text:
Yuru-chara

is a Japanese term for a category of mascot characters; usually created to promote a place or region, event, organisation or business. They are characterized by their kawaii (cute) and unsophisticated designs, often incorporating motifs that represent local culture, history or produce. They may be created by local government or other organizations to stimulate tourism and economic development, or created by a company to build on their corporate identity. They may appear as costumed characters (or kigurumi) at promotional events and festivals. Yuru-chara has become a popular and lucrative business, with character-driven sales reaching nearly $16 billion in Japan in 2012.

Popular yuru-chara include Kumamon, Funassyi, and Chiitan, who have gained international recognition and have reached celebrity status in Japan.

Etymology
The name yuru-chara is a contraction of . The adjective  generally means "loose", but in this application it has a number of connotations including "gentle" or "weak", "laid-back", light-hearted or "unimportant".

The term  has also become popular in reference specifically to local mascots, which is the large majority of yuru-kyara.

Concept
The term was coined by illustrator and cultural critic  in the early 2000s, and despite the negative connotations the title has been embraced by fans and promoters. Miura has stated that there are three main requirements that make a yuru-chara:

 It must convey a strong message of love for one's hometown or local region
 The character's movements or behaviour should be unique and unstable or awkward
 The character should be unsophisticated or laid-back (yurui) and lovable

Some of these imply that the mascot must exist in kigurumi form.

Yuru-chara are often designed by amateur artists, and many designs are seen as naive or poorly executed, or can appear to oversimplify what they represent. These characteristics generally add to their appeal, but occasionally can cause the opposite reaction: The unveiling of Sento-kun in 2008 created a lot of negative publicity, since he was regarded as "ugly" and even "blasphemous".

These "amateurish" or flawed aspects are what set yuru-chara apart from professionally created corporate mascots (e.g. Domo-kun), professional sports mascots (such as those of Nippon Professional Baseball teams), and commercially oriented characters such as Hello Kitty and Rilakkuma - all of which are also commonplace in Japan.

Popularity
The popularity of mascots like yuru-chara in Japan has been linked to historical emotional bonds to non-human characters, such as in ancient polytheism. There are also many different yōkai in Japanese folklore, and certain types of yōkai such as kappa and tanuki have been the basis for several yuru-chara designs.

Although the concept had been around for some time, the start of the "yuru-chara boom" is accredited to Hikonyan, who was created in 2007 to mark the 400th anniversary of the founding of Hikone Castle and created a significant increase in tourism and merchandise sales for castle and the city.

Since then, the number of yuru-chara increased throughout the country. Festivals and other events dedicated to these mascots were created, such as the  held in various locations since 2008. Some mascots have also appeared in international conventions, such as Funassyi and Kumamon in the 2014 Japan Expo in Paris, France; and a small group in the 2014 Japan Matsuri in London.

 is an online database which collects information about gotōchi-chara, yuru-chara and local heroes from user submissions. On October 2014 it surpassed 3,000 character entries.

The proliferation of yuru-chara by has become problematic in some regions. In 2014, the Osaka government expressed concern that there were too many local mascots, and it was diluting brand identity.

Chiitan, an unofficial mascot for Susaki, Kōchi Prefecture, became popular due to its chaotic and often violent behavior, which generated significant controversy.

Yuru-chara Grand Prix
2010 saw the start of the , an annual event where the most popular mascot is determined by public voting. Previous winners include Hikonyan and Kumamon.

There were 1,727 entrants in the 2015 Grand Prix, over ten times the number in the first contest. 1092 entries consisted of gotōchi-chara (local characters), and 635 were corporate or other characters. Results were announced on 23 November with 50.57 million total internet votes (over twice the number of votes in 2014) and almost seven million votes going to the winning mascot, Shusse Daimyō Ieyasu-kun. Around 77,000 people attended the awards event in Hamamatsu.

Records
Yuru-chara gatherings have been involved in creating two Guinness World Records:
 Largest mascot dance: 134 mascots danced together in Huis Ten Bosch theme park in 2013.
 Largest gathering of mascots: 376 mascots at the 4th annual Yuru-chara Summit in Hanyū, 2013.

Features

Yuru-chara try to portray some aspect of the place they are representing, be it local produce, a historical figure or legend, local wildlife, architecture or geography. This is often incorporated into their physical appearance in an amusing or unusual way, e.g. Fukkachan (ふっかちゃん), mascot of Fukaya has two green onions sprouting out of its head (green onions being a popular product of Fukaya). Their name may also be a play on words, such as with Kumamon.

In public appearances, most yuru-chara are silent, and usually act in a playful or childish manner. Some exceptions include Funassyi and  who do talk in character, but neither are officially affiliated with any local government.

Merchandise
Many yuru-chara have various associated merchandise as an alternative source of income. These typically include stuffed toys, keychains, sticker sets for Line (a popular instant messaging system in Japan) and stationery. As an acknowledgement of the large adult fanbase of yuru-chara, there are also some more adult-oriented products such as sake and themed credit cards.

Music
Yuru-chara often have a theme song with related dance routine, such as Kumamon's  which has seen over 2.6 million views on YouTube. Funassyi has also released two novelty singles in 2013 and 2014, and an album in 2014. A band also formed in 2013 called  - the name being a play on the group AKB48 and the number of prefectures in Japan - which consists of six yuru-chara who play instruments live in costume and singer/guitarist Yohsuke Ishida. They have also released a single, and often perform at yuru-chara events.

Video games
In 2014, Bandai Namco Games released the video game  on Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. It is a sugoroku-style party game where players travel around Japan and encounter gotōchi-chara (120 are featured in the game) along with local products and specialities. The character  was created to promote the game, and was entered into the 2014 Yuru-chara Grand Prix.

Funassyi and Kumamon have made appearances in 2014 releases of the Taiko no Tatsujin video games. Kumamon also featured in the 2014 3DS game Yo-Kai Watch 2.

See also
Chibi (slang)
Choruru
Funassyi
Hikonyan
Kigurumi, costumed characters
Kumamon
Mayumaro
Shimanekko, the mascot character for Shimane Prefecture

References

Further reading

External links

Japan National Tourism Organization - Yuruchara
Yuru-chara Grand Prix official website (in Japanese)
Japan Local Character Association (in Japanese)
Gotōchi-chara Catalogue (ご当地キャラカタログ, in Japanese)

Category:Japanese mascots
Category:Advertising characters
Category:Japanese popular culture

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Yuru-chara

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of Yuru-chara and its significance in Japanese culture.

**Glossary:**
- Yuru-chara: A Japanese term for a category of mascot characters.
- Kawaii: Cute.
- Kigurumi: Costumed characters.
- Yuru: Loose.

**Section 1: Introduction**

Yuru-chara is a type of character that is commonly found in Japan. These characters are used to promote places or regions, events, organizations, or businesses. They are designed to be cute and simple, often incorporating local motifs that represent culture, history, or produce.

**Section 2: Understanding Yuru-chara**

Yuru-chara has become a popular and lucrative business in Japan. They are used to create a sense of identity for companies and organizations, and to attract tourists to certain areas. These characters can be seen at events and festivals, where they interact with people and help to promote the place or organization they represent.

**Section 3: Examples of Yuru-chara**

There are many examples of Yuru-chara in Japan. Some of the most famous include Kumamon, Funassyi, and Chiitan. These characters have gained international recognition and have become celebrities in their own right.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

Yuru-chara is an important part of Japanese culture. They are used to promote businesses, organizations, and regions, and to create a sense of identity and community. By understanding the concept of Yuru-chara and its significance in Japanese society, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the country's unique culture.


text:
Immune responses during human schistosomiasis. XII. Differential responsiveness in patients with hepatosplenic disease.
Thirty-four hospitalized patients and 12 ambulatory patients, all with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni were evaluated in regard to their peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMN) cell responses to schistosomal antigenic preparations and compared with groups of 40 patients with the hepatointestinal form and 39 patients with the more common, chronic intestinal form of schistosomiasis mansoni. PBMN cell blastogenic responses were measured upon exposure to schistosomal egg antigens (SEA), adult worm antigens (SWAP) and a cercarial antigenic preparation (CERC). All groups had some individuals who did not respond to some or all of these preparations. In the hospitalized hepatosplenic group greater than 50% did not respond to SEA. Analysis of the responses in each group revealed that all responders could be subdivided into moderate and high responders. High responders to SEA had experimental minus control values of greater than 8,000 counts per minute (CPM). For SWAP and CERC, this arbitrary cut-off value was greater than 25,000 CPM and greater than 11,000 CPM, respectively. The percent of high SEA responders in the groups differed considerably. This was 23% in the chronic intestinal group, 40% in the chronic hepatointestinal group, 67% for ambulatory hepatosplenic patients and 20% for hospitalized hepatosplenic patients. Previous studies had demonstrated that 94% of patients with early (2-3 month) acute schistosomiasis mansoni were high responders to SEA and none were nonresponders. Furthermore, at the other end of the spectrum, 100% of former schistosomiasis mansoni patients (treated and cured 7-35 years previously) were high responders to SEA. None were nonresponders to any of the antigen preparations. It is proposed that during acute infection all patients express vigorous responses to SEA. Upon continued infection most patients (75%) modulate this florid response. However, continued high responders comprise 40% of the chronic hepatointestinal cases and almost 70% of the ambulatory hepatosplenic patients. These latter 2 groups may likely represent early forms of the severe clinical disease found in the hospitalized hepatosplenic patient population. Fifty percent of the hospitalized group appear anergic and no longer respond to SEA, while only 20% are high responders. Long after chemotherapy it appears that the anti-SEA regulatory mechanisms of former chronic patients have subsided, leaving strong anti-SEA responsiveness.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding Immune Responses in Schistosomiasis

Introduction:
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the tegumentary larvae of blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The immune response to schistosomiasis is complex and involves both innate and adaptive immunity. In this lesson, we will focus on the immune response in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni.

Section 1: Understanding the Immune Response in Schistosomiasis

1.1. What is the difference between the hepatosplenic and hepatointestinal forms of schistosomiasis?
The hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis is characterized by severe hepatosplenomegaly, while the hepatointestinal form is characterized by inflammation of the liver, spleen, and intestines. Patients with the hepatosplenic form typically present with more severe symptoms and complications.

1.2. How does the immune system respond to schistosomal antigens?
When the body is exposed to schistosomal antigens, the immune system mounts an immune response involving both innate and adaptive immunity. This includes the activation of PBMN cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response.

1.3. What is blastogenesis, and how is it measured?
Blastogenesis is the process by which PBMN cells become activated and proliferate in response to an antigen. This process is measured by counting the number of radioactive or fluorescent molecules released by the cells, which can be detected using a machine called a scintillation counter or a flow cytometer.

Section 2: Analyzing the Immune Response in Patients with Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis Mansoni

2.1. What is the difference between moderate and high responders to schistosomal antigens?
Moderate responders have experimental minus control values of between 8,000 and 25,000 CPM for SEA, and between 25,000 and 11,000 CPM for SWAP and CERC. High responders have experimental minus control values greater than these thresholds.

2.2. Why do some patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis not respond to schistosomal antigens?
Some patients may have a genetic predisposition to not respond to certain antigens, or they may have been exposed to the parasite for a long time, leading to immunological tolerance.

Section 3: Applying Knowledge of Immune Responses in Schistosomiasis

3.1. How can understanding the immune response in schistosomiasis help in diagnosis and treatment?
Understanding the immune response can help in diagnosing patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, as well as identifying those who may not respond to certain treatments. Additionally, understanding the immune response can inform the development of new treatments and vaccines for the disease.

Conclusion:
In summary, the immune response in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni is complex and involves both innate and adaptive immunity. By understanding the differences between the hepatosplenic and hepatointestinal forms of the disease, as well as the mechanisms behind the immune response, we can better diagnose and treat patients with this parasitic disease.

Glossary:
- PBMN cells: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response.
- Blastogenesis: The process by which PBMN cells become activated and proliferate in response to an antigen.
- CPM: Counts per minute, a unit used to measure the number of radioactive or fluorescent molecules released by cells.
- Scintillation counter: A machine used to detect radioactive materials by measuring the amount of light produced when the material interacts with a scintillator.
- Flow cytometer: A device used to analyze and sort cells based on their size, shape, and other characteristics.


text:
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a device for incinerating used oil sorbent pads, oil socks and other materials used for cleaning up oil spills. The device comprises a steel drum lid and a flue which includes a dome screen, with the lid adapted to be mounted on and secured to existing waste containers thereby enabling waste to be burned and disposed of in situ.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Several varieties of cyclone furnaces and cyclonic incinerators are known, such as for burning fuels, supplying hot gaseous products of combustion for use in dehydration, some introducing waste tangentially through a tube or other suitable means into horizontally or vertically disposed chambers, and others having internal structures that are modified to promote greater combustion, among other forms and uses. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,707,444 to Van Loon discloses a cyclone furnace for burning fine grained fuels that are entrained in a portion of the combustion medium which is introduced tangentially into a refractory-material lined chamber. The remaining part of the medium is introduced tangentially into the chamber through a second inlet, and liquid slag is discharged through an outlet that is tangential to the interior chamber wall in a direction opposite to the direction of helical movement of fuel particles.
U.S. Patent No. 3,179,150 to Arnold concerns a furnace for use in dehydration in which combustion is completed within a refractory-lined combustion chamber so that no flame will be communicated through a flue. Within the chamber, vortex currents of secondary air are opposed to currents of primary air and to burning gases traversing the cylindrical chamber circumferentially in the opposite sense of rotation from the vortex currents of secondary air. When the opposing currents meet at substantial velocities, the impact of the gases upon each other promotes agitation with consequent intermixing so as to result in completion of combustion before the gases resume motion toward the flue.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,865,054 to Monroe, Jr., a cyclonic incinerator having a start-up temperature of 1,600.degree. F. to 3,000.degree. F. is disclosed wherein the selected temperature is achieved through use of an auxiliary burner. Waste introduced tangentially through feeding means at one end of the chamber is caught up in the rapid cyclonic flow of hot gases in the chamber and is rapidly combusted. The waste can be propelled into the chamber by air or fuel, and rows of nozzles direct air tangentially into the combustion chamber wherein combustion preferably is started by an auxiliary burner axially positioned in one end of the chamber. U.S. Pat. No. 4,002,127 to Angus concerns a cyclone structure for use in controlling the flow of two fluid streams to create a localized inward radial flow and thus is remote from the purpose and features of the present invention.
It can readily be appreciated that these references, either singly or in combination, do not suggest or infer the cyclone furnace of the present invention which provides for, in the preferred embodiment, the combustion in situ of materials used for cleaning up oil spills while causing little pollution and leaving a residue of only a few inches of ashes. Reviewing the cited patents, in Van Loon, the combustion furnace is adapted to the burning of fine grained fuels, such as entrained granular fuel particles, the chamber is specifically contoured to accommodate and mix gases and as shown and taught could not accommodate waste materials, requires at least two tangential inlets and an outlet for liquid slag, and could not be easily manually transported, among other distinctions from the present invention. The device in Arnold also is unsuited for burning waste materials for virtually all of the reasons cited above in relation to Van Loon and, in addition, the refractory lined chamber is configured so that no flame will be communicated through the flue. The cyclonic incinerator in Monroe, Jr. has temperature requirements that alone distinguish it from the present invention and, in addition, requires rows of nozzles for directing air tangentially into the combustion chamber and an auxiliary burner axially positioned in one end of the chamber. As stated infra, the Angus device is configured to control the flow of two fluid streams so as to create a localized inward radial flow thereof.

textbook:
Lesson Title: How to Incinerate Used Oil Sorbent Pads and Other Materials for Cleaning Up Oil Spills

Level: Primary through High School

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about a device that helps in incinerating used oil sorbent pads, oil socks, and other materials used for cleaning up oil spills. We will discuss the prior art, the components of the device, and the process of incineration.

Section 1: Background Information

1.1 What is incineration?
Incineration is the process of burning waste materials to reduce their volume and produce heat. It is an effective method of disposing of hazardous wastes, including used oil sorbent pads and oil socks.

1.2 Why is it important to incinerate used oil sorbent pads and other materials used for cleaning up oil spills?
Incineration helps in reducing the amount of waste that ends up in landfills and the environment. It also helps in reducing the risk of fires and explosions caused by the accumulation of flammable gases in landfills.

Section 2: Components of the Device

2.1 Steel Drum Lid
The steel drum lid is designed to fit securely over existing waste containers, allowing waste to be burned and disposed of in situ.

2.2 Flue
The flue is a pipe that carries smoke and gas away from the device. It includes a dome screen, which helps in preventing sparks and embers from escaping and causing fires.

2.3 Dome Screen
The dome screen is a metal mesh that covers the top of the flue. It helps in preventing sparks and embers from escaping and causing fires.

Section 3: Process of Incineration

3.1 Preheating
Before starting the incineration process, the device must be preheated to a temperature of at least 800°F (427°C). This can be done using propane or natural gas.

3.2 Loading Waste
Once the device is preheated, used oil sorbent pads, oil socks, and other materials used for cleaning up oil spills can be loaded into the steel drum lid.

3.3 Ignition
A small amount of waste should be ignited to start the incineration process. The waste should be ignited using a torch or a similar device.

3.4 Burning
Once the waste is ignited, the door of the steel drum lid should be closed to create a sealed environment. The waste will then begin to burn, producing heat and smoke.

3.5 Ash Removal
As the waste burns, ash will accumulate at the bottom of the steel drum lid. The ash should be removed periodically to prevent the device from overheating.

Section 4: Glossary

Ash: The residue left after waste has been incinerated.

Flue: A pipe that carries smoke and gas away from the device.

Incineration: The process of burning waste materials to reduce their volume and produce heat.

Sorbent: A material that absorbs and retains oil or other liquids.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about a device that helps in incinerating used oil sorbent pads, oil socks, and other materials used for cleaning up oil spills. We discussed the components of the device, the process of incineration, and defined key terms. We also emphasized the importance of incineration in reducing waste and preventing fires and explosions. By applying the skills gained from this lesson, we can help in reducing the environmental impact of oil spills and other hazardous wastes.


text: Angie Turner. ESOL. Angie Turner is an ESOL teacher who works with children who speak another language. She helps these students increase his/her English language skills. After graduating from the University of Georgia in 1998, Mrs. Turner has been teaching at County Line. In 2001, she then earned her Masters in Education from Piedmont College.. Mrs. Turner knew that she wanted to be a teacher since she was 8 years old. She had never wavered from this career choice. She enjoys working with children and helping them perform to the highest of his/her abilities.. This site provides information using PDF, visit this link to download the Adobe Acrobat Reader DC software.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to ESOL Teaching

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages) teaching and its importance in today's diverse classrooms. We will explore the role of an ESOL teacher, the challenges they face, and the strategies they use to help students improve their English language skills.

**Section 1: What is ESOL?**

ESOL stands for English for Speakers of Other Languages. It is a program designed to help students who speak another language learn English. These students may come from all over the world and bring with them a wealth of cultural knowledge and experiences. However, they may also face challenges such as language barriers, cultural differences, and social adjustment issues.

**Section 2: The Role of an ESOL Teacher**

An ESOL teacher plays a crucial role in helping students overcome these challenges and succeed in the classroom. They work with students one-on-one or in small groups to improve their English language skills. They also collaborate with other teachers to create inclusive and supportive learning environments.

**Section 3: Strategies for Teaching ESOL**

There are many strategies that ESOL teachers can use to help students improve their English language skills. Some of these strategies include:

1. Building background knowledge: Before teaching new material, ESOL teachers should help students build background knowledge by introducing vocabulary words and concepts that students may already know from their own culture.

2. Scaffolding instruction: ESOL teachers should gradually increase the level of difficulty in their instruction to help students build on their existing knowledge and skills.

3. Providing explicit instruction: ESOL teachers should provide clear and direct instruction on grammar, vocabulary, and other language skills.

4. Using visuals and realia: ESOL teachers can use pictures, objects, and other visual aids to help students connect new language with real-world experiences.

5. Encouraging collaboration: ESOL teachers should encourage students to work together and engage in meaningful conversations with their peers.

**Section 4: Challenges Faced by ESOL Teachers**

ESOL teachers face many challenges when working with students who speak another language. Some of these challenges include:

1. Language barriers: Students may struggle to understand and express themselves in English.

2. Cultural differences: Students may have different cultural norms and values that affect their behavior and interactions with others.

3. Limited exposure to English: Students may not have enough opportunities to practice their English language skills outside of the classroom.

4. Low self-esteem: Students may feel self-conscious about their language abilities and may avoid participating in class activities.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

In conclusion, ESOL teaching is an important field that helps students overcome language barriers and succeed in the classroom. By using effective teaching strategies and addressing the unique challenges faced by ESOL students, teachers can help these students achieve their full potential.

**Glossary:**

- ESOL: English for Speakers of Other Languages
- ELLs: English Language Learners
- Scaffolding: Gradually increasing the level of difficulty in instruction
- Realia: Objects and pictures used to teach language skills
- Collaboration: Working together to achieve a common goal

**Self-Debate Discussion:**

1. How can ESOL teachers ensure that their instruction is inclusive and supports all students, regardless of their language or cultural backgrounds?
2. What are some ways that students can practice their English language skills outside of the classroom?
3. How can ESOL teachers help students build confidence in their language abilities?


text: According to a new Poll, Donald Trump’s approval rating has hit 48%.. Rasmussen:. The Rasmussen Reports daily Presidential Tracking Poll for Tuesday shows that 48% of Likely U.S. Voters approve of President Trump’s job performance. Fifty-one percent (51%) disapprove.. The latest figures include 36% who Strongly Approve of the job Trump is doing and 42% who Strongly Disapprove. This gives him a Presidential Approval Index rating of -6. (see trends).. On February 5th, 2011 Rasmussen found Obama’s approval rating to be 46%.. As The Gateway Pundit pointed out it is amazing to have such good Poll with such horrible press coverage.. Despite 92% Negative Press… President Trump Approval Tops Obama by 2 Points At Same Point in His Presidency @RealDonaldTrump @BarackObama @Drudge via @gatewaypundit. — Jim Hoft (@gatewaypundit) February 5, 2019

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Polls and Approval Ratings

Introduction:
Polls and approval ratings are important tools used to measure public opinion about leaders, policies, and issues. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of polls and approval ratings, how they are conducted, and how to interpret them.

Section 1: What is a Poll?
A poll is a survey conducted by a group of people to collect information about people's opinions, preferences, or behaviors. Polls are used to gather data on a wide range of topics, including politics, entertainment, and consumer products.

Section 2: How are Polls Conducted?
Polls are conducted through various methods, including telephone surveys, online surveys, and in-person interviews. The most common method is the random digit dialing (RDD) technique, which involves calling randomly selected phone numbers to conduct interviews.

Section 3: What is an Approval Rating?
An approval rating is a measure of how many people approve or disapprove of a leader or policy. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the population. For example, if 50% of people approve of a leader's job performance, their approval rating would be 50%.

Section 4: Interpreting Poll Results
When interpreting poll results, it is essential to consider the margin of error. The margin of error is the range of values that represent the sampling error of the poll. A small margin of error means that the poll is more accurate.

Section 5: Real-World Examples
Polls and approval ratings play a significant role in politics. For instance, during an election campaign, candidates' approval ratings can significantly impact their chances of winning. In addition, polls are used to gauge public opinion on specific policies or issues.

Conclusion:
Understanding polls and approval ratings is crucial in today's world, where public opinion plays a vital role in decision-making processes. By learning about the basics of polls and approval ratings, you can better understand and interpret the data presented in the media. Remember to consider the margin of error when interpreting poll results and to think critically about the information presented.


text:
Welcome to the E46Fanatics forums. E46Fanatics is the premiere website for BMW 3 series owners around the world with interactive forums, a geographical enthusiast directory, photo galleries, and technical information for BMW enthusiasts.

You are currently viewing our boards as a guest which gives you limited access to view most discussions and access our other features. By joining our free community you will have access to post topics, communicate privately with other members (PM), respond to polls, upload content and access many other special features. Registration is fast, simple and absolutely free so please, join our community today!

If you have any problems with the registration process or your account login, please contact contact us.

John traced all the wires and they trace through correctly. We are now checking ot see if it's in the CAN bus. ProEFI is providing lots of help. It's the first Z4M they've done so there will be a learning curve.

John and ProEFI made progress but there was potentially a wiring issue with the connection between the DSC and the computer In the ProEFI harness. We put the car back to stock and it is fine, plug in the ProEFI and we get DSC errors. While waiting on that, John has been replacing the 3 failed Walbro's in Ben's M3 which has sucked up a lot of his time. Hopefully ProEFI has a solution and we can get back on the Z4M shortly.

John and ProEFI made progress but there was potentially a wiring issue with the connection between the DSC and the computer In the ProEFI harness. We put the car back to stock and it is fine, plug in the ProEFI and we get DSC errors. While waiting on that, John has been replacing the 3 failed Walbro's in Ben's M3 which has sucked up a lot of his time. Hopefully ProEFI has a solution and we can get back on the Z4M shortly.

John has been working on it. He is still trying to diagnose why the Z4M keeps going into limp mode. It keeps throwing a CAN code. He's been going through every wire in the harness and every connection and testing them. He's working on the Z4M as we speak and has been test driving the car. It's pretty frustrating when you get it all strapped down and start doing pulls only to have it go into limp mode.

BTW,,, before you ever wire up a CAN bus connection go read the CAN bus specification and make sure ALL the communications wires are the correct type, CAN is a serial bus that requires all wiring to be inside a range of specifications. Use the wrong wire and Joe Mayhem can show up... I troubleshoot CAN a lot just not on cars...

textbook:
Lesson: How to Troubleshoot an Automotive Engine Control Unit (ECU)

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to troubleshoot an automotive engine control unit (ECU). An ECU is a computer that controls the engine management system in a vehicle. It receives data from various sensors and adjusts the engine parameters accordingly. Troubleshooting an ECU involves identifying the problem, diagnosing the issue, and fixing the error.

Section 1: Identifying the Problem
The first step in troubleshooting an ECU is to identify the problem. This can be done by checking the engine light on the dashboard or using a diagnostic tool to read the ECU's error codes. Once the problem is identified, it is essential to research the issue to understand the cause and the possible solutions.

Section 2: Diagnosing the Issue
After identifying the problem, the next step is to diagnose the issue. This involves testing the ECU's inputs and outputs, such as the sensor signals and actuator responses. A multimeter can be used to measure the voltage and resistance of the sensors and actuators. Additionally, a scan tool can be used to monitor the ECU's communication protocols and data streams.

Section 3: Fixing the Error
Once the problem has been identified and diagnosed, the next step is to fix the error. This may involve replacing faulty sensors or actuators, repairing damaged wiring harnesses, or updating the ECU's firmware. In some cases, it may be necessary to replace the entire ECU.

Conclusion:
Troubleshooting an ECU requires a thorough understanding of the engine management system and the ability to use diagnostic tools effectively. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can identify the problem, diagnose the issue, and fix the error, ensuring that your vehicle runs smoothly and efficiently.


text:
Effects of phacoemulsification with versus without viscoelastic devices on surgical outcomes.
The aim of this study is to report surgical outcomes in patients undergoing phacoemulsification surgery (PE) with versus without ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs). This is a comparative case series study. In total, 145 patients who performed PE with OVDs in 68 eyes (Group 1) and without OVD in 77 eyes (Group 2) were enrolled. A comprehensive ophthalmological examination was performed including slit-lamp, fundus examination. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP) specular endothelial microscopy (SM), and ultrasound pachymetry (UP) were also measured before surgery and at four-time points postoperatively. The differences in baseline characteristics as well as in outcomes were compared between the two groups. The mean BCVA was 0.41 ± 0.26 logMAR in Group 1 and 0.54 ± 0.34 in Group 2 at postoperative first day, with a significant difference (p < 0.01). The mean BCVA, IOP, and UP at 6 months did not differ between the groups. The mean baseline and postoperative SMs were 2063 and 1910 cells/mm2, respectively, and the endothelial cell loss (ECL) was 153.89 ± 189 in Group 1. The mean baseline and postoperative SMs were 2153 and 1948 cells/mm2, respectively, and the ECL was 205 ± 200 in Group 2. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.105). The ECL seemed to be higher in the Group 2, but the difference was not significant. The final clinical outcomes were similar between the groups. In selected cases, PE without OVD may be preferable to reduce the cost of surgery in places with low economic status and to prevent side-effects of these devices.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Phacoemulsification Surgery
Phacoemulsification is a common eye surgery used to remove cataracts, which are cloudy areas in the lens of the eye that can cause vision problems. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of phacoemulsification surgery, its benefits, and potential risks.
Section 1: What is Phacoemulsification Surgery?
Phacoemulsification is a type of cataract surgery that uses a small incision and ultrasonic waves to break up and remove the cloudy lens. The process involves inserting a small probe into the eye, which emits ultrasonic waves that break up the cataract into small pieces. These pieces are then suctioned out of the eye.
Section 2: Benefits of Phacoemulsification Surgery
Phacoemulsification surgery has several benefits, including:
- Improved vision: The surgery can improve vision in most cases, with many patients experiencing vision that is better than before their cataract developed.
- Quick recovery time: Most patients can return home the same day as their surgery and resume normal activities within a few days.
- Low risk: Phacoemulsification surgery is generally considered safe, with a low risk of complications.
Section 3: Potential Risks of Phacoemulsification Surgery
While phacoemulsification surgery is generally safe, there are some potential risks, including:
- Infection: There is a small risk of infection after any surgery, including phacoemulsification surgery.
- Bleeding: Some patients may experience bleeding after their surgery.
- Retinal detachment: In rare cases, the surgery can cause the retina to detach from the eye, which can lead to vision loss.
Section 4: Conclusion
Phacoemulsification surgery is a common and effective method for treating cataracts. By understanding the basics of the surgery, its benefits, and potential risks, patients can make informed decisions about their treatment options. By applying the skills learned in this lesson, students can analyze and evaluate different types of cataract surgeries and their outcomes.


text: SCF-205FL. Chest Freezer (155 Liter). __________________________________________________ Short Description. Chest Freezer SCF-205FL Denpoo refrigerator products that can be used for the needs of mini markets, super markets, restaurants and hotels. SCF-205FL chest freezer with a large capacity of 155: 815 x 833 x 525. 155 Liter. 220V / 50Hz / 130W. 815 x 833 x 525 mm

textbook:
**Lesson: How to Understand Technical Specifications**

**Introduction:**

Technical specifications are essential when purchasing a product. They provide information about the product's size, capacity, power consumption, and other features. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand technical specifications for a chest freezer.

**Section 1: Understanding Technical Specifications**

Technical specifications are written in a language that is often difficult to understand. However, with some basic knowledge and understanding, you can decode them and make an informed decision when purchasing a product.

**Question:** What does "SCF-205FL" mean?

**Answer:** SCF-205FL is the model name of the chest freezer. It consists of three parts: "SCF," "205," and "FL." The first two letters stand for the manufacturer's name, while the last two letters indicate the capacity of the freezer in liters.

**Question:** How do I know if the chest freezer is suitable for my needs?

**Answer:** To determine if the chest freezer is suitable for your needs, you need to consider its capacity, size, and power consumption. If you require a smaller freezer for your home, then the SCF-205FL may not be the best option for you. However, if you need a larger freezer for a commercial setting, such as a mini market or restaurant, then the SCF-205FL could be a good choice.

**Section 2: Reading Technical Specifications**

To read technical specifications, you need to understand the following:

1. Capacity: This refers to the volume of the freezer, usually measured in liters. The larger the capacity, the more items you can store in the freezer.

2. Size: This refers to the dimensions of the freezer, usually measured in millimeters. You need to ensure that the freezer will fit into the space you have allocated for it.

3. Power consumption: This refers to the amount of electricity the freezer uses, usually measured in watts. A lower power consumption means that the freezer will cost less to run.

4. Other features: These may include additional features such as temperature control, automatic defrosting, and energy efficiency.

**Section 3: Practical Examples**

Let's say you are considering purchasing a chest freezer for your small grocery store. Based on the technical specifications, we know that the SCF-205FL has a capacity of 155 liters, measures 815 x 833 x 525 mm, and has a power consumption of 130W. This means that you can store a significant amount of items in the freezer, and it should fit comfortably in your store. Additionally, the low power consumption means that you won't have to spend too much on electricity bills.

**Conclusion:**

In conclusion, understanding technical specifications is essential when purchasing a product. By reading and interpreting the specifications, you can make an informed decision and choose the best product for your needs. Remember to consider the capacity, size, power consumption, and other features when evaluating a product. With these skills, you can apply them to various scenarios and make smart purchases.


text: MnDOT urges caution in work zones during Memorial Day weekend. ST. PAUL, Minn. – With summer road construction in full swing, the Minnesota Department of Transportation urges motorists to plan ahead before traveling during Memorial Day weekend and use extra care while driving through highway work zones.. “MnDOT will suspend work on most projects during the holiday weekend,” said Commissioner Charlie Zelle. “However, the work zones are still in place. To prevent crashes, drivers need to slow down, pay attention and not follow other vehicles too closely when approaching and traveling through work zones.”. - I-90 between Sherburn and Fairmont – lane and speed restrictions.. ###

textbook:
Lesson: Road Safety in Work Zones
Introduction:
Road safety is an essential aspect of driving. When driving through work zones, it is crucial to exercise extra caution to prevent accidents. This lesson will teach you about the importance of road safety in work zones, the risks associated with driving through them, and how to stay safe.
Section 1: Importance of Road Safety in Work Zones
- Road safety is crucial to prevent accidents and save lives.
- Driving through work zones can be dangerous due to reduced speeds, uneven roads, and workers present.
- It is essential to follow all traffic signs and instructions from work zone personnel.
Section 2: Risks Associated with Driving through Work Zones
- The risk of accidents increases when driving through work zones.
- Uneven roads, reduced speeds, and workers present can cause accidents.
- Distracted driving, speeding, and following too closely are common causes of accidents in work zones.
Section 3: How to Stay Safe in Work Zones
- Slow down and obey all traffic signs and instructions from work zone personnel.
- Keep a safe distance from the vehicle in front of you to avoid accidents.
- Avoid distractions such as using your phone or eating while driving.
- Be aware of workers and equipment in the work zone.
Section 4: Practical Examples
- If you are driving on a road with a reduced speed limit, slow down and obey all traffic signs.
- If you see workers present, slow down and keep a safe distance from them.
- If there is a lane restriction, follow the directions of the work zone personnel.
Section 5: Self-Debating Discussion
- Why is road safety important?
- What are some common causes of accidents in work zones?
- How can you stay safe while driving through work zones?
Conclusion:
Road safety in work zones is crucial to prevent accidents and save lives. By following all traffic signs and instructions from work zone personnel, keeping a safe distance from other vehicles, and avoiding distractions, you can stay safe while driving through work zones. Remember to always exercise caution and use extra care when driving in these areas.
Glossary:
- Work zone: An area where construction or maintenance work is being done on a road.
- Lane restriction: A restriction that limits the number of lanes available on a road.
- Speed restriction: A restriction that limits the speed at which vehicles can travel on a road.
- Distracted driving: Driving while using a phone or engaging in other activities that take your attention away from the road.
- Following too closely: Tailgating or driving too close to the vehicle in front of you.


text: Shift from Degrees to Skills. As seen in the Diplomatic Courier, Kelly R. Bailey, Global Skills Evangelist at Emsi and the Founder & Host of the ‘Let’s Talk About Skills, Baby’ Podcast, writes about the Shift from Degrees to Skills, and the role Velocity Network Foundation plays.. “The Learner Employment Records (LER) movement is eliminating the risk of hiring candidates by creating trusted and verified records that can be shared digitally. The Velocity Network Foundation is one such player that has created a nonprofit consortium of global industry leaders that govern an open source platform. Once again, the focus on open source technology to reduce barriers of implementation and enabling large scale adoption across the hiring and learning ecosystem.”. Read the full article here.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Skills in the Job Market

Introduction:
In today's job market, having a degree is no longer enough to guarantee success. Employers are looking for individuals with specific skills that can help their business grow. In this lesson, we will explore the shift from degrees to skills and how having relevant skills can make you stand out in the job market.

Section 1: The Shift from Degrees to Skills

Topic 1: Why are employers moving away from degrees?
- Employers are looking for individuals who can add value to their business, and a degree alone may not show that an individual has the necessary skills.
- With the rise of technology and automation, many jobs that used to require a degree no longer do, making degrees less valuable.

Topic 2: What skills are employers looking for?
- Soft skills such as communication, teamwork, and problem-solving are highly valued by employers.
- Technical skills such as coding, data analysis, and digital marketing are also in high demand.

Section 2: The Role of Velocity Network Foundation

Topic 1: What is the Velocity Network Foundation?
- The Velocity Network Foundation is a nonprofit consortium of global industry leaders that govern an open-source platform.
- Their goal is to create a platform that allows for the sharing of learner employment records (LERs).

Topic 2: How does the Velocity Network Foundation contribute to the shift from degrees to skills?
- By creating a platform for the sharing of LERs, the Velocity Network Foundation is helping to eliminate the risk of hiring candidates by creating trusted and verified records that can be shared digitally.
- This makes it easier for employers to see what skills an individual has and what they have accomplished in their previous roles.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Topic 1: How can you acquire skills?
- There are many ways to acquire skills, including formal education, online courses, bootcamps, and self-learning.
- It is essential to choose a method that suits your learning style and is relevant to your career goals.

Topic 2: How can you showcase your skills?
- One way to showcase your skills is through LERs, which are digital records of your achievements and skills.
- These records can be shared with potential employers, making it easier for them to see what you can offer.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the shift from degrees to skills is a significant trend in the job market. By acquiring relevant skills and showcasing them through LERs, you can make yourself stand out from other candidates and increase your chances of success. The Velocity Network Foundation plays a crucial role in this shift by creating an open-source platform that allows for the sharing of LERs, making it easier for employers to see what skills an individual has. By understanding the importance of skills and how to acquire and showcase them, you can position yourself for success in today's job market.

Glossary:
- LERs: Learner Employment Records
- Open-source platform: A platform that allows for the sharing of code and other resources under a license that permits free use, modification, and distribution.
- Consortium: A group of organizations or individuals with a common interest or purpose.


text: In-depth. This section will feature stories organised under individual categories, providing a resource for in-depth study of particular topics. It will get richer as more stories are added to the website.. Browse topics. Latest From This Topic. Wednesday, April 9, 2014. Young universe was slow to expand, survey finds. Astronomers from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have combined a new analytical technique with a massive data-set to deduce how fast the universe was expanding in its earlier years.More on cosmology AND: science (general), scientific exploration. ». Tuesday, March 18, 2014. What are gravitational waves?. What are gravitational waves?Gravitational waves are ripples that carry energy across the universe. They were predicted to exist by Albert Einstein in 1916 as a consequence of his Gen... »More on cosmology AND: particle physics. Washington, Friday, January 24, 2014. Hawking proposes new theory on black holes. More Articles about: cosmologyPages: « ‹ 4 5 6 ». Browse topics

textbook:
Lesson: The Core Value of In-Depth Study

Introduction:
The core value of in-depth study is to explore a topic thoroughly, understand its complexities, and gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter. In this self-taught lesson, we will learn how to conduct an in-depth study on a particular topic using various resources and techniques.

Section 1: Understanding the Topic

Topic: The Solar System

1. What is the Solar System?
2. What are the different types of celestial bodies in the Solar System?
3. How does the Solar System affect life on Earth?

Discussion:
- What is the difference between a planet and a star?
- Why is Pluto no longer considered a planet?
- How do comets and asteroids impact life on Earth?

Activity:
- Research and write a report on the formation and evolution of the Solar System.

Section 2: Gathering Information

1. What are some reliable sources for gathering information on the Solar System?
2. How can you verify the accuracy of the information you gather?
3. What tools can you use to organize and analyze the information you gather?

Discussion:
- How do you evaluate the credibility of a source?
- What are some common mistakes people make when researching a topic?
- How can you use graphs and charts to present your findings?

Activity:
- Create a mind map of the main ideas and concepts related to the Solar System.

Section 3: Analyzing and Applying Information

1. How can you analyze the information you gather to draw conclusions about the Solar System?
2. How can you apply what you have learned about the Solar System to real-world situations?
3. What are some potential future discoveries or advancements related to the Solar System?

Discussion:
- What are some current debates or controversies related to the Solar System?
- How can you use what you have learned to inspire others to learn more about space?
- What role does the Solar System play in human history and culture?

Activity:
- Create a presentation on the most interesting findings about the Solar System and share it with classmates.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, conducting an in-depth study on a particular topic requires a thorough understanding of the subject matter, reliable sources of information, and the ability to analyze and apply information to draw meaningful conclusions. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can become an expert on any topic and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in your field.

Glossary:
- Solar System: A group of celestial bodies including the Sun and all the planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and other objects that orbit around it.
- Celestial body: Any natural object in space, such as a planet, star, or asteroid.
- Orbit: The path that an object follows around another object, such as a planet orbiting the Sun.
- Comet: A small, icy object that orbits the Sun and releases gas and dust when it gets close to the Sun.
- Asteroid: A small rocky object that orbits the Sun and is smaller than a planet.
- Dwarf planet: A celestial body that is too small to be considered a planet but has enough mass to be rounded by its own gravity.
- Planet: A celestial body that orbits a star and is large enough to be rounded by its own gravity.


text:
Ballistic Advantage 12.3" 5.56 Hanson Carbine Barrel w/ Lo Pro, Performance Series .750"

This 5.56 chambered 12.3 inch Performance Series Barrel is machined from 4150 Chrome Moly Vanadium steel with a QPQ Corrosion Resistant Finish. Our Performance Series Barrels feature a FailZero Nickel Boron Coated Extended M4 Feed Ramp Extension. Comes with a pinned low pro gas block.

Length - 12.3"

Material - 4150 Chrome Moly Vanadium

Profile - Hanson

Finish - QPQ Corrosion Resistant

Gas System Length - Carbine-Length

Gas Block Journal - 1.03" Gas Block Seat for .750" Low Profile Gas Blocks Only

Twist Rate - 1:7 inches

Muzzle - 1/2x28 Threaded

Weight - 22oz

Other Info - HP and MPI Tested

"BA Hanson Series Barrels provide a lightweight feel without lightweight limitations. Every barrel in the BA Hanson Series was designed specifically to its length and caliber to yield the best results with every aspect taken into consideration. It is truly ideal for how the AR was meant to perform. With the BA Hanson Profile, we found a more efficient way to harness a bullets energy while limiting felt recoil considerably. The balanced feel and overall performance of a Hanson barrel will create a more organic relationship between you and your rifle. It will simply be an extension of you!" - Clint Hanson

textbook:
Lesson: Ballistics and Barrels

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about ballistics and barrels. We will cover the following topics:

1. What is ballistics?
2. How does a barrel affect accuracy and velocity?
3. What are the different types of barrels?
4. How do you choose the right barrel for your gun?

Section 1: What is ballistics?

Ballistics is the science of projectiles and their flight through the air. This includes the study of how guns work, how bullets travel, and how to calculate the trajectory of a bullet.

Section 2: How does a barrel affect accuracy and velocity?

The barrel of a gun is one of the most important parts. It is responsible for launching the bullet down the range. A good barrel can increase accuracy and velocity, while a bad barrel can decrease both.

Section 3: What are the different types of barrels?

There are several different types of barrels, including:

1. Rifled barrels: These barrels have grooves inside them that spin the bullet as it travels down the barrel. This helps to improve accuracy.
2. Smoothbore barrels: These barrels do not have grooves and are usually used for shotguns.
3. Threaded barrels: These barrels have threads on the end that allow for attachments such as suppressors or muzzle brakes.

Section 4: How do you choose the right barrel for your gun?

Choosing the right barrel for your gun depends on several factors, including:

1. The type of gun you have: Different guns require different types of barrels.
2. The caliber of the gun: Different calibers require different barrel lengths and twist rates.
3. The intended use of the gun: If you plan on using your gun for hunting or target shooting, you will need a different barrel than if you plan on using it for self-defense.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, ballistics and barrels play an important role in the accuracy and velocity of a gun. By understanding the different types of barrels and how they affect your gun, you can make an informed decision when choosing the right barrel for your needs.


text:
Fundamental Particle ‘Splits’ into Quasiparticles

Fundamental Particle ‘Splits’ into Quasiparticles

In a feat of technical mastery, condensed-matter physicists have managed to detect the elusive third constituent of an electron — its ‘orbiton’. The achievement could help to resolve a long-standing mystery about the origin of high-temperature superconductivity, and aid in the construction of quantum computers.

Isolated electrons cannot be split into smaller components, earning them the designation of a fundamental particle. But in the 1980s, physicists predicted that electrons in a one-dimensional chain of atoms could be split into three quasiparticles: a ‘holon’ carrying the electron’s charge, a ‘spinon’ carrying its spin (an intrinsic quantum property related to magnetism) and an ‘orbiton’ carrying its orbital location.

textbook:
Lesson: Fundamental Particle 'Splits' into Quasiparticles

## Section 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about a groundbreaking discovery in physics - the detection of the elusive third constituent of an electron, known as the "orbiton". This achievement has significant implications for our understanding of high-temperature superconductivity and the development of quantum computers. We will explore the concept of quasiparticles and how they can be used to split fundamental particles like electrons into smaller components.

## Section 2: What are Quasiparticles?

Quasiparticles are hypothetical particles that arise from the collective behavior of many interacting particles. They are not actual particles but rather a way to describe the emergent properties of a system of particles. In the context of condensed matter physics, quasiparticles are used to describe the behavior of electrons in certain materials.

The most well-known example of quasiparticles is the Cooper pair, which is responsible for the phenomenon of superconductivity. In a superconductor, electrons form pairs that can move through the material without resistance. These pairs of electrons are considered quasiparticles because they are not actual particles but rather a collective behavior of many electrons.

## Section 3: The Detection of Orbitons

Recently, physicists have been able to detect the elusive third constituent of an electron, known as the "orbiton". This was achieved by studying one-dimensional chains of atoms. The orbiton is a quasiparticle that represents the orbital location of an electron.

This discovery is significant because it helps to resolve a long-standing mystery about the origin of high-temperature superconductivity. By understanding the behavior of electrons in these materials, scientists can develop new materials with improved superconducting properties.

Additionally, the detection of orbitons could aid in the development of quantum computers. Quantum computers use qubits, which are the quantum equivalent of classical bits. Orbitons could potentially be used as a building block for qubits, leading to more advanced and powerful quantum computing technologies.

## Section 4: Conclusion

In this lesson, we have explored the concept of quasiparticles and their role in condensed matter physics. We have also discussed the recent detection of the elusive orbiton, a quasiparticle representing the orbital location of an electron. This discovery has significant implications for our understanding of high-temperature superconductivity and the development of quantum computers. By studying the behavior of electrons in these materials, scientists can develop new materials with improved superconducting properties and advance the field of quantum computing.


text: Last week Lamb's class made books about their families. Each page contained a writing prompt of the beginning of a sentence, followed by blank lines for the student to complete the thought. Lamb's book described our family's favorite outdoor activities, thing to do together, and other fun tidbits.. And then I laughed out loud. I turned the page, and the prompt read "What makes our family unique is..." Above it was my 7-year-old's rendering of her baby brother--no surprise there. Roo definitely makes our family unique. But what made me laugh--and cry--was her explanation. Her sentence read, "What makes our family unique is my little brother Roo, because he can't have hair. And he has Down syndrome.". Roo makes us unique... because he "can't have hair." The Down's was there, but it was an afterthought. When she thought about her little brother being different, she thought about his bald head.. I love it. We are unique, thanks to our bald 3-year-old.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Differences in Families
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the concept of uniqueness in families. We will explore how each family is different and what makes them special. We will also discuss how to appreciate and respect these differences.
Section 1: Understanding Differences in Families
Topic 1: What Makes a Family Unique?
- Definition: A family is a group of people related to each other by blood or marriage. Every family is unique in its own way.
- Question: What makes your family special or unique?
- Answer: Every family has its own traditions, values, and experiences that make them unique. It could be something as simple as a shared hobby or interest, a family recipe, or a special place that the family visits every year.
Topic 2: Appreciating Differences in Families
- Definition: Appreciating differences means recognizing and valuing the things that make each person or group unique.
- Question: How can we show appreciation for the differences in our families?
- Answer: We can show appreciation for the differences in our families by respecting each other's opinions, beliefs, and traditions. We can also learn about and participate in each other's activities, share our stories, and celebrate our successes together.
Section 2: Practical Examples
Topic 1: Real-World Scenarios
- Example: Two families with different cultural backgrounds celebrate their holidays differently. One family celebrates Christmas, while the other family celebrates Diwali.
- Question: How can we respect the differences in these families' holiday celebrations?
- Answer: We can respect the differences by learning about each other's holidays, sharing our experiences, and finding common ground. We can also appreciate the similarities between the two holidays, such as spending time with family and friends.
Topic 2: Mathematical Abstractions
- Example: Two families have different income levels. One family has a higher income than the other.
- Question: How can we respect the differences in these families' financial situations?
- Answer: We can respect the differences by understanding that everyone's financial situation is different, and not everyone is in the same position. We can also appreciate the value of hard work, responsibility, and financial management.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, we learned that every family is unique in its own way, and we should appreciate and respect these differences. We also learned that we can apply this concept to real-world scenarios and mathematical abstractions. By doing so, we can create a more inclusive and understanding environment for all families.
Glossary:
- Family: A group of people related to each other by blood or marriage.
- Unique: Something that is different from others of its kind; unusual.
- Appreciate: To recognize and enjoy the qualities of someone or something.
- Respect: To admire someone or something el


text:
Centrifugal Blower

We are offering a variety of Centrifugal Blower, which is manufactured by using advanced technology with optimum quality raw materials. It is a volume device which keeps the volume constant by using high speed impellers, the speed of the air stream is also increased by these impellers. This highly efficient Centrifugal blower can be availed in different specifications, single and multi stage units for various industrial purposes. The system is used to move heavier volume of air at low to medium pressure.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Centrifugal Blowers

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of centrifugal blowers and their applications in various industries.

**Glossary:**
- Centrifugal blower: A device that moves air or gas by using a high-speed impeller, which increases the speed of the air stream while keeping the volume constant.
- Volume: The amount of space occupied by an object or substance.
- Pressure: The force exerted by a fluid against a surface.
- Impeller: A rotating component of a machine that transfers energy to a fluid.
- Industrial purposes: Uses in industries such as manufacturing, construction, and agriculture.

**Lesson:**

**Section 1: Introduction**

Centrifugal blowers are essential machines used in various industries to move air or gas at low to medium pressure. They are designed to keep the volume of the air stream constant while increasing its speed using high-speed impellers. These blowers are highly efficient and can be customized to suit different needs. In this lesson, we will learn about the working principle of centrifugal blowers, their applications, and the factors that affect their performance.

**Section 2: Working Principle**

Centrifugal blowers work on the principle of centrifugal force. The impeller, which is a rotating component of the blower, transfers energy to the air or gas as it rotates. As the impeller spins, it creates centrifugal force, which pushes the air or gas outwards. This causes the air stream to increase in speed and decrease in pressure while maintaining a constant volume.

The following equation describes the relationship between pressure, volume, and velocity in a centrifugal blower:

P1/P2 = (V1/V2)^2

where P1 and P2 are the initial and final pressures, V1 and V2 are the initial and final volumes, and V1/V2 is the velocity ratio.

**Section 3: Applications**

Centrifugal blowers are used in various industries for different purposes. Some common applications include:

1. Ventilation: Centrifugal blowers are used to provide fresh air and remove stale air in buildings, factories, and other enclosed spaces.
2. Dust collection: They help to collect and remove dust particles from the air in industries such as mining, construction, and food processing.
3. Material handling: Centrifugal blowers are used to move bulk materials such as powders, pellets, and grains in industries like agriculture and manufacturing.
4. Aeration: They are used to aerate soil in agriculture and horticulture, ensuring proper oxygen supply to plant roots.
5. Cooling and heating: Centrifugal blowers can be used to circulate air in cooling towers and heat exchangers in power plants, chemical plants, and other industries.

**Section 4: Factors affecting performance**

Several factors can affect the performance of centrifugal blowers, including:

1. Impeller design: The design of the impeller determines the efficiency and capacity of the blower. Different impeller designs are used for specific applications.
2. Motor size: The size of the motor used in the blower affects its capacity and efficiency. Larger motors can handle more significant loads.
3. Air inlet and outlet: The design of the air inlet and outlet affects the performance of the blower. Proper design ensures efficient airflow and reduces energy consumption.
4. Speed: The speed of the impeller affects the pressure and volume of the air stream. Higher speeds result in higher pressures and lower volumes.
5. Altitude: The performance of centrifugal blowers decreases with altitude due to reduced air density.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

Centrifugal blowers are essential machines used in various industries to move air or gas at low to medium pressure. They work by using high-speed impellers that increase the speed of the air stream while keeping the volume constant. Their applications range from ventilation and dust collection to material handling and aeration. Understanding the working principle, applications, and factors affecting performance of centrifugal blowers is crucial for anyone interested in pursuing a career in engineering, manufacturing, or any industry that uses these machines.


text:
Calcium channel currents in isolated smooth muscle cells from human bronchus.
An electrophysiological study was carried out on smooth muscle cells that were enzymatically dissociated from bundles of muscle fibers dissected out of human bronchi obtained at thoracotomy. These cells that retain the contractile properties of intact bundles were voltage-clamped by means of the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Upon voltage steps from a holding potential of -60 mV to more positive levels, the initial inward current was followed by large outward currents that inactivated slowly. These were subsequently reduced by substituting Cs+ for K+ in the internal solution and by using Ba2+ instead of Ca2+ as a charge carrier in the external solution. Under these conditions, the inward current did not completely inactivate in the course of 300-ms voltage steps. Inward current measured after leak subtraction was activated at a membrane potential of -25.8 +/- 5 mV, was maximum at +18 +/- 4 mV, and had an apparent reversal potential of +52.5 +/- 5.5 mV (n = 5). The potential at which steady-state inactivation was half-maximum was -28 mV (n = 5). This inward current was identified as a calcium current on the following basis: 1) it was not altered by 10 microM tetrodotoxin (TTX) or by lowering to 10 mM external Na+ concentration; 2) it was blocked by 2.5 mM Co2+ or 1 microM PN 200-110; 3) it was enhanced by 1 microM BAY K 8644, which in addition suppressed the PN 200-110 blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

textbook: basis of its voltage dependence and sensitivity to calcium channel blockers. The calcium current was activated by depolarization and inactivated slowly, with a time constant of 15 ms at 0 mV. The current was blocked by 1 microM Cd2+, 10 microM Co2+, or 30 microM La3+ but not by 10 microM Mg2+. The calcium current was also blocked by 100 nM ω-conotoxin GVIA, a specific inhibitor of N-type calcium channels. The calcium current was present in all 10 smooth muscle cell preparations tested, and its amplitude varied from 1.7 to 11.4 pA/pF. The calcium current was sensitive to the frequency of voltage steps, with a deactivation time constant of 15 ms at 0 mV. This study demonstrates that smooth muscle cells from human bronchus possess calcium channels that are sensitive to calcium channel blockers and are involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.


text: A practical guide to SketchUp addressing the specific needs of interior designers... A practical approach to planning residential spaces Residential Interior Design: A Guide To Planning Spaces is the industry-standard reference for all aspects of residential space planning, with a practical focus on accessible design, ergonomics, and how building systems affect each space.. This.

textbook:
**Lesson: Introduction to 3D Modeling with SketchUp**

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
In this section, we will cover the basic concepts of 3D modeling with SketchUp. We will learn about the different tools and features that SketchUp offers to create 3D models.

**Topic 1: Understanding 3D Modeling**
- 3D modeling is the process of creating a digital representation of an object or environment in three dimensions.
- SketchUp is a powerful tool for creating 3D models quickly and easily.

**Topic 2: The SketchUp Workspace**
- The SketchUp workspace consists of a number of tools and features that allow you to create 3D models.
- These tools include the drawing tools, the 3D Warehouse, and the Style Builder.

**Topic 3: Creating 3D Models**
- To create a 3D model, you can use the drawing tools to sketch out the shape of the object.
- You can also import 3D models from the 3D Warehouse.
- Once you have created your model, you can use the Style Builder to apply materials and textures to it.

### Section 2: Practical Examples
In this section, we will apply the theoretical concepts we learned in the previous section to create a simple 3D model using SketchUp.

**Exercise 1: Creating a House**
- Open SketchUp and create a new model.
- Use the drawing tools to sketch out the shape of a house.
- Use the 3D Warehouse to import a roof and walls for the house.
- Apply materials and textures to the house using the Style Bucker.

**Exercise 2: Adding Details**
- Use the drawing tools to add details to the house, such as windows and doors.
- Use the 3D Warehouse to import furniture and accessories for the house.
- Apply materials and textures to the furniture and accessories using the Style Builder.

### Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions
In this section, we will engage in self-debating discussions to further our understanding of 3D modeling with SketchUp.

**Discussion 1: The Importance of Accuracy**
- Accuracy is crucial when creating 3D models, especially if they are intended for use in construction or engineering projects.
- SketchUp allows you to create precise measurements and angles, which can help ensure accuracy in your models.

**Discussion 2: The Role of Textures and Materials**
- Textures and materials play a crucial role in creating realistic 3D models.
- SketchUp's Style Builder allows you to apply materials and textures to your models, which can make them look more realistic.

### Glossary
- 3D Modeling: The process of creating a digital representation of an object or environment in three dimensions.
- SketchUp: A powerful tool for creating 3D models quickly and easily.
- Drawing Tools: A set of tools that allow you to sketch out the shape of an object.
- 3D Warehouse: A library of 3D models that you can import into SketchUp.
- Style Builder: A feature that allows you to apply materials and textures to your 3D models.

### Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about the basics of 3D modeling with SketchUp, including the tools and features that SketchUp offers. We also applied these concepts to create a simple 3D model of a house. By engaging in self-debating discussions, we furthered our understanding of the importance of accuracy and the role of textures and materials in 3D modeling. With these skills, we can apply them to new problems and create realistic 3D models for various purposes.


text: The varied colors and plants in this little corner of my neighbor's garden always bring a smile, but the sun's impact really made them shine this evening! Fortunately, they are are relatively care-free and heat tolerant. The bromeliad send up flower spikes that add even more interest to the plant and rather than the traditional green, there are shades of yellow, orange, and light green. There's also a little fan palm shrub and some oyster plants in the foreground. Naples, FL. 10-16-17 Morning on the Farm. 7 hours ago. Fun to compare your flora with what is growing here. I love the different colours and textures in this photograph.

textbook:
Lesson: The Beauty of Plants

Introduction:
Plants are an essential part of our environment. They provide us with oxygen, food, and shelter. They also add beauty to our surroundings. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of plants and their colors, shapes, and textures. We will also explore how plants grow and thrive in different environments.

Section 1: Types of Plants

**Topic:** Identifying different types of plants

**Activity:** Look at the picture of the garden and identify the different types of plants you see. You can use the following list to help you:

- Bromeliad
- Fan Palm Shrub
- Oyster Plant

**Questions:**

1. What is the name of the plant with the yellow, orange, and light green flowers?
2. What is the name of the plant with the small fan-shaped leaves?
3. What is the name of the plant with the green and white leaves?

**Answers:**

1. The plant with the yellow, orange, and light green flowers is called a Bromeliad.
2. The plant with the small fan-shaped leaves is called a Fan Palm Shrub.
3. The plant with the green and white leaves is called an Oyster Plant.

Section 2: Colors, Shapes, and Textures

**Topic:** Understanding the different colors, shapes, and textures of plants

**Activity:** Look at the picture of the garden again and observe the different colors, shapes, and textures of the plants. Use the following list to help you:

- Color: Yellow, Orange, Light Green
- Shape: Flower Spikes, Fan-Shaped Leaves, Green and White Leaves
- Texture: Soft, Ruffled, Smooth

**Questions:**

1. What color are the flowers of the Bromeliad?
2. What shape do the flowers of the Fan Palm Shrub have?
3. What texture do the leaves of the Oyster Plant have?

**Answers:**

1. The flowers of the Bromeliad are yellow, orange, and light green.
2. The flowers of the Fan Palm Shrub have a fan-shaped appearance.
3. The leaves of the Oyster Plant are smooth.

Section 3: Growing and Thriving in Different Environments

**Topic:** How plants grow and thrive in different environments

**Activity:** Research different types of plants and their preferred environments. Use the following list to get started:

- Cactus: desert
- Rose: garden
- Pine Tree: forest
- Banana Plant: tropical rainforest

**Questions:**

1. Where does the Cactus grow best?
2. Where does the Rose grow best?
3. Where does the Pine Tree grow best?
4. Where does the Banana Plant grow best?

**Answers:**

1. The Cactus grows best in the desert.
2. The Rose grows best in a garden.
3. The Pine Tree grows best in the forest.
4. The Banana Plant grows best in the tropical rainforest.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned about the different types of plants, their colors, shapes, and textures, and how they grow and thrive in different environments. We also discovered that plants add beauty to our surroundings and are an essential part of our environment. By understanding the different types of plants and their preferences, we can create beautiful and sustainable gardens that thrive in our unique environments.

Glossary:

- Bromeliad: a type of plant with brightly colored flowers
- Fan Palm Shrub: a type of plant with fan-shaped leaves
- Oyster Plant: a type of plant with green and white leaves
- Cactus: a type of plant that grows in the desert
- Rose: a type of plant that grows in a garden
- Pine Tree: a type of plant that grows in the forest
- Banana Plant: a type of plant that grows in the tropical rainforest


text:
The Federal Reserve System’s building on Constitution Avenue was completed in 1935 for a total cost of $750,000. The Federal Reserve’s Board of Governors purchased the land from the federal government. A deed, secured from the Treasury Department, relinquished “all the right and title and interest of the United States of America.” At the time, Representative Wright Patman of Texas correctly noted that the federal government did not own the building. Privately owned commercial banks and twelve Reserve Banks owned The Federal Reserve System. Therefore, the building was not tax-exempt from local property taxes …

… When you boil away all of the legalese, the Federal Reserve is (from government) an independent department. The tax collector reasoned that if the Fed were a part of government, why would the government sell land to itself? After several years, the tax collector sent a notice of delinquent taxes to the fed. It took several more years of legal wrangling until the Federal Reserve System semi-officially became a part of the federal government. Although many politicians believe the Fed is a part of federal government when it wants to be, and vice versa, clearly independent in its decision-making. The Fed can manipulate the money supply as it sees fit to stimulate, stabilize, or slow the economy when needed.

However, the chairperson and board can manipulate the money supply as it sees fit for any conceivable reason, even for political purposes. If the Fed prints more money than necessary, then there is too much money chasing too few goods, inflation, and people spend less on items that cost too much. American citizens are now experiencing inflation and recession, as well as high gas and energy costs, as well as an American economy flooded with too much cash. (full text).

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Federal Reserve System

Introduction:

The Federal Reserve System is a crucial component of the United States economy. It plays a vital role in regulating the country's monetary policy and financial institutions. In this lesson, we will explore the history, structure, and functions of the Federal Reserve System.

Section 1: History of the Federal Reserve System

1.1 What year was the Federal Reserve System established?

The Federal Reserve System was established in 1913.

1.2 Why was the Federal Reserve System created?

The Federal Reserve System was created to address several problems with the U.S. banking system, including panics, bank runs, and a lack of liquidity in the banking system.

1.3 Who was involved in creating the Federal Reserve System?

The Federal Reserve System was created as a result of the work of several prominent economists, politicians, and bankers. These individuals included Senator Nelson W. Aldrich, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Department Paul Warburg, and President Woodrow Wilson.

Section 2: Structure of the Federal Reserve System

2.1 How many Reserve Banks are there in the United States?

There are twelve Reserve Banks in the United States.

2.2 What is the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System?

The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is the governing body of the Federal Reserve System. It is responsible for setting monetary policy and overseeing the operations of the Federal Reserve Banks.

2.3 What is the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)?

The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is a committee within the Federal Reserve System that is responsible for setting monetary policy. It is composed of twelve members, including seven governors of the Federal Reserve System and five presidents of the twelve Reserve Banks.

Section 3: Functions of the Federal Reserve System

3.1 What are the primary functions of the Federal Reserve System?

The primary functions of the Federal Reserve System are to conduct monetary policy, regulate and supervise financial institutions, and provide financial services to the U.S. government and financial institutions.

3.2 What is the difference between monetary policy and fiscal policy?

Monetary policy refers to the actions taken by central banks to influence the money supply and interest rates, while fiscal policy refers to the actions taken by government to influence taxation and spending to affect the economy.

3.3 How does the Federal Reserve System implement monetary policy?

The Federal Reserve System implements monetary policy by adjusting the federal funds rate, which is the interest rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the Federal Reserve System is a complex and essential component of the U.S. economy. By understanding its history, structure, and functions, we can better understand how it impacts our daily lives.


text: Witnesses for the Defence.. WILLIAM MORRIS . I live at 26, Upper Mall, Hammersmith—I knew Cantwellford,.. [Re-examined] off, and so I took leave, and I was compelled to resign.. Re-examined. When the crowd moved after the prisoners the agitators were pushing about among themselves.. Scene of protests past and recent, not quite as it was then:. surroundings may have changed but the spirit of revolt survives. not.. THE VERDICT. GUILTY .— Six Months' Hard Labour each.. And still trying to sort those pesky protestors. Could it have been some kind of collective/folk memory handed down in the Met that led them to take such bizarrely inappropriate action against anti-royalist demonstrators at the same site 108 years later...? (They didn't win that time.)

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Importance of Witness Testimony in Criminal Trials

Introduction:
Witness testimony is an essential part of criminal trials. It helps the jury or judge to understand what happened during the crime. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of witness testimony, how to evaluate its credibility, and how it can impact the outcome of a trial.

Section 1: The Importance of Witness Testimony in Criminal Trials

Topic 1: What is Witness Testimony?
Witness testimony refers to the evidence given by people who saw or heard something related to a crime. This evidence is crucial in helping the court understand what happened during the crime.

Topic 2: Why is Witness Testimony Important?
Witness testimony is essential because it helps the jury or judge understand what happened during the crime. Without witnesses, the prosecution would have to rely on physical evidence, which may not be enough to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

Topic 3: Types of Witnesses
There are two types of witnesses: fact witnesses and expert witnesses. Fact witnesses are people who saw or heard something related to the crime, while expert witnesses are people with special knowledge or skills that can help the jury understand complex issues.

Section 2: Evaluating Witness Credibility

Topic 1: What is Witness Credibility?
Witness credibility refers to how believable a witness is. The jury must decide if the witness is telling the truth or lying.

Topic 2: How to Evaluate Witness Credibility
There are several factors that can affect witness credibility, including:

- Consistency of statements
- Motivation to lie or tell the truth
- Ability to observe the crime accurately
- Memory and recall of the event

Topic 3: Common Challenges to Witness Credibility
Witnesses may face challenges to their credibility, such as:

- Prior inconsistent statements
- Lack of observation ability
- Motivation to lie or embellish the truth
- Memory problems or flaws

Section 3: The Impact of Witness Testimony on Criminal Trials

Topic 1: Direct Examination
During direct examination, the prosecutor asks witnesses questions to establish facts and establish the defendant's guilt.

Topic 2: Cross-Examination
During cross-examination, the defense attorney asks questions to challenge the witness's credibility and undermine their testimony.

Topic 3: The Verdict
The jury or judge must weigh all the evidence, including witness testimony, to determine if the defendant is guilty or innocent.

Conclusion:
Witness testimony is a crucial part of criminal trials. It helps the jury or judge understand what happened during the crime. By evaluating witness credibility and considering the impact of their testimony on the trial, we can better understand the importance of witness testimony in the legal system.

Glossary:
- Witness: A person who saw or heard something related to a crime
- Credibility: How believable a witness is
- Expert witness: A witness with special knowledge or skills that can help the jury understand complex issues
- Fact witness: A witness who saw or heard something related to the crime
- Direct examination: Questioning by the prosecutor to establish facts and establish the defendant's guilt
- Cross-examination: Questioning by the defense attorney to challenge the witness's credibility and undermine their testimony
- Verdict: The decision made by the jury or judge after considering all the evidence.


text: Josh Jennings is a managing director and senior research analyst covering the medical device sector. Prior to joining Cowen, Dr. Jennings was a senior vice president at Jefferies & Company, where his coverage universe consisted of large-, mid-, and small-cap medical device companies. Dr. Jennings received a BA in biology from Yale University and an M.D. from Temple University School of Medicine. He then completed the Harvard Combined Internal Medicine & Pediatrics residency before practicing as an attending physician at Massachusetts General Hospital.. Profile. JoshuaJennings, MD. Managing Director, Health Care - Medical Supplies & Devices. 599 Lexington Avenue. New York, NY 10022. D 646 562 1333. josh.jennings@cowen.com

textbook:
Lesson: How to Become a Successful Investment Analyst in the Medical Device Sector

**Introduction**

In this lesson, we will learn about the path to becoming a successful investment analyst in the medical device sector. We will explore the educational background, work experience, and skills required to excel in this field. By the end of this lesson, you will have a better understanding of what it takes to become a successful investment analyst in the medical device sector.

**Section 1: Educational Background**

To become an investment analyst in the medical device sector, you will need a strong educational background in finance or a related field. A bachelor's degree in finance, economics, or accounting is typically required, followed by a master's degree in business administration (MBA) with a focus on finance or healthcare management.

**Section 2: Work Experience**

After completing your education, you will need to gain experience in the industry. This can be done through internships while in college or graduate school, or through entry-level positions after graduation. It is essential to work for a reputable firm that specializes in medical device investments, as this will provide valuable hands-on experience and connections within the industry.

**Section 3: Skills Required**

As an investment analyst in the medical device sector, you will need to possess several skills, including:

1. Strong analytical skills: You must be able to analyze financial statements, market trends, and other data to make informed investment decisions.
2. Technical knowledge: A deep understanding of the medical device industry, including its products, technologies, and competitive landscape, is crucial.
3. Attention to detail: Medical device investments often involve complex regulatory environments and clinical trials, so it is essential to have a keen eye for detail.
4. Communication skills: As an investment analyst, you will need to communicate effectively with clients, colleagues, and management.
5. Critical thinking: You must be able to objectively evaluate information and make sound decisions based on that evaluation.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

Becoming a successful investment analyst in the medical device sector requires a strong educational background, relevant work experience, and essential skills. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can position yourself for a rewarding career in this exciting field.

**Glossary**

- Investment analyst: An individual who researches and evaluates potential investments for clients, such as mutual funds or hedge funds.
- Medical device: A device intended to be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes and is not intended to be used for a body piercing, tattooing, or cosmetic purposes.
- Regulatory environment: The legal and administrative framework that governs the approval, manufacture, and marketing of medical devices.
- Clinical trials: A test or study conducted with human volunteers to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a medical device.

**Glossary**

- Investment analyst: An individual who researches and evaluates potential investments for clients, such as mutual funds or hedge funds.
- Medical device: A device intended to be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes and is not intended to be used for a body piercing, tattooing, or cosmetic purposes.
- Regulatory environment: The legal and administrative framework that governs the approval, manufacture, and marketing of medical devices.
- Clinical trials: A test or study conducted with human volunteers to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a medical device.