text: Intelsat has won a contract from Aplikanusa Lintasarta, a data communication, internet service, and IT services provider, for the deployment broadband and wireless communications infrastructure in Indonesia.. Under the five-year agreement, Lintasarta will use overlapping coverage from two of Intelsat’s satellites, Intelsat 33e and Horizons 3e, which cover the Asia Pacific and Pacific Ocean region... “Indonesians will have access to fast, high quality, and consistent broadband that will provide easy access to government, education, and health services and support business operations,” said Intelsat’s Vice President and General Manager, Networks, Jean-Philippe Gillet.

textbook:
Lesson: Satellite Communication

Introduction:
Satellite communication is a method of transmitting information through space using satellites. It is an essential technology used in various industries such as telecommunication, television broadcasting, and weather forecasting. In this lesson, we will learn about satellite communication, its components, and how it works.

Section 1: What is Satellite Communication?

Topic 1: Definition of Satellite Communication
- Satellite communication is a method of transmitting information through space using satellites.

Topic 2: Components of Satellite Communication
- Satellites
- Ground stations
- Transmitters and receivers
- Antennas

Topic 3: How does Satellite Communication work?
- Satellites are placed in orbit around the Earth to relay signals between the ground stations.
- The ground station sends the signal to the satellite, which then bounces it back to another ground station.
- The second ground station receives the signal and sends it to its destination.

Section 2: Types of Satellites

Topic 1: Geostationary Satellites
- Geostationary satellites are positioned at an altitude of 35,786 km above the Earth's equator.
- They remain fixed in one position relative to the Earth, making them ideal for broadcasting television signals.

Topic 2: Polar Satellites
- Polar satellites are positioned at an altitude of 800 km above the Earth's poles.
- They orbit the Earth from west to east, making them ideal for weather forecasting and monitoring the Earth's atmosphere.

Section 3: Applications of Satellite Communication

Topic 1: Telecommunication
- Satellite communication is used to transmit telephone calls, emails, and other data across long distances.
- It is particularly useful in remote areas where traditional landlines or cellular networks are not available.

Topic 2: Television Broadcasting
- Satellite communication is used to broadcast television signals to cable operators and direct-to-home (DTH) consumers.
- It allows broadcasters to reach a wide audience and provide high-quality programming.

Topic 3: Weather Forecasting
- Satellite communication is used to collect data on weather patterns, wind speeds, and ocean currents.
- This data is used to create accurate weather forecasts that help people plan their activities and stay safe.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about satellite communication, its components, and how it works. We also learned about the different types of satellites and their applications. By understanding how satellite communication works, we can apply this knowledge to new problems and challenges.


text:
Negotiators should also keep as many options open as possible. “I never get too attached to one deal or one approach,” negotiator Trump writes in “The Art of the Deal.” “I keep a lot of balls in the air, because most deals fall out, no matter how promising they seem at first.” President Trump, however, seems intent on closing doors before he has an alternative lined up. He wasted no time signing an executive order that marked the United States’ withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Yes, it fulfilled a campaign pledge, but TPP was meant to give us economic leverage over China, and Trump just gave a lot of it away without lining up alternatives, thereby letting China back in the game.

Richardson also criticized Trump’s dealings with Mexico. Trump claimed throughout the campaign, and in recent days, that Mexico would pay for a border wall. The wall is estimated to cost between $8 billion and $14 billion dollars.

Related

More About

U.S. Rep. Ben Ray Luján, a Democrat, entering his sixth term in office, was unanimously elected the Assistant Democratic Leader for the next Congress. In a statement, Luján said he was “honored” to be selected for that position, which makes him the number four Democrat in the House.

The state Senate on Friday approved a bill to prohibit private employers from using a job application that asks applicants about arrests or criminal convictions. The measure carried 28-11 and now advances to the House of Representatives.

The U.S. Department of Defense listed military construction projects from across the world that could lose funding under a national emergency declaration by President Donald Trump. Included among those are projects at military facilities in New Mexico.

When energy corporations produce oil, gas or coal on public lands, they make royalty payments to the federal government and the states where production takes place. In 2016, the Obama administration closed a loophole that allowed companies to dodge those fees.

Senators Tom Udall and Martin Heinrich of New Mexico were in the minority in voting against what they call a fast-track for trade deals, including a deal with Pacific Rim countries that is being negotiated right now. Republicans overwhelmingly supported the bill.

Holtec International was in the news last month when the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission denied requests from some groups to hold an additional hearing over the company’s license to build an interim storage site in southeastern New Mexico to hold nuclear waste from commercial power plants.

Matthew Reichbach is the editor of the NM Political Report. The former founder and editor of the NM Telegram, Matthew was also a co-founder of New Mexico FBIHOP with his brother and one of the original hires at the groundbreaking website the New Mexico Independent. Matthew has covered events such as the Democratic National Convention and Netroots Nation and formerly published, “The Morning Word,” a daily political news summary for NM Telegram and the Santa Fe Reporter.
Matthew has appeared as a panelist for the Society of Professional Journalists’ New Mexico Chapter’s panel on covering New Mexico politics and the legislature.
A native New Mexican from Rio Rancho, Matthew’s family has been in New Mexico since the 1600s.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Negotiation Skills

Introduction:
Negotiation is an essential life skill that involves communicating with others to reach a mutually beneficial agreement. It is a process that requires active listening, critical thinking, and empathy. In this lesson, we will learn about negotiation skills and how to apply them in various scenarios.

Section 1: Active Listening
Active listening is the first step in effective negotiation. It involves paying attention to the other party's needs, interests, and concerns. By actively listening, you can understand their perspective and identify areas of agreement and disagreement.

Questions:
1. What are some ways to show active listening during a negotiation?
2. How does active listening help in reaching a mutually beneficial agreement?

Section 2: Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is another crucial skill in negotiation. It involves analyzing information, evaluating arguments, and making informed decisions. By applying critical thinking, you can identify potential solutions and evaluate their feasibility.

Questions:
1. What is critical thinking, and why is it important in negotiation?
2. How can you apply critical thinking to identify potential solutions during a negotiation?

Section 3: Empathy
Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. It is an essential skill in negotiation because it helps build trust and rapport with the other party. By demonstrating empathy, you can create a positive atmosphere that fosters cooperation and collaboration.

Questions:
1. What is empathy, and why is it important in negotiation?
2. How can you demonstrate empathy during a negotiation?

Section 4: Practical Examples
Let's consider a scenario where you are negotiating with your employer for a raise. You can use active listening to understand their concerns about budget constraints and how a raise may affect other employees. You can apply critical thinking to identify potential solutions that benefit both parties. Finally, you can demonstrate empathy by acknowledging your employer's concerns while advocating for your own needs.

Glossary:
- Active Listening: Paying attention to the other party's needs, interests, and concerns.
- Critical Thinking: Analyzing information, evaluating arguments, and making informed decisions.
- Empathy: Understanding and sharing the feelings of others.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, negotiation skills are essential for achieving mutually beneficial agreements in various aspects of life. By practicing active listening, critical thinking, and empathy, you can build trust and rapport with the other party, identify potential solutions, and reach a successful outcome. Remember to keep an open mind, consider multiple perspectives, and always strive for win-win outcomes.


text:
Dendrimer-TPGS mixed micelles for enhanced solubility and cellular toxicity of taxanes.
Taxanes are the most effective, efficient and broad spectrum anticancer drugs for the treatment of various cancers. However, poor aqueous solubility is the major problem in their delivery at higher concentrations in cancer cells. In this research work, poor solubility of taxanes is addressed by preparing dendrimer and d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) mixed micelles by taking into consideration the advantages of TPGS such as solubility enhancement and P-glycoprotein inhibition. Dendrimer-TPGS mixed micelles were prepared by solvent casting method. Docetaxel (DTX) and paclitaxel (PTX) were chosen as model drugs representing the group of taxanes. Nanomicelles were characterized by DLS, FTIR, PXRD, in vitro drug release and hemolytic studies. Effects of pH and dendrimer to TPGS ratio on the solubility of taxanes were also studied. Solubility of DTX and PTX were increased by 20.36 and 34.95 folds, respectively, when formulated in dendrimer-TPGS mixed micelles. Drug release studies exhibited better release profile of encapsulated drug at acidic pH which is advantageous in enhanced intracellular drug release in cancer cells. Formulations were found to be biocompatible in hemolytic toxicity assay. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that anticancer activities of both drugs were enhanced after encapsulation in micelles against cancer cells while caused very low toxicity to normal cells. Thus, dendrimer-TPGS mixed micelles are promising alternate for delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs taxanes.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Enhancing Solubility and Cellular Toxicity of Taxanes Using Dendrimer-TPGS Mixed Micelles

Introduction:
Taxanes are a class of anticancer drugs that are highly effective in treating various types of cancer. However, one of the major challenges in delivering these drugs is their poor aqueous solubility. This limits their ability to reach cancer cells at high concentrations, reducing their effectiveness. In this lesson, we will learn about a solution to this problem using dendrimer-TPGS mixed micelles.

Core Value:
The core value of this research is the use of dendrimer-TPGS mixed micelles to enhance the solubility and cellular toxicity of taxanes. This approach takes advantage of the properties of TPGS, which can improve the solubility of taxanes and inhibit the activity of P-glycoprotein, a protein that can limit the effectiveness of certain drugs.

Lesson Outline:
I. Background Information
- What are taxanes?
- Why are taxanes important in cancer treatment?
- What is the problem with taxanes' poor aqueous solubility?
- How do dendrimer-TPGS mixed micelles address this problem?

II. Preparation of Dendrimer-TPGS Mixed Micelles
- What is the solvent casting method?
- How are dendrimers and TPGS combined to form mixed micelles?
- What are the advantages of using dendrimer-TPGS mixed micelles?

III. Characterization of Dendrimer-TPGS Mixed Micelles
- What techniques are used to characterize mixed micelles?
- What information can be obtained from these techniques?
- How does the preparation of mixed micelles affect their properties?

IV. Solubility Enhancement of Taxanes
- How does the dendrimer-TPGS ratio affect the solubility of taxanes?
- What is the effect of pH on the solubility of taxanes?
- How does the preparation of mixed micelles improve the solubility of taxanes?

V. Cellular Toxicity of Taxanes
- How does the preparation of mixed micelles affect the cellular toxicity of taxanes?
- What is the mechanism of action of taxanes?
- How does the preparation of mixed micelles improve the cellular toxicity of taxanes?

VI. Applications and Future Research
- How can the improved solubility and cellular toxicity of taxanes be applied in cancer treatment?
- What are some potential future research directions for using dendrimer-TPGS mixed micelles?

Glossary:
- Dendrimer: A highly branched molecule with a tree-like structure
- TPGS: d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate, a surfactant that can improve solubility and inhibit P-glycoprotein
- Taxanes: A class of anticancer drugs that includes paclitaxel and docetaxel
- Mixed micelles: A mixture of amphiphilic molecules that can form structures that solubilize hydrophobic compounds
- Solvent casting method: A technique for preparing micelles by dissolving them in a non-solvent and then evaporating the solvent

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the use of dendrimer-TPGS mixed micelles to enhance the solubility and cellular toxicity of taxanes. By understanding the properties of these mixed micelles and how they can be used to improve the effectiveness of taxanes, we can contribute to advances in cancer treatment.


text: Public health agencies are increasingly challenged to adopt Quality Improvement (QI) strategies to enhance performance. Many of the functional and structural barriers to effective use of QI can be found in the organizational culture of public health agencies. The purpose of this study was technical assistance for QI interventions on the organizational culture of public health agencies in Georgia.. According to Dr. Gulzar Shah, “A major goal of QI is to move beyond individual QI projects to a change in the organization’s culture that reflects ongoing and pervasive application of QI principles and practices throughout the organization.” reported increases in QI culture as measured by items assessing organizational QI practices from a validated instrument on QI Collaboratives. Survey results were analyzed using Multi-level Mixed Effects Logistic Model, which accounts for clustering/nesting...  (formerly the academic lead for the GA PBRN),.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Quality Improvement (QI) in Public Health Agencies

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of Quality Improvement (QI) in public health agencies, the challenges faced in implementing QI strategies, and how to create a QI culture within an organization.

**Section 1: Introduction to Quality Improvement (QI)**

QI is a systematic approach to improving healthcare services and outcomes by identifying areas for improvement and implementing changes that lead to better patient care. In public health agencies, QI is essential for ensuring that services are delivered effectively, efficiently, and equitably.

**Section 2: Challenges in Implementing QI Strategies**

One of the biggest challenges in implementing QI strategies in public health agencies is the organizational culture. Many public health agencies have functional and structural barriers that make it difficult to adopt QI practices. These barriers include lack of resources, resistance to change, and limited knowledge and skills related to QI.

**Section 3: Creating a QI Culture**

Creating a QI culture involves more than just implementing QI projects. It requires a shift in the organization's culture to reflect ongoing and pervasive application of QI principles and practices throughout the organization. This can be achieved through several strategies, including:

- Providing training and education on QI principles and practices
- Encouraging open communication and collaboration among team members
- Establishing clear goals and objectives for QI initiatives
- Providing support and resources for QI projects
- Recognizing and rewarding individuals and teams who demonstrate excellence in QI

**Section 4: Conclusion**

In conclusion, creating a QI culture in public health agencies is essential for delivering high-quality services and improving patient outcomes. By addressing the challenges associated with implementing QI strategies and creating a QI culture, public health agencies can improve their overall performance and contribute to better health outcomes for the community they serve.

**Glossary**

- QI: Quality Improvement
- PBRN: Practice-Based Research Network
- GA: Georgia
- Collaboratives: Groups of organizations working together towards a common goal
- Mixed Effects Logistic Model: Statistical model used to analyze data with multiple levels of clustering
- Academic Lead: A person responsible for overseeing academic matters within an organization

**Self-Debate Discussion**

1. Why is it important for public health agencies to adopt QI strategies?
2. What are some examples of functional and structural barriers to effective use of QI in public health agencies?
3. How can public health agencies create a QI culture?


text:
Hysteresis, cooperativity, and depth averaging in dynamic random-dot stereograms.
Experiments were performed to assess the response of the human visual system to dynamic random-dot patterns composed of disparity mixtures. In Experiment 1, the perceived depth and relative stability of two patterns were compared; one pattern depicted two transparent layers of dots, and the other depicted a volume of dots. Two effects were found: (1) the volume pattern exhibited a large degree of disparity averaging; and (2) asymmetries were observed in the relative stability of these two patterns. Experiment 2 was designed to determine whether these findings could be attributed to spatially localized processes occurring at the location of disparity discontinuities. This was accomplished by introducing unpaired noise points localized either along the disparity discontinuities or in the center of the layered and volume patterns. The amount of depth averaging and the direction of the asymmetry did not appear to depend on processes localized along the disparity discontinuities. Results of these experiments, taken in conjunction with those of previous studies, suggest that hysteresis is independent of cooperative persistence mechanisms.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Depth Averaging in Dynamic Random-Dot Stereograms

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about depth averaging in dynamic random-dot stereograms. We will explore the concept of hysteresis, cooperativity, and depth averaging, and how they relate to the human visual system's response to these patterns.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is understanding how the human visual system processes depth information from dynamic random-dot patterns.

Section 1: Hysteresis, Cooperativity, and Depth Averaging

Hysteresis refers to the persistence of a signal after the cause is removed. In the context of depth perception, hysteresis can occur when the brain continues to perceive depth even after the stimulus has changed. Cooperativity refers to the interaction between different parts of the visual system that contribute to depth perception. Depth averaging is the process by which the visual system combines information from multiple depth cues to create a single perception of depth.

Section 2: Experiment 1

In Experiment 1, participants viewed two patterns: one depicting two transparent layers of dots and the other depicting a volume of dots. The results showed that the volume pattern exhibited a large degree of disparity averaging, meaning that the visual system combined information from multiple depth cues to create a single perception of depth. Additionally, asymmetries were observed in the relative stability of these two patterns, suggesting that the visual system processed them differently.

Section 3: Experiment 2

Experiment 2 was designed to determine whether the findings from Experiment 1 could be attributed to spatially localized processes occurring at the location of disparity discontinuities. Participants viewed patterns with unpaired noise points localized either along the disparity discontinuities or in the center of the layered and volume patterns. The results showed that the amount of depth averaging and the direction of the asymmetry did not change significantly based on the location of the noise points.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, this lesson has taught us about hysteresis, cooperativity, and depth averaging in dynamic random-dot stereograms. We learned that the human visual system processes depth information from these patterns and combines information from multiple depth cues to create a single perception of depth. We also learned that the visual system can exhibit asymmetries in the processing of these patterns. By understanding these concepts, we can apply them to other areas of study and develop a deeper understanding of how the visual system processes information.


text:
Flight, May 1929

THE FIAT "AS.I"A New Italian Light 'Plane

PRIVATE flying is officially encouraged in Italy, the Government having included in their aviation programme specially for this branch of aeronautics. With a view to assisting in the development of the Government programme, the Fiat Co. of Turin have produced a light two-seater touring monoplane, and a special 85 h.p. air-cooled radial engine, both of which we illustrate this week. We have not at the moment, unfortunately, full details of this new machine, and can only refer now but briefly to some of its outstanding features. The A.S.I is a parasol monoplane with a span of 34 ft. and a length of 21 ft. 9 1/2 in. The wings, which are of fairly thick section with "square” tips, are mounted high above the fuselage to a short centre section on a vertical cabane, and are externally braced by a pair of struts each side extending from the lower longerons of the fuselage up to the wing spars at a point about midway between the wing tip and the centre of the machine. There is no other external wing bracing. The wings can readily be folded back against the fuselage, but we do not know exactly how this operation is carried out. The ailerons, which are hinged to a false spar, are balanced by small auxiliary balance surfaces mounted below and forward of the ailerons - a system very popular with the Fiat Co. The rudder and elevators are balanced by the usual projecting surfaces. The fuselage is of rectangular section, and we gather that the construction follows usual Fiat practice as regards the steel tube frame and that the covering is plywood. That portion of the fuselage immediately below the wings is "humped" up to the latter to form a roomy cabin. Actually, this cabin is formed by closing in the cabane with windows, the wing centre section (which by the way, also carries the fuel tank) serving for the roof. It will be noticed that the sloping back of the "cabin” also has a window, so that the pilot has excellent vision in all directions. Access to the cabin is by way of two doors in the left-hand side of the fuselage, foot-grips being mounted on the lower longerons as well. The seats are arranged in tandem, and it is said that the noise of the engine has been reduced to such an extent that it is possible to carry on a conversation in normal tones during flight. The undercarriage is of the conventional V-type, with shock absorbers embodied in the front struts. The Fiat A-50 engine, which has been developed specially for this type of machine - and incidentally, the first of its kind to be built in Italy - is a 7-cyl. air-cooled radial developing 85 h.p. at 1,600 r.p.m., and 95 h.p. at 1,800 r.p.m., for a weight of 275 lbs. Its cylinders of 3 -9 by 5-51 in., bore and stroke respectively, are steel forgings with a ribbed aluminium head having two valves with special bronze seats and cast-iron guides. The overhead rocker mechanism is mounted on roller bearings. There are plain bearings for the crankshaft and the connecting rods, these being lubricated under pressure; the base chamber is being kept dry by means of a scavenger pump having 50 per cent, greater capacity than the pressure feed pump. Ignition is by two Marelli magnetos, each supplying current to a set of seven plugs. The petrol consumption is 0-5 lbs. per h.p. and the oil consumption is particularly low. We await with interest further reports of this machine, which we understand is being produced at a moderate price and is cheap to maintain.

Flight, June 1929

OLYMPIA AERO SHOW 1929

The Fiat A.S.I.

The light 'plane exhibited on the F.I.A.T. stand in the main building is a parasol monoplane two-seater of composite construction. The engine is a Fiat type A.50 seven-cylinder radial air-cooled of 85-95 h.p. Although our photographs show it as a coupe monoplane, the Fiat A.S.I can actually be converted into, and is exhibited as, an open touring machine by removing the transparent coupe top. Another modification possible is the substitution of a twin-float undercarriage, turning the machine into a seaplane. The fuselage of the Fiat A.S.I shows the plywood covering which is becoming almost universal for light 'planes. In front the fuselage is fitted with two doors, one for each cockpit, and the nose of the machine is formed by a duralumin plate carried on duralumin tubes from the fuselage structure proper. Constructionally, the monoplane wings are of orthodox type, with wooden spars and ribs and fabric covering. They are hinged on the rear spars and when folded back along the fuselage the overall width of the machine is reduced to less than 11 ft. The folding operation can be carried out in less than 5 mins. A vee type of undercarriage is fitted, the shock-absorbing medium being rubber blocks working in compression, with metal separator plates and cylindrical containers. The tail skid is a laminated steel spring. As already mentioned, the Fiat A.50 engine is mounted on a duralumin plate in the nose of the machine. There are two petrol tanks, one in the centre-section of the wing and one in the fuselage. The total capacity of the two tanks is 150 litres (33 gallons), which suffices for a flight of some 7 1/2 hours' duration, and gives a range of approximately 1,000 km. (620 miles). The two seats are so constructed as to afford space for a “Salvator" type parachute, which is strapped on the back and forms a cushion for the back rest. The forward cockpit is capable of being converted to hold two seats, thus turning the machine into an "occasional" three-seater. Dual controls are fitted, and there is an arrangement whereby the pilot can, at any moment, throw the pupil's controls out of gear by moving a lever forward. A catch holds the lever forward and the front controls out of action until the pilot again releases the catch. The main dimensions of the Fiat A.S.I are :- Length, o.a., 6-277 m. (20-6 ft.); wing span, 10-4 m. (341 ft.); wing area, 17-5 sq. m. (188 sq. ft.). With a tare weight of 390 kg. (858 lbs.) and a gross weight of 670 kg. (1,475 lbs.), the Fiat A.S.I has a disposable load of 280 kg. (616 lbs.). The maximum speed at ground level is 170 km./h. (105 m.p.h.), and full speed at 10,000 ft. is 160 km./h. (100 m.p.h.). The climb to 1,000 m. (3,280 ft.) occupies 5 mins. 15 secs., and to 2,000 m. (6,600 ft.) in 13 mins. 25 secs. Climb to 3,000 m. (10,000 ft.) in 24 mins. Absolute ceiling, 5,400 m. (17,700 ft.).

Flight, April 1930

AIRCRAFT FOR THE PRIVATE OWNER

FIAT

THE Fiat is another small machine which comes from Italy, and in this country it is handled by Fiat Motors, of 43, Albemarle Street, W.I. It is a small parasol monoplane which can be supplied with a cabin top or as an open machine. If desired, floats can be fitted, making the machine into an attractive little seaplane. Several novel features are incorporated in this machine, and the workmanship is of the standard one naturally expects from the Italians. An interesting fitment is an arrangement whereby the instructor can disconnect the pupil's control column, so that in case of emergency he can assume complete control of the machine. Doors are provided for getting in and out of the cockpits, and the seats are designed to take the "Salvator" parachute if required, a cushion taking the place of the parachute if this latter is not carried. This parachute is the back type, and when in use the parachute forms a pad for the back. The forward cockpit is also designed to allow the fitting of an extra seat, so that the machine may be used as an occasional three-seater. The engine normally fitted is the Fiat-type A.50 seven-cylinder, radial air-cooled of 85-95 h.p., and this is mounted on a duralumin plate on the nose of the machine. The coupe top is detachable, and the photograph above shows the seaplane as an open machine.

textbook:
Title: Introduction to Flight

Overview: In this lesson, we will explore the basics of flight, including the principles of lift, thrust, and drag, as well as the different types of aircraft and their components.

Level: Primary through High School

Section 1: The Principles of Flight

The four fundamental forces that affect an aircraft in flight are lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Lift is the force that opposes gravity and allows the aircraft to become airborne, while weight is the force that pulls the aircraft towards the ground. Thrust is the force that propels the aircraft forward through the air, while drag is the force that opposes motion through the air.

Lift is generated by the wings of the aircraft, which are designed to create a pressure difference between the top and bottom surfaces of the wing. This pressure difference causes the air to flow faster over the top of the wing than underneath it, creating a lift force. The amount of lift generated is dependent on the shape and angle of attack of the wing, as well as the airspeed and altitude of the aircraft.

Thrust is generated by the engines of the aircraft, which work by burning fuel to produce hot gases that are expelled backwards at high speed. These hot gases create a propulsive force that moves the aircraft forwards. The efficiency of the engines is affected by factors such as air temperature, humidity, and altitude.

Drag is caused by the resistance of the air as it flows over and around the aircraft. This resistance increases as the speed of the aircraft increases, and is affected by factors such as the shape and smoothness of the aircraft's surface. To minimize drag, aircraft are designed with streamlined shapes and smooth surfaces.

Questions:
1. What are the four fundamental forces that affect an aircraft in flight?
2. What is the main source of lift for an aircraft?
3. How does thrust help an aircraft to move forwards?
4. What is drag, and how does it affect an aircraft's performance?

Section 2: Types of Aircraft

There are several different types of aircraft, each designed for specific purposes. These include:

1. Airliners: These are large commercial aircraft that transport passengers and cargo between airports around the world.
2. Military aircraft: These are used by armed forces for various missions, such as reconnaissance, bombing, and transport.
3. General aviation aircraft: These are smaller, privately owned aircraft that are used for recreational flying, business travel, and other purposes.
4. Helicopters: These are aircraft that can hover, take off and land vertically, and fly forwards, backwards, and sideways.

Each type of aircraft has different components, such as wings, engines, and control surfaces, that allow it to fly safely and efficiently.

Questions:
1. What are some common types of aircraft?
2. How are airliners different from military aircraft?
3. What are some components of helicopters that make them unique?

Section 3: Components of an Aircraft

An aircraft is made up of several different components, each with a specific function. These include:

1. Wings: These are the main lifting surfaces of the aircraft, which generate lift to keep the aircraft in the air.
2. Engines: These provide the power needed to propel the aircraft forwards and upwards.
3. Control surfaces: These are movable parts of the aircraft that allow the pilot to control the direction, speed, and altitude of the aircraft.
4. Landing gear: This is the equipment that allows the aircraft to touch down on the ground safely and easily.
5. Fuselage: This is the main body of the aircraft, which contains the cockpit, cabin, and other internal components.
6. Empennage: This is the tail section of the aircraft, which provides stability and control during flight.

Questions:
1. What is the main function of an aircraft's wings?
2. How do engines help an aircraft to fly?
3. What are some examples of control surfaces on an aircraft?
4. What is the purpose of landing gear on an aircraft?

Glossary:

Airfoil: A shape that produces lift when air flows over it
Angle of attack: The angle between the wing and the direction of the airflow
Drag: The resistance experienced by an object moving through the air
Lift: The force that opposes gravity and allows an aircraft to become airborne
Thrust: The force that propels an aircraft forwards through the air

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we have explored the principles of flight, the different types of aircraft, and the components of an aircraft. By understanding these concepts, we can better appreciate the science and engineering behind flight, and apply our knowledge to new problems in the field of aviation.


text: Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. - Location / Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. - Material / Reclaimed White Oak Paneling, Black Walnut Reception Desk, White Oak Doors, Reclaimed Window Partition. - Design / Gensler. - phsonline.org. Nature is the guide in this evocative remodel for the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, host to the world's largest indoor flower show.. An office space with natural appeal. For the PHS office remodeling, Provenance partnered with Gensler to select a range of intriguing reclaimed materials to be repurposed in even more intriguing ways. For accent walls and ceilings, our team supplied reclaimed white oak paneling. Custom white oak doors and a large partition wall with vintage metal wire-glass windows added to the bright nature-inspired look. A live edge black walnut slab was used to frame the reception area, creating a striking first impression for this fresh-faced office.

textbook:
Lesson: Sustainable Office Design
Introduction:
Sustainable design is an important aspect of modern architecture and interior design. It involves the use of materials that are eco-friendly and energy-efficient, as well as the incorporation of green technologies and practices. In this lesson, we will explore the principles of sustainable design and how they can be applied to create an environmentally friendly office space.
Materials and Resources:
- Reclaimed wood paneling
- Black walnut reception desk
- White oak doors
- Reclaimed window partition
- Gensler (design firm)
- Provenance (supplier of reclaimed materials)
Theory:
Sustainable design is based on the principles of reducing waste, conserving energy, and protecting the environment. It involves the use of materials that are renewable, reusable, and recyclable, as well as the incorporation of green technologies and practices that minimize the impact on the environment.
Practice:
1. What is sustainable design?
2. Why is sustainable design important?
3. What are some examples of sustainable materials and resources?
4. How can sustainable design principles be applied to create an environmentally friendly office space?
5. What are some benefits of sustainable design in the workplace?
Conclusion:
Sustainable design is an important aspect of modern architecture and interior design. By incorporating eco-friendly materials and practices, we can create a workspace that is not only functional but also environmentally responsible. Through this lesson, we have explored the principles of sustainable design and how they can be applied to create an environmentally friendly office space. We have also discussed some of the benefits of sustainable design in the workplace, such as reduced energy consumption, improved air quality, and enhanced employee productivity. By applying these principles, we can create a workspace that is not only functional but also sustainable and responsible.


text: General Health Tips:The French Paradox - Eat Fat, Lose Weight and Protect Your Arteries. Article Summary:. Health tips to keep you staying fit and healthy.Ever. Read the rest of this entry ». June 21st, 2009 in Health Tips | tags: artery protection, french paradox, french paradox and red wine, french paradox atkins, french paradox resveratrol, protect arteries, Resveratrol, resveratrol and grapes, resveratrol capsules, resveratrol extract, resveratrol pill, resveratrol pills, resveratrol select, resveratrol sources, resveratrol supplements, resveratrol weight loss, resveratrol wine, the french paradox, Weight Loss | 1 Comment

textbook:
Title: The French Paradox - Eat Fat, Lose Weight and Protect Your Arteries

## Lesson: The French Paradox - Eat Fat, Lose Weight and Protect Your Arteries

### Section 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will explore the concept of the French Paradox. This is a term used to describe the fact that despite the high fat content in the typical French diet, the French people have a lower incidence of heart disease than Americans. We will learn about the components of the French diet that contribute to this paradox and how we can apply these principles to our own lives.

### Section 2: The French Paradox Explained

The French Paradox is a term used to describe the observation that people who consume a diet high in saturated fats, such as the traditional French diet, tend to have lower rates of heart disease than those who consume a diet low in saturated fats. This seems counterintuitive, but there are several factors that contribute to this paradox.

First, the French typically consume a diet that is high in monounsaturated fats, such as olive oil and nuts. These types of fats have been shown to improve cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. Additionally, the French tend to consume moderate amounts of red wine, which contains antioxidants that can protect against heart disease.

Another factor contributing to the French Paradox is the type of fat consumed. The French typically consume a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to reduce inflammation and improve heart health. These fats are found in foods such as salmon and walnuts.

Finally, the French tend to eat a diet that is rich in fiber, which has been shown to reduce cholesterol levels and improve digestive health. Foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are excellent sources of fiber.

### Section 3: Applying the French Paradox to Our Own Lives

While the French Paradox may seem counterintuitive, there are several lessons we can take away from this observation. First, we can focus on consuming more monounsaturated fats, such as olive oil and nuts, and incorporating them into our diets. Additionally, we can aim to consume moderate amounts of red wine, which contains antioxidants that can protect against heart disease.

Another important takeaway from the French Paradox is the importance of eating a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-dense foods. This means consuming plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. By focusing on these foods, we can improve our overall health and reduce our risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease.

Finally, we can take inspiration from the French and prioritize mindful eating. This means taking the time to savor our food, eating slowly, and paying attention to our hunger and fullness cues. By doing so, we can avoid overeating and make healthier food choices.

### Glossary
- Monounsaturated fats: A type of fat that has one double bond in its structure, making it less likely to cause inflammation and improve cholesterol levels.
- Antioxidants: Substances that protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.
- Omega-3 fatty acids: A type of fat that has been shown to reduce inflammation and improve heart health.
- Fiber: A type of carbohydrate that is not broken down by human digestive enzymes and promotes digestive health.

### Conclusion

In conclusion, the French Paradox offers valuable insights into the importance of consuming a balanced diet that includes healthy fats, fiber, and antioxidants. By applying these principles to our own lives, we can improve our overall health and reduce our risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease. Remember to prioritize mindful eating and focus on consuming nutrient-dense foods to achieve optimal health.


text: 16 Aug Allan Houser. Invited Artist. 1914—1994. Fellowship: After The Storm (2001). Cultural Affiliation: Warm Springs Chiricahua Apache. Houser was born near Apache and Fort Sill, Oklahoma, the grandson of Chief Mangas Coloradas and great grand-nephew of Geronimo. He was the first member of his family to be born outside of captivity (Geronimo and his people were prisoners of war from1886 to 1913). In the mid-1930s, Houser was a student at Dorothy Dunn’s Santa Fe art studio at the Santa Fe Indian School. In, 1939, he painted mural commissions for the Main Interior Building and Department of Interior. He was the recipient of the Guggenheim Fellowship in sculpture and painting in 1949; the Palme Académique from France in 1954; and a National Medal of Arts in 1992. Houser taught at Haskell Indian School, Intermountain Indian School, and the Institute of American Indian Arts. A prolific and iconic sculptor, Houser is considered an important influence in the development of Native American art.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Native American Art

### Overview

In this lesson, we will explore the history and cultural significance of Native American art, with a focus on the work of Allan Houser. We will examine the various forms of Native American art, including sculpture, painting, and beadwork, and discuss how they reflect the traditions and values of different Native American tribes.

### Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

- Identify the key characteristics of Native American art
- Understand the historical context of Native American art
- Analyze the cultural significance of Native American art
- Appreciate the beauty and complexity of Native American art

### Background

Native American art has a long and rich history, dating back thousands of years. It encompasses a wide range of styles and techniques, each reflecting the unique culture and traditions of the tribe that created it. From intricate beadwork and colorful pottery to powerful sculptures and stunning paintings, Native American art is a testament to the creativity and resilience of its people.

Allan Houser was a prominent Native American artist who played a significant role in shaping the contemporary Native American art movement. His work often depicted the struggles and triumphs of his people, drawing on his personal experiences and cultural heritage to create powerful and evocative images.

### Section 1: Introduction to Native American Art

Native American art refers to the visual arts and crafts produced by the indigenous peoples of North America. These include but are not limited to:

- Sculpture: Three-dimensional artwork created by carving, modeling, casting, or assembling materials such as stone, wood, metal, or clay.
- Painting: The practice of applying pigment, color, or other medium to a surface using a brush, hand, or other tools.
- Beadwork: The art of creating intricate designs using beads, which can be sewn onto fabric or leather or woven into complex patterns.

Native American art is deeply rooted in the traditions and beliefs of each tribe, and often serves as a means of preserving and sharing cultural knowledge. It can also reflect the natural world, spiritual beliefs, and historical events.

### Section 2: The History of Native American Art

The history of Native American art spans thousands of years, with some of the oldest known artifacts dating back over 10,000 years. Early Native American art was often functional, such as tools and weapons, but also included decorative elements like beadwork and intricate patterns.

With the arrival of European settlers in the 15th century, Native American art underwent significant changes. Many tribes were forced to adapt to new circumstances, such as the loss of their land and resources, and their art reflected these challenges. During this time, Native American artists began to incorporate European materials and techniques into their work, resulting in a unique blend of cultures.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Native American art experienced a resurgence, with many artists seeking to reclaim their cultural identity and traditions. This period saw the emergence of influential figures like Allan Houser, who played a crucial role in shaping the contemporary Native American art movement.

### Section 3: The Cultural Significance of Native American Art

Native American art is deeply rooted in the cultural traditions and beliefs of each tribe. It serves as a means of preserving and sharing cultural knowledge, as well as a way to connect with the natural world and spiritual beliefs.

Through their art, Native American artists communicate their experiences, values, and perspectives on life. They often draw on their personal histories and cultural heritage to create powerful and evocative images that resonate with viewers.

Native American art also reflects the unique relationship that many tribes have with the natural world. This connection is often expressed through intricate patterns, vibrant colors, and symbolic motifs that represent the beauty and interconnectedness of all things.

### Section 4: Analyzing Native American Art

To analyze Native American art, we must consider its historical context, cultural significance, and artistic techniques. By examining these elements, we can gain a deeper understanding of the beauty and complexity of Native American art.

Historical Context: Understanding the historical events and social conditions that influenced Native American art can help us appreciate the creativity and resilience of its creators.

Cultural Significance: Examining the cultural traditions and beliefs that underlie Native American art reveals the richness and complexity of each tribe's heritage.

Artistic Techniques: Studying the various techniques used in Native American art, such as beadwork, painting, and sculpture, allows us to appreciate the skill and innovation of its creators.

### Section 5: Appreciating Native American Art

Native American art is a testament to the creativity, resilience, and beauty of its people. By appreciating its unique forms and techniques, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the cultural traditions and values that underlie it.

To appreciate Native American art, we must:

- Recognize its historical significance and the challenges faced by its creators
- Respect the cultural traditions and beliefs that inform its creation
- Appreciate the skill and innovation required to produce such intricate and beautiful works

By doing so, we can better understand and appreciate the richness and complexity of Native American art.

### Conclusion

Native American art is a testament to the creativity, resilience, and beauty of its people. Through their work, Native American artists communicate their experiences, values, and perspectives on life, drawing on their personal histories and cultural heritage to create powerful and evocative images. By studying the history, cultural significance, and artistic techniques of Native American art, we can gain a deeper appreciation for its beauty and complexity.


text:
Demonstration of Treponema pallidum in axons of cutaneous nerves in experimental chancres of rabbits.
After cutaneous inoculation of viable Treponema pallidum subsp pallidum into the skin of chancre-immune or previously uninfected rabbits, organisms move from perivascular connective tissue to localize extracellularly in hair follicles, erector pili muscles, and cutaneous nerves. Large numbers of intact organisms can be seen within the perineurium using electron microscopy, and after extensive sampling a few organisms can be detected within the axon cytoplasm. These findings support the concept that T. pallidum may be able to pass along the nerve fibers to the central nervous system.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Microbiology

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
In this lesson, we will learn about microbiology, which is the study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. We will focus on the demonstration of Treponema pallidum in axons of cutaneous nerves in experimental chancres of rabbits.

**Question:** What is microbiology?
**Answer:** Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are tiny living things that cannot be seen with the naked eye. These include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

**Question:** What is Treponema pallidum?
**Answer:** Treponema pallidum is a bacterium that causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease. It is a spirochete, which means it has a corkscrew-like shape.

**Question:** What is experimental chancres of rabbits?
**Answer:** Experimental chancres of rabbits refers to the infection of rabbits with viable Treponema pallidum subsp pallidum to study its behavior and effects.

### Section 2: Practical Examples
Let's look at the demonstration of Treponema pallidum in axons of cutaneous nerves in experimental chancres of rabbits. After cutaneous inoculation of viable Treponema pallidum subsp pallidum into the skin of chancre-immune or previously uninfected rabbits, organisms move from perivascular connective tissue to localize extracellularly in hair follicles, erector pili muscles, and cutaneous nerves. Large numbers of intact organisms can be seen within the perineurium using electron microscopy, and after extensive sampling a few organisms can be detected within the axon cytoplasm. These findings support the concept that T. pallidum may be able to pass along the nerve fibers to the central nervous system.

**Question:** How does Treponema pallidum move from the skin to the nerves?
**Answer:** Treponema pallidum moves from the skin to the nerves by traveling through the perivascular connective tissue and localizing extracellularly in hair follicles, erector pili muscles, and cutaneous nerves.

**Question:** What is the significance of finding large numbers of intact organisms within the perineurium using electron microscopy?
**Answer:** The presence of large numbers of intact organisms within the perineurium using electron microscopy indicates that Treponema pallidum is capable of infecting and damaging nerve tissue.

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
Now let's consider a real-world scenario where someone has been exposed to Treponema pallidum.

**Question:** What should you do if you think you have been exposed to Treponema pallidum?
**Answer:** If you think you have been exposed to Treponema pallidum, you should see a healthcare provider immediately for testing and treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and spread of the disease.

**Question:** How can you prevent the spread of syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum?
**Answer:** You can prevent the spread of syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum by practicing safe sex, including using condoms and getting regularly tested for sexually transmitted infections. Additionally, it is essential to be in a monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner or to abstain from sexual activity.

### Glossary
- Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
- Treponema pallidum: A bacterium that causes syphilis.
- Experimental chancres of rabbits: Infection of rabbits with viable Treponema pallidum subsp pallidum to study its behavior and effects.
- Perivascular connective tissue: Tissue surrounding blood vessels that provides support and protection.
- Electron microscopy: A microscope that uses electrons instead of light to produce images of very small objects.
- Perineurium: The sheath surrounding a nerve fiber.
- Extracellularly: Outside of or beyond the limits of cells.
- Hair follicles: Structures in the skin that produce hair.
- Erector pili muscles: Muscles that control the erection of body hair.
- Cutaneous nerves: Nerves in the skin that transmit sensory information to the brain.
- Central nervous system: The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

### Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about microbiology and the demonstration of Treponema pallidum in axons of cutaneous nerves in experimental chancres of rabbits. We discussed theoretical concepts, practical examples, and real-world scenarios related to this topic. By understanding these concepts, we can apply our knowledge to new problems and make informed decisions about our health and well-being.


text: I have listed a new property at 1604 650 10 STREET SW in Calgary.. Beautiful condo in the core of downtown with spectacular views! Very well kept, located on the 16th floor with just under 800sq ft of open living space. A great sized kitchen with newer stainless steel appliances, tile backsplash, large center island, and an eating nook that opens up into the living room. The living room includes a fireplace for those cold winter nights, and floor to ceiling windows facing the NW. Large bedroom, with a good sized closet and patio doors that lead out to a sunroom that can be used as a home office. In suite laundry in a separate space and a full 4 piece bathroom. There is a fitness center on the main floor so you can conveniently workout without leaving home! Parking is underground with an assigned stall and private visitor parking too. Shopping, pubs, coffee shops and all other amenities in every direction!

textbook:
Lesson: Real Estate Listings
Introduction: Real estate listings are a common way for people to sell or rent properties. They provide information about the property, such as its location, size, and features. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand real estate listings.
Section 1: Understanding Real Estate Listings
Topic 1: Reading the Basics
- What is the address of the property?
- What is the location of the property?
- What is the size of the property?
- What are the features of the property?
Topic 2: Understanding the Details
- What is the asking price or rent?
- What is included in the price or rent?
- Are there any additional fees or charges?
- What is the lease or purchase agreement?
Section 2: Analyzing Real Estate Listings
Topic 1: Comparing Properties
- How does this property compare to others in the same area?
- What is the market value of this property?
- What is the rental value of this property?
Topic 2: Evaluating the Property
- What is the condition of the property?
- What is the quality of the property?
- What is the location of the property?
Section 3: Using Real Estate Listings
Topic 1: Finding the Right Property
- What type of property are you looking for?
- What is your budget?
- What is your preferred location?
Topic 2: Negotiating the Price or Rent
- What is a fair price or rent for this property?
- What is the market value of this property?
- What is the rental value of this property?
Conclusion: Reading and understanding real estate listings is an important skill for anyone interested in buying or renting a property. By learning how to analyze and compare properties, you can make informed decisions and get the best deal possible. Glossary:
- Address: The location of a property
- Size: The amount of space a property has
- Features: The amenities or characteristics of a property
- Asking price: The amount of money being asked for a property
- Rent: The amount of money paid monthly for a property
- Additional fees: Extra charges that may be added to the price or rent
- Lease agreement: A legal contract between the landlord and tenant
- Market value: The amount of money a property is worth on the open market
- Rental value: The amount of money a property would rent for on the open market
- Condition: The state of repair of a property
- Quality: The level of craftsmanship or materials used in a property
- Location: The area where a property is located.


text: The.. The point here is that the structural deficit was the result of the way that estimates were constructed based on post crash data, not on estimates that were available before the crash. This is, I think something that should be emphasised by leadership contenders... As a final note I'll point out that, inflation, the traditional sign of an overheating economy was not present in 2007. The state of the UK economy in 2007 is something that has not been examined closely enough and does warrant further study.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Economic Indicators

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about economic indicators and how they are used to measure the health of an economy. We will also explore the importance of understanding these indicators and how they can help us make informed decisions.

Section 1: What are Economic Indicators?
Economic indicators are measurements that provide information about the overall health of an economy. They are used by economists, policymakers, and investors to gauge the direction of the economy and make informed decisions. Some common economic indicators include Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation rate, unemployment rate, and consumer confidence index.

Section 2: Why are Economic Indicators Important?
Understanding economic indicators is crucial because they provide valuable insights into the state of the economy. By monitoring these indicators, we can identify trends and make predictions about future economic conditions. For example, if the unemployment rate is rising, it may indicate that the economy is heading towards a recession. Similarly, if the inflation rate is high, it may mean that the cost of living is increasing, which can affect consumer spending and business profitability.

Section 3: How to Read and Interpret Economic Indicators
To read and interpret economic indicators, we need to understand the methodology used to calculate them. For instance, GDP is calculated by adding up the value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific period. The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by the total labor force. By understanding the methods used to calculate these indicators, we can better understand their significance and relevance.

Section 4: Real-World Examples
Let's consider an example. Suppose the inflation rate is rising, and the central bank decides to increase interest rates to control it. This decision may affect borrowing costs, which in turn can impact consumer spending and business investment. By monitoring economic indicators like inflation, the central bank can make informed decisions that help stabilize the economy.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding economic indicators is essential for making informed decisions in both our personal and professional lives. By monitoring these indicators, we can stay ahead of economic trends and make better choices about when to invest, spend or save.


text:
Starbucks brings Teavana brand to UK as it ramps up plans to double commercial value

Starbucks is set to introduce its Teavana tea brand across the UK and EMEA as the brand looks to exploit the “massive opportunity” in the $38bn category and revitalise it in a “youthful way”.

This summer the coffee chain will introduce the first of three Teavana categories, Shaken Iced Tea, in a marketing blitz that will see the brand take over Starbucks stores nationwide as well as the company’s social channels. The decision to extend the brand to the UK – it was introduced in north America in 2012 – comes as part of a wider plan to double Starbuck’s commercial value to $100bn.

Speaking to The Drum Ian Cranna, vice president of marketing EMEA, Starbucks, said Teavana will aim to open up the tea category to a younger audience. “We feel there is a massive opportunity not only to up-level that out of home tea experience but to revitalise it in a youthful way. You’ll see from the brand and the way it is represented in the bright and light, colourful imagery that this is a brand that is very much positioned at turning around what is a fantastic experience and bringing it to a younger audience,” he said.

Sampling will form a key part of the marketing activity both instore and at street level as well as out of home and other media channels, with Teavana set to be Starbuck’s main summer campaign for 2016.

The Shaken Iced Tea range includes flavours such as Blackberry Mojito as Starbucks looks extend the appetite for cocktails to tea to pull in a younger drinker. Following the summer campaign, the coffee house will introduce two further Teavana categories; Hot Tea and Tea Lattes, including Matcha and Rooibos.

While the playful brand might seem at odds with Starbuck’s more traditional branding, Cranna said he is confident it will complement the more serious side of coffee.

“I think it brings a vibrancy back to the coffee shop environment that maybe has moved in to a serious space. I’m not saying that coffee isn’t a very serious product, it will always continue to be here at Starbucks and many other places, but there is no doubt about it that the Teavana brand gives an element not only in the branding but the product characteristics to be lighter, to be a little bit more joyful and to be playful.

In 2015, Starbucks saw record revenues of £19.2bn (17 per cent growth on 2014), with tea up by 17 per cent over the prior year with all tea categories posting strong growth, led by iced tea at 29 per cent.

Mobile has also been massively successful for the brand, led by the introduction of mobile payments and mobile ordering in 2014, with more innovation set to come to the mobile space in 2016 and beyond according to Cranna. Starbucks boasted six million transactions through its 'Mobile Order and Pay' service every month during its first quarter results earlier this year.

The coffee company is also exploring brand partnerships in the UK similar to its deal in the US with Spotify, which allows Starbucks Mobile App customers to immediately discover music playing overhead in Starbucks stores, save Starbucks-curated songs to a playlist on Spotify and listen to Starbucks music anywhere they go on Spotify.

“Those are the types of initiatives that we will look to bring at some point in time to the UK. We think that the opportunity around having partnerships with companies and products and services that fit with the coffee house experience makes an awful lot of sense and there are some technical capabilities and advances that we are looking at that will make it more possible to do that.”

Starbucks is offering visitors nine Teavana beverages at the London Coffee Festival which is running until Monday.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Commercial Value and Brand Expansion

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of commercial value and brand expansion, and how businesses can increase their revenue by expanding their products or services to new markets.

**Introduction:** Starbucks, one of the world's largest coffee chains, is planning to double its commercial value to $100 billion by introducing its Teavana tea brand across the UK and EMEA. This move is part of a larger strategy to revitalize the tea category and make it more appealing to a younger audience.

**Main Topic:** Commercial Value and Brand Expansion

**Theoretical Concept:** Commercial value refers to the worth of a product or service in terms of its potential to generate revenue. Brand expansion is the process of introducing a successful brand into new markets or industries to increase revenue and reach.

**Practical Examples:** A company that sells clothing may decide to expand its brand by introducing a line of shoes or accessories. A food company may decide to expand its brand by introducing new products such as sauces or spices.

**Real-World Scenarios:** Nike, a successful sports brand, expanded its brand by introducing clothing and accessories that appeal to a wider range of consumers. Apple, a company known for its technology products, expanded its brand by introducing the Apple Watch, which has become a popular wearable device.

**Definitions:**
- Commercial value: The worth of a product or service in terms of its potential to generate revenue.
- Brand expansion: The process of introducing a successful brand into new markets or industries to increase revenue and reach.

**Self-Debating Discussion:** Why do you think Starbucks decided to introduce its Teavana tea brand across the UK and EMEA? What factors should a company consider when deciding to expand its brand into new markets?

**Conclusion:** By introducing its Teavana tea brand across the UK and EMEA, Starbucks is taking a step towards doubling its commercial value to $100 billion. Businesses can increase their revenue by expanding their products or services to new markets, and this lesson has introduced the concept of commercial value and brand expansion. By considering factors such as target audience and competition, companies can make informed decisions about expanding their brands and reaching new customers.


text: What Would Beauvoir Do?. Pub List:. $19.95. Our Price: $6.99. By Tabi Jackson Gee & Freya Rose. Using everyday questions and problems — What would Andrea Dworkin think of your brazilian wax? What advice would Naomi Wolf give you on your Tinder profile — as a springboard for exploring theories and concepts of the greatest feminist theorists of all time.

textbook:
Lesson 1: Introduction to Feminist Theory

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
In this lesson, we will explore the basics of feminist theory and learn about some of the most influential feminist theorists. Feminist theory is an academic discipline that critiques and analyzes the social construction of gender and its implications for women and men. It also examines the ways in which power relationships between genders are maintained and challenged.

**Theoretical Concepts:**
- Gender: A social construct that assigns certain characteristics, roles, and behaviors to individuals based on their sex.
- Patriarchy: A system of power that favors men over women and gives them control over various aspects of society.
- Intersectionality: The idea that different forms of oppression (such as race, class, and sexuality) intersect and interact with each other, creating unique experiences of discrimination and disadvantage.

### Section 2: Questions and Answers
1. What is feminist theory?
2. Who are some influential feminist theorists?
3. What is the difference between sex and gender?
4. How does patriarchy affect women and men differently?
5. What is intersectionality, and how does it relate to feminist theory?

### Section 3: Practical Examples and Real-World Scenarios
Let's consider a few examples to see how feminist theory applies to real-life situations.

Example 1: A woman is denied a promotion at work because she became pregnant. This is an example of gender inequality and how patriarchy can disadvantage women in the workplace.

Example 2: A transgender person is harassed and assaulted because of their gender identity. This is an example of how intersectionality plays out in real life, as the person's gender identity intersects with their sexuality and gender expression to create unique experiences of discrimination and violence.

### Glossary
- Gender: A social construct that assigns certain characteristics, roles, and behaviors to individuals based on their sex.
- Patriarchy: A system of power that favors men over women and gives them control over various aspects of society.
- Intersectionality: The idea that different forms of oppression (such as race, class, and sexuality) intersect and interact with each other, creating unique experiences of discrimination and disadvantage.

### Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about the basics of feminist theory and some of the most influential feminist theorists. We also explored some practical examples and real-world scenarios that illustrate how feminist theory applies to everyday life. By understanding these concepts, we can better analyze and challenge the ways in which power relationships between genders are maintained and challenged.


text: Boris Hollas. 2013-04-17. If I type begin<Ctrl+Space> in Latex-mode, my CPU graph peaks for 20 seconds until a dialog pops up. Eclipse is unresponsive during this time.. I use Indigo Service Release 2 and Texlipse 1.5.0 on Debian Wheezy with openJDK 7.. Boris Hollas. 2013-05-26. I noticed that Ctrl-Space reacts quickly at the beginning of my file. However, the chapter I'm working on has 22000 words and 4300 lines. I assume Texlipse doesn't work well with large files.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Computer Performance

Introduction:
Computer performance refers to how fast and efficient a computer can perform tasks. In this lesson, we will learn about computer performance and how to optimize it.

Section 1: Understanding Computer Performance

Topic 1: Factors affecting computer performance
- Processor speed
- Amount of RAM
- Hard drive space
- Graphics card
- Operating system

Topic 2: Optimizing computer performance
- Upgrading hardware components (e.g., adding more RAM)
- Defragmenting the hard drive
- Disabling unnecessary background processes
- Installing a faster or more efficient operating system

Section 2: Practical Examples

Example 1: A user has a computer with a slow processor and not enough RAM. They want to know if upgrading their computer's hardware would improve its performance.
- Answer: Yes, upgrading their computer's hardware would likely improve its performance.

Example 2: A user wants to know if they should defragment their hard drive to improve computer performance.
- Answer: Defragmenting the hard drive can help improve computer performance by reducing the time it takes for the computer to access data stored on the hard drive.

Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

Scenario 1: A user is working on a large document and notices that their computer is becoming unresponsive. They want to know if there are any ways to optimize their computer's performance for working with large documents.
- Answer: There are several ways to optimize computer performance when working with large documents, such as closing unnecessary programs and disabling background processes.

Scenario 2: A user wants to know if they should upgrade to a newer, faster computer to improve their computer's performance.
- Answer: Upgrading to a newer, faster computer can improve computer performance, but it may not always be necessary. Depending on the user's needs, they may be able to optimize their current computer's performance without needing to upgrade.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about computer performance and how to optimize it. By understanding the factors that affect computer performance and implementing practical examples and real-world scenarios, we can improve our computer's performance and work more efficiently.

Glossary:
- Processor speed: The speed at which a computer's processor can perform tasks.
- Amount of RAM: The amount of memory a computer has available for running programs.
- Hard drive space: The amount of storage space available on a computer's hard drive.
- Graphics card: The component responsible for rendering visual data on a computer.
- Operating system: The software that manages a computer's hardware and software resources.


text: Your Email:. Your Name:. To: (separate multiple addresses with commas). Subject:. thought you would be interested in the following article published at the Havana Journal:. Cuba Travel: 2003 Pyramid Awards. [url=][/url] Tourist management in Cuba in 2003, a year characterized by a complex international economic situation, revealed the potential of hotel groups, travel agencies and tour operators to improve efficiency. Within that context, the Pyramid Awards - established by GRUPO…. Read the rest:

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Business Articles

Introduction:
Business articles are an essential source of information for people who want to stay updated on the latest trends in the business world. However, these articles can be challenging to understand if you don't know how to read them effectively. In this lesson, we will teach you how to read and understand business articles like a pro.

Section 1: Understanding the Structure of a Business Article

The first step to understanding a business article is to understand its structure. Most business articles follow a similar structure, which includes:

1. Introduction: This section introduces the topic of the article and provides some background information.

2. Body: This section contains the main points of the article and provides more detailed information on the topic.

3. Conclusion: This section summarizes the main points of the article and provides a final thought on the topic.

Section 2: Reading Effectively

Once you understand the structure of a business article, you can start reading it effectively. Here are some tips:

1. Skim the article first: Before you start reading, skim through the article to get an idea of what it's about. This will help you understand the context of the article and make it easier to read.

2. Read the introduction: Start by reading the introduction to get an overview of the topic. This will help you understand the context of the article and what it's trying to convey.

3. Focus on the body: The body of the article contains the most important information. Read it carefully and try to understand the main points.

4. Look for supporting evidence: Business articles often include facts and figures to support their arguments. Look for these and try to understand how they support the main points.

5. Read the conclusion: Finally, read the conclusion to see how the article wraps up. This will help you understand the overall message of the article.

Section 3: Practice Questions

1. What is the main topic of the article?
2. What are the main points of the article?
3. What is the conclusion of the article?

Glossary:
- Article: A written work that is published in a newspaper, magazine, or journal.
- Business: The activity of making, buying, or selling goods or providing services in exchange for money.
- Trend: A general direction or pattern of development or change.

Conclusion:
By following the tips in this lesson, you can improve your ability to read and understand business articles. This skill is essential for anyone who wants to stay updated on the latest trends in the business world. Remember to practice regularly and apply these skills to new articles you encounter.


text: In car rental, a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) model refers to a business model where private individuals rent out their vehicles when they are not using them. Car rental companies that use this model do not control pick-up or drop-off stations and they do not need to own their own fleet. However, they still need to install tracking devices in each car. These tracking devices communicate with a peer-to-peer platform to which the cars are connected.. Since all rental cars in Peer-to-Peer car rental are connected to a network, customers can use an application to check the availability and location of the cars. They can also use an app to pay for the rental. When the payment is done, the renter can use the car for a set time period and then return the car back to the household of the rental provider or some other specified location.. With this model, the car’s owner gets a share of the profits.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Car Rental

### Overview
In this lesson, we will learn about the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) model in car rental. We will cover the following topics:

1. What is P2P car rental?
2. How does P2P car rental work?
3. Advantages of P2P car rental
4. Disadvantages of P2P car rental
5. How to apply skills gained from this topic to new problems

### What is P2P car rental?
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) car rental is a business model where private individuals rent out their vehicles when they are not using them. This means that car rental companies do not control pick-up or drop-off stations and they do not need to own their own fleet. However, they still need to install tracking devices in each car.

### How does P2P car rental work?
Car rental companies that use this model connect all rental cars to a peer-to-peer platform. Customers can use an application to check the availability and location of the cars. They can also use an app to pay for the rental. When the payment is done, the renter can use the car for a set time period and then return the car back to the household of the rental provider or some other specified location.

### Advantages of P2P car rental
There are several advantages to using a P2P car rental model. These include:

1. Cost savings: Car rental companies can save money by not owning their own fleet.
2. Convenience: Customers can easily find and rent a car through the app.
3. Environmentally friendly: People are more likely to rent a car instead of buying one, reducing the number of cars on the road.

### Disadvantages of P2P car rental
However, there are also some disadvantages to using a P2P car rental model. These include:

1. Trust issues: People may be hesitant to rent a car from a stranger.
2. Quality control: Car rental companies may have difficulty ensuring that the cars are well-maintained and safe to drive.
3. Limited availability: There may be fewer cars available for rental since people are renting out their own vehicles.

### How to apply skills gained from this topic to new problems
The skills gained from this topic can be applied to new problems in several ways. For example:

1. Analyzing business models: Understanding the P2P car rental model can help us analyze other business models that use a similar approach.
2. Identifying opportunities: We can identify opportunities for using a P2P model in other industries, such as housing or transportation.
3. Evaluating risks: We can evaluate the risks associated with using a P2P model and make informed decisions about whether it is appropriate for a particular situation.

### Glossary
- Peer-to-Peer (P2P): A decentralized network architecture that enables participants to communicate directly with each other without relying on a central authority.
- Fleet: A group of vehicles owned or leased by a company or organization for use in its operations.
- Tracking device: A device used to monitor the location or movement of something or someone.
- Application: A program or software designed to perform a specific function or set of functions.
- Availability: The ability of something to be provided or obtained when needed.
- Location: The place or position where something is situated or where it happens.
- Payment: The act of giving money to someone in exchange for goods or services.
- Renter: A person who takes on a rental agreement, either by signing a contract or paying for a service.
- Provider: A person or organization that provides a product, service, or resource.
- Pick-up station: A location where a rented vehicle can be collected.
- Drop-off station: A location where a rented vehicle must be returned.
- Ownership: The state or fact of being an owner; possession or occupancy of property or a thing.

### Conclusion
In this lesson, we have learned about the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) model in car rental. We have covered the basics of what P2P car rental is, how it works, its advantages and disadvantages, and how the skills gained from this topic can be applied to new problems. By understanding the P2P car rental model, we can analyze other business models, identify opportunities for using a P2P model in other industries, and evaluate the risks associated with using a P2P model.


text: News was revealed today about a new start-up airline that plans to launch transatlantic all Business Class operations with Bombardier CSeries aircraft. Could they become successful? One of the unidentified customers for Bombardier’s CSeries aircraft has been revealed by Reuters to be a new UK based start-up called Odyssey Airways. The airline’s scope however is […]. Tag Archives | NYC. THE The Odyssey’s Odyssey – Another Attempt At All Biz Class Transatlantic Profits. Hellenic Imperial outlines scheduled network plans […]. Arik Air receives approval for Houston flights. Arik Air of Nigeria, recently received approval from the US DoT to operate flights to Houston, however the airlines viability remains an issue. The airline recently announced the Houston route on its Facebook page. The airline is likely to route the flights via New York JFK, operating as Lagos – New York – Houston – […] […]. Recent Comments

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Business Class Operations

Introduction:
Business class operations refer to the practice of running a business or organization with the goal of maximizing profit while minimizing costs. This type of operation is common in many industries, including airlines. In this lesson, we will explore what business class operations entail and how they work.

Section 1: What are Business Class Operations?

Business class operations refer to the practice of running a business or organization with the goal of maximizing profit while minimizing costs. This means that the company is focused on making money while also being efficient and cost-effective.

Section 2: How do Business Class Operations Work?

Business class operations work by analyzing data and trends to make informed decisions about how to run the company. This includes looking at things like customer behavior, market trends, and financial data to determine the best course of action.

Section 3: Examples of Business Class Operations

One example of business class operations is an airline that operates solely with Business Class seats. This means that the airline only offers premium seating options and does not offer economy seating. This allows the airline to charge higher prices for tickets while still providing a high level of service and comfort to passengers.

Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, business class operations are an important part of many industries, including airlines. By focusing on maximizing profit while minimizing costs, companies can provide high-quality services and products while still being efficient and cost-effective. By understanding the principles of business class operations, you can apply these concepts to your own business or organization.

Glossary:
- Business: An organization or enterprising entity engaged in commercial, industrial, or professional activities.
- Operations: The day-to-day management and execution of a business's activities.
- Maximize: To make as large as possible.
- Minimize: To reduce to the smallest possible amount or size.
- Cost-effective: Describes a method or product that produces a desired result with minimal waste or expense.

Self-Debate Discussion:

Topic: Should Odyssey Airways attempt to operate solely with Business Class seating?

Pros:
- Higher ticket prices allow for greater profit margins.
- Focus on premium customers who are willing to pay more for a luxurious experience.
- Differentiation from competitors who offer economy seating.

Cons:
- Limited customer base as only a small percentage of travelers can afford Business Class tickets.
- Potential for lower overall revenue due to fewer passengers.
- Difficulty in standing out in a crowded market with many competitors offering similar services.


text: Prominent German chemist who revolutionized chemistry by introducing chemical structure theory in 1857. His notable work was on the structure of benzene.. He changed his mind from studying architecture to chemistry after listening to Justus von Liebig.. His idea of assigning certain atoms to certain positions within the molecule, and connecting them through valences, or bonds, would shape the future of medicine and invention forever.. He married Stephanie Drory in 1863.. Another prominent chemist like Kekule was Linus Pauling.

textbook:
**Lesson: Introduction to Chemical Structure Theory**

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn about the fundamental concept of chemical structure theory, its importance in understanding the behavior of molecules, and how it has revolutionized the field of chemistry.

**Section 1: What is Chemical Structure Theory?**

Chemical structure theory is a branch of chemistry that deals with the arrangement and organization of atoms in a molecule. It helps us understand how atoms are connected to each other and how they interact with other molecules. This theory is essential for predicting the properties of a substance, such as its reactivity, solubility, and boiling point.

**Section 2: Why is Chemical Structure Theory Important?**

Understanding the structure of a molecule is crucial for predicting its properties and behavior. For example, the structure of a molecule determines whether it is soluble in water or not. Knowing the structure of a molecule can also help us design new drugs or materials with specific properties.

**Section 3: How has Chemical Structure Theory Revolutionized Chemistry?**

The development of chemical structure theory by August Kekule and others has transformed the field of chemistry. Before this theory, chemists had no way of predicting the properties of a molecule based on its structure. With the advent of this theory, chemists could now predict the properties of a molecule and design new compounds with specific properties.

**Section 4: Practical Examples**

Let's consider the example of benzene, which was studied by August Kekule. Benzene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H6. Its structure consists of six carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal ring, with each carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom. This simple structure gives benzene unique properties, such as its high stability and low reactivity.

**Section 5: Real-World Scenarios**

Understanding chemical structure theory has many practical applications in everyday life. For example, chemists use this theory to design new drugs that target specific proteins in the body. They can also design new materials with specific properties, such as stronger or lighter materials for construction or transportation.

**Glossary**
- Chemical structure theory: A branch of chemistry that deals with the arrangement and organization of atoms in a molecule.
- Molecule: A group of two or more atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that has the chemical properties of that compound.
- Reactivity: The tendency of a substance to undergo chemical reactions.
- Solubility: The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
- Boiling point: The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, understanding chemical structure theory is essential for predicting the properties of a substance and designing new compounds with specific properties. This theory has revolutionized the field of chemistry, allowing chemists to make accurate predictions about the behavior of molecules. By applying this knowledge, we can continue to develop new drugs, materials, and technologies that improve our lives.


text: 2 Points. Choosing a new subject to study each month is part of living the abc life. For A, it’s ANTELOPES. They’re beautiful and, if nothing else, have some of the best names: the dik-dik, eland, klipspringer, bushbuck, tsessebe, kudu, addax and oryx. (The last three are great scrabble words.) Since there are 91 different types, it’s obviously a big task to study them all – so I’m not.. The most interesting fact I’ve discovered (okay, my knowledge is admittedly limited)) is that antelopes, although commonly thought to be part of the deer family, are actually part of the Bovidae family, which also includes cattle, goats, sheep, bison and buffalo. So the lyric, “home, home on the range, where the deer and the antelope play,” is taking creative license. The truth is they do not play together. They’re quite different beasts – but you’ll never hear a discouraging word from the antelope on the misguided national anthem. They’re way too dignified.. Haha, I love it. 🙂

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Antelopes
## Section 1: What are Antelopes?
Antelopes are a group of hoofed mammals that belong to the family Bovidae. They are found in Africa, Asia, and North America. There are over 90 different species of antelopes, and they come in all shapes and sizes.
## Section 2: Interesting Facts about Antelopes
- Antelopes are herbivores, which means they eat plants.
- Some antelopes can run up to 50 miles per hour!
- Antelopes have long legs and are known for their graceful movements.
- Some species of antelopes have horns, while others have spiraled or straight horns.
- Antelopes live in groups called herds.
## Section 3: Types of Antelopes
There are many different types of antelopes, including:
- Gazelles
- Impalas
- Elands
- Kudus
- Nyala
- Oryx
- Springboks
- Waterbucks
- Wildebeests
## Glossary:
- Bovidae: a family of hoofed mammals that includes cows, sheep, goats, and antelopes
- Herbivore: an animal that eats only plants
- Graceful: moving with ease and elegance
- Horn: a pointed, curved object that grows on the head of certain animals
- Spiraled: shaped like a spiral
## Conclusion:
Antelopes are fascinating creatures that come in many different shapes and sizes. By studying them, we can learn more about the natural world and the animals that inhabit it.


text: Algarve no top10 dos melhores lugares do mundo para viver. São boas notícias para o Algarve e o seu mercado turístico e imobiliário. O “Telegraph” de Inglaterra, na edição deste fim de semana, apresenta o seu “World’s top 20 places to retire” que coloca o Algarve no Top 10 dos melhores lugares do mundo para viver:. The Telegraph . Saturday 17 May 2014. Whether your taste is for golf or just long leisurely lunches in seafood restaurants, you will get a warm welcome in the Algarve, which continues to attract middle-income retirees from the UK.. The cost of living is lower than in Britain, while the Portuguese property market is much more robust than its Spanish equivalent.. It is in the same time zone as the UK, so you don’t even have to reset your watch when you come home to visit your grandchildren.. On the market: Four-bedroom villa with pool near the market town of Loule in the Algarve, €695,000 (£572,000) with Savills (savills.co.uk)..

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Retirement Planning

Overview: In this lesson, we will learn about retirement planning and why it is an essential part of our financial journey. We will cover the basics of retirement planning, including the benefits, the process, and the factors to consider when planning for retirement.

Section 1: What is Retirement Planning?

Retirement planning is the process of preparing for financial independence during your retirement years. It involves saving and investing money throughout your working years to ensure that you have enough income to live comfortably once you stop working.

Why is Retirement Planning Important?

Retirement planning is crucial because it helps you achieve financial freedom during your retirement years. Without proper planning, you may find yourself struggling to make ends meet or relying on social security benefits, which may not be sufficient to cover all your expenses.

Section 2: Benefits of Retirement Planning

There are several benefits to retirement planning, including:

1. Financial Independence: Retirement planning allows you to enjoy your retirement years without worrying about money. You can live comfortably without having to work full-time.

2. Peace of Mind: Knowing that you have saved enough money to cover your expenses during retirement can provide peace of mind and reduce stress levels.

3. Flexibility: Retirement planning allows you to choose when and how you want to retire. You can decide whether you want to continue working part-time or start a new career altogether.

Section 3: The Process of Retirement Planning

Retirement planning involves several steps, including:

1. Setting Goals: Determine how much money you need to save to achieve your retirement goals.

2. Creating a Plan: Develop a plan to reach your retirement goals, including savings and investment strategies.

3. Executing the Plan: Implement your plan by saving money and investing wisely.

4. Monitoring Progress: Regularly review your progress to ensure that you are on track to meet your retirement goals.

Section 4: Factors to Consider When Planning for Retirement

Several factors should be considered when planning for retirement, including:

1. Inflation Rate: Inflation can erode the value of your savings over time. Make sure to account for inflation when planning for retirement.

2. Taxes: Taxes can significantly impact your retirement income. Consider tax-efficient saving strategies to minimize your tax burden.

3. Healthcare Costs: Healthcare costs can be significant during retirement. Make sure to factor these costs into your retirement planning.

Section 5: Conclusion

In conclusion, retirement planning is an essential part of our financial journey. By planning for retirement, we can achieve financial independence and peace of mind during our retirement years. By following the process outlined in this lesson, we can create a solid plan that will help us achieve our retirement goals.


text: We are happy to share with you the results of a new publication, which has been published today in Genome Medicine:. Gunes Gundem and Nuria Lopez-Bigas. Sample level enrichment analysis (SLEA) unravels shared stress phenotypes among multiple cancer types. Genome Medicine. 4:28 doi:10.1186/gm327. In this manuscript we introduce SLEA, which we have described earlier in this blog, and we use it to explore the interrelation of different stress phenotypes in multiple cancer types. We also ask if these phenotypes could be used to explain prognostic differences among tumor samples.. First we do SLEA using Gitools with the set of genes related to Chromosome Instability (CIN genes) in a breast cancer dataset (Ivishina et al., 2006). Next we use the result of SLEA to stratify the tumors, and find that tumors with upregulation of CIN genes have worse prognosis than the others (see figure in the left). Read the rest of this entry »

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Stress Phenotypes in Cancer

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about stress phenotypes in cancer and how they can be analyzed using a method called Sample Level Enrichment Analysis (SLEA). We will also explore how these phenotypes can help us understand prognostic differences among tumor samples.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is understanding the relationship between stress phenotypes and cancer prognosis. By analyzing the expression of specific genes related to chromosome instability, we can identify tumors with higher risk of recurrence and poorer prognosis.

Section 1: What are Stress Phenotypes in Cancer?

Stress phenotypes refer to the changes in the cell's environment or function that can lead to the development of cancer. These changes can be caused by various factors such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, or changes in gene expression. Understanding these stress phenotypes can help us identify potential targets for cancer treatment and improve patient outcomes.

Section 2: How does Sample Level Enrichment Analysis (SLEA) work?

SLEA is a computational method that uses gene expression data to identify groups of genes that are differentially expressed in different conditions or samples. In the context of cancer, SLEA can be used to compare the expression of stress-related genes between tumor samples with different prognoses.

Section 3: Analyzing Stress Phenotypes in Cancer using SLEA

To perform SLEA, we first need to identify a set of genes related to chromosome instability (CIN genes). We then use these genes to stratify tumor samples into groups based on their expression patterns. Finally, we compare the prognosis of tumors with different expression patterns to determine if there is a correlation between stress phenotypes and cancer prognosis.

Section 4: Practical Examples and Real-World Scenarios

Let's consider a hypothetical scenario where we have a dataset of breast cancer samples with gene expression data. We want to use SLEA to identify tumors with upregulation of CIN genes, which are known to be associated with poor prognosis. After running SLEA, we find that a subset of tumors with increased expression of CIN genes has significantly worse prognosis compared to the rest of the samples.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have learned about stress phenotypes in cancer and how they can be analyzed using SLEA. By identifying tumors with higher risk of recurrence and poorer prognosis, we can potentially improve patient outcomes by targeting these stress phenotypes with personalized treatment strategies.

Glossary:
- Stress phenotypes: Changes in the cell's environment or function that can lead to the development of cancer.
- Sample Level Enrichment Analysis (SLEA): A computational method used to identify groups of genes that are differentially expressed in different conditions or samples.
- Chromosome instability (CIN): A condition in which the chromosomes in a cell become damaged or unstable, leading to mutations and the development of cancer.

[1] Ivshina, A., Khavari, P. A., & Feng, Z. (2006). Chromosomal instability in cancer: what is it and what can we do about it?. Oncogene, 25(39), 5274-5282.