text: The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution reads:. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.. The United States is the only country that inflicts life without parole on juveniles. In the landmark Graham v. Florida decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the imposition of life without parole for non-homicide crimes was cruel and unusual punishment for a juvenile offender.. The 2010 decision gave “juvenile lifers,” including Kenneth Young, hope for a second chance.. Tonight on PBS’s “Point of View” documentary series, you can hear his story:.

textbook:
Lesson: The Eighth Amendment and Juvenile Life Without Parole

Introduction:
The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment. In this lesson, we will explore how this amendment applies to juvenile life without parole sentences.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
- Cruel and unusual punishment refers to any punishment that is excessively harsh or severe, and is deemed unconstitutional by the Eighth Amendment.
- Juvenile life without parole is a sentence where a juvenile offender is imprisoned for the rest of their life, with no possibility of parole.

Section 2: Questions and Answers
- What does the Eighth Amendment prohibit?
- How does the Graham v. Florida decision relate to juvenile life without parole?
- What is juvenile life without parole?

Section 3: Definitions and Examples
- Excessive bail refers to a bail amount that is too high for the defendant to pay, and therefore violates the Eighth Amendment.
- An example of excessive fines would be a fine that is disproportionate to the offense committed.
- An example of cruel and unusual punishment would be a sentence of death by burning at the stake, which was outlawed in the 18th century.

Section 4: Practical Examples
- In the case of Roper v. Simmons, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty for juveniles was unconstitutional.
- In the case of Miller v. Alabama, the Supreme Court ruled that mandatory life without parole sentences for juveniles were unconstitutional.

Section 5: Critical Thinking
- Debate: Should juveniles be tried as adults for serious crimes?
- Discuss: How does the Eighth Amendment protect citizens from excessive punishment?

Glossary:
- Eighth Amendment: A part of the United States Constitution that prohibits excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.
- Juvenile: A person who is under the age of 18.
- Life without parole: A sentence where a person is imprisoned for the rest of their life, with no possibility of parole.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the Eighth Amendment and how it applies to juvenile life without parole sentences. We also explored theoretical concepts, definitions, and practical examples related to this topic. By understanding the principles of the Eighth Amendment, we can better understand how our legal system protects citizens from excessive punishment.


text:
Ranked Choice Voting Bill Passes First Test in Annapolis

Montgomery delegation adds public-education requirement

File photo

A bill that would give the Montgomery County Council the authority to change its voting system to an alternative “ranked choice” method has cleared its first hurdle in the Maryland legislature.

The bill, sponsored by Montgomery Democrats Sen. Cheryl Kagan (Rockville/Gaithersburg) and Del. Eric Luedtke (Burtonsville), would allow the county to transition local elections to a method where voters mark their ballot by ranking the candidates in order of preference.

The proposal was advanced to the Ways and Means Committee for a hearing Feb. 19 following unanimous approval by the Montgomery County legislative delegation on Friday.

Kagan said that the bill had been introduced last year, but only passed narrowly in the delegation. The unanimous support this year, she said, was due to the fact that legislators heard complaints from confused voters who last year faced a choice of 33 candidates in the Democratic primary in the at-large County Council race and six in the county executive race.

“It was overwhelming to most voters, and people wanted more options in their ability to show nuance with their ballots,” she said.

Under the ranked choice system, currently used in five states, the candidate with more than 50 percent of “first choice” votes wins. If no candidate receives a majority, the “second choice” votes are tallied, and the process repeats until a candidate receives a majority of votes.

During Friday’s delegation session, the bill was amended to require a public education campaign if the legislation is approved by the House of Delegates and Senate.

Kagan said she doesn’t believe the new method is too hard to learn, equating it with choosing an alternative type of pie for dessert.

“You go to grandma’s house for Thanksgiving, and she didn’t make the pecan pie, but the apple pie is really good, and the blueberry pie is good too… we do that all the time. In the same way people do that with their candidates. So I don’t think this is going to be foreign,” she said.

Dan Schere can be reached at Daniel.schere@bethesdamagazine.com

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Ranked Choice Voting

### Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about ranked choice voting (RCV), a voting system that allows voters to rank their preferred candidates in order of preference. We will explore how RCV works, its advantages and disadvantages, and how it is used in different countries.

### What is Ranked Choice Voting?

Ranked choice voting (RCV) is a voting system that allows voters to rank their preferred candidates in order of preference. In RCV, voters can choose more than one candidate, and they can rank them according to their liking. The candidate with the most first-choice votes wins the election if they receive over 50% of the vote. If no candidate gets over 50% of the vote, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their votes are redistributed to the remaining candidates based on the second-choice rankings. This process continues until one candidate receives over 50% of the vote and is declared the winner.

### Advantages of Ranked Choice Voting

1. Encourages positive campaigning: Candidates have an incentive to run positive campaigns because they need to appeal to voters' second and third choices as well.
2. Reduces negative campaigning: Since candidates know they won't win with just first-choice votes, they have less reason to attack their opponents.
3. Eliminates the spoiler effect: In plurality voting systems, third parties can "spoil" the election by taking votes away from the major parties. RCV avoids this problem by allowing voters to support their favorite candidate without fear of helping another candidate they dislike more.
4. Promotes majority rule: RCV ensures that the winner has the support of the majority of voters, as they must receive over 50% of the vote.

### Disadvantages of Ranked Choice Voting

1. Complexity: RCV is more complex than plurality voting, and it may be difficult for voters to understand how it works.
2. Potential for strategic voting: Voters may feel pressure to rank candidates in a specific order to game the system, which could reduce the fairness of the election.
3. Difficulty in implementing: RCV requires changes to voting equipment and software, which can be expensive and time-consuming.
4. Not universally accepted: RCV is not used in all elections, and some countries have abandoned it in favor of other systems.

### How is Ranked Choice Voting Used?

RCV is used in several countries, including Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand. In the United States, it is used in some cities, such as Minneapolis, San Francisco, and Portland.

### Conclusion

Ranked choice voting is an interesting and complex voting system that has both advantages and disadvantages. By understanding how it works, we can make informed decisions about whether it is the right system for our community.


text: Wellness Initiative. Parkland School Division is proud to be partnering with Aerials Gymnastics Centre, PLAY Parkland, and the National Circus School to support the e-learning Circus Arts Instructor's Course in 2016. The registration is now open for all coaches, teachers, and recreation specialists to enrol as part of the 2016 Western Canadian Cohort. School administrators and recreation partners have received the information and are welcomed to work with their education plan to determine whether or not this opportunity may serve their students and school goals.. The practicum for the learning modules takes place March 29th-April 3rd in Spruce Grove, Alberta.. Instructor E-Learning. For the 2016 Winter session, the live session will be happening in Edmonton (AB) as well as in Montreal (QC).?. For more information contact:. Felicia Ochs. Wellness Coordinator. Learning Supports. Phone: 780-963-8465

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Circus Arts

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

**Topic:** Introduction to Circus Arts

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn about the history and basics of circus arts. We will also explore the different types of circus acts and the skills required to perform them.

### Section 2: Practical Examples and Real-World Scenarios

**Topic:** Types of Circus Acts

**Objective:** In this section, we will examine the different types of circus acts, such as acrobatics, aerial arts, juggling, and clowning. We will also discuss the skills required for each act and how they can be applied in real-world scenarios.

**Example:** Acrobatics is a type of circus act that involves tumbling, contortion, and balance. These skills can be used in various real-world scenarios, such as stunt work in movies or performing on stage as a dancer.

### Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

**Topic:** Skills Required for Circus Arts

**Objective:** In this section, we will engage in a self-debating discussion on the skills required to excel in circus arts. We will consider physical abilities, mental focus, and creativity as essential components of success in this field.

**Discussion:** What other skills do you think are necessary for someone to succeed in circus arts? How can these skills be developed and honed over time?

### Glossary

**Term:** Circus Arts - A broad term referring to a variety of artistic disciplines that are performed in a circus environment, including acrobatics, aerial arts, juggling, and clowning.

**Term:** Acrobatics - A type of circus act that involves tumbling, contortion, and balance.

**Term:** Aerial Arts - A type of circus act that involves performing acrobatics while suspended in the air, such as trapeze or aerial silks.

**Term:** Juggling - A type of circus act that involves manipulating objects in the air, such as balls, clubs, or rings.

**Term:** Clowning - A type of circus act that involves comedic performance, often involving exaggerated physical movements and costumes.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we have explored the basics of circus arts, including its history and the different types of acts that fall under this category. We have also discussed the skills required to excel in this field and engaged in a self-debating discussion on the importance of creativity and mental focus. By understanding these concepts, we can apply our knowledge to new problems and challenges in the world of circus arts.


text: F|W 2019. Aconitum collection. Alon Livne's Fall-Winter 2019 collection was inspired by a historical tale that took place in 1590's Scotland. The story goes that a group of women, led by Agnes Sampson, were charged by the then King of Scotland, James the 6th, for the use of witchcraft and treason. The group was blamed for causing dangerous storms at sea that caused the king's ships to drown, doing so by holding Satanic rituals that included sex, dancing and summoning of The Devil during which they were marked by him in their intimate areas.. It is said that when these marks were found on the women's bodies they were seen as the final proof of their guilt and were all executed as witches. Rumor has it that Sampson's ghost haunts the palace gardens to this day.. The collection is called "Aconitum", based on the famous flower known for its seductive burgundy petals. Also known as "The Devil's Helmet", this venomous flower's pollen was used to craft poisons in the Middle Ages.

textbook:
Lesson: The History and Mythology of Witchcraft

Introduction:
Witchcraft has been a topic of fascination and fear for centuries. From the Salem Witch Trials to modern-day movies and TV shows, the idea of witches and their powers has captured our imagination. In this lesson, we will explore the history and mythology of witchcraft, from its origins in ancient religions to its portrayal in popular culture.

Section 1: The Origins of Witchcraft

Topic: The History of Witchcraft

Question: What is the origin of the word "witch"?
Answer: The word "witch" comes from the Old English word "wicce," which means "sorceress" or "enchantress."

Question: What was the first known witchcraft trial?
Answer: The first known witchcraft trial was in 1450 in Germany.

Question: What was the Salem Witch Trials?
Answer: The Salem Witch Trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts in 1692 and 1693.

Topic: The Mythology of Witchcraft

Question: What is a "coven"?
Answer: A coven is a group of witches who practice magic together.

Question: What is a "familiar"?
Answer: A familiar is an animal that helps a witch perform spells and rituals.

Question: What is a "grimoire"?
Answer: A grimoire is a book of magic spells and incantations.

Section 2: The Portrayal of Witchcraft in Popular Culture

Topic: Witches in Literature

Question: Who is the most famous fictional witch?
Answer: The most famous fictional witch is probably the character of "Glinda the Good Witch" from the "Wizard of Oz" series.

Question: What is "Harry Potter" about?
Answer: "Harry Potter" is a series of books and movies about a young wizard named Harry Potter who attends a school for wizards called Hogwarts.

Topic: Witches in Movies and TV Shows

Question: Who is the most famous movie witch?
Answer: The most famous movie witch is probably the character of "Samara" from the movie "The Ring."

Question: What is "American Horror Story: Coven" about?
Answer: "American Horror Story: Coven" is a TV show about a group of young witches who attend a school for witches in New Orleans.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we explored the history and mythology of witchcraft, from its origins in ancient religions to its portrayal in popular culture. We learned about the first known witchcraft trial, the Salem Witch Trials, and the different types of witches and magic in folklore and fiction. We also discussed how witchcraft has been depicted in literature, movies, and TV shows. By understanding the history and mythology of witchcraft, we can better appreciate the power of storytelling and the importance of critical thinking when it comes to beliefs and superstitions.


text: Exceed your marketing goals with great events.. Support all event types with targeted outreach that drives attendance and hosting solutions that transform your in-person event into a virtual experience.. Experience frictionless event marketing and management that supports the entire event lifecycle.. Don’t lose sleep over driving attendance to your in-person events. Reach connects with your target audience, increasing registrations and attendance.. Utilize Reach's database of 500M contacts to drive the right net-new leads to your events.. Extend the reach of your marketing team with Banzai’s outreach channels and event branding built around industry best practices and standards.. Not all events are meant for the top of the funnel. Invite targeted accounts and contacts to attend your more exclusive events.. Manage your virtual, in-person, and hybrid events all within a single platform.. Drive more pipeline, simplify event management, and unify partner leads with Banzai.

textbook:
Lesson: Event Marketing and Management
Introduction:
Event marketing and management is an essential part of any business that wants to grow its customer base and increase sales. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of events, how to create a successful event marketing strategy, and how to manage events effectively.
Types of Events:
There are several types of events that businesses can organize, including:
1. Webinars
2. Conferences
3. Trade shows
4. Product launches
5. Networking events
6. Customer appreciation events
7. Charity events
8. Company parties
Creating a Successful Event Marketing Strategy:
To create a successful event marketing strategy, you need to follow these steps:
1. Define your goals: Determine what you want to achieve with your event. Are you looking to increase brand awareness, generate leads, or build relationships with customers?
2. Identify your target audience: Know who your target audience is and what they are interested in. This will help you create a marketing message that resonates with them.
3. Choose the right event type: Depending on your goals and target audience, choose the right type of event. For example, if you want to generate leads, a webinar might be a good choice.
4. Create a marketing plan: Develop a marketing plan that includes social media, email marketing, and other tactics to promote your event.
5. Measure success: Track your results and measure the success of your event marketing strategy.
Managing Events Effectively:
To manage events effectively, you need to follow these steps:
1. Plan ahead: Start planning your event well in advance. This will give you time to handle any unexpected challenges that may arise.
2. Create a timeline: Create a timeline that includes all the tasks that need to be completed, such as booking venues, ordering supplies, and sending invitations.
3. Assign roles: Assign roles to your team members so everyone knows what they need to do.
4. Stay organized: Keep track of all the details, such as RSVPs, catering orders, and decorations.
5. Follow up: After the event, follow up with attendees to thank them for coming and gather feedback.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, event marketing and management is crucial for any business that wants to grow its customer base and increase sales. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can create a successful event marketing strategy and manage events effectively.


text: Pete Madzelan. Pete Madzelan resides in New Mexico with his wife and cat, Manny. He’s a mainlining green chile junkie, consuming large quantities with almost anything. Relaxing moments find him traveling and studying the southwest; visiting breweries and enjoying photography, baseball, and music from a select group of songwriters, which are needed outlets away from his yearly failed experience at gardening. He currently has fiction in The Dying Goose; forthcoming in Poydras Review. Photography in BRICKrhetoric, San Pedro River Review, Cactus Heart, convergence: journal of poetry and art, Vine Leaves Literary Journal; and forthcoming in Bellingham Review, Pachinko, Epiphany-epiphmag.com, and Aperion Review.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Creative Writing

## Overview
In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of creative writing. We will explore different types of creative writing, such as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, and drama. We will also learn about the elements that make up a good story, such as character development, plot, setting, and theme. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of the fundamentals of creative writing and be able to apply them to your own writing.

## Section 1: Types of Creative Writing

### Topic 1: Fiction
Fiction is a type of creative writing that involves making up stories and characters. It can be in the form of a novel, short story, or play. The author has complete control over the characters and events in the story, and can create any world they imagine.

### Topic 2: Non-Fiction
Non-fiction is a type of creative writing that is based on facts and real events. It can be in the form of a memoir, biography, or essay. The author must gather information from reliable sources and organize it in a way that is interesting and engaging to the reader.

### Topic 3: Poetry
Poetry is a type of creative writing that uses language and structure to convey emotions and ideas. It can be in the form of sonnets, free verse, or haikus. The poet uses words and phrasing to create a mood or evoke a feeling in the reader.

### Topic 4: Drama
Drama is a type of creative writing that is meant to be performed on stage. It can be in the form of a play or screenplay. The author must create dialogue and actions that are believable and engaging for the actors and audience.

## Section 2: Elements of a Good Story

### Topic 1: Character Development
Character development is an important element of a good story. Characters should be unique, relatable, and have their own motivations and goals. They should also change and grow throughout the story, making the reader invested in their journey.

### Topic 2: Plot
Plot is the series of events that happen in a story. It should have a beginning, middle, and end, and keep the reader engaged and curious about what will happen next. There should be conflicts and challenges that the characters must overcome, leading to a satisfying resolution.

### Topic 3: Setting
Setting is the time and place where the story takes place. It should be described in enough detail to make the reader feel like they are there, but not so much that it becomes boring. The setting should also affect the characters and their actions, adding depth to the story.

### Topic 4: Theme
Theme is the underlying message or meaning of the story. It can be about love, loss, courage, or any other universal human experience. The theme should be subtly woven into the story, making the reader think and reflect on their own experiences.

## Section 3: Practical Examples

### Example 1: Fiction
A young girl named Lily moves to a new town and struggles to fit in. She meets a boy named Jack who shows her around and introduces her to his group of friends. As they spend more time together, Lily starts to develop feelings for Jack, but he seems distant and uninterested. She eventually learns that Jack has a secret that keeps him from getting close to anyone.

### Example 2: Non-Fiction
A man writes about his childhood memories of growing up in a small town. He remembers playing in the fields with his siblings and friends, and how they would always find adventure in the simplest things. He talks about how those memories stay with him to this day and how they shape who he is as a person.

### Example 3: Poetry
A poet writes about the beauty of nature and how it can bring peace to the soul. They describe a sunrise over a mountain range and the way the light dances on the peaks. They also talk about the sound of birds singing and the scent of flowers blooming, all of which combine to create a sense of tranquility.

### Example 4: Drama
A playwright writes a drama about a family reunion. The play follows the characters as they catch up on old times, share stories, and reminisce about the past. However, as the night goes on, tensions rise and secrets are revealed, leading to a dramatic and emotional climax.

## Glossary
- Creative Writing: the art of writing using imagination and originality
- Fiction: a type of creative writing that involves making up stories and characters
- Non-Fiction: a type of creative writing that is based on facts and real events
- Poetry: a type of creative writing that uses language and structure to convey emotions and ideas
- Drama: a type of creative writing that is meant to be performed on stage
- Character Development: the process of creating unique, relatable characters that change and grow throughout the story
- Plot: the series of events that happen in a story
- Setting: the time and place where the story takes place
- Theme: the underlying message or meaning of the story

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about the different types of creative writing and the elements that make up a good story. We also looked at practical examples of each type of writing and how they can be used to tell compelling stories. By mastering these fundamentals, you can take your creative writing to the next level and create works that resonate with readers.


text: . Impact Philanthropy in Jerusalem at the Tower of David. What is Impact Philanthropy? Listen to my interview with Rose Ginosar, head of International Development at the Tower of David as she explains how she works together with donors to create specific programs with their donations that IMPACT Jerusalem. Rose has seen philanthropy change over the years. In the past donors made a donation to a....

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Impact Philanthropy

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of impact philanthropy and its importance in creating positive change in communities.

**Introduction:** Impact philanthropy is a type of giving that focuses on achieving specific social or environmental outcomes rather than just providing financial support. It is becoming an increasingly popular way for people to give back to their communities because it allows them to see the direct impact of their donations.

**Section 1: What is Impact Philanthropy?**

**Topic 1: Definition of Impact Philanthropy**

**Question:** What does "impact" mean in the context of philanthropy?

**Answer:** In the context of philanthropy, "impact" refers to the specific social or environmental changes that a donor hopes to achieve through their giving.

**Topic 2: Key Characteristics of Impact Philanthropy**

**Question:** What are some key characteristics of impact philanthropy?

**Answer:** Some key characteristics of impact philanthropy include a focus on measurable outcomes, collaboration between donors and recipients, and a commitment to transparency and accountability.

**Section 2: Why is Impact Philanthropy Important?**

**Topic 1: The Importance of Measuring Impact**

**Question:** Why is it important to measure the impact of philanthropy?

**Answer:** Measuring the impact of philanthropy is important because it allows donors to see the direct result of their giving and ensure that their money is being used effectively. It also helps to hold recipients accountable for the use of funds and ensures that the intended outcomes are achieved.

**Topic 2: The Power of Collaboration**

**Question:** Why is collaboration important in impact philanthropy?

**Answer:** Collaboration is essential in impact philanthropy because it brings together individuals and organizations with shared goals and values. This can lead to more effective and efficient solutions to complex social and environmental problems.

**Section 3: Examples of Impact Philanthropy**

**Topic 1: The Tower of David**

**Question:** Can you give an example of impact philanthropy in action?

**Answer:** One example of impact philanthropy in action is the work being done at the Tower of David in Jerusalem. Through impact philanthropy, donors are able to support specific programs that have a direct impact on the community, such as providing education and job training to at-risk youth.

**Topic 2: The Global Fund**

**Question:** Can you give another example of impact philanthropy in action?

**Answer:** Another example of impact philanthropy in action is the Global Fund, which is a partnership of governments, civil society, and private sector organizations that raises and invests nearly US$4 billion a year to fight AIDS, TB, and malaria. Through impact philanthropy, donors are able to see the direct impact of their giving on people's lives around the world.

**Conclusion:**

Impact philanthropy is an important tool for creating positive change in communities around the world. By focusing on measurable outcomes and collaborating with others, donors can make a real difference in the lives of others. As you continue to learn about philanthropy, consider how you can use your own resources to create positive change in your community.


text:
Cloning, sequencing and expression of an isoform of cardiac C-protein from the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum).
C-protein, a myosin binding protein, is thought to regulate and stabilize thick filaments during assembly of sarcomeric A-bands. Multiple isoforms of C-protein have been characterized in avian and mammalian systems. We now report the isolation and the nucleic acid sequence of a partial C-protein cDNA clone from an axolotl heart cDNA expression library in lambda gt11. The clone was isolated by screening the library with a heterologous monoclonal anti-C-protein antibody (MF1). Sequence comparison revealed that CPROAxocard1 has an average sequence identity of 62-68% at the nuclei acid and 72-78% at the amino acid levels respectively to human and chicken sequences. We could not detect any significant differences at the levels of expression of the cardiac isoform of C-protein (CPROAxocard1) in normal and non-beating heart tissues of the double-recessive cardiac lethal mutant (c/c) axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. This is the first report of a C-protein sequence from an amphibian species.

textbook:
Lesson: Cloning, Sequencing, and Expression of Genes

Introduction:
Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins. These proteins play important roles in the body, such as building and maintaining tissues, breaking down food, and fighting infections. In this lesson, we will learn about the process of cloning, sequencing, and expressing genes.

Section 1: Cloning

Cloning is the process of making many copies of a gene or segment of DNA. This is done using a technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR works by heating and cooling the DNA so that it separates into two strands. Then, a special enzyme called DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to each strand, copying the original DNA. Finally, a machine called a thermal cycler heats and cools the DNA again, making many copies of the original gene.

Section 2: Sequencing

Sequencing is the process of figuring out the order of nucleotides in a gene or DNA molecule. This is done using a technique called Sanger sequencing. In this method, DNA is mixed with a special kind of sugar called dideoxynucleotides. These sugars are missing one oxygen atom at the end. When DNA polymerase adds these sugars to the growing DNA strand, it can only go in one direction - either towards the 3' end or the 5' end. By adding different colored dideoxynucleotides, we can figure out which nucleotide came first in the DNA sequence.

Section 3: Expression

Expression refers to the process of taking a gene and turning it into a functional protein. This is done using a technique called gene expression. Gene expression involves several steps, including transcription and translation. During transcription, the gene is copied into a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the information from the gene to the ribosome. During translation, the ribosome reads the mRNA and uses it to build a protein.

Conclusion:
In summary, cloning, sequencing, and expression are important processes in the study of genetics. By understanding these processes, we can learn more about how genes work and how they contribute to the health and functioning of living organisms.

Glossary:
- Gene: a segment of DNA that contains instructions for making proteins
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): a technique used to make many copies of a gene or segment of DNA
- Di


text:
Current clinical practice. DIC 2002: a review of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
The turn of the millennium has seen clear advances in the understanding and management of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). The recognition that its pathogenesis stems from sustained thrombin generation in fuelling the cycle between inflammation and coagulation has seen the first successful treatment in severe sepsis through targeting this activity. An advance in treatment brings heightened relevance to laboratory testing, which now emphasises earlier detection and better monitoring to facilitate improved risk-identification and assessment of therapeutic efficacy. This review article also provides insights into future strategies that might build on the foundation of improving prognosis for the patient with DIC.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Introduction:
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a life-threatening condition characterized by widespread clot formation in the blood vessels. It can occur as a result of various factors such as severe infections, injuries, or cancer. In this lesson, we will learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of DIC.

Causes:
DIC can be caused by a variety of factors, including sepsis (a severe infection), cancer, trauma, or childbirth. In some cases, it may be idiopathic (without an apparent cause).

Symptoms:
The symptoms of DIC can vary depending on the severity of the condition. They may include bleeding, such as easy bruising, nosebleeds, or heavy menstrual periods in women. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, chest pain, and abdominal pain.

Diagnosis:
Diagnosing DIC can be challenging because its symptoms are similar to those of other conditions. However, doctors may use several tests to detect the presence of clotting factors in the blood or to measure the function of certain organs. These tests may include blood tests, imaging studies, or biopsies.

Treatment:
Treatment for DIC depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, anticoagulant medications may be prescribed to prevent clot formation. In others, surgery may be necessary to remove clots or repair damaged blood vessels.

Conclusion:
Understanding DIC is essential for anyone who may be at risk for this condition. By learning about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, you can be better prepared to recognize and manage DIC if necessary. Remember that early detection and intervention are crucial for improving outcomes, so if you suspect that you or someone you know may have DIC, seek medical attention immediately.


text: Renal Histological Study of the AYKK and the AYTKK Hybrids of Mice. Date1974. Author. Perejda, Andrea Jeanne. MetadataShow full item record. Abstract. A renal age study from four through eight months of age was performed on a new hybrid of mice, the AYKK mice, to see whether or not they displayed any signs of diabetes. Kidneys from another new hybrid, the AYTKK, were also examined at one, two, six and fifteen months of age. Kidneys of these mice were fixed, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, allochrome, and sodium sulfate Alcian Blue. Examination of the kidneys revealed no diabetic nodular glomerulosclerosis, but all displayed severe amyloidosis and hyalinization by eight months of age. Urine and blood analysis of AYKK mice were also performed. No hyperglycemia, glucosuria or ketonuria was found. They did display hyperinsulinemia however, as well as proteinuria. Possible causes of amyloidosis and proteinuria are discussed as well as their relationships to one another.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Renal Histological Study

### Overview

In this lesson, we will learn about the renal histological study of mice hybrids, specifically the AYKK and AYTKK. We will explore the methods used in the study, the findings, and the possible causes of the observed phenomena. This lesson is suitable for primary through high school students who are interested in learning about biology and medical research.

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

1. What is a renal histological study?
2. What is amyloidosis and hyalinization?
3. What is hyperinsulinemia?
4. What is proteinuria?
5. What is glucosuria?
6. What is ketonuria?
7. What is diabetic nodular glomerulosclerosis?

### Section 2: Practical Examples

1. How do you perform a renal histological study on mice?
2. What techniques are used to stain the kidney tissue?
3. What is the significance of the findings in the study?
4. Why is amyloidosis and hyalinization observed in the kidneys of the mice hybrids?
5. What is the relationship between amyloidosis, proteinuria, and hyperinsulinemia?
6. Why is there no diabetic nodular glomerulosclerosis in the AYKK and AYTKK mice hybrids?

### Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

1. How does the method used in the study (renal histological study) provide insights into the health of the mice hybrids?
2. What are the limitations of the study?
3. How can the findings of the study be applied to other research areas?
4. What are the implications of the study for human health?
5. How can we further investigate the causes of amyloidosis and proteinuria in the context of diabetes?

### Glossary

- Renal histological study: A method used to examine the structure and function of the kidneys in animals.
- Amyloidosis: The accumulation of abnormal proteins in organs and tissues.
- Hyalinization: The replacement of normal tissue with fibrous connective tissue.
- Hyperinsulinemia: A condition where there is too much insulin in the bloodstream.
- Proteinuria: The presence of excessive amounts of protein in the urine.
- Glucosuria: The presence of excessive amounts of glucose in the urine.
- Ketonuria: The presence of excessive amounts of ketone bodies in the urine.
- Diabetic nodular glomerulosclerosis: A condition characterized by scarring of the kidney's filtering units.

### Conclusion

In conclusion, the renal histological study of the AYKK and AYTKK mice hybrids provides valuable insights into the effects of hybridization on kidney health. The study demonstrates the importance of histological techniques in understanding the structure and function of organs. The findings also highlight the need for further research into the causes of amyloidosis, proteinuria, and hyperinsulinemia in the context of diabetes. By applying the knowledge gained from this study, we can continue to advance our understanding of kidney health and its implications for human health.


text: Product Description. Topics Covered: Preparing for rehearsals, creating charts, learning tunes quickly, arranging material for a live band, making suggestions to the artist, developing a groove, adding overdubbed parts to fill out a recording, building a killer chorus, choosing the right studio gear, the session recording process, getting drums to sound great in the studio, creating a great headphone mix, editing parts in the studio, getting great tones, setting up a great guitar signal chain, building a live show for an artist, strategically creating your set-list, creating a great look and vibe on stage, etc.

textbook:
Lesson 1: Preparing for Rehearsals

**Introduction:** In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of preparing for rehearsals as a musician. We will cover topics such as creating charts, learning tunes quickly, and making suggestions to the artist.

**Theory:** Preparing for rehearsals is crucial for a musician to succeed in their career. It shows professionalism and dedication to their craft. Creating charts helps the musician remember the arrangement of the song, while learning tunes quickly helps them stay on top of their game. Making suggestions to the artist can also help improve the overall sound of the music.

**Practice:** Let's take a practical example. Suppose you are a guitarist in a band that is rehearsing for a live show. Your task is to create a chart for the band to follow during the performance. Start by listening to the recording of the song and noting down the chord progressions, lyrics, and any other musical elements that stand out. Once you have created the chart, practice playing it with the rest of the band. Don't forget to make suggestions to the artist on how to improve the arrangement or the overall sound of the music.

**Glossary:**
- Charts: A visual representation of the arrangement of a song
- Tunes: Short for "tunes", which refers to individual melodies or songs
- Arrangement: The way a song is put together, including its structure, instrumentation, and tempo

**Conclusion:** Preparing for rehearsals is an essential skill for any musician. By creating charts, learning tunes quickly, and making suggestions to the artist, you can improve your overall performance and contribute to the success of the band. Remember to always strive for excellence and never settle for mediocrity.


text:
Tuesday, December 31, 2013

The New Luddites

I thought I'd close of the old year with some thoughts about what I think of as the new Luddism. In the popular mind, Luddites are anti-technology. I think this misrepresents the purpose of the original Luddites who make their mark in England some two hundred years ago when industrial techniques were first introduced.

The original Luddites were craftsmen such as weavers etc who broke the power looms that were dispossessing them of their livelihood. They were opposed by the powerful and slandered as being haters of technology and Bonapartist spies. Over the years, the Napoleon calumny has died away, but the notion of them being anti-technology lives on.

In fact these craftsmen couldn't have been anti-technology. They used technology in their daily lives and their work. They often constructed and maintained their own equipment and indeed were probably more technically adept than their contemporaries. What motivated them was the issue of who was in control of technology. They wanted to maintain control of their work and its organization and realized that with the introduction of industrialization, they would lose this control.

So who are the new Luddites? It's not those who oppose technology but the hackers who dedicate themselves to making devices such as smart phones do their bidding rather than remaining under the control of their manufacturers. 'Jail breaking' is the term used and it often comes up in the press. Here's an announcement of the successful jail break of an Apple device.

I'm sure there are people who explicitly identify these hackers with the Luddites of old, but they seem to be extremely rare. Yet the Luddites of old and the hackers share the same motives: keeping the control of technology from slipping into the hands of others.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Technical Skills

Introduction:
Technical skills are essential for success in various fields, including science, engineering, and technology. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of technical skills and how they can help us solve complex problems.

Section 1: Understanding Technical Skills

Topic 1: Definition of Technical Skills
Technical skills refer to the knowledge and abilities required to perform a specific task or job. These skills are often related to science, engineering, and technology.

Topic 2: Importance of Technical Skills
Technical skills are crucial because they enable us to understand complex systems and solve problems effectively. They allow us to analyze data, design solutions, and communicate our findings to others.

Section 2: Developing Technical Skills

Topic 1: How to Develop Technical Skills
To develop technical skills, you need to practice regularly and seek feedback from experts. You can also attend workshops, take online courses, and read books related to your field of interest.

Topic 2: Examples of Technical Skills
Examples of technical skills include programming, data analysis, project management, and problem-solving.

Section 3: Applying Technical Skills

Topic 1: Real-World Examples of Technical Skills
Technical skills are used in various fields, such as engineering, medicine, and computer science. For example, engineers use technical skills to design and build structures, while medical professionals use technical skills to diagnose and treat diseases.

Topic 2: How Technical Skills Help Solve Complex Problems
Technical skills are essential for solving complex problems because they allow us to break down complex systems into smaller components and analyze them systematically. This helps us identify patterns, make predictions, and develop effective solutions.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, technical skills are essential for success in various fields. By developing and applying technical skills, we can solve complex problems and make significant contributions to our communities.


text: 41Views2Replies. STORY SUGGESTIONS Answered. hey im writing a chapter story and i need some tips help and suggestions. o.k here is what ive got. there are 2 main characters chuck and jeff they are best friends chuck is a iraq veteran who got kicked out for traces of class a drugs and jeff is a serious gamer. they both live in a chicks hous (yet to be named) and they go to liberty city for a illegal weapons deal but the buyers turn out to be cops and they just escape but they get caught and end up in prison but with bribing they get out but theyre still wanted alsothey meet a guy called tristan who helps them to get an old friend out (HAYD) and thats when i run out of ideas so can you help me. by the way it is action/comedy. Discussions. 8 years ago. the chick is jessie. comedy angle more of a southpark angle. illegal wepons well i wanted story with illegal wepons this isnt for fame its just fun and yeah. 8 years ago. What's the comedy angle?. Who is this "chick"?. Why the illegal weapons-deal?. L

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Algebra

Algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of symbols and how they relate to one another. It is used to solve problems involving numbers, variables, and equations. In this lesson, we will cover the basics of algebra, including variables, constants, and operations.

**Section 1: Variables and Constants**

In algebra, a variable is a letter or symbol that represents an unknown value. It can take on any number of values, and its value can change depending on the context. A constant, on the other hand, is a fixed value that does not change.

**Section 2: Operations**

There are four basic operations in algebra: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. These operations are used to manipulate variables and constants to solve equations.

**Section 3: Equations**

An equation is a statement that two expressions are equal. It is used to solve problems by isolating variables and constants.

**Section 4: Solving Equations**

To solve an equation, we use the operations we learned about in the previous section. We can also use inverse operations to undo previous operations.

**Section 5: Applications**

Algebra has many applications in real life. For example, it can be used to calculate the area of a circle or the volume of a sphere. It can also be used to solve problems related to finance, such as calculating interest rates or determining the future value of an investment.

**Conclusion**

Algebra is a powerful tool that can be used to solve a wide range of problems. By mastering the basics of algebra, we can apply it to new situations and gain a deeper understanding of the world around us.


text: Yes, hose is a Scrabble word!. ...and is worth 7 points in Scrabble, and 6 points in Words with Friends. Hose is a valid Scrabble word.. Table of Contents. Dictionary definitions of the word 'hose'. The meaning of hose. hose. 4 definitions of the word 'hose'.. Verb. - Water with a hose. Noun. - Socks and stockings and tights collectively (the British include underwear). - Man's close-fitting garment of the 16th and 17th centuries covering the legs and reaching up to the waist; worn with a doublet. - A flexible pipe for conveying a liquid or gas. What Scrabble words can I make with the letters in hose?. 2 Anagrams of Hose. Anagrams are words that use the same letters as other words, but in a different order.. Anagrams are sometimes called a Word Unscramble. Words that can be created with an extra letter added to hose:. Unscramble the letters in hose. There are 15 words that can be made by adding another letter to 'hose'.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Play Scrabble

Introduction:
Scrabble is a word game that involves creating words from lettered tiles on a game board. It is played by two or more players, who take turns placing tiles on the board, trying to score points by forming valid words. In this lesson, we will learn about the rules of Scrabble, how to play it, and some strategies for winning.

Section 1: Rules of Scrabble
- The game is played on a square board divided into a 15x15 grid of smaller squares, with each square assigned a point value.
- Each player has a set of lettered tiles, which they draw from a bag or box at the beginning of their turn.
- Players take turns placing tiles on the board, trying to form valid words.
- Words must be found in a standard dictionary and must follow the game's rules, such as not being capitalized or hyphenated.
- Once a word is played, it cannot be challenged, except in cases of misplay.
- Players earn points based on the point value of the squares where they place their tiles and the number of valid words they form.
- The game ends when all tiles have been played, and the player with the most points wins.

Section 2: Strategies for Winning
- Use high-point tiles like "Q" and "Z" wisely, as they are worth fewer points than other letters.
- Look for opportunities to create two-letter words, such as "ax" or "te," which can help you control the center of the board.
- Try to form longer words, as they are worth more points and give you more options for scoring.
- Look for opportunities to use premium letters, such as "J," "X," or "K," which are worth more points.
- Be aware of your opponent's score and try to reduce it by blocking their ability to form high-scoring words.
- Keep track of the tiles left in the bag or box and adjust your strategy accordingly.

Section 3: Practice Exercises
- Given the following tiles: J, X, C, H, M, L, R, S, T, V, W, Y, Z, and a blank tile, create as many words as possible.
- Using the list of banned words in Scrabble, determine which words are not allowed and why.
- In a game situation, analyze the board and decide the best move to make based on your current score and your opponent's score.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the rules of Scrabble, strategies for winning, and practiced our skills with practice exercises. By understanding these concepts, we can improve our game and become better Scrabble players. We also learned how to apply critical thinking and analysis to make informed decisions during gameplay.


text: My log predicts a hit. I love Twin Peaks. I love True Detective. Mostly, anything bizarre or off-kilter strikes my fancy. That's why I'm so excited for Variable State's Virginia, an interactive drama that looks just as delightfully weird as the game itself.. A brand-new FBI agent and her partner are tasked with unraveling the mystery enshrouding the disappearance of a young boy in early 1990s Virginia. Sound familiar? Of course it does.. While Variable State has released scant details surrounding the game thus far, it seems that veteran developers Jonathan Burroughs and Terry Kenny have created the basis for what will undoubtedly be a quirky tale that I'll be following very closely. I'm already loving the very first screenshot as well as the minimalistic promotional imagery.. That type of game you like is going to come back in style, adventure gamers. Virginia is tentatively slated for a 2015 release.. You are logged out. Login | Sign up

textbook:
Lesson: Extracting Core Values from Text

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to extract core values from a given text. Core values are the fundamental beliefs and principles that guide our actions and decisions. By identifying these values, we can better understand the message being conveyed in the text.

Section 1: Identifying Core Values

The first step in extracting core values from a text is to identify the values being conveyed. This can be done by reading the text carefully and looking for words and phrases that suggest a value. For example, in the given text, the core value being conveyed is the appreciation for unusual or bizarre things.

Questions:
1. What are some ways to identify core values in a text?
2. How can you tell when a value is being conveyed?

Answers:
1. One way to identify core values in a text is to look for words and phrases that suggest a value. These could include words like "important," "valuable," "meaningful," or "significant." Additionally, you can look for phrases that suggest a value, such as "I believe that..." or "My core values include..."
2. When a value is being conveyed, it is often communicated through language that suggests a belief or principle. For example, the phrase "I love Twin Peaks" suggests a personal value of appreciation for the show.

Section 2: Understanding the Importance of Core Values

Once you have identified the core values in a text, it is important to understand their significance. Core values are often deeply held beliefs that guide our behavior and decision-making. By understanding these values, we can better understand the message being conveyed and respond appropriately.

Questions:
1. Why are core values important?
2. How do core values influence our behavior and decision-making?

Answers:
1. Core values are important because they provide a framework for understanding the world around us. They help us make sense of our experiences and guide our actions and decisions. By understanding someone's core values, we can better communicate with them and build stronger relationships.
2. Core values influence our behavior and decision-making by providing a set of guiding principles. When faced with a decision, we often consult our core values to determine the best course of action. For example, if one of our core values is honesty, we may be more likely to choose the honest option over the dishonest option, even if the dishonest option may be more advantageous.

Section 3: Applying Core Values to Real-World Scenarios

Finally, we will apply the core values we have identified to real-world scenarios. This will help us understand how these values play out in everyday life and how we can use them to make better decisions.

Scenario 1: You are considering a job offer that pays well but requires frequent travel. Your core value is family time.
Questions:
1. How does your core value of family time affect your decision?
2. Are there any ways to balance your career and family time while still taking the job?

Answers:
1. Your core value of family time suggests that you prioritize spending time with your loved ones. This means that the frequent travel required by the job may not align with your values.
2. There may be ways to balance your career and family time while still taking the job. For example, you could negotiate a flexible schedule that allows you to be home more often or take longer trips less frequently. Additionally, you could prioritize quality time with your family on weekends or during vacations.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to extract core values from a text and understand their significance. We also applied these values to real-world scenarios to see how they play out in everyday life. By understanding and applying our core values, we can make better decisions and live in alignment with our beliefs and principles.


text: Dramatically.. Every Director I Floating Baffle is manufactured to fit your specific lagoon profile. Our exclusive fully encapsulated bottom anchor creates an undivided seal along the bottom of the lagoon to prevent short circuiting and protect your liner.. Environetics, Inc. is not limited to fabricating from one material but uses a variety of materials including Hypalon®, X-R 5®, or PVC. We will assist you in choosing the best fabric for your site and the length of service desired. The selection of a geomembrane fabric resistant to the chemical composition of the waste water is of critical importance.. The Director I Floating Baffle System is a cost effective upgrade for new and existing lagoons. Floating Baffles install quickly and easily and require little or no maintenance throughout their 20 year life cycle. Installation can be completed in less than a day without costly equipment or expensive labor.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Geomembrane Liners

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

A geomembrane liner is a thin, flexible membrane made of synthetic materials that is used to contain and prevent the spread of liquids, chemicals, and other substances. These liners are commonly used in industrial settings, such as landfills, wastewater treatment plants, and chemical storage facilities, to protect the environment and human health from contamination.

The effectiveness of a geomembrane liner depends on its ability to prevent leaks and tears. This is achieved through the use of specialized materials, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which are resistant to the chemicals and physical stresses present in the environment.

Geomembrane liners are designed to be durable and long-lasting, with a life expectancy of 20 years or more. However, they must be properly installed and maintained to ensure their effectiveness.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

To illustrate the importance of selecting the right geomembrane liner for a specific application, let's consider two hypothetical scenarios:

Scenario 1: A wastewater treatment plant is built near a river. The plant uses geomembrane liners to contain the wastewater and prevent it from leaking into the river. If the liners are made of a material that is not resistant to the chemicals in the wastewater, they may degrade over time and allow contaminants to escape. This could harm the river's ecosystem and pose a risk to human health.

Scenario 2: A landfill is built on a hillside. The geomembrane liner must be strong enough to prevent the waste from shifting and puncturing the liner. If the liner is not made of a material that is resistant to the weight of the waste, it may tear and allow contaminants to escape into the surrounding environment.

In both scenarios, selecting the appropriate geomembrane liner is crucial for ensuring the safety of the environment and human health.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

1. Why is it important to choose the right geomembrane liner for a specific application?
2. What factors should be considered when selecting a geomembrane liner?
3. How can the effectiveness of a geomembrane liner be tested and monitored?
4. What are some common mistakes made when installing geomembrane liners?
5. How can the life expectancy of a geomembrane liner be extended?

## Glossary

- Geomembrane: A thin, flexible membrane made of synthetic materials used to contain and prevent the spread of liquids, chemicals, and other substances.
- HDPE: High-density polyethylene, a type of plastic resin that is resistant to chemicals and physical stresses.
- PVC: Polyvinyl chloride, a type of plastic that is resistant to chemicals and physical stresses.
- Chemical resistance: The ability of a material to resist degradation or changes in properties when exposed to chemicals.
- Physical stress: Any force or influence that can damage or alter the properties of a material.


text: Pressed from the peel of organic mandarin grown in Italy, this variety is the sweetest and most intense citrus yet. Intensely calming and great for over excited children, PMS symptoms, and those days when total relaxation is calling. Indicated for digestive upset (especially effective for children), gas, intestinal spasms, anxiety, agitation, insomnia, epilepsy, skin care (for oily skin, stretch marks, scars), cellulite, general detoxification and as a general mood tonic. One of our favorite oils, hands down.. Key Actions: Calming, antispasmodic, nervine, astringent, hypnotic, antiseptic, lymphatic and circulatory stimulant. Blends With: all oils, especially useful for sweetening blends that are too earthy, herbal or spicy. Great with other citruses, lavender, patchouli and spruce.. Warnings: May be slightly phototoxic and slightly irritant to sensitive skin.. Reviews. There are no reviews yet.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Essential Oils

**Core Value:** Understanding the benefits and uses of essential oils

**Objective:** To introduce students to the world of essential oils and their many uses

**Materials:** None

**Introduction:** Essential oils are natural oils extracted from plants, fruits, and flowers. They have been used for centuries for their medicinal properties, fragrance, and other benefits. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of essential oils, their benefits, and how they can be used.

**Section 1: Types of Essential Oils**

Essential oils can be classified into three main categories:

1. Citrus oils - derived from citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, and limes
2. Floral oils - extracted from flowers like roses, jasmine, and lavender
3. Green oils - obtained from leaves, grasses, and other green plants

Each type of essential oil has its unique properties and uses. For example, citrus oils are known for their calming effects, while floral oils are often used for their fragrance.

**Section 2: Benefits of Essential Oils**

Essential oils have many benefits, including:

1. Calming effect - some essential oils like lavender and chamomile are known for their calming properties, making them ideal for relaxation and sleep.
2. Antiseptic properties - certain essential oils like tea tree and eucalyptus oil have antiseptic properties, making them useful for cleaning wounds and preventing infection.
3. Aromatherapy - essential oils can be used in aromatherapy to improve mood, reduce stress, and promote relaxation.
4. Skin care - some essential oils like jojoba and coconut oil are excellent for skin care, helping to moisturize and nourish the skin.
5. Digestive system - certain essential oils like ginger and peppermint oil can help relieve digestive issues like bloating and indigestion.

**Section 3: How to Use Essential Oils**

Essential oils can be used in many ways, including:

1. Diffusion - essential oils can be diffused into the air using a diffuser, which helps to release their fragrance and benefits into the room.
2. Topical application - essential oils can be applied directly to the skin, either alone or mixed with a carrier oil like coconut oil or jojoba oil.
3. Ingestion - some essential oils can be ingested, either by drinking them in a glass of water or by taking them internally for medicinal purposes.

**Conclusion:** In this lesson, we learned about the different types of essential oils, their benefits, and how they can be used. Essential oils are a powerful tool for natural health and wellness, and they can be used in many ways to improve our lives. By understanding their properties and uses, we can harness their power to promote relaxation, healing, and overall well-being.


text:
Q:

MySQL - Is it possible to run multiple synchronous inserts?

I googled and searched on SO, but was not able to find an answer; maybe you could point me to some reference/docs?
This is more about understanding the way MySQL treats table contents while inserting.
I have a table (Myisam) which has an auto-increment primary key 'autoid'. I am using a simple script to insert 1000s+ of records. What I am trying to do is running multiple instances of this script (you can image it similar to accessing the script from different machines at same time).
Is MySql capable of distributing the auto-increment primary keys accordingly without any further action from my side or do I have to do some sort of table locking for each machine? Maybe I have to choose InnoDb over MyIsam?
What I am trying to achieve is: irrespective of how many machines are simultaneously triggering the script, all inserts should be completed without skipping any auto-increment id or throwing errors like "Duplicate Value for...".
Thanks a lot

A:

The whole point of using a database is that can handle situations like this transactionally. So yes, this scenario works fine on every commonly used DBMS system, including MySQL.
How do you think the average forum would work with 50 users simultaneously posting replies to a topic, all from forked parallel Apache processes so possible only microseconds apart, or from multiple loadbalanced webservers?
Internally it just uses a mutex/semaphore like any other process when accessing and incrementing the shared resource (the autoincrement value of a table in this case) to mitigate the inherent race conditions.

textbook:
Lesson:

**MySQL Inserts and Auto-Increment Primary Keys**

**Objective:** Understand how MySQL handles inserts and auto-increment primary keys when multiple instances are running simultaneously.

**Introduction:** MySQL is a widely used relational database management system that supports multiple storage engines, including MyISAM and InnoDB. This lesson focuses on MyISAM, which is a fast and simple storage engine that uses .myd files to store data.

**Main Topics:**

1. Understanding Auto-Increment Primary Keys
2. How MyISAM Handles Inserts
3. Table Locking and Concurrency Control
4. Choosing the Right Storage Engine
5. Practical Examples
6. Conclusion

**Glossary:**

- **Auto-increment primary key:** A special type of primary key that automatically generates a unique integer value for each new row inserted into a table.
- **Storage engine:** A software component in MySQL that manages data storage and retrieval.
- **MyISAM:** A fast and simple storage engine that uses .myd files to store data.
- **InnoDB:** A more advanced storage engine that provides ACID compliance and supports foreign keys and transactions.

**Section 1: Understanding Auto-Increment Primary Keys**

An auto-increment primary key is a special type of primary key that automatically generates a unique integer value for each new row inserted into a table. This value is usually generated by MySQL's internal counter, which increments by 1 for each new row.

**Example:** Let's say we have a table named "orders" with an auto-increment primary key "order_id". When we insert a new order, MySQL will automatically assign the next available integer value to the "order_id" column.

**Question:** How does MySQL handle concurrent inserts when using auto-increment primary keys?

**Answer:** When multiple instances are running simultaneously and inserting records into the same table, MySQL uses a mechanism called "optimistic concurrency control" to ensure that each instance gets a unique auto-increment value. This mechanism works by assigning a range of values to each instance and checking for duplicates before committing the insert. If a duplicate value is found, the instance will wait for a short period of time and retry the insert.

**Section 2: How MyISAM Handles Inserts**

MyISAM is a fast and simple storage engine that uses .myd files to store data. It does not support transactions or foreign keys, but it is optimized for read-mostly workloads.

**Example:** Let's say we have a MyISAM table named "orders" with an auto-increment primary key "order_id". When we insert a new order, MyISAM will allocate a new block of memory and write the data to that block. The block's address is then stored in the "order_id" column.

**Question:** Does MyISAM support table locking?

**Answer:** No, MyISAM does not support table locking. Instead, it uses a mechanism called "exclusive access" to prevent multiple instances from modifying the same data at the same time.

**Section 3: Table Locking and Concurrency Control**

Table locking is a mechanism used by databases to prevent multiple instances from modifying the same data at the same time. It ensures that each instance gets a consistent view of the data and prevents conflicts.

**Example:** Let's say we have a MyISAM table named "orders" with an auto-increment primary key "order_id". If two instances try to insert orders with the same "order_id" value, one of them will fail because the other instance has already allocated that block of memory.

**Question:** How does MyISAM ensure consistency in the presence of concurrent inserts?

**Answer:** MyISAM uses a mechanism called "exclusive access" to ensure consistency in the presence of concurrent inserts. This mechanism works by allocating a new block of memory for each new row and writing the data to that block. The block's address is then stored in the "order_id" column. If two instances try to insert orders with the same "order_id" value, one of them will fail because the other instance has already allocated that block of memory.

**Section 4: Choosing the Right Storage Engine**

When choosing a storage engine for a MySQL database, it is essential to consider the specific requirements of the application. For example, if the application requires ACID compliance and supports foreign keys, then InnoDB is a better choice than MyISAM. However, if the application is read-mostly and performance is a critical concern, then MyISAM may be a better option.

**Example:** Let's say we have an application that requires high performance and supports only basic CRUD operations. In this case, MyISAM would be a good choice because it is optimized for read-mostly workloads and does not support transactions or foreign keys.

**Section 5: Practical Examples**

Let's consider a scenario where we have two instances of our application running simultaneously, each inserting orders into the "orders" table.

**Example 1:** Instance 1 inserts an order with an "order_id" value of 100. Instance 2 tries to insert an order with an "order_id" value of 100. In this case, Instance 2 will fail because the block of memory corresponding to that "order_id" value has already been allocated by Instance 1.

**Example 2:** Instance 1 inserts an order with an "order_id" value of 101. Instance 2 inserts an order with an "order_id" value of 102. In this case, both instances will succeed because they are allocating different blocks of memory.

**Conclusion:** MySQL is a powerful relational database management system that supports multiple storage engines, including MyISAM and InnoDB. MyISAM is a fast and simple storage engine that is optimized for read-mostly workloads and does not support transactions or foreign keys. However, it uses a mechanism called "exclusive access" to ensure consistency in the presence of concurrent inserts. Choosing the right storage engine depends on the specific requirements of the application, such as performance and data integrity needs.


text: About Carey Woodruff. Carey Woodruff works to find the right mortgage product to suit each client’s unique situation. Her commitment to providing superior customer service, combined with excellent problem-solving skills, makes the difference in potential borrowers becoming home owners. Carey knows the benefits of making the mortgage process a win-win endeavor for her clients. With this, Carey brings an exceptional knowledge of the mortgage industry and practical hands-on experience to each transaction. Let Carey’s professional talent bring your dreams of home ownership to life!

textbook:
Lesson: How to Find the Right Mortgage Product
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about how to find the right mortgage product. We will cover the importance of finding the right mortgage product, the different types of mortgages available, and the steps you can take to find the best mortgage for your needs.
Importance of Finding the Right Mortgage Product:
Finding the right mortgage product is important because it can help you save money, avoid financial pitfalls, and achieve your financial goals. A mortgage is a long-term investment, and it's essential to make sure that you are getting the best possible deal.
Types of Mortgages:
There are several types of mortgages available, including fixed-rate mortgages, adjustable-rate mortgages, and interest-only mortgages. Each type of mortgage has its own advantages and disadvantages, so it's essential to understand the differences before choosing the right one for your needs.
Steps to Finding the Right Mortgage Product:
1. Determine your budget: Before you start shopping for a mortgage, you need to determine how much house you can afford. Use a mortgage calculator to estimate your monthly payments and total costs.
2. Get pre-approved: Getting pre-approved for a mortgage can help you determine how much house you can afford and give you an edge over other buyers.
3. Compare rates: Once you have determined your budget and gotten pre-approved, you can start comparing rates from different lenders. Be sure to compare the annual percentage rate (APR), which includes all fees and charges associated with the loan.
4. Consider the loan term: The loan term is the length of time over which you will repay the mortgage. Generally, the longer the loan term, the lower the monthly payments, but the higher the total cost of the loan.
5. Understand the fees and charges: Before you sign any documents, make sure you understand all of the fees and charges associated with the mortgage. This includes points, closing costs, and other fees.
Conclusion:
Finding the right mortgage product is essential to achieving your financial goals and avoiding financial pitfalls. By following the steps outlined above, you can find the best mortgage for your needs and save money in the long run.
Glossary:
- Mortgage: A loan to purchase a home.
- Annual Percentage Rate (APR): The annual interest rate on a loan, including all fees and charges.
- Fixed-rate mortgage: A mortgage with an interest rate that remains the same for the life of the loan.
- Adjustable-rate mortgage: A mortgage with an interest rate that changes over time.
- Interest-only mortgage: A mortgage where you only pay the interest on the loan for a set period of time.


text: Audio Textbooks Allow All Students to Keep Up. Santa Barbara District Renews Learning Ally Contract. Kids with learning disabilities will continue to reap the benefits of Santa Barbara Unified School District’s contracting with Learning Ally, a national non-for-profit that provides audio versions of textbooks, novels, and other reading material. Students with dyslexia, for example, can keep up on their studies by listening to reading assignments. The program — recently reupped by the school board for two more years — also provides in-class training for special-ed teachers and continued collaboration with the Parent Resource Center. The district will cover 25 percent of the program’s $64,500 annual cost this year, and 50 percent next year. The balance will be paid through philanthropic funding.

textbook:
Lesson: Audio Textbooks for Students with Learning Disabilities

**Introduction**

In this lesson, we will learn about audio textbooks and how they can help students with learning disabilities keep up with their studies. We will cover the following topics:

1. What are audio textbooks?
2. How do audio textbooks help students with learning disabilities?
3. What is Learning Ally?
4. How does the Santa Barbara Unified School District use Learning Ally?

**Section 1: What are audio textbooks?**

Audio textbooks are recordings of printed textbooks that can be listened to instead of read. They are designed for students who have difficulty reading due to learning disabilities, such as dyslexia.

**Section 2: How do audio textbooks help students with learning disabilities?**

Audio textbooks help students with learning disabilities by providing an alternative way to access information. Since some students have difficulty reading, audio textbooks allow them to listen to the material and still understand the content. This can be especially helpful for students with dyslexia, as it allows them to keep up with their studies and not fall behind.

**Section 3: What is Learning Ally?**

Learning Ally is a national non-profit organization that provides audio versions of textbooks, novels, and other reading material. They work with schools and organizations to provide accessible education materials to students with learning disabilities.

**Section 4: How does the Santa Barbara Unified School District use Learning Ally?**

The Santa Barbara Unified School District has a contract with Learning Ally to provide audio textbooks to students with learning disabilities. The program provides in-class training for special-ed teachers and continued collaboration with the Parent Resource Center. The district covers 25% of the program's cost this year and 50% next year, with the remaining balance covered through philanthropic funding.

**Conclusion**

In this lesson, we learned about audio textbooks and how they can help students with learning disabilities keep up with their studies. We also learned about Learning Ally, an organization that provides accessible education materials to these students. By using audio textbooks, students with learning disabilities can better understand the material and keep up with their peers. This is an important tool for ensuring equal access to education for all students.


text:
The Philippine National Drug Formulary (PNDF) is an integral component of the
Philippine National Drug Policy, aimed at making available and accessible, essential
medicines of proven efficacy, safety and quality at affordable cost. It's formulation by the
Department of Health (DOH) through the National Formulary Committee (NFC), formerly called the National
Drug Committee, has been mandated by R.A. 6675, otherwise known as the Generics Act of 1988. The PNDF Volume I, the Essential Medicines List, is a major step towards
rational use of medicines in the country. The medicines are selected with due regard to public
health relevance, evidence of efficacy and safety and comparative cost‐effectiveness. The national
list of essential medicines is a subset of registered medicines divided according to different
levels of care. A carefully selected limited list of essential medicines leads to higher quality
of care, better management of medicines including improved quality control, more cost‐effective
use of health resources and ensures regular supply of essential medicines,
resulting in real health gain and increased confidence on the health system.

The 7th edition of the PNDF Volume I has maintained basically the same
objectives and organization as in the previous editions. However, measures have been adopted to
simplify the listing by limiting the numbering to a maximum of three, whenever possible.
Further, the NFC has adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation to replace the word
"drug" with "medicines". The algorithms for deletion and addition of medicines have been
followed strictly and the evaluation of the efficacy and safety by an unbiased agency, the
National Drug Information Center (NDIC) has been made a requirement for the decision making
process. The NFC followed the same consultative and participative process in its formulation
through a series of deliberation meetings with different panels of experts from the medical
schools, Philippine Medical Association, various specialty and subspecialty societies and government
and private hospitals. Inputs from the pharmaceutical companies and other stakeholders have
also been considered.

A major revision in this 2008 edition is the incorporation of the WHO listing
of immediate release solid oral dosage forms of multisource (generic) pharmaceutical
products/active ingredients which should be subjected to in-vivo bioequivalence studies (list B
medicines). Forty five (45) medicines have been added to the PNDF, while thirty six (36) medicines
have been deleted based on the approved guidelines and criteria. This 7th edition includes
a total of 627 medicines, 351 in the core list and 276 in the complementary list...

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to the Philippine National Drug Formulary

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

**Topic:** Introduction to the Philippine National Drug Formulary

**Objective:** To understand the purpose and significance of the Philippine National Drug Formulary (PNDF) in providing access to essential medicines at affordable costs.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

**Question:** What is the role of the PNDF in the Philippine healthcare system?

**Answer:** The PNDF plays a crucial role in the Philippine healthcare system by ensuring that essential medicines are available, accessible, and affordable to all citizens. It helps to regulate the prices of drugs, promote the rational use of medicines, and improve the overall quality of healthcare services.

**Question:** How does the PNDF ensure the quality of medicines?

**Answer:** The PNDF sets standards for the quality and safety of medicines by implementing strict regulatory measures. These measures include regular inspections of manufacturing facilities, mandatory testing of drug samples, and enforcement of good manufacturing practices.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

**Question:** How does the PNDF benefit patients?

**Answer:** The PNDF benefits patients by providing them with access to essential medicines at affordable costs. This ensures that patients can obtain the necessary treatments they need without facing financial barriers. Additionally, the PNDF promotes the rational use of medicines, which means that patients are less likely to experience adverse side effects or drug interactions.

**Question:** How does the PNDF benefit healthcare providers?

**Answer:** The PNDF benefits healthcare providers by providing them with a standardized list of essential medicines that they can rely on for treating various medical conditions. This simplifies the prescribing process and reduces the likelihood of prescribing unnecessary or ineffective treatments. Furthermore, the PNDF helps to streamline the procurement and distribution of medicines, making it easier for healthcare providers to manage their inventories and budgets.

## Glossary

**Philippine National Drug Formulary (PNDF):** A comprehensive guide to the selection, prescription, and administration of medicines in the Philippines.

**Essential Medicines List:** A list of the most effective and safe medicines that should be available at all times in adequate amounts and in the appropriate dosage forms and strengths.

**National Formulary Committee (NFC):** A group of experts responsible for updating and revising the PNDF.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, the PNDF is a vital tool in ensuring access to essential medicines at affordable costs. By promoting the rational use of medicines and maintaining high standards of quality and safety, the PNDF contributes significantly to the overall improvement of the Philippine healthcare system. By understanding the importance and significance of the PNDF, we can apply this knowledge to other areas of medicine and public health.


text: - Getting Started. - Session Mode. - Console Operation. - The Patchbay. - External Rack. - Audio Effects. - Settings. - Education. - Advanced Functions. - EDU Portal. - Troubleshoot. - Accounts. - Web App. Input Section. You are here:. - Docs. - Console Operation. - Input Section. Estimated reading time: < 1 min. Background. The console input section is the entry point for audio into the channelstrip. The integrity of audio signal is determined by this section.. Input Gain. Controls the level of signal of signal. Use the meter to achieve a strong & healthy signal.. Mic/Line. Designate the type of signal. - Mic – uses the preamp for microphone signals.. - Line – a signal that’s already being amplified. Phase. Reverses the polarity of a signal.. Useful when there is mic bleed.. Boost. Additional signal gain.. Phantom Power. Certain microphones require power in order to amplify the signal.. Conclusion. Not all parameters will be available in the input section.. Functionality may differ per console,

textbook:
# Lesson 1: Introduction to Audio Consoles

## I. Introduction

An audio console is a device used in sound recording and mixing. It allows you to control various audio parameters such as volume, equalization, and effects. In this series of lessons, we will learn about the different parts of an audio console and how they work together to create a professional-sounding mix.

## II. Console Operation

The console operation is the heart of the audio console. It consists of several controls that allow you to manipulate the audio signal. These controls include:

1. Input Gain: This control adjusts the level of the incoming audio signal. Use the meter to ensure that the signal is strong and healthy.

2. Mic/Line: This control designates whether the incoming signal is a microphone or a line-level signal. - Mic uses the preamp for microphone signals. - Line uses the line-level signal that has already been amplified.

3. Phase: This control reverses the polarity of the signal. It is useful when there is mic bleed (when unwanted noise from another microphone interferes with the desired signal).

4. Boost: This control adds additional gain to the signal.

5. Phantom Power: Some microphones require power to amplify the signal. This control provides the necessary power.

## III. Input Section

The input section is where the audio signal enters the channel strip. The integrity of the audio signal depends on this section. The input gain control determines the level of the incoming signal. Use the meter to ensure that the signal is strong and healthy.

## IV. Session Mode

Session mode allows you to record multiple takes of a performance and choose the best one later. This feature is useful when recording live instruments or vocals.

## V. Advanced Functions

Advanced functions include features such as automation, which allows you to control the volume and other parameters of the audio signal over time. This feature is useful when creating complex mixes or when editing individual tracks.

## VI. EDU Portal

The EDU portal is an online resource for learning about audio consoles. It includes tutorials, videos, and other educational materials.

## VII. Troubleshoot

Troubleshooting is an essential part of using an audio console. Common issues include noise, distortion, and feedback. Use the troubleshooting guide to identify and fix these issues.

## VIII. Accounts

Accounts allow you to save and load settings for different projects. This feature is useful when working on multiple projects or when collaborating with others.

## IX. Web App

The web app is an online version of the audio console. It allows you to access the console from anywhere with an internet connection.

## X. Glossary

- Channelstrip: A strip on the console that contains all the controls for processing an audio signal.
- Preamp: A device that amplifies a weak electrical signal.
- Mixer: A device that combines multiple audio signals into one output signal.
- Signal: A physical quantity, event, or activity that has meaning or importance to someone or something.
- Noise: Unwanted sounds that interfere with the desired signal.
- Distortion: A change in the shape of the waveform of a signal.
- Feedback: A howling sound that occurs when the output of a microphone is picked up by the input and amplified.
- Phase: The distribution of the points of a wave in space.
- Polarity: The orientation of the waveform of a signal.
- Amplify: To increase the strength of a signal.

## XI. Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the different parts of an audio console and how they work together to create a professional-sounding mix. We also learned about the input section, session mode, advanced functions, EDU portal, troubleshooting, accounts, and the web app. Finally, we defined some key terms in the glossary.