substrates, and the application of SERS in various fields.

Section 1: Basic Principles of SERS

1.1 What is SERS?
SERS is a surface-based Raman spectroscopy technique that involves the enhancement of Raman scattering signals from molecules adsorbed on metal surfaces. The enhancement is due to the interaction between the incident light and the metal surface, which results in the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). These LSPRs can significantly increase the intensity of the Raman scattering signals, making it possible to detect and identify molecules at very low concentrations.

1.2 How does SERS work?
In SERS, the metal surface (usually gold or silver) is first prepared with nanostructures that can support LSPRs. When a molecule is adsorbed onto the metal surface, the incident light interacts with the LSPRs, causing a strong enhancement of the Raman scattering signal. This enhanced signal is then collected and analyzed using a Raman spectrometer.

1.3 Why is SERS useful?
SERS is useful because it allows for the detection and identification of molecules at very low concentrations, which is not possible with conventional Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, SERS is highly selective, meaning that only molecules that are in close proximity to the metal surface can be detected. This makes SERS ideal for applications where high sensitivity and selectivity are required, such as in environmental monitoring, food safety, and biomedical diagnostics.

Section 2: Preparation of SERS-Active Substrates

2.1 What are SERS-active substrates?
SERS-active substrates are metal surfaces (usually gold or silver) that have been prepared with nanostructures that can support LSPRs. These nanostructures can be in the form of colloidal nanoparticles, thin films, or even single atoms. The choice of the metal and the type of nanostructure depends on the specific application and the desired enhancement factor.

2.2 How are SERS-active substrates prepared?
There are several methods for preparing SERS-active substrates, including chemical reduction, electrochemical deposition, and lithography. The most common method is the chemical reduction of metal precursors in solution, followed by the deposition of the metal nanoparticles onto a solid substrate. The size, shape, and arrangement of the nanoparticles can be controlled by adjusting the experimental conditions, such as the concentration of the precursor, the reducing agent, and the pH of the solution.

Section 3: Applications of SERS

3.1 What are the applications of SERS?
SERS has a wide range of applications in various fields, including environmental monitoring, food safety, biomedical diagnostics, drug detection, and chemical analysis. Some examples include the detection of trace amounts of pollutants in water samples, the identification of food contaminants, the monitoring of disease biomarkers in biological samples, and the analysis of complex mixtures of chemical compounds.

3.2 How does SERS contribute to these applications?
SERS contributes to these applications by providing high sensitivity, selectivity, and simplicity. The enhancement of the Raman scattering signals allows for the detection of molecules at very low concentrations, while the selectivity of SERS ensures that only the target molecules are detected, without interference from other compounds. Additionally, the ease of use and the non-destructive nature of SERS make it an attractive alternative to other analytical techniques.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have learned about the basic principles of SERS, the preparation of SERS-active substrates, and the application of SERS in various fields. We have seen that SERS is a powerful analytical technique that offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and simplicity, making it ideal for a wide range of applications. By understanding the fundamentals of SERS and how to prepare SERS-active substrates, we can apply this technique to new and challenging problems in the future.


text: CAREERS. CLEANING TECHNICIAN. We are currently seeking individuals who have a strong background in commercial and residential cleaning and who take pride in their work. Must be a self-starter with attention to detail and have the ability to work a flexible schedule.. Our cleaning technicians must.... Have excellent customer service skills. Be knowledgeable with cleaning techniques and equipment. Be able to work independently or as a team. Have work history the demonstrates reliability and increased responsibility. Be legally authorized to work in the U.S.. Have valid drivers license. Pass background check. Interested parties should email resume to

textbook:
Lesson: Careers in Cleaning

**Introduction**

Cleaning is an essential part of our daily lives, and there are many career opportunities in this field. In this lesson, we will explore the role of a cleaning technician and the skills required for this position.

**Section 1: Overview of Cleaning Technicians**

A cleaning technician is responsible for maintaining cleanliness in commercial and residential spaces. They use various cleaning techniques and equipment to ensure that the space is free from dirt, dust, and other contaminants.

**Section 2: Skills Required for Cleaning Technicians**

To be a successful cleaning technician, you need to have excellent customer service skills. You must be able to communicate effectively with clients and understand their needs. Additionally, you should have knowledge about cleaning techniques and equipment, such as vacuum cleaners, mops, and disinfectants. You should also be able to work independently or as part of a team. It is essential to have a reliable work history that demonstrates your ability to take on more responsibility. Finally, you must be legally authorized to work in the United States and have a valid driver's license.

**Section 3: Practical Examples**

Let's consider an example where a cleaning technician is tasked with cleaning a hotel room. They would first inspect the room for any damages or stains and then proceed to clean the bathroom, including the sink, toilet, and shower. They would use disinfectants to clean the surfaces and mops to clean the floors. After the room is cleaned, they would check if everything is in order before moving on to the next room.

**Section 4: Self-Debate Discussion**

Why is it essential to have excellent customer service skills as a cleaning technician? How does this skill help in maintaining a positive relationship with clients?

**Glossary**

- Cleaning Techniques: Methods used to remove dirt, dust, and other contaminants from a surface.
- Equipment: Tools and machines used to clean a space effectively.
- Responsibility: The state or fact of being accountable for something.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, being a cleaning technician requires excellent customer service skills, knowledge of cleaning techniques and equipment, and the ability to work independently or as part of a team. By mastering these skills, you can excel in your career as a cleaning technician and provide top-notch cleaning services to your clients.


text:
About Us

Flint Hills Technical College is a two-year public institution of higher education nestled in the rolling hills of east-central Kansas. It is located at the intersection of I-35 and the Kansas Turnpike in Emporia, a city in the heart of the beautiful rangeland known as the Flint Hills and just a short distance from the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve.

The college was founded in 1963 when the Emporia Board of Education made application to the Kansas State Board of Education. The college received associate degree granting status by an act of the Kansas Legislature during the 1995 Legislative Session. On July 1, 1999, by an act of the Kansas Legislature, the Kansas Board of Regents became the coordinating body of FHTC at the state level. As a result of Senate Bill 7 signed in May of 2003, Flint Hills Technical College was allowed to pursue autonomy from the Emporia School District, USD #253. On July 1, 2004 Flint Hills Technical College became autonomous from USD #253. The Higher Learning Commission (HLC) accredited Flint Hills Technical College on February 6, 2007.

Mission

The mission of Flint Hills Technical College is to provide a diverse community of learners with lifelong educational opportunities for personal growth and preparation for professional and civic responsibilities that meet the needs of society.

Vision

Advancing personal and economic growth through excellence and innovation in education.

The administration, faculty, and staff of Flint Hills Technical College believe in the power of teaching and learning and endorse the right of each person to access opportunities in the pursuit of knowledge and its application to life. The College's primary commitment is to support student success in learning and to prepare well-educated, productive members of society who have the ability to achieve personal and professional success in a global environment. To that end, FHTC strives to remove barriers to the educational process by providing accessible and affordable opportunities, including articulations with other institutions, and also recognizes the general education curriculum and institutional core abilities as necessary and integral components of technical programs of study. FHTC embraces a philosophy where freedom of expression is encouraged in an orderly, nurturing environment and ensures continuous improvement in the educational process through ongoing assessment and evaluation.

Flint Hills Technical College does not discriminate on the basis of sex including pregnant and parenting students, sexual orientation, handicap, race, color, age, religion, marital status, or national or ethnic origin in educational programs, admissions policies, employment policies, financial aid or other College-administered programs. For questions or concerns regarding non-discrimination contact the Director of Human Resources at 620.343.4600.

The College maintains a standard of education monitored and approved by program advisory committees made up of members from the general public, business and industry. The committees guide the College in fulfilling its responsibilities to provide up-to-date, quality education.

Flint Hills Technical College is coordinated by the Kansas Board of Regents and accredited through the Higher Learning Commission. Program accreditations include the American Association of General Contractors; the Kansas State Board of Nursing; the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs; the American Dental Association; and the Graphic Arts Education Research Foundation.

In a letter dated July 16, 2012, the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) voted to continue the accreditation of FHTC. The next comprehensive evaluation will be in 2021 - 2022.

Tuition & Fees

Financial Aid Resources

Flint Hills Technical College does not discriminate on the basis of sex including pregnant and parenting students, sexual orientation, handicap, race, color, age, religion, marital status, or national or ethnic origin in educational programs, admissions policies, employment policies, financial aid or other College-administered programs. For questions or concerns regarding non-discrimination contact the Director of Human Resources at 620.343.4600.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Flint Hills Technical College

**Objective:** To introduce students to Flint Hills Technical College, its history, and mission.

**Glossary:**
- Autonomy: the ability of an institution to govern itself independently
- Coordinating body: an organization that oversees and manages the work of multiple institutions or organizations
- Institution of higher education: a college or university that offers academic degrees
- Mission: a statement that defines the purpose and goals of an organization

**Section 1: Introduction**

Flint Hills Technical College (FHTC) is a public institution of higher education located in Emporia, Kansas. It was founded in 1963 and received associate degree granting status in 1995. In 1999, the Kansas Board of Regents became the coordinating body of FHTC. In 2003, FHTC became autonomous from the Emporia School District. The Higher Learning Commission (HLC) accredited FHTC in 2007.

**Section 2: History**

FHTC was founded in 1963 when the Emporia Board of Education made application to the Kansas State Board of Education. The college initially offered vocational and technical education programs. In 1995, FHTC received associate degree granting status by an act of the Kansas Legislature. In 1999, the Kansas Board of Regents became the coordinating body of FHTC. Finally, in 2003, FHTC became autonomous from the Emporia School District, USD #253.

**Section 3: Mission**

The mission of Flint Hills Technical College is to provide a diverse community of learners with quality educational opportunities and services that empower them to achieve their goals and improve the quality of life in the communities they serve.

**Conclusion:**

Flint Hills Technical College is a public institution of higher education located in Emporia, Kansas. It offers associate degree programs and has a rich history dating back to 1963. Its mission is to provide a diverse community of learners with quality educational opportunities and services that empower them to achieve their goals and improve the quality of life in the communities they serve.


text: Our Work. Today, United Way of Coastal Carolina’s (UWCC) focus is to make a difference in education, income and health resources in our community. The ultimate goal is improving the lives of children, families and seniors in Coastal North Carolina.. We strive to make sure children are ready to learn, families are safe and self-sufficient and seniors remain independent and active. We accomplish our results by bringing together experts in these fields, business leaders, donors, neighborhoods, and members of local nonprofit agencies.. These community members help identify our community’s most critical social issues. In forming these partnerships, we are better able to address the underlying causes of problems in our community and prevent them from happening.

textbook:
Lesson: Collaboration and Partnership

Introduction:
Collaboration and partnership are essential skills that everyone should learn. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of working together to achieve common goals and objectives. We will also learn about the benefits of forming partnerships and how they can lead to positive change in our communities.

Section 1: Importance of Collaboration and Partnership

Topic 1: Why Collaboration Matters
- Collaboration involves working with others towards a common goal or objective.
- It requires communication, cooperation, and compromise.
- Collaboration can lead to better ideas, increased productivity, and improved relationships.

Topic 2: The Benefits of Partnership
- Partnership involves forming alliances with other individuals or organizations to achieve a shared goal.
- It can lead to increased resources, expertise, and visibility.
- Partnerships can also result in more effective and efficient problem-solving.

Section 2: How to Collaborate and Form Partnerships

Topic 1: Identifying Common Goals and Objectives
- To collaborate effectively, you need to identify common goals and objectives with your partners.
- This involves understanding each partner's strengths, weaknesses, and values.
- Once you have a shared vision, you can work together to achieve it.

Topic 2: Communication and Cooperation
- Effective communication is key to successful collaboration and partnership.
- You need to listen actively, share information openly, and provide feedback constructively.
- Cooperation involves working together in a supportive and mutually beneficial way.

Topic 3: Building Trust and Respect
- Trust is essential for creating a safe and productive environment for collaboration.
- You need to be honest, reliable, and transparent with your partners.
- Respect involves valuing each partner's contributions and perspectives.

Section 3: Examples of Collaboration and Partnership in Action

Topic 1: United Way of Coastal Carolina
- United Way is an organization that brings together experts, business leaders, donors, and community members to address social issues in Coastal North Carolina.
- They focus on education, income, and health resources to improve the lives of children, families, and seniors in their community.
- By forming partnerships and working together, they are able to make a significant impact on people's lives.

Topic 2: Local Nonprofit Agency
- A local nonprofit agency may partner with United Way to provide resources and support for children and families in need.
- Through this partnership, they are able to reach more people and provide more effective services.
- Collaboration and partnership are essential for achieving their common goal of improving the lives of those in their community.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, collaboration and partnership are vital skills that can lead to positive change in our communities. By working together and forming alliances, we can achieve common goals and objectives more effectively and efficiently. Remember to identify common goals and objectives, communicate and cooperate, and build trust and respect. Apply these skills to your own life and watch as you make a difference in your community.

Glossary:
- Collaboration: Working with others towards a common goal or objective
- Partnership: Forming alliances with other individuals or organizations to achieve a shared goal
- Goals: Specific objectives that you aim to achieve
- Objectives: Measurable outcomes that help you achieve your goals
- Communication: Sharing information with others effectively
- Cooperation: Working together in a supportive and mutually beneficial way
- Trust: Believing in someone's honesty, reliability, and ability to do what they say they will do
- Respect: Valuing each person's contributions and perspectives.


text:
Bacteria-killing chemicals may be masking salmonella

WASHINGTON – The Agriculture Department is reviewing research that shows new bacteria-killing chemicals used in chicken slaughterhouses may be masking the presence of salmonella and other pathogens that remain on the meat that consumers buy, according to records and interviews.

Academic researchers agree that the chemicals could be overwhelming an antiquated testing process. Several of the scientists have been enlisted by the USDA’s food safety experts to help resolve the matter.

The issue came to the department’s attention this spring after chemical companies pointed to academic research that shows there could be a problem and told the USDA that further study was needed.

“This is a valid concern,” said Catherine Cutter, chairwoman of Penn State University’s Food Safety Impact Group, whose scientific work was referenced in materials chemical companies provided to the USDA.

The new controversy comes as the number and strength of chemicals used on poultry-processing lines is increasing to meet new USDA demands to slash pathogens.

Some experts say the rising tide of chemicals may be causing unanticipated side effects. Some USDA inspectors said they believe such chemicals can contribute to a host of medical problems, including respiratory ailments and persistent skin rashes. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration is conducting a follow-up investigation into a New York poultry plant where one inspector died after his lungs bled out in 2011.

The latest allegations — that the stronger chemicals are undermining testing — are spurring finger-pointing among rivals competing to sell their products to chicken processors. The companies say their competitors are the ones tripping up the tests.

At issue in the latest allegations is the testing procedure the USDA requires. As the chicken moves down the processing line, the bird is sprayed and bathed in an average of three to four different chemicals. To check that most bacteria have been killed, occasional test birds are pulled off the line and tossed into plastic bags filled with a solution that collects any remaining pathogens. That solution is sent to a lab for testing, which occurs about 24 hours later. Meanwhile, the bird is placed back on the line and ultimately packaged, shipped and sold.

Scientists say in order for tests to be accurate, it is critical that the pathogen-killing chemicals are quickly neutralized by the solution — something that routinely occurred with the older, weaker antibacterial chemicals. If the chemicals continue to kill bacteria, they indicate the birds are safer to eat than they actually are.

Several chemical companies — which all have a financial stake in the issue — were present at a June briefing on the matter with USDA officials. The department’s food safety experts asked for the briefing this spring, after the chemical companies raised concerns.

Jon Howarth, a scientist and vice president of Enviro Tech Chemical, who took part in the meeting, said some of the newer chemicals are not deactivated in the solution.

The company’s scientists put together a lengthy PowerPoint presentation that cited research from a USDA scientist and several university scientists that they believe backed up their assertions about the new chemicals. Over the past few years, poultry plants have cut salmonella rates in half, according to USDA test data.

The dramatic reduction in salmonella rates has raised suspicions about the tests among USDA inspectors, a union representative said. “I don’t really know if the new treatments are working or if it’s giving us all false hope,” said David Hosmer, president of the Southwest Council of Food Inspection Locals. Howarth, who was a main presenter at the briefing, said he believes the problem with the testing explains why the number of people getting sick from salmonella in poultry has not dropped in recent years even though test results have improved.

The chemical that came in for the greatest scrutiny at the USDA briefing meeting was cetylpryridinium chloride. Over the past three years, CPC has become the finishing rinse of choice in about 30 percent of poultry plants nationwide.

Enviro Tech recently posted a YouTube video showing a laboratory experiment that the company says proves CPC is not neutralized if not adequately rinsed when the test sample is taken and therefore produces false test results, sometimes called a “false negative” or “false kill.”

Besides CPC, other chemicals getting a closer look from USDA include formulas containing high levels of peracetic acid and acidified sodium chlorite. Their use has become commonplace over the past few years in nearly all U.S. poultry slaughterhouses, scientists and experts in the poultry chemical industry said.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Microbiology

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are tiny living things that can only be seen with a microscope. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Some microorganisms are helpful to us, while others can cause illness or disease. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of microorganisms and how they can affect our health.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

One example of a helpful microorganism is the bacterium Lactobacillus, which is commonly found in yogurt. This bacterium helps to break down lactose, a sugar found in milk, and produces lactic acid as a byproduct. Lactic acid gives yogurt its tangy flavor and helps to preserve it. On the other hand, Salmonella is a type of bacteria that can cause food poisoning. It is often found in raw or undercooked poultry, eggs, and meat. If you eat food contaminated with Salmonella, you may experience diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps.

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

In recent years, there has been concern that some bacteria-killing chemicals used in chicken slaughterhouses may be masking the presence of Salmonella and other pathogens on the meat that consumers buy. This means that the chemicals could be making it harder to detect the bacteria that could make people sick. Scientists have been working with the USDA to try to resolve this issue.

### Glossary
- Microorganism: A tiny living thing that can only be seen with a microscope.
- Bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that can be helpful or harmful to humans.
- Virus: A tiny infectious agent that can only reproduce inside the cells of living organisms.
- Fungi: A group of microorganisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.
- Protozoa: Single-celled microorganisms that are usually motile.
- Pathogen: A microorganism that can cause disease or illness.
- Salmonella: A type of bacteria that can cause food poisoning.
- Lactobacillus: A type of bacteria that is commonly found in yogurt and helps to break down lactose.
- Lactic acid: A substance produced by Lactobacillus when it breaks down lactose.
- Chicken slaughterhouse: A place where chickens are killed and processed for food.
- Chemicals: Substances made from atoms and molecules that have certain properties and uses.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about microbiology, including the different types of microorganisms and how they can affect our health. We also learned about helpful and harmful bacteria and the role of chemicals in chicken slaughterhouses. By understanding microbiology, we can make informed decisions about our health and the food we eat.