text: percentage points of the 13% statutory reserve requirement for banks will be complemented by a three-percentage-point increase in the banks' liquidity reserves, currently at 4%. The twin move aims to eventually bring down interest rates, making the cost of investible funds more affordable and consequently infusing more liquidity in the stock market, traders said.. The proposed adjustments being eyed by the central bank, are expected to further reduce intermediation costs of commercial banks. This has been sought by the International Monetary Fund under recently concluded preliminary negotiations for a precautionary arrangement.. Noel Reyes, vice president for research of Anscor-Hagedorn Securities Inc., said efforts by the government to comply with IMF requirements for a precautionary arrangement is the more significant aspect in the reserve requirement adjustment.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Interest Rates and Liquidity

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concepts of interest rates and liquidity in finance and economics.

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will explore the concepts of interest rates and liquidity in finance and economics. We will learn about how these two concepts are related and how they affect the economy.

**Section 1: Introduction to Interest Rates**

**Topic 1.1: Definition of Interest Rates**

Interest rates refer to the percentage of the principal amount of a loan or deposit that is charged or paid by a financial institution over a specified period of time, usually expressed as an annual percentage rate (APR).

**Topic 1.2: How Interest Rates Affect the Economy**

Interest rates play a crucial role in the economy. They influence borrowing and lending decisions, inflation, and economic growth. When interest rates are low, people are more likely to borrow money to invest or purchase goods and services. Conversely, when interest rates are high, people are less likely to borrow money and more likely to save it.

**Topic 1.3: Types of Interest Rates**

There are several types of interest rates, including:

1. Nominal interest rates: These are the stated or advertised interest rates on loans or deposits.
2. Real interest rates: These are the actual interest rates after accounting for inflation.
3. Effective interest rates: These are the interest rates that take into account compounding, which is the process of earning interest on both the principal amount and any accumulated interest.

**Section 2: Introduction to Liquidity**

**Topic 2.1: Definition of Liquidity**

Liquidity refers to the ability of an asset to be converted into cash quickly and without causing a significant loss in value. It is an essential characteristic of money and other financial assets.

**Topic 2.2: Importance of Liquidity**

Liquidity is crucial in finance and economics because it allows individuals and businesses to access funds when needed. It also helps to prevent financial crises, such as bank runs, which can occur when people lose confidence in a financial institution and try to withdraw their money all at once.

**Topic 2.3: Measures of Liquidity**

There are several measures of liquidity, including:

1. Market depth: This refers to the number of buyers and sellers in a market and the size of their orders.
2. Bid-ask spread: This is the difference between the highest price that a buyer is willing to pay for an asset and the lowest price that a seller is willing to accept.
3. Trading volume: This refers to the number of shares or contracts traded in a security or market over a specific period of time.

**Section 3: Connection Between Interest Rates and Liquidity**

**Topic 3.1: Relationship Between Interest Rates and Liquidity**

Interest rates and liquidity are closely related because changes in interest rates can affect the liquidity of financial assets. For example, when interest rates rise, the cost of borrowing increases, which can make it more difficult for individuals and businesses to obtain loans. This can lead to a decrease in liquidity in the market.

**Topic 3.2: Example**

For example, let's say that the central bank increases the interest rate by 1 percentage point. This would make it more expensive for banks to borrow money, which could lead to a decrease in lending and a reduction in liquidity in the market.

**Glossary**

- **Interest rates:** The percentage of the principal amount of a loan or deposit that is charged or paid by a financial institution over a specified period of time, usually expressed as an annual percentage rate (APR).
- **Liquidity:** The ability of an asset to be converted into cash quickly and without causing a significant loss in value.
- **Market depth:** The number of buyers and sellers in a market and the size of their orders.
- **Bid-ask spread:** The difference between the highest price that a buyer is willing to pay for an asset and the lowest price that a seller is willing to accept.
- **Trading volume:** The number of shares or contracts traded in a security or market over a specific period of time.

**Conclusion**

In this lesson, we learned about the concepts of interest rates and liquidity in finance and economics. We explored how these two concepts are related and how they affect the economy. By understanding the relationship between interest rates and liquidity, we can better understand how changes in interest rates can impact the economy and the financial markets.


text: VP-elect Mike Pence's political career has consisted of a series of attacks on the rights of LGBTQ people and women, and his new neighbors in the navy blue precincts of DC know it, and they want him to know that his medieval views are considered aberrant by good people, so they've festooned their homes with rainbow flags that he'll have to pass during the transition — until he gets to move into the new VP's residence in the basement of Trump Tower.. "This is one way that I can show my disagreement," Ilse Heintzen told WJLA, which first reported on the neighborhood trend, of her new decor.. Mike Pence's new D.C. neighbors greet him with rainbow flags. [Emily Heil/Washington Post]

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Expressing Opinions

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of expressing our opinions and how it can make a difference in our community. We will explore different ways to express our opinions and how to do it effectively.

Section 1: Understanding the Importance of Expressing Opinions

Topic 1: The Power of Expression
- Why is it important to express our opinions?
- How can our opinions make a difference in our community?

Topic 2: The Importance of Speaking Up
- When should we express our opinions?
- What are some situations where speaking up is necessary?

Section 2: Expressing Opinions Effectively

Topic 1: Choosing the Right Time and Place
- How can we determine the right time and place to express our opinions?
- What are some factors to consider when choosing when and where to speak up?

Topic 2: Using the Right Words and Tone
- How can we ensure that our message is clear and effective?
- What is the importance of tone and body language in expressing our opinions?

Section 3: Examples of Effective Expression of Opinions

Topic 1: The Women's March
- How did the Women's March demonstrate the importance of expressing opinions?
- What were some effective ways that the march expressed its message?

Topic 2: The Rainbow Flags
- How did the rainbow flags express a message of disagreement with Mike Pence's views?
- What can we learn from this example of effective expression of opinions?

Conclusion:
In conclusion, expressing our opinions is an important way to make our voices heard and effect change in our community. By expressing our opinions effectively and at the right time and place, we can make a powerful impact. Remember to use the right words and tone, and to choose examples that demonstrate the importance of your message.

Glossary:
- Opinion: a person's view, idea, or judgment
- Expression: the act of making something known or communicating it
- Effective: achieving the desired outcome or result
- Demonstrate: to show or prove by example or action
- Impact: to have a strong effect on something or someone
- Influence: to affect or change something or someone

[1] Emily Heil, "Mike Pence's new D.C. neighbors greet him with rainbow flags," Washington Post (December 22, 2016).


text: Directly to the west of Stevens Pass sits a small bowl known as Grace Lakes. The bowl is easily accessed via the Stevens Pass Resort's Skyline Express, but it can also be accessed for less money and on your own schedule by taking a snowcat track from the South Lot at Stevens Pass Resort.. The proximity to the ski area makes Grace Lakes a great place for an introduction into backcountry skiing and a good option for testing out new equipment. There are many short shots located in the Graces Lakes area that allow for quick laps and easy line scouting on your ascent. Playful lines full of cliffs and chutes overlook Summit and Grace Lakes, while mellow tree runs can be found on the east side of Grace Lakes.. Be aware of downhill traffic and snowcat operations while using the cat track to tour up to the Grace Lakes bowls. Ski patrol can and will close specific areas for avalanche danger, so be sure to check with them before heading out to keep from interfering with avalanche patrols.!

textbook:
**Lesson: Backcountry Skiing Basics**

**Introduction:**
Backcountry skiing is a popular winter activity that involves skiing in areas not accessible by lifts or groomed runs. It requires knowledge of safety precautions, navigation, and avalanche awareness. In this lesson, we will cover the basics of backcountry skiing, including equipment, safety, and etiquette.

**Section 1: Equipment**
To begin backcountry skiing, you will need the following equipment:
- Skis (with metal edges)
- Bindings (that allow for a 75-degree range of motion)
- Boots (with a walk mode)
- Poles (with baskets)
- Avalanche beacon
- Shovel
- Probe
- Backpack
- Clothing appropriate for the weather conditions

**Section 2: Safety**
Safety is a top priority when backcountry skiing. Here are some tips to follow:
- Always check the avalanche forecast before heading out
- Never ski alone
- Carry a map and compass or GPS device to navigate the terrain
- Know how to use your avalanche beacon, shovel, and probe in case of an emergency
- Stay on marked and patrolled trails to avoid avalanche danger zones
- Be aware of the weather conditions and adjust your plans accordingly

**Section 3: Etiquette**
Backcountry skiing is a shared experience, and it's essential to follow proper etiquette to ensure everyone has a safe and enjoyable time:
- Yield to others when stopping to take photos or rest
- Announce your presence when approaching others on the trail
- Stay on the designated ski tracks and avoid damaging vegetation
- Respect wildlife and keep a safe distance from animals
- Pack out all trash and dispose of it properly

**Conclusion:**
Backcountry skiing can be a thrilling and rewarding experience. By following the proper safety precautions and etiquette, you can enjoy the beauty of the wilderness while minimizing your impact on the environment. Remember to always respect the mountains and your fellow skiers, and you will have a great time backcountry skiing.

**Glossary:**
- Avalanche beacon: A device used to detect avalanches
- Shovel: A tool used to dig out someone who has been buried in an avalanche
- Probe: A long pole used to search for someone buried in an avalanche
- Metal edges: A feature on skis that allows them to grip the snow and prevent slipping
- Walk mode: A setting on ski boots that allows for walking without skis on
- Backpack: A bag used to carry supplies while skiing
- GPS: Global Positioning System, a device used to navigate the terrain


text:
The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine1a receptor agonist, buspirone on the gastric fundus accommodation in an animal model using guinea pigs.
To date, few animal experiments have been conducted to examine the effects and mechanisms of buspirone in inducing the relaxation of the gastric fundus. The aim of this study is to examine the effects and mechanisms of buspirone, 5-HT(1a) receptor agonist, in the accommodation of gastric fundus muscle in an animal experimental model using guinea pigs. In the current study, we performed an immunohistochemistry for 5-HT(1a) receptors in the tissue samples collected from the stomach of guinea pig, an ex vivo experiment to examine the electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced relaxation of the circular muscle in the gastric fundus in guinea pigs and an in vivo experiment to measure the intragastric pressure through the insertion of the balloon catheter in the fundus. Immunohistochemical stains for 5-HT(1a) receptor could confirm the expression of 5-HT(1a) receptor in guinea pig stomach. There was a significant dose-dependent inhibition of the EFS-induced relaxation of fundic muscle strips following the treatment with WAY-100635 (5-HT(1a) antagonist), but this was significantly improved following the treatment with buspirone. An in vivo measurement of the gastric fundic tone showed that there was a significant decrease in the intragastric pressure at same volume by pretreatment with buspirone as compared with the vehicle control, but this could be prevented with the treatment with WAY-100635. Based on our results, it can be concluded that buspirone is effective in relaxing the gastric fundus via 5-HT(1a) receptor pathway in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models using guinea pigs.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Animal Experimentation

Overview:
In this lesson, we will learn about animal experimentation and its application in scientific research. We will explore the benefits and limitations of using animals in experiments, as well as the ethical considerations that must be taken into account. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the basic principles of animal experimentation and its role in advancing scientific knowledge.

Section 1: Introduction to Animal Experimentation

Topic 1: What is animal experimentation?
Animal experimentation refers to the use of animals in scientific research to study biological processes, develop new treatments, and test the safety of drugs or products. Animals are used because they share many biological similarities with humans, making them valuable models for studying human diseases and conditions.

Topic 2: Benefits of animal experimentation
Animal experimentation has led to many important medical discoveries, such as the discovery of insulin for diabetes and the development of vaccines. It has also helped us understand the basic principles of biology, genetics, and physiology.

Topic 3: Limitations of animal experimentation
One limitation of animal experimentation is that it can be expensive and time-consuming. Additionally, not all findings from animal studies can be directly applied to humans. Some critics argue that animal experimentation is unnecessary and unethical, as alternative methods such as cell culture or computer modeling can be used.

Section 2: Ethical Considerations in Animal Experimentation

Topic 1: The 3Rs principle
The 3Rs principle stands for "Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement." It is an ethical guideline for conducting animal experiments that minimizes pain and suffering while maximizing scientific benefit. Replacement refers to replacing animals with non-animal alternatives; reduction means using fewer animals or less invasive procedures; and refinement means improving the welfare of animals used in experiments.

Topic 2: The role of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
IACUC is a committee responsible for ensuring that animal research is conducted in an ethical and humane manner. They review and approve research proposals, monitor ongoing studies, and ensure that all animals are treated humanely.

Section 3: Types of Animal Experimentation

Topic 1: In vivo vs. in vitro experiments
In vivo experiments involve the use of whole, living organisms, while in vitro experiments involve the use of cells or tissues outside of the body. In vivo experiments can provide more accurate and relevant results, but they can be more expensive and difficult to conduct.

Topic 2: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
RCTs are a type of experiment where participants are randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a control group. This helps to ensure that any observed differences between the two groups are due to the treatment itself and not other factors.

Section 4: Conclusion
Animal experimentation has played a crucial role in advancing scientific knowledge and improving human health. While there are limitations and ethical considerations to take into account, animal experimentation remains an essential tool for understanding biological processes and developing new treatments. By learning about the principles and applications of animal experimentation, we can better appreciate its importance and potential for future scientific discoveries.

Glossary:
- Animal experimentation: The use of animals in scientific research to study biological processes, develop new treatments, and test the safety of drugs or products.
- 3Rs principle: A guideline for conducting animal experiments that minimizes pain and suffering while maximizing scientific benefit.
- IACUC: A committee responsible for ensuring that animal research is conducted in an ethical and humane manner.
- In vivo: Experiments involving whole, living organisms.
- In vitro: Experiments involving cells or tissues outside of the body.
- Randomized controlled trial (RCT): A type of experiment where participants are randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a control group.


text: Definition of white coat hypertension in English:. white coat hypertension. noun[mass noun] Medicine , informal. A syndrome whereby a patient’s feeling of anxiety in a medical environment results in an abnormally high reading when their blood pressure is measured.. Example sentences. - Hypertensive disease complicates nearly 10 percent of pregnancies in the United States, with white coat hypertension affecting an additional 30 percent of patients.. - In addition, blood pressure measurement is only intermittent, and white coat hypertension might confound results.. - More patients in the home group were able to discontinue antihypertensive medication, presumably because patients with white coat hypertension were identified.. For editors and proofreaders. Line breaks: white coat hyper|ten¦sion. Definition of white coat hypertension in:. What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?. Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.. = trending

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding White Coat Hypertension

Introduction
White coat hypertension is a medical term used to describe a condition where a person's blood pressure increases significantly when they are in a medical environment, such as a doctor's office. This phenomenon is also known as "white coat syndrome." In this lesson, we will explore the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for white coat hypertension.

Section 1: Understanding the Causes of White Coat Hypertension

**Causes:** White coat hypertension occurs when a person experiences anxiety or stress in a medical setting. This can lead to an increase in blood pressure due to the body's fight or flight response. Other factors that can contribute to white coat hypertension include fear of pain, fear of needles, or a history of traumatic medical experiences.

**Symptoms:** People with white coat hypertension may experience symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, or dizziness. These symptoms are usually caused by the body's reaction to stress and anxiety.

**Treatment:** Treatment for white coat hypertension typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the anxiety or stress. This may include therapy, medication, or lifestyle changes such as exercise or meditation. In some cases, a doctor may recommend taking blood pressure readings at home to get a more accurate reading of a person's blood pressure.

Section 2: Understanding the Mathematical Concepts behind Blood Pressure

**Blood pressure:** Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (the top number) and diastolic pressure (the bottom number).

**Formula:** Blood pressure can be calculated using the following formula: BP = Pulse pressure x Cardiac output / Total peripheral resistance.

**Practical Examples:** Let's say a person has a pulse pressure of 30 mmHg and a cardiac output of 5 liters per minute. If their total peripheral resistance is 100 mmHg, we can calculate their blood pressure as follows:

BP = 30 x 5 / 100 = 15 mmHg

This means that the person's blood pressure is 15 mmHg.

Section 3: Real-World Scenarios and Applications

**Scenario 1:** A person visits their doctor for a routine checkup. They are nervous and anxious about their blood pressure reading. However, when their blood pressure is taken, it is within the normal range. This is an example of white coat hypertension, where anxiety in a medical environment can cause a person's blood pressure to increase.

**Scenario 2:** A person has been experiencing high blood pressure readings at their doctor's office but has had normal readings at home. Their doctor recommends taking their blood pressure several times throughout the day to get a more accurate reading. This can help identify if the person has white coat hypertension or if their blood pressure is elevated in all settings.

Conclusion
In this lesson, we have explored the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for white coat hypertension. We have also delved into the mathematical concepts behind blood pressure and provided practical examples. By understanding these concepts, we can better appreciate the importance of accurate blood pressure readings and the impact of anxiety on blood pressure measurements.


text: Beautiful Family Home in Highly Sought After Location. Available Now !Situated in a prime, quiet and highly sought after location, lies this bright and airy family home.. Features include:. 4 Bedrooms with built ins. 3 Bathrooms. Large open plan living area with timer floor. Modern Kitchen with gas cooking and caesar stone bench top. Study room or 5th bedroom. Internal Laundry. Outdoor undercover entertaining area. In ground swimming pool. Remote controlled triple secured lock up garages / Storage. Short walk to shops, buses and schools. Killara High School Zone. Please contact 0423 238 488 for more details / inspection.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Write a Real Estate Advertisement

Introduction:
Real estate advertisements are an essential part of marketing properties for sale or rent. They provide potential buyers or tenants with information about the property, its features, and its location. In this lesson, we will learn how to write a real estate advertisement that effectively showcases the property's best features and attracts potential buyers or tenants.

Section 1: Understanding the Audience
The first step in writing a real estate advertisement is understanding your audience. Who are you trying to reach? Are you targeting first-time homebuyers, investors, or families? Once you know your target audience, you can tailor your language and messaging to appeal to their specific needs and desires.

Questions:
- Who is your target audience?
- What are their priorities when searching for a property?
- How can you tailor your messaging to appeal to their specific needs and desires?

Section 2: Highlighting the Property's Best Features
Once you know your target audience, you can start highlighting the property's best features. This includes the number of bedrooms and bathrooms, the size of the property, any special amenities, and the location. Use descriptive language and specific details to paint a picture of what life would be like living in this property.

Questions:
- What are the property's best features?
- How can you describe them in a way that appeals to your target audience?
- What specific details can you include to make the property sound appealing?

Section 3: Call to Action
A successful real estate advertisement ends with a strong call to action that motivates potential buyers or tenants to take the next step. This could include scheduling a viewing, calling for more information, or filling out a contact form. Make sure your call to action is clear and easy to follow.

Questions:
- What is the next step you want potential buyers or tenants to take?
- How can you make your call to action clear and easy to follow?
- What information do you need to include in your call to action?

Conclusion:
Writing a real estate advertisement is an art. You need to balance the need for information with the desire to attract potential buyers or tenants. By understanding your target audience, highlighting the property's best features, and including a strong call to action, you can create an effective real estate advertisement that showcases the property in the best possible light.

Glossary:
- Target audience: The group of people you are trying to reach with your advertisement.
- Descriptive language: Words that create a vivid picture in the reader's mind.
- Amenities: Features that add value to the property, such as a swimming pool or gym.
- Call to action: A statement that encourages the reader to take a specific action, such as scheduling a viewing or calling for more information.


text: Musical Concert to benefit Cognitive Dynamics. Well-known Birmingham, Alabama acoustic music venue, Moonlight on the Mountain, will host a night of Bluegrass, Gospel, Folk, and Barbershop music on March 4, 2017 at 7:30 pm, benefiting Cognitive Dynamics Foundation and its programs.. The event features musical groups Shades Mountain Air, Drexel Rayford and Friends and Southern Harmony.. Proceeds and donations from the event will go to support Cognitive Dynamics Foundation’s programs that improve quality of life for people with dementia and their caregivers through the arts and storytelling, such as Bringing Art to Life.. The cost of admission is $20, CASH ONLY. Food and drink may be brought in, and doors open at 7 pm.. The address of the venue is 585 Shades Crest Road, Birmingham, Alabama 35226.. For more information, please visit the event’s Facebook page, here:

textbook:
Lesson: Event Planning and Fundraising for Charity
Introduction:
Event planning and fundraising are essential skills for nonprofit organizations. In this lesson, we will learn about the steps involved in planning an event, how to promote the event, and how to raise funds for the charity. We will also discuss the importance of collaboration and communication in organizing a successful event.
Section 1: Planning an Event
Topic 1: Define the Purpose of the Event
- The first step in planning an event is to define its purpose. This could be to raise awareness, raise funds, or celebrate a milestone.
- The purpose of the event will guide all the decisions made during the planning process.
Topic 2: Identify the Target Audience
- The target audience is the group of people the event is designed for.
- Understanding the interests and preferences of the target audience will help in choosing the right venue, entertainment, and marketing strategy.
Topic 3: Set a Budget
- A budget is a financial plan that outlines the expenses and income for the event.
- The budget will determine the scale and scope of the event and help in making informed decisions.
Topic 4: Choose a Venue
- The venue is the location where the event will take place.
- The venue should be appropriate for the type of event, have enough space, and be within budget.
Topic 5: Create a Timeline
- A timeline is a schedule that outlines the tasks, deadlines, and milestones for the event.
- A timeline helps in staying organized and ensuring that everything is completed on time.
Section 2: Promoting the Event
Topic 1: Develop a Marketing Plan
- A marketing plan is a strategy that outlines how the event will be promoted.
- The marketing plan should include social media, email marketing, advertising, and word of mouth.
Topic 2: Create Promotional Materials
- Promotional materials are items that promote the event, such as flyers, posters, and invitations.
- The materials should be visually appealing, informative, and consistent with the theme of the event.
Topic 3: Distribute Promotional Materials
- Promotional materials should be distributed to the target audience through social media, email, and physical distribution.
- The distribution strategy should be tailored to the target audience and the marketing plan.
Section 3: Raising Funds for the Charity
Topic 1: Determine the Fundraising Goal
- The fundraising goal is the amount of money the organization hopes to raise through the event.
- The goal will guide all the decisions made during the fundraising process.
Topic 2: Choose a Fundraising Strategy
- A fundraising strategy is a plan that outlines how the organization will raise funds.
- The strategy could include ticket sales, sponsorships, auctions, and donations.
Topic 3: Secure Sponsorships and Donations
- Sponsorships and donations are contributions made by individuals or organizations to support the event.
- The organization should reach out to potential sponsors and donors, pitch the benefits of sponsoring or donating, and follow up with them.
Topic 4: Manage Finances
- Financial management involves tracking expenses, revenue, and ensuring that the event stays within budget.
- The organization should keep accurate records, monitor spending, and report on the financial performance of the event.
Conclusion:
Event planning and fundraising are essential skills for nonprofit organizations. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, organizations can plan successful events that raise funds and awareness for their cause. Collaboration and communication are key to organizing an event that meets the goals of the organization. By applying these skills, organizations can make a difference in the world.
Glossary:
- Event: A planned occasion or activity
- Nonprofit Organization: An organization that operates for a public or social purpose, rather than for profit
- Target Audience: The group of people the event is designed for
- Budget: A financial plan that outlines the expenses and income for the event
- Venue: The location where the event will take place
- Timeline: A schedule that outlines the tasks, deadlines, and milestones for the event
- Marketing Plan: A strategy that outlines how the event will be promoted
- Promotional Materials: Items that promote the event, such as flyers, posters, and invitations
- Fundraising Goal: The amount of money the organization hopes to raise through the event
- Sponsorships: Contributions made by individuals or organizations to support the event
- Donations: Contributions made by individuals or organizations to support the event
- Financial Management: Tracking expenses, revenue, and ensuring that the event stays within budget.


text: Abstract to the silicon photonic layer with the tapering structure. This heterogeneous and light coupling structure can provide an efficient platform for photonic systems on chip, including passive and active devices.. © 2013 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article. OSA Recommended Articles. Qian Wang, Doris Keh Ting Ng, Yadong Wang, Yongqiang Wei, Jing Pu, Payam Rabiei, and Seng Tiong Ho. Opt. Express 20(15) 16745-16756 (2012)). Qiangsheng Huang, Jianxin Cheng, Liu Liu, Yongbo Tang, and Sailing He. Appl. Opt. 54(14) 4327-4332 (2015)

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Photonic Systems on Chip

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Photonic systems on chip are integrated optical systems that use light as the primary means of communication. These systems are designed to perform various functions, such as signal processing, data transmission, and sensing. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of photonic systems on chip and their applications.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

One example of a photonic system on chip is the silicon photonic layer with a tapered structure. This structure allows for efficient light coupling between the chip and other optical components, making it possible to integrate passive and active devices on the same chip.

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

Photonic systems on chip have many potential applications, including data centers, telecommunications networks, and biomedical sensors. By integrating multiple optical components onto a single chip, these systems can improve the speed, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of data transmission and processing.

### Glossary

- Silicon photonic layer: A thin layer of silicon that supports photonic operations, such as light coupling and signal processing.
- Tapered structure: A geometric shape that narrows at one end, allowing for efficient light coupling between the chip and other optical components.
- Passive devices: Optical components that do not require external power or control signals to function.
- Active devices: Optical components that require external power or control signals to function.

### Conclusion

In conclusion, photonic systems on chip offer a promising approach to integrated optical communication and signal processing. By understanding the theoretical concepts, exploring practical examples, and considering real-world scenarios, we can gain a deeper understanding of the potential applications and benefits of these systems.


text:
The Chinese government and its tightly controlled media outlets were not pleased with National Security Adviser John Bolton’s Thursday speech on Africa policy. Bolton accused China and Russia of exploiting Africa with “predatory policies” that stunt the growth of African nations and threaten their independence.

The Chinese shot back that Western powers continue to see Africa as a “colony” and treat it as the playing field for a political game against rising China.

China’s Xinhua News did not care for Bolton’s “hostile and competitive tone,” quoting the Chinese Foreign Ministry’s retort that saintly China only wants the best for Third World nations:

In response, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang stressed, “What China cares about is African countries’ needs, such as industrialization and agricultural modernization.” “In contrast, it is interesting to see from the remarks of some Americans that, besides its own interests and demands, the U.S. is concerned about China and Russia rather than Africa,” Lu added. He recalled that during the 2018 Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) and the General Debate of the 73rd session of the UN General Assembly, many African leaders articulated their countries’ desire for development and appreciation of China’s support. As facilitating Africa’s peace and development is the common responsibility of the international community, China has always adopted an open-minded attitude toward Africa-related international cooperation, and believed that all parties’ investments in the continent on the basis of respect should be welcome, Lu said. “Meanwhile, cooperation should be carried out on the premise of Africa’s will and needs and without any political strings attached and interference in internal affairs,” he added. The spokesperson reiterated that as mutually-beneficial cooperation moves forward, China will continue to build relations with Africa based on sincerity, affinity and good faith, uphold justice and pursue shared interests.

China’s Global Times dismissed Bolton’s concerns as “groundless,” insisted Beijing only wants mutually beneficial deals with African nations, and claimed China is not averse to increased African trade and investment by the United States and its allies:

Africa is no longer a colony where the US and European countries can obtain slaves. Countries on the continent need to develop and they have the right to conduct economic cooperation with other countries around the world. The US’ new strategy clearly regards Africa as a sphere of influence of the US; viewing the continent as if it is still a colony of the West. Bolton’s remarks once again convey the US’ contempt for Africa. Washington should respect China and Russia and the right of African countries to choose. They are independent members of the international community. The support provided by the US and other Western countries to Africa’s development is far too little. It’s an inalienable right for the people of Africa to seek funding and technological support from others. The US and European elites have never really cared about Africa’s development, nor have they truly respected African countries as equal partners. They would rather keep Africa in a long-term backward state, have Western democratic governance imposed on them and subjugate the continent to Western requirements for economic assistance. The new type of cooperation between emerging countries, such as China and African countries, has changed the past situation in which African nations could only rely on the West, which has deeply upset the US and Europe. They slander China by accusing it of plundering resources and creating a “debt trap.”

The debt trap feels quite real to the people of Djibouti, where many U.S. officials other than Bolton fear China is using its economic leverage to squeeze the United States out of a strategically vital Red Sea port, as the Washington Post reported on Friday:

“The Djiboutians are up to their neck in debt to China,” Reuben Brigety, former U.S. ambassador to the African Union told The Washington Post. Brigety said he expects this leverage to be used to force the Djiboutian government to hand control of the port to a Chinese company within the next six months. “The Chinese will eventually use that enormously important strategic position to crowd out U.S. military operations,” Brigety said. Handing over the operation of the port would not only allow China to constrain operations at Camp Lemonnier, Brigety explained, it would also have economic consequences in the region. The ports in Djibouti are a major transit point for goods shipped to Ethiopia, Africa’s second most populous country. “The United States is asleep at the switch while all of this is happening,” Brigety said in November, before the Trump administration announced the new Africa strategy.

Forbes noted on Thursday that America still sends vastly more money to Africa than China does. Chinese loans to African governments and state-run enterprises over the past ten years total up to about $143 billion, while American citizens, foundations, and companies donated $410 billion to Africa in 2017 alone.

The difference is that those American donations were not deliberate efforts to build up leverage against African governments and purchase the favor of their political elites. For all of China’s caterwauling about its “slanderous” implications, the plan outlined by Bolton on Thursday is an effort to give African nations an alternative to China and reduce Beijing’s leverage, not a plan to build an equally ugly but more powerful American answer to China’s debt imperialism.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding International Relationships and Geopolitics

Introduction:
International relationships and geopolitics are complex topics that involve the interactions between countries and their governments. In this lesson, we will explore the relationship between China and Africa, as well as the United States' role in this relationship.

Section 1: Background Information

China and Africa have had a long history of trade and cultural exchange. However, in recent years, China has become a major player in Africa's economic development. China's investment in Africa has led to increased economic growth and infrastructure development, but it has also raised concerns about China's intentions in the region.

Section 2: The Current State of China-Africa Relations

China and Africa have a mutually beneficial relationship. China provides aid and investment to African countries, while African countries provide natural resources to China. This relationship has been criticized by some Western countries, including the United States, who view it as predatory and exploitative.

Section 3: The Role of the United States in China-Africa Relations

The United States has been active in Africa for many years, with a focus on promoting democracy and human rights. However, the Trump administration has shifted its focus to countering China's influence in Africa. This has led to increased tensions between the United States and China over their respective roles in Africa.

Section 4: Critical Thinking Questions

1. How do you think the United States' approach to China's role in Africa will impact the relationship between the two countries?
2. What are some potential benefits and drawbacks of China's investment in Africa?
3. How can African countries balance their relationships with both China and the United States?

Conclusion:
Understanding international relationships and geopolitics is essential for navigating an increasingly interconnected world. By examining the relationship between China and Africa, as well as the role of the United States, we can gain insight into the complexities of global politics.

Glossary:
- Geopolitics: The study of how geography and politics interact and affect each other.
- Mutually beneficial: A relationship where both parties benefit equally.
- Exploitative: Taking advantage of someone or something for one's own benefit.
- Interdependence: The state of being dependent on each other.

Self-Debating Discussion:
What do you think is the best approach for African countries to take when dealing with both China and the United States? Should they prioritize economic growth or democratic values?


text: Advanced Placement U.S. History is a course designed to serve the needs of students with greater academic abilities. The course is designed for students seeking credit for a college level class in U.S. History. The course is set up as a survey of American History. The class deals with all aspects of American History, but in a general manner. The course is also designed to get the students to read multiple-choice questions and be able to choose from relatively similar answers. Essay writing will also be emphasized as it is a requisite for the A.P. Exam. Term papers will be required and daily tests will be given on their homework reading assignments.

textbook:
**Lesson: Advanced Placement U.S. History**

**Objective:** To provide a comprehensive overview of the course, its objectives, and the skills required to succeed in the class.

**Introduction:** Advanced Placement U.S. History is a college-level course designed to prepare students for the Advanced Placement exam in U.S. History. The course covers all aspects of American history from pre-colonial times to the present day. It is designed for students who have a strong interest in history and want to develop their analytical and critical thinking skills.

**Course Overview:** The course is divided into several units, each focusing on a specific period in American history. The units are structured chronologically, starting with the pre-colonial period and ending with the present day. Throughout the course, students will learn about major events, figures, and themes in American history. They will also develop their ability to analyze historical sources, interpret data, and write essays.

**Skills Required:** To succeed in this course, students must have strong reading, writing, and analytical skills. They should be able to read and understand complex texts, identify key ideas and themes, and analyze historical data. Students should also be able to write clear and concise essays that demonstrate their understanding of the material. Additionally, students should be comfortable with basic mathematical concepts, such as calculating percentages and ratios.

**Unit 1: Pre-Colonial Period**

**Topics Covered:** Native American cultures, European exploration, colonial settlements, and the impact of the slave trade.

**Theoretical Concepts:** Indigenous peoples, colonization, and slavery.

**Practical Examples:** Students will analyze primary sources, such as letters and diaries, to understand the experiences of Native Americans and African slaves during this time period.

**Glossary:** Colonization, indigenous peoples, slavery.

**Unit 2: American Revolution**

**Topics Covered:** The causes of the revolution, key events, and the impact of the war on American society.

**Theoretical Concepts:** Taxation without representation, political ideologies, and the role of the military in shaping a nation's identity.

**Practical Examples:** Students will analyze political cartoons and propaganda from the time period to understand the different perspectives on the revolution.

**Glossary:** Taxation without representation, political ideologies, military.

**Unit 3: Expansion and Reform**

**Topics Covered:** Westward expansion, territorial disputes, and social reform movements.

**Theoretical Concepts:** Manifest Destiny, sectionalism, and the role of women in society.

**Practical Examples:** Students will analyze primary sources, such as diaries and letters, to understand the experiences of settlers moving westward.

**Glossary:** Manifest Destiny, sectionalism, women's rights.

**Unit 4: Civil War**

**Topics Covered:** The causes of the civil war, key events, and the impact of the war on American society.

**Theoretical Concepts:** States' rights, abolitionism, and the role of technology in warfare.

**Practical Examples:** Students will analyze military strategies and tactics used during the war to understand the different approaches taken by each side.

**Glossary:** States' rights, abolitionism, technology.

**Conclusion:** By the end of this course, students will have a comprehensive understanding of American history from pre-colonial times to the present day. They will have developed their analytical and critical thinking skills, as well as their ability to write clear and concise essays. These skills will serve them well in their future academic pursuits and beyond.


text: Winton will host a TCR Australia new driver test next month. TCR Australia will host a test day for prospective customers and drivers at Winton next month.. The growing two litre touring car category has set aside a test day on Monday, September 2 to encourage drivers that are keen to sample TCR machinery to test the vehicles.. Held following the fifth round of the series at the Victorian circuit, the test is only open to drivers that are yet to compete in a TCR Australia round, while the series’ current drivers are prohibited from driving.. TCR Australia teams Wall Racing (Honda Civic Type R), HMO Customer Racing (Hyundai) and Garry Rogers Motorsport, which runs Alfa Romeos and Renaults, have so far committed to the test.. “The series has created strong interest, the close racing result in a great opportunity for drivers to hone their racecraft and potentially race internationally in the exact same machinery,” said category manager Liam [email protected]. TCR Australia will head to Winton for Round 5]

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to TCR Australia

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

**Topic:** What is TCR Australia?

**Definition:** TCR Australia is a touring car racing series that uses two-liter turbocharged engines and front-wheel drive cars. It was established in 2019 and is based on the international TCR concept.

**Question:** Why is TCR Australia popular among drivers?

**Answer:** TCR Australia is popular among drivers because it provides an affordable and equal platform for competition. The cars are relatively cheap compared to other racing categories, and the rules are designed to ensure that all teams have a fair chance of winning.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

**Topic:** How does TCR Australia work?

**Definition:** TCR Australia works by organizing races at different circuits around Australia. The races are usually held over three days, with two practice sessions, one qualifying session, and two races. The winner of each race earns points towards the championship, and the driver with the most points at the end of the season is crowned the champion.

**Question:** Can you give an example of a TCR Australia race?

**Answer:** Sure! In a typical TCR Australia race, drivers line up on the grid based on their qualifying times. Once the green flag drops, they race for 10 laps around the circuit, with the goal of crossing the finish line first. The winner earns 30 points, while second place earns 24 points, and so on.

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

**Topic:** TCR Australia and International Racing

**Definition:** TCR Australia is part of the global TCR concept, which means that drivers who perform well in the series may have the opportunity to race internationally. The TCR International Series is a major international touring car championship that features drivers from all over the world.

**Question:** How can drivers qualify for the TCR International Series?

**Answer:** Drivers can qualify for the TCR International Series by performing well in their respective TCR championships, including TCR Australia. The top drivers from each series are invited to participate in the international championship.

### Glossary

- **TCR:** Touring Car Racing
- **Turbocharged:** A type of engine that uses a turbine to force air into the combustion chamber, resulting in increased power output.
- **Front-wheel drive:** A type of car layout where the engine powers the front wheels.
- **Championship:** A competition where drivers earn points based on their performance in races, and the driver with the most points at the end of the season is declared the champion.


text: Π-shaped membership function. y = pimf(x,[a b c d]). This spline-based curve is so named because of its Π shape. The membership function is evaluated at the points determined by the vector x. The parameters a and d locate the "feet" of the curve, while b and c locate its "shoulders." The membership function is a product of smf and zmf membership functions, and is given by:. x = 0:0.1:10; y = pimf(x,[1 4 5 10]); plot(x,y) xlabel('pimf, P=[1 4 5 10]') ylim([-0.05 1.05])

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Fuzzy Sets and Membership Functions

## Section 1: Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about fuzzy sets and membership functions. A fuzzy set is a set that has degrees of membership, rather than just being either a member or not a member. A membership function is a way of representing these degrees of membership. We will use the example of a Π-shaped membership function to illustrate how this works.

## Section 2: Fuzzy Sets and Membership Functions
A fuzzy set is a collection of elements that can be members to varying degrees. For example, a person could be a member of the set "people who like pizza" to a degree of 70%, meaning they like pizza but do not love it. A membership function is a way of representing these degrees of membership. It takes an element and returns a value between 0 and 1 that represents the degree of membership.

The Π-shaped membership function we will use as an example is defined by four parameters: a, b, c, and d. These parameters determine the "feet" and "shoulders" of the curve, which is shaped like the Greek letter Π. The membership function is a product of two other functions, smf (simple membership function) and zmf (zero-curvature membership function).

## Section 3: Practical Examples
We will now see how the Π-shaped membership function works in practice. Suppose we have a dataset of people's heights and want to create a fuzzy set of people who are taller than 6 feet. We can use the Π-shaped membership function with a=6, b=6.2, c=6.4, and d=6.6. This means that anyone shorter than 6 feet is not a member of the set, while those between 6 feet and 6.2 feet have a degree of membership of 0, those between 6.2 feet and 6.4 feet have a degree of membership of 0.5, and so on.

To evaluate the membership function for a given height, we plug the height into the function and get a value between 0 and 1 that represents the degree of membership. For example, if someone is 6.3 feet tall, their degree of membership is approximately 0.71.

## Section 4: Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about fuzzy sets and membership functions, including the Π-shaped membership function. We saw how these can be used to represent degrees of membership and solve real-world problems. By understanding fuzzy sets and membership functions, we can apply these skills to new problems and make better decisions based on uncertain data.


text: An overview of the wide range of CLEAPSS workshops and displays presented at the ASE Annual Conference 2018. Matt Endean. Entropy is more usually studied in physics and chemistry but can also be considered in biology to explain limitations of energy changes in life-pro. Ulrich Kattmann. Support our mission to promote excellence in science teaching and learning by becoming a member.. BECOME A MEMBER

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Entropy in Science

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. In thermodynamics, it refers to the degree of disorder in molecules. In biology, it refers to the degree of disorder in living organisms. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of entropy in science and its applications in various fields.

### Section 2: Practical Examples
Let's consider an example of entropy in everyday life. Imagine you have a box of crayons with all the colors mixed together. This is a state of high entropy because there are many possible arrangements of the crayons. Now imagine that someone organized the crayons by color. This is a state of low entropy because there are fewer possible arrangements. In thermodynamics, entropy is related to the dispersal of energy. When energy is evenly distributed among particles, the entropy is high. When energy is concentrated in one place, the entropy is low.

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
In biology, entropy is used to explain limitations of energy changes in living organisms. For example, when food is digested, the energy is released and used by the body. However, not all of the energy can be converted into usable energy because some of it is lost as heat. This loss of energy is due to the natural tendency of systems to move towards a state of disorder or randomness.

### Glossary
- Entropy: A measure of disorder or randomness in a system.
- Thermodynamics: The study of heat and its relation to work, energy, and the properties of matter.
- Biology: The study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.

### Conclusion
Entropy is an important concept in science that helps us understand the natural tendency of systems to move towards a state of disorder or randomness. By studying entropy, we can better understand the limitations of energy changes in life and the behavior of molecules in physical systems. By applying these concepts, we can develop a deeper understanding of the world around us and use this knowledge to solve complex problems.


text: I really love the Embossing Paste, especially as you can can ‘colour’ it with the Ink Refills.. I used Early Espresso as the base and the top layer then the Coffee Break DSP as a middle layer.. I added around three drops of the Early Espresso Ink Refill to the paste on the Silicone Mat and mixed them to an even colour. I added the Pattern Party Decorative Mask on the edge of the top layer and smoothed the paste over.. I die cut the Coffee Cups and then added a small strip of DSP to sit the Coffee Cups on to.. I stamped the coffee beans in Early Espresso onto Whisper White and die cut them. The sentiment is from Teeny Tiny Sentiments the used the Classic Label Punch to punch that out. I also punched out the label in Crumb Cake to layer underneath.. I finally added a bow of Linen Thread to add some texture.. This is a really useful suite for making unisex cards. Give it a try.. Happy Crafting ?. Product List

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Embossing Paste

### Section 1: What is Embossing Paste?
Embossing Paste is a thick, creamy substance used in paper crafting to add texture and dimension to your projects. It can be used with stamps, stencils, or directly onto paper or other surfaces.

### Section 2: How does Embossing Paste work?
Embossing Paste works by being applied to a surface, such as paper or cardstock, and then being embossed or pressed down onto the surface with a tool such as an embossing folder or stylus. This creates a raised, three-dimensional effect on the surface.

### Section 3: How do you use Embossing Paste?
To use Embossing Paste, follow these steps:
1. Apply the Embossing Paste to your project surface using a palette knife or spatula.
2. Place your project into an embossing folder or use a stylus to press down on the surface.
3. Remove the project from the embossing folder or stylus and allow the paste to dry completely.
4. Once dry, add additional elements to your project such as stamps, stickers, or other decorations.

### Section 4: Why use Embossing Paste?
Embossing Paste is a great way to add texture and dimension to your projects. It can be used to create intricate designs or simply to add a unique touch to your cards or scrapbook pages. Additionally, Embossing Paste can be colored with ink refills to create custom colors.

### Section 5: Practical Examples
Practical Example 1: Create a background for a card using Embossing Paste and an embossing folder.
1. Apply the Embossing Paste to your cardstock using a palette knife.
2. Place the cardstock into an embossing folder.
3. Run the cardstock through your die cut machine to cut out the design in the embossing folder.
4. Allow the paste to dry completely.
5. Add additional elements to your card such as stamps, stickers, or other decorations.

Practical Example 2: Use Embossing Paste to create a raised design on a scrapbook page.
1. Apply the Embossing Paste to your scrapbook paper using a palette knife.
2. Press down on the surface with a stylus or embossing folder to create a raised design.
3. Allow the paste to dry completely.
4. Add additional elements to your scrapbook page such as photos, stickers, or other decorations.

### Glossary:
- Embossing Paste: A thick, creamy substance used in paper crafting to add texture and dimension to your projects.
- Embossing Folder: A tool used to press down on the Embossing Paste to create a raised, three-dimensional effect on the surface.
- Stylus: A tool used to press down on the Embossing Paste to create a raised, three-dimensional effect on the surface.
- Cardstock: Thick paper used for creating cards or other paper crafts.
- Die cut machine: A machine used to cut shapes out of paper or other materials.
- Scrapbook Page: A page used for storing memories or photographs in a scrapbook.

### Conclusion:
Embossing Paste is a versatile and fun tool for adding texture and dimension to your paper crafts. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can create beautiful and unique projects that will impress your friends and family. With practice, you'll be able to create intricate designs and add special touches to your cards, scrapbook pages, and other projects.


text: People who deserve it. Nominate a “Person Who Deserves It”. We are so grateful for the support we have received throughout lockdown and beyond from our wonderful customers. So much so that we want to give something back!. We are giving away 50 Feast Boxes every month in April, May and June to people in the community that you think deserve a treat! They could be a key-worker, a parent juggling work and home schooling or a carer that has helped you throughout the pandemic.. For every order placed throughout the months of April, May and June you will be able to nominate one individual you think deserves a free Feast Box from us and we would love to know the reasons why you have nominated them.. We may use these nominations on our social media to congratulate your nominee. If you would not like us to disclose any names or the reasons for the nomination please advise us in the additional box below.

textbook:
Lesson: The Power of Recognition
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the importance of recognizing and appreciating others. We will learn about the benefits of giving and receiving recognition, and how it can make a positive impact on our lives and the lives of those around us.
Section 1: The Importance of Recognition
Topic 1: The Benefits of Giving Recognition
- What is recognition?
- Why is it important to give recognition?
- How does it make others feel?
- Examples of recognition
- Practical example: A teacher praising a student for good work
Topic 2: The Benefits of Receiving Recognition
- What is recognition?
- Why is it important to receive recognition?
- How does it make us feel?
- Examples of recognition
- Practical example: A child receiving a gold star for good behavior
Section 2: The Power of Recognition
Topic 1: The Impact of Recognition
- How does recognition affect our emotions?
- Can recognition improve our mental health?
- Examples of recognition and its impact
- Practical example: A company recognizing an employee's hard work
Topic 2: The Power of Recognition in the Community
- How can recognition make a difference in our community?
- Examples of recognition in the community
- Practical example: A neighbor recognizing another neighbor's kindness
Section 3: The Art of Recognition
Topic 1: How to Give Effective Recognition
- What makes recognition effective?
- How can we give meaningful recognition?
- Examples of effective recognition
- Practical example: A manager recognizing an employee's achievement
Topic 2: How to Receive Recognition Gracefully
- What is graceful recognition?
- How can we receive recognition gracefully?
- Examples of graceful recognition
- Practical example: A student thanking a teacher for their help
Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have learned about the importance of recognition and how it can positively impact our lives and the lives of those around us. We have also learned about the art of giving and receiving recognition effectively. By applying these principles, we can create a more positive and appreciative environment in our communities.
Glossary:
- Recognition: The act of acknowledging someone's effort or achievement.
- Graceful recognition: The act of receiving recognition with humility and gratitude.
- Effective recognition: Recognition that is meaningful and appreciated by the recipient.


text: CHICAGO --The Illinois General Assembly will reconvene in Springfield Wednesday to work on solutions to the state's budget shortfall. On Tuesday in the Loop, a group of state employees delivered a giant "wall" of signed placards asking Governor Rod Blagojevich to not veto a 50-cent pay increase for low-wage disability caregivers.. The governor is considering numerous cuts in state services in the event no revenue-producing legislation comes out of the special session.. The special session is expected to last two days.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand News Articles

**Introduction:** Reading and understanding news articles is an essential skill for primary through high school students. In this self-taught lesson, we will cover the basics of reading news articles, including identifying the main idea, understanding the structure of the article, and analyzing the information presented.

**Section 1: Identifying the Main Idea**

The main idea of a news article is the central message or point that the author wants to convey to the reader. It is usually stated in the first few paragraphs of the article. To identify the main idea, ask yourself the following questions:

- What is the article about?
- What is the central message or point?
- What is the author trying to convey to the reader?

For example, in the input text, the main idea is that the Illinois General Assembly will reconvene in Springfield to work on solutions to the state's budget shortfall.

**Section 2: Understanding the Structure of the Article**

News articles typically follow a specific structure, which includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction introduces the topic and sets the stage for the article. The body presents the main ideas and supporting evidence, while the conclusion summarizes the main points and provides closure.

To understand the structure of a news article, look for the following elements:

- Introduction: This is where the author introduces the topic and provides background information.
- Body: This is where the author presents the main ideas and supporting evidence.
- Conclusion: This is where the author summarizes the main points and provides closure.

For example, in the input text, the introduction is the first sentence, which states that the Illinois General Assembly will reconvene in Springfield to work on solutions to the state's budget shortfall. The body of the article presents the details of the special session and the governor's considerations. The conclusion is not explicitly stated, but the final sentence serves as a summary of the main point.

**Section 3: Analyzing the Information Presented**

Once you have identified the main idea and understood the structure of the article, you can begin to analyze the information presented. This involves evaluating the credibility of the source, checking for accuracy and completeness, and considering the author's purpose and perspective.

To analyze the information presented, ask yourself the following questions:

- Who is the author, and what is their expertise or perspective on the topic?
- Is the information presented accurate and complete?
- Are there any biases or opinions presented in the article?
- What is the author's purpose in writing the article?

For example, in the input text, the author is not explicitly stated, but it is likely that the article was written by a journalist working for a news organization. The information presented seems accurate and complete, but there may be biases or opinions presented in the article due to the nature of the topic. The author's purpose is likely to inform readers about the special session and the governor's considerations.

**Conclusion:** Reading and understanding news articles is an important skill that can help you stay informed about current events and develop critical thinking skills. By identifying the main idea, understanding the structure of the article, and analyzing the information presented, you can become a more informed and engaged reader.

**Glossary:**
- Main idea: The central message or point of an article.
- Structure: The organization of an article, typically consisting of an introduction, body, and conclusion.
- Analysis: The process of evaluating the credibility, accuracy, and completeness of information presented in an article.


text: I have gotten some comments about my lack of videos recently. I’m glad that there are people who miss my videos.. There are many reasons why there have not been a lot of videos from me recently - I think everybody has “dry spells.” (and mine always tend to be in March and April… maybe Fizzuary isn’t such a good idea?). There is one big project I’m working on that I don’t want to say a lot about because it is taking way longer than I thought it would or should. That will definitely change fizzylimon even more as an entity, but I think for the better.. I’m a growing, maturing adult, man.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Perseverance in Achieving Goals

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of perseverance in achieving our goals. We will explore what perseverance means, why it is essential, and how we can develop it.

Section 1: What is Perseverance?
Perseverance refers to the ability to persist in the face of challenges and setbacks. It is the quality that allows us to keep going even when things get tough.

Section 2: Why is Perseverance Important?
Perseverance is crucial because it helps us achieve our goals. When we persevere, we are more likely to succeed because we don't give up when things get difficult. Additionally, perseverance helps us build character and resilience, which are essential traits for success in life.

Section 3: Developing Perseverance
Developing perseverance takes time and effort, but it is possible. Here are some strategies to help you develop perseverance:

1. Set achievable goals: Start with small goals that are achievable, and gradually increase the difficulty as you progress.
2. Practice self-discipline: Self-discipline is essential for perseverance. It involves delaying gratification and sticking to your goals even when it's hard.
3. Learn from failures: Failure is a natural part of the learning process. Use failures as opportunities to learn and grow.
4. Surround yourself with positive influences: Positive influences can motivate and inspire you to keep going.
5. Visualize success: Imagine yourself achieving your goals and visualize the feeling of success. This can help you stay motivated and focused.

Section 4: Practical Examples
Let's consider an example of a student studying for exams. The student faces several challenges, such as balancing schoolwork with a part-time job and dealing with distractions from social media. However, the student decides to persevere and study regularly, even when it's hard. Eventually, the student succeeds in earning good grades and feels a sense of accomplishment.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, perseverance is a crucial skill for achieving our goals. By developing perseverance, we can overcome challenges and setbacks and ultimately succeed in life. Remember to set achievable goals, practice self-discipline, learn from failures, surround yourself with positive influences, and visualize success. With these strategies, you can develop perseverance and achieve your dreams.


text: I Believe That Ep Is An Support Site. Personal Stories, Advice, and Support 66 People. Deal With It!I had joined this site, almost two years ago. It was a support site then and before I ever showed up, it was an support site. It use to say so in it's heading, before the new layouts and such too. ;-) I would have never joined this site, if it didn't have that claim. And I never.... For Meit has been a blessing.i can wright about things and just get it out.and who knows maybe,someone who is in a similiar position,will read it and feel better.and as for all those who wright comments that are noting more than bashing,who cares what you say..

textbook:
Lesson: How to Find Information Online

Introduction:
In today's digital age, finding information online is a crucial skill that everyone should know. Whether you are researching for a school project or simply looking for information on a topic you're interested in, knowing how to find reliable sources and evaluate the credibility of the information you find is essential. In this lesson, we will cover the basics of finding information online, including how to use search engines effectively, evaluate sources, and avoid plagiarism.

Section 1: Using Search Engines Effectively

Topic 1: Understanding Search Algorithms
- Search engines use algorithms to rank websites based on relevance and popularity.
- The higher the ranking, the more likely the website is to appear at the top of the search results.
- Different search engines use different algorithms, so the results may vary.

Topic 2: Using Keywords Effectively
- Keywords are the words or phrases that you use to search for information.
- Using relevant keywords can help you find the information you need more easily.
- You can use synonyms or related terms to broaden or narrow your search.

Topic 3: Advanced Search Operators
- Advanced search operators allow you to refine your search and find more specific information.
- Some common operators include "AND," "OR," and "NOT."
- Using these operators can help you find information that is more relevant to your search.

Section 2: Evaluating Sources

Topic 1: Identifying Reliable Sources
- Reliable sources are those that are trustworthy and provide accurate information.
- You can identify reliable sources by looking at their credentials, reputation, and the accuracy of their information.
- Websites that end in ".edu" or ".gov" are generally considered more reliable than those that end in ".com."

Topic 2: Evaluating Bias
- Even reliable sources can have a bias, which means they may have a particular point of view or agenda.
- You should be aware of the source's perspective and consider whether it aligns with your own.
- If you are unsure about a source's reliability or bias, you can do additional research to verify their information.

Section 3: Avoiding Plagiarism

Topic 1: What is Plagiarism?
- Plagiarism is the act of using someone else's work or ideas without giving them proper credit.
- This can include copying text or images, paraphrasing information, or using someone else's research without citing them.
- Plagiarism is a serious offense and can result in disciplinary action.

Topic 2: How to Avoid Plagiarism
- Always give credit where credit is due by citing your sources properly.
- Use quotation marks around any direct quotes or phrases that you use.
- Paraphrase information in your own words to avoid copying directly from sources.
- Keep track of your sources and create a bibliography or works cited page for your project.

Conclusion:
Finding information online can be a valuable tool for learning and research, but it's important to use it responsibly and ethically. By using search engines effectively, evaluating sources, and avoiding plagiarism, you can become a savvy online researcher and use the information you find to inform and enhance your understanding of the world around you.


text:
Google+ Followers

Saturday, April 19, 2014

Men Whose Eyes Have Seen the King

Eyewitnesses of His GloryMatthew 17:1-21"For we did not follow cunningly devised fables, when we made known unto you the power and presence of our Lord Jesus Christ, but we were eyewitnesses of His majesty. For He received from God the Father honor and glory, when there came such a voice to Him from the excellent glory, This is my beloved Son, in Whom I am well pleased. And this voice we ourselves heard come out of heaven, when we were with Him on the holy mount. And we have the word of prophecy made more sure; where unto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day-star arise in your hearts" (2 Peter 1:16-19)That little clause in the hymn by M. E. Gates that we often sing might be the title of our present meditations - "men whose eyes have seen the King." Men whose eyes have seen the King! As we, in that hymn, pray the Lord to send such men, I am sure we all feel deeply and strongly that that is the great need of our time. The world needs such men; the Church needs them; and at all times when the Lord has had such men, and has sent them forth, the need has been met - His need and the need of others.I think it is the "seeing of the King" that really sums up this whole matter of the Transfiguration. That is why the Lord took the three leaders from the twelve up the mountain, in order that presently, with that vision made alive with meaning and power by the Holy Spirit, they might go forth as men who had seen the King. And what happened? We are living today in the ever-growing value of that vision.The Setting of the TransfigurationThe very setting in the Word, in both of the places in which the Transfiguration is referred to, as we have read, is significant and helpful. As you know, three of the four gospels - Matthew, Mark and Luke - record this matter of the Transfiguration, indicating, surely, that with these men this matter was of some particular importance. If John did not actually record the event, I am not sure that he passed it over, or did not have it in mind. We may come to that as we go on. But you will recall that, at the time of the Transfiguration, things were becoming increasingly difficult for the Lord. The growing hostility in all directions was pressing Him in weighing heavily upon His Spirit, and making His ministry more and more difficult, more and more limited. The shadow of the Cross was lengthening on His path. It is of this very matter that He now speaks frankly to His disciples for the first time: He speaks frankly about the Cross. The atmosphere was just charged with a sense of pending crisis - something is going to happen. It was at that time, in those conditions, that He took three from the twelve into the mountain apart, and was transfigured before them. It had a great relatedness to the situation which was developing.In the case of the many years later, when Peter wrote about the Transfiguration, we know from his letters something of the situation. He begins his first letter by addressing himself to the saints "scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia" - scattered saints. Perhaps you know what it means to be of the "scattered" people of the Lord, in distant places, in lonely places; distance and loneliness creating their own problems and heartaches. How things seem to ease up when we are together! There is such a sense of fellowship, a sense of life and of joy, when we are all together. These saints had perhaps known something of the great "togetherness" of Jerusalem or elsewhere, but were now scattered, with all that that means.~T. Austin-Sparks~(continued with # 2)

About Me

I'm a 78 year old lady who deeply loves her Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ! I desire more than anything for others to gain the perception and love of Christ as I do. We are here to glorify our Lord, as He glorified His Father. I am sadden by what we call Christianity today and, like Simeon, God has given me a vision to help others find their way back to God. It is a spiritual vision - a vision that I must help bring back His children into the present dispensational age, which is totally spiritual. The old dispensation is gone, passed away and if we continue to live by its rules and regulations, we are doomed. We must be spiritual! We must seek the Holy Spirit to dwell within us and teach us how to live by God's holy Word. We must pray! Pray! Pray for non-believers, pray for believers! Seek God's desires for our churches, for our lives, for our eternal security! And always honor and glorify Our heavenly Father and His only Son, our Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ!

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Google+ Followers

### Overview
In this lesson, we will learn about Google+ Followers and how they can help us grow our online presence. We will cover the following topics:

1. What are Google+ Followers?
2. Why are Google+ Followers important?
3. How can we get more Google+ Followers?

### Section 1: What are Google+ Followers?
Google+ Followers are people who have chosen to follow your Google+ profile. When you post content on Google+, your followers will see it in their stream. They can also interact with your posts by commenting, sharing, or +1'ing them.

### Section 2: Why are Google+ Followers important?
Having a large number of Google+ Followers is important because it helps you grow your online presence. When people see that others are interested in what you have to say, they are more likely to engage with you as well. This can lead to more visibility for your brand or business, as well as more opportunities for collaboration and networking.

### Section 3: How can we get more Google+ Followers?
There are several ways to get more Google+ Followers:

1. Post high-quality content regularly: The best way to attract followers is to consistently post interesting, relevant, and valuable content that your audience will enjoy and share.

2. Engage with your audience: Respond to comments and messages from your followers, and participate in conversations in your niche. This shows that you are active and interested in building relationships with your audience.

3. Use keywords in your profile: Make sure to include keywords related to your niche in your profile description, as this can help people find you when they search for relevant content.

4. Share other people's content: Share interesting and relevant content from other sources in your niche, and give credit to the original author. This can help you build relationships and show that you are knowledgeable about your niche.

5. Use Google+ Communities: Join relevant Google+ Communities and actively participate in discussions. This can help you reach a wider audience and attract more followers.

### Conclusion
In conclusion, Google+ Followers are important for growing your online presence and building relationships with others in your niche. By posting high-quality content regularly, engaging with your audience, using keywords in your profile, sharing other people's content, and using Google+ Communities, you can attract more followers to your profile.


text: Sold Out. Maker: EarthQuaker Devices. Model: Life Pedal. Condition: New. Description:. **This is a pre-order for our second shipment arriving around the end of the month**. Sunn O))) and EarthQuaker Devices are pleased to bring you the compact, pedalboard-friendly version of the Life Pedal distortion. Limited to 2500 units worldwide, this is the same exact circuit as the WILDLY popular version that was released in early 2019 but with the addition of expression pedal control over the octave blend and Flexi-Switch® Technology on the relay-based true bypass footswitches.. Birth of a Life Pedal. In the writing sessions for Life Metal, Stephen & Greg worked extensively shearing their color, vast sonic cosmoses, flashes of abstract color  (or take your fancy).. Chasms are cleared, mountains sheared, glaciers calved, novæ birthed. Vintage valve amplifiers recommended. We hope you transcend. Designed and manufactured by EarthQuaker Devices in the dark corridors of Akron, Oh

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the basics of guitar pedals

Introduction:
Guitar pedals are essential components of any guitarist's setup. They allow players to add effects to their sound, such as distortion, reverb, or delay. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of guitar pedals and how they work.

Section 1: What are guitar pedals?
Guitar pedals are small devices that attach to the bottom of a guitar and allow players to add effects to their sound. These effects can range from simple changes in tone to more complex sounds such as reverb or delay.

Section 2: How do guitar pedals work?
Guitar pedals work by taking the signal from the guitar and altering it in some way before sending it to an amplifier or speaker. The most common type of pedal is a stompbox, which contains a small electronic circuit that processes the signal.

Section 3: Types of guitar pedals
There are many different types of guitar pedals, each with its own unique effect. Some common types include:

- Distortion pedals: These pedals add grit and overdrive to the guitar sound, making it louder and more aggressive.
- Reverb pedals: These pedals simulate the sound of playing in a large space, such as a concert hall or cathedral.
- Delay pedals: These pedals repeat the guitar sound with a slight delay, creating a echo-like effect.
- Wah pedals: These pedals allow players to control the tone of their guitar sound by sweeping a frequency filter.

Section 4: Using guitar pedals
To use guitar pedals, players typically connect them to an amplifier or pedal board and then plug their guitar into the pedal. They can then adjust the settings on the pedal to achieve the desired effect.

Section 5: Conclusion
In conclusion, guitar pedals are essential tools for any guitarist looking to add depth and complexity to their sound. By understanding the basics of how they work and the different types available, players can choose the right pedals for their style and create unique and exciting sounds.


text: Safe Guards for Third Party Clinical Studies in the Animal Health Arena. Ann R. Donoghue DVM, MS. VetDC, Inc. Authorized Representative. Regulatory Affairs (Fort Collins, CO). Gary Yingling. Partner. Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP. - Overview of clinical trial requirements for animal drugs and therapeutics. - Examining the use of third parties such as CROs in conducting clinical trials for animal drugs. - addressing legal and regulatory concerns relative to such contracting and outsourcing. - Working with outside organizations such as CROs to design studies that show desired results and satisfy FDA protocols. - Drafting contracts with third parties for clinical research that ensure IP protection of your product and subsequent findings and discoveries. - Ensuring protection of study publication rights when working with a third party organization

textbook:
Lesson: Contract Law and Clinical Trials in the Animal Health Industry
Introduction:
In the animal health industry, clinical trials are essential for testing and evaluating the safety and efficacy of new drugs and therapeutics. These trials often involve complex legal and regulatory concerns, particularly when it comes to outsourcing and contracting with third-party organizations such as contract research organizations (CROs). This lesson will provide an overview of contract law and clinical trials in the animal health industry, with a focus on the use of third parties and the importance of protecting intellectual property (IP) rights.
Section 1: Overview of Clinical Trials in the Animal Health Industry
- Clinical trials are essential for testing and evaluating the safety and efficacy of new drugs and therapeutics in animals.
- These trials are subject to strict regulatory requirements set forth by the FDA.
- Contracting with third-party organizations such as CROs can help streamline the clinical trial process and reduce costs.
Section 2: Legal and Regulatory Concerns in Contracting with Third Parties
- Contracting with third parties such as CROs can raise legal and regulatory concerns, particularly when it comes to IP protection.
- It is essential to draft contracts that ensure IP protection of your product and subsequent findings and discoveries.
- Working with outside organizations such as CROs to design studies that show desired results and satisfy FDA protocols requires careful consideration of legal and regulatory concerns.
Section 3: Protecting Intellectual Property Rights in Clinical Trials
- IP protection is crucial in the animal health industry, as new drugs and therapeutics can be worth millions of dollars.
- Drafting contracts with third parties for clinical research that ensure IP protection of your product and subsequent findings and discoveries is essential.
- Ensuring protection of study publication rights when working with a third party organization is also important.
Section 4: Practical Examples and Real-World Scenarios
- Suppose a company contracts with a CRO to conduct a clinical trial for a new drug designed to treat a common illness in animals.
- The company wants to ensure that the trial is conducted in accordance with FDA protocols and that the results are published in a reputable scientific journal.
- To achieve these goals, the company must draft a contract with the CRO that includes specific provisions for IP protection, study design, and publication rights.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, contract law and clinical trials in the animal health industry require careful consideration of legal and regulatory concerns. By working with third-party organizations such as CROs and drafting contracts that protect IP rights, companies can ensure the success of their clinical trials and the protection of their products and discoveries.


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textbook:
Lesson: How to Use a Domain Appraisal Service

Introduction:
A domain appraisal service is an online tool that helps you determine the value of your domain name. In this lesson, we will learn how to use Valuate.com, a popular domain appraisal service.

Section 1: Understanding Domain Appraisal Services
- What is a domain appraisal service?
- Why would someone use a domain appraisal service?
- How does a domain appraisal service work?

Section 2: Using Valuate.com
- How to access Valuate.com
- How to enter a domain name into the appraisal tool
- How to interpret the results of the appraisal
- What factors does Valuate.com consider when appraising a domain name?

Section 3: Advanced Features of Valuate.com
- How to appraise multiple domains at once
- How to appraise a domain name for a specific extension (e.g. .com vs .net)
- How to view historical data on domain sales and traffic

Section 4: Tips for Getting Accurate Results
- Avoid using special characters or hyphens in your domain name
- Consider the age and history of your domain name
- Use keywords that are relevant to your domain name

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to use Valuate.com, a popular domain appraisal service. We covered the basics of domain appraisal services, how to use Valuate.com, and some advanced features. By following these tips, you can get accurate results and make informed decisions about buying or selling domain names.

Glossary:
- Domain appraisal service: An online tool that helps you determine the value of your domain name
- Domain name: The address of a website on the internet
- Extension: The last part of a domain name (e.g. .com, .net, .org)
- Special characters: Characters that are not letters or numbers (e.g. @, #, &)


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textbook:
Lesson: How to Apply for an Internship Programme
Introduction:
An internship is a period of time where an individual works at a job or a specific organization to gain experience or improve their skills. Internships are usually taken by students during their academic breaks or after graduation. In this lesson, we will learn how to apply for an internship programme and the requirements needed.
Section 1: Requirements for Applying for an Internship Programme
To apply for an internship programme, you need to meet certain requirements. These requirements vary depending on the organization or company offering the internship. However, some general requirements include:
- Be a student enrolled in a recognized educational institution
- Have a minimum GPA of 3.0 or higher
- Have completed at least one year of study in a relevant field
- Have excellent communication and interpersonal skills
- Have a strong interest in the industry or organization you are applying to
- Have a valid passport or ID card
- Have a recent CV or resume
- Have a cover letter explaining why you want to work for the organization
Section 2: How to Apply for an Internship Programme
Applying for an internship programme is a competitive process. You need to follow these steps to increase your chances of being selected:
1. Research the organization and the internship programme you are applying to. This will help you tailor your application to the organization's needs and values.
2. Customize your CV or resume to highlight your relevant skills and experiences.
3. Write a compelling cover letter that explains why you want to work for the organization and what you can bring to the table.
4. Apply through the organization's website or the platform they use for internship applications.
5. Follow up your application with a thank you email or message to show your interest and enthusiasm.
Section 3: Tips for Applying for an Internship Programme
Applying for an internship programme can be challenging, but there are certain tips that can help you stand out from other applicants:
- Start early: Apply for internships as early as possible to increase your chances of being selected.
- Network: Connect with people who work at the organization or in the industry you are interested in. They can provide valuable insights and recommendations.
- Be persistent: Keep applying even if you don't hear back from the organization. Persistence is key to success.
- Be open to feedback: If you don't get selected, ask for feedback on your application. This will help you improve for future applications.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, applying for an internship programme requires research, customization, and persistence. By following the steps and tips outlined in this lesson, you can increase your chances of being selected for an internship programme that aligns with your interests and goals. Remember to always be open to feedback and keep applying to improve your skills and experience.


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textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Laboratory Equipment

**Objective:** To introduce students to the various types of laboratory equipment and their uses.

**Introduction:** Laboratories are places where scientists conduct experiments and tests to learn more about the world around us. In order to do this, they need specialized equipment that helps them to collect data, make observations, and perform experiments. In this lesson, we will explore some of the most common types of laboratory equipment and their uses.

**Section 1: Types of Laboratory Equipment**

There are many different types of laboratory equipment, each designed to serve a specific purpose. Here are some of the most common types of equipment you might encounter in a laboratory:

- Microscopes: These are used to magnify small objects or specimens so that they can be more easily observed.
- Balances: These are used to measure mass or weight, and are essential for precise measurements in chemistry and other scientific fields.
- Beakers: These are cylindrical glass or plastic containers used for holding liquids during experiments.
- Pipettes: These are used to transfer small amounts of liquid from one container to another without spilling any.
- Bunsen burners: These are used to heat solids, liquids, or gases, and are often used to sterilize equipment or to heat chemical reactions.
- Spectrophotometers: These are used to measure the absorbance of light by a substance, which can help scientists determine its composition.

**Section 2: Practical Examples**

Now that we know what some common types of laboratory equipment are, let's look at some practical examples of how they might be used in an experiment.

Suppose a scientist wants to study the effect of different temperatures on the rate of a chemical reaction. They might use a balance to measure the mass of the reactants, a beaker to hold the reactants, and a thermometer to measure the temperature of the reaction mixture. They might also use a spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of light by the products of the reaction, and a microscope to observe any changes in the physical properties of the reactants or products.

**Section 3: Self-Debating Discussion**

Why are balances important in laboratories?
- They allow scientists to make precise measurements of mass or weight, which is crucial for many experiments.
- Without balances, it would be difficult to ensure that the right amount of chemicals are being used in an experiment, leading to inaccurate results.

**Conclusion:** In this lesson, we have learned about the different types of laboratory equipment and their uses. We have also explored practical examples of how these tools might be used in an experiment. By understanding the importance of each piece of equipment, scientists can ensure that their experiments are accurate and reliable.