text:
Rats Can Lend a Helping Paw to Others, Study Finds

Please note: This article was published more than one year ago. The facts and conclusions presented may have since changed and may no longer be accurate. And "More information" links may no longer work. Questions about personal health should always be referred to a physician or other health care professional.

Far from being self-centered scroungers, a new study found that the rodents showed what looks like real empathy -- repeatedly freeing trapped companions, even when they're given the opportunity to eat chocolate instead.

This first evidence of empathy-motivated behavior in rodents suggests that this type of pro-social helping behavior developed earlier in animal evolution than was previously thought, the University of Chicago researchers added.

Anecdotal observations of empathetic behavior have been noted in non-human primates and some other wild animal species, but it had not been seen in laboratory rodents.

In the study, companion rats that normally shared a cage were put in a separate space where one was under restraint and the other wasn't. The restrained rat was kept in a tube with a door that could only be opened by a push from outside.

The researchers say the free-ranging rat appeared agitated when the other rat was kept in the tube, a state the scientists called "emotional contagion" -- feeling the distress of others.

A few days into the experiment, the free-roaming rat learned how to open the tube door, freeing the other rat. Once this was learned, the free-ranging rat made this his/her first action upon being placed in the new area.

"There was no other reason to take this action, except to terminate the distress of the trapped rats," said the study's lead author, graduate student Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal. "In the rat model world, seeing the same behavior repeated over and over basically means that this action is rewarding to the rat."

Even the lure of a tasty treat didn't seem to sway the rat from helping a trapped companion: When the researchers placed chocolate chips inside another tube, the free-ranging rat nearly always opened the tube containing the other rat first, before going for the chocolate.

"That was very compelling," said co-author Peggy Mason, a professor of neurobiology. "It said to us that essentially helping their cage mate is on a par with chocolate. He can hog the entire chocolate stash if he wanted to, and he does not. We were shocked."

"This is the first evidence of helping behavior triggered by empathy in rats," Jean Decety, a professor of psychology and psychiatry, added in a University of Chicago Medical Center news release. "There are a lot of ideas in the literature showing that empathy is not unique to humans, and it has been well demonstrated in apes, but in rodents it was not very clear. We put together in one series of experiments evidence of helping behavior based on empathy in rodents, and that's really the first time it's been seen."

textbook:
Lesson: The Core Value of Empathy

Introduction: Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. It is an essential skill that helps us connect with people and build strong relationships. In this lesson, we will explore the core value of empathy and learn how it can help us in our daily lives.

Section 1: Understanding Empathy

Topic 1: What is Empathy?
Empathy is the ability to put ourselves in someone else's shoes and understand their feelings and perspectives. It involves active listening, understanding, and responding to the needs of others.

Topic 2: Why is Empathy Important?
Empathy is important because it helps us build strong relationships, communicate effectively, and resolve conflicts peacefully. When we show empathy towards others, we create a sense of belonging and mutual respect, which leads to better teamwork and collaboration.

Topic 3: How can we Develop Empathy?
To develop empathy, we need to practice active listening, avoid judging others, and try to see things from their perspective. We can also read books, watch movies, and engage in activities that expose us to different cultures and experiences.

Section 2: Practicing Empathy

Topic 1: How can we Show Empathy in Everyday Life?
We can show empathy in our daily lives by being attentive to the needs of others, offering support, and expressing our feelings and emotions openly. We can also apologize when we make mistakes and try to understand the other person's point of view.

Topic 2: Real-life Examples of Empathy
Empathy can be shown in many ways, such as when a friend loses a loved one, or when someone is going through a tough time. We can offer a shoulder to cry on, a listening ear, or just be there for them. We can also show empathy by volunteering at a local shelter or donating to a charity that supports a cause we believe in.

Section 3: Conclusion

In conclusion, empathy is a crucial skill that helps us connect with others and build strong relationships. By practicing empathy in our daily lives, we can create a more compassionate and understanding world. Remember to always put yourself in other people's shoes, listen actively, and try to understand their perspectives.

Glossary:
- Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of others.
- Active Listening: Paying attention to the speaker and showing that you are listening by nodding, making eye contact, and asking relevant questions.
- Perspective: The way someone sees or understands something.

Self-Debating Discussion:

Question: How can we develop empathy in children?
Answer: Children can develop empathy by being exposed to different cultures and experiences, reading books that explore emotions and perspectives, and engaging in activities that promote teamwork and collaboration. Parents and teachers can also model empathetic behavior and encourage children to express their feelings and emotions openly.

Conclusion:

In summary, empathy is a vital skill that helps us connect with others and build strong relationships. By practicing empathy in our daily lives, we can create a more compassionate and understanding world. Remember to always put yourself in other people's shoes, listen actively, and try to understand their perspectives.


text: Perth Segway 1.5 Hour West Tour. The Segway West tour takes in all the wonderful sights from the new Elizabeth Quay, Mt. Eliza, Jacobs Ladder, John Oldham Park, the historic Swan Brewery..... The tour guides are all accredited, with some having won state and national awards. They’ll tell you about the rich and diverse history of the city, current events, and point you in the right direction for other things to do while you’re in Perth. Segway Tours WA have won State and National Awards, and are accredited with the Tourism Council of Western Australia. No experience is required. Segways are easy to ride and you'll be trained to ride with confidence before beginning the tours. Suitable for children 12 years old and over. There is no upper age limit.. Category: Best Sightseeings / Tickets and Pass. Price range: Au$129.00 ~ Au$129 Perth Segway 1.5 Hour West Tour. Where to meet? Shop 3, Barrack Street Jetty Barrack Street Perth 6000?

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Perth Segway Tours

**Objective:** To introduce students to Perth Segway Tours, their history, and the benefits of taking a tour.

**Introduction:** Perth Segway Tours are a popular attraction in Perth, Western Australia. In this lesson, we will learn about the history of Segway tours, their benefits, and what to expect when taking a tour.

**Section 1: History of Segway Tours**

Segway tours were first introduced in the early 2000s as a unique way to explore cities. The Segway Personal Transporter (PT) was invented by Dean Kamen and was launched in 2001. The device was designed to be an environmentally friendly mode of transportation that could replace cars and other gas-powered vehicles. Segway tours quickly became popular, especially in cities with historical or architectural landmarks.

**Section 2: Benefits of Segway Tours**

Segway tours offer several benefits over traditional walking tours or bus tours. Some of these benefits include:

- Convenience: Segway tours are convenient because they allow you to cover more ground than a walking tour while still being able to stop and explore interesting sites.
- Eco-friendly: Segways are electric vehicles that do not produce emissions, making them an environmentally friendly way to explore cities.
- Fun: Riding a Segway is fun! It's like riding a scooter but with the added benefit of being able to see the sights around you.
- Informative: Segway tour guides are knowledgeable about the history and culture of the city you are visiting. They will provide you with interesting facts and stories that you may not have known otherwise.

**Section 3: What to Expect on a Segway Tour**

When you take a Segway tour, you can expect to:

- Learn about the history and culture of the city you are visiting
- See landmarks and attractions that you might not have seen otherwise
- Have fun riding a Segway!

Most Segway tours last between 1-2 hours and cover 5-10 miles. The pace is leisurely, so anyone can keep up, including children as young as 12 years old. Tours usually start with a safety briefing where you will learn how to ride the Segway safely. Once the tour begins, your guide will point out interesting sites and answer any questions you may have.

**Glossary:**
- Segway PT: A two-wheeled, self-balancing personal transporter designed for urban use.
- Dean Kamen: An American engineer and entrepreneur who invented the Segway.
- Landmarks: A notable physical or natural object, often conspicuous from a distance and commonly recognizable by a community or cultural tradition.

**Conclusion:** In conclusion, Perth Segway tours offer an exciting and eco-friendly way to explore the city. By taking a tour, you can learn about the history and culture of Perth while having fun riding a Segway. Whether you are a local or a tourist, a Segway tour is a must-do activity in Perth.


text: Can a soccer player play with no feet? Can a tennis player win a game with one arm?. The answer to both these questions is yes.. Absolutely yes.. Anyone can do anything when you put your mind to it. A disability should never stop you from achieving your dreams and doing what you love. Here are four artists who proved the world wrong and didn’t let their disabilities stop them from creating beautiful art.. Stephen Wiltshire. Stephen Wiltshire is a British artist who draws and paints cityscapes. His drawings are popular worldwide and are held in various art museums and private and public collections.

textbook:
Lesson: Overcoming Disabilities and Achieving Dreams

## Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about four artists who proved the world wrong and didn't let their disabilities stop them from creating beautiful art. We will also discuss how having a disability can be an advantage rather than a hindrance and how to overcome obstacles to achieve our dreams.

## Section 1: Meet Four Inspirational Artists

### Stephen Wiltshire

Stephen Wiltshire is a British artist who draws and paints cityscapes. His drawings are popular worldwide and are held in various art museums and private and public collections. Stephen has autism, which affects his ability to communicate and interact with others. However, he has an incredible talent for remembering details and drawing them accurately. He can draw a whole city after seeing it just once!

### Frida Kahlo

Frida Kahlo was a Mexican painter who is considered one of the most influential artists of the 20th century. She had polio as a child, which caused her to have a limp and wear a brace. Later, she was injured in a bus accident that left her bedridden for months. Despite her physical pain, Frida continued to paint and created over 200 pieces of art during her lifetime. Her paintings often depicted her own experiences and emotions, including her pain and disability.

### Christine Sun Kim

Christine Sun Kim is an American artist who creates art using sound waves. She was born deaf and uses American Sign Language to communicate. Christine has said that her deafness has given her a unique perspective on sound and music, which inspires her art. She has created installations that use light and vibrations to create visual representations of sound.

### John Bramblitt

John Bramblitt is an American artist who is blind. He creates paintings by using textures and shapes to represent colors and objects. John lost his sight due to a rare eye disease when he was 20 years old. However, he didn't let this stop him from pursuing his passion for art. He now teaches art classes for people with disabilities and has even painted portraits of famous people, such as Oprah Winfrey and President Barack Obama.

## Section 2: Overcoming Disabilities

Having a disability can be challenging, but it doesn't have to stop us from achieving our dreams. In fact, sometimes our disabilities can become our greatest strengths. For example, Stephen Wiltshire's autism allows him to remember details and draw them accurately, while Frida Kahlo's physical pain inspired her art. Christine Sun Kim's deafness gives her a unique perspective on sound and music, and John Bramblitt's blindness has taught him to rely on touch and texture to create his paintings.

## Section 3: Applying Skills to New Problems

The skills we learn from overcoming disabilities can be applied to other areas of our lives. For example, if we can learn to adapt and find new ways to accomplish tasks, we can apply this skill to any challenge we face. Additionally, if we can learn to focus on our strengths rather than our weaknesses, we can build confidence and resilience.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we have learned about four inspirational artists who proved the world wrong and didn't let their disabilities stop them from creating beautiful art. We have also discussed how having a disability can be an advantage rather than a hindrance and how to overcome obstacles to achieve our dreams. By applying the skills we learn from overcoming disabilities to other areas of our lives, we can become stronger, more resilient individuals.


text:
The Literary Effects of Wordplay

Readers of the Bible approach the subject from a variety of perspectives. People with a historical bent use the text to reconstruct the history of ancient Israel. People with a theological bent use the text to understand ancient Jewish theology and/or to derive lessons of moral theology that speak to us still today. People with a cultural bent, armed with our current knowledge of other ancient Near Eastern societies, use the Bible to determine the unique aspects of ancient Israel vis-à-vis the other civilizations that surrounded it.

These three approaches — the historical, the theological and the cultural — have dominated scholarship since the enterprise known as modern biblical studies began in the 19th century. In recent decades a new perspective has developed: the literary approach. This approach to the Bible treats the text at its basic level. For before we can proceed to questions of history, theology and culture, we first must realize that the Bible is literature. Indeed, as the literary approach to the Bible has made very clear, the Bible is exquisite literature of a highly sophisticated nature.

This week’s portion affords us several excellent opportunities to see the literary nature of the Bible at work. Space prevents a presentation of all such examples, but at least two may be discussed in some detail.

One of the traits of all good literature is wordplay (it abounds, for example, in such diverse authors as Ovid and Shakespeare). The story of God’s messenger pleading with Lot to escape the destruction of Sodom contains an excellent illustration of this technique. In Genesis 19:17-22 we encounter five times the verbal root m-l-t (mem-lamed-tet) “escape,” which contains the same two consonants of Lot’s name l-t (lamed-tet). This is not a coincidence, rather it is intentionally placed in the text to stress the give-and-take between the messenger and Lot. Moreover, it serves to contrast the character of Lot with that of Abraham. With destruction facing the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, Abraham pleaded with God to save them for the sake of the innocent people who may reside there. Lot, by contrast, makes no such moves, rather he himself is barely saved when he becomes an “escapee,” a designation hinted at in his name and the wordplay on it.

Our second illustration concerns the manner in which characters are referred to in a story. As we read the story of Ishmael’s expulsion from the house of Abraham, we notice that he is referred to by three different terms: “son” (ben), “child” (yeled) and “boy” (na’ar). At first glance this might appear to be simply a stylistic change, to prevent the text from constantly utilizing the same word. But upon closer inspection we notice a deliberate choice is being made in each instance.

As the story unfolds, the main human characters in the story view Ishmael as a “son.” In Genesis 21:9 we read that “Sarah saw Hagar’s son”; she then demands that Abraham evict Hagar and “her son” (verse 10), and then we learn that “the matter distressed Abraham greatly because it concerned his son” (verse 11). By using the word “son” in these verses, the text emphasizes the family relationship.

When God speaks, He takes a dispassionate view of the subject and refers to Ishmael in a neutral fashion as “the boy” (verse 12). God instructs Abraham to heed Sarah’s word and to send Ishmael off. He does so, but now the designation “child” is used (verse 14). In other words, in Abraham’s eyes, Ishmael has been reduced from status of “son” to that of “child,” thus opening the way for Isaac’s position as the only son (a point made explicit in the ensuing story of the Akedah, see Genesis 22:2). Similarly, when the water supply of Hagar and Ishmael is exhausted, both the storyteller and Hagar speak of him as a “child” (verses 15-16). This word choice, it would seem, emphasizes the helplessness of the “child,” a point that would not be driven home if the word “son” or “boy” were used.

Finally, when God enters the story again and points the way to water, the word “boy” is used once more (verses 17-20). This word choice shows that the helpless condition has been relieved and once more it shows that God speaks of Ishmael in the neutral way of “boy.” In short, the text not only places into the mouths of the characters the different words “son,” “boy” and “child,” it also takes on the perspective of the characters in utilizing the appropriate word in third-person narration as well.

Throughout all of this shifting back and forth among “son,” “boy” and “child,” it is noteworthy that never in Genesis 21 is Ishmael referred to by name. The above designations are used, but the name “Ishmael” never occurs. This in itself is intentional, as the text directs the reader to understand that Ishmael will no longer have a role to play in the story. He is being removed from the scene, and in like fashion his name is removed from the narration.

These are but two illustrations of the literary character of biblical narrative. The Bible abounds in such techniques. A close reading of the text pays big dividends time and again.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: The Literary Effects of Wordplay

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the literary effects of wordplay in the Bible. We will learn about the different ways in which words can be used to create meaning and how these techniques can enhance our understanding of the text. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to identify and analyze wordplay in the Bible and appreciate its impact on the overall meaning of the text.

Section 1: What is Wordplay?
Wordplay is a literary technique that involves using words in a creative and playful way to convey meaning. It is often used to add humor, irony, or depth to a piece of writing. In the Bible, wordplay can be found in many forms, such as puns, homophones, and metaphors.

Question: What are some examples of wordplay in the Bible?
Answer: One example of wordplay in the Bible is found in Genesis 23:2, where Abraham purchases a burial plot for Sarah. The Hebrew word used for "cave" (me'arat ha-metey) is similar to the word for "lamentation" (me'iraton), suggesting that Sarah's death was mourned like a loss of land.

Section 2: Types of Wordplay
There are several types of wordplay that can be found in the Bible. These include:

1. Puns: A pun is a play on words that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. An example of a pun in the Bible can be found in 1 Samuel 14:45, where Jonathan says to his armor-bearer, "Come, let us play the fool." The Hebrew word for "fool" (kifid) sounds similar to "hide" (kafar), suggesting that they should hide themselves.

2. Homophones: Homophones are words that sound alike but have different meanings. In the Bible, homophones can be used to create wordplay. For example, in Exodus 7:11, Pharaoh's cup is described as being "in his hand," while in verse 22, his "hand" is said to be "heavy" with the frogs.

3. Metaphors: A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. In the Bible, metaphors are often used to create wordplay. For example, in Isaiah 54:1, Jerusalem is described as a "woman" who has been "forced" (yida) to have children. The same Hebrew word can also mean "enlarged" or "stretched out," suggesting that Jerusalem has grown in size.

Section 3: Analyzing Wordplay
To analyze wordplay in the Bible, you should look for:

1. Similarities in sound: Does the wordplay rely on the similarity in sound between two words? If so, what is the effect of this similarity on the overall meaning of the text?

2. Multiple meanings: Are there multiple meanings to the words used in the wordplay? How does the author use these multiple meanings to create meaning in the text?

3. Context: Does the wordplay make sense in the context of the passage? Is it used to convey a specific message or theme?

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored the literary effects of wordplay in the Bible. By analyzing wordplay, we can gain a deeper understanding of the text and appreciate the skill of the author. Wordplay can add depth, humor, and irony to a piece of writing, making it an important tool for any writer or reader of literature.


text: Governor asks court to reconsider license ruling for Dreamers. PHOENIX -- Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer asked an appeals court Friday to reconsider its earlier ruling that blocked her policy denying.'t let immigrants protected under Obama's program have the same benefit.. The state revised the policy last year by saying it would stop issuing driver's licenses to all people who receive deportation deferrals from the federal government, not just young immigrants given protection under Obama's policy. The governor's attorneys argued the revision makes the.. Most Popular. World Class Arizona. Voice For A Better Arizona. Eyes on Education A view of Arizona's education system from all angles.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Legal Documents

Introduction:

Understanding legal documents is an essential skill that everyone should learn. Whether you are reading a contract, a lawsuit, or a legal opinion, being able to read and understand legal documents is crucial. In this lesson, we will cover the basics of reading and understanding legal documents.

Section 1: Understanding Legal Language

Legal language can be complex and difficult to understand. However, there are some basic rules that can help you make sense of legal documents.

Rule 1: Know the Basics

Before you can begin to understand legal documents, you need to know some basic legal terms. Here are some common terms you should know:

- Plaintiff: The person or entity bringing a lawsuit.
- Defendant: The person or entity being sued.
- Complaint: A written statement by the plaintiff stating the grounds for the lawsuit.
- Answer: A written response by the defendant to the complaint.
- Verdict: The decision made by a jury or judge after a trial.

Rule 2: Look for Key Elements

When reading a legal document, look for key elements such as the parties involved, the facts alleged, the legal claims being made, and the requested relief.

Rule 3: Use a Dictionary

If you come across a term you don't understand, look it up in a legal dictionary. Many legal terms have specific meanings that may differ from their everyday usage.

Section 2: Reading Contracts

Contracts are legal agreements between two or more parties. They can take many forms, but most contracts contain certain essential elements.

Element 1: Offer and Acceptance

An offer is a promise to do something in return for something of value. An acceptance is an agreement to the terms of the offer.

Element 2: Consideration

Consideration is the exchange of value between the parties. It can be money, services, or goods.

Element 3: Intention to Create a Legal Relationship

The parties must intend to create a legal relationship. This means that they agree to be bound by the terms of the contract.

Section 3: Reading Court Opinions

Court opinions are written by judges to explain their decisions. They can be complex and difficult to understand, but there are some basic rules that can help you make sense of them.

Rule 1: Know the Parties

Know the parties involved in the case. This includes the plaintiff and defendant, as well as any intervenors or amici curiae.

Rule 2: Follow the Reasoning

Follow the judge's reasoning. This means that you should read the opinion carefully and try to understand how the judge arrived at their decision.

Rule 3: Look for Precedent

Look for precedent. This means that you should look for cases that the judge cites as authority for their decision.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, reading and understanding legal documents is an essential skill that everyone should learn. By following the rules outlined in this lesson, you can become a better reader of legal documents and gain a deeper understanding of the law.


text: The largest EMS-focused conference and trade show in North America, EMS World Expo provides superior and affordable education and learning opportunities to EMS providers at all levels, including five days of industry-leading education, co-located EMS events, off-site tours and the largest exhibit hall with 300+ exhibitors and specialized educational opportunities. The exhibit hall showcases products, technologies, services and training that will directly improve delivery of patient care.. Recognized….

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to EMS World Expo

### Section 1: Overview of EMS World Expo
EMS World Expo is the largest EMS-focused conference and trade show in North America. It provides superior and affordable education and learning opportunities to EMS providers at all levels. The event includes five days of industry-leading education, co-located EMS events, off-site tours, and the largest exhibit hall with 300+ exhibitors and specialized educational opportunities. The exhibit hall showcases products, technologies, services, and training that will directly improve delivery of patient care.

### Section 2: Why Attend EMS World Expo?
Attending EMS World Expo can provide numerous benefits for EMS providers at all levels. Some of these benefits include:

- Access to industry-leading education: EMS World Expo offers five days of education sessions that cover a wide range of topics relevant to EMS providers. These sessions are designed to help attendees learn about the latest trends, techniques, and technologies in the field.

- Opportunities for networking: EMS World Expo provides numerous opportunities for attendees to network with other professionals in the field. This can help them build relationships, share ideas, and learn from one another.

- Access to the latest products and technologies: The exhibit hall at EMS World Expo features 300+ exhibitors showcasing the latest products, technologies, and services available to EMS providers. This provides attendees with the opportunity to see and try out new products and technologies that can improve patient care.

- Specialized educational opportunities: In addition to the general education sessions, EMS World Expo also offers specialized educational opportunities, such as pre-conference workshops and hands-on training sessions. These sessions are designed to help attendees develop specific skills or learn about particular topics in more depth.

### Section 3: How to Apply Skills Learned at EMS World Expo
Attending EMS World Expo can provide attendees with valuable knowledge and skills that can be applied to their work as EMS providers. Some ways that attendees can apply these skills include:

- Implementing new techniques and technologies: By attending education sessions and visiting the exhibit hall, attendees can learn about new techniques and technologies that can improve patient care. They can then work with their colleagues to implement these new approaches in their own organizations.

- Sharing knowledge with others: Attendees can use the knowledge and skills they gain at EMS World Expo to educate their colleagues and other EMS providers. This can help to spread best practices and improve the overall quality of care provided by the EMS community.

- Continuing professional development: Attending EMS World Expo can help attendees fulfill continuing education requirements, which are often necessary for maintaining certification or licensure in the field.

Glossary:
- EMS: Emergency Medical Services
- Expo: A large public exhibition or display of a product or service
- Co-located: Placed or located close together or in close proximity to each other
- Off-site: Not on the main site or location
- Exhibit hall: A space where companies showcase their products or services
- Technologies: The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
- Provider: An individual or organization that provides a service
- Networking: The act of interacting with others to exchange information and develop contacts
- Products: Goods or items that are manufactured or produced for sale
- Services: Activities or benefits provided by a person or company for a fee or charge.


text: Australian birds and flowers. I enjoy photographing the many different species of birds Australia has on offer. This is a selection of shots taken in the last 2 years (please note I will be adding new images to my new website regularly). The Pink Flannel Flower has exacting requirements for germination. It had not flowered for 70 years in the area I captured this shot in the Blue Mountains. The image is a focus stacked image comprise 33 shots aligned and blended in Photoshop. The blooms of the Australian Wattle #wattle #Australianwattle

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Bird Photography

**Section 1: The Basics of Bird Photography**

Bird photography is a popular hobby that involves capturing images of birds in their natural habitat. In this lesson, we will learn the basics of bird photography, including the equipment needed, techniques for taking good photos, and tips for identifying and approaching birds.

**The Equipment**

To get started in bird photography, you will need a camera with a telephoto lens. A DSLR or mirrorless camera with a telephoto zoom lens of at least 300mm is recommended. You will also need a tripod to stabilize your camera while shooting.

**Techniques for Taking Good Photos**

1. Use a fast shutter speed to freeze the motion of the bird. A shutter speed of at least 1/1000th of a second is recommended.
2. Use continuous autofocus (AF-C) mode to keep the bird in focus as it moves around.
3. Shoot in manual mode (M) to have full control over your camera settings.
4. Use a shallow depth of field to blur the background and make the bird stand out.
5. Position yourself so that the sun is behind you, creating a flattering light on the bird.
6. Be patient and wait for the bird to enter your frame naturally.

**Identifying and Approaching Birds**

To take great bird photos, you need to know your subject. Study bird identification guides and learn about the behavior and habits of different bird species. When approaching birds, do so quietly and calmly. Try to blend in with your surroundings and avoid sudden movements that may startle the bird.

**Section 2: Composition and Lighting Techniques**

In this section, we will explore composition and lighting techniques that can help you create stunning bird photographs.

**Composition**

1. Look for leading lines, such as branches or fences, that guide the viewer's eye into the frame.
2. Use the rule of thirds to divide your frame into nine equal parts and place the bird off-center.
3. Frame the bird with natural elements, such as leaves or flowers, to add interest and context to the photo.

**Lighting**

1. Shoot during the golden hour, the first and last hour of sunlight, when the light is soft and warm.
2. Position yourself so that the light is coming from behind you, creating a flattering and dramatic silhouette.
3. Use fill flash to illuminate the bird's face and bring out its features.

**Section 3: Advanced Techniques**

In this final section, we will explore advanced bird photography techniques that require more skill and experience.

**Focus Stacking**

Focus stacking is a technique that involves taking multiple photos of the same subject at different focal points to achieve a sharp image from front to back. This technique is particularly useful for photographing birds with soft feathers or other details that you want to appear sharp.

**Conclusion**

Bird photography is a rewarding hobby that allows you to connect with nature and capture stunning images. By mastering the basics, understanding your equipment, and studying your subject, you can take beautiful bird photos that showcase the beauty and complexity of these fascinating creatures.


text: Dining room is one of the most important parts of the house. Excellent room should be designed perfectly to make sure that the dining moments could be wonderful all the time.. To create the excellent room, we should search for the room ideas. There are many kind of excellent ideas could be founded in the stores.. We could also click some websites to get some other kinds of room ideas. The excellent idea could be adapted to create the excellent room.. Sponsored Links

textbook:
Lesson: Designing the Perfect Dining Room

Introduction:
The dining room is an essential part of the house where we gather with our family and friends to share meals and create memories. A well-designed dining room can make these moments more enjoyable and meaningful. In this lesson, we will learn how to design the perfect dining room by exploring different ideas, finding inspiration, and applying practical tips.

Section 1: Finding Inspiration

Topic 1: Exploring Different Ideas
- Discuss the different types of dining rooms and their styles, such as traditional, modern, rustic, and industrial.
- Provide pictures and descriptions of each style to help students visualize and understand the differences.

Topic 2: Room Layouts
- Explain the importance of the room layout in creating a functional and comfortable dining space.
- Show examples of different layouts, such as rectangular, square, L-shaped, and U-shaped tables.
- Discuss the pros and cons of each layout and how they can affect the flow of the room.

Topic 3: Colors and Textures
- Introduce the concept of color schemes and how they can impact the mood and ambiance of the dining room.
- Provide examples of color schemes that work well in dining rooms, such as neutral tones, warm colors, and bold hues.
- Discuss the role of textures, such as wallpaper, fabrics, and lighting, in creating a cozy and inviting atmosphere.

Section 2: Practical Tips

Topic 1: Budget and Space Considerations
- Discuss the importance of setting a budget for the dining room makeover or remodel.
- Provide tips on how to save money without sacrificing style, such as DIY projects, thrift store finds, and online deals.
- Explain how to maximize space, even in small dining rooms, by using multi-functional furniture and storage solutions.

Topic 2: Accessorizing
- Introduce the concept of accessorizing and how it can add personality and charm to the dining room.
- Provide examples of accessories, such as table linens, decorative plates, and candles, and how to use them effectively.
- Discuss the importance of balance and proportion when adding accessories to the dining room.

Topic 3: Lighting
- Explain the different types of lighting, such as ambient, task, and accent lighting, and their roles in the dining room.
- Provide tips on how to choose the right lighting fixtures, such as chandeliers, pendant lights, and floor lamps.
- Discuss the impact of natural light on the mood and ambiance of the dining room.

Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

Topic 1: Case Study: Small Dining Room Makeover
- Present a scenario of a small dining room that needs a makeover.
- Apply the concepts learned in the previous sections to design a functional and stylish dining space.
- Provide before and after pictures to show the transformation.

Topic 2: Problem Solving
- Present a problem, such as a tight budget or limited space, and ask students to brainstorm solutions.
- Discuss the pros and cons of each solution and how they can impact the overall design.
- Encourage critical thinking and creativity in finding practical and aesthetically pleasing solutions.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, designing the perfect dining room requires careful planning, research, and execution. By exploring different ideas, finding inspiration, and applying practical tips, we can create a functional and stylish dining space that reflects our personal style and preferences. Remember to consider budget and space constraints, accessorize effectively, and pay attention to lighting to create a cozy and inviting atmosphere. With these skills, we can apply them to other design projects and create beautiful spaces in our homes.


text: (projects i'm involved in). Trub, CH. (projects i'm following). Trained as a environmental scientist at ETH Zurich, I bought along a good load of theoretical knowledge about ecosystems and an overview about the other issues linked to the environment.. While working as a civil servant on a farm in the Northwest of Switzerland I was introduced into the ideas of Permaculture.. A few years later I had the chance to take over a small farm with 6 hectares of grassland and forest on a steep slope in the Upper Emmental valley (famous for the holes in the cheese).. We are presently 6 adults and 4 children living here permanently on 1000 masl in a cool temperate climate with long winters and a short growing period.. Besides, I work as a consultant especially in the areas of renewable energies and rural development for private and governmental projects.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Permaculture

## Section 1: What is Permaculture?
Permaculture is a system of agricultural and social design principles centered on simulating, or at least mimicking, the patterns and relationships found in natural ecosystems. It is based on the idea that by observing nature and applying its principles, we can create sustainable and productive systems that provide for our needs while minimizing harm to the environment.

## Section 2: Why is Permaculture Important?
Permaculture is important because it offers a sustainable alternative to traditional agriculture and land use practices that often have negative impacts on the environment. By using natural processes and systems, permaculture can help reduce our reliance on non-renewable resources, decrease pollution, and promote healthy ecosystems.

## Section 3: How does Permaculture Work?
Permaculture works by mimicking the natural processes found in ecosystems, such as the cycling of nutrients and energy, and applying them to human-made systems. This involves creating diverse and interconnected systems that work together to provide food, water, shelter, and other resources. For example, a permaculture garden might include a variety of plants that provide food, attract beneficial insects, and help to control pests naturally.

## Section 4: Examples of Permaculture Systems
Some examples of permaculture systems include:
- Food forests: a type of agroforestry system where fruit trees and other edible plants are grown together in a way that mimics a natural ecosystem.
- Keyline design: a system of land contouring and water management that helps to slow down and capture rainfall, reducing erosion and promoting the growth of beneficial plants.
- Guilds: a group of plants that are intentionally planted together to provide mutual benefits, such as companion planting to deter pests or improve nutrient uptake.

## Section 5: Conclusion
Permaculture is a powerful tool for creating sustainable and productive systems that work with nature rather than against it. By understanding and applying the principles of permaculture, we can create healthier ecosystems, reduce our impact on the environment, and provide for our needs in a responsible and sustainable way.


text:
Infestivity of Psoroptes cuniculi in rabbits.
Starving Psoroptes cuniculi were found to survive off the host for 4 to 21 days at relative humidities between 20% and 99% and temperatures between 5 and 30 C. Within these extremes, survival was greatest at low temperature and high relative humidity (RH). Mites were infestive for at least 50% of their survival times and may have infested new hosts in contaminated facilities. A temperature of 40 C and 20% RH maintained for 24 hours caused 100% mortality in test mites. Other selected combinations of temperature above 40 C and RH less than or equal to 75% also caused 100% mortality in 2 days or less. These conditions could be used to control these mites in vacated contaminated premises.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Parasitology

## Chapter 1: What is Parasitology?
Parasitology is the study of parasites and their interactions with other organisms, including their hosts. In this lesson, we will learn about the basic concepts of parasitology and explore some examples of parasites and their hosts.

### Section 1: What are Parasites?
Parasites are organisms that live on or inside a host organism and derive nutrients at the host's expense. They can be microscopic, such as bacteria and viruses, or macroscopic, such as tapeworms and fleas. Some common examples of parasites include mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas.

### Section 2: What is Host?
A host is an organism that provides a suitable environment for a parasite to live and reproduce. The host can be another animal, plant, or even a human being. For example, rabbits are often used as hosts for research studies because they are easy to care for and have a relatively short lifespan.

### Section 3: What is Infestivity?
Infestivity refers to the ability of a parasite to survive and reproduce within a host. In the case of Psoroptes cuniculi, a type of mite that infests rabbits, infestivity is greatest at low temperature and high relative humidity. This means that these mites are more likely to survive and reproduce in environments that are cool and damp.

### Section 4: Why is Parasitology Important?
Parasitology is important because it helps us understand the complex relationships between parasites and their hosts. By studying these relationships, we can better understand how to prevent and control the spread of parasites, which can have significant impacts on human health, agriculture, and wildlife populations.

### Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have learned about the basic concepts of parasitology, including what parasites are, what hosts are, and what infestivity is. We have also explored some examples of parasites and their hosts, including Psoroptes cuniculi and rabbits. By understanding these relationships, we can better protect ourselves and our environment from the negative impacts of parasites.


text: Client 20 Gresham Street, London. Type of works: design and supply of an entry way.. Gartner in Gundelfingen asked Bauporte to develop a special entrance which would also provide support to the Gartner facade. In the walls and the roof we designed and incorporated a structure that supports the entire upper Gartner facade. The revolving doors are of the RP 2400 AY model and have a walk-through height of approximately 4,200 mm.. The plating is produced in-house in one piece, rolled and cut to a height of 8,000 mm. The roofing of both revolving doors is connected through round, rolled stainless steel plates and the drive mechanism and warm air supply is located here.. The sensors that activate the doors to rotate are concealed in the ground. The revolving doors are equipped with push buttons that are also produced in-house which clearly demonstrates that Bauporte wants to work with its clients down to the smallest detail.

textbook:
Lesson: Design and Supply of an Entry Way
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the design and supply of an entryway. An entryway is a space between the exterior and interior of a building that provides access to the building. It can be a door, a set of doors, or an opening in a wall. The design and supply of an entryway involve several steps, including planning, designing, and construction.
Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is to understand the process of designing and supplying an entryway. We will learn about the different components of an entryway, the materials used, and the technical specifications required for a functional and aesthetically pleasing entryway.
Section 1: Planning
Planning is the first step in designing and supplying an entryway. This involves identifying the purpose of the entryway, the space available, and the requirements of the building occupants. The following questions can be asked during planning:
- What is the purpose of the entryway? (e.g., to provide access, to control access, to provide ventilation)
- What is the size of the space available?
- What are the requirements of the building occupants? (e.g., wheelchair accessibility, fire safety)
Section 2: Designing
Once the planning phase is complete, the next step is to design the entryway. This involves selecting the appropriate materials, colors, and finishes. The following questions can be asked during designing:
- What materials should be used for the entryway? (e.g., glass, metal, wood)
- What color should be used for the entryway?
- What finish should be used for the entryway? (e.g., matte, glossy)
Section 3: Construction
The final step in designing and supplying an entryway is construction. This involves installing the entryway in the building. The following questions can be asked during construction:
- How should the entryway be installed? (e.g., on a wall, in the floor)
- What tools and equipment are required for installation?
- Who should be responsible for the installation? (e.g., a contractor, a building maintenance worker)
Conclusion:
In conclusion, designing and supplying an entryway involves several steps, including planning, designing, and construction. Understanding the process of designing and supplying an entryway can help you create a functional and aesthetically pleasing entryway that meets the needs of your building occupants.
Glossary:
- Entryway: A space between the exterior and interior of a building that provides access to the building.
- Materials: The substances used in construction or manufacturing.
- Finishes: The surface treatment applied to a building material.
- Contractor: A person or company that performs a contracted task.


text:
Jamboree in the Hills Tickets

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Opened in 2009, Cowboys Stadium is widely considered the standard of what a modern stadium should be. The stadium usually seats around 80,000, allowing for over 110,000 when opening up standing room areas. The versatile stadium hosts NFL football games, NCAA football games, NBA special events, NCAA Basketball, and even big time boxing bouts. Despite all these major events, only one team can truly call the stadium its home: the Dallas Cowboys. The Cowboys of course play their home games at the stadium, adds a level of splendor to what is already one of the nation's most storied franchises. When building the stadium, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones stressed cutting edge extravagance. Such a philosophy is clearly visible as you enter the stadium. The center attraction (besides the sports of course) is a one-of-a-kind video board hung 90 feet above the playing field. The board features four different viewing displays consisting of over 25,000 square feet of display area. Outside the stadium are several concourses and concession areas. The stadium itself has a retractable roof making weather concerns a nonissue. The stadium's elegance attracts many world recognized events. Most notably, in 2011, Super Bowl XLV was played in there and came within hundreds of breaking an all-time attendance record. Other big events include the 2010 NBA All Star Game and the 2014 NCAA Basketball Final Four. Whether you're a Cowboys fan or not, you'll find ample reasons to visit Cowboys Stadium.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Events and Venues

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

An event is a planned occurrence or happening that people gather to experience. An event can be anything from a concert to a sports game. A venue is the physical space where an event takes place. It could be a stadium, arena, or theater.

## Section 2: Questions and Answers

Q: What is an example of an event?
A: An example of an event is a concert by a popular musician.

Q: What is an example of a venue?
A: An example of a venue is Madison Square Garden in New York City.

## Section 3: Definitions and Examples

Event - A planned occurrence or happening that people gather to experience.
Venue - The physical space where an event takes place.

## Practical Example

Let's say there is a concert coming up at Madison Square Garden. This is an example of an event taking place at a venue. The event is the concert, and the venue is Madison Square Garden.

## Section 4: Real-World Scenarios

Real-world scenario: You want to go see your favorite band in concert, but you don't know where they are playing. You look up their tour schedule and see that they will be performing at a venue in a city far away from you. You decide to buy tickets and make plans to travel to the city to see the concert.

## Glossary

Event - A planned occurrence or happening that people gather to experience.
Venue - The physical space where an event takes place.
Madison Square Garden - A famous sports arena located in New York City.


text: The $42 million renovation project that will result in a new and improved Jeremiah E. Burke High School is underway. Mayor Menino and city officials from the Boston Public Schools, Boston Public Library and Boston Centers for Youth and Families will come together with members of the Grove Hall community next week to break ground on the future Burke School / Library / Community Center, one of the first of its kind in the nation, scheduled to open by September 2008. All are welcome at the groundbreaking ceremony on Thursday, December 7, at 11:30 a.m. on the Geneva Avenue side of the building. Pictured here is a rendering of the completed project from the architectural firm of Schwartz/Silver Associates.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Construction Project Management

## Section 1: Overview of Construction Project Management

Construction project management is the process of planning, coordinating, and overseeing the construction of a building or structure. It involves managing resources, budgets, schedules, and safety to ensure that the project is completed on time, within budget, and to the required quality standards. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of construction project management, including the role of the project manager, the stages of construction, and the importance of communication and collaboration.

### Questions and Answers

Q: What is construction project management?
A: Construction project management is the process of planning, coordinating, and overseeing the construction of a building or structure.

Q: What is the role of the project manager in construction project management?
A: The project manager is responsible for overseeing the entire construction project, from start to finish. They manage resources, budgets, schedules, and safety to ensure that the project is completed on time, within budget, and to the required quality standards.

Q: What are the stages of construction?
A: The stages of construction typically include design, planning, site preparation, excavation, foundation, framing, roofing, finishing, and final inspection.

Q: Why is communication and collaboration important in construction project management?
A: Communication and collaboration are essential in construction project management because they help ensure that everyone involved in the project is working towards the same goals and that any issues or delays are addressed promptly.

## Section 2: The Stages of Construction

The stages of construction typically include design, planning, site preparation, excavation, foundation, framing, roofing, finishing, and final inspection. In this section, we will explore each stage in more detail and discuss the key activities that take place during each stage.

### Questions and Answers

Q: What happens during the design stage of construction?
A: During the design stage, architects and engineers work together to create detailed plans for the building or structure. These plans include everything from the layout of the rooms to the type of materials that will be used.

Q: What is site preparation in construction?
A: Site preparation is the process of clearing the land and preparing it for construction. This includes removing any existing structures or vegetation, grading the land, and installing utilities such as water, sewer, and electricity.

Q: What happens during excavation in construction?
A: Excavation is the process of digging and removing soil and rock from the construction site. This is done using heavy machinery such as bulldozers and excavators.

Q: What is foundation in construction?
A: Foundation is the process of laying the base of the building or structure. This includes pouring concrete and installing reinforcing steel bars (rebar) to create a strong and stable base.

Q: What is framing in construction?
A: Framing is the process of erecting the skeleton of the building or structure. This includes installing the beams, columns, and other structural elements that support the walls and roof.

Q: What happens during roofing in construction?
A: Roofing is the process of installing the roof of the building or structure. This includes laying the roofing material, such as shingles or tiles, and installing any necessary flashing or gutters to prevent water damage.

Q: What is finishing in construction?
A: Finishing is the process of completing the interior and exterior of the building or structure. This includes installing doors, windows, flooring, and walls, as well as painting and other decorative touches.

Q: What happens during final inspection in construction?
A: Final inspection is the process of checking that the building or structure meets all necessary building codes and is safe for occupancy. Any issues or defects found during the inspection must be corrected before the building can be occupied.

## Section 3: Communication and Collaboration in Construction Project Management

Communication and collaboration are essential in construction project management because they help ensure that everyone involved in the project is working towards the same goals and that any issues or delays are addressed promptly. In this section, we will discuss the importance of communication and collaboration in construction project management and provide tips for effective communication.

### Questions and Answers

Q: Why is communication important in construction project management?
A: Communication is important in construction project management because it ensures that everyone involved in the project is on the same page and working towards the same goals. Effective communication also helps to identify and resolve any issues or delays as soon as possible, which can save time and money in the long run.

Q: Why is collaboration important in construction project management?
A: Collaboration is important in construction project management because it encourages teamwork and cooperation among all parties involved in the project. By working together, everyone can contribute their expertise and experience to create a better end result.

Q: What are some tips for effective communication in construction project management?
A: Some tips for effective communication in construction project management include:
- Hold regular meetings to keep everyone informed of progress and any changes to the plan
- Use clear and concise language when communicating with others
- Listen actively and respond thoughtfully to feedback and suggestions
- Keep written records of all communications and decisions made during the project
- Encourage open and honest communication among all parties involved in the project.

## Glossary

- Construction project management: The process of planning, coordinating, and overseeing the construction of a building or structure.
- Project manager: The person responsible for overseeing the entire construction project, from start to finish.
- Stages of construction: The different phases or steps involved in building or constructing a structure.
- Communication: The exchange of information or ideas between people.
- Collaboration: The process of working together with others to achieve a common goal.


text: Let us help you get the results you want!. There are many reasons for selling your property.. Whatever your motivation we will do our best to get you the results you are after. We are working for you!. Come see us or fill out our online form for a FREE no obligation property appraisal!. This is the first step in the process where we do a thorough sales appraisal of your house comparing it with recent sales and competitive listings already on the market in the area.. For us selling your house is an important partnership.. Don’t worry, we will take care of all the hassles, but we need to know what motivates you and what your expectations are.. We will help make this as process as painless as possible!. Our experienced team will help you accomplish your goal with the best result.

textbook:
Lesson: Real Estate Sales Appraisal
Introduction:
Real estate sales appraisal is the process of determining the value of a property to sell it on the market. It is an essential part of the selling process that helps homeowners get the best price for their property. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of real estate sales appraisal, how it works, and how it can benefit homeowners.
Section 1: Importance of Real Estate Sales Appraisal
Topic 1: Why is real estate sales appraisal important?
- Real estate sales appraisal is crucial because it helps homeowners set the right price for their property, attracting potential buyers and ensuring they get the best deal.
- It also helps homeowners understand the current market value of their property, enabling them to make informed decisions about whether to sell or not.
Topic 2: What happens during a real estate sales appraisal?
- During a real estate sales appraisal, a professional appraiser visits the property to evaluate its condition, size, location, and features.
- The appraiser then compares the property with similar properties in the area that have recently sold or are currently on the market.
- Based on this comparison, the appraiser determines the fair market value of the property.
Section 2: How Real Estate Sales Appraisal Works
Topic 1: What factors affect real estate sales appraisal?
- Several factors affect the real estate sales appraisal process, including the location, condition, size, and features of the property, as well as the current market trends and demand.
- The appraiser also considers recent sales of similar properties in the area, known as comparables or comps, to determine the fair market value.
Topic 2: How does real estate sales appraisal benefit homeowners?
- Real estate sales appraisal benefits homeowners by helping them set the right price for their property, attracting potential buyers and ensuring they get the best deal.
- It also helps homeowners understand the current market value of their property, enabling them to make informed decisions about whether to sell or not.
Section 3: Real Estate Sales Appraisal in Practice
Topic 1: Examples of real estate sales appraisal
- Let's say a homeowner wants to sell their house, which is located in a desirable neighborhood with good schools and shopping centers.
- A professional appraiser visits the property and compares it with similar properties in the area that have recently sold or are currently on the market.
- Based on this comparison, the appraiser determines the fair market value of the property, which is $400,000.
- The homeowner sets the asking price at $420,000, which is higher than the appraised value, but they believe it will attract potential buyers.
- The property is listed on the market, and within two months, it receives multiple offers, eventually selling for $415,000.
Topic 2: Self-Debating Discussion
- Why is it essential to have a professional appraiser conduct a real estate sales appraisal instead of relying on online valuation tools?
- Online valuation tools may not take into account the unique features of a property or the current market trends, leading to an inaccurate estimate of the property's value.
- A professional appraiser, on the other hand, has the expertise and experience to accurately evaluate a property and provide a fair market value.
Conclusion:
In summary, real estate sales appraisal is a crucial part of the selling process that helps homeowners get the best price for their property. By understanding the importance of real estate sales appraisal and how it works, homeowners can make informed decisions about whether to sell or not. Additionally, by learning about real estate sales appraisal in practice, homeowners can better understand how to set the right price for their property and attract potential buyers.
Glossary:
- Appraiser: A professional who evaluates a property to determine its fair market value.
- Fair market value: The price a willing buyer would pay for a property, and a willing seller would accept it.
- Comps: Short for comparables, these are similar properties in the area that have recently sold or are currently on the market.
- Market trends: Current patterns in the real estate market that affect property values.


text: Content Egg WordPress Plugin Features. - Easily adding offers from different affiliate systems by keyword. - Support for woo-commerce and product synchronization. - than 20 affiliate system APIs and we added more and more. You don’t need to buy separate plugins for each system. - Show offer anywhere, the plugin works with shortcodes. - Content Modules. Add relevant additional content to your posts. Videos, images, news, tweets. - Autoblog. - Fill extension to add offers to existing posts. - Common comparison lists for all modules. Give your users the best deals. - This is not a new plugin, we developed it 2 years before uploading it on Codecanyon

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Affiliate Marketing

## Section 1: What is Affiliate Marketing?
Affiliate marketing is a type of online marketing where publishers or affiliates promote products or services of merchants or advertisers and earn a commission for each sale or lead they generate. It is a performance-based marketing strategy that rewards affiliates for every customer or client they refer to the advertiser.

## Section 2: How does Affiliate Marketing work?
Affiliate marketing works by tracking the clicks, leads, and sales generated by affiliates. When a visitor clicks on an affiliate link and makes a purchase, the affiliate earns a commission. The commission rate is usually determined by the merchant or advertiser and can range from 5% to 50% or even higher depending on the product or service being promoted.

## Section 3: Types of Affiliate Marketing
There are several types of affiliate marketing, including:

1. Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising: In this model, affiliates earn a commission for each click on their affiliate links.
2. Pay-Per-Lead (PPL) Advertising: In this model, affiliates earn a commission for each lead they generate, which is typically a completed form or contact information.
3. Pay-Per-Sale (PPS) Advertising: In this model, affiliates earn a commission for each sale they generate.
4. Revenue Sharing: In this model, affiliates earn a percentage of the revenue generated by the products or services they promote.

## Section 4: How to get started with Affiliate Marketing
To get started with affiliate marketing, you will need to:

1. Choose a niche or topic that you are passionate about and that has a large audience.
2. Research and select affiliate programs or networks that offer products or services related to your niche.
3. Apply to the affiliate programs or networks and wait for approval.
4. Promote the products or services using your unique affiliate links.
5. Track your clicks, leads, and sales to earn commissions.

## Section 5: Tips for Successful Affiliate Marketing
To be successful in affiliate marketing, you should:

1. Build trust with your audience by providing valuable content and recommendations.
2. Use affiliate links to track your clicks, leads, and sales.
3. Use social media, email marketing, and blogging to promote the products or services.
4. Stay up-to-date with industry trends and changes in affiliate programs or networks.
5. Test different types of affiliate marketing to see what works best for you.

## Conclusion:
In conclusion, affiliate marketing is a powerful way to earn money online by promoting products or services related to your niche. By following the tips provided in this lesson, you can increase your chances of success in affiliate marketing. Remember to always provide valuable content and recommendations to build trust with your audience and to track your clicks, leads, and sales using affiliate links.


text: Waverley - Tartan Cloth Commonplace Notebook. Stu has been getting in touch with his inner Scot and has found these beautifully made notebooks. They are made with cloth that's woven in mills in the UK. Paper is 80 gsm acid free from sustainable forests. There is an elastic clousure, a ribbon marker, eight perforated end leaves and an expandable inner note holder. Included is a bookmark with information about the Caledonia tartan which has been used to make these notebooks.. 192 pages. Left side blank, right side ruled.. 21cm x 13cm

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Sustainable Products

Introduction:
In today's world, it is essential to be aware of the products we use and their impact on the environment. This lesson will teach you about sustainable products and why they are important.

Section 1: What are Sustainable Products?
A sustainable product is one that is made using materials and processes that do not harm the environment. These products are designed to last longer than traditional products, reducing waste and conserving resources.

Section 2: Why are Sustainable Products Important?
Sustainable products are important because they help protect the environment and conserve resources. When we use sustainable products, we reduce our carbon footprint and help preserve the planet for future generations.

Section 3: Examples of Sustainable Products
Examples of sustainable products include reusable water bottles, biodegradable cleaning supplies, and organic clothing. These products are made from renewable resources and are designed to last longer than traditional products.

Section 4: How can I use Sustainable Products?
You can use sustainable products in your everyday life by choosing products that are made from renewable resources and designed to last longer. For example, instead of buying disposable plastic water bottles, you can invest in a reusable water bottle made from stainless steel or glass.

Section 5: Conclusion
By using sustainable products, we can reduce our impact on the environment and help preserve the planet for future generations. It is essential to be aware of the products we use and their impact on the environment. By choosing sustainable products, we can make a difference in the world around us.

Glossary:
- Sustainable: able to be maintained at a certain rate or level
- Renewable: capable of being renewed or replaced
- Carbon Footprint: the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, organization, event, or product

Conclusion:
By learning about sustainable products, we can make informed decisions about the products we use in our daily lives. By choosing sustainable products, we can reduce our impact on the environment and help preserve the planet for future generations.


text: .. Managing a church’s finances is important for good stewardship. Solid accounting applications with electronic funds banking in all modules are provided by this advanced system. With RDS Advantage’s church accounting features, taking care of the monetary side of worship is accomplished.. Our church accounting system has secure audit trails, nearly limitless reporting options, NACHA electronic banking and great flexibility.. RDS Advantage powerful payroll system supports clergy and not for profits needs and can be used in large commercial applications. Employee and receivable clients can be integrated with the membership database.. Accounting entries generate audit trails that trace the source of all entries.. "Accounting" is part of the RDS Advantage Church Management Software line of products, developed by RDS Advantage, Inc..

textbook:
# Lesson: Church Accounting
## Introduction
Managing the finances of a church is an important aspect of good stewardship. A church accounting system can help churches keep track of their income and expenses, generate financial reports, and manage their budgets effectively. In this lesson, we will learn about the features of a church accounting system and how it can benefit churches.
## Section 1: What is Church Accounting?
Church accounting is a type of accounting that is specifically designed for churches and religious organizations. It involves keeping track of all the financial transactions that occur within the church, including tithes and offerings, expenses, and donations.
## Section 2: Features of a Church Accounting System
A good church accounting system should have several key features, including:
- Secure Audit Trails: This feature allows the church to track all financial transactions and ensure that they are accurate and legitimate.
- Nearly Limitless Reporting Options: A good church accounting system should be able to generate a wide range of financial reports, including income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements.
- Electronic Banking: This feature allows the church to automatically import bank statements and reconcile them with their own records.
- Flexibility: A good church accounting system should be flexible enough to accommodate the unique needs of each church.
## Section 3: Benefits of a Church Accounting System
There are several benefits to using a church accounting system, including:
- Improved Stewardship: By keeping accurate financial records, churches can demonstrate their commitment to good stewardship and build trust with their congregation.
- Efficient Budget Management: A church accounting system can help churches manage their budgets more efficiently, allowing them to allocate resources more effectively.
- Better Decision Making: With access to accurate financial data, churches can make better decisions about how to allocate their resources and plan for the future.
## Conclusion
In conclusion, a church accounting system is an essential tool for managing the finances of a church. By keeping accurate financial records and generating useful reports, churches can demonstrate their commitment to good stewardship and make better decisions about how to allocate their resources. Whether you are a pastor, treasurer, or member of a church finance committee, understanding the basics of church accounting can help you manage your church's finances more effectively.


text:
Batch adsorption of phenol onto physiochemical-activated coconut shell.
The liquid-phase adsorption of phenol onto coconut shell-based activated carbon, CS850A was investigated for its equilibrium studies and kinetic modeling. Coconut shell was converted into high quality activated carbon through physiochemical activation at 850 degrees C under the influence of CO(2) flow. Beforehand, the coconut shell was carbonized at 700 degrees C and the resulted char was impregnated with KOH at 1:1 weight ratio. In order to evaluate the performance of CS850A, a series of batch adsorption experiments were conducted with initial phenol concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 mg l(-1), adsorbent loading of 0.2g and the adsorption process was maintained at 30+/-1 degrees C. The adsorption isotherms were in conformation to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Chemical reaction was found to be a rate-controlling parameter to this phenol-CS850A batch adsorption system due to strong agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Adsorption capacity for CS850A was found to be 205.8 mg g(-1).

textbook:
Lesson: Batch Adsorption of Phenol onto Physiochemical-Activated Coconut Shell

Introduction:
Adsorption is a process where molecules of a substance (adsorbate) are taken onto the surface of another substance (adsorbent). In this lesson, we will learn about batch adsorption of phenol onto physiochemical-activated coconut shell.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

1.1. Adsorption Isotherms
An adsorption isotherm is a graph that shows the relationship between the amount of adsorbate on the adsorbent surface and the equilibrium concentration of the adsorbate in the solution. Two common types of isotherms are the Langmuir isotherm and the Freundlich isotherm.

1.2. Kinetic Models
A kinetic model describes how the rate of adsorption changes over time. A common kinetic model used in this study is the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

Section 2: Practical Examples

2.1. Preparation of Activated Carbon
Coconut shells are first carbonized at 700°C and then impregnated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) to create activated carbon. The activated carbon is then carbonized again at 850°C to create CS850A.

2.2. Batch Adsorption Experiments
The adsorption of phenol onto CS850A is studied by conducting batch adsorption experiments with initial phenol concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 mg/L, adsorbent loading of 0.2 g, and the adsorption process maintained at 30±1°C.

Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

3.1. Why is the coconut shell used as the adsorbent?
Coconut shells are a renewable and abundant resource in many countries, making them a suitable choice for creating activated carbon.

3.2. What factors affect the adsorption capacity of CS850A?
Factors such as the initial concentration of phenol, adsorbent loading, temperature, and the presence of other contaminants can affect the adsorption capacity of CS850A.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about batch adsorption of phenol onto physiochemical-activated coconut shell. We covered theoretical concepts such as adsorption isotherms and kinetic models, practical examples of preparing activated carbon and conducting batch adsorption experiments, and self-debating discussions on factors affecting adsorption capacity. By understanding these concepts, we can apply our knowledge to other adsorption systems and solve similar problems.


text:
Apostolicae Servitutis

Apostolicae Servitutis was a papal bull issued by Pope Benedict XIV, 23 February 1741, against secular pursuits on the part of the clergy. In spite of many prohibitive laws of the Church some ecclesiastics had drifted into the habit of occupying themselves with worldly business and pursuits. The object of this papal prohibition was to check that abuse among the clergy. It recalls, therefore, and confirms the statutes made by former Popes against such abuses, and also extends them to such ecclesiastics as might, in order to evade the penalties attached, engage in worldly pursuits under the name of lay persons. It prohibits ecclesiastics from continuing business affairs begun by lay persons unless in case of necessity, and then with the permission only of the Sacred Congregation of the Council within Italy, and with the permission of the Diocesan Ordinary outside of Italy.

References

Attribution

Category:1741 works
Category:18th-century papal bulls
Category:Documents of Pope Benedict XIV

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Separating Church and State

Introduction

The concept of separation of church and state is an important principle in modern society. It ensures that the government does not favor any particular religion or religious beliefs over others. This principle is based on the idea that the government should remain neutral when it comes to religious matters, and that individuals should be free to practice their religion without interference from the government.

In this lesson, we will explore the historical context of the papal bull Apostolicae Servitutis, which was issued by Pope Benedict XIV in 1741. We will examine the reasons behind the issuance of this bull and how it contributed to the separation of church and state.

Section 1: Historical Context

In the 18th century, the Catholic Church was one of the most powerful institutions in Europe. However, some members of the clergy had become involved in secular pursuits, such as business and politics. This was seen as a threat to the Church's authority and to the separation of church and state.

Pope Benedict XIV issued the papal bull Apostolicae Servitutis in response to this issue. The bull reaffirmed earlier laws that prohibited clergy members from engaging in secular pursuits. It also extended these laws to include those who attempted to evade the penalties by pretending to be laypeople.

Section 2: The Importance of Separation of Church and State

The issuance of Apostolicae Servitutis was significant because it reinforced the principle of separation of church and state. By prohibiting clergy members from engaging in secular pursuits, the bull ensured that the Church remained separate from the government and other secular institutions.

This separation of church and state is important because it protects the rights of individuals to practice their religion freely without interference from the government. It also prevents the government from favoring one religion over another, which would be a violation of the principle of religious freedom.

Section 3: Applying the Concept Today

The concept of separation of church and state is still relevant today. In modern societies, religious freedom is a fundamental right that is protected by law. Governments must remain neutral when it comes to religious matters and should not favor one religion over another.

In conclusion, the historical context of Apostolicae Servitutis provides us with an important lesson about the importance of separating church and state. By prohibiting clergy members from engaging in secular pursuits, the bull reinforced the principle that the government should remain neutral when it comes to religious matters. This principle is still relevant today, as it protects the rights of individuals to practice their religion freely without interference from the government.


text: Description. R4,750.00 – R8,020.00. This memory foam mattress consist of four layers especially designed to support heavier weight individuals whilst maintaining the comfort and pressure relieving properties of memory form. Consists of a combination of high quality fast asleep memory foam and a latex comfort layer providing elasticity and proper support also a thick extra firm high density buffer core suited for the especially large individual looking for a supporting long lasting mattress.. Base not included. Custom Orders: If you would like to place a custom order for this product, please click on Custom Products and fill out your requirements and we will respond with a quote

textbook:
Lesson: How to Understand and Compare Prices of Different Products

## Section 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn how to understand and compare prices of different products. We will start by learning about the different components of a product's price and how they affect the overall cost. Then, we will explore different strategies for comparing prices and identifying the best deals. Finally, we will apply these skills to a real-world scenario to see how they work in practice.

## Section 2: Understanding Product Prices

### Subsection 2.1: Components of a Product's Price

A product's price typically consists of several components, including:

1. Manufacturing Cost: This is the cost of materials and labor required to produce the product. It includes the cost of raw materials, labor, overhead, and other expenses associated with manufacturing.

2. Marketing and Distribution Costs: These are the costs associated with promoting and distributing the product, such as advertising, shipping, and handling.

3. Profit Margin: This is the amount of money that the manufacturer or seller makes on each sale. It is calculated by subtracting the manufacturing and distribution costs from the selling price.

4. Taxes and Fees: These are additional costs that may be added to the product's price, such as sales tax, import duties, or other fees.

Understanding these components can help us make informed decisions when comparing prices and choosing the best deal.

### Subsection 2.2: How Price Components Affect Overall Cost

The overall cost of a product is determined by adding up all its components. However, different products may have different proportions of each component, which can affect their overall cost. For example, a luxury brand may have a higher profit margin than a budget brand, but may also have higher marketing and distribution costs. Similarly, a product made from expensive materials may have a higher manufacturing cost than a similar product made from cheaper materials.

By understanding the different components of a product's price, we can make more informed decisions when comparing prices and choosing the best deal.

## Section 3: Comparing Prices and Identifying the Best Deals

### Subsection 3.1: Strategies for Comparing Prices

There are several strategies we can use to compare prices and identify the best deals:

1. Research Prices Online: We can use online price comparison websites to quickly compare prices across different retailers and brands.

2. Look for Discounts and Promotions: Many retailers offer discounts and promotions, such as seasonal sales or loyalty programs. By taking advantage of these deals, we can save money on our purchases.

3. Check for Price Match Guarantees: Some retailers offer price match guarantees, where they will match the price of a product if it is sold at a lower price by a competitor.

4. Consider Shipping and Handling Costs: While some retailers may offer low prices, they may charge high shipping and handling fees, which can increase the overall cost of the product.

5. Read Reviews and Ratings: Reading reviews and ratings from other customers can give us insight into the quality of the product and help us make more informed decisions when comparing prices.

### Subsection 3.2: Applying Strategies to a Real-World Scenario

Let's say we are shopping for a new laptop. Using the strategies we learned in the previous section, we can compare prices and identify the best deals.

First, we can research prices online and find that the same laptop is being sold for different prices on different websites. We can then look for discounts and promotions, such as cashback offers or extended warranties, to see which retailer is offering the best deal. We can also check for price match guarantees to ensure that we are getting the lowest possible price.

Next, we can consider shipping and handling costs, as well as any additional fees, such as taxes or import duties, to determine the total cost of the product. Finally, we can read reviews and ratings from other customers to get a sense of the laptop's quality and performance.

By applying these strategies, we can confidently choose the best deal for our needs and budget.

## Section 4: Conclusion

Understanding the components of a product's price and how they affect the overall cost is crucial for making informed decisions when comparing prices and choosing the best deal. By using strategies such as researching prices online, looking for discounts and promotions, checking for price match guarantees, and considering shipping and handling costs, we can identify the best deals and make smart purchasing decisions. By applying these skills, we can save money and get the most value for our purchases.


text:
Q:

Check if sequence is bounded using the monotony

I want to check if the following sequence is upper bounded, under bounded and bounded.

$a_n=\frac{n^{30}}{2^n}$

We have that $\lim_{n \to +\infty} a_n=0$ and $a_1=\frac{1}{2}$.
So the sequence is not increasing.
The sequence is decreasing for the $n$ for which $a_{n+1}> a_n$.
This holds for $\left( 1+\frac{1}{n}\right)^{30} \geq 2$.
So we have to find the $n$ for which the last relation holds in order to find where the sequence is bounded, right?
How can we solve the inequality as for $n$?
Or can we see otherwise the lower bound of the sequence?

A:

Let $\varphi(x)=\log(x^{30}/2^{x})$, then $\varphi'(x)=30/x-x\log 2<0$ if and only if $x>30/\log 2$, for $n\geq(\text{the least integer greater or equal to }30/\log 2$), the sequence is decreasing.

textbook:
Lesson:

**Topic:** Checking if a Sequence is Bounded

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn how to determine if a sequence is bounded using the monotonicity property. We will use the example of the given sequence $a_n = \frac{n^{30}}{2^n}$ to illustrate the process.

**Prerequisites:** Basic understanding of sequences, limits, and inequalities.

**Materials:** Paper, pencil, and calculator.

**Introduction:** A sequence is said to be bounded if there exists a positive number M such that all terms of the sequence are within the interval [-M, M]. In other words, a sequence is bounded if it has both an upper bound and a lower bound. In this lesson, we will learn how to determine if a sequence is bounded using the monotonicity property.

**Section 1: Understanding Monotonicity**

A sequence is said to be monotonic if either it is always increasing or always decreasing. If a sequence is neither increasing nor decreasing, it is called non-monotonic.

**Exercise 1:** Determine if the given sequence is increasing, decreasing, or non-monotonic. Justify your answer.

$a_n = \frac{n^{30}}{2^n}$

Solution:

We have that $\lim_{n \to +\infty} a_n = 0$ and $a_1 = \frac{1}{2}$.

So the sequence is not increasing.

The sequence is decreasing for the $n$ for which $a_{n+1} > a_n$.

This holds for $(\frac{1}{2})^{30} \leq a_n \leq 0$.

Since the sequence is decreasing for some values of n, it is non-monotonic.

**Section 2: Checking for Boundedness Using Monotonicity**

Now that we know the given sequence is non-monotonic, we cannot directly conclude that it is bounded using the monotonicity property. However, we can still check for boundedness by analyzing the behavior of the sequence.

**Exercise 2:** Check if the given sequence is upper bounded, under bounded, and bounded.

Solution:

We have that $\lim_{n \to +\infty} a_n = 0$.

So the sequence is bounded below by 0.

For the upper bound, we can analyze the behavior of the sequence. We have that $a_n < a_{n+1}$ for all n. Therefore, the sequence is not increasing and does not approach infinity. Thus, we can conclude that the sequence is bounded above by the limit $\lim_{n \to +\infty} a_n = 0$.

Therefore, the given sequence is both under bounded and bounded.

**Section 3: Practical Example**

Let's consider another example to illustrate the process of checking for boundedness using monotonicity.

**Example:** Consider the sequence $b_n = \frac{(-1)^n}{\sqrt{n}}$.

**Exercise 3:** Check if the given sequence is increasing, decreasing, or non-monotonic. Determine if it is upper bounded, under bounded, and bounded.

Solution:

We have that $\lim_{n \to +\infty} b_n = 0$.

So the sequence is not increasing.

The sequence is decreasing for the $n$ for which $b_{n+1} < b_n$.

This holds for $n \geq 1$.

Since the sequence is decreasing, it is non-monotonic.

We have that $\lim_{n \to +\infty} b_n = 0$.

So the sequence is bounded below by 0.

For the upper bound, we can analyze the behavior of the sequence. We have that $b_n < b_{n+1}$ for all n. Therefore, the sequence is decreasing and does not approach infinity. Thus, we can conclude that the sequence is bounded above by the limit $\lim_{n \to +\infty} b_n = 0$.

Therefore, the given sequence is both under bounded and bounded.

**Conclusion:**

In this lesson, we learned how to determine if a sequence is bounded using the monotonicity property. We used two examples to illustrate the process of checking for boundedness using monotonicity. We learned that a sequence is bounded if it has both an upper bound and a lower bound. We also learned that a sequence is non-monotonic if it is neither increasing nor decreasing. Finally, we practiced applying these concepts to two different examples.


text: What is the Dognition Assessment?. Dognition is not about ranking a dog’s IQ — it’s about discovering which skills an individual dog relies on to navigate their world. Our Dognition Assessment is designed to reveal a dog's cognitive dimensions. Learning which cognitive dimensions are your dog’s strongest and which are areas for improvement can help shed light on where your dog is coming from — and the new places your relationship can go.. Canine Cognitive Dimensions:. - Empathy = A dog's ability to connect with and pay attention to their

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Canine Cognitive Dimensions

**Objective:** Understand the concept of canine cognitive dimensions and how they relate to a dog's behavior and personality.

**Introduction:** Dogs are intelligent creatures with unique personalities and behaviors. The Dognition Assessment is designed to measure a dog's cognitive dimensions, which are the different ways in which dogs process information and solve problems. By understanding these cognitive dimensions, we can better understand our dogs and improve our relationships with them.

**Section 1: What are Canine Cognitive Dimensions?**

Canine Cognitive Dimensions refer to the different ways in which dogs process information and solve problems. These dimensions include Empathy, Flexibility, Social Cognition, Spatial Memory, and Working Memory. Each dimension is important in its own way and contributes to a dog's overall intelligence and personality.

**Section 2: Understanding Canine Cognitive Dimensions**

Let's take a closer look at each of the five cognitive dimensions:

1. Empathy: This refers to a dog's ability to connect with and pay attention to their environment. Dogs with high empathy are good at reading human emotions and responding appropriately. They are also good at picking up on nonverbal cues and body language.

2. Flexibility: This refers to a dog's ability to adapt to new situations and change their behavior accordingly. Dogs with high flexibility are good at problem-solving and can quickly adjust to new environments or routines.

3. Social Cognition: This refers to a dog's ability to understand and interpret the emotions and intentions of others. Dogs with high social cognition are good at recognizing and responding to social cues and can easily form bonds with other animals and humans.

4. Spatial Memory: This refers to a dog's ability to remember the location of objects and people. Dogs with high spatial memory are good at finding their way around and can easily remember the location of food, toys, and other important items.

5. Working Memory: This refers to a dog's ability to hold information in their mind and use it to solve problems. Dogs with high working memory are good at remembering commands, locations, and other important details.

**Section 3: Practical Examples**

Let's consider some practical examples of how canine cognitive dimensions can be observed in real-life situations:

1. Empathy: A dog that shows empathy towards its owner may cuddle up to them when they are feeling sad or offer comfort when they are feeling anxious.

2. Flexibility: A dog that demonstrates flexibility may be able to adapt to changes in their routine, such as switching between indoor and outdoor play or transitioning between different types of food.

3. Social Cognition: A dog that exhibits social cognition may be able to recognize and respond to social cues, such as following their owner's gaze to locate a hidden treat or playing with other dogs based on their body language.

4. Spatial Memory: A dog with high spatial memory may be able to find their way home from a new location or remember where their favorite toy is hidden in a cluttered room.

5. Working Memory: A dog with high working memory may be able to remember a command after a delay, such as waiting for their dinner until their owner has left the room or recalling a location to find a hidden treat.

**Conclusion:** Understanding canine cognitive dimensions can help us better understand our dogs and improve our relationships with them. By appreciating each dog's unique set of cognitive dimensions, we can tailor our interactions to their strengths and weaknesses, ultimately leading to a happier and more fulfilling relationship.

**Glossary:**
- Cognitive Dimensions: Refers to the different ways in which dogs process information and solve problems.
- Empathy: The ability to connect with and pay attention to one's environment.
- Flexibility: The ability to adapt to new situations and change behavior accordingly.
- Social Cognition: The ability to understand and interpret emotions and intentions of others.
- Spatial Memory: The ability to remember the location of objects and people.
- Working Memory: The ability to hold information in the mind and use it to solve problems.