text: Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that exert an antiviral effect on target cells and possess immunomodulatory and antitumor properties. In this study we have investigated the effects of human recombinant IFN-gamma on human leukemic B cell lines at different stages of maturation. Our data show that in Burkitt's lymphoma RAMOS-1 B cells IFN-gamma induces a reduction of cell growth and a clonal selection via programmed cell death; in contrast, IFN-gamma treatment of KM-3 pre-B cells does not induce biochemical and morphological changes as shown by electron microscope analysis and DNA gel electrophoresis.. File in questo prodotto:. I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Cytokines and their Effects on Cells

**Objective:** To understand the role of cytokines, particularly interferons, in the immune system and their effects on cells.

**Overview:** Cytokines are small proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling and communication. They are secreted by various cells in the body and act on target cells to regulate processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Interferons (IFNs) are a type of cytokine that has antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antitumor properties. In this lesson, we will focus on IFN-gamma and its effects on leukemic B cell lines at different stages of maturation.

**Section 1: Introduction to Cytokines**

Cytokines are small proteins that are secreted by various cells in the body. They act on target cells to regulate processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Cytokines play a crucial role in the immune system, particularly in the response to infections and other diseases.

**Section 2: Interferons and their Properties**

Interferons (IFNs) are a type of cytokine that has antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antitumor properties. They are produced by host cells in response to viral infections and have been shown to inhibit viral replication and modulate the immune response. IFNs also play a role in cellular differentiation and have been used in cancer therapy.

**Section 3: Effects of IFN-gamma on Leukemic B Cell Lines**

In this study, we investigated the effects of human recombinant IFN-gamma on human leukemic B cell lines at different stages of maturation. Our data show that in Burkitt's lymphoma RAMOS-1 B cells, IFN-gamma induces a reduction of cell growth and a clonal selection via programmed cell death. In contrast, IFN-gamma treatment of KM-3 pre-B cells does not induce biochemical and morphological changes as shown by electron microscope analysis and DNA gel electrophoresis.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

In conclusion, our study demonstrates that IFN-gamma has different effects on leukemic B cell lines at different stages of maturation. The reduction of cell growth and clonal selection in RAMOS-1 B cells via programmed cell death suggests that IFN-gamma may have potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of certain types of leukemia. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these effects and to determine the optimal dosage and administration route for IFN-gamma in clinical settings.

**Glossary:**
- Cytokine: a small protein that acts on target cells to regulate processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and survival
- Interferon: a type of cytokine with antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antitumor properties
- Leukemia: a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells
- Programmed cell death: a process of cell death that is regulated by the cell and its environment

**Self-Debate Discussion:**

- How might the effects of IFN-gamma on leukemic B cell lines be different in other types of leukemia?
- What are some potential limitations of using IFN-gamma as a cancer therapy?
- How might the understanding of the effects of IFN-gamma on leukemic B cell lines contribute to the development of new cancer treatments?


text: The GRITS Calendar. - This event has passed.. Southern Carolina GRITS June Bug Shoot at Fennell Shooting School. June 16, 2018 @ 10:00 am. Please join the Southern Carolina GRITS for some Shootin’ & Hootin’ on Saturday, June 16th!. We will be shooting at Blue Branch Farm, just south of Rock Hill, SC!. Join the Southern Carolina GRITS gang for some shooting fun at the Fennell Shooting School!. Followed by appetizers, lunch, and libations!. Saturday, June 16th, 2018 and group photo 10:15 am. Shooting begins at 10:30. Kindly bring a picnic style appetizer or dessert to share along with your favorite libation! We will supply the hamburgers!. We have two fields here for shooting presenting targets for all abilities. We will send you to the field that best suits your abilities. This is a chance to come and shoot, have fun and hone your skills! The cost will be based on the number of boxes you shoot.. Register by clicking on the website link below!

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Title: Introduction to GRITS Calendar
Level: Primary through High School
---
## Lesson 1: What are GRITS?
In this lesson, we will learn about what GRITS are and why they are important.
#### Questions and Answers
- What does GRITS stand for?
- What is the purpose of GRITS?
- How do people participate in GRITS events?
#### Definitions of Purpose
- GRITS stands for "Girls Reaching Independence Through Shooting."
- The purpose of GRITS is to provide opportunities for women to learn and practice shooting sports.
- People participate in GRITS events by attending workshops, training sessions, and competitions.
#### Practical Examples Using Mathematical Abstractions and Real-World Scenarios
- Let's say there are 10 women who participate in a GRITS event. If each woman spends $50 on supplies, that would be a total of $500 spent by all the participants.
- In a GRITS competition, participants may compete in different shooting events such as skeet shooting, trap shooting, and sporting clays.
#### Self-Debating Discussions
- Why do you think GRITS focuses specifically on women?
- How can learning about GRITS help us in our everyday lives?
#### Glossary
- GRITS: Girls Reaching Independence Through Shooting
- Shooting sports: Competitive sports that involve shooting a gun or other projectile weapon
- Workshops: A place where people can learn and practice skills
- Training sessions: A scheduled event where people learn or practice a specific skill
- Competitions: An event where individuals or teams compete against each other
#### Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about what GRITS are and why they are important. We also explored different aspects of GRITS such as their purpose, how people participate in events, and practical examples using mathematical abstractions and real-world scenarios. By understanding these concepts, we can apply them to new problems and situations.


text:
Thallium-201 SPECT in prognostic assessment of malignant gliomas treated with postoperative radiotherapy.
This study was designed to investigate the value of preoperative thallium-201 (201Tl) SPECT as a predictor of outcome in malignant glioma. From January 1990 to September 2003, 109 patients with glioma were treated with postoperative radiotherapy. Of these, 36 patients with malignant gliomas who underwent preoperative 201Tl-SPECT were included in this study (grade 3: n=14, grade 4: n=22). On early (10 minutes) and delayed (2 hours) images after 111 MBq 201TlCl injection, we calculated radioactivity ratios of tumors to contralateral normal brain (T/N ratios) and retention indices (RIs). For early and delayed images, we compared outcome between a high T/N ratio group (T/N ratio equal or greater than the average) and a low T/N ratio group (T/N ratio less than the average). We also divided the patients into two groups on the basis of RI; a high RI group (RI equal or greater than the average) and a low RI group (RI less than the average), and similarly compared outcome between the two groups. Median survival time was 12 months for both grade 3 and grade 4 tumors; however, two-year survival was 53% for grade 3 and 15% for grade 4. In both early and delayed images, outcome was significantly better for patients with low T/N ratios (early < 4.71, delayed < 3.96) than those with high T/N ratios (early: p = 0.030, delayed: p = 0.049). However, no significant survival difference was apparent between the low- (< -12.25) and high RI groups. In grade 3 glioma, patients with high T/N ratios demonstrated a tendency toward poorer outcome, although this trend was not significant (early: p = 0.079, delayed: p = 0.099). Overall outcome was poor for grade 4 glioma, and the difference in survival between low and high T/N ratio groups was not significant (early: p = 0.51, delayed: p = 0.53). However, long survival was seen only in patients with lower T/N ratios. Differences of 201Tl uptake in malignant gliomas could predict outcome. 201Tl-SPECT is potentially useful in the management of patients with malignant gliomas.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Thallium-201 SPECT Imaging

**Objective:** To introduce the concept of Thallium-201 SPECT imaging and its application in diagnosing and monitoring malignant gliomas.

**Overview:** Thallium-201 SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) is a nuclear medicine imaging technique that uses small amounts of radioactive materials to create pictures of internal organs and tissues. It is particularly useful in diagnosing and monitoring malignant gliomas, which are a type of brain tumor that can be difficult to treat.

**Section 1: Introduction to Thallium-201 SPECT Imaging**

- What is Thallium-201 SPECT imaging?
    - Thallium-201 SPECT is a type of nuclear medicine imaging that uses a small amount of radioactive material called Thallium-201 to create detailed pictures of internal organs and tissues.
- How does Thallium-201 SPECT work?
    - Thallium-201 is a radioactive substance that is injected into the patient's bloodstream. It travels through the body and collects in areas where there is increased cell activity, such as tumors.
    - A gamma camera detects the gamma rays emitted by the Thallium-201 and creates a picture of the distribution of the radioactive substance in the body.
    - This picture can be used to identify areas of increased cell activity, such as tumors, and to monitor the progress of treatments like radiation therapy.

**Section 2: Applying Thallium-201 SPECT Imaging to Malignant Gliomas**

- Why is Thallium-201 SPECT useful for diagnosing and monitoring malignant gliomas?
    - Malignant gliomas can be difficult to diagnose and treat because they often look similar to other types of brain tissue.
    - Thallium-201 SPECT imaging can help distinguish malignant gliomas from other types of brain tissue because they typically have increased cell activity, which causes the Thallium-201 to collect in those areas.
- What are some common applications of Thallium-201 SPECT imaging in malignant gliomas?
    - Preoperative planning: Thallium-201 SPECT can help surgeons plan the best course of action for removing the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
    - Postoperative monitoring: After surgery, Thallium-201 SPECT can be used to check if any cancerous cells remain and to determine if additional treatment is needed.
    - Evaluating treatment response: Thallium-201 SPECT can help doctors determine if a patient's malignant glioma is responding to treatment and if adjustments to the treatment plan are needed.

**Section 3: Conclusion**

In conclusion, Thallium-201 SPECT imaging is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of malignant gliomas. By providing detailed pictures of internal organs and tissues, it can help doctors distinguish between malignant gliomas and other types of brain tissue, plan surgeries, monitor treatment responses, and make informed decisions about the best course of action for each patient.


text: The sentinel landscape framework has been developed to collect baseline data on people’s livelihood, cropping systems and utilization of tree and forest resources for monitoring purposes using a set of standardized variables, both socio-economic as well as biophysical to assess the relationship between livelihoods and land health in forested landscapes, which have been exposed to various forms of land-use change. Several types of research instruments have been prototyped based on existing surveys instruments including IFRI, stages of progress methodology and Land Degradation Surveillance Framework:. Research Methods.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Land Use Change and Sentinel Landscape Framework

### Section 1: Introduction
Land use change refers to the modification of the Earth's surface by human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, and deforestation. These changes can have significant impacts on the environment, ecosystems, and human livelihoods. The Sentinel Landscape Framework is an approach developed to monitor and assess these changes in forested landscapes.

### Section 2: The Sentinel Landscape Framework
The Sentinel Landscape Framework uses a set of standardized variables to collect baseline data on people's livelihoods, cropping systems, and utilization of tree and forest resources. This data is used to assess the relationship between livelihoods and land health in forested landscapes that have been exposed to various forms of land-use change.

### Section 3: Research Instruments
Several types of research instruments have been prototyped based on existing surveys instruments including IFRI, stages of progress methodology, and Land Degradation Surveillance Framework. These instruments are used to collect data on various aspects of land use change, such as land cover, soil quality, and vegetation density.

### Section 4: Conclusion
Understanding land use change and the Sentinel Landscape Framework is essential for anyone interested in environmental science, sustainable development, or conservation biology. By learning about the standardized variables used in this framework, we can better understand the impacts of land-use change on forested landscapes and develop strategies to mitigate these impacts. Through the use of research instruments, we can collect valuable data to inform our understanding of these issues and make informed decisions about how to address them.

Glossary:
- Land use change: Modification of the Earth's surface by human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, and deforestation.
- Sentinel Landscape Framework: An approach developed to monitor and assess land-use change in forested landscapes.
- Standardized variables: A set of variables used to collect baseline data on people's livelihoods, cropping systems, and utilization of tree and forest resources.
- Research instruments: Tools used to collect data on various aspects of land use change, such as land cover, soil quality, and vegetation density.
- Land-use change: Changes in the use of land, such as conversion from forest to agriculture or urban development.
- Forested landscapes: Areas characterized by the presence of trees and other vegetation.
- Soil quality: The physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil that affect its ability to support plant growth.
- Vegetation density: The amount of plant life in a given area.


text:
James Gilman, who runs the Bethesda, Md., hospital, told pharmacy staff at a meeting Friday that the inquiry focuses on allegations of “potentially discriminatory and inappropriate conduct in the pharmacy,” according to a recording of the meeting shared with The Washington Post.

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Gilman acknowledged “this is a very serious step to take” but stressed that no conclusions have been reached about the managers, including the head of the pharmacy, or other issues. He said he decided to sideline them so they could not influence the interviews that will be conducted with the entire pharmacy staff.

“The issues are very clear,” Gilman told the employees. “We have trouble keeping staff. Too many good people have left. Too many good people that we wanted to come didn’t, because they’re not sure it’s a good place to work.”

Gilman’s office referred questions to the NIH communications office. An NIH spokeswoman declined to name the managers, or say how many were removed. In an email, she said “the Clinical Center is working through some individual personnel matters in the Pharmacy Department . . . The reviews are not related to clinical quality or safety. There will be no impact of this workplace situation on patient safety or quality of care, which are our highest priorities.”

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Gilman used the first names of all four managers during the meeting, and The Post was able to ascertain their roles.

The inquiry, which must be completed within 120 days, is being conducted by the NIH Civil Program, which is part of its Office of Human Resources. On its website, the Civil Program urges employees to contact the program if they “become aware of a workplace situation involving uncivil behavior, such as harassment, sexual harassment, inappropriate conduct, intimidation, bullying or other unproductive, disruptive, and/or violent behaviors.”

A second inquiry of the pharmacy appears to be underway, conducted by NIH’s Office of Management Assessment. That unit “provides broad management oversight and advice to the NIH Director on program integrity, risk management, and management support systems,” according to its website. The spokeswoman said she would neither confirm nor deny that review, but Gilman and staff discussed it at Friday’s staff meeting.

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“The issues are not quite the same that they’re addressing,” Gilman said, “but they’re not completely unrelated.”

The Clinical Center, opened in 1953, is where many desperately ill people come to be treated with cutting-edge, experimental protocols conducted by NIH’s on-campus health-care providers, who study them and healthy volunteers in their research. About 25 percent are cancer patients.

In 2016, NIH Director Francis Collins removed John Gallin, who had led the government hospital for 22 years, and replaced him with Gilman after a review determined patient safety had become “subservient to research demands.” Collins also overhauled the hospital’s leadership structure.

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The task force that found the safety problems was originally appointed to look into contamination of drugs in the Clinical Center. A whistleblower’s complaint in 2015 triggered an investigation by the Food and Drug Administration that resulted in suspension of some drugmaking operations in the pharmacy.

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In 2017, Collins wrote on his blog that NIH had spent about $50 million on “improving patient safety, a considerable amount of which has gone to much needed infrastructure improvements at the Clinical Center and aseptic manufacturing facilities.” Renovations are continuing at the pharmacy, according to the spokeswoman.

In Friday’s staff meeting, Gilman repeatedly drew sharp contrasts between the 2015 shake-up and the conflicts that prompted the current inquiry. “This is not — not — 2015,” he said emphatically. “We have made a lot of progress since 2015. This is not 2015, and don’t you let anybody say that,” he added.

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Nevertheless, he acknowledged personnel problems and urged every employee to tell reviewers what they know.

“We have to improve the workplace climate,” he said. “We have to improve our ability to get along with each other. We have to improve our trust and respect for one another if we’re going to keep going.”

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of a Diverse and Inclusive Workplace

Introduction:

In today's society, it is essential to create a diverse and inclusive workplace. A workplace where everyone feels valued and respected can lead to better teamwork, productivity, and job satisfaction. This lesson will discuss the importance of a diverse and inclusive workplace and provide examples of how to achieve this goal.

Section 1: What is a Diverse and Inclusive Workplace?

A diverse and inclusive workplace is one where individuals from different backgrounds, cultures, and experiences feel welcome, respected, and valued. It is a place where everyone is treated fairly and equally, regardless of their race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, or any other personal characteristic.

Section 2: Why is a Diverse and Inclusive Workplace Important?

There are several reasons why a diverse and inclusive workplace is essential. Firstly, it helps to create a positive work environment. When people feel valued and respected, they are more likely to be motivated and engaged in their work. Secondly, it can lead to better decision-making. A team with diverse perspectives and experiences can bring different ideas to the table, leading to more innovative and effective solutions. Finally, it can improve the bottom line. Companies with diverse and inclusive workplaces tend to perform better financially, as they attract and retain top talent.

Section 3: How Can We Create a Diverse and Inclusive Workplace?

Creating a diverse and inclusive workplace requires effort and commitment from everyone involved. Here are some steps you can take:

1. Recruitment: Make sure your recruitment process is fair and unbiased. Use diverse interview panels and remove identifying information from resumes to reduce unconscious bias.

2. Training: Provide training to all employees on the importance of diversity and inclusion. This can include unconscious bias training, cultural competency training, and harassment prevention training.

3. Communication: Encourage open and honest communication between employees. Create a safe space for people to share their experiences and ideas without fear of judgment or retribution.

4. Accountability: Hold everyone accountable for creating a diverse and inclusive workplace. This includes management, who should model inclusive behavior and hold others accountable for their actions.

Section 4: Examples of Diverse and Inclusive Workplaces

There are many companies that have successfully created diverse and inclusive workplaces. Here are a few examples:

1. Google: Google has made a commitment to creating a workplace where everyone feels valued and respected. They offer employee resource groups, mentorship programs, and training on unconscious bias.

2. Apple: Apple has also made a commitment to diversity and inclusion. They have implemented programs to increase the representation of women and minorities in leadership positions and have also made efforts to improve their supply chain practices to support diverse suppliers.

3. Airbnb: Airbnb has made a commitment to creating a workplace that reflects the communities they serve. They have implemented programs to increase the representation of minorities in leadership positions and have also made efforts to improve their platform to be more inclusive of all users.

Conclusion:

Creating a diverse and inclusive workplace is essential for building a successful and positive work environment. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can help to create a workplace where everyone feels valued and respected. Remember, it takes effort and commitment from everyone involved, but the benefits of a diverse and inclusive workplace are well worth it.


text: As a Realtor in the Wesley Chapel area, I’ve been applauded for my trustworthiness, sincerity and excellent customer service. Having combined experience in mortgage lending, advertising design, new home construction sales, plus the power of the CENTURY 21 System resources allows me to help home buyers and sellers achieve successful transactions in both English and Spanish. When I’m not networking, researching the local market or working with my clients, I’m out and about with my family discovering the many fun places Florida has to offer so I can pass the information on to others and their families.. Contact me today so I can help answer your questions and guide you with reaching your Real Estate goals at 813.310.9462.. I look forward to speaking with you.. Yvette Fuertes, Realtor®. 813.310.9462. yvette.fuertes@century21.com

textbook:
Lesson: How to Write a Professional Bio

Introduction:
A professional bio is a short description of who you are, what you do, and why you're an authority in your field. It's typically written in the third person and is often included on websites, social media profiles, and other marketing materials. In this lesson, we will cover the core value of writing a professional bio that effectively communicates your expertise and credibility to potential clients or employers.

Section 1: Understanding Your Audience
Before you start writing your bio, you need to know who your audience is. Are you writing for potential clients, employers, or colleagues? Once you know who you're writing for, you can tailor your bio to their interests and needs. For example, if you're writing for potential clients, focus on your successes and how you've helped other clients achieve their goals.

Section 2: Focus on Your Expertise
Your bio should highlight your expertise and credibility in your field. Use specific examples to demonstrate your knowledge and experience. For instance, if you're a real estate agent, you could mention your certifications, awards, and successful deals. This will help establish you as an authority in your field and make you more attractive to potential clients or employers.

Section 3: Keep it Concise and Engaging
Your bio should be brief and to the point. Aim for a few sentences that clearly communicate your expertise and credibility. Use a conversational tone and avoid jargon or technical terms that might confuse or turn off your audience. Make sure your bio is engaging by including a personal touch, such as a hobby or interest that showcases your personality.

Section 4: Format and Style
Your bio should be formatted and styled in a way that makes it easy to read and understand. Use bullet points, lists, and headings to break up the text and make it more visually appealing. Consider using a consistent font and color scheme throughout your bio to maintain a cohesive look and feel.

Conclusion:
In summary, writing a professional bio is an important tool for establishing your expertise and credibility in your field. By understanding your audience, focusing on your expertise, keeping it concise and engaging, and formatting and styling it effectively, you can create a powerful and effective bio that will help you stand out from the competition.


text:
The present invention relates to niobium and oxides thereof and more particularly relates to niobium oxides and methods to at least partially reduce niobium oxide and further relates to oxygen reduced niobium.
In accordance with the purposes of the present invention, as embodied and described herein, the present invention relates to a method to at least partially reduce a niobium oxide which includes the steps of heat treating the niobium oxide in the presence of a getter material and in an atmosphere which permits the transfer of oxygen atoms from the niobium oxide to the getter material for a sufficient time and temperature to form an oxygen reduced niobium oxide.
The present invention also relates to oxygen reduced niobium oxides which preferably have beneficial properties, especially when formed into an electrolytic capacitor anode. For instance, a capacitor made from the oxygen reduced niobium oxide of the present invention can have a capacitance of up to about 200,000 CV/g or more. Further, electrolytic capacitor anodes made from the oxygen reduced niobium oxides of the present invention can have a low DC leakage. For instance, such a capacitor can have a DC leakage of from about 0.5 nA/CV to about 5.0 nA/CV.
Accordingly, the present invention also relates to methods to increase capacitance and reduce DC leakage in capacitors made from niobium oxides, which involves partially reducing a niobium oxide by heat treating the niobium oxide in the presence of a getter material and in an atmosphere which permits the transfer of oxygen atoms from the niobium oxide to the getter material, for a sufficient time and temperature to form an oxygen reduced niobium oxide, which when formed into a capacitor anode, has reduced DC leakage and/or increased capacitance.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are intended to provide further explanation of the present invention, as claimed.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Reducing Niobium Oxide

Introduction:
Niobium is a chemical element with symbol Nb and atomic number 40. It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal that is often found in mines with other metals like tantalum. Niobium has many applications in various industries, including the manufacturing of superalloys, electronics, and nuclear reactors. However, niobium oxide is often a problem because it can make the metal brittle and difficult to work with. Therefore, reducing niobium oxide is essential to improve its properties and make it more useful.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is to teach students the importance of reducing niobium oxide to improve its properties and make it more useful in various industries.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Question: What is niobium oxide?
Answer: Niobium oxide is a compound of niobium and oxygen with the formula NbO2. It is a white crystalline solid that is often found in mines with other metals like tantalum.

Question: Why is reducing niobium oxide important?
Answer: Reducing niobium oxide is important because it can make the metal more ductile and easier to work with. When niobium oxide is present, it can make the metal brittle and difficult to use in various industries. By reducing the oxide, the properties of the metal are improved, making it more useful.

Section 2: Practical Examples

Question: How can niobium oxide be reduced?
Answer: Niobium oxide can be reduced by heat treating it in the presence of a getter material and in an atmosphere that allows the transfer of oxygen atoms from the niobium oxide to the getter material. This process forms an oxygen-reduced niobium oxide, which is beneficial when used in electrolytic capacitors.

Question: What are the benefits of using oxygen-reduced niobium oxide in electrolytic capacitors?
Answer: Oxygen-reduced niobium oxide can have a high capacitance of up to about 200,000 CV/g or more and low DC leakage. This makes it an excellent material for use in electrolytic capacitors.

Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

Question: How is niobium oxide reduced in the real world?
Answer: In the real world, niobium oxide is reduced using a process called "oxygen reduction." This process involves heat treating the niobium oxide in the presence of a getter material and in an atmosphere that allows the transfer of oxygen atoms from the niobium oxide to the getter material. This forms an oxygen-reduced niobium oxide, which is then used in various industries, including the manufacturing of superalloys, electronics, and nuclear reactors.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, reducing niobium oxide is essential to improve its properties and make it more useful in various industries. By understanding the theoretical concepts and practical examples of this process, students can gain a deeper understanding of the importance of reducing niobium oxide and how it can be applied to new problems.


text: - Trone weight. - Trone Trone, Trones Trones, n. [LL. trona, fr. L. trutina a balance; cf. Gr. ?.] 1. A steelyard. [Prov. Eng.] [1913 Webster]. 2. A form of weighing machine for heavy wares, consisting of two horizontal bars crossing each other, beaked at the extremities, and supported by a wooden pillar. It is now mostly disused. [Scot.] --Jamieson. [1913 Webster]. {Trone stone}, a weight equivalent to nineteen and a half pounds. [Scot.]. {Trone weight}, a weight formerly used in Scotland, in which a pound varied from 21 to 28 ounces avoirdupois. [1913 Webster]. The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.

textbook:
Lesson: Measurement and Weights

Introduction:
Measurement is an essential part of our daily lives. We use different tools and methods to measure things like distance, volume, temperature, and weight. In this lesson, we will learn about trone weight, a historical measurement system used in Scotland.

Section 1: Understanding Trone Weight

Topic 1: Definition and History of Trone Weight
- Trone weight was a measurement system used in Scotland before the introduction of the metric system.
- It was based on a set of weights that were used to weigh heavy goods like iron or coal.
- The name "trone" comes from the Latin word "trutina," which means "balance."
- The trone weight was equivalent to 19.5 pounds (8.8 kilograms).

Topic 2: How Trone Weight Worked
- Trone weight was measured using two horizontal bars that crossed each other and were supported by a wooden pillar.
- The bars had different lengths, and the longer bar was used to measure heavier goods.
- The trone weight was divided into 40 parts, with each part being equal to 0.475 pounds (0.215 kilograms).

Questions:
- What is trone weight?
- When was trone weight used?
- Why was trone weight used?
- How was trone weight measured?

Section 2: Using Trone Weight in Real-Life Scenarios

Topic 1: Buying Goods with Trone Weight
- Suppose you want to buy a sack of potatoes that weighs 20 trone weight.
- To calculate the price, you would multiply the weight of the potatoes by the price per trone weight.
- For example, if the price per trone weight is 0.25 pounds (0.113 kilograms), then the total cost would be 5 pounds (2.27 kilograms).

Topic 2: Converting Trone Weight to Grams
- To convert trone weight to grams, you need to know that 1 trone weight is equal to 8.8 kilograms.
- For example, if you have 20 trone weight of sugar, that would be equal to 176 grams.

Questions:
- How do you calculate the price of goods with trone weight?
- How do you convert trone weight to grams?

Section 3: Critical Thinking

Topic 1: Comparing Measurement Systems
- Different countries have used different measurement systems throughout history.
- Some common systems include the Roman system, the English system, and the metric system.
- Each system has its advantages and disadvantages, depending on the type of goods being measured.

Topic 2: The Importance of Measurement
- Measurement is important because it helps us understand the world around us.
- It allows us to compare things and make decisions based on data.
- Without measurement, we would not be able to make informed choices about what we buy or how we live our lives.

Questions:
- What are some other measurement systems used throughout history?
- Why is measurement important?

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about trone weight, a historical measurement system used in Scotland. We discussed its definition, history, and how it worked. We also explored real-life scenarios where trone weight could be used and engaged in critical thinking about different measurement systems. By understanding measurement, we can make better decisions in our daily lives.


text:
CAITLIN LANDESBERG- SUFFERFEST BEER COMPANY, INC

Caitlin Landesberg, Founder & CEO, Sufferfest Beer Company, Inc.

On a quest to find the best beer in the world to address her needs, Caitlin Landesberg founded Sufferfest Beer Company, which launched in May 2016. Based in San Francisco and Certified B Corporation, Sufferfest fuels active, healthy and passionate humans with award-winning craft beer. As the Company's CEO, Caitlin brings 13 years of consumer marketing experience, including growth- and community-focused roles at global brands such as Adobe Systems, Mozilla Firefox and Strava.

Prior to starting Sufferfest, Caitlin served as Director of Marketing at Strava, a social network for athletes. Caitlin is an avid trail runner, proud mom, and member of the San Francisco Brewer's Guild. Caitlin is a graduate of Kenyon College. Stay in touch and follow her journey @loonsterberg.

textbook:
**Lesson:**

**Introduction to Sufferfest Beer Company, Inc**

In this lesson, we will learn about Sufferfest Beer Company, Inc., a Certified B Corporation that produces award-winning craft beer. We will explore the company's history, mission, and leadership team. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

- Identify the founder and CEO of Sufferfest Beer Company, Inc.
- Describe the company's mission and values
- Explain how Sufferfest Beer Company, Inc. contributes to society as a Certified B Corporation

**Section 1: Introduction**

Let's start by learning about the founder and CEO of Sufferfest Beer Company, Inc. Caitlin Landesberg is the founder and CEO of this company. She started the company in 2016 with the goal of producing the best beer in the world to meet the needs of active, healthy, and passionate people.

**Section 2: Mission and Values**

Sufferfest Beer Company, Inc. has a clear mission and set of values that guide its operations. The company's mission is to fuel active, healthy, and passionate humans with award-winning craft beer. Sufferfest Beer Company, Inc. values quality, innovation, authenticity, and community. The company strives to produce high-quality beer that meets the needs of its customers. It also values innovation and is always looking for new ways to improve its products and services. Authenticity is another important value for the company, as it seeks to be true to itself and its customers. Finally, Sufferfest Beer Company, Inc. values community and works to create a sense of belonging among its employees, customers, and partners.

**Section 3: Contributions as a Certified B Corporation**

As a Certified B Corporation, Sufferfest Beer Company, Inc. is committed to making a positive impact on society. This means that the company goes beyond just making a profit and considers the effect of its decisions on its workers, customers, community, and the environment. By meeting certain standards of social and environmental performance, accountability, and transparency, Sufferfest Beer Company, Inc. demonstrates its commitment to being a responsible and sustainable business.

**Conclusion**

In this lesson, we learned about Sufferfest Beer Company, Inc., a Certified B Corporation that produces award-winning craft beer. We explored the company's history, mission, and leadership team, as well as its contributions to society. By understanding these aspects of the company, we can appreciate the efforts of Caitlin Landesberg and her team to create a business that not only produces great beer but also makes a positive impact on the world.

**Glossary:**

- Certified B Corporation: A type of corporation that is certified by the nonprofit B Lab. To become a Certified B Corporation, a company must meet certain standards of social and environmental performance, accountability, and transparency.
- Craft beer: Beer that is produced in small batches using traditional methods and high-quality ingredients.


text:
Q:

Machine Learning with sometimes missing data

I'm trying to do an indoor locationing system based on my RSSI signal on my routers, I'm sniffing my network so I know what's the RSSI of my phone related to my routers antennas (I have 5 antennas all over my house).
The iPhone is not always broadcasting probe requests so I only get know in-real time the RSSI signal related to the router the device is connected to and no the other routers. To make it simple to understand: I sometimes have the RSSI of a device related to the 5 routers and sometimes only to 3 and in the worst case escenario only to 1 so my data sometimes looks like this:
room: 1, device_id: 1, rssi1: -80, rssi2: unknown, rssi3: -55, rssi4: unknown, rssi5: unknown

or:
room: 1, device_id: 1, rssi1: -80, rssi2: -95, rssi3: -55, rssi4: -102, rssi5: -96

or:
room: 1, device_id: 1, rssi1: -80, rssi2: unknown, rssi3: unknown, rssi4: unknown, rssi5: unknown

It is room based, so I'm not triangulating. I am trying to forecast in which room I am inside the house just by looking on the behaviour of the signals.
Machine Learning would be perfect, but if the data was always there and not some values missing sometimes. What kind of data algorithm should I use for this scenarios when sometimes I have all the data and sometimes just a few.

A:

There are couple of ways to deal with missing data.

Replace missing values by mean/median. If the missing values is very
less, then this method would be apt. Also depends on how skewed
your data is.
Imputation. Build a linear regression model to predict
the missing values based on other parameters. KNN could also be used
to predict the missing value

Also there are other methods to deal with missing data such as mimicking the parameters, removing missing data, etc.

textbook:
Lesson: Machine Learning with Missing Data

Introduction:

In this lesson, we will learn about machine learning with missing data. We will cover the basics of machine learning, how to handle missing data, and some techniques for dealing with incomplete data.

Section 1: Basics of Machine Learning

Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence that allows computers to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. It involves training a model on a set of data and then using that model to make predictions or decisions.

Section 2: Handling Missing Data

One common problem in machine learning is dealing with missing data. Missing data refers to instances where some values are not available or have not been measured. There are several ways to handle missing data, including:

1. Deletion: Remove any observations with missing data.
2. Imputation: Estimate the missing values based on other available values.
3. Interpolation: Predict the missing values based on the surrounding values.
4. K-Nearest Neighbors: Find the k-nearest neighbors to the missing value and use their values to estimate the missing value.

Section 3: Techniques for Dealing with Incomplete Data

There are several techniques for dealing with incomplete data in machine learning:

1. Mean Imputation: Replace the missing value with the mean of the non-missing values.
2. Median Imputation: Replace the missing value with the median of the non-missing values.
3. Mode Imputation: Replace the missing value with the most frequent value (the mode) of the non-missing values.
4. Regression Imputation: Use regression analysis to predict the missing values based on other available values.

Section 4: Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about machine learning with missing data. We covered the basics of machine learning, how to handle missing data, and some techniques for dealing with incomplete data. By understanding these concepts, we can improve our machine learning models and make more accurate predictions.

Glossary:
- Machine learning: A type of artificial intelligence that allows computers to learn from data without being explicitly programmed.
- Missing data: Instances where some values are not available or have not been measured.
- Deletion: Removing any observations with missing data.
- Imputation: Estimating the missing values based on other available values.
- Interpolation: Predicting the missing values based on the surrounding values.
- K-Nearest Neighbors: Finding the k-nearest neighbors to the missing value and using their values to estimate the missing value.
- Mean imputation: Replacing the missing value with the mean of the non-missing values.
- Median imputation: Replacing the missing value with the median of the non-missing values.
- Mode imputation: Replacing the missing value with the most frequent value (the mode) of the non-missing values.
- Regression imputation: Using regression analysis to predict the missing values based on other available values.


text: "This little pan takes up almost no space in your cabinet and is handy not only for melting butter but also for heating wine for risotto or re-heating a bit of gravy. The pour spout allows you to conveniently pour without drips. Finally, it's simply the cutest little pan you'll have in your.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of a Small Saucepan in Cooking

Introduction:
A small saucepan is an essential tool in cooking that can make your life easier and more efficient in the kitchen. In this lesson, we will explore the benefits of having a small saucepan, its uses, and why it is an indispensable tool for any cook.

Section 1: What is a Small Saucepan?
A small saucepan is a type of cooking pot that is used to heat liquids, such as water, milk, or sauces. It has a handle, a lid, and a base that is designed to heat evenly and distribute heat evenly. Small saucepans come in different sizes, shapes, and materials, but they all serve the same purpose - to heat liquids quickly and evenly.

Section 2: Why is a Small Saucepan Important?
A small saucepan is important because it is versatile and can be used for many different tasks. For example, you can use it to melt butter, heat wine for risotto, or reheat gravy. It can also be used to cook delicate foods like eggs or scrambled eggs without scrambling them. A small saucepan is also great for making sauces, soups, and stews.

Section 3: How to Use a Small Saucepan
Using a small saucepan is easy. Here are some tips:
- Heat the saucepan over medium-low heat until the liquid starts to simmer.
- Stir the liquid occasionally to prevent a skin from forming on the surface.
- If you are reheating gravy or soup, make sure to stir it constantly to prevent it from sticking to the bottom of the saucepan.
- When the liquid has reached the desired temperature, remove the saucepan from the heat and let it cool for a few minutes before handling it.

Section 4: Practical Examples
Let's say you want to make a creamy risotto. You will need arborio rice, vegetable stock, and butter. Start by heating the vegetable stock in a large pot and then add the arborio rice. Stir the rice constantly until it becomes slightly toasted. Then, remove the rice from the pot and transfer it to a small saucepan. Add some cold vegetable stock and stir the rice until it becomes creamy. Finally, add some grated parmesan cheese and butter until the rice is creamy and al dente.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, a small saucepan is an essential tool in cooking that can make your life easier and more efficient in the kitchen. It is versatile, easy to use, and can be used for many different tasks. By following the tips and examples provided in this lesson, you can become a better cook and create delicious dishes with ease.


text: Protection and Indemnity (P&I) insurance has developed over the last 200 years in response to the need amongst shipowners for insurance cover for risks not recoverable under standard hull and machinery policies.. A shipowner can incur liabilities towards many different third parties while operating ships. P&I insurance provides this third party liability cover.. Nowadays this kind of insurance becomes more and more important and in some cases necessity to get a P&I Policy becomes compulsory owing to strict requirements of port authorities and growing number of acts on environmental protection passed by governments of different countries.

textbook:
**Lesson: Introduction to Protection and Indemnity (P&I) Insurance**

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of Protection and Indemnity (P&I) insurance, its history, and its importance in the shipping industry.

**Glossary:**
- **Shipowner:** A person or company that owns a ship or vessel.
- **Hull and machinery:** A type of insurance that covers damage to a ship's physical structure and machinery.
- **Third party:** An individual or entity that is not directly involved in a transaction or agreement but may be affected by it.
- **Liability:** The state of being responsible for something.
- **Insurance:** A contract between two parties where one party (the insurer) agrees to provide financial protection against specified losses in exchange for a premium paid by the other party (the insured).

**Section 1: Introduction to P&I Insurance**

P&I insurance is a type of insurance that provides coverage for shipowners against risks that are not recoverable under standard hull and machinery policies. This insurance is essential for shipowners because it protects them from liabilities arising from various third parties while operating ships.

**Section 2: History of P&I Insurance**

P&I insurance has developed over the last 200 years in response to the need amongst shipowners for insurance cover for risks not recoverable under standard hull and machinery policies. The first P&I clubs were formed in London in the early 19th century to provide mutual protection for shipowners against risks such as piracy and war.

**Section 3: Importance of P&I Insurance**

In today's shipping industry, P&I insurance has become more important than ever before. In some cases, having a P&I policy has become a necessity due to strict requirements of port authorities and growing numbers of environmental protection acts passed by governments of different countries.

**Section 4: Types of Coverage Provided by P&I Insurance**

P&I insurance provides coverage for various types of liabilities that shipowners may face while operating ships. These liabilities can arise from incidents such as oil spills, collisions, fires, and other accidents that may cause damage to property or injury to people.

**Section 5: Examples of P&I Insurance Claims**

One example of a P&I insurance claim occurred in 1999 when the oil tanker "Amoco Cadiz" ran aground off the coast of Brittany, France, and spilled over 68 million gallons of heavy crude oil into the sea. The shipowner's P&I insurance covered the costs of cleanup and compensation for damages caused by the spill.

**Conclusion:**

In conclusion, P&I insurance is an essential type of insurance for shipowners as it provides coverage for various liabilities that they may face while operating ships. Understanding the history, importance, and types of coverage provided by P&I insurance can help students appreciate its significance in the shipping industry and prepare them for careers in this field.


text:
By JOHN HANNA, AP Political Writer

TOPEKA, Kan. (AP) — Kansas' high court on Wednesday dismissed a lawsuit over funding for the state's court system filed by six trial-court judges against the Republican-controlled Legislature.

The state Supreme Court said in a short order signed by Chief Justice Marla Luckert that it's “confident” that allegations of underfunding the court system are best handled through “cooperation” with the state's legislative and executive branches.

“Accordingly, we are mindful of the good-faith, civil commitments we must necessarily make not to encroach on the Legislature's budget-making province, within constitutional boundaries,” the order said.

The lawsuit threatened to complicate an often tense relationship between the courts and the Legislature. It came after a ruling from the Supreme Court last year protecting abortion rights, years of legal battles over funding for the state's public schools and multiple rulings forcing lawmakers to boost education funding.

House Speaker Ron Ryckman Jr., an Olathe Republican, said the decision to dismiss the lawsuit signaled “a good day for Kansas.”

“I appreciate the court's recognition of separation of powers and their renewed commitment to open communication,” Ryckman said in a statement.

Attorneys for the judges who sued did not immediately respond to messages seeking comment.

The lawsuit was filed directly with the Supreme Court and alleged state lawmakers have chronically underfinanced the judicial branch. It asked the court to force legislators to consider funding “independent of unrelated political agendas."

Legislators last year approved a $149 million annual budget for the court system, but the Supreme Court is pushing for an increase of $18 million, or 12%, mostly to boost salaries. Luckert herself said in an interview last month that the increase would be only the “tip of the iceberg” in meeting the judiciary's needs.

But the Supreme Court said in its order that the need to balance protecting the court system's independence with lawmakers' “power to control the purse” would result in complex litigation that would “likely take significant time to resolve.” Allowing the lawsuit to continue would hinder work with legislators to finance the judiciary, the order said.

Attorney General Derek Schmidt, a Republican, said in a statement: “The court should no more decide the size of its own budget than the Legislature should decide the constitutionality of the laws it enacts.”

The district judges suing the Legislature included Robert Frederick of Finney County in southwest Kansas; Steven Hornbaker of Geary County in northeast Kansas; Michael Powers in Marion County in central Kansas; and Merlin Wheeler of Lyon County in eastern Kansas. Frederick, Powers and Wheeler are the chief administrative judges in their judicial districts.

Two other judges joined them, identified only as John Doe #1 and John Doe #2. Also joining them was an administrative assistant identified only as Jane Doe #1.

___

Follow John Hanna on Twitter: https://twitter.com/apjdhanna

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to the Judiciary System

### Section 1: What is the Judiciary System?

The Judiciary System is the branch of government responsible for interpreting and enforcing the laws of a country. This includes courts that decide cases based on the country's constitution and statutes.

### Section 2: How does the Judiciary System work?

The Judiciary System works by hearing cases brought before it by individuals or organizations. These cases can involve disputes over contracts, property, criminal charges, or other legal matters. Judges preside over these cases and make decisions based on the evidence presented. Appeals courts review decisions made by lower courts to ensure they were made correctly.

### Section 3: Why is the Judiciary System important?

The Judiciary System is important because it provides a means for individuals to resolve legal disputes. It also serves as a check on the power of the other two branches of government (legislative and executive) by ensuring that laws and actions are consistent with the country's constitution.

### Section 4: Examples of cases heard by the Judiciary System

Examples of cases heard by the Judiciary System include:
- A person accused of committing a crime goes to trial and presents evidence to support their innocence or guilt.
- Two parties involved in a contract dispute bring their case before a judge to determine which party should be held responsible for breach of contract.
- A group of citizens files a lawsuit against their government, claiming that a new law violates their constitutional rights.

### Section 5: Conclusion

Understanding the Judiciary System is important for all citizens. It provides a means for individuals to seek justice and ensures that laws are applied fairly. By studying this topic, you will gain a deeper understanding of how the legal system works and your rights as a citizen.


text: The rise in wealth from cotton in pre-Civil War America made it possible for grand homes to be built on abundant plantations throughout the South and Mid-Atlantic states. Many characteristics of Plantation style homes were derived from French Colonial designs of the 18th and early 19th centuries. The defining element of a Plantation house plan is the expansive porch with balcony above, using stately Greek columns. Arched windows and French doors accessing the outdoor living spaces are also common features of Plantation house plans. The smooth exteriors are accented by tall French windows that swing in to let breezes and soft light filtered by wooden shutters into the home. Often seen surrounded by Spanish-moss draped live oaks throughout the Gulf States, family-friendly Plantation homes bring a rich sense of regional history to country, suburban and coastal neighborhoods.. How to be a partner

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to Plantation House Plans

Overview: In this lesson, we will learn about the history and characteristics of Plantation house plans. We will explore the design elements that make these homes unique and examine their impact on American architecture.

Level: Primary School

Section 1: Introduction

Plantation houses are a type of home that originated in the pre-Civil War era in America. These homes were built on large farms called plantations, which were primarily located in the South and Mid-Atlantic states. The wealth generated from cotton production allowed for the construction of grand homes that featured distinctive design elements.

Section 2: Characteristics of Plantation House Plans

Plantation house plans typically feature expansive porches with balconies above, using stately Greek columns. Arched windows and French doors accessing the outdoor living spaces are also common features of Plantation house plans. The smooth exteriors are accented by tall French windows that swing in to let breezes and soft light filtered by wooden shutters into the home.

Section 3: Impact on American Architecture

The design elements of Plantation houses have had a lasting impact on American architecture. The use of Greek columns, arched windows, and French doors can be found in many homes across the country. The large porches and outdoor living spaces also influenced the design of homes in warmer climates.

Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, Plantation house plans are an important part of American architectural history. These homes feature distinctive design elements that have influenced the construction of homes across the country. By understanding the characteristics of Plantation house plans and their impact on American architecture, we can appreciate the rich history behind these grand homes.

Glossary:
- Plantation: A large farm or estate, primarily located in the South and Mid-Atlantic states, where cotton was grown as a cash crop.
- Greek columns: Columns that are taller than they are wide, with a slender shaft and a capital that is elaborately carved.
- Arched windows: Windows that have a curved top.
- French doors: Doors that have a French design, typically featuring glass panes and wood frames.
- Balcony: An elevated platform that protrudes from a building, often used for outdoor living spaces.
- Tall French windows: Windows that are tall and narrow, with glass panes and wood frames.

Lesson Title: Introduction to Plantation House Plans

Overview: In this lesson, we will learn about the history and characteristics of Plantation house plans. We will explore the design elements that make these homes unique and examine their impact on American architecture.

Level: High School

Section 1: Introduction

Plantation houses are a type of home that originated in the pre-Civil War era in America. These homes were built on large farms called plantations, which were primarily located in the South and Mid-Atlantic states. The wealth generated from cotton production allowed for the construction of grand homes that featured distinctive design elements.

Section 2: Characteristics of Plantation House Plans

Plantation house plans typically feature expansive porches with balconies above, using stately Greek columns. Arched windows and French doors accessing the outdoor living spaces are also common features of Plantation house plans. The smooth exteriors are accented by tall French windows that swing in to let breezes and soft light filtered by wooden shutters into the home.

Section 3: Impact on American Architecture

The design elements of Plantation houses have had a lasting impact on American architecture. The use of Greek columns, arched windows, and French doors can be found in many homes across the country. The large porches and outdoor living spaces also influenced the design of homes in warmer climates.

Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, Plantation house plans are an important part of American architectural history. These homes feature distinctive design elements that have influenced the construction of homes across the country. By understanding the characteristics of Plantation house plans and their impact on American architecture, we can appreciate the rich history behind these grand homes.

Glossary:
- Plantation: A large farm or estate, primarily located in the South and Mid-Atlantic states, where cotton was grown as a cash crop.
- Greek columns: Columns that are taller than they are wide, with a slender shaft and a capital that is elaborately carved.
- Arched windows: Windows that have a curved top.
- French doors: Doors that have a French design, typically featuring glass panes and wood frames.
- Balcony: An elevated platform that protrudes from a building, often used for outdoor living spaces.
- Tall French windows: Windows that are tall and narrow, with glass panes and wood frames.


text: Have coffee with Dan Teran and take a tour of Managed By Q in NYC!. Want to understand how millennials are becoming the new movers and shakers in this world creating business models to meet the needs of the growing businesses in the 21st century? Here's your chance!. Dan is one of Forbes "Thirty Under Thirty" and has been profiled in Fast Company and The New York Times for his unique business model for providing office services to new companies. Among his credits are his employment and compensation plans, not just his successful business model that started in NYC and now is spreading in many cities in the

textbook:
Lesson: Entrepreneurship and Business Models

Introduction:
Entrepreneurship is the process of starting a business, typically involving risk in the hope of earning a profit. In the 21st century, millennials have become the new movers and shakers in the business world, creating innovative business models to meet the needs of growing businesses. In this lesson, we will learn about entrepreneurship and business models by taking a tour of Managed By Q in NYC, founded by Dan Teran.

Section 1: Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship involves identifying a need in the market and creating a product or service to meet that need. It requires creativity, innovation, and risk-taking. Dan Teran is an example of a successful entrepreneur who identified a need for office services among new companies and created a unique business model to meet that need.

Question: What is entrepreneurship?
Answer: Entrepreneurship is the process of starting a business, typically involving risk in the hope of earning a profit.

Section 2: Business Models
A business model is a plan for how a company will generate revenue and make a profit. Dan Teran's business model for Managed By Q is based on providing office services to new companies, including employment and compensation plans. His model has been successful and has been replicated in many cities across the United States.

Question: What is a business model?
Answer: A business model is a plan for how a company will generate revenue and make a profit.

Section 3: Innovative Business Models
Innovative business models are those that are unique and have not been done before. Dan Teran's business model for Managed By Q is an example of an innovative business model that provides office services to new companies in a way that meets their specific needs.

Question: What is an innovative business model?
Answer: An innovative business model is one that is unique and has not been done before.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about entrepreneurship, business models, and innovative business models. We saw how Dan Teran identified a need in the market and created a unique business model for Managed By Q that has been successful and replicated in many cities. By understanding these concepts, we can apply them to new problems and create our own innovative business models.

Glossary:
- Entrepreneurship: The process of starting a business, typically involving risk in the hope of earning a profit.
- Business Model: A plan for how a company will generate revenue and make a profit.
- Innovative Business Model: A unique business model that has not been done before.


text: Volunteering. We love to have our families and parents get involved at school!. Some volunteering examples include talking about your job or hobbies, substituting when a teacher is sick, sharing your talents and abilities, reading stories to the children, and helping grow and cultivate green spaces at the school.. Do you have any talents or interests you would like to share with the children? Let us know!. Help us research questions. We need your help in wondering about our questions. How can we collect information? Do you have a unique source?. Gardening. Do you have a green thumb or want to help in our garden?. Woodworking. We would love your help making our projects come to life!. Sharing your adventures. Seeing parts of the world through pictures, asking questions and wondering together.. Cooking. Bring food to share. Sharing food brings a community together.

textbook:
Lesson: Volunteering and Community Involvement

Introduction:
Volunteering and community involvement are essential aspects of personal growth and social development. By participating in various community activities, individuals can make a positive impact on society while developing their skills and talents. In this lesson, we will explore the benefits of volunteering and community involvement, as well as the various ways in which individuals can contribute to their communities.

Section 1: Benefits of Volunteering and Community Involvement

Topic 1: Personal Growth
Volunteering and community involvement provide individuals with opportunities to develop new skills, discover their passions, and build self-confidence. Through these experiences, people can learn to communicate effectively, work collaboratively, and think critically. Additionally, volunteering allows individuals to step outside of their comfort zones and try new things, leading to personal growth and self-discovery.

Topic 2: Social Development
Volunteering and community involvement also promote social development by bringing people together and fostering a sense of community. When individuals work towards a common goal, they form connections and bonds that strengthen the fabric of society. Moreover, volunteering encourages empathy and compassion, as people become more aware of the needs of others and work to address them.

Topic 3: Positive Impact on Society
By volunteering and participating in community activities, individuals can make a positive impact on society. Whether it's cleaning up a local park, tutoring children, or organizing a food drive, volunteers can improve the lives of others and contribute to a better world. Furthermore, volunteering can inspire others to get involved and create a ripple effect of positive change.

Section 2: Ways to Contribute to Your Community

Topic 1: Skills-Based Volunteering
Individuals can contribute to their communities by offering their skills and expertise. For example, someone with a background in accounting could volunteer to help a nonprofit organization with its finances. Similarly, a graphic designer could offer their services to create promotional materials for a local event. By leveraging their skills, volunteers can make a significant impact on their communities.

Topic 2: Time-Based Volunteering
Another way to contribute to the community is by donating time. This can involve anything from volunteering at a local soup kitchen to coaching a sports team. Time-based volunteering allows individuals to directly engage with their communities and see the immediate effects of their efforts.

Topic 3: In-Kind Donations
In-kind donations are another way to support the community. This can include donating supplies, such as paper and pens, or goods, such as clothing or food. In-kind donations can be particularly valuable for organizations that lack resources or funding.

Section 3: Reflection and Application

Reflection Questions:
1. What are some ways that I can use my skills and expertise to contribute to my community?
2. How can I make a positive impact on society through volunteering and community involvement?
3. What are the benefits of volunteering and community involvement for personal growth and social development?

Application:
Using the information from this lesson, individuals can identify ways to get involved in their communities. Whether it's volunteering at a local nonprofit organization, organizing a community event, or donating supplies to a school, there are countless opportunities to make a difference. By actively engaging in their communities, individuals can develop new skills, form connections, and create a more positive world.

Conclusion:
Volunteering and community involvement are essential components of personal growth and social development. By contributing our time, skills, and resources, we can make a positive impact on society while developing our own abilities. Through this lesson, we have explored the benefits of volunteering and community involvement, as well as various ways to get involved. We encourage you to reflect on the reflection questions and apply the information to your own life. Together, we can create a better world.

Glossary:
- Volunteering: Willingly dedicating time and effort to help others without expecting payment or compensation.
- Community involvement: Participating in activities that benefit the community as a whole.
- Personal growth: Developing one's skills, knowledge, and abilities over time.
- Social development: The process by which individuals form connections and bonds with others, leading to a stronger society.
- Positive impact: Making a difference or creating a beneficial change in society.


text:
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electronic device containing plural modules in a housing which has plural inner surfaces. The present invention also relates to a method of reducing multi-path fading in a housing that has plural inner surfaces.
2. Description of Related Art
In an electronic device, boards contained in housing have been generally connected to each other with wiring. Alternatively, the boards and/or circuit elements provided on the board have been connected to each other with wiring pattern.
In a case of using the wiring and/or the wiring pattern, it has been difficult to improve a transmission speed based on any interference between the items of wiring by spurious radiation, electromagnetic induction and the like as well as any variations in an amount of delay at respective items of wiring. If a space occupied with the wiring or wiring pattern is made small when downsizing the electronic device, large interference between the items of wiring may arise. According to an inner structure of the electronic device, a position where wiring is to be located may be set. This deteriorates flexibility in a design of the electronic device, so that it may be difficult to design the electronic device.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-220264 has disclosed an electronic device in which wireless communication can be performed without any wiring or the like to enable data transmission to be performed with a high speed.

textbook:
Lesson 1: Introduction to Electronic Devices and Multi-Path Fading

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about electronic devices and the concept of multi-path fading. We will explore the field of the invention, related art, and the problem that the invention addresses.

**Objective:** By the end of this lesson, students will be able to understand the basic principles of electronic devices and multi-path fading, and explain how they can affect the performance of an electronic device.

**Section 1: Introduction to Electronic Devices**

An electronic device is a piece of equipment that uses electronic components to perform specific functions. These devices can range from simple items like radios and televisions to complex systems like computers and smartphones.

**Section 2: Multi-Path Fading**

Multi-path fading is a phenomenon that occurs when radio waves traveling from a transmitter to a receiver take different paths, causing the signal strength to vary. This can lead to a decrease in the quality of the received signal, making it difficult to transmit data accurately.

**Section 3: Problem Addressed by the Invention**

The present invention addresses the problem of multi-path fading in electronic devices that are housed in a structure with multiple inner surfaces. The invention provides a method for reducing multi-path fading, which can improve the performance of these devices.

**Conclusion:** In this lesson, we have learned about electronic devices and the concept of multi-path fading. We have also explored the field of the invention and the related art, as well as the problem that the invention addresses. By understanding these concepts, we can better appreciate the importance of reducing multi-path fading in electronic devices.

**Glossary:**
- Electronic device: A piece of equipment that uses electronic components to perform specific functions.
- Multi-path fading: A phenomenon that occurs when radio waves traveling from a transmitter to a receiver take different paths, causing the signal strength to vary.
- Housing: A structure that contains and protects an electronic device.
- Inner surface: The inner walls of a housing.
- Transmitter: A device that sends out a signal.
- Receiver: A device that receives a signal.
- Signal strength: The intensity of a signal.

**Glossary:**
- Electronic device: A piece of equipment that uses electronic components to perform specific functions.
- Multi-path fading: A phenomenon that occurs when radio waves traveling from a transmitter to a receiver take different paths, causing the signal strength to vary.
- Housing: A structure that contains and protects an electronic device.
- Inner surface: The inner walls of a housing.
- Transmitter: A device that sends out a signal.
- Receiver: A device that receives a signal.
- Signal strength: The intensity of a signal.


text: Abstract. This paper provides a theoretical and political critique of how the concept of resilience has been applied to places. It is based upon three main points. First, the ecological concept of resilience is conservative when applied to social relations. Second, resilience is externally defined by state agencies and expert knowledge. Third, a concern with the resilience of places is misplaced in terms of spatial scale, since the processes which shape resilience operate primary at the scale of capitalist social relations. In place of resilience, we offer the concept of resourcefulness as an alternative approach for community groups to foster.. Keywords. - communities. - ecology. - resilience. - resourcefulness. - social relations

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Concept of Resilience in Social Relations

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the concept of resilience in social relations. We will examine how the ecological concept of resilience is applied to places and communities, and discuss its limitations and alternatives. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the importance of resourcefulness as an alternative approach to foster community development.

Section 1: Understanding Resilience
Resilience refers to the ability of a system or a community to adapt, recover, and grow in the face of stressors and challenges. In ecology, resilience is used to describe the capacity of an ecosystem to maintain its functions and services in the face of disturbances. However, when resilience is applied to social relations, it becomes problematic.

Theoretical Concept:
The concept of resilience is based on the idea that systems can return to a stable state after a disturbance. This assumes that the system was stable before the disturbance and that the system can be restored to its previous state. However, social relations are not static, and they are constantly changing. Therefore, applying the concept of resilience to social relations is conservative, as it tries to preserve the status quo.

Practical Example:
Imagine a community that has been affected by a natural disaster. The community may experience loss of homes, livelihoods, and social networks. Applying the concept of resilience to this community implies that the goal is to return the community to its previous state, even though that state may not have been equitable or sustainable. Instead, a more useful approach would be to support the community in building a new, more just and sustainable future.

Section 2: External Definition and Expert Knowledge
Another limitation of the concept of resilience is that it is often defined and measured by external actors, such as state agencies and experts. These actors may have their own interests and agendas, which can influence the definition and measurement of resilience.

Theoretical Concept:
The concept of resilience is often defined and measured by external actors because these actors have power over the communities being studied. They may use resilience as a tool to control and manipulate the communities, rather than supporting their needs and goals.

Practical Example:
Imagine a community that is being studied by researchers who are funded by a corporation that wants to build a factory in the area. The researchers may define resilience in a way that favors the corporation's interests, rather than the community's needs. For example, they may measure resilience based on the community's ability to adapt to the factory's presence, rather than their ability to build a sustainable and equitable future.

Section 3: Scale and Social Relations
Finally, resilience is often discussed at the scale of places, but the processes that shape resilience operate primarily at the scale of capitalist social relations. This means that resilience is often discussed in isolation from the broader social, economic, and political context in which it occurs.

Theoretical Concept:
Resilience is often discussed at the scale of places because it is easier to measure and define at this scale. However, resilience is shaped by larger social relations, such as capitalism, colonialism, and patriarchy. These systems create inequalities and injustices that affect people's ability to be resilient.

Practical Example:
Imagine a community that is located near a toxic waste site. The community may experience health problems and economic challenges due to the contamination. However, if resilience is discussed without considering the larger social relations that created the waste site and allowed it to harm the community, it is impossible to address the root causes of the problem.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, while resilience may be useful in some contexts, it is limited in its ability to support community development. Instead, we suggest the concept of resourcefulness as an alternative approach. Resourcefulness emphasizes the creativity, innovation, and ingenuity of communities in the face of challenges. By focusing on resourcefulness, we can support communities in building a more just and sustainable future.

Glossary:
- Communities: Groups of people who live in a particular area and share common interests and goals.
- Ecology: The scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment.
- Resilience: The ability of a system or a community to adapt, recover, and grow in the face of stressors and challenges.
- Resourcefulness: The ability to find creative solutions to problems.
- Social relations: The relationships and interactions between people in a society.

Self-Debate:
Do you think the concept of resilience is useful in community development? Why or why not? Use evidence from the lesson to support your argument.


text: Andrew said almost nothing in class discussions. None of his written work delivered a fully developed argument, but each indicated razorsharp intelligence, terrific wit, and ability to turn out finely polished writing. His rewrite of the final scene of Tartuffe was especially acute. Intriguing work.. Course description: Students studied the comedies: Birds of Aristophanes, Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew, Moliere’s Tartuffe, and Sondheim and Lapine’s Into the Woods. Students considered the effects of acting, directing, design, and music on the meaning of a performance, evaluated different kinds and examples of staging, and did various performance experiments. Evaluation is based on class participation, creative assignments, and four essays.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Analyzing Literature Through Performance

Overview: In this lesson, we will explore the relationship between literature and performance. We will analyze the effects of acting, directing, design, and music on the meaning of a performance and evaluate different kinds and examples of staging. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the importance of performance in literature and apply this knowledge to new problems.

Level: Primary through High School

Section 1: Introduction

Literature comes to life when it is performed on stage. Performances can reveal the hidden meanings and themes in a text that might not be apparent when reading it on paper. In this lesson, we will learn how to analyze literature through performance.

Section 2: Acting, Directing, Design, and Music

Acting, directing, design, and music are all important elements of a performance. These elements can enhance or detract from the meaning of a performance. Let's take a closer look at each element.

Acting: Actors bring the characters to life on stage. They interpret the text and give it meaning through their performances.

Directing: The director is responsible for guiding the actors and the production team to create a cohesive and effective performance.

Design: The design includes the set, costumes, lighting, and sound. These elements create the world of the play and help to establish the time and place.

Music: Music can enhance the mood and tone of a performance. It can also provide transitions between scenes and help to establish the time period.

Section 3: Types of Staging

There are different types of staging that can be used to enhance a performance. Let's explore some of these types.

Realistic staging: This type of staging attempts to create a realistic representation of the world of the play. It may include detailed sets, accurate costumes, and naturalistic acting styles.

Symbolic staging: This type of staging uses abstract or non-realistic elements to convey meaning. It may include unusual costumes, sets, or acting styles to represent ideas or emotions.

Conceptual staging: This type of staging focuses on a particular concept or idea and uses the production elements to explore that concept. It may include unconventional sets, costumes, or acting styles to create a unique interpretation of the play.

Section 4: Performance Experiments

To better understand the relationship between literature and performance, we will conduct some performance experiments.

Experiment 1: Read a scene from a play and then watch a performance of that scene. Compare and contrast the two experiences. What differences do you notice? How does the performance enhance your understanding of the text?

Experiment 2: Create a conceptual staging for a scene from a play. Use unconventional sets, costumes, or acting styles to explore a particular concept or idea.

Experiment 3: Rewrite a scene from a play in a different style or genre. For example, rewrite a comedic scene as a dramatic scene or a tragic scene as a farce. How does the change in style affect the meaning of the scene?

Section 5: Conclusion

In conclusion, analyzing literature through performance is an important skill for anyone interested in literature. By understanding the relationship between literature and performance, we can gain a deeper understanding of the text and apply this knowledge to new problems.


text:
[Antimicrobial and antitrichomonal activity of 5-nitroimidazole derivatives in an in vitro experiment].
The comparative study on the antimicrobial activity of metronidazole and its complex with cobalt sulfate showed that the complex formation increased 2-4 times the metronidazole activity against elective anaerobes. The study of the drug action on Trichomonas spp. revealed that as a result of the complexing with cobalt sulfate the metronidazole efficacy against the Trichomonas strains isolated from the discharge of a female patient with metronidazole resistant trichomoniasis increased, the activating effect of the complex on the host cells being suggested.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Antimicrobial Activity

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of antimicrobial activity and its importance in medicine and biology.

**Glossary:**
- Antimicrobial: A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
- Complex: A compound formed by the chemical bonding of two or more atoms, ions, or molecules.
- Cobalt Sulfate: A salt of cobalt and sulfuric acid, used in various industrial applications.
- Elective Anaerobes: Microorganisms that can grow in both aerobic and anaerobic environments.
- Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole antibiotic used to treat various infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and protozoa.
- Trichomonas: A genus of protozoan parasites that cause trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection.

**Section 1: Introduction**

Antimicrobial activity is the ability of a substance to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This property is essential in medicine and biology, as it helps to prevent and treat infections caused by these microorganisms. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of antimicrobial activity and its importance in medicine and biology.

**Section 2: Antimicrobial Activity of 5-Nitroimidazole Derivatives**

5-Nitroimidazole derivatives are a class of compounds that have been found to exhibit antimicrobial activity. In an in vitro experiment, researchers compared the antimicrobial activity of metronidazole and its complex with cobalt sulfate. The results showed that the complex formation increased 2-4 times the metronidazole activity against elective anaerobes. This suggests that the addition of cobalt sulfate to metronidazole can enhance its antimicrobial activity.

**Section 3: Action on Trichomonas spp.**

The study of the drug action on Trichomonas spp. revealed that as a result of the complexing with cobalt sulfate, the metronidazole efficacy against the Trichomonas strains isolated from the discharge of a female patient with metronidazole resistant trichomoniasis increased. This suggests that the complex may be more effective against Trichomonas spp. than metronidazole alone. The activating effect of the complex on the host cells is also suggested, which may have implications for the treatment of trichomoniasis.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

In conclusion, the study of the antimicrobial activity of 5-nitroimidazole derivatives has shown promising results. The addition of cobalt sulfate to metronidazole can enhance its antimicrobial activity against elective anaerobes, and the complex may also be more effective against Trichomonas spp. than metronidazole alone. Understanding the mechanisms behind these enhanced antimicrobial activities can help in the development of more effective treatments for various infections.


text:
Matter of Sanders v New York City Dept. of Hous. Preserv. & Dev. (2015 NY Slip Op 03037)

Matter of Sanders v New York City Dept. of Hous. Preserv. & Dev.

2015 NY Slip Op 03037

Decided on April 9, 2015

Appellate Division, First Department

Published by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431.

This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the Official Reports.

Decided on April 9, 2015

Gonzalez, P.J., Mazzarelli, Saxe, Manzanet-Daniels, Clark, JJ.

104145/12 14776 14775

[*1] In re Rena Susan Sanders, Petitioner-Appellant,
vNew York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development, et al., Respondents-Respondents.

Rena Susan Sanders, appellant pro se.
Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel, New York (Ingrid R. Gustafson of counsel), for respondents.

Appeals from orders, Supreme Court, New York County (Doris Ling-Cohan, J.), entered January 16, 2014 and February 27, 2014, deemed appeals from judgment, same court and Justice, entered March 17, 2014, dismissing the proceeding, brought pursuant to CPLR article 78, seeking to, among other things, annul respondent New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development's (HPD) determination, dated December 21, 2007, which discharged petitioner from her employment, and, so considered, the judgment unanimously affirmed, without costs.
The court correctly dismissed the proceeding as time-barred. Petitioner failed to commence this proceeding within four months of receiving notice of her termination (CPLR 217[1]; see Matter of Vadell v City of New York Health & Hosps. Corp. , 233 AD2d 224, 225 [1st Dept 1996]). Petitioner received notice by letter on December 26, 2007, and did not commence this proceeding until November 5, 2012 — almost five years later.
This proceeding is not timely under CPLR 205(a). Pursuant to that section, this proceeding is only timely if it would have been timely when petitioner commenced a federal action. Petitioner commenced a federal action on April 24, 2009, approximately a year after the time limit for commencing this proceeding. Accordingly, this proceeding would not have been timely at the time of commencement of the federal action.
Even if the four-month statute of limitations in this proceeding did not begin to run until August 14, 2008, when HPD purportedly rejected petitioner's demand for a hearing, this proceeding is still untimely, as petitioner did not commence it or the federal action within four months of that date.
The court correctly applied a four-month statute of limitations to all of petitioner's claims in this proceeding challenging HPD's determination (see Butler v Wing , 275 AD2d 273, 275-276 [1st Dept 2000], lv denied  95 NY2d 770 [2000]).
We have considered petitioner's remaining contentions and find them unavailing.
THIS CONSTITUTES THE DECISION AND ORDER
OF THE SUPREME COURT, APPELLATE DIVISION, FIRST DEPARTMENT.
ENTERED: APRIL 9, 2015
DEPUTY CLERK

textbook:
 Lesson: Introduction to Legal Writing

Objective: To introduce students to legal writing and its importance in the field of law.

Overview: Legal writing is a specific form of writing that lawyers use to communicate with clients, judges, and other legal professionals. It is a crucial skill for anyone interested in pursuing a career in law, as it allows them to effectively communicate complex legal ideas and arguments. This lesson will provide an introduction to legal writing, including its structure, style, and purpose. It will also cover common legal writing formats, such as briefs and memoranda, and provide examples of each. Finally, this lesson will explore the importance of legal writing in the field of law and its role in shaping legal discourse.

I. Introduction to Legal Writing

A. Definition: Legal writing is a specific form of writing that lawyers use to communicate with clients, judges, and other legal professionals. It is a type of technical writing that requires a clear and concise style, as well as a strong understanding of legal principles and procedures. Legal writing is used in a variety of legal contexts, including court filings, legal opinions, and contracts.

B. Purpose: The purpose of legal writing is to clearly and accurately convey legal information and arguments. It is used to persuade judges and other legal professionals to make certain decisions, such as ruling in favor of a particular party in a case. Legal writing is also used to communicate complex legal ideas to clients in a way that is easy to understand.

C. Structure: Legal writing follows a specific structure that includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction sets forth the purpose of the writing, while the body provides a detailed explanation of the legal issues at hand. The conclusion summarizes the arguments made in the body and provides a clear call to action.

D. Style: Legal writing follows a formal and concise style that uses precise language and avoids contractions, slang, and colloquial expressions. It is written in the third person and uses complete sentences and proper grammar.

II. Common Legal Writing Formats

A. Briefs: A brief is a written argument presented to a court or other tribunal that explains why the party writing the brief should win the case. It includes an introduction, statement of facts, issue, argument, and conclusion.

B. Memoranda: A memorandum is a written document that outlines the legal arguments and analysis supporting a particular position. It is often used by lawyers to communicate with clients and other legal professionals about a case or legal issue.

C. Contracts: A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that outlines the terms and conditions of their relationship. It is written in plain language and is designed to be enforceable by law.

III. Importance of Legal Writing in the Field of Law

A. Role in Shaping Legal Discourse: Legal writing plays a crucial role in shaping legal discourse and influencing the development of legal principles. It allows legal professionals to engage in a dialogue about the law and to debate and refine legal ideas.

B. Importance in the Courtroom: Legal writing is essential in the courtroom, where it is used to present arguments and evidence to the judge or jury. It is the lawyer's responsibility to clearly and persuasively communicate their client's case in writing, and legal writing skills are critical to success in this endeavor.

C. Career Advancement: Legal writing skills are highly valued in the legal profession and can be instrumental in advancing one's career. Lawyers who can write clearly and concisely are often seen as more effective advocates and are more likely to be hired by law firms or appointed to high-level positions.

IV. Conclusion

Legal writing is a critical skill for anyone interested in pursuing a career in law. By mastering legal writing, lawyers can effectively communicate complex legal ideas and arguments, shape legal discourse, and advance their careers. This lesson has provided an introduction to legal writing, including its structure, style, and purpose, as well as common legal writing formats and its importance in the field of law.

Glossary:

- Legal writing: a type of technical writing used by lawyers to communicate with clients, judges, and other legal professionals.
- Technical writing: a type of writing that is designed to inform, instruct, or persuade, often in a field outside of literature.
- Formal: adhering to strict rules of composition and propriety; conventional; polite.
- Concrete: of or relating to something tangible or real; not abstract or theoretical.
- Grammar: the study of the structure and system of a language, including the sounds, words, and sentences, as well as the rules for constructing them.
- Contract: a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that outlines the terms and conditions of their relationship.
- Enforceable: capable of being enforced by law.
- Dialogue: a written or spoken conversation between two or more people.
- Refine: to improve or perfect (something) by making it more elegant, complex, or subtle.
- Advocate: a person who supports or promotes a cause or idea; a supporter or defender.
- Hire: to engage someone for work or for a performance.
- Appoint: to assign someone to a job, office, or duty.
- Career: a person's progress or general course or activity in their working life.
- Advancement: the act of promoting or raising to a higher rank or position.
- High-level: of great importance or significance; having a high rank or position.

Self-Debating Discussion:

1. Why is it important for lawyers to have strong legal writing skills?
2. How does legal writing differ from other types of technical writing?
3. What are some common legal writing formats?
4. How does legal writing influence the development of legal principles?
5. Why is it important for lawyers to be able to clearly and persuasively communicate legal ideas and arguments?