text:
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of detecting an arc and an apparatus for controlling high-frequency arc discharge, which can control arc discharge without stopping the glow discharge in a high-frequency sputtering apparatus or a high-frequency etching apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the sputtering apparatus, for example, glow discharge is achieved in a predetermined space. Electric power is supplied to the apparatus from a high-frequency power source in order to perform sputtering on, particularly, insulation. During the high-frequency sputtering the glow discharge may abruptly change to arc discharge, inevitably damaging the sample. Generally, the greater the electric power, the more likely arc discharge will occur. That is, as the power is increased to raise the sputtering speed, an arc does not disappear quickly once it has been generated even in a region where arcs are less likely to develop. As the power is further increased, the arc remains in that region and would not disappear.
Apparatuses for controlling arc discharge are known, which are designed to interrupt the supply of power for 200 μs when the glow discharge is detected to have changed to arc discharge.
When this type of an apparatus interrupts the supply of power for 200 μs, however, not only the arc discharge, but also the glow discharge is stopped. This is a problem.
An arc-discharge control apparatus is known, which interrupts the supply of power for 5 μs only when the glow discharge is detected to have changed to arc discharge. This apparatus is shown in FIG. 5 and disclosed in Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2000-133412.
This apparatus will be described with reference to FIG. 5. As FIG. 5 depicts, a high-frequency power source PS is provided, which outputs a high-frequency voltage of 13.56 MHz. The high-frequency power source PS is connected to a target T and a chamber CH by a coaxial cable, a power meter CM, a coaxial cable, an impedance-matching circuit IM and a DC-cutting Cc. Thus, power is supplied from the high-frequency power source PS, applying a voltage between the target T and the chamber CH. “GD” in FIG. 5 is a glow-discharge device.
Reflected-wave voltage Vr and traveling-wave voltage Vf are input to amplifiers 1 and 2, respectively, instead of the traveling-wave voltage and reflected-wave voltage that are acquired from the power meter CM. Further, they are input to a comparator 5 via differentiating circuits 3 and 4, respectively. When the value dVr/dt−dVf/dt reaches the first level set by a level-setting unit 6, which is, for example, 0.2 or more, the comparator 5 outputs an H-level signal to a mono-multi circuit M/M. Upon receipt of the H-level signal, the mono-multi circuit M/M outputs an arc-cutting pulse to the high-frequency power source PS. Note that the arc-cutting pulse has a predetermined length T1, which is, for example, 5 μs.
To be more precise, the mono-multi circuit M/M supplies an arc-cutting pulse to the high-frequency power source PS as shown in FIG. 4B, when the reflected-wave voltage Vr rises to a peak as shown at a in FIG. 4A. The high-frequency power source PS inevitably stops applying a voltage between the target T and the chamber CH. Consequently, the arc discharge cannot be detected even if the reflected-wave voltage Vr changes as shown at b in FIG. 4B. This is because the value dVr/dt−dVf/dt does not exceed the first level. Nor can the arc discharge be detected while the voltage Vr remains at a certain level because the arc keeps existing. That is, the output of the comparator 5 is the value of 0 as long as both the reflected-wave voltage Vr and the traveling-wave voltage Vf stay at certain levels. In this case, the dVr/dt−dVf/dt fail to rise above the first level, making it impossible to detect the arc discharge.

textbook:
**Lesson:**

**Title:** Introduction to High-Frequency Arc Detection and Control

**Objective:**
- Understand the importance of detecting and controlling arc discharge in high-frequency sputtering and etching apparatuses.
- Learn about the related art and its limitations.
- Know the basic principles of arc detection and control methods.

**Section 1: Introduction to High-Frequency Arc Detection and Control**

In high-frequency sputtering and etching apparatuses, glow discharge is used to remove material from a sample. However, when the electric power is increased, there is a risk of arc discharge, which can damage the sample. Arc detection and control methods are essential to prevent this damage.

**Section 2: Related Art and Its Limitations**

In the past, arc detection was mainly based on monitoring the current flowing through the electrodes. When the current exceeded a certain threshold, it was considered that an arc had occurred. However, this method had some limitations because it could not distinguish between glow discharge and arc discharge. Additionally, once an arc started, it was difficult to stop it without stopping the glow discharge as well.

**Section 3: Principles of Arc Detection and Control**

Arc detection and control methods involve measuring the voltage and current at the electrodes and comparing them to reference values. If the measured values exceed a certain threshold, it is considered that an arc has occurred. One common method is to use a high-frequency voltage source with a frequency above the audible range of humans. This allows for the detection of arc discharge by analyzing the harmonics produced by the discharge.

**Section 4: Practical Examples and Applications**

Practical examples of arc detection and control methods include using a high-frequency voltage source with a frequency above the audible range of humans, and analyzing the harmonics produced by the discharge. These methods can be applied in various industries, such as semiconductor manufacturing, where high-frequency sputtering and etching are commonly used.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

In conclusion, understanding arc detection and control methods is crucial for maintaining the quality and integrity of samples in high-frequency sputtering and etching apparatuses. By implementing these methods, it is possible to prevent damage caused by arc discharge and ensure the reliability of the final product.

**Glossary:**
- High-frequency sputtering: A process in which material is removed from a sample using high-frequency electric power.
- Glow discharge: A low-current, low-voltage discharge that occurs in a gas or vacuum.
- Arc discharge: A high-current, high-voltage discharge that occurs when a gas or vacuum is ionized.
- Harmonics: In music, a note that is a multiple of the fundamental frequency. In electronics, a component of a waveform that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency.

**End of Lesson**


text: Ranked among the nation's most integrated healthcare systems, Community Health Network is Central Indiana's leader in providing convenient access to exceptional healthcare services, where and when patients need them—in hospitals, health pavilions, workplaces, schools and homes.. Toilet-training is teaching your child to recognize his/her body signals for urinating and having a bowel movement and using a potty chair or toilet correctly and at the appropriate times.. Toilet-training should begin when the child shows signs Growth & Development. See more of our awards. More about shops

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Toilet Training

Introduction:
Toilet training is an essential part of a child's growth and development. It involves teaching your child to recognize their body signals for urinating and having a bowel movement and using a potty chair or toilet correctly and at the appropriate times. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of toilet training, the signs that indicate a child is ready for toilet training, and the steps involved in toilet training.

Importance of Toilet Training:
Toilet training is crucial because it helps children develop independence and self-control. It also prevents accidents and promotes hygiene. Additionally, it allows children to participate in social activities without fear of embarrassment.

Signs that Indicate a Child is Ready for Toilet Training:
1. The child can stay dry for at least two hours during the day.
2. The child can communicate when they need to go to the bathroom.
3. The child can pull their pants up and down.
4. The child is interested in using the potty like their siblings or friends.
5. The child is at least 18 months old.

Steps Involved in Toilet Training:
1. Choose a convenient time when the child is not pressured, such as during summer vacation or a long weekend.
2. Introduce the potty chair or toilet to the child and explain its purpose.
3. Encourage the child to sit on the potty chair or toilet regularly throughout the day.
4. Praise the child for any effort made towards using the potty chair or toilet.
5. Gradually reduce the number of diapers or training pants used.
6. Reward the child for successful trips to the bathroom.
7. Be patient and consistent in your efforts.

Conclusion:
Toilet training is an essential milestone in a child's growth and development. It helps children develop independence and self-control while promoting hygiene and preventing accidents. By following the steps involved in toilet training and being patient and consistent, you can successfully train your child to use the potty chair or toilet correctly and at the appropriate times.


text:
1. Field of the Invention
The present circuits and methods relate generally to the field of the control of electric machines, and more particularly to circuit configurations for and methods of controlling permanent magnet synchronous motors.
2. Background of the Invention
To have good dynamic response for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), the controller should be able to control the torque component of the inverter output current to the motor based on the rotor position. The off-shelf hybrid integrated circuit (IC) chip ML4425 (from Micro Linear Corporation, San Jose, Calif.) provides an example of position sensorless control for brushless DC motors based on back electromotive force (back EMF) estimation. FIGS. 1A and 1B are adapted from an extract from the May 1997 ML4425 technical specification which illustrates a typical prior art application using an IC chip 10, such as the ML4425 chip. However, IC chips, such as the ML4425 chip, have limitations for wide speed range PMSM control systems. Such limitations include, for example, that alternating current (AC) motor current is not controllable, and the use of a single control loop structure in which only one of the two control modes—current control or speed control—can be selected.
A current limit control is incorporated in the IC chips, such as the ML4425 chip, and direct current (DC current) is used for the control. As is known, in inverter motor drive applications, the motor torque is proportional to its torque component of AC phase current, while motor power, which is shaft torque multiplied by shaft speed, is proportional to DC current with a constant DC bus voltage. Consequently, for a motor at low speed with high shaft torque, the DC current will be low, while the AC current is high due to low AC voltage. Thus, the DC current cannot be used to control motor torque in the entire speed range, and the DC current limit control used in IC chips such as the ML4425 chip cannot provide effective AC over current protection for AC permanent magnet motors and the devices of the inverter when the motor runs at low speed.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram which illustrates an example of a typical motor control system configuration utilizing an IC chip 10, such as the off-shelf ML4425 chip shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Referring to FIG. 2, the configuration includes inverter 12, which is an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based component that converts DC voltage into AC with a variable frequency, and logic control and gate drive 14 which is a proprietary component built specifically for use with the particular IC chip 10. IC chip 10 is not intelligent but is simply an IC chip that controls a brushless DC motor. IC chip 10 provides gate drive control signals which control the IGBTs in inverter 12. It also includes a back EMF sampler or sensor 16, as shown in FIG. 1B, the input to which are voltage signals 152, 153, 154, as shown in FIG. 2. Basically, IC chip 10 of FIGS. 1A and 1B estimates the back EMF of a motor 18, such as a brushless DC motor, and in that way, it can estimate the motor speed. IC chip 10 combines back EMF sensor 16, voltage control oscillator (VCO) 20, and a sequencer to form a phase-locked loop which provides a speed sensorless control for motor 18. An advantage of the ML4425 chip is that it realizes a kind of sensorless control performance by use of back EMF estimation without discrete speed or position sensing elements.
Referring further to FIG. 2, in the illustrated configuration, another feedback is required, which is provided via resistor Rdc 22. Basically, an attempt is made to measure the DC current. The DC voltage is fixed, and an attempt is made to control the DC current within certain limits. The illustrated configuration limits the power output, which brings up the limitations of IC chip 10. For example, IC chip 10 can only limit the DC current, which means it can only limit the power. When an attempt is made to start motor 24, motor 24 is at a very low speed, and the power is very low, because the output voltage is very low and the power is the product of the AC voltage and current. However, since the rated motor power is relatively high, such as 30 kilowatts, it is necessary to fix the DC current limit to a relatively high value. A problem occurs if a high DC current limit is selected, AC current cannot be limited at low speed because the power is equal to the AC current multiplied by the AC voltage, and this power is also proportionate to the speed. At low speeds the power is very low, but the current can be very high. The problem here is that the AC current is very high, and it cannot be limited. Thus, quite often when an attempt is made to start motor 24, because the AC current is too high, it simply trips the circuit protection and prevents the successful starting of motor 24.
Referring again to FIG. 2, another problem in the illustrated configuration is that only power is regulated. When the power for the DC current is higher than the limit, it stops the PWM switching. Basically, the configuration attempts to regulate power. The configuration has only one of the two control modes. If current control is used, the speed regulation will not be available. In current control mode, it only limits the DC current. When the speed loop is used, the current loop must be disconnected, which is another limitation of IC chip 10. In addition, the DC current required by IC chips such as the ML4425 chip must be obtained through a serial resistor at a DC bus of the inverter, and it is difficult to provide isolation in high power inverter systems with a high DC bus voltage. There is a current need for an improved configuration that overcomes thee limitations of IC chip 10.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Control Systems and Electric Machines

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about control systems and electric machines. We will explore the field of the control of electric machines and the circuit configurations for and methods of controlling permanent magnet synchronous motors. We will also discuss the limitations of existing IC chips for wide speed range PMS.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is to understand the principles of control systems and electric machines, and how they can be used to improve the performance of electric motors.

Section 1: Control Systems and Electric Machines

Topic 1: Introduction to Control Systems
- Definition of a control system
- Types of control systems
- Applications of control systems in electric machines

Topic 2: Introduction to Electric Machines
- Definition of an electric machine
- Types of electric machines
- Applications of electric machines in various industries

Section 2: Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

Topic 1: Position Sensorless Control
- Definition of position sensorless control
- Advantages of position sensorless control
- Disadvantages of position sensorless control
- Techniques for position sensorless control

Topic 2: Limitations of Existing IC Chips
- Definition of IC chips
- Example of an IC chip (ML4425)
- Limitations of existing IC chips for wide speed range PMS

Section 3: Practical Examples and Real-World Scenarios

Topic 1: Speed Control of PMSM
- Definition of speed control
- Importance of speed control in PMSM
- Practical examples of speed control in PMSM

Topic 2: Torque Control of PMSM
- Definition of torque control
- Importance of torque control in PMSM
- Practical examples of torque control in PMSM

Section 4: Conclusion

Summary of the lesson
- Control systems and electric machines are essential components in various industries
- Understanding the principles of control systems and electric machines can help improve the performance of electric motors
- Position sensorless control is an advantageous technique for position sensorless control in PMSM
- Existing IC chips have limitations for wide speed range PMS
- Practical examples of speed and torque control in PMSM demonstrate the importance of control systems in electric machines.

Glossary:
- Control system: A system that manages or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems
- Electric machine: A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy or vice versa
- Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM): A type of electric motor that uses permanent magnets for the rotor and a variable frequency power supply for the stator
- Hybrid integrated circuit (IC) chip: A type of integrated circuit that combines two or more functions in a single semiconductor device
- Back electromotive force (back EMF): A voltage that appears across a resistor when current flows through it
- Position sensorless control: A technique for controlling the position of a motor without the need for a position sensor.


text: Huge congratulations to Marcus Plowright who’s been nominated in the Breakthrough Talent category at the 2016 BAFTA Craft Awards for directing Muslim Drag Queens.. The Academy’s Breakthrough Talent Award recognises the outstanding new talent of individuals working behind the camera, across all genres of television. It pays tribute to an individual whose emerging talents have come to fruition in the last year.. Marcus’ documentary – Muslim Drag Queens – gives unprecedented insight into the clandestine gay Asian or ‘Gaysian’ community in the UK which provides a haven for young men who are unable to publicly reconcile their sexuality with their cultural identity and traditions.← Back to the news

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make a Documentary

Introduction:
Making a documentary is a complex process that involves several steps. In this lesson, we will learn about the different stages of making a documentary, from coming up with an idea to editing and distributing the final product.

Section 1: Coming Up with an Idea
- What is a documentary?
- Why do people make documentaries?
- How do you choose a topic for your documentary?
- What makes a good documentary topic?
- How do you research your topic?

Section 2: Planning and Researching
- What is the planning process for a documentary?
- How do you develop a shooting schedule?
- What is the role of a director of photography?
- What is the role of a sound recordist?
- How do you conduct interviews?
- What is the role of a producer?
- How do you plan for post-production?

Section 3: Shooting the Documentary
- What equipment do you need to shoot a documentary?
- How do you light a scene?
- What is the role of a camera operator?
- How do you record sound?
- How do you work with your subjects?
- What is the role of a director?
- How do you capture B-roll footage?

Section 4: Editing the Documentary
- What is the editing process like?
- How do you select the best shots?
- How do you structure the story?
- What is the role of a composer?
- How do you add sound effects and music?
- How do you get feedback on your edit?

Section 5: Distributing the Documentary
- How do you find a distributor?
- What is the role of a sales agent?
- How do you submit your film to festivals?
- What is the role of a publicist?
- How do you market your documentary?
- How do you get your documentary seen by as many people as possible?

Conclusion:
Making a documentary is a challenging but rewarding process. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can create a compelling and engaging documentary that tells a powerful story. Whether you are interested in making documentaries as a career or as a hobby, the skills you learn in this process will stay with you for years to come.


text:
New homes for $200,000? It's possible in suburban Des Moines, builder says

A central Iowa home-builder wants to fill a gap in the local housing market by constructing 365 new homes at entry-level prices ranging from $200,000 to $240,000.

Destiny Homes wants to give first-time home buyers an option to build a new home rather than turning to existing construction or townhomes, said Dan Sparks, president of the Waukee-based company.

Destiny plans to build its homes in three developments in Grimes, Pleasant Hill and Urbandale.

"It's absolutely filling a need," said Dan Knoup, executive officer of the Home Builders Association of Greater Des Moines.

New homes in that price range are almost unheard of in the Des Moines metro, where prices typically start at least $300,000, he said.

Sparks said his company has been trying to bring starter homes to the Des Moines market for about two years.

"It's hard for somebody to buy a quality product in the $200,000 price-point, build some equity, and then become a move-up buyer," Sparks said. "It's been kind of a break in the chain, in our opinion."

Most new home construction prices skyrocket once buyers begin adding custom finishes and amenities, Knoup said. Destiny Homes will offer set interior and exterior packages to help keep costs low.

"In this price point, we don't want it to be unlimited options," Sparks said.

The 1,026- to 1,565-square-foot homes will meet Energy Star standards, meaning they are 15 to 30 percent more efficient than typical new homes, and have "quality" cabinets, counters and floors, Sparks said. Destiny has a mix of ranch and two-story models, with three bedrooms, 2½ baths, two-car garages and basements.

Pleasant Hill reduced lot size requirements in a portion of the Peter's Ridge development last month to make way for the affordable homes, increasing the project's density from 86 homes to 151 homes.

"It's really important to us that people who work in Pleasant Hill can live in Pleasant Hill, and we're trying to fill that gap," said Candace Bell, spokeswoman for the city.

According to a 2014 Iowa Workforce Development survey, 1,764 people commute to Pleasant Hill for work. Bell said that's due in large part to the cost of housing in the city.

There have been 37 new homes constructed in Pleasant Hill this year with an average valuation of $302,212, according to city data.

"We're trying to hit that middle ground," Bell said.

Peter's Ridge, a joint project of Knapp Properties Inc. and Destiny Homes, is located south of Southeast Sixth Avenue, adjacent to Four Mile Elementary School and the new Hickory Glen Park. The development will include extensions to the local trail network and a connection to the school and park.

In January, Destiny Homes will break ground in Urbandale's Radiant Point development at 170th Street and Sharon Drive, where it plans to build 78 homes on 13 acres. The company plans 136 homes in Grimes' Beaverbrooke Pointe development.

Homes should be available for occupancy starting in the spring, Sparks said.

textbook:
and still live in a decent neighborhood," he said. "We feel like we've found a way to do that."

The homes will range in size from 1,400 square feet to 2,000 square feet, with three to four bedrooms and two to three bathrooms. They will be built on 1/4-acre lots and will feature modern design elements such as open floor plans and large kitchens, Sparks said.

Destiny is targeting a March 1 groundbreaking for the first phase of construction, which will include 20 homes in Grimes. The company expects to complete those homes by the end of the year.

## Lesson: Introduction to Home Building

### Overview

In this lesson, we will learn about the process of building a home. We will cover the basics of home construction, including the materials used, the steps involved, and the different types of homes. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of how homes are built and the factors that go into creating a safe, comfortable, and functional living space.

### Materials

- Construction paper
- Scissors
- Glue
- Pencil
- Notebook

### Section 1: Introduction to Home Building

### Topic 1: What is home building?

Home building is the process of constructing a new home. This can involve building a house from scratch or renovating an existing structure to make it more livable. The goal of home building is to create a safe, comfortable, and functional living space that meets the needs of the people who will live there.

### Topic 2: Why is home building important?

Home building is important because it provides a place for people to live, work, and raise families. A well-built home can also increase property values, provide a sense of stability, and increase the quality of life for its occupants. Additionally, home building stimulates the economy by providing jobs and supporting industries such as construction, finance, and real estate.

### Topic 3: How does home building work?

Home building involves several stages, including planning, site preparation, framing, roofing, finishing, and final inspection. Each stage requires careful attention to detail and a skilled workforce to ensure that the home is built to code and meets the highest standards of quality.

### Topic 4: What materials are used in home building?

Home building involves the use of a wide range of materials, including wood, concrete, brick, and steel. These materials are combined in different ways to create structures that are strong, durable, and energy-efficient.

### Topic 5: What are the different types of homes?

There are many different types of homes, including single-family homes, townhouses, condos, and apartments. Each type of home has its own unique features and benefits, and the choice of which type of home to build depends on the needs and preferences of the homeowner.

### Glossary

- Homebuilding: The process of constructing a new home.
- Site preparation: The process of clearing and preparing the land where the home will be built.
- Framing: The process of building the skeleton of the home, including the walls and roof.
- Roofing: The process of installing the roof of the home.
- Finishing: The process of completing the interior and exterior of the home, including flooring, painting, and plumbing.
- Final inspection: The process of checking the home to ensure that it meets all building codes and is safe to occupy.
- Materials: The substances used in building a home, including wood, concrete, brick, and steel.
- Types of homes: Different styles of homes, such as single-family homes, townhouses, condos, and apartments.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we have learned about the basics of home building, including the materials used, the steps involved, and the different types of homes. By understanding these fundamentals, we can better appreciate the skill and expertise required to build a safe, comfortable, and functional living space.


text: Unfortunately, our European basketball correspondent at Bloguin never answered my relentless Facebook messages, Tweets, and telegrams… so I don’t have too many details about this video below. All I know is that it blew up over the blogosphere (with AA’s Matt Clapp at Sharapova’s Thigh) and Twitter (via Simmons & Chad Ford) and it is one of the most amazing basketball videos I’ve ever seen. Real Madrid and Unicaja Malaga trade amazing clutch shots in the last minute all the way down to the final buzzer. This is like last year’s Xavier-K State game kicked up several notches, and it’s only helped by someone who may in fact be the Spanish Gus Johnson. Disfrutar de las imagenes sorprendentes!! (Yes, I just used Google translator for that!)!

textbook:
Lesson: How to Analyze and Understand Basketball Plays

Introduction:
Basketball is a popular sport that requires a lot of skill, strategy, and teamwork. In this lesson, we will learn how to analyze and understand basketball plays. We will cover the basics of basketball, such as positions, rules, and scoring, and then move on to more advanced concepts like offensive and defensive strategies.

Section 1: Basic Concepts of Basketball

**Positions**
Basketball has five main positions: point guard, shooting guard, small forward, power forward, and center. Each position has a specific role and responsibility on the court.

- Point Guard: This player is responsible for controlling the flow of the game, passing the ball, and setting up plays.
- Shooting Guard: This player is usually the best shooter on the team and is responsible for scoring points.
- Small Forward: This player is a versatile player who can play both offense and defense.
- Power Forward: This player is usually the strongest player on the team and is responsible for rebounding and scoring under the basket.
- Center: This player is the tallest and most dominant player on the team and is responsible for blocking shots, rebounding, and scoring.

**Rules**
Basketball is played on a rectangular court with two teams of five players each. The objective of the game is to score more points than the other team. The game is played in four quarters, each lasting 12 minutes. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins.

**Scoring**
Points are scored by throwing the ball into the opponent's basket. A successful shot is worth two points, while a shot taken from beyond the three-point line is worth three points. Free throws are awarded when a player is fouled while shooting or dribbling, and these shots are worth one point each.

Section 2: Offensive Strategies

**Setting Up Plays**
The point guard is responsible for setting up plays and controlling the flow of the game. They do this by passing the ball to different players and calling out plays. Some common plays include pick-and-rolls, screens, and cuts.

**Shooting**
Shooting is a crucial part of basketball, and players must practice their shots regularly to improve their accuracy. There are different types of shots, including jumpers, layups, and fades. Players must also learn to read the defense and take advantage of openings.

Section 3: Defensive Strategies

**Man-to-Man Defense**
In man-to-man defense, each player is assigned to defend a specific opponent. Players must stay in front of their man and not let them pass, shoot, or dribble. They must also communicate with their teammates and help out if needed.

**Zone Defense**
In zone defense, players are assigned to different areas of the court instead of specific opponents. This defense is effective against teams that rely heavily on perimeter shooting.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the basic concepts of basketball, offensive and defensive strategies, and how to analyze and understand basketball plays. By mastering these concepts, we can apply them to new problems and improve our overall understanding of the game.


text: Recent News Articles. South High School Hosts Annual Walk for Warmth. Walk for Warmth 2013 was held recently in the South High School Commons. The purpose of Walk for Warmth is to bring awareness to those in our community who need energy assistance from Wisconsin Public Service. To participate, students donated a minimum of one perishable food item, which was given to the Redwing Pantry at South High School. Over 100 students, staff, family members and community members participated. This is an annual event organized and run by South High School staff and students.. Sheboygan Area School District Press Release. December 20, 2013. December 20, 2013

textbook:
Lesson: Civic Engagement and Community Involvement

Introduction:
Civic engagement refers to the process of working to make a difference in the civic life of one's community and developing the combination of knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes necessary for active and effective participation as citizens. It involves taking action to improve one's community and contributing to the greater good. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of civic engagement and community involvement, and learn about ways to get involved in your community.

Section 1: Why is Civic Engagement Important?
Civic engagement is essential because it helps to build strong communities, fosters a sense of belonging, and creates opportunities for individuals to work together towards common goals. When people are engaged in their community, they are more likely to feel connected to others and have a sense of purpose. Additionally, civic engagement helps to create social capital, which is the networks of relationships and trust that hold communities together.

Questions and Answers:
- What is civic engagement?
- Why is civic engagement important?
- How can I become more civically engaged?

Section 2: Ways to Get Involved in Your Community
There are many ways to get involved in your community, including volunteering, participating in local government, joining a community organization or club, and attending public meetings. Here are some examples of ways to get involved:

- Volunteer at a local nonprofit organization or charity
- Attend public meetings and city council sessions
- Join a community organization or club, such as a Rotary Club or Kiwanis Club
- Participate in a local event or festival
- Organize a community cleanup or beautification project

Questions and Answers:
- What are some ways to get involved in my community?
- How can I find out about volunteer opportunities in my area?
- What is the best way to attend public meetings and city council sessions?

Section 3: Examples of Civic Engagement and Community Involvement
Civic engagement can take many forms, and can involve activities such as advocacy, organizing, protesting, and fundraising. Here are some examples of civic engagement and community involvement:

- A group of neighbors who organize a community garden in an abandoned lot
- A student who starts a club at their school to raise awareness about climate change
- A local business owner who donates supplies to a school in need
- A resident who runs for office and wins a seat on their city council

Questions and Answers:
- What are some examples of civic engagement and community involvement?
- How can I get involved in advocacy efforts in my community?
- What are some ways to organize and mobilize my community around a cause?

Conclusion:
Civic engagement and community involvement are essential for building strong and vibrant communities. By getting involved in your community, you can make a difference and contribute to the greater good. Remember that everyone has something valuable to offer, and that every act of civic engagement, no matter how small, can make a big impact.

Glossary:
- Civic engagement: The process of working to make a difference in the civic life of one's community
- Social capital: The networks of relationships and trust that hold communities together
- Community involvement: Participation in community activities and events

Summary:
In this lesson, we learned about the importance of civic engagement and community involvement, and explored ways to get involved in our community. We also looked at examples of civic engagement and community involvement, and discussed how to get involved in advocacy efforts and organize around a cause. Remember that everyone can make a difference, and that every act of civic engagement can make a big impact.


text: GianCarlos DelaCruzLicensed Real Estate Salesperson 1155 Avenue of the Americas. 6th Floor. New York, NY 10036. Experience. - Specialties. - Languages: English. - Download vCardDownload vCard. About GianCarlos. Born and raised in northern Manhattan, GianCarlos De la Cruz knows the tapestry of neighborhoods and communities uptown like the back of his hand. Due to his familiarity with this area,!. On the rental side, he has developed strong relationships with many of the biggest landlords in the city. They have come to value his input and advice, which in turn, puts … Read More ▼

textbook:
Lesson: Real Estate Sales and Marketing

## Section 1: Introduction

Real estate sales and marketing is the process of promoting and selling property to potential buyers or tenants. It involves a wide range of activities, including advertising, negotiating deals, and managing transactions. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of real estate sales and marketing, including the role of a real estate agent, the importance of market research, and the different methods of promoting properties.

## Section 2: The Role of a Real Estate Agent

A real estate agent is a professional who helps people buy, sell, or rent property. They work on behalf of their clients to find the best deals and negotiate the best possible terms. Agents must be knowledgeable about the local real estate market, have excellent communication and negotiation skills, and be able to work well with others.

## Section 3: Market Research

Market research is the process of gathering information about the demand for a particular type of property in a given area. This includes analyzing trends in home values, rental rates, and occupancy rates, as well as studying the demographics of potential buyers or tenants. By understanding the market, agents can better serve their clients by finding properties that meet their needs and budget.

## Section 4: Promoting Properties

There are several ways to promote properties, including:

1. Online listings: Many real estate websites allow agents to post listings for properties for sale or rent. These sites often include photos, descriptions, and details about the property's features.

2. Social media: Agents can use social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to share listings and connect with potential buyers or tenants.

3. Print advertising: Newspapers, magazines, and flyers are still effective ways to reach potential buyers or tenants.

4. Open houses: Agents can host open houses to showcase properties and allow potential buyers or tenants to ask questions and see the property in person.

## Section 5: Conclusion

Real estate sales and marketing is an essential part of the real estate industry. By understanding the market, promoting properties effectively, and working with clients to achieve their goals, agents can help people find the perfect home or investment property. By applying the skills learned in this lesson, you can become a successful real estate agent and make a difference in your community.


text: more specs = more choices of game play. isnt that what blizz is constantly pushing?. more specs = less time respeccing for specific encounters/pvp. this equals more time of getting to actually PLAY the game and makes it not a resource hog (gold costs add up).. more specs = happier player base. look at the forums. the VASTE majority of players want it. why not give it? the reasons stated so far are pointless.. more specs = more players learning more about their classes and being able to explore more easily the varying aspects of their classes (i.e. hybrids). rogues? that is the response? gg GC

textbook:
Lesson: The Core Value of Choices in Video Games

Introduction:
In the world of video games, choices are an essential part of the gaming experience. They allow players to customize their characters, choose different paths, and make decisions that affect the outcome of the game. In this lesson, we will explore the core value of choices in video games and how they can enhance the gaming experience.

Section 1: The Importance of Choices in Video Games

Topic 1: Customization
One of the most significant benefits of choices in video games is the ability to customize characters and gameplay. Players can select different skins, hair colors, and outfits for their avatars or choose unique abilities and skills that suit their playing style. This level of personalization makes the game more engaging and enjoyable, as players feel like they have control over their character's development.

Topic 2: Narrative
Choices in video games also contribute to the narrative aspect of the game. They allow players to make decisions that affect the storyline and create a sense of agency. For example, in "The Walking Dead," players must make tough choices that impact the survival of their group. These choices create a sense of urgency and immersion, making the game more compelling.

Topic 3: Replayability
Choices in video games also contribute to replayability, which is the ability to play the game multiple times without getting bored. When players know their choices have a significant impact on the outcome, they are more likely to replay the game to see what happens if they make different decisions. This adds a layer of depth and complexity to the game, making it more enjoyable.

Section 2: Examples of Choices in Video Games

Topic 1: "The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim"
In "The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim," players can choose from various races, such as Nord, Argonian, or Orc, each with its unique abilities and strengths. They can also select different skills and attributes, allowing them to create a character that suits their playing style. Additionally, players can choose to follow different factions, align themselves with different gods, and make moral choices that affect the game's outcome.

Topic 2: "Fallout 4"
In "Fallout 4," players can create their character from scratch, selecting their appearance, skills, and perks. As the game progresses, players must make choices that affect the outcome, such as joining different factions, making alliances, and choosing sides in conflicts. These choices have a significant impact on the game's storyline and ending.

Section 3: Conclusion

Choices in video games add depth and complexity to the gaming experience, allowing players to customize their characters, make decisions that affect the outcome, and create a sense of agency. By giving players options, developers can create games that are more engaging, immersive, and replayable. Ultimately, choices in video games allow players to explore different aspects of their characters and gameplay, leading to a more satisfying and enjoyable experience.


text: Planning, Environment, Cities. Series editors: Yvonne Rydin, Ben Clifford. This series is primarily aimed at students and practitioners of planning and such related professions as estate management, housing and architecture as well as those in politics, public and social administration, geography and urban studies. It comprises both general texts and books designed to make a more particular contribution, in both cases characterized by: an international approach; extensive use of case studies; and emphasis on contemporary relevance and the application of theory to advance planning practice.. * Andrew Thornley was series co-editor with Yvonne Rydin up to his retirement from the role in January 2017.

textbook:
**Lesson: Introduction to Planning**

**Section 1: What is Planning?**

Planning is the process of deciding what to do and how to do it. It involves setting goals, identifying resources needed to achieve those goals, developing a strategy to use those resources, and implementing the strategy. Planning is essential for individuals, organizations, and governments to achieve their desired outcomes.

**Section 2: Why is Planning Important?**

Planning is important because it helps us to anticipate and deal with future events, avoid mistakes, and make better decisions. It also helps us to allocate resources efficiently, minimize risks, and achieve our goals effectively. Planning is particularly important in fields such as urban development, where careful planning can help to create sustainable and livable communities.

**Section 3: How does Planning Work?**

Planning involves several steps, including:

1. Defining the problem or goal: This involves identifying the issue that needs to be addressed and determining the desired outcome.

2. Collecting data: This involves gathering information about the current situation and any relevant factors that may affect the outcome.

3. Analyzing data: This involves using statistical methods to identify patterns and trends in the data collected.

4. Developing alternatives: This involves generating multiple possible solutions to the problem or goal.

5. Evaluating alternatives: This involves comparing the different alternatives to determine which one will best achieve the desired outcome.

6. Selecting the best alternative: This involves choosing the alternative that has the greatest potential for success based on the available data and analysis.

7. Implementing the plan: This involves putting the selected alternative into action.

8. Evaluating results: This involves monitoring progress and assessing whether the desired outcome is being achieved.

**Section 4: Planning in Practice**

Planning is used in many fields, including urban development, environmental management, and business strategy. In each of these fields, planners work with stakeholders to identify goals, gather data, analyze options, and develop and implement plans.

For example, in urban development, planners may work with local governments, community groups, and other stakeholders to develop a plan for a new residential development. They would collect data on local housing needs, analyze options for land use, and develop a plan that balances the needs of the community with environmental concerns and economic feasibility.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

Planning is an essential tool for achieving desired outcomes in many fields. By carefully considering goals, resources, and alternatives, planners can develop effective strategies that maximize the chances of success while minimizing risks and unintended consequences. Whether you are an individual, a business, or a government agency, effective planning can help you to achieve your goals more efficiently and effectively.

**Glossary:**

- Goal: A specific target or objective that is desired to be achieved.
- Resources: The materials, funds, and other assets needed to achieve a goal.
- Strategy: A plan of action that outlines the steps needed to achieve a goal.
- Alternatives: Different options or solutions that could be used to achieve a goal.
- Data: Information that is collected and analyzed to inform decision-making.
- Analysis: The process of examining data to identify patterns and trends.
- Stakeholders: People or groups who have an interest in or impact on a particular issue or decision.
- Land use: The way in which land is allocated for different purposes, such as housing, agriculture, or industry.


text:
Q:

GNU Parallel as job queue processor

I have a worker.php file as below
<?php

$data = $argv[1];

//then some time consuming $data processing

and I run this as a poor man's job queue using gnu parallel
while read LINE; do echo $LINE; done < very_big_file_10GB.txt  | parallel -u php worker.php

which kind of works by forking 4 php processes when I am on 4 cpu machine.
But it still feels pretty synchronous to me because read LINE is still reading one line at a time.
Since it is 10GB file, I am wondering if somehow I can use parallel to read the same file in parallel by splitting it into n parts (where n = number of my cpus), that will make my import n times faster (ideally).

A:

No need to do the while business:
parallel -u php worker.php :::: very_big_file_10GB.txt

-u Ungroup output. Only use this if you are not going to use the output, as output from different jobs may mix.
:::: File input source. Equivalent to -a.
I think you will benefit from reading at least chapter 2 (Learn GNU Parallel in 15 minutes) of "GNU Parallel 2018". You can buy it at
http://www.lulu.com/shop/ole-tange/gnu-parallel-2018/paperback/product-23558902.html
or download it at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1146014

textbook:
Lesson 1: Introduction to GNU Parallel

## Chapter 1: What is GNU Parallel?
GNU Parallel is a powerful tool that allows you to run multiple tasks simultaneously on your computer. It is particularly useful for running jobs in parallel, which means that the tasks are executed at the same time, making them faster and more efficient.

## Chapter 2: How does GNU Parallel work?
GNU Parallel works by dividing the tasks into smaller chunks that can be executed simultaneously. It uses a technique called "pipelining" to achieve this. Pipelining involves breaking down a large task into smaller sub-tasks, which are then executed in parallel.

## Chapter 3: Why use GNU Parallel?
There are several reasons why you might want to use GNU Parallel. Firstly, it can significantly reduce the time it takes to complete a task, especially if the task involves a large amount of data. Secondly, it can help you manage multiple tasks more efficiently, allowing you to focus on other aspects of your work. Finally, it can help you automate repetitive tasks, freeing up your time for more important work.

## Chapter 4: How do I install GNU Parallel?
GNU Parallel is available for most operating systems, including Linux, macOS, and Windows. You can install it using your system's package manager or by downloading it from the official website. Once installed, you can access it from the command line.

## Chapter 5: How do I use GNU Parallel?
Using GNU Parallel is simple. Just follow these steps:
1. Identify the task(s) you want to run in parallel.
2. Determine the number of CPU cores you have available.
3. Use the "-c" option to specify the number of cores to use. For example, if you have 4 cores and want to use all of them, you would use the command "parallel -c 4".
4. Specify the task(s) you want to run using the "-k" option. For example, if you want to run a script called "script.sh", you would use the command "parallel -c 4 -k script.sh".

## Chapter 6: Examples of using GNU Parallel
Here are some examples of how you can use GNU Parallel to run tasks in parallel:
1. Running a script on multiple files: "parallel -c 4 -k sh {1..10}". This will run the script "sh" on each of the files from 1 to 10.
2. Downloading multiple files from the internet: "parallel -c 4 -k wget https://example.com/files/{1..10}". This will download each of the files from the specified URL.
3. Processing a large dataset: "parallel -c 4 -k python process_data.py :::: data.csv". This will process the CSV file "data.csv" using the Python script "process_data.py".

## Chapter 7: Conclusion
In conclusion, GNU Parallel is a powerful tool that can help you run tasks in parallel, making them faster and more efficient. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can easily install and use GNU Parallel to automate repetitive tasks and speed up your workflow.


text:
Bokeo Nature Reserve

The Bokeo Nature Reserve is in the northwestern province of Bokeo, which borders both Myanmar and Thailand. Home to the Gibbon Experience, visitors can spend up to a week staying in large tree houses accessible by zip line. Not for the faint of heart, the base camp is reached by a three-hour drive from Huay Xai, and then a demanding one-hour trek through the jungle. The reward is close-up views of the endangered black-crested gibbon, buffalo, elephants and birds.

Bokeo Nature Reserve (via Laos tours)

Dong Natad National Protected Area

Ten miles (15 Km) northeast of Savannakhet, Dong Natad National Protected Area offers homestays with local people who have lived in harmony with nature harvesting edible insects, rattan, medicinal plants and honey for hundreds of years. An alternative to an overnight stay is hiring a tuk-tuk for the day and asking the driver to pick you up at a designated time. The smallest NPA, it boasts several lakes and lush forests. Its proximity to Savannakhet makes it a great place to cycle or motorbike to.

Nam Ha National Protected Area

On the far northeastern corner of Laos lies the Nam Ha National Protected Area, on the boarder with China. In partnership with UNESCO, the Lao National Tourism Authority designated this area to help villagers engage in sustainable tourism that won’t harm the environment. See elephants, tigers, guar, and 228 bird species. See the lush watershed of four rivers on foot, or rent a kayak to see it from the water. The provincial capital of Luang Nam Tha is within the boarders of the NPA, and offers bicycles for rent, restaurants, and handicrafts made my local people.

Nam Ha National Protected Area (via Luang Namtha Trek)

Dong Phou Vieng National Protected Area

Dong Phou Vieng National Protected Area is in central Laos. Take a long difficult trek through the jungle and stay overnight in a Katang village. The Katang people belong to the Mon-Khmer group and live remotely in the jungle, apart from modernization and technology. Part of the Ho Chi Minh trail passed through this NPA. Take a boat ride up the Se Bang Hieng River and try your luck spotting the two herds of elephants that reside in the park.

Phou Hin Poun National Protected Area

Accessible via tuk-tuk and lying 3 miles (5 km) north of Thakek in Khammuan Province is the Phu Hin Pun National Protected Area. Swimming holes offer a refreshing break from the oppressive heat, and caves that are home to the park’s 43 species of bats are fun to explore. The limestone karst and surrounding tropical forest are home to endangered birds, such as the sooty babbler and limestone leaf warbler, and monkeys like the Assamese macaque.

Phou Daen Din National Protected Area

Phu Den Din National Protected Area (via Travelmarbles)

Phu Den Din National Protected Area covers over 500 square miles (1,310 sq km) in the far northern province of Phongsali, on the Vietnamese boarder. It is well off the beaten path and rarely visited by tourists due to its remoteness. Twenty-two ethnic minorities live in the province, which is only accessible via a 10 hour drive or a two-day boat ride from Nong Khiaw. Those who make the journey will experience the old-growth forest, elephants, gibbons and eagles.

Xe Pian National Protected Areas

Located in Salavan Province, Xe Pian National Protected Area lies along the boarder with Cambodia and covers 1000 square miles (2600 sq. km.) Xe Pian NPA contains large swaths of wetlands conserved through the RAMSAR convention, and home to many bird and fish species in addition to elephants, tigers and pangolins. Treks can be arranged that depart from Pakse, and homestays can be arranged with Brau, Su or Lao Loum tribespeople.

Know more attractions and travel guides in Laos, you can visit our website. Subscribe and like this article if you liked it!

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to National Protected Areas in Laos

### Overview

In this lesson, we will learn about National Protected Areas (NPAs) in Laos, their importance, and why they are crucial for conservation efforts. We will explore three NPAs: Bokeo Nature Reserve, Dong Natad National Protected Area, and Nam Ha National Protected Area.

### Section 1: Introduction to National Protected Areas

What are National Protected Areas?

National Protected Areas (NPAs) are areas of land or water that are set aside to protect the natural environment and its cultural heritage. They are managed by the government of Laos to ensure the long-term survival of plants, animals, and ecosystems.

Why are NPAs important?

NPAs are essential for conserving the country's biodiversity, protecting endangered species, and preserving the natural environment for future generations. They also provide opportunities for ecotourism, education, and research.

### Section 2: Bokeo Nature Reserve

Location: Bokeo Province, northwestern Laos

What makes Bokeo Nature Reserve unique?

Bokeo Nature Reserve is home to the endangered black-crested gibbon, as well as buffalo, elephants, and various bird species. It is also known for its zip-line tree houses, which provide a unique way to experience the jungle.

How can we help conserve Bokeo Nature Reserve?

To conserve Bokeo Nature Reserve, we can support responsible tourism practices, such as choosing eco-friendly accommodations and tour operators. We can also avoid activities that may disturb the wildlife, such as chasing gibbons to take photos.

### Section 3: Dong Natad National Protected Area

Location: Savannakhet Province, southeastern Laos

What makes Dong Natad National Protected Area unique?

Dong Natad NPA is a small area that offers homestays with local people who have lived in harmony with nature for centuries, harvesting edible insects, rattan, medicinal plants, and honey. Visitors can experience traditional Lao culture while supporting sustainable tourism practices.

How can we help conserve Dong Natad National Protected Area?

To conserve Dong Natad NPA, we can choose homestays that are eco-friendly and support local communities. We can also avoid activities that may disturb the wildlife, such as hunting or collecting plants without permission from the local people.

### Section 4: Nam Ha National Protected Area

Location: Luang Namtha Province, northeastern Laos

What makes Nam Ha National Protected Area unique?

Nam Ha NPA is the largest protected area in Laos and is home to diverse flora and fauna, including rare species such as the saola and the giant muntjac. It also features several lakes and lush forests.

How can we help conserve Nam Ha National Protected Area?

To conserve Nam Ha NPA, we can support responsible ecotourism practices, such as choosing tour operators that follow sustainable guidelines. We can also avoid activities that may disturb the wildlife, such as off-trail hiking or hunting.

### Glossary

- Endangered species: A species that is at risk of becoming extinct due to human activities or environmental changes.
- Ecotourism: Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people.
- Sustainable tourism: Tourism that takes into account economic, social, and environmental factors to ensure long-term viability and responsibility.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the importance of NPAs in Laos and explored three unique areas: Bokeo Nature Reserve, Dong Natad National Protected Area, and Nam Ha National Protected Area. We also discussed ways to help conserve these areas through responsible tourism practices and supporting local communities. By understanding the value of NPAs and applying these principles, we can ensure the long-term survival of Laos' natural environment and its cultural heritage.


text:
rio olympics.JPG

In this photo released by Rio 2016 Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, youths form the number 1,000 to mark the number of days before the start of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games inside Mangueirao stadium in Belem, Brazil, Friday, Nov. 8, 2013. (AP Photo/Alex Ferro, Rio 2016 Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games)

(AP)

BOSTON -- A group of prominent community members in Boston is looking to enter a bid for the 2024 Summer Olympic Games, reports the Boston Globe. The group is joining other existing organizations like the Boston 2024 Organizing Committee, all of whom have the same goal.

John Fish, chairman of Suffolk Construction, is leading the initiative. Fish told the Globe that his group met with a delegation of the United States Olympic Committee in October and went on a tour of potential Olympics event sites in Boston.

In addition, former governor and presidential candidate Mitt Romney has been consulted by the Fish-led group on the bid. Romney, who headed the 2002 Salt Lake City winter games, told the Globe that hosting an Olympics would be "an amazing undertaking," citing the transportation changes, fundraising and marketing efforts that would come with hosting the Olympics.

Others involved in the independent group are Putnam Investments CEO Bob Reynolds, New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft, former Massachusetts transportation secretary Jeff Mullan and former Boston Police commissioner Ed Davis, reports the Globe.

A lot would have to happen before the Olympics could descend on Boston, however. Boston would need to have "at least three new major structures, in or around the city," along with an aquatic center and "an Olympic village to house roughly 15,000 athletes and coaches," reports the Globe.

Not everyone is on board with this undertaking. Mayor Tom Menino told WBUR in March that he would be concerned about the costs of putting in a bid. "Just to apply, to be considered costs $6-8 million -- not refundable either," he told the radio station. "I think it's a far-fetched idea."

The public policy research group Pioneer Institute, which doesn't hold an official position on the bid, also recommends exercising caution when it comes to Boston potentially hosting the games.

"Our view is that any effort to land the Olympics should meet three criteria: it should build the brand of the entire region; it should increase the quality of services currently being provided to residents; and the improvements to services, especially regarding transportation, must be maintained over time," said Jim Stergios, Executive Director of the Pioneer Institute. "The history of world games, whether the Olympics or the World Cup, is replete with overbuilt, underutilized and sometimes even abandoned facilities."

The Olympics' official website says being a host city can "considerably change a community, its image and its infrastructure. Through its scope and profile, the Olympic Games provide major opportunities for positive improvement and significant legacy. These opportunities can include environmental, economic and social development, as well as sporting and urban development."

Earlier this month, Gov. Deval Patrick signed a bill that called for a commission to look in to a potential Olympics bid. According to BostInno, the commission will determine whether the city "can handle the steep influx of athletes, officials, and spectators in terms of 'infrastructure, transportation, lodging, locations for events, costs, benefits and other applicable factors, as per the bill."

Another group is also looking to bring the Summer 2024 Olympics to Boston, the Boston 2024 Organizing Committee. The committee is lead by Eric Reddy, senior charitable sales manager at Boston-based Tickets-for-Charity, according to the Boston Business Journal. The committee has a Facebook page and website urging Bostonians to contact their elected officials to let them know they want Boston to host the games.

Should Boston decide to bid, the city must apply in 2015 and complete several more steps, including participating in an observer program and workshops, in the following two years. The International Olympic Committee then narrows down the field to the candidate cities. In 2017, candidate cities make their final presentations, and the International Olympic Committee then announces which city will host.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to the Olympic Games

**Objective:** To introduce students to the history, significance, and organization of the Olympic Games.

**Materials:** Image of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, article about Boston's bid for the 2024 Summer Olympic Games

**Introduction:** The Olympic Games is an international sports event that takes place every four years. It brings together athletes from different countries to compete in various sports events. In this lesson, we will learn about the history, significance, and organization of the Olympic Games.

**Section 1: History of the Olympic Games**

The Olympic Games began in ancient Greece around 776 BCE. It was a religious festival held in honor of Zeus, the king of the Greek gods. The games were held in Olympia, a city in Greece, and only men who were citizens of Greece were allowed to participate. The games continued for nearly 12 centuries until Emperor Theodosius I banned them in 393 CE as he considered them a pagan ritual.

The modern Olympic Games were revived in 1896 by Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin. Since then, the games have been held every four years, except for during World War I and II. Today, the Olympic Games are considered one of the most prestigious sporting events in the world.

**Section 2: Significance of the Olympic Games**

The Olympic Games are significant for several reasons. Firstly, they bring together athletes from different countries to compete in a spirit of friendly competition. This helps to promote peace and understanding between nations. Secondly, the games showcase the best athletes in various sports and inspire people to pursue excellence in their own lives. Finally, the games serve as a platform for promoting human rights, gender equality, and environmental sustainability.

**Section 3: Organization of the Olympic Games**

The Olympic Games are organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The IOC is a non-governmental organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is composed of representatives from national Olympic committees around the world. The IOC is responsible for selecting the host city for the Olympic Games, organizing the games, and ensuring that the games are run in a fair and transparent manner.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

In conclusion, the Olympic Games is an international sports event that has a rich history dating back to ancient Greece. The games promote peace, understanding, and excellence, and are organized by the IOC. Hosting the Olympic Games brings significant benefits to the host city, including increased tourism, infrastructure development, and national pride.

**Glossary:**
- IOC: International Olympic Committee
- NGO: Non-governmental organization

**Self-Debating Discussion:**

Is hosting the Olympic Games worth the cost and effort? Some argue that the benefits of hosting the games, such as increased tourism and national pride, outweigh the costs. Others argue that the costs, such as the construction of new facilities and the disruption to daily life, are too high and that the benefits are not significant enough to justify the expense. What do you think?


text: I am working on some ideas for a Mother's Day card. I found the idea for this card on Pinterest. You can see the template I used here-. I had to increase the size until it seemed to be the right size for my card. I used Cheery Lynn Designs Trellis die on both sides of the card. I also used their trailing vines that I cut up and placed on the Trellis. The flowers are from a punch I have had for a long time. I hope Mom likes this card but I think I am the one who loves cats. At one time my husband and I had three cats. I think I like the black kitty best since we used to have one just like that! We don't have any now but sometimes I miss having a kitty around.... Here is another pic!. Here is the inside of my Mother's Day card with the sentiment-

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make a Mother's Day Card
Introduction:
Making a Mother's Day card is a fun and thoughtful way to show your appreciation for your mother. In this lesson, we will learn how to make a simple yet beautiful card using basic craft supplies.
Materials:
- Cardstock paper
- Scissors
- Pencil
- Ruler
- Die cut machine (optional)
- Cheery Lynn Designs Trellis die
- Trailing vines from Cheery Lynn Designs
- Flowers from a punch
- Sentiment sticker or stamp
Instructions:
1. Start by choosing a cardstock paper that matches your theme. For this card, we will use a light pink cardstock paper.
2. Using a ruler, measure and mark the center of the cardstock paper. This will be the center of the card.
3. Using a die cut machine or scissors, cut out the Trellis die from Cheery Lynn Designs. You can also use a punch or other die cuts to create a similar design.
4. Place the Trellis die on one side of the card, leaving enough room for the sentiment.
5. Cut up the trailing vines from Cheery Lynn Designs and place them around the Trellis die.
6. Punch out some flowers and place them on the card.
7. Use a sentiment sticker or stamp to add a message to the inside of the card.
Conclusion:
Making a Mother's Day card is a fun and creative way to show your love and appreciation for your mother. By following these simple steps, you can create a beautiful and thoughtful card that she will cherish. Remember to have fun and be creative with your card-making process!


text: ST. PAUL, Minn. -- Kowalski's Markets has increased the frequency of its cooking classes, eliminated fees for most of them, and scheduled some at lunchtime to make the program a more effective tool for marketing the retailer's products and services. With the launch of free "Lunch & Learn" classes that are also repeated in the evenings and on Saturdays, the company aims to boost attendance in order to raise awareness of Kowalski's offerings, said Terry Bennis, vice president of.

textbook:
Lesson: Marketing Through Cooking Classes

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about how Kowalski's Markets has increased the frequency of its cooking classes, eliminated fees for most of them, and scheduled some at lunchtime to make the program a more effective tool for marketing their products and services. We will explore the benefits of offering cooking classes and how they can help increase awareness of a business's offerings.

Section 1: Understanding the Benefits of Cooking Classes

Topic 1: Marketing Through Cooking Classes
- Cooking classes are a great way to showcase a business's products and services.
- They allow customers to interact with the products and services in a hands-on manner.
- Customers can learn new cooking techniques and recipes, which can encourage them to purchase the ingredients needed to recreate the dishes at home.

Topic 2: Building Customer Loyalty
- Offering free cooking classes can attract new customers and build loyalty among existing ones.
- Customers who attend the classes feel valued and appreciated by the business, which can lead to increased loyalty.
- The classes provide an opportunity for customers to socialize and connect with others who share their interests.

Section 2: Planning and Executing Cooking Classes

Topic 1: Determining the Right Topics and Frequency
- Businesses should choose topics that align with their products and services.
- For example, if a business sells gourmet cheeses, they could offer a class on pairing different types of cheese with wine.
- The frequency of the classes should be based on customer demand and the business's resources.

Topic 2: Creating an Engaging Experience
- The classes should be interactive and engaging to keep customers interested and motivated to attend.
- The instructors should be knowledgeable and personable to create a positive learning environment.
- The business can provide samples of the products being used in the class to enhance the experience.

Section 3: Measuring Success and Evaluating Results

Topic 1: Tracking Attendance and Feedback
- Businesses should track attendance and collect feedback from customers to measure the success of the classes.
- This information can be used to improve the classes and attract more customers.
- Positive feedback can be used in marketing materials to promote the classes and the business.

Topic 2: Analyzing Sales Data
- Businesses should analyze sales data before and after the classes to determine if there is an increase in sales of the products being used in the classes.
- If there is an increase in sales, it indicates that the classes are successful in driving business.

Conclusion:
Cooking classes are a valuable marketing tool for businesses. By offering engaging and informative classes, businesses can increase awareness of their products and services while building customer loyalty. By tracking attendance and feedback, as well as analyzing sales data, businesses can measure the success of their classes and make improvements to attract more customers.

Glossary:
- Cooking classes: instructional sessions where participants learn how to prepare a particular dish or technique.
- Marketing: the activity and process of creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, and society at large.
- Customer loyalty: the likelihood that a customer will return to a business due to positive experiences and satisfaction.


text: This ginger thyme plant became home to a beautiful carpet of moss. Now on the second year they are growing spores stalks.. I got the thyme plant as a tender tiny sprig cutting from a friend. It rooted well, survived a couple of winters on the balcony, and now the stalk almost looks like a miniature tree trunk with bark and such.. It has the most amazing fresh smell, a hint of ginger mixed with thyme. I like to sprinkle it on rice.

textbook:
Lesson: Growing Plants Indoors

Introduction:
Growing plants indoors can be a fun and rewarding hobby. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of growing plants indoors, including selecting the right plants, providing the right amount of light, and maintaining proper humidity levels. We will also explore some common mistakes people make when growing plants indoors and how to avoid them.

Section 1: Selecting the Right Plants

Topic 1: Types of Indoor Plants
- There are many different types of indoor plants, including herbs, flowers, and succulents.
- Herbs are great for cooking and adding flavor to dishes.
- Flowers add color and beauty to any room.
- Succulents are easy to care for and require little attention.

Topic 2: Light Requirements
- Some plants require direct sunlight while others prefer indirect light.
- It's important to research the specific light requirements of the plant you are growing before purchasing it.
- Many indoor plants do well near a window with filtered light.

Topic 3: Temperature and Humidity
- Indoor plants need to be kept at a consistent temperature and humidity level.
- Most plants prefer temperatures between 65-75°F and humidity levels around 40-60%.
- Maintaining these levels can be challenging in homes with central heating or air conditioning.

Section 2: Providing the Right Amount of Light

Topic 1: Artificial Light Sources
- If your plant doesn't receive enough natural light, you may need to supplement it with artificial light sources.
- Fluorescent lights are a good option for many indoor plants.
- LED lights are becoming more popular and can provide the right spectrum of light for specific types of plants.

Topic 2: Positioning Your Plant
- Place your plant near a window with filtered light to maximize the amount of natural light it receives.
- Rotate the plant regularly to ensure it receives even light exposure.
- If you use artificial light sources, make sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper placement.

Section 3: Maintaining Proper Humidity Levels

Topic 1: Common Mistakes
- Many indoor plants come from tropical environments where humidity levels are high.
- When grown indoors, these plants may not receive enough humidity, leading to yellowing leaves and stunted growth.
- Misting the leaves of your plant can help increase humidity levels around it.

Topic 2: Other Methods of Increasing Humidity
- Grouping plants together can help create a microclimate with higher humidity levels.
- Placing a tray of water near the plant can help increase humidity as well.
- You can also use a humidifier to maintain proper humidity levels in your home.

Conclusion:
Growing plants indoors can be a fun and rewarding hobby. By selecting the right plants, providing the right amount of light, and maintaining proper humidity levels, you can create a thriving indoor garden. Remember to research the specific needs of your plant and make adjustments as needed. With patience and care, you'll be enjoying the benefits of your indoor garden in no time!

Glossary:
- Indoor plants: Plants that are grown inside buildings or homes.
- Light requirements: The amount and type of light a plant needs to grow healthy and strong.
- Temperature: The warmth or coldness of the environment.
- Humidity: The amount of moisture in the air.
- Microclimate: A small region of the atmosphere that has conditions different from those of the surrounding area.


text:
Donald Trump’s choice for Attorney General may indicate an administration hostile to encryption and online privacy.

Alabama Senator Jeff Sessions, the incoming administration’s Attorney General pick, has long adopted a critical stance against encryption. He has stood in direct opposition to end-to-end encryption, citing his experience in law enforcement when calling for government officials to have complete access to encrypted devices.

Earlier this year, Apple remained in a standoff with the FBI over allowing law enforcement agencies access to a locked device owned by a mass shooter in California, a move highly criticized by Sessions. Trump himself also opposed Apple’s stand while on the campaign trail, insisting that the company be boycotted.

The selection of Sessions for Attorney General of the United States indicates that a Trump administration would be hostile to encryption, and would side with law enforcement agencies over tech companies when making legal and prosecutorial decisions. This gives privacy advocates cause for worry for the next four years.

Downloads for Signal, Snowden-endorsed encrypted messenger, up post-election

An upcoming Trump administration’s promised hostility towards encryption has not gone unnoticed by the nation at large. Following the results of the U.S. presidential election, Signal, the encrypted messaging app by Open Whisper Systems personally recommended by Edward Snowden, saw a significant increase in popularity.

The day before the election, Signal was ranked 98th and 65th in the App Store and Play Store respectively, and over the next two days it rose to 34th and 33rd. This increase in downloads indicates a general sense of fear that the new administration will maintain, and increase, current governmental surveillance powers.

In the face of this election upset, the tech community has come forward with an open letter to Trump encouraging him to minimize some of his potentially more damaging inclinations. The letter calls on the new administration to preserve the right to use encryption, as well as roll back government spying programs.

The encryption community braces for a fight in 2017

As a new presidential administration begins, it presents a new series of challenges for privacy and encryption. While not entirely pro-privacy by a long shot, Hillary Clinton did present some friendly overtures in that area. Her campaign team reportedly used Signal for all its communications, and she sought approval from both Google and Apple in crafting a policy in favor of maintaining end-to-end encryption, instead of having law enforcement agencies relying on hacking encrypted services through the exploitation of weaknesses. An impending Trump presidency would remove this base level of certainty on government policy within this area.

Meanwhile, privacy advocates remain dedicated to fighting for the right to encryption, developing new tools to secure the integrity of digital information. Apple’s CEO Tim Cook, made a strong public stance in favor of encryption, stating that it protects public safety. That stance will inevitably lead to friction with world governments, as Europe is already gearing up to push for a ban on end-to-end encryption.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Encryption and Online Privacy

Introduction:
Encryption is the process of converting data into a code to prevent unauthorized access. It is used to protect sensitive information such as financial data, personal records, and business plans. Online privacy refers to the right to control one's personal data and how it is collected, stored, and used by third parties. In recent years, there has been a growing concern over government surveillance and the need for stronger encryption and online privacy protection.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is to understand the importance of encryption and online privacy in today's digital age.

Section 1: What is Encryption?
Encryption is the process of converting data into a code to prevent unauthorized access. It is used to protect sensitive information such as financial data, personal records, and business plans. Encryption can be achieved through various methods such as symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption uses the same key for both encrypting and decrypting data, while asymmetric encryption uses two different keys - one for encrypting and another for decrypting.

Questions and Answers:
- What is encryption?
- Why is encryption important?
- How does encryption work?
- What are the different types of encryption?

Section 2: Understanding Online Privacy
Online privacy refers to the right to control one's personal data and how it is collected, stored, and used by third parties. It is essential to protect personal information from unauthorized access, theft, or misuse. Online privacy can be achieved through various methods such as using strong passwords, two-factor authentication, and avoiding public Wi-Fi networks.

Questions and Answers:
- What is online privacy?
- Why is online privacy important?
- How can online privacy be protected?
- What are some common threats to online privacy?

Section 3: Government Surveillance and Encryption
Government surveillance refers to the monitoring of citizens' communications and activities by government agencies. In recent years, there has been a growing concern over government surveillance and the need for stronger encryption and online privacy protection. The debate between tech companies and government agencies over encryption has intensified, with many arguing that strong encryption is necessary to protect citizens' rights to privacy.

Questions and Answers:
- What is government surveillance?
- Why is government surveillance a concern?
- What is the debate between tech companies and government agencies over encryption?
- What are some examples of government surveillance programs?

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding encryption and online privacy is crucial in today's digital age. Encryption is a powerful tool that can protect sensitive information from unauthorized access. Online privacy is the right to control one's personal data and how it is collected, stored, and used by third parties. Government surveillance is a growing concern, and stronger encryption and online privacy protection are necessary to protect citizens' rights to privacy. By understanding these concepts, individuals can make informed decisions about their personal data and protect themselves from potential threats.

Glossary:
- Encryption: The process of converting data into a code to prevent unauthorized access.
- Online Privacy: The right to control one's personal data and how it is collected, stored, and used by third parties.
- Government Surveillance: The monitoring of citizens' communications and activities by government agencies.


text: The increasing use of sensor technologies and dramatically changing healthcare infrastructure in the developing economies such as India and China would have very positive impact on the growth of the BCI technology market. However, the lack of professional with expertise in handling BCI systems, cyber security issues and ethical considerations would have an adverse impact on the growth of the market.. The Report highlights the adoption of BCI market, Europe. The countries included in the report are Germany, UK, France, Russia, Spain, Italy and Rest of Europe. The Key Topics Covered are: Market Scope & Methodology, Europe BCI Market- By Type, Application or Country and Company Profiles.. Companies. - Nihon Koden Corporation. - Mind Solutions, Inc.. - Advanced Brain Monitoring, Inc.. - Quantum Applied Science and Research, Inc.. - Cadwell Laboratories, Inc.. - OpenBCI. - Cortech Solutions, Inc.. - Neurosky, Inc.. - Emotiv, Inc.. - Guger Technologies OEG. For more information about BCI/EEG press here.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Technology

## Section 1: What is BCI Technology?

BCI technology is a rapidly growing field that focuses on creating interfaces between the brain and computer devices. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with computers and other electronic devices, enabling people with disabilities to control their environment using only their thoughts.

## Section 2: How does BCI Technology work?

BCI technology works by recording brain signals and translating them into digital commands that can be interpreted by computer devices. This is done using sensors placed on the scalp or implanted directly into the brain. These sensors detect electrical activity in the brain and convert it into digital signals that can be used to control computer devices, such as prosthetic limbs or virtual reality environments.

## Section 3: Applications of BCI Technology

BCI technology has a wide range of applications, including:

1. Assistive technology for people with disabilities: BCI technology can help people with paralysis or other mobility impairments to control their environment using only their thoughts.
2. Virtual reality: BCI technology can be used to create immersive virtual reality environments that respond to the user's thoughts and movements.
3. Gaming: BCI technology can be used to create games that respond to the player's brain signals, allowing for a more interactive and personalized gaming experience.
4. Medical research: BCI technology can be used to study brain activity and develop new treatments for neurological disorders.

## Section 4: Challenges and Future of BCI Technology

While BCI technology has great potential, there are several challenges that need to be addressed before it can become widely available. One of the main challenges is the development of accurate and reliable sensors that can detect brain signals without interfering with normal brain function. Additionally, there are concerns about the privacy and security of brain data, as well as the potential for misuse of this technology.

Despite these challenges, the future of BCI technology looks promising. As research continues, it is expected that the technology will become more advanced and affordable, making it accessible to a wider range of people. This could lead to new applications and breakthroughs in fields such as medicine, education, and entertainment.

## Glossary:
- BCI: Brain-Computer Interface
- EEG: Electroencephalogram
- fNIRS: Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
- MEG: Magnetoencephalography
- NIRS: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

## Conclusion:
In conclusion, BCI technology is a rapidly growing field that has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with computers and other electronic devices. While there are still challenges to overcome, the future of this technology looks promising. By understanding the basics of BCI technology and its applications, individuals can begin to explore the possibilities of this exciting field.


text: Extra Hand, Anyone?. Ever held a flashlight in your teeth to make a plumbing or auto repair? Well, these flashlight holders can save your teeth and your neck. Both holders have a 9-in. flexible neck that bends 90 degrees and rotates 360 degrees. The tapered spring clip firmly grips flashlights ranging from 3/4 in. to 2 in. in diameter. The spring clamp version can be secured to any object up to 2 in. thick. The magnetic version has a powerful disc magnet that can cling to appliances, vehicles and many flat metal surfaces. You can even stick this version to a drill press table so a flashlight can illuminate your work.. The Lisle holder with a magnetic base () sells for about $20, and the clamp version () for about $30 online and at some auto parts stores. Find out more at .. Plus, check out The Coolest Yard Tools You’ve Ever Seen..

textbook:
Lesson: How to Use a Flashlight Holder
Introduction:
A flashlight holder is a useful tool that can help you work efficiently and safely. It is designed to hold a flashlight in place, allowing you to use both hands freely while working. In this lesson, we will learn how to use a flashlight holder and understand its benefits.
Section 1: Understanding the Benefits of a Flashlight Holder
- A flashlight holder can save your teeth and neck by holding the flashlight in place, preventing you from having to hold it with your hands.
- A flashlight holder allows you to use both hands freely while working, making it easier to perform tasks such as reading or repairing something.
- A flashlight holder can be used in a variety of situations, such as when working on a car engine or reading in bed.
Section 2: Types of Flashlight Holders
- There are two types of flashlight holders: one with a spring clamp and one with a magnetic base.
- The spring clamp version can be secured to any object up to 2 inches thick, while the magnetic version can cling to appliances, vehicles, and many flat metal surfaces.
Section 3: Using a Flashlight Holder
- To use a flashlight holder, first ensure that the flashlight is securely attached to the holder.
- Once the flashlight is in place, you can use both hands freely to work on whatever task you need to complete.
- If you need to adjust the angle of the flashlight, simply adjust the neck of the holder.
Section 4: Practical Examples
- Imagine you are changing the oil in your car. Instead of holding the flashlight with your hand, you can use a flashlight holder to keep your hand free to work on the car.
- Alternatively, if you are reading in bed and don't want to hold a flashlight, you can use a flashlight holder to keep the light directed at your book without having to hold it.
Section 5: Conclusion
In conclusion, a flashlight holder is a useful tool that can help you work efficiently and safely. By holding the flashlight in place, you can use both hands freely to complete tasks such as working on a car engine or reading in bed. There are two types of flashlight holders: one with a spring clamp and one with a magnetic base. To use a flashlight holder, simply attach the flashlight securely to the holder and use both hands freely to work on your task.
Glossary:
- Flashlight holder: A tool that holds a flashlight in place, allowing you to use both hands freely while working.
- Spring clamp: A type of flashlight holder that can be secured to any object up to 2 inches thick.
- Magnetic base: A type of flashlight holder that has a powerful disc magnet that can cling to appliances, vehicles, and many flat metal surfaces.
- Neck: The flexible part of the flashlight holder that can be adjusted to change the angle of the light.


text: Horwitz & Armstrong’s attorneys have a great deal of experience representing clients in the broad spectrum of corporate finance transactions. Our firm serves as counsel to many companies, both public and private, as well as underwriters and investors. We pride ourselves on provide quality service related to the many technical legal issues involved in corporate finance transactions in a cost-effective manner.. Our attorneys assist our business clients in the various reporting requirements to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and all other requirements for compliance with the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Sarbanes-Oxley and Dodd-Frank regulations.. Securities services we offer include:

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Corporate Finance

## Section 1: What is Corporate Finance?
Corporate finance is the study of how businesses raise money and invest that money to grow their operations. This involves making decisions about which projects to invest in, how much money to borrow, and how much money to pay out in dividends to shareholders.

## Section 2: Why is Corporate Finance Important?
Corporate finance is important because it helps businesses make smart financial decisions that will help them grow and be successful. By understanding how to manage their finances, businesses can avoid running out of money, make wise investments, and keep their shareholders happy.

## Section 3: How does Corporate Finance Work?
Corporate finance works by analyzing financial data to make informed decisions about investments. This involves looking at things like cash flow, profit margins, and return on investment (ROI). Businesses use this information to determine which projects are worth investing in and how much money they should borrow to fund those projects.

## Section 4: Types of Corporate Finance
There are several types of corporate finance, including:
- Equity financing: This involves raising money by selling shares of stock in the company.
- Debt financing: This involves borrowing money from a lender, such as a bank or bondholder.
- Leasing: This involves renting equipment or property instead of buying it outright.
- Grants: This involves receiving money from a government or other organization without having to repay it.

## Section 5: How to Apply Corporate Finance Skills
To apply corporate finance skills, you need to understand how to analyze financial data and make informed decisions based on that data. This involves looking at things like cash flow, profit margins, and ROI. You also need to be able to communicate these findings to others in your organization so that everyone is on the same page.

## Glossary:
- Cash flow: The amount of money coming into and going out of a business over a certain period of time.
- Profit margin: The percentage of revenue left after subtracting costs.
- Return on investment (ROI): A measure of how well an investment is performing compared to its cost.
- Equity: The difference between a company's assets and liabilities.
- Debt: Money that is owed or borrowed.
- Lease: A contract giving the right to use property for a specified period of time in exchange for payment.
- Grant: Money given by a government or other organization for a specific purpose without having to repay it.

## Conclusion:
By understanding corporate finance, you can help your business make smart financial decisions that will help it grow and be successful. By applying these skills, you can analyze financial data, make informed investment decisions, and communicate these findings to others in your organization.


text:
Traumatic rupture of angiomyolipoma: a case report.
To describe a case of traumatic rupture of renal angiomyolipoma (AML). The images and clinical data of the present case are presented. A rare case with exuberant clinical presentation of a perirenal hematoma resulting from traumatic rupture of renal AML is presented with a brief review of the role of ultrasound (US) and body-CT in the diagnosis of this pathology and its complications. Whenever there is a collection detected by US in the various anatomic renal spaces, in a patient with flank pain and low hemoglobin shortly after abdominal trauma, it is advisable to perform abdominal CT and search for a hematoma. Small amounts of fat, detected by US and body-CT, may lead to the diagnosis of an underlying AML that can rupture, even in the case minor forces are applied to the kidney.

textbook:
Lesson: Traumatic Rupture of Angiomyolipoma

**Introduction:**
Angiomyolipomas are benign tumors that originate from perivascular cells in the kidney. They are composed of blood vessels, smooth muscle, and fat. Although these tumors are usually non-cancerous, they can cause significant complications if they rupture. In this lesson, we will learn about the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for traumatic rupture of angiomyolipomas.

**Section 1: Causes and Symptoms**
The exact cause of angiomyolipomas is not well understood. However, it is believed that genetic factors play a role in their development. These tumors are more common in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex, a genetic disorder that affects the skin, brain, and other organs.

Traumatic rupture of angiomyolipomas is a rare but serious complication. It occurs when the tumor breaks open, releasing blood and other contents into the surrounding tissue. This can cause severe pain, bleeding, and potentially life-threatening internal bleeding. Other symptoms may include fever, chills, and weakness.

**Section 2: Diagnosis and Treatment**
Diagnosis of traumatic rupture of angiomyolipomas typically involves imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These tests can help identify the location, size, and characteristics of the tumor, as well as any associated complications.

Treatment options for traumatic rupture of angiomyolipomas depend on the severity of the condition and the presence of other health issues. In some cases, conservative management may be appropriate, involving pain control, fluid and electrolyte replacement, and monitoring for signs of bleeding. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the ruptured tumor and repair any associated damage.

**Section 3: Case Study**
A 52-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with left lower quadrant pain and a drop in hemoglobin level. She reported a history of abdominal trauma several weeks prior, but had not sought medical attention until now. Physical examination revealed tenderness in the left lower quadrant without any guarding or rebound tenderness. Ultrasound demonstrated a large hematoma in the perirenal space.

CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis confirmed the presence of a large hematoma and a 7 cm angiomyolipoma in the left kidney. The patient underwent emergent nephrectomy, and the pathology report confirmed the diagnosis of angiomyolipoma with rupture.

**Conclusion**
Traumatic rupture of angiomyolipomas is a rare but serious complication that can cause severe pain, bleeding, and potentially life-threatening internal bleeding. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for this condition can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about patient care.

**Glossary:**
- Angiomyolipoma: a benign tumor that originates from perivascular cells in the kidney, composed of blood vessels, smooth muscle, and fat.
- Tuberous sclerosis complex: a genetic disorder that affects the skin, brain, and other organs.
- Ultrasound: a non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of internal structures.
- Computed tomography (CT): a medical imaging technique that uses x-rays and computer algorithms to create detailed images of the body.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): a medical imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the body.
- Nephrectomy: the surgical removal of a kidney.