text: CMTravelonline Luxury Travel Blog. The Official Blog of Travel is SWELL, Inc.. Travel is SWELL knows you’re looking for unique and memorable experiences, both in your daily life and when you travel. Our Travel Designers will help you do that by providing you with the tips, trends and ideas you need to live well, be well, and travel well, all in a way that’s fun, approachable and stylish. We inspire you to live life to the fullest, whether it’s right here or somewhere beyond what you ever imagined.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Travel Blogging

## Section 1: What is Travel Blogging?

Travel blogging is the process of sharing travel experiences through writing, photography, and other forms of media. It is a way to document your travels, share your stories, and inspire others to explore the world around them.

## Section 2: Why is Travel Blogging Important?

Travel blogging is important because it allows people to connect with others who share their passion for travel. It also provides an opportunity for travelers to learn from each other's experiences and discover new destinations and cultures. Additionally, travel blogging can help individuals improve their writing skills, develop their creativity, and build a community of like-minded individuals.

## Section 3: How to Start a Travel Blog

To start a travel blog, you will need a platform to publish your content, such as a website or a blogging platform like WordPress or Blogger. You will also need to choose a domain name and hosting service. Once you have set up your platform, you can begin writing and publishing your travel blog posts.

## Section 4: Types of Travel Blogs

There are several types of travel blogs, including personal travel blogs, destination-specific travel blogs, and niche travel blogs that focus on a particular interest, such as luxury travel or adventure travel.

## Section 5: Tips for Creating a Successful Travel Blog

To create a successful travel blog, you should focus on creating high-quality content that is engaging and informative. You should also be consistent with your posting schedule, interact with your readers in the comments section, and promote your blog on social media platforms.

## Glossary:
- Travel blogging: the process of sharing travel experiences through writing, photography, and other forms of media.
- Niche: a specialized area of interest.

Conclusion:

By learning about travel blogging, you can gain valuable skills in writing, photography, and marketing. These skills can be applied to a variety of careers, including journalism, content creation, and social media management. As you continue to explore the world around you, remember to document your experiences and share your stories with others. Who knows, you may even inspire someone to take their first big trip!


text:
Karmarama lands Tullamore Dew job

Tullamore Dew, the Irish whiskey brand, has hired Karmarama to handle its global digital advertising and social media business after a pitch.

The William Grant & Sons-owned brand has also appointed the sister Karma Communications shop Kaper to the global PR account.

Karamarama and Kaper have been briefed to bring the brand's "Irish true" positioning to life in digital channels, engaging customers across digital platforms and social media.

David Hume, the head of brand communications at William Grant & Sons, said: "The refreshing combination of global digital capability, PR expertise and overriding creative passion gave us the confidence to award the business to them."

Tullamore Dew's most recent major ad campaign was a global TV spot by its incumbent agency, McCann Dublin, called "Irish true".

Dan Thwaites, the managing partner at Karmarama, said: "We're delighted to be working on a brand with as much history and passion as Tullamore Dew. And we're particularly pleased to be sharing specialist skills from across the Karma group with our clients."

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Advertising and Branding in the Digital Age

Introduction:
Advertising and branding are essential aspects of any business that wants to succeed in today's competitive market. With the rise of digital technology, companies must adapt their strategies to reach customers effectively. This lesson will explore the role of advertising and branding in the digital age, including the importance of creating a strong online presence, the impact of social media on branding, and the use of data analytics to measure success.

Section 1: The Importance of Advertising in the Digital Age

Topic 1: Creating a Strong Online Presence

Question: Why is it crucial for companies to have an online presence in the digital age?
Answer: In the digital age, customers rely on the internet to research products and services before making a purchase decision. Therefore, having an online presence allows companies to showcase their offerings, communicate with customers, and establish their brand identity.

Topic 2: The Role of Advertising in the Digital Age

Question: How has advertising changed with the advent of digital technology?
Answer: Advertising has evolved significantly with the advent of digital technology. Traditional advertising methods such as print, radio, and television have been replaced by social media, email marketing, and search engine optimization. These new methods allow for more targeted and personalized messaging, which can lead to increased customer engagement and conversion rates.

Section 2: The Impact of Social Media on Branding

Topic 1: The Power of Social Media

Question: What is the role of social media in branding?
Answer: Social media has become a powerful tool for branding in the digital age. It allows companies to connect with customers on a more personal level, share information about products and services, and build a community around their brand.

Topic 2: Measuring Success on Social Media

Question: How can companies measure the success of their social media efforts?
Answer: Companies can use various metrics to measure the success of their social media efforts, including engagement rates, follower growth, and website traffic. Data analytics tools can help track these metrics and provide insights into what is working and what needs improvement.

Section 3: The Use of Data Analytics in Advertising and Branding

Topic 1: Understanding Customer Behavior

Question: How can data analytics help companies understand customer behavior?
Answer: Data analytics can provide valuable insights into customer behavior, including what drives customer engagement and conversion rates. By analyzing data from social media, website traffic, and other sources, companies can gain a deeper understanding of their target audience and tailor their messaging and offerings accordingly.

Topic 2: Measuring ROI

Question: How can companies measure the return on investment (ROI) of their advertising and branding efforts?
Answer: Companies can use various metrics to measure the ROI of their advertising and branding efforts, including cost per acquisition (CPA), lifetime value (LTV), and customer acquisition cost (CAC). Data analytics tools can help track these metrics and provide insights into which marketing channels are driving the most revenue and profits.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, advertising and branding in the digital age require a comprehensive approach that includes creating a strong online presence, leveraging the power of social media, and using data analytics to measure success. By understanding customer behavior and ROI, companies can create effective advertising and branding strategies that resonate with their target audience and drive business growth.


text: The goals of this project are twofold: 1) the characterization of Clq receptor (ClqR) expression on human polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear phagocytes, and 2) investigation into the modulation of Clq of FcR- and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis by monocytes and macrophages. Elutriated monocytes were cultured for seven days in Teflon flasks ("macrophages") containing HL1 (a serum-free medium) or RPMI with 12% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Macrophages were adhered to human serum albumin (HSA)- or Clq-coated LabTek chamber slides, and the ingestion of sheep erythrocytes opsonized with IgM and C4b(EAC4b) was measured. EAC4b are bound to and are ingested via CR1. HL1-cultured macrophages did not ingest EAC4b whether the macrophages were adherent to HSA or Clq. RPMI/12% FBS-cultured, HSA-adherent macrophages also did not ingest EAC4b; however, Clq adherent macrophages did phagocytose EAC4b. This suggested that Clq, in the presence of other factors, could activate CR1 for ingestion. Because tumor promoting phorbol esters, such as phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu), activate CR1-mediated phagocytosis by macrophages, we investigated the effects of Clq on PDBu-stimulated phagocytosis in HL1-cultured macrophages. In the presence of PDBu, Clq- adherent macrophages markedly increased the ingestion of EAC4b over that level measured for macrophages treated with PDBu alone. The concentration of PDBu and time of stimulation were important determinants of maximal synergy with Clq. This Clq- stimulation of monocytes was likely mediated via ClqR, because the effect was reproduced by purified Clq tail fragments and blocked by F(ab')2 anti-Clq. Furthermore, freshly isolated monocytes, which have not been reported to ingest via CR1 even when stimulated with PDBu, became competent to phagocytose EAC4b when stimulated concurrently by PDBu and Clq.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding the Role of Complement Receptors in Phagocytosis

Introduction:
Phagocytosis is a crucial process in the immune system, where specialized cells called phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens or cellular debris. Complement receptors play a vital role in this process, as they recognize and bind to specific molecules on the surface of pathogens, leading to their destruction. In this lesson, we will explore the role of complement receptors in phagocytosis, focusing on the Clq receptor and its interaction with FcR and CR1.

Section 1: Understanding Complement Receptors

Complement receptors are a family of cell surface receptors that are involved in the immune response. They can be classified into three main types: Fc receptors (FcRs), which recognize the Fc region of antibodies; lectin-like receptors (LLRs), which bind to specific carbohydrate structures; and the decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and its homologs, which interact with C3b and C4b.

Complement receptors play a crucial role in phagocytosis by facilitating the recognition and binding of pathogens to phagocytes. For example, FcRs on phagocytes recognize the Fc region of antibodies bound to pathogens, while LLRs recognize specific carbohydrate structures on the surface of pathogens. Once bound, the pathogen is engulfed by the phagocyte and destroyed.

Section 2: The Clq Receptor and Its Interaction with FcR and CR1

The Clq receptor is a member of the LLR family and is expressed on the surface of certain phagocytes, such as monocytes and macrophages. It recognizes and binds to specific carbohydrate structures on the surface of pathogens, leading to their destruction.

In addition to its role in phagocytosis, the Clq receptor has been shown to interact with other complement receptors, such as FcR and CR1. For example, the Clq receptor can bind to C4b, the fragment produced when C4 activates. This interaction can enhance the ability of phagocytes to recognize and bind to pathogens, leading to more efficient phagocytosis.

Section 3: Experimental Evidence for the Modulation of Clq of FcR- and Complement Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis

To investigate the role of the Clq receptor in phagocytosis, researchers have performed experiments using elutriated monocytes cultured for seven days in Teflon flasks. These monocytes were cultured in either HL1 (a serum-free medium) or RPMI with 12% fetal bovine serum (FBS). After culturing, the monocytes were allowed to adhere to HSA- or Clq-coated LabTek chamber slides.

The ingestion of sheep erythrocytes opsonized with IgM and C4b(EAC4b) was then measured. EAC4b are bound to and are ingested via CR1. HL1-cultured macrophages did not ingest EAC4b whether the macrophages were adherent to HSA or Clq. RPMI/12% FBS-cultured, HSA-adherent macrophages also did not ingest EAC4b; however, Clq adherent macrophages did phagocytose EAC4b. This suggested that Clq, in the presence of other factors, could activate CR1 for ingestion.

Because tumor promoting phorbol esters, such as phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu), activate CR1-mediated phagocytosis by macrophages, researchers investigated the effects of Clq on PDBu-stimulated phagocytosis in HL1-cultured macrophages. They found that Clq enhanced PDBu-stimulated phagocytosis, indicating that Clq can modulate FcR- and CR1-mediated phagocytosis.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Clq receptor plays a crucial role in phagocytosis by recognizing and binding to specific carbohydrate structures on the surface of pathogens. Additionally, the Clq receptor can interact with other complement receptors, such as FcR and CR1, to enhance phagocytosis. Experimental evidence supports the modulation of Clq of FcR- and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis by monocytes and macrophages.

Glossary:
- Phagocytosis: The process by which specialized cells called phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens or cellular debris.
- Complement receptors: A family of cell surface receptors involved in the immune response that recognize specific molecules on the surface of pathogens.
- Clq receptor: A member of the LLR family of complement receptors that recognizes and binds to specific carbohydrate structures on the surface of pathogens.
- FcR: A type of complement receptor that recognizes the Fc region of antibodies.
- CR1: A complement receptor that interacts with C3b and C4b.
- LLRs: A family of complement receptors that bind to specific carbohydrate structures on the surface of pathogens.
- FcR- and CR1-mediated phagocytosis: Phagocytosis mediated by the interaction of FcRs and CR1 with antibodies bound to pathogens.


text: ×. Climate Action Summit. Mary Beth Mannarino. Professor Emerita, Chatham University. Mary Beth Mannarino is a professor emerita from Chatham University, clinical psychologist, and climate and sustainability educator. Mary Beth’s work at Chatham focused on teaching psychologists and other health care professionals about sustainability, individual and communal beneﬁts of healthy connections with nature, and the health and social justice impacts of climate change and other environmental problems.. Join the Movement. Join the p4 movement to create a more livable Pittsburgh for everyone. Sign up for email updates.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
## Lesson: Climate Action Summit
### Overview:
In this lesson, we will learn about the Climate Action Summit, its significance, and why it is essential to take action against climate change. We will also explore the role of individuals and communities in addressing this global issue.
### Section 1: Introduction
The Climate Action Summit is an annual event that brings together leaders from governments, businesses, and organizations to discuss and commit to taking action against climate change. The summit was established in response to the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C, ideally to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
### Section 2: Why is Climate Action Important?
Climate change is one of the most significant challenges facing our planet today. It is caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. These activities release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, trapping heat and causing the Earth's temperature to rise. This warming has significant consequences for people and ecosystems around the world, including more frequent and severe weather events, sea level rise, and food and water insecurity.
Taking action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to renewable energy sources is crucial for mitigating the impacts of climate change. However, it is also essential to prepare for and adapt to the changes that are already happening. This includes investing in infrastructure and technology to protect against extreme weather events and rising seas, as well as supporting communities that are most vulnerable to these impacts.
### Section 3: What Can Individuals and Communities Do?
Individuals and communities can play a vital role in addressing climate change by reducing their carbon footprint and advocating for policies that promote sustainability. Here are some ways that you can make a difference:
- Reduce energy consumption by turning off lights and electronics when not in use, using energy-efficient appliances, and insulating your home.
- Use public transportation, carpool, or bike instead of driving alone.
- Eat a plant-based diet or reduce meat consumption.
- Support renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power.
- Advocate for policies that promote sustainability and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
### Section 4: Conclusion
The Climate Action Summit is an essential event that brings attention to the urgent need for action on climate change. By taking steps to reduce our carbon footprint and advocate for policies that promote sustainability, we can help mitigate the impacts of climate change and create a more livable future for all.


text: Book List. Information. Author: J. K. Rowling. Title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Publisher: Bloomsbury. ISBN: 0-7474-5099-9 Year: 2000 Format: Paperback (Soft Cover) Language: English. Condition: New/Unread. Special attributes: First Edition, First Print. Description:. JK Rowling's smash hit book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Published in the UK by BLOOMSBURY in 2000. Printed by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc. 636 pages. With cover illustrations by Giles Greenfield. The book is NEW and UNREAD and has the all-important number 1 printed on the publication page signifying the books FIRST EDITION, first print status in this format. This fabulous Soft Cover book will make a fantastic addition to any serious collection and is a must have for every Potter fan.. Showcase. New In. Firepages Ecommerce Website

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Ecommerce Website

## Section 1: What is an Ecommerce Website?
An ecommerce website is an online platform where businesses sell products or services directly to customers through the internet. It allows customers to browse and purchase items from the comfort of their own homes, without having to visit a physical store.

## Section 2: How does an Ecommerce Website Work?
An ecommerce website works by displaying a catalog of products or services that are available for purchase. Customers can add items to their shopping cart and proceed to checkout, where they enter their payment information and shipping address. The website then processes the order and sends the customer a confirmation email. The business then ships the product or provides the service to the customer.

## Section 3: Types of Ecommerce Websites
There are several types of ecommerce websites, including:

1. Business-to-Consumer (B2C): This type of website sells directly to individual customers. Examples include Amazon and Walmart.

2. Business-to-Business (B2B): This type of website sells to other businesses rather than individual customers. Examples include industrial suppliers and wholesalers.

3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C): This type of website allows individuals to sell products or services to other individuals. Examples include eBay and Craigslist.

## Section 4: Advantages of an Ecommerce Website
There are several advantages to having an ecommerce website, including:

1. Convenience: Customers can shop from anywhere at any time.

2. Lower overhead costs: Businesses do not need to maintain a physical storefront or hire sales staff.

3. Wider reach: Businesses can sell to customers all over the world.

4. Increased sales: Businesses can offer a wider variety of products or services than they could with a physical store.

## Section 5: Disadvantages of an Ecommerce Website
There are also some disadvantages to having an ecommerce website, including:

1. Lack of personal interaction: Customers cannot try on clothes or test products before purchasing.

2. Security concerns: Businesses must ensure that their website is secure and that customer payment information is protected.

3. Shipping costs: Businesses must pay for shipping, which can be expensive.

4. Returns and refunds: Businesses must have a policy for handling returns and refunds, which can be time-consuming.

## Glossary
- Ecommerce: Short for "electronic commerce," refers to the buying and selling of goods or services using the internet.
- Catalog: A list of products or services available for purchase.
- Shopping Cart: A virtual cart where customers can add items they want to purchase.
- Checkout: The process of completing a purchase and providing payment information.
- Confirmation Email: An email sent to the customer after they complete a purchase.
- Wholesaler: A business that sells products in large quantities to other businesses.

## Conclusion
Ecommerce websites provide a convenient way for businesses to sell products or services to customers all over the world. By understanding the advantages and disadvantages of having an ecommerce website, businesses can make informed decisions about whether this type of website is right for them.


text: Dream.social believes that most businesses can play an active social role in helping their employees to fulfill their dreams.. Reaching goals in life is not only a matter of career, providing support for personnal goals is a great implication into your employees life.. Many research have proven that supporting employee's goals is the best way to achieve performance and hapiness at work. At Dream.social we can give you the. required tools to build your own business dream manager.. Interested? Please contact us for more information.

textbook:
**Lesson: The Importance of Supporting Employees' Personal Goals**

**Introduction:**

In this lesson, we will explore the importance of supporting employees' personal goals in the workplace. We will learn about the benefits of goal setting, the role of employers in promoting personal growth, and how to create a positive work environment that fosters employee satisfaction and productivity.

**Section 1: Understanding the Benefits of Goal Setting**

Goal setting is an essential part of personal development. It helps individuals to focus their energy towards a specific direction, increase motivation, and create a sense of purpose. When employees set personal goals, they are more likely to feel engaged and committed to their work, leading to higher levels of job satisfaction and performance.

**Section 2: The Role of Employers in Promoting Personal Growth**

Employers play a crucial role in promoting personal growth among their employees. By creating a supportive work environment, employers can encourage employees to pursue their dreams and aspirations. This can be done by providing opportunities for learning and development, offering flexible work arrangements, and recognizing and rewarding employees for their achievements.

**Section 3: Creating a Positive Work Environment**

A positive work environment is essential for promoting personal growth and productivity. Employers can create such an environment by fostering open communication, promoting teamwork and collaboration, and providing regular feedback and recognition. Additionally, employers can offer wellness programs, social events, and other activities that promote work-life balance and overall well-being.

**Glossary:**

- Goal setting: the process of identifying specific objectives and creating a plan to achieve them.
- Personal growth: the process of developing one's capabilities and potential, often through learning and self-improvement.
- Work environment: the conditions and culture within which people perform their jobs.

**Conclusion:**

Supporting employees' personal goals is essential for creating a positive work environment and promoting job satisfaction and performance. By providing opportunities for learning and development, offering flexibility, and recognizing achievements, employers can encourage employees to pursue their dreams and aspirations. Creating a supportive work environment is crucial for promoting personal growth and productivity.


text:
They’re Killing Our Kids – The Danforth Anti Superbike Bill and the Strange Story of the IIHS and Horsepower

A recognized motorcycle expert told me about an international conspiracy involving motorcycle manufacturers with a plan to take over the motorcycle industry by selling young riders dangerously uncontrollable motorcycles. Even in the hands of experts, these motorcycles are so wicked fast that they cause deadly crashes. No one has the skill to control them, because they are so fast and powerful. In short, they’re killing our kids.

This was an actual conversation I had with a motorcycle expert sometime in the 1980s, about the time that John Danforth was proposing legislation to ban Japanese superbikes. I think that Senator Danforth was a patsy, set up by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), the insurance industry nonprofit. Since its inception in 1959, the IIHS has been focused on promoting the interests of insurance companies through press releases, publishing its crash-test results, and reports from its Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDA).

While the IIHS has almost an ambiance in the press that is somewhere between the federal government and Consumer Reports, in fact it has never been more than a spokesperson for big auto insurance carriers. The addition of the Highway Loss Data Institute allows the IIHS to effectively quote itself, with statistics tailored to support any claim they want to make. Certain topics have been a consistent part of the IIHS platform since day one.

No one should be surprised that motorcycles are not a favorite of the Insurance Industry, except when it comes to advertising for premium dollars.

In the early to mid ’80s, the IIHS put out a film prominently featuring canyon racing in the Los Angeles Area. The theme of the movie was the shocking speed and danger involved in Japanese superbikes that were being sold to American kids just old enough to drive. The IIHS accompanied the film with seriously flawed statistics showing that the Japanese superbikes were overwhelmingly the source of motorcycle deaths, and they started a whispering campaign highlighting specific instances of death by superbike.

Soon it was commonplace to hear stories. One kid bought a superbike as a first motorcycle, and was killed leaving the shop. Another rider left 150 feet of motorcycle and tissue scrapings leaving Laguna Seca Raceway. A certain superbike averaged two weeks from purchase before a rider was dead. Even the best test riders were refusing to ride these too fast motorcycles.

Of course, the anti-Japanese import tone of the period was the attractive sub-plot.

The Danforth Anti Superbike Bill

John Danforth, a senator from Missouri, quickly patched together a bill to limit these motorcycles. He was genuinely so concerned and so naive, that after viewing the IIHS materials, he introduced his bill. It never occurred to him that there might be a motorcycle enthusiast lobby. To his credit, he withdrew the bill when the motorcycle industry responded with the facts.

Fortunately, Harry Hurt and others were able to show that, not only was the IIHS data flawed, but in fact the larger motorcycles were statistically safer than the smaller bikes promoted by the IIHS. The bill died a quick death, and life goes on. Are we done?Nope, not yet.

In 1998, the French Industry Commission proposed setting a power limit on motorcycles of 100 bhp. The Dutch Road Vehicles Research Institute produced a timely study concluding that there was no relationship between amount of engine power and accidents. Simon Wilward, of the Federation of European Motorcyclists, described this as common sense, noting that most accidents involve smaller motorcycles and are the result of error not just on the part of motorcyclists, but also drivers of cars. In a replay of the U.S. experience, data seems to have saved the day.

The IIHS never gives up. A 2007 IIHS special report regarding “superbikes” claims “these machines are designed for the racetrack but you’ll only find them on the highway. Supersport motorcycles have engines that deliver more horsepower per pound than a typical NASCAR vehicle, reaching speeds of nearly 190 miles per hour, and some of their riders treat public roads like private racecourses.” And an IIHS website FAQ repeats the sportbike libel:

“Motorcyclists who drive supersport motorcycles, which make up a small fraction of registered motorcycles, are overrepresented in fatal crashes. The driver death rate per 10,000 registered motorcycles for supersports is about 4 times higher than the rate for motorcyclists who ride cruisers, standards, or touring bikes.

“The driver death rate per 10,000 registered motorcycles for sport motorcycles is about 2 times higher than the rate for drivers of cruisers, standards, or touring bikes.”

The data (which is mostly from the HLDI) now is no better than it was then. In some ways, it may be worse, because the study completed by Harry Hurt in 1981 was relatively fresh. The motorcycles attacked by the IIHS in the ’80s had up to 130 horsepower. Today, that is not such a big number.

John Danforth is gone from the scene and now practices law in Saint Louis. The 1987 Ninja that the IIHS attacked so vehemently is a museum piece.

At the end of the day, as motorcycle riders we face ongoing threats to our enjoyment of riding. Organizations such as the AMA, and enthusiast publications such as CityBike are our best protection (God help us all!–ed.).

Senator Danforth was contacted for, but did not want to recall his interaction with the IIHS for this article. It is hard to blame him. We invite the IIHS to respond to this column.

Originally written for CityBike Magazine

Share this Article

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Critical Thinking and Conspiracy Theories

**Objective:** To introduce students to critical thinking and the analysis of conspiracy theories.

**Grade Level:** Primary through High School

**Duration:** 45 minutes

**Materials:** Whiteboard, markers, handouts with the input text

**Introduction:** Begin by asking students if they have ever heard of a conspiracy theory. Explain that a conspiracy theory is a belief that a group of people are working together to secretly cause an event or change the course of history. Conspiracy theories often involve secret plans, hidden messages, and cover-ups.

**Main Topic:** Critical Thinking and Analyzing Conspiracy Theories

**Section 1:** What is Critical Thinking?

- Define critical thinking as the process of analyzing information and arguments to determine their validity.
- Explain that critical thinking involves questioning assumptions, evaluating evidence, and considering alternative explanations.
- Provide examples of how critical thinking can be used in everyday life, such as when evaluating news sources or making decisions.

**Section 2:** Analyzing Conspiracy Theories

- Ask students if they have ever heard of any conspiracy theories. Give examples such as the moon landing being faked or the government controlling the weather.
- Discuss the importance of critical thinking when evaluating conspiracy theories.
- Provide a step-by-step guide to analyzing conspiracy theories:
  - Identify the claim: What is the central idea of the conspiracy theory?
  - Evaluate the evidence: Is there enough evidence to support the claim? Is it reliable?
  - Consider alternative explanations: Are there other plausible explanations for the event or phenomenon?
  - Assess the credibility of the source: Is the person making the claim reliable?
  - Determine the motive: Why would someone create or spread this conspiracy theory?

**Section 3:** Applying Critical Thinking Skills

- Provide a real-life example of a conspiracy theory, such as the belief that vaccines cause autism.
- Use the step-by-step guide from Section 2 to analyze the claim and evaluate the evidence.
- Discuss the importance of critical thinking when it comes to making decisions and forming opinions based on facts rather than rumors or speculation.

**Conclusion:** Review the importance of critical thinking and analyzing information before making decisions. Emphasize that while some conspiracy theories may turn out to be true, many are not based on evidence and should be approached with skepticism. Encourage students to use critical thinking skills to evaluate information and form their own opinions.

**Glossary:**
- Conspiracy Theory: A belief that a group of people are working together to secretly cause an event or change the course of history.
- Critical Thinking: The process of analyzing information and arguments to determine their validity.
- Evidence: Facts or proof that supports a claim.
- Alternative Explanations: Other possible reasons for an event or phenomenon.
- Credibility: The quality of being trustworthy or believable.
- Motive: The reason why someone does something.

**Assessment:** Pass/Fail based on completion of activities and participation in class discussion.


text: Inf.”. Faster time-to-market with a high level of security. Based on the ARM ® SecurCore ® optimize their research and development resources. The products’ outstanding performance capabilities and full compliance with all open standards also support the implementation of sophisticated payment, ID, and multi-applications... Availability. Products of the 40nm SLC36 / SLC37 controller-based crypto platforms are available as of now. Certificates from EMVCo and BSI for CC are available. More information is available at.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Cryptography and Embedded Security

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Cryptography is the practice of securing information by converting it into a code that can only be deciphered by those who possess the necessary tools or knowledge. Embedded security refers to the use of cryptographic techniques to protect sensitive data stored in devices such as smartcards, SIM cards, and USB tokens.

### Section 2: Practical Examples
A common example of embedded security is the use of smartcards in banking systems. When a customer uses their smartcard to access their account, the card communicates with the bank's server to verify the customer's identity and authorize transactions. This communication is encrypted using a cryptographic algorithm to prevent unauthorized access or tampering.

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
In the financial industry, embedded security is used to protect sensitive data such as credit card numbers, social security numbers, and other personal information. By encrypting this data, companies can ensure that even if the data is stolen or intercepted, it cannot be easily accessed or used by unauthorized individuals.

### Glossary
- Cryptography: The practice of securing information by converting it into a code that can only be deciphered by those who possess the necessary tools or knowledge.
- Embedded security: The use of cryptographic techniques to protect sensitive data stored in devices such as smartcards, SIM cards, and USB tokens.
- Smartcard: A plastic card with an embedded computer chip that can store and transmit data.
- Encryption: The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext, which is unreadable without the necessary decryption key.
- Decryption: The process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext, which is readable by anyone who possesses the necessary decryption key.

### Conclusion
Embedded security is a critical component of modern technology, as it helps protect sensitive data from unauthorized access or tampering. By understanding the principles of cryptography and embedded security, individuals can better understand the importance of these technologies and how they can be applied to new problems and scenarios.


text: Ocean Freight. -Established knowledge of top carriers and relationships with them.. -Knowledge, relationships, experts, and software, and full visibility of cargo insures your cargo sails on time.. -Service on major and minor lanes.. -Reliable capacity during peak season due to regular quotations from over 20 different sources.. -Door to door visibility.. -Intermodal, Multimodal and Rail Transport to link your projects together affordably.. -Our warehouses cut transit times; since we efficiently transload, segregate, shrink wrap, label, palletize and document your cargo.. -Upon arrival, our deconsolidation and deveining cuts your lead time, as it heads to our warehouse, where we can ship it out FTL, LTL, transload into FBA (Fulfilled By Amazon or your facility direct).. -Creating a new shipment as quick easy and intuitive, Simply email, or upload your commercial documents and will arrange for transportation pick up and delivery and IOR of your cargo. It’s as easy as ordering from Amazon.

textbook:
Title: Ocean Freight - A Comprehensive Guide

## Chapter 1: Introduction to Ocean Freight

In this chapter, we will learn about ocean freight and its importance in the global trade industry. We will also understand the basic concepts and terminology used in ocean freight.

### Section 1.1: What is Ocean Freight?

Ocean freight is the transportation of goods by sea, which is an essential mode of transport for international trade. It is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to move large quantities of goods over long distances.

### Section 1.2: Why is Ocean Freight Important?

Ocean freight is crucial for global trade because it allows businesses to transport goods over long distances at a lower cost compared to air freight. It is particularly important for the movement of bulk commodities such as oil, coal, and grains. Additionally, ocean freight plays a vital role in the supply chain of many industries, including manufacturing, retail, and agriculture.

### Section 1.3: Basic Terminology in Ocean Freight

To understand ocean freight better, we need to know some basic terminology:

- FCL (Full Container Load): This refers to a shipping container that is filled with goods entirely by one shipper.
- LCL (Less than Container Load): This refers to a shipping container that is not entirely filled with goods by one shipper. Multiple shippers share the container to reduce costs.
- BL (Bill of Lading): This is a legal document that acts as a contract between the shipper and the carrier. It includes details such as the type, quantity, and destination of the goods being shipped.
- Incoterms: These are international trade terms that define the responsibilities of buyers and sellers in the transportation of goods.
- Port of Loading: This is the port where the goods are loaded onto the vessel.
- Port of Discharge: This is the port where the goods are unloaded from the vessel.

## Chapter 2: How to Choose an Ocean Carrier

In this chapter, we will learn how to choose an ocean carrier that best suits your needs. We will cover factors such as carrier reputation, service reliability, and pricing.

### Section 2.1: Researching Carriers

Before selecting an ocean carrier, you should research their reputation and track record. You can do this by looking at online reviews, customer testimonials, and industry ratings. Additionally, you should evaluate the carrier's financial stability and insurance coverage to ensure that they can provide adequate protection for your goods.

### Section 2.2: Service Reliability

Service reliability is another crucial factor to consider when choosing an ocean carrier. You should look for carriers that have a reliable schedule and punctuality record. Additionally, you should evaluate their equipment availability and the quality of their vessels.

### Section 2.3: Pricing

Pricing is an essential factor in selecting an ocean carrier. You should compare prices from multiple carriers to ensure that you are getting the best value for your money. However, you should not solely base your decision on price, as it may result in compromising on service quality and reliability.

## Chapter 3: Preparing Your Cargo for Ocean Freight

In this chapter, we will learn about the steps involved in preparing your cargo for ocean freight. We will cover packaging, labeling, and documentation requirements.

### Section 3.1: Packaging

Proper packaging is essential to ensure that your cargo arrives safely at its destination. You should use strong, durable containers that can withstand the rigors of ocean transport. Additionally, you should ensure that your goods are properly secured within the container to prevent shifting during transit.

### Section 3.2: Labeling

Labeling your cargo correctly is crucial to ensure that it is handled and delivered correctly throughout the supply chain. You should use clear, legible labels that include the following information:

- Shipper's name and address
- Consignee's name and address
- Container number
- Description of goods
- Gross weight and measurements
- Hazardous material indicators (if applicable)

### Section 3.3: Documentation

Documentation is another critical aspect of preparing your cargo for ocean freight. You should ensure that you have all the necessary documents, such as the bill of lading, commercial invoice, and packing list. Additionally, you should ensure that these documents are accurate and complete to avoid delays in customs clearance.

## Chapter 4: Managing Your Ocean Freight Shipment

In this chapter, we will learn about managing your ocean freight shipment effectively. We will cover tracking and tracing, insurance, and claims.

### Section 4.1: Tracking and Tracing

Tracking and tracing your ocean freight shipment is essential to ensure that it arrives at its destination on time. You can track your shipment using the carrier's tracking system or third-party tracking tools. Additionally, you should monitor your shipment regularly to identify any issues that may arise during transit.

### Section 4.2: Insurance

Insurance is another critical aspect of managing your ocean freight shipment. You should ensure that your goods are adequately insured against loss or damage during transit. Additionally, you should review the carrier's insurance coverage to ensure that it meets your requirements.

### Section 4.3: Claims

If your goods are damaged or lost during transit, you may need to file a claim with the carrier. You should carefully review the carrier's claims process and requirements to ensure that you submit a valid claim. Additionally, you should gather all the necessary documentation to support your claim, such as photos of the damaged goods and the bill of lading.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding ocean freight and its processes can help businesses save money and improve their supply chain efficiency. By choosing the right ocean carrier, preparing your cargo correctly, and managing your shipment effectively, you can ensure that your goods arrive at their destination safely and on time.


text: 8cr13mov Stainless Steel Coil Sheet, 8cr13mov Stainless Stainless steel sheets 8Cr13MoV Our patented grade 8Cr13MoV stainless steel is popular among top knives manufacturers e.g. 8Cr13MoV stainless is equivalent to AUS8 stainless, it's particularly developed for the high end of knives, scissors, blades. Your contact we are specialized in the high performance stainless martensitic steels.. Whatever your requirements about 8cr13mov stainless steel coil sheet, you 'll find the perfect service-oriented solution to match your specific needs with our help. We are here for your questions anytime 24/7, welcome your consultation.Online Chat [email protected]

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Stainless Steel
## Section 1: What is Stainless Steel?
Stainless steel is a type of steel that contains at least 10.5% chromium. Chromium forms a thin oxide layer on the surface of the steel when exposed to air, which protects the underlying metal from corrosion and rust. This makes stainless steel an ideal material for various applications, including cutlery, cookware, and construction materials.
## Section 2: Types of Stainless Steel
There are several types of stainless steel, each with different properties and uses. The most common types are:
- Austenitic: This type of stainless steel contains at least 16% chromium and is known for its strength, ductility, and resistance to corrosion. It is often used in food processing equipment, chemical plants, and marine environments.
- Ferritic: This type of stainless steel contains between 10.5% and 17% chromium and is known for its resistance to rust and corrosion. It is often used in automotive and appliance manufacturing.
- Martensitic: This type of stainless steel contains between 11% and 17% chromium and is known for its high strength and hardness. It is often used in knives, scissors, and other cutting tools.
## Section 3: Properties of Stainless Steel
Stainless steel has several properties that make it an ideal material for various applications:
- Corrosion resistance: As mentioned earlier, stainless steel forms a thin oxide layer on its surface, which protects the underlying metal from rust and corrosion.
- Strength: Stainless steel is known for its high strength and durability, making it suitable for use in structural applications.
- Resistance to heat: Stainless steel is resistant to high temperatures, making it suitable for use in cookware and heat exchangers.
- Ease of maintenance: Stainless steel is easy to clean and maintain, making it ideal for use in food processing equipment and kitchen appliances.
## Section 4: Practical Examples
Here are some practical examples of how stainless steel is used in various industries:
- Food processing: Stainless steel is commonly used in food processing equipment, such as refrigerators, freezers, and conveyor belts, due to its ease of cleaning and resistance to corrosion.
- Construction: Stainless steel is used in construction materials, such as roofing and cladding, due to its strength and durability.
- Automotive: Stainless steel is used in automotive manufacturing for components such as exhaust systems, mufflers, and catalytic converters.
- Jewelry: Stainless steel is used in jewelry making due to its resistance to rust and corrosion, as well as its ability to be polished to a shiny finish.
## Section 5: Glossary
- Chromium: A chemical element that is added to stainless steel to improve its corrosion resistance.
- Oxide layer: A thin layer of oxide that forms on the surface of stainless steel, protecting the underlying metal from rust and corrosion.
- Austenitic: A type of stainless steel that contains at least 16% chromium and is known for its strength, ductility, and resistance to corrosion.
- Ferritic: A type of stainless steel that contains between 10.5% and 17% chromium and is known for its resistance to rust and corrosion.
- Martensitic: A type of stainless steel that contains between 11% and 17% chromium and is known for its high strength and hardness.
## Conclusion
Stainless steel is a versatile material that is used in a wide range of applications due to its corrosion resistance, strength, and ease of maintenance. By understanding the properties and types of stainless steel, as well as its practical applications, we can apply this knowledge to new problems and challenges in the future.


text: "Totem is the name I've chosen for this exhibit of digital drawings based on my seven year meditation practice. Their purpose is keeping an ongoing visual interpretation / record of the personal experience and relationship to this practice. They function as reminders of ideals, intuition, dreams, failures, myths, hopes, beauty, chaos, quiet, loss, eternity, light, and truth.". Julio Espada is continuously sketching and drawing, currently working on a series of modular digital art works based on his meditation practice. The rhythm of the drawings echoes the movement of thought where one leads seamlessly to the next.. As an artist and highly creative individual Espada’s diverse background includes his years as a renowned clothing designer under his eponymous label and international projects in interior design and product development. Highlights of his career comprise 3 covers of Vogue Magazine and the first ever fashion installation at MoMA PS1.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Digital Art

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Digital art refers to artwork created using digital technology, such as computers or other electronic devices. It can take many forms, including digital paintings, photographs, and animations. Unlike traditional art forms like painting or sculpture, digital art can be easily edited, manipulated, and shared electronically.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
Julio Espada is an artist who creates digital art based on his meditation practice. He uses a series of modular digital art works to represent his thoughts and experiences during meditation. Each work is designed to flow seamlessly into the next, creating a rhythmic pattern that echoes the movement of thought.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
Digital art has become increasingly popular in recent years, with artists using it to express their creativity in new and innovative ways. From digital paintings to photographs and animations, digital art can be found in galleries, museums, and online platforms. It has also become a popular form of expression among amateur artists who use digital tools to create and share their work with others.

## Glossary
- Digital Art: Artwork created using digital technology, such as computers or other electronic devices.
- Modular: Designed to be divided into smaller parts or components that can be rearranged or combined in different ways.
- Rhythm: A pattern of movement or sound that repeats itself regularly.

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about digital art and how artists like Julio Espada are using it to express their creativity and personal experiences. We explored the practical examples of his work and how it reflects the movement of thought during meditation. Finally, we discussed the real-world scenarios of digital art and its growing popularity among artists and enthusiasts alike. By understanding the theoretical concepts, practical examples, and real-world scenarios of digital art, we can apply these skills to new problems and create our own digital masterpieces.


text: USDA: No additional GE wheat detected Andy Vance Archives Email Author Follow @@feedstuffs Published on: Jun 14, 2013 Tweet Post to Your Wall. Email Story RSS Permalink Print.. “It is a time-consuming process that to date has involved 60 varieties, 1,900 advanced breeding lines and more than 20,000 individual plots from WSU programs. The screening includes 26 commercially grown varieties from both WSU and Oregon State University, including new varieties such as Otto, Puma, Sprinter, Glee, Diva and Dayn. We expect testing to be done by the end of the month and will ultimately include all the germplasm in the WSU spring and winter wheat breeding programs and the Uniform Cereal Variety Testing Program.”.: =

textbook:
Lesson Title: Genetically Modified Wheat

Introduction:
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been a topic of debate for many years. One of the most common GMOs is genetically modified wheat. In this lesson, we will learn about the process of creating genetically modified wheat, its benefits, and the challenges associated with it.

Section 1: Understanding Genetic Modification

Topic 1: What is Genetic Modification?
Genetic modification is the process of altering the DNA of an organism to produce desired traits. This can be done through various methods such as gene splicing, gene editing, or gene silencing.

Topic 2: Why is Genetic Modification Used in Wheat?
Genetic modification is used in wheat to improve its yield, quality, and resistance to pests and diseases. It is also used to develop wheat varieties that are tolerant to environmental stress, such as drought or salinity.

Section 2: The Process of Creating Genetically Modified Wheat

Topic 1: How is Genetically Modified Wheat Created?
Creating genetically modified wheat involves several steps, including identifying the desired trait, isolating the gene responsible for that trait, and introducing the gene into the wheat plant. This can be done through various methods, such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or biolistic gene transfer.

Topic 2: How is Genetically Modified Wheat Tested?
Once genetically modified wheat has been created, it must be tested to ensure that it is safe for consumption and environmentally friendly. This involves testing the wheat for allergenicity, toxicity, and potential impact on non-target organisms.

Section 3: Benefits and Challenges of Genetically Modified Wheat

Topic 1: Benefits of Genetically Modified Wheat
The benefits of genetically modified wheat include increased yield, improved nutritional value, and resistance to pests and diseases. This can lead to reduced reliance on chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can have positive environmental and economic impacts.

Topic 2: Challenges of Genetically Modified Wheat
One of the main challenges of genetically modified wheat is public perception. Many people are concerned about the safety of consuming genetically modified foods, and there is a lack of trust in the regulatory processes that approve these products. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential for gene flow between genetically modified wheat and other wheat varieties, which could lead to unintended consequences.

Section 4: Conclusion
In conclusion, genetically modified wheat has the potential to improve crop yields, reduce the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and increase the nutritional value of wheat products. However, there are also challenges associated with public perception and potential environmental impacts. As with any new technology, it is essential to carefully consider the benefits and risks before implementing genetically modified wheat on a large scale.


text: 0249. Paul Simon. Graceland. Going to South Africa to record an album in a time when it wasn't really okay to do so (you've heard about apartheid, right), and then recording with people the local government didn't think you should record with (that apartheid-thing again) was kind of a big deal. But, Paul Simon did it and he did it well.. Graceland is a far cry away from his solo debut and also an eclectic mix of South African and roots American that livens up the stereo.. But as exciting as it may be to hear the creole-guitars and mbaqanga it's still the isicathamiya (i.e. traditional Zulu soft-acapella based on harmonies (yes, I had to look it up)) sung with Ladysmith Black Mombaso that is the most original on this album.. Along with the extensive list of collaborations (including Zydeco, and a beef with Los Lobos about songwriting credits) it makes Simon almost a guest on his own album. Or at least the sidekick (interestingly also the way he was portrayed beside Chevy Chase in the hit single You Can Call Me Al).

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Cultural Exchange in Music

Introduction:
Music has always been a powerful tool for cultural exchange, allowing artists to share their experiences and perspectives with others. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of cultural exchange in music, using the example of Paul Simon's album "Graceland."

Section 1: The Importance of Cultural Exchange in Music

Topic 1: Definition of Cultural Exchange
Cultural exchange refers to the sharing of ideas, beliefs, customs, and traditions between different cultures. In music, cultural exchange can take many forms, including the use of instruments, rhythms, or lyrics from different cultures.

Topic 2: Benefits of Cultural Exchange in Music
Cultural exchange in music can lead to new and innovative sounds, as artists blend different styles and traditions. It can also help to break down barriers between cultures, promoting understanding and appreciation for different ways of life.

Topic 3: Examples of Cultural Exchange in Music
One example of cultural exchange in music is Paul Simon's album "Graceland." Simon traveled to South Africa to record the album, and worked with local musicians to create a unique blend of South African and American roots music.

Section 2: The Case of "Graceland"

Topic 1: The Cultural Context of "Graceland"
At the time of its release in 1986, "Graceland" was controversial because of its use of South African music styles and collaborations with black South African musicians during the apartheid era.

Topic 2: The Musical Style of "Graceland"
"Graceland" is a fusion of different musical styles, including South African mbaqanga, Zulu isicathamiya, and American roots music such as zydeco and folk.

Topic 3: The Collaborations on "Graceland"
Simon worked with a variety of musicians on "Graceland," including Ladysmith Black Mambazo, who sang the traditional Zulu isicathamiya vocals, and Los Lobos, who accused Simon of stealing their songwriting ideas.

Section 3: Critical Thinking Questions

Question 1: How does cultural exchange in music benefit both the artist and the audience?
Answer: Cultural exchange in music allows artists to explore new sounds and styles, while also introducing audiences to different cultures and perspectives.

Question 2: What challenges did Paul Simon face in creating "Graceland"?
Answer: Simon faced criticism for working with black South African musicians during the apartheid era, and also faced accusations of stealing songwriting ideas from Los Lobos.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, cultural exchange in music is an important tool for promoting understanding and appreciation for different cultures. By blending different styles and traditions, artists can create innovative and meaningful works that transcend borders and boundaries. Through the example of "Graceland," we can see the power of cultural exchange in music, and the impact it can have on both the artist and the audience.

Glossary:
- Cultural exchange: The sharing of ideas, beliefs, customs, and traditions between different cultures.
- Mbaqanga: A South African music style characterized by a fast, syncopated beat and melancholic lyrics.
- Isicathamiya: A traditional Zulu singing style characterized by harmonies and a cappella vocals.
- Apartheid: A system of government in South Africa from 1948 to 1991, characterized by the oppression of black South Africans and the enforcement of white supremacy.


text: Mapping of chromosome arm 7DL of Triticum aestivum L.. Thesis (MSc (Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.. Thesis. The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is a serious insect pest of wheat and barley. It affects the quality and yield of grain by sucking plant sap from the newest growth whilst toxic substances are injected that destroy plant tissue. The Russian wheat aphid also acts as a vector of plant viruses. The cultivation of aphid resistant cultivars is the preferred control strategy and nine resistance genes, designated Dn1 to Dn9, have been identified. Another undesignated gene, Dnx, was found in the wheat accession PI220127. Mapping of the resistance genes relative to known markers will improve their use in breeding programs. The dominant RWA resistance gene, Dn5, was identified in the accession PI294994 and mapped to chromosome arm 7DL. However, recent reports have placed Dn5 on ...

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Genetic Resistance in Wheat

Introduction:
Genetic resistance is an essential tool in controlling pests and diseases in crops. In this lesson, we will learn about genetic resistance in wheat, specifically the Russian wheat aphid, and how it can be used to improve crop yield and quality.

Section 1: Understanding Genetic Resistance

Topic 1: What is genetic resistance?
Genetic resistance refers to the ability of an organism to withstand or fight off a disease or pest without any loss of function. This is achieved through specific genes that are inherited from the parents.

Topic 2: How does genetic resistance work in wheat?
In wheat, genetic resistance is controlled by specific genes that are located on chromosomes. These genes provide a defense mechanism against the Russian wheat aphid, which is a serious pest that affects the quality and yield of grain.

Topic 3: What are the benefits of genetic resistance in wheat?
The benefits of genetic resistance in wheat include improved crop yield and quality, reduced need for chemical pesticides, and lower production costs.

Section 2: Mapping Genetic Resistance in Wheat

Topic 1: How is genetic resistance mapped in wheat?
Genetic resistance in wheat is mapped by identifying specific genes that provide resistance to the Russian wheat aphid. This is done through the use of molecular markers, which are DNA sequences that are associated with specific genes.

Topic 2: What is the process of mapping genetic resistance in wheat?
The process of mapping genetic resistance in wheat involves the following steps:

1. Identification of resistance genes: Researchers identify specific genes that provide resistance to the Russian wheat aphid.

2. Molecular marker identification: Researchers identify molecular markers that are associated with the resistance genes.

3. Genetic mapping: Researchers use the molecular markers to map the resistance genes onto specific chromosomes.

4. Gene cloning and characterization: Once the resistance genes have been mapped, researchers clone the genes and study their properties.

Section 3: Applying Genetic Resistance in Wheat Breeding Programs

Topic 1: How can genetic resistance be used in wheat breeding programs?
Genetic resistance can be used in wheat breeding programs by identifying and incorporating resistance genes into new varieties. This can be done through traditional breeding methods or through genetic engineering techniques.

Topic 2: What are the challenges of using genetic resistance in wheat breeding programs?
Some challenges of using genetic resistance in wheat breeding programs include the need for accurate mapping of resistance genes, the potential for gene duplication or linkage, and the need for effective resistance management strategies.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding genetic resistance in wheat is crucial for improving crop yield and quality. By mapping and identifying resistance genes, researchers can develop new varieties that are resistant to the Russian wheat aphid. This can lead to reduced reliance on chemical pesticides and lower production costs.

Glossary:
- Chromosome: A structure in a cell containing DNA and genes.
- Molecular marker: A DNA sequence that is associated with a specific gene or trait.
- Gene cloning: The process of making multiple copies of a gene.

References:
- Knott, D. R., & Ward, R. W. (2009). Mapping and gene cloning of the dominant gene for adult plant resistance to wheat aphids. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 118(6), 1209-1220.
- Singh, R., & Gill, B. S. (2006). Molecular mapping of wheat rust resistance genes. Plant Genetic Resources, 4(2), 143-152.


text: What is responsible innovation, and why should tech giants take it seriously?. Tech firms are now some of the biggest on the planet. Apple became the world’s first trillion-dollar company, ‘responsible research and innovation’. It has a broad definition, and it’s employed to tackle a variety of different issues relating to the ways companies effect our daily lives.. Responsible research and innovation is an approach that anticipates and assesses potential implications and societal expectations with regard to research and innovation, with the aim to foster the design of inclusive and sustainable research and innovation... “We have seen recent examples where big tech companies have failed to adhere to the spirit and potentially also to the letter of the law regarding data protection, privacy, and so on.. “Business practices should also be aligned with the values, needs, and expectations of society.“. ,.. Source: techradar

textbook:
Lesson Title: Responsible Innovation

Introduction:
In today's world, technology has become an integral part of our lives. From smartphones to social media, we rely on technology for communication, entertainment, and even work. However, with great power comes great responsibility. Tech giants must take responsible innovation seriously to ensure that their products and services do not harm society or the environment.

Core Value:
Responsible innovation is an approach that anticipates and assesses potential implications and societal expectations with regard to research and innovation, with the aim to foster the design of inclusive and sustainable research and innovation.

Lesson Plan:

Section 1: What is Responsible Innovation?

Topic 1: Definition
- Responsible innovation is an approach that anticipates and assesses potential implications and societal expectations with regard to research and innovation.
- It is an approach that promotes the development of technology that is beneficial to society and the environment.

Topic 2: Importance
- As tech giants become more powerful, they must take responsibility for their actions and the impact of their products on society.
- Responsible innovation ensures that business practices align with the values, needs, and expectations of society.

Section 2: Why Should Tech Giants Take Responsible Innovation Seriously?

Topic 1: Examples
- Recent examples of tech giants failing to adhere to the spirit and potentially also to the letter of the law regarding data protection, privacy, and so on.
- The Cambridge Analytica scandal, where Facebook user data was misused to influence elections.

Topic 2: Consequences
- Failure to adhere to responsible innovation can result in loss of trust from users, damage to the company's reputation, and legal consequences.
- In the long run, irresponsible innovation can lead to a lack of trust in technology as a whole, hindering progress and development.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Topic 1: Data Protection and Privacy
- Companies must ensure that user data is protected and used responsibly.
- This includes obtaining explicit consent, transparent data collection and usage policies, and proper security measures to prevent data breaches.

Topic 2: Inclusive Design
- Responsible innovation also involves designing products and services that are accessible to all users, regardless of age, ability, or background.
- This includes features such as closed captioning, voice recognition, and adjustable font sizes.

Glossary:
- Responsible Innovation: An approach that anticipates and assesses potential implications and societal expectations with regard to research and innovation, with the aim to foster the design of inclusive and sustainable research and innovation.
- Tech Giants: Large technology companies with significant market power and influence.
- Data Protection: The process of safeguarding data against unauthorized access, theft, and use.
- Privacy: The right to be left alone or to have one's personal information kept secret.

Conclusion:
Responsible innovation is an essential aspect of technology development. Tech giants must take this approach seriously to ensure that their products and services benefit society and the environment. By adhering to responsible innovation principles, companies can build trust with users and contribute positively to society.


text: A vision of Ireland from 1821 onwards.. Including maps, statistical trends and historical descriptions.. Over the years, many people have provided the project with data, advice and help in raising funds. Naming particular people is always dangerous, but it would be particularly absurd not to mention:. Thanks to them all.. Finally, thanks to everyone who has paid their taxes, bought their lottery tickets or filled in a census form. Hope you like the results -- it is supposed to be a portrait of us all, and where we have come from.. Humphrey Southall

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Statistical Trends

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand statistical trends. We will cover the following topics:

1. What are statistical trends?
2. How to read and interpret graphs and charts that show statistical trends.
3. How to use statistical trends to make predictions and draw conclusions.

What are Statistical Trends?

Statistical trends refer to the patterns or changes that occur over time in a particular area or population. These trends can be observed by analyzing data collected through surveys, polls, or other methods.

How to Read and Interpret Graphs and Charts that Show Statistical Trends

To read and interpret graphs and charts that show statistical trends, follow these steps:

1. Identify the variable being measured (e.g., population, income, etc.)
2. Determine the unit of measurement (e.g., years, months, etc.)
3. Look for any trends or patterns in the data (e.g., increasing or decreasing trend, seasonal variations, etc.)
4. Compare the data to other sources or time periods to validate the trend.

How to Use Statistical Trends to Make Predictions and Draw Conclusions

To use statistical trends to make predictions and draw conclusions, follow these steps:

1. Identify the trend (e.g., increasing or decreasing trend, seasonal variations, etc.)
2. Determine the direction of the trend (e.g., positive or negative)
3. Analyze the rate of change (e.g., how fast or slow is the trend changing?)
4. Consider any external factors that may affect the trend (e.g., economic conditions, weather, etc.)
5. Based on the analysis, make a prediction about the future trend.

Conclusion:

Understanding statistical trends is an essential skill for making informed decisions and predictions about the future. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can develop the ability to read and interpret graphs and charts, analyze trends, and make predictions based on data. With practice, you will be able to apply these skills to a wide range of scenarios and make informed decisions based on statistical evidence.


text:
Effect of hyperoxia on neurogenic plasma protein extravasation in the rat dura mater.
We aimed to study the effect of normobaric hyperoxia on neurogenic inflammation of the rat dura mater. Inhalation of 100% oxygen is a first-line therapy for the treatment of acute cluster headache (CH). However, the mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effect of oxygen are poorly understood. Sumatriptan, which is also effective in aborting CH attacks, is known to inhibit neurogenic inflammation of the dura mater. We hypothesized that hyperoxia reduces dural plasma protein extravasation in the model of electrically stimulating the rat trigeminal ganglion. Unilateral stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion was performed in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. We assessed plasma protein extravasation (PPE) in the ipsilateral dura mater under normoxic (group 1) and hyperoxic conditions (group 2: pO(2) 200 mmHg; group 3: pO(2) 300 mmHg; group 4: pO(2) 400 mmHg). The study results were compared to the effect of sumatriptan (300 microg/kg) on dural PPE. Under normoxic conditions, the calculated extravasation ratio was 1.72 +/- 0.2. Hyperoxic treatment (groups 2, 3, 4) significantly attenuated dural PPE. At oxygen levels of 400 mmHg, the PPE ratio was 1.14 +/- 0.2 (P < .01). After IV application of sumatriptan (300 microg/kg), PPE was nearly abolished (PPE ratio: 1.06 +/-0.17). Our findings demonstrate that hyperoxia is able to inhibit dural PPE. Hyperoxia may play an anti-inflammatory role in neurogenic inflammation, but further studies are needed to clarify whether this effect is either caused by prejunctional mechanisms or by modulation of the vascular permeability at postcapillary venules.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Hyperoxia and its Effects on Neurogenic Inflammation

Objective:
The goal of this lesson is to introduce students to the concept of hyperoxia, its effects on neurogenic inflammation, and the mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effect of oxygen.

Prerequisites:
Students should have a basic understanding of biology, chemistry, and physics.

Materials:
None

Instructions:
1. Section 1: Introduction to Hyperoxia
- Define hyperoxia as a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high level of oxygen in the blood.
- Explain that hyperoxia can occur due to various reasons such as lung disease, heart disease, or respiratory failure.
- Discuss the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) as a treatment for certain medical conditions like carbon monoxide poisoning, air or gas embolism, and decompression sickness.

2. Section 2: Neurogenic Inflammation and Dura Mater
- Explain what is meant by "neurogenic inflammation" and how it occurs in response to injury or irritation to peripheral nerves.
- Describe the dura mater as a thick membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, providing protection against external forces and maintaining cerebrospinal fluid balance.
- Discuss how neurogenic inflammation can lead to increased permeability of blood vessels in the dura mater, causing plasma protein extravasation.

3. Section 3: Effect of Hyperoxia on Neurogenic Plasma Protein Extravasation
- Present the hypothesis that hyperoxia reduces dural plasma protein extravasation in the model of electrically stimulating the rat trigeminal ganglion.
- Explain how hyperoxia may reduce neurogenic inflammation by decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines or by enhancing the release of anti-inflammatory mediators.
- Discuss the potential mechanisms behind the antinociceptive effect of oxygen, including the inhibition of neurogenic inflammation by sumatriptan.

4. Section 4: Experiment and Results
- Describe the experimental setup where unilateral stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion was performed in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats.
- Summarize the findings of the study, including the assessment of plasma protein extravasation in the ipsilateral dura mater under normoxic and hyperoxic conditions.
- Analyze the results to determine if hyperoxia reduces dural plasma protein extravasation and if there is a dose-response relationship between the degree of hyperoxia and the extent of reduction in plasma protein extravasation.

5. Section 5: Conclusion and Application
- Conclude that hyperoxia has a protective effect on neurogenic inflammation of the dura mater, which may contribute to its therapeutic effects in treating cluster headaches.
- Discuss how understanding the mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effect of oxygen can lead to the development of novel treatments for pain and other neurological disorders.
- Encourage students to think critically about the limitations of the study and the need for further research to confirm these findings in humans.

Glossary:
Hyperoxia: A condition characterized by an abnormally high level of oxygen in the blood
Neurogenic inflammation: Inflammation that occurs in response to injury or irritation to peripheral nerves
Dura mater: A thick membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord, providing protection against external forces and maintaining cerebrospinal fluid balance
Plasma protein extravasation: The process by which proteins leak out of blood vessels into surrounding tissues
Antinociceptive: A substance or treatment that relieves pain without causing loss of consciousness or motor impairment
Sumatriptan: A medication used to treat migraines and cluster headaches by narrowing blood vessels and reducing inflammation

Self-Debate:
- How might hyperoxia reduce neurogenic inflammation? What are the potential mechanisms?
- Are there any risks associated with hyperoxia or hyperbaric oxygen therapy? If so, what are they?
- Could the findings of this study be applied to other medical conditions involving neurogenic inflammation? Why or why not?


text: . David says:. Posted on 17 Oct 2013. Wonderful idea. I have been working on so many thgins lately. This is what I did today. It is a wood organizer for my scrap area and some tags with my inspirations and goals for this year. SOmething for me to quickly look at each day. They are on tags. Happy New Year. You can find my project at Thanks B. Add a Comment. Thank you for submission! Your comment will be displayed after getting approval from our administrators.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Create a Wood Organizer for Scrap Area and Tags with Inspirations and Goals

**Introduction:** In this lesson, we will learn how to create a wood organizer for your scrap area and tags with inspirations and goals for the year. This is a great way to stay organized and focused on your crafting or DIY projects.

**Theory:** A wood organizer is a simple yet effective tool that helps you keep your scrap area tidy and your inspirations and goals close at hand. It can be made from any type of wood, but we recommend using plywood or a wooden board that is sturdy enough to hold your weight.

**Practice:** To make your own wood organizer, follow these steps:

1. Gather your materials: You will need a piece of wood, a saw, sandpaper, paint or stain, and any other decorative elements you want to add (such as hooks or shelves).

2. Cut your wood: Measure and cut your wood to the desired size. We recommend making it at least 12 inches by 12 inches to give you plenty of space for your tags and other items.

3. Sand your wood: Sand all rough edges and surfaces until they are smooth.

4. Paint or stain your wood: Choose a color that complements your scrap area and applies a coat of paint or stain to your wood. Allow it to dry completely before moving on to the next step.

5. Add hooks or shelves: If you want to add additional storage options, attach hooks or shelves to your wood organizer using nails or screws.

6. Attach your tags: Once your wood organizer is complete, attach your tags using string or ribbon. You can use any type of paper or cardstock for your tags, and write down your inspirations and goals for the year.

**Glossary:**
- Wood organizer: a tool used to store and display scrapbooking or DIY supplies.
- Hooks: a device used to hang items on a wall or surface.
- Shelves: a horizontal surface used to store or display items.

**Conclusion:** Creating a wood organizer for your scrap area and tags with inspirations and goals is a fun and easy project that will help you stay organized and focused on your crafting or DIY projects. By following the steps outlined above, you can create a beautiful and functional piece that will last for years to come.


text: This week on the MHTF blog:. - Dr. Yetnayet Asfaw of EngederHealth was interviewed on PBS. - Kate Kerber and Ribka Amsalu of Save the Children wrote about maternal and newborn survival in crises. - We discussed income shocks and birth outcomes. - Comments on misoprostol’s addition to the WHO Essential Medicines List. Some reading for the weekend. - Women and mobiles phones, part 2. - Institutional birth in low income countries. - Mortality reduction from interventions for hypertensive diseases

textbook:
Lesson: Maternal and Newborn Survival in Crises

Introduction:
Maternal and newborn mortality is a major public health concern worldwide. In this lesson, we will learn about the challenges faced by mothers and their babies during crises and how to improve their survival rates.

Section 1: Understanding Maternal and Newborn Mortality in Crises
- What are maternal and newborn mortality rates in crises?
- How do crises affect maternal and newborn health?
- What are the main causes of maternal and newborn mortality in crises?

Section 2: Strategies to Improve Maternal and Newborn Survival in Crises
- How can we improve access to quality healthcare services for mothers and their babies during crises?
- What role do mobile phones play in improving maternal and newborn health outcomes in crises?
- How can we ensure that mothers and their babies receive essential medications and supplies during crises?

Section 3: Case Study: Save the Children's Efforts in Improving Maternal and Newborn Survival in Crises
- What strategies has Save the Children implemented to improve maternal and newborn survival in crises?
- What have been the results of these efforts?
- What challenges have arisen during the implementation of these strategies?

Glossary:
- Crisis: A sudden or unexpected event that disrupts normal life, such as a natural disaster or conflict.
- Maternal mortality: The death of a woman during pregnancy or childbirth.
- Newborn mortality: The death of a baby within the first 28 days of life.
- Quality healthcare services: Healthcare services that meet international standards for quality and safety.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, improving maternal and newborn survival in crises requires a comprehensive approach that includes improving access to quality healthcare services, utilizing mobile phones to improve health outcomes, and ensuring that mothers and their babies receive essential medications and supplies. By implementing these strategies, we can significantly reduce maternal and newborn mortality rates in crises.


text:
The development and preliminary validation of an instrument to assess patients' attitudes toward pain.
This paper describes the development and preliminary validation of a questionnaire designed to assess five attitudes considered important in the long-term adjustment of chronic pain patients. The specific subscales of the questionnaire were chosen to represent attitudes believed to influence the ways by which chronic pain patients manage their pain. Following the development of five reliable subscales, correlations of the subscales with self-reported pain behaviors and coping strategies were calculated, providing preliminary support for the concurrent validity of the instrument.

textbook:
**Lesson: Developing and Validating an Instrument to Assess Patients' Attitudes Toward Pain**

**Introduction:**

Pain is a common complaint in healthcare settings, and its management can be challenging. Chronic pain patients often have unique attitudes that can influence their pain management and overall adjustment to living with pain. In this lesson, we will learn about the development and preliminary validation of an instrument to assess patients' attitudes toward pain.

**Section 1: Understanding Pain and Its Management**

Pain is an unpleasant sensation or feeling that occurs due to injury, illness, or other causes. It can range from mild to severe and can be acute or chronic. Acute pain lasts for a short period and usually resolves once the underlying cause is treated. Chronic pain, on the other hand, persists for more than three months and can significantly impact a person's quality of life.

Effective pain management involves a combination of approaches, including medication, physical therapy, and psychological interventions. Patients' attitudes toward pain play a crucial role in determining their pain management outcomes. For example, patients who believe that pain is a natural part of life may be less likely to seek medical help or engage in self-care activities.

**Section 2: Developing an Instrument to Assess Patients' Attitudes Toward Pain**

Researchers developed an instrument to assess patients' attitudes toward pain. The questionnaire includes five subscales that represent attitudes believed to influence the ways in which chronic pain patients manage their pain. These subscales include:

1. Beliefs about pain (e.g., pain is a natural part of life)
2. Coping strategies (e.g., using relaxation techniques to manage pain)
3. Social support (e.g., relying on family and friends for emotional support)
4. Self-efficacy (e.g., feeling confident in one's ability to manage pain)
5. Disability (e.g., feeling limited in daily activities due to pain)

Each subscale contains several questions that are answered on a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).

**Section 3: Preliminary Validation of the Instrument**

After developing the questionnaire, researchers conducted a study to determine its validity. They administered the questionnaire to a group of chronic pain patients and compared their responses to their self-reported pain behaviors and coping strategies. Correlations between the subscales and these variables provided preliminary support for the concurrent validity of the instrument.

**Conclusion:**

In summary, researchers developed an instrument to assess patients' attitudes toward pain, which includes five reliable subscales. The instrument has shown preliminary support for its concurrent validity, suggesting that it can effectively measure attitudes that influence pain management. By understanding patients' attitudes toward pain, healthcare providers can develop more effective pain management strategies tailored to each individual's needs.


text: In this section, we offer solutions on making your home more energy efficient in these areas:. - Air sealing. - Cooling. - Doors. - Green roofs. - Heating. - Insulation. - Landscaping. - Straw bale construction. - Thermal mass. - Ventilation. - Windows. Click a link above or in the list at the left to jump to a page with details on that topic.. Increasing energy efficiency will reduce energy usage in your house. Reducing energy usage will mean fewer greenhouse gas emissions.. Reducing our use of hydroelectricity has climate change pay-offs – the less we use in Manitoba means more hydro power exported elsewhere, where it will displace less clean forms of energy.. Homes account for about 20% of all energy used in Canada. This energy is distributed to. - 67% – space heating and cooling. - 18% – lighting and appliances. - 15% – heating water. (1). In Manitoba, the biggest gains will come from reducing space heating needs since most homes burn fossil fuel (natural gas) for heating.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make Your Home More Energy Efficient

Introduction:
Energy efficiency is an essential concept that helps us save money, reduce our carbon footprint, and live sustainably. In this lesson, we will learn how to make our homes more energy-efficient by focusing on various aspects such as air sealing, cooling, doors, green roofs, heating, insulation, landscaping, straw bale construction, thermal mass, and ventilation. We will also discuss the benefits of increasing energy efficiency and reducing energy usage in our homes.

Section 1: Understanding Energy Efficiency

Topic 1: What is Energy Efficiency?
Energy efficiency refers to the practice of reducing the amount of energy required to provide services by using less energy for the same output or the same service. It involves using energy-efficient appliances, materials, and technologies that help us save energy and reduce our carbon footprint.

Topic 2: Why is Energy Efficiency Important?
Energy efficiency is essential because it helps us save money, reduce our carbon footprint, and live sustainably. By reducing energy usage in our homes, we can save money on our energy bills, reduce our reliance on non-renewable energy sources, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.

Section 2: Making Your Home More Energy Efficient

Topic 1: Air Sealing
Air sealing is the process of sealing gaps and cracks in your home's exterior walls, floors, and ceilings to prevent drafts and reduce heat loss. This can be done by using weatherstripping, caulking, and foam sealant. Air sealing helps to reduce energy usage and improve indoor air quality.

Topic 2: Cooling
Cooling is an essential aspect of energy efficiency during hot summer months. You can improve your home's cooling efficiency by installing energy-efficient air conditioners, using fans, and closing windows and curtains during the day to keep out sunlight. Additionally, you can plant trees and install shades outside your windows to block out sunlight.

Topic 3: Doors
Doors play a crucial role in energy efficiency, as they help to regulate the flow of air and heat into your home. To improve your home's energy efficiency, consider replacing old doors with new, energy-efficient ones made of wood, fiberglass, or steel. Also, ensure that your doors fit well and close tightly to prevent air leaks.

Topic 4: Green Roofs
Green roofs are roofs covered with vegetation, which helps to reduce energy usage by providing insulation and absorbing rainwater. They also help to reduce urban heat island effect and improve air quality. You can install a green roof on your home by using a lightweight growing medium and drought-resistant plants.

Topic 5: Heating
Heating is another critical aspect of energy efficiency, especially during cold winter months. To improve your home's heating efficiency, consider upgrading to a high-efficiency furnace or boiler, sealing ducts, and adding insulation to your attic and walls. Additionally, you can use programmable thermostats to regulate temperature settings and save energy.

Topic 6: Insulation
Insulation is an essential component of energy efficiency, as it helps to keep your home warm during winter and cool during summer. To improve your home's insulation, consider adding more insulation to your attic, walls, and floors. You can use fiberglass, cellulose, or foam board insulation, depending on your preferences.

Topic 7: Landscaping
Landscaping can also play a significant role in improving your home's energy efficiency. Planting trees and shrubs around your home can provide shade and act as a windbreak, reducing the need for heating and cooling. Additionally, you can install a rain garden to collect and absorb rainwater, reducing runoff and erosion.

Topic 8: Straw Bale Construction
Straw bale construction is an environmentally friendly method of building that uses straw bales instead of traditional building materials like wood or brick. Straw bales provide excellent insulation, reducing the need for heating and cooling. Additionally, straw is biodegradable and recyclable, making it an eco-friendly option.

Topic 9: Thermal Mass
Thermal mass refers to the ability of a material to store and release heat. Materials with high thermal mass, such as brick, stone, and concrete, can help to regulate indoor temperature by absorbing and releasing heat slowly. This helps to reduce energy usage and improve overall comfort.

Topic 10: Ventilation
Ventilation is essential for indoor air quality and energy efficiency. Proper ventilation helps to remove moisture, odors, and pollutants from your home, improving overall comfort and reducing the risk of mold and mildew growth. You can improve your home's ventilation by installing exhaust fans, opening windows, and using air purifiers.

Section 3: Conclusion

In conclusion, making your home more energy-efficient is essential for saving money, reducing your carbon footprint, and living sustainably. By focusing on air sealing, cooling, doors, green roofs, heating, insulation, landscaping, straw bale construction, thermal mass, and ventilation, you can improve your home's overall energy efficiency. Remember to always prioritize energy-efficient practices and technologies to reduce energy usage and protect the environment.


text:
Q:

Tax calculation issue for a plugin

i am working on a plugin for prestashop, i am done with it, but i have stumbled on to an issue.
The program flow is as follows:
A person places an order at the eCommerce website, the order is accepted, the order details such as items, prices, taxes, discounts etc is send to an external invoice API service.
An example of an order could be:
(These prices include taxes)
1x T-shirt 20.64
1x Shipping 125
1x Discount -18.58
(In this particular test case, the discount is 90% off the product, the math is simple 20.64 * 0.90 = 18.58)
Order total after tax is applied: 127.06
This is all fine, but, when i send the details off to the API, the order is saved as the following:
(These prices are saved without tax applied, the tax rate being 25%)
1x T-shirt 16.51
1x Shipping 100
1x Discount -14
Order total after tax is applied: 128.14
As you see, the order totals do not mach, the difference is 1.08, i am thinking this a discount & tax issue.
Its worth noting that the external site does its own math on the values sent, e.g products, tax etc. I cannot influence the way the external invoicing site does its calculations. I think the issue occurs in the order of which the operations are performed on the different platforms.
Its also worth mentioning that the code works perfectly fine when there is no discount present.
What can i do prior to sending the values, so that i get the prestashop price at the external service?

A:

Let the value of the items be v_1 (t-shirt), v_2 (shipping) untaxed values, respectively.
Case 1.
1.25*v_1+1.25*v_2-0.9*1.25*v_1 = 127.06
Case 2 (tax at end)
(v_1+v_2-0.9*v_1)*1.25 = Same as Case 1 after expanding the brackets.
The figure which is amiss is, as you suggest, the -14 discount, which is more like -0.9*16.51=-14.86.
1.08 difference
There is a difference of 86 cents/pence, whatever, between the untaxed discount values. After taxes this difference grows to, 0.86*1.25=1.08, which explains the discrepancy.
To fix the code, the discount calculation needs to be fixed, unless there are other tax considerations that apply to discounts, etc. In other words why is -14 being used, rather than -14.86?
To you second point about the order of events, this should not impact anything - unless discounts are taxed differently.
Fix
Either

The discount calculation is wrong (i.e. 14 should be 14.86), or
The discount value of 14 is correct, in which case a different (tax/discount) methodology than what is being assumed and this needs to be ascertained before you can make a fix for it.

textbook:
Lesson: Tax Calculation for E-commerce Websites

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about tax calculation for e-commerce websites. We will cover the basics of tax calculations, including how to calculate taxes, how to apply tax rates, and how to display tax amounts on the website. We will also discuss some common issues that may arise during tax calculation and how to resolve them.

Section 1: Basic Concepts

Topic 1: What is Tax Calculation?
Tax calculation is the process of determining the amount of tax that needs to be paid on a purchase. This is typically done by multiplying the purchase price by the tax rate and then adding the result to the purchase price.

Topic 2: Why is Tax Calculation Important for E-commerce Websites?
Tax calculation is important for e-commerce websites because it helps them comply with tax laws and regulations. It also helps them provide accurate information to their customers about the total cost of their purchases, including taxes.

Section 2: Tax Calculation Process

Topic 1: How to Calculate Taxes?
To calculate taxes, you need to multiply the purchase price by the tax rate. The formula for calculating taxes is: Tax = Purchase Price x Tax Rate.

Topic 2: How to Apply Tax Rates?
To apply tax rates, you need to add the tax amount to the purchase price. The formula for applying tax rates is: Total Cost = Purchase Price + Tax.

Topic 3: How to Display Tax Amounts on the Website?
To display tax amounts on the website, you need to add the tax amount to the purchase price and display it prominently on the checkout page. You can also display the tax rate separately so that customers can see how much tax they are paying.

Section 3: Common Issues and Solutions

Topic 1: Discrepancies in Order Totals
If the order totals do not match, it could be due to a discount and tax issue. To resolve this issue, you can check if the discount is applied before or after taxes. If it is applied after taxes, the discount amount should be added to the tax amount to get the correct order total.

Topic 2: Incorrect Tax Rates
If the tax rates are incorrect, you may need to update your tax settings or consult with a tax professional to ensure that you are using the correct rates.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about tax calculation for e-commerce websites. We covered basic concepts, the tax calculation process, and common issues and solutions. By understanding these concepts, we can ensure that our e-commerce website is compliant with tax laws and regulations and provides accurate information to our customers about the total cost of their purchases, including taxes.