text:
Genomic evolution, patterns of global dissemination, and interspecies transmission of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic viruses.
Using both env and long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences, with maximal representation of genetic diversity within primate strains, we revise and expand the unique evolutionary history of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic viruses (HTLV/STLV). Based on the robust application of three different phylogenetic algorithms of minimum evolution-neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood, we address overall levels of genetic diversity, specific rates of mutation within and between different regions of the viral genome, relatedness among viral strains from geographically diverse regions, and estimation of the pattern of divergence of the virus into extant lineages. Despite broad genomic similarities, type I and type II viruses do not share concordant evolutionary histories. HTLV-I/STLV-I are united through distinct phylogeographic patterns, infection of 20 primate species, multiple episodes of interspecies transmission, and exhibition of a range in levels of genetic divergence. In contrast, type II viruses are isolated from only two species (Homo sapiens and Pan paniscus) and are paradoxically endemic to both Amerindian tribes of the New World and human Pygmy villagers in Africa. Furthermore, HTLV-II is spreading rapidly through new host populations of intravenous drug users. Despite such clearly disparate host populations, the resultant HTLV-II/STLV-II phylogeny exhibits little phylogeographic concordance and indicates low levels of transcontinental genetic differentiation. Together, these patterns generate a model of HTLV/STLV emergence marked by an ancient ancestry, differential rates of divergence, and continued global expansion.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Phylogenetics

### Overview

Phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary relationships among different species or groups of organisms. By comparing the DNA or RNA sequences of different organisms, scientists can determine how closely related they are and how their common ancestor may have evolved over time. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of phylogenetics, including how to construct phylogenetic trees, analyze genetic data, and interpret the results.

### Section 1: Constructing Phylogenetic Trees

A phylogenetic tree is a graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships among different species or groups of organisms. The branches of the tree represent the common ancestors of different groups, while the lengths of the branches represent the amount of genetic change that has occurred over time. To construct a phylogenetic tree, scientists use a variety of methods, including:

1. Clustering analysis: This method groups organisms based on their genetic similarity. The more similar two organisms are, the closer they will be grouped together on the tree.

2. Distance analysis: This method calculates the genetic distance between different organisms based on the number of differences in their DNA or RNA sequences. The closer two organisms are genetically, the shorter the distance between them on the tree.

3. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference: These methods use statistical models to estimate the most likely evolutionary relationships among different organisms, based on their genetic data.

### Section 2: Analyzing Genetic Data

Once a phylogenetic tree has been constructed, scientists can use it to analyze genetic data and make predictions about the evolutionary history of different organisms. For example, they can:

1. Estimate the time when two species diverged from their common ancestor.

2. Determine which species are more closely related to each other.

3. Identify which genes or regions of the genome are responsible for driving evolutionary change.

4. Investigate the role of genetic drift, natural selection, and other evolutionary processes in shaping the genetic makeup of different organisms.

### Section 3: Interpreting Results

Interpreting the results of a phylogenetic analysis requires careful consideration of the assumptions and limitations of the method used to construct the tree. For example, if a tree was constructed using distance analysis, the results may be influenced by factors such as gene duplication, recombination, and mutation. Similarly, if a tree was constructed using a small sample of genes, it may not accurately represent the true evolutionary relationships among the organisms being studied.

In addition, the interpretation of a phylogenetic tree depends on the context in which it was generated. For example, if the tree was constructed to investigate the evolutionary relationships among different species of birds, it may not be useful for understanding the relationships among mammals.

### Glossary

- Phylogenetics: The study of the evolutionary relationships among different species or groups of organisms.
- Phylogenetic tree: A graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships among different species or groups of organisms.
- Common ancestor: An organism that lived in the past and is the ancestor of two or more different species or groups of organisms.
- Genetic distance: The number of differences in DNA or RNA sequences between two organisms.
- Clustering analysis: A method of grouping organisms based on their genetic similarity.
- Distance analysis: A method of calculating the genetic distance between different organisms.
- Maximum likelihood: A statistical method used to estimate the most likely evolutionary relationships among different organisms.
- Bayesian inference: A statistical method used to estimate the probability of different evolutionary relationships among different organisms.
- Genetic drift: A random change in the frequency of alleles in a population due to chance events.
- Natural selection: The process by which certain traits become more common in a population over time because they provide a survival advantage.
- Gene duplication: The event in which a gene is duplicated in the genome.
- Recombination: The exchange of genetic material between different parts of a chromosome.
- Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can result in a new trait or characteristic.

### Conclusion

Phylogenetics is a powerful tool for understanding the evolutionary relationships among different species or groups of organisms. By constructing phylogenetic trees, analyzing genetic data, and interpreting the results, scientists can gain valuable insights into the history of life on Earth and the processes that have shaped the genetic makeup of different organisms.


text: Cee Tee Cath® TC (GS-2007 TC). - Extra soft catheter with specially added plasticizers for gentle feel to tissues.. - Suitable for removal of secretions from mouth, trachea and bronchial tubes.. - Made up of non-irritant kink-resistant medical grade PVC.. - Provided with vacuum control facility as "thumb control system" for efficient suction management.. - Enables continuous or intermittent suctioning.. - Provided with two lateral eyes at the distal end for unobstructed suctioning incase the main tip gets occluded due to mucus accumulation.. - The distal end opening and side eyes are smoothly contoured and free of sharp edges.. - Sterile, peelable soft blister pack.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Medical Devices

## Section 1: Overview of Medical Devices

A medical device is any instrument, apparatus, or machine that is used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease. These devices can range from simple items like thermometers and bandages to complex machines like MRI machines and pacemakers. In this lesson, we will explore the different types of medical devices and their uses.

## Section 2: Types of Medical Devices

There are many different types of medical devices, including:

1. Diagnostic devices: These devices help doctors and other healthcare professionals to diagnose diseases and conditions. Examples include X-ray machines, ultrasound machines, and blood sugar monitors.

2. Therapeutic devices: These devices are used to treat diseases and conditions. Examples include heart valves, artificial limbs, and defibrillators.

3. Monitoring devices: These devices help healthcare professionals to monitor a patient's vital signs and other physiological functions. Examples include blood pressure monitors, EKG machines, and pulse oximeters.

4. Preventive devices: These devices help to prevent diseases and conditions from occurring. Examples include condoms, dental floss, and water filters.

## Section 3: How Medical Devices Work

Medical devices work in a variety of ways, depending on their type and intended use. For example:

1. Diagnostic devices: These devices use various technologies to detect and measure specific biological markers or physical characteristics. For example, X-ray machines use radiation to create images of bones and other internal structures, while blood sugar monitors use a small needle to measure the amount of glucose in a person's blood.

2. Therapeutic devices: These devices deliver a specific treatment or therapy to the body. For example, pacemakers use electrical impulses to regulate the heartbeat, while insulin pumps deliver insulin directly into the bloodstream.

3. Monitoring devices: These devices measure and record various physiological functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels. The data is then displayed on a screen or printed out for analysis by healthcare professionals.

4. Preventive devices: These devices work by creating a barrier between the body and potential sources of infection or harm. For example, condoms prevent sperm from entering the uterus, while water filters remove impurities from drinking water.

## Section 4: Importance of Medical Devices

Medical devices play an essential role in modern healthcare. They help doctors and other healthcare professionals to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases and conditions. They also improve the quality of life for millions of people around the world who rely on them to manage chronic conditions or recover from injuries.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, medical devices are an important part of modern healthcare. They come in many different forms and serve a wide range of purposes. By understanding how these devices work and their importance in the field of medicine, we can better appreciate their role in improving our health and well-being.


text:
OFFICE HOURS WITH STEPH JAGGER

OFFICE HOURS on FB LIVE with guest Steph Jagger! Join us in a conversation about Goal Setting 101: “what" and “where" are good, but they’re nothing without “why” - dive into a conversation with Steph Jagger and learn how she's flipped the script on traditional goal setting.

Because “what" and “where" are good, but they’re nothing without “why”. As a society, we’re pretty good at declaring and delivering (AKA pointing at the place we want to go and making a plan to get there). So why is it when we arrive at said place we’re left wanting more? Why is it never enough? Answer these questions and more with Steph and her counterintuitive approach to goals.

“Declaring and delivering are nothing without first discovering.”

Be prepared for vulnerability and big ah-has, as well as walking away knowing what you want, and (the missing ingredient), why it is you want it.

Steph has graciously offered our community to join her on her GREAT BIG JOURNEY Coaching program with a special 15% Discount, actually 30% since it is still the early bird special! promo code: SHEVENTURES

Steph Jagger is a force of nature. She believes, rather foolhardily, in the following mantra: Know Thyself, Choose Thyself, Make Shit Happen.

She is an author, speaker, coach, and world record smasher who lives on Bainbridge Island (otherwise known as Jurassic). She holds a CEC (certified Executive Coach) degree from Royal Roads University and she believes purposeful living doesn’t happen with one toe dangling in, but that we jump in, fully submerge, and sit in the juice. Think pickle, not cucumber.

In 2010 she began a journey that found her walking that exact talk, or perhaps a better way of putting it would be “skiing that exact talk.” From July of that year to May of 2011 Steph chased winter around the globe. She wound up breaking the record for the most vertical feet skied in a year. Post-journey Steph penned a memoir, which was released by Harper Collins in 2017 – the book is called Unbound: A Story of Snow and Self-Discovery.

She now runs a program called The Great Big Journey and partners with brands like REI to create a bridge from adventurous doing to adventurous being, thinking, and feeling.

Reprinted from UNBOUND by Steph Jagger. By permission of Harper Wave an imprint of HarperCollins.

One Friday in February of 2009, the scene was no different.I escaped up to Whistler and lingered outside as the bus pulledaway. A small amount of boredom had crept into my life of late.I was content, happy with everything I had and everything I’ddone, but it still wasn’t enough. My life had begun to feel like acollection of kindling, and I wanted big blocks of wood, and giantsparks to go with them.

My entire life to date had been spent doing one thing and one thing only—chasing after goals in dogged pursuit of accomplish-ment. At twenty-five, after years of darting from one goal to the next in a blur of box-ticking and brisk achievement, I’d already checked off many of the biggest boxes: I’d sailed through multiple academic requirements, and my passport was covered in stamps. I’d run in multiple marathons and a handful of triathlons. I had a good job in sales and marketing, I’d bought a big-city condo withmoney of my own, filled it with all the right things, and with the cash left over, I’d made my first investments. My life was a laser-focused blaze of efficiency and execution designed around being able to answer the question “What’s next?”—one that I spat out on a regular occasion and worked hard to answer with in-your-face boldness. It was a truly obsessive quest.

That night, I couldn’t shake a niggling sense of dissatisfaction,the idea that I was missing something, that what was next wassomething more, bigger, better, and different from what I hadnow. I tilted my head to the sky. A rush of air moved across myface, and goose bumps rose up on my skin. I felt huge flakes ofsnow land on my cheeks and eyelashes, and watched as thousandsof lace doilies fell from the sky. The stars were in hiding, and mypredictions from earlier that afternoon had been right—the sheetsof rain in Vancouver had traveled north and turned into snow. Alot of it.

Thick confetti slammed into the mountains all night long, andwhen I woke up the next morning, I could barely believe my eyes.Everything in sight was covered in a deep, downy layer of snow,and in a rare trifecta of perfection, especially for Whistler, it wasalso sunny and bone-bitingly cold. I drank my coffee, made a planto meet a few friends, and watched as tiny snow crystals floatedthrough the air like fairy dust. I knew we were in for an epic dayof skiing.

With blue skies cracking open above us and a knee-deep carpetof snow under our skis, we opted for the Whistler side of the resort.More specifically, we hit up an area of the mountain dominated bytwo fast-moving chairlifts, Symphony and Harmony. From the liftwe could see three massive bowls of untouched powder beneathus, each filled to the brim.

All morning, and well into the afternoon, we skied those bowlsuntil we hit their gutters, arriving at the bottom of each run com-pletely and utterly spent. Once there, we loaded back onto thelifts and did it again. We skied hard all day long—harder thanhard. My legs were throbbing, lactic acid spread from my quads tomy calves, and then finally down into my feet and my tiny littletoes. It was a euphoric mix—I was fully awake but completely ex-hausted. I wanted the feeling to last.

Each chairlift ride was a blessing, ten minutes of badly neededrest and recovery. I collapsed onto one of them in the late after-noon and leaned back. My feet dangled below me, and my headcame to a rest on the back of the chair. I looked up into the sky andinhaled deeply, releasing the air as my cheeks turned up in a smile.And then, right there, perhaps because of all that fairy dust, Iwas struck with a grand idea, a bolt straight out of the shining bluesky. It was the answer to “What’s next?” and the perfect box forme to strike a giant check through. Or perhaps, more accurately, itwas exactly what was needed to fan all the flames.I immediately announced my idea.

“I’m gonna do this,” I said with confidence. “I’m going to quit myjob and ski around the world.” I felt a shiver move up my right arm.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Goal Setting 101

Introduction:
Goal setting is an essential part of achieving success in any aspect of life. However, traditional goal setting methods often focus on the "what" and "where" without considering the "why." This lesson will teach you Steph Jagger's counterintuitive approach to goal setting, which emphasizes discovering your purpose before setting specific goals.

Section 1: The Importance of Discovering Your Purpose

Topic 1: The Power of "Why"
- Discuss the importance of knowing your "why" before setting goals
- Explore how understanding your purpose can lead to greater satisfaction and success
- Provide examples of individuals who have found success by aligning their goals with their values and passions

Topic 2: The Dangers of Goal Setting Without Purpose
- Explain how focusing solely on "what" and "where" can lead to superficial success
- Discuss the limitations of traditional goal setting methods and how they can hinder personal growth
- Share stories of individuals who achieved success but still felt unfulfilled due to lack of purpose

Activity: Reflective Journaling
- Encourage students to journal about their own experiences with goal setting and identify areas where they may have been missing the "why"
- Suggest that they consider their values, passions, and long-term aspirations to gain insight into their purpose

Section 2: How to Discover Your Purpose

Topic 1: Self-Reflection
- Teach students how to engage in self-reflection to uncover their values, passions, and long-term aspirations
- Provide exercises such as writing prompts, meditation, and mind mapping to guide students in their self-discovery journey

Topic 2: Seeking Feedback
- Discuss the importance of seeking feedback from others to gain new perspectives on one's strengths, weaknesses, and potential
- Encourage students to seek feedback from trusted friends, family members, or mentors to help them better understand themselves

Topic 3: Taking Action
- Emphasize the importance of taking action towards one's goals once they have identified their purpose
- Provide examples of small steps students can take to move towards their goals while remaining aligned with their purpose

Activity: Purpose Statement
- Guide students in creating a purpose statement that encompasses their values, passions, and long-term aspirations
- Encourage students to share their purpose statements with a partner or small group for feedback and support

Section 3: Applying Your Purpose to Goal Setting

Topic 1: Aligning Goals with Purpose
- Teach students how to align their goals with their purpose to ensure greater satisfaction and success
- Provide examples of goals that are aligned with purpose and those that are not

Topic 2: Setting Specific, Measurable, and Achievable Goals
- Review the concept of SMART goals and how they relate to goal setting with purpose
- Provide examples of SMART goals that align with purpose and those that do not

Topic 3: Evaluating Progress and Adjusting Goals
- Discuss the importance of evaluating progress and adjusting goals as needed to stay aligned with one's purpose
- Provide tools such as goal tracking sheets and progress updates to help students monitor their progress

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored the importance of discovering one's purpose before setting goals. We have learned how traditional goal setting methods can hinder personal growth and how aligning goals with purpose can lead to greater satisfaction and success. By engaging in self-reflection, seeking feedback, and taking action towards our goals, we can uncover our purpose and use it to guide us towards fulfillment and achievement.

Glossary:
- Purpose: A person's values, passions, and long-term aspirations
- Goal: A desired outcome or result
- SMART Goals: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound

Self-Debate:
- Do I feel fulfilled in my current pursuits? Why or why not?
- Can I identify my values and passions? If so, how do they guide my decision-making?
- Have I sought feedback from others to gain new perspectives on myself? If not, why not?
- How can I align my goals with my purpose to ensure greater satisfaction and success?


text:
[su_quote]The first clear indication that it was the people who wrote and read science fiction who lived in the real world, and everyone else who lived in a fantasy, came on August 6, 1945, when the world discovered that an atomic bomb had been exploded over Hiroshima. [/su_quote] ~ Isaac Asimov

Introduction

You might not have have heard that physicists want $1 billion US for a project to detect neutrinos that includes building an underground tunnel, 800 miles long, between Chicago and South Dakota. The recently released Depart of Energy plan includes funding for the Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) which includes an experiment to “send the world’s highest-intensity neutrino beam 800 miles through the Earth’s mantle”.

What the site LBNE site doesn’t tell you is that neutrino science is ushering in a new age and promises to open the door to our future .

The experiment, which will lead to an expanded understanding of neutrinos more generally, may lead to further developments that promise to bring about the end of nuclear weapons, enable low cost fusion reactors, advance our understanding of the fundamental structures and laws of the universe, and even facilitate communication with advanced extra-terrestrial civilizations. Sound far fetched? It’s all due to the special properties of the elusive and mysterious subatomic particle the neutrino.

There are currently three known types of neutrinos, but some theories postulate that there may be a fourth or even a fifth type of exotic neutrino. An “electron neutrino” makes an electron and has a mass lower than 2.2 eV. A “muon neutrino” makes a muon and has a mass less than 170 keV. A “tau neutrino” makes a tau lepton but has a mass less than 15.5 MeV.

Neutrinos and the End of the Nuclear War

Since the dawn of the nuclear age, the threat of nuclear warfare has hung over the human race as perhaps the most credible way in which we might exterminate ourselves. And recent events surrounding Russia’s annexation of Crimea and possible conflicts between nuclear armed nations in Eastern Europe have rekindled some of these concerns.

Nuclear weapons are arguably the most dangerous invention we’ve ever created. And the process of their creation is the world’s greatest secret. A global security apparatus of enormous reach and consequence has grown up around the absolute necessity of securing these weapons and the knowledge required to make them. But thanks to the tiny neutrino that may be about to change.

Today there exists the promise of a near term technology that can make nuclear weapons obsolete, and interestingly it is based around the science of the neutrino. Neutrinos are nearly massless neutral subatomic particles that are neutral and therefore do not interact with charged particles such as electrons and protons. Because neutrinos are not affected by electromagnetic fields and only by the weak sub-atomic force, they pass through most materials and can travel vast distances through interstellar space. Perhaps most importantly science of detecting and creating neutrinos has the potential to make nuclear weapons obsolete and irrelevant.

Nuclear weapons pose what is arguably the greatest man made existential threat to the human race. However it is only recently that we’ve had the ability to detect these minute particles and create them in large numbers with high energies. But how can such a tiny and hard to measure particle make nuclear weapons obsolete? Firstly, sensitive neutrino detectors have the potential to revolutionize arms control. The process of producing nuclear materials for use in weapons requires a specific pattern of operations and rotation of fuel rods in a nuclear reactor. This process produces an observable neutrino and antineutrino signature as do underground nuclear tests. Sensitive detectors appropriately located can measure the operation of nuclear reactors anywhere on the Earth and render secret operation of a nuclear weapons program essentially impossible. The technology could also be used to track nuclear powered vessels.

But that is just the start and one part of how neutrino science is ushering in what might be called the post nuclear era. A new type of particle accelerator, a high energy muon collider, could revolutionize warfare and render nuclear weapon a thing of the past. Hirotaka Sugawara and his colleagues propose the use of a high energy neutrino beam to destroy nuclear weapons remotely. This hypothesized neutrino beam passes through the Earth and interacts with the nuclear materials inside of the distant nuclear weapon. This interaction can result in heating the nuclear material melting or damaging components of the device or potentially enabling remote detonation of an armed nuclear device.

A muon storage ring is used to accelerate larger particles, muons, to high energies. Muon collisions produce high energy neutrino beams that can be controlled and aimed.

The neutrino beam makes holding armed nuclear weapons more of a liability than a benefit, as an enemy armed with a neutrino weapon could consider remotely detonating them before they could be launched. Even if the bombs are not assembled, an enemy with a neutrino beam could simply render them useless over time . There is no known method of shielding against these beams.

However high energy neutrino beams themselves might be used as weapons. Sugawara also suggests that this technology can be used as a deadly weapon even against enemies that do not possess nuclear weapons. The neutrino beam can be aimed at people or places and the resulting hadron shower can be deadly. The weapon can be effective even against individuals in deep underground bunkers and other seemingly secure locations.

Full geek alert:

It’s seemingly a real life version of the infamous Tantalus Field, a fictional alien device that seemingly vaporized enemies at the touch of a button and was used by “Evil Kirk” to gain captaincy of ISS Enterprise in the Star Trek episode Mirror, Mirror.

But the end of nuclear warfare and a perfect assassination weapon are just the start of what neutrino science will offer us.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Neutrino Science

Introduction

Neutrino science is a branch of physics that studies neutrinos, which are elementary particles that have a small amount of mass and no electric charge. They interact very weakly with other matter, making them difficult to detect. However, neutrino science is becoming increasingly important as scientists discover more about these particles and their potential applications.

Core Value

The core value of this lesson is that neutrino science is ushering in a new age and promises to open the door to our future. This means that studying neutrinos can lead to new discoveries and technological advancements that can improve our lives and help us understand the universe better.

Section 1: What are Neutrinos?

Neutrinos are elementary particles that come in three types: electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos, and tau neutrinos. They are produced in various processes, such as nuclear reactions in stars, supernovae, and the decay of radioactive elements. Neutrinos are extremely light, neutral particles that interact very weakly with other matter.

Section 2: Why Study Neutrinos?

Studying neutrinos can help us understand the fundamental laws of physics, such as the Standard Model of particle physics. Additionally, neutrinos can provide insights into the early universe and the formation of galaxies. They can also help us understand the behavior of other particles, such as quarks and leptons.

Section 3: Applications of Neutrino Science

Neutrino science has many potential applications, including:

1. Astrophysics: Neutrinos can provide information about the cores of stars, supernovae, and the early universe.
2. Particle physics: Neutrinos can help us understand the behavior of other particles and the fundamental laws of physics.
3. Medical applications: Neutrinos can be used to study the human body and develop new treatments for diseases.
4. Energy production: Neutrinos can be used to develop new sources of energy, such as fusion reactors.

Section 4: The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE)

The LBNE is a proposed experiment that aims to send a high-intensity neutrino beam 800 miles through the Earth's mantle. This experiment will help scientists study neutrinos in greater detail and learn more about their properties.

Section 5: Conclusion

In conclusion, neutrino science is an important field that holds great potential for future discoveries and technological advancements. Studying neutrinos can help us understand the universe better and develop new technologies that can improve our lives. The LBNE experiment is just one example of the exciting developments that are happening in this field. By continuing to invest in neutrino science, we can open the door to a brighter future.


text: About our Partners & our Best Friends. We have vast partner network throughout the region of the Fjords of Norway. You will find organized tours together with other peak guiding companies like Outdoorlife Norway that helps us organize packages. Tailor made activity packages is a strong part of our portfolio. Arranging adventures in the winter is challenging and demands expertise and extensive local experience.

textbook:
Lesson: Partnerships and Networking in Business

Introduction: In business, partnerships and networking are essential for growth and success. This lesson will teach you about the importance of partnerships and networking, how to identify potential partners, and how to maintain a healthy partnership.

Section 1: The Importance of Partnerships and Networking
- Partnerships and networking are crucial in business because they help you expand your reach and grow your customer base.
- By partnering with other businesses, you can offer more services and products to your customers, which can lead to increased sales and revenue.
- Networking also allows you to learn from others in your industry, stay up-to-date on trends, and find new opportunities for growth.

Section 2: Identifying Potential Partners
- Look for businesses that complement yours, meaning they offer services or products that are related to but not identical to yours.
- Consider businesses that share your values and target the same customer demographic.
- Research potential partners thoroughly before approaching them to ensure that their reputation aligns with your brand image.

Section 3: Maintaining a Healthy Partnership
- Communication is key to maintaining a healthy partnership. Be open and honest with your partners about your goals, expectations, and concerns.
- Establish clear boundaries and roles to avoid confusion and misunderstandings.
- Regularly evaluate the partnership to ensure that it is still beneficial and meeting both parties' needs.

Conclusion: Partnerships and networking are essential for business growth and success. By identifying potential partners that complement your business and share your values, you can expand your reach and offer more services and products to your customers. Maintaining a healthy partnership requires open communication, clear boundaries, and regular evaluation to ensure that it is still beneficial for both parties. By applying these principles, you can build strong partnerships that lead to increased growth and success in your business.

Glossary:
- Partnership: A relationship between two or more businesses that work together to offer more services and products to their customers.
- Networking: The process of building relationships and connections with others in your industry to learn from and share knowledge with.
- Complementary: Offering services or products that are related to but not identical to those of another business.
- Demographic: A group of people with similar characteristics, such as age, gender, or income level.


text: STEP. Contractor installed 6 tanks this week on Oregon Road. County staff received 4 more easements. This brings the total easements collected to 565. This is 73% of the total number of easements. Next week, the contractor is planning on installing tanks on Oregon, Elm, and South Carolina Roads.. Community. Contractor installed about 2100 lf of pipe by the open cut and HDD method on Romancoke, Utah, and Brickhouse Roads this week. They will continue with connecting pipes and installing Spur lines next week.. Transmission. Contractor had to lower an existing water main to make room for the new force main near the Bay Bridge Airport area. They also crossed RT 8 with the 14″ force main and tied into a previously installed pipe. This now connects pipe from just South of Pier One Road all the way to Baltimore Road on RT 8. Contractor will continue with pipe installation next week along Pier One Road. They will install pipe to connect to the previously installed pipe that is across RT 50.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Percentages

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about percentages and how to calculate them. Percentages are used in many different fields, including mathematics, finance, and science. They represent a part of a whole, usually expressed as a fraction or a decimal.

Section 1: What are Percentages?
A percentage is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is usually represented as a percentage sign (%) followed by the number. For example, 50% means 50 out of 100.

Section 2: How to Calculate Percentages
To calculate a percentage, you need to know what part of the whole you want to find the percentage of. This part is called the "part" and the whole is called the "whole". To find the percentage, you can use the following formula:

Percentage = (Part / Whole) x 100

For example, if you want to find 50% of 100, you would use the formula:

Percentage = (50 / 100) x 100 = 50%

Section 3: Real-World Examples
Percents are used in many real-world situations. Here are some examples:

- In finance, a person might invest 20% of their income in stocks.
- In science, a student might need to mix 10% acid solution with 90% water.
- In cooking, a chef might use 30% butter and 70% flour to make a cake.

Section 4: Practice Questions
1. If a recipe calls for 20% of the flour to be whole wheat, how much whole wheat flour should be used in a batch of cookies?
2. If a student has completed 75% of their homework, how much more do they need to complete before it is finished?
3. If a store is selling an item at 50% off, what is the discounted price of the item?

Section 5: Conclusion
In conclusion, understanding percentages is important in many different fields. By using the formula and real-world examples, we can see how percentages are used to solve problems and make decisions.


text: OUR PAYMENT PROVIDERS. We are currently integrated with 50+ PSPs and this number is constantly growing. Choosing our solution will give you access to the most popular PSPs on the market, but will also provide you with alternative payment solutions when targeting specific regions. Our packages are designed to give you the flexibility to work with a select number of PSPs, or to implement an unlimited amount. If you want to integrate a new PSP – no problem. We can handle the entire integration process for you quickly and seamlessly.. Take a look at who we are integrated<<

textbook:
**Lesson: Integrating Payment Providers**

**Introduction:**
In today's digital world, online transactions are becoming more common. As a result, integrating payment providers has become a crucial aspect of e-commerce businesses. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of integrating payment providers, the benefits of using multiple payment providers, and how to choose the right payment provider for your business.

**Section 1: Understanding the Importance of Integrating Payment Providers**

Integrating payment providers allows customers to make payments easily and securely on your website. It also helps to build trust and credibility with customers, as they know that their information is safe and secure. Additionally, integrating multiple payment providers increases the chances of customers finding a payment method that works for them, which can lead to increased sales and revenue for your business.

**Section 2: Benefits of Using Multiple Payment Providers**

Using multiple payment providers has several benefits, including:

- Increased flexibility: Customers have more payment options to choose from, which can lead to increased sales and customer satisfaction.
- Improved conversion rates: By offering multiple payment options, customers are more likely to complete their purchases.
- Reduced fraud risk: By offering multiple payment options, you can reduce the risk of fraudulent transactions.
- Competitive advantage: Offering multiple payment options can give your business a competitive advantage over others in your industry.

**Section 3: How to Choose the Right Payment Provider for Your Business**

Choosing the right payment provider for your business can be a daunting task. Here are some factors to consider when choosing a payment provider:

- Reputation: Research the reputation of the payment provider and read reviews from other businesses that have used their services.
- Fees: Compare the fees associated with each payment provider. Some providers may charge higher fees for certain types of transactions.
- Security: Ensure that the payment provider has robust security measures in place to protect customer data.
- Integration: Consider the ease of integration with your existing systems and the level of support provided by the payment provider.

**Section 4: Practical Examples**

Let's say you run an e-commerce store that sells clothing. You decide to integrate multiple payment providers to increase sales and improve customer experience. You choose to integrate PayPal, Stripe, and Authorize.Net. By doing so, you increase the likelihood that customers will find a payment method that works for them.

**Conclusion**

Integrating payment providers is an essential aspect of running an e-commerce business. By offering multiple payment options, you can increase sales and improve customer satisfaction. When choosing a payment provider, consider factors such as reputation, fees, security, and integration. By following the guidelines outlined in this lesson, you can successfully integrate multiple payment providers into your business and reap the benefits of increased sales and customer loyalty.


text: BUCKLAND (AP) -- The School Committee in has given its superintendent the green light to research a switch to a four-day school week. Mohawk Trail Regional Superintendent Michael Buoniconti told the school committee Wednesday he will report back to them.. He tells The Recorder ( ) a four-day week in other school systems across the country has led to substantial savings in transportation and utility costs. There have even been reports of better student and staff morale, less absenteeism and better student performance.. Concerns include a longer school day, the impact on working parents and a possible loss of pay for bus drivers, cafeteria workers and others.. Mohawk serves children from the towns of Ashfield, Buckland, Charlemont, Colrain, Hawley, Heath, Plainfield, Rowe, and Shelburne.. ------

textbook:
Lesson: The Impact of a Four-Day School Week

Introduction:
In recent years, many schools have considered switching to a four-day school week to save money and improve student performance. This lesson will explore the potential benefits and drawbacks of such a change.

Section 1: Background Information
- A four-day school week is when students attend school for four days instead of five.
- This concept is becoming more popular in the United States, especially in rural areas.
- Supporters argue that it can lead to cost savings and improved academic performance.
- Opponents worry about the impact on working parents and the length of the school day.

Section 2: Pros and Cons
Pros:
- Cost savings: Schools can save money on transportation and utilities.
- Improved morale: Students and teachers may feel more rested and engaged.
- Fewer absences: Parents may be able to take care of their children's needs on the fifth day.
- Better performance: Some studies show that students perform better with a shorter week.

Cons:
- Longer school day: Students may need to attend school for a longer period each day.
- Working parents: Parents may struggle to find childcare on the fifth day.
- Loss of pay: Bus drivers, cafeteria workers, and other employees may lose pay.
- Scheduling conflicts: Extracurricular activities and sports may be affected.

Section 3: Real-World Examples
- In Wyoming, some schools switched to a four-day week to save money on fuel costs.
- In Colorado, a school district found that student performance improved after switching to a four-day week.
- In Georgia, a school district had to bring back a fifth day due to parent complaints.

Glossary:
- Four-day school week: A school schedule where students attend school for four days instead of five.
- Transportation: The cost of busing students to and from school.
- Utilities: The cost of electricity, water, and other resources used by the school.
- Absenteeism: The number of days students are absent from school.
- Extracurricular activities: Activities that occur outside of the regular school day, such as sports or clubs.

Conclusion:
A four-day school week can have both advantages and disadvantages. Schools must carefully consider the impact on students, families, and staff before making any changes. However, if implemented correctly, a four-day school week can lead to cost savings and improved academic performance.


text: ATLANTA, Georgia – September 2017 – Two N.A. Williams’ sales representatives, Phil Perkins and Brady Peterson, were recently honored by Turtle Wax for exemplary sales efforts. Perkins and Peterson were both recognized at the Turtle Wax sales conference held in Chicago.. Perkins was the selected as the “Representative of the Year” for his excellent work on the Home Depot account. Turtle Wax acknowledged Peterson’s efforts for 2018 new product placement with the Advance Auto Parts account.. “Turtle Wax and N.A. Williams have had a longtime successful partnership,” said Chris Williams, president of N.A. Williams Company. “Because we pride ourselves on helping our customers grow their businesses through innovative marketing and sales programs, we are especially grateful that two of our reps were recognized by Turtle Wax for their outstanding sales efforts. Both Phil and Brady do an outstanding job serving their clients and we congratulate them for these tremendous honors.”.

textbook:
Lesson: Sales Representative of the Year Award

### Overview
In this lesson, we will learn about the Sales Representative of the Year Award and its significance in the sales industry. We will also explore the qualities and skills required to win this award and understand the importance of hard work and dedication in achieving success.

### Section 1: Introduction
The Sales Representative of the Year Award is an annual award given to the top sales representative in the industry. This award recognizes the outstanding performance of individuals who have demonstrated exceptional sales skills, customer service, and dedication to their profession.

### Section 2: Qualities and Skills Required
To win the Sales Representative of the Year Award, a sales representative must possess several qualities and skills, including:

1. Excellent communication skills: A good sales representative should be able to communicate effectively with customers, colleagues, and management.
2. Strong product knowledge: A winner should have in-depth knowledge of the products they sell and be able to answer any question a customer may have.
3. Persistence and resilience: A top sales representative should be persistent and resilient, bouncing back from rejection and setbacks.
4. Time management skills: A winner should be able to manage their time effectively, prioritizing tasks and meeting deadlines.
5. Customer focus: A top sales representative should always put the customer first, going above and beyond to meet their needs and exceed their expectations.
6. Professionalism: A winner should always act professionally, dress appropriately, and maintain a positive attitude.

### Section 3: Importance of Hard Work and Dedication
Winning the Sales Representative of the Year Award requires hard work and dedication. It takes years of practice and experience to develop the necessary skills and knowledge to excel in sales. A winner should be committed to continuous learning and improvement, always seeking feedback and coaching to improve their performance.

### Section 4: Conclusion
In conclusion, winning the Sales Representative of the Year Award is a significant achievement in the sales industry. It requires a combination of skills, knowledge, and dedication to achieve success. By understanding the qualities and skills required and the importance of hard work and dedication, anyone can aspire to win this prestigious award.


text:
Dear Editor:

A 40-year-old male presented with 4 months history of multiple various sized erythematous to violaceous subcutaneous nodules on both extensor surfaces of elbows, which was partially movable and showed no symptoms ([Fig. 1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). He was diagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 7 years ago. A variety of therapeutic options, such as systemic corticosteroid, antimalarial drug, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and methotrexate, were prescribed to control RA activity. However, they all failed to show symptomatic improvement. After that, the patient started adalimumab, a human monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, 40 mg injection every other week with concomitant systemic corticosteroid, methotrexate and a NSAID. Adalimumab injection improved signs and symptoms of RA gradually. However, the multiple subcutaneous nodules occurred in the extensor sides of the elbows two months after adalimumab injection. A skin biopsy was performed and it showed dense fibrinoid deposits in deep dermis. At high magnification, large palisading granulomas surrounding degenerated connective tissue and fibrin were noticed and infiltrating inflammatory cells were mostly composed of lymphocytes and histiocytes. Mucin deposition was rarely observed. Overall, it was consistent with rheumatoid nodule ([Fig. 1B, C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The patient didn\'t receive any treatment, and there was no change in the lesion at the follow-up visit.

Rheumatoid nodule development is extremely rare side effect of TNF-α antagonists and only two cases after etanercept and adalimumab injection have reported so far. However, in the previous report caused by adalimumab injection, rheumatoid nodule was diagnosed by only ultrasonogram[@B1]. Thus, to our knowledge, this is the first report of rheumatoid nodules confirmed by histopathologic diagnosis following the treatment with adalimumab.

Rheumatoid nodules are one of the most common extra-articular manifestations of RA, usually associated with severe disease activity. Macrophage is the main infiltrating inflammatory cell in both rheumatoid nodule and synovial membrane of RA and they show similar expressions of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra)[@B2]. However, in this case, rheumatoid nodules were developed when the signs and symptoms of RA had been gradually improving by the adalimumab.

There are several differences between rheumatoid nodule and synovial membrane of RA. Rheumatoid nodules lack infiltrating B cells, plasma cells, and organized lymphoid structures. In addition, E-selectin expression, IL-1 level are higher and TNF-α concentration is significantly lower in the rheumatoid nodule compared to the synovial membrane of RA[@B3], which suggests that development of rheumatoid nodules might be less influenced by TNF-α. One study with TNF-α knockout mice demonstrated abnormally low TNF-α level might induce an exaggeration of the effects driven by other inflammatory mediators[@B4]. Therefore, it could be considered that excessive TNF-α suppression could induce the development of rheumatoid nodules.

Furthermore, anti-TNF-α treatments increase peripheral blood counts which are thought to be related to reduced cell traffic to the inflamed joint in RA[@B5]. Thus it is conceivable that these migratory cells infiltrate other inflamed tissues and form rheumatoid nodules.

So herein, we report a case with great interest which could be one of the example and supporting clinical evidence of the paradoxical effects of anti-TNF-α treatment.

![(A) Multiple various sized erythematous to violaceous subcutaneous nodules on both extensor surfaces of elbows. (B) Biopsy showed dense fibrinoid deposits in deep dermis (H&E, ×100). (C) Biopsy showed palisading granulomas surrounding degenerated connective tissue and fibrin (H&E, ×200).](ad-28-402-g001){#F1}

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Rheumatoid Arthritis

### Overview
In this lesson, we will learn about Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the joints. We will cover the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for RA. By the end of this lesson, you will have a better understanding of RA and how it impacts people's lives.

### Section 1: What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the joints. It causes inflammation in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling. RA can also affect other parts of the body, such as the skin, eyes, and lungs.

### Section 2: Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis
The symptoms of RA vary from person to person. Common symptoms include:
- Pain and stiffness in the joints, especially in the morning
- Swelling in the hands, feet, or other joints
- Fatigue and weakness
- Loss of range of motion in the joints
- Joint deformities

### Section 3: Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis
The exact cause of RA is unknown. However, scientists believe that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of the disease. Some risk factors for RA include:
- Family history of RA
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Age (women are more likely to develop RA than men)

### Section 4: Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis
There is no one test for RA. Doctors use a combination of blood tests, imaging studies, and physical examinations to diagnose the disease. Some common diagnostic tests include:
- Rheumatoid factor test: This blood test checks for the presence of rheumatoid factor, an antibody that is often present in people with RA.
- Anti-CCP test: This blood test checks for the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, which are associated with RA.
- X-rays: These imaging studies can show changes in the joints caused by RA, such as loss of cartilage and bone erosion.

### Section 5: Treatment Options for Rheumatoid Arthritis
There is no cure for RA, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These include:
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): These medications reduce inflammation and pain.
- Corticosteroids: These drugs reduce inflammation and can be used short-term to manage flares.
- Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs): These medications slow the progression of RA and can help prevent joint damage.
- Biologic response modifiers: These drugs target specific immune system components to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of RA.
- Physical therapy: This treatment helps maintain muscle strength and joint mobility.
- Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair joint damage or replace damaged joints.

### Section 6: Conclusion
In conclusion, RA is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the joints. It causes inflammation, pain, and stiffness in the joints. There is no cure for RA, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. By understanding the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for RA, you can better understand and manage this condition.


text: Bisto was six years old and just over a year ago it was discovered that he had cancer in his nose. The vet operated but tests later showed that he had not been able to remove all the cancer and Bisto's time would be limited, perhaps a year or so. It was a true diagnosis. A few months ago the cancer returned and Bisto has been going down hill since. He seemed happy enough and he was always pleased to see everyone and still loved to play with Lurcher No.2, but over the last few days, the nosebleeds had become almost constant and he was having difficuly breathing. It became obvious to Bill that his quality of life was compromised to such an extent that his suffering had to end.. We will miss you Bisto, as will everyone on Wimbledon Common, both staff and the regular walkers who all knew you as Bill's constant companion. Wherever he was, you were never far from his side. You sometimes came for walks with me and the Lurchers and we were proud to have you with us.. Run free my sweet boy..

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Quality of Life for Pets

Introduction:
Pets are an integral part of many families, providing companionship, love, and joy. However, when a pet is suffering from a terminal illness, it is essential to consider their quality of life. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of quality of life for pets and learn how to make informed decisions about their care.

Section 1: Understanding Quality of Life

Topic 1: What is Quality of Life?
- Quality of life refers to the overall well-being of a pet, taking into account their physical, emotional, and social needs.
- It is a subjective measure that varies depending on the pet and their circumstances.

Topic 2: Assessing Quality of Life
- There are several factors to consider when assessing a pet's quality of life, including their appetite, activity level, ability to perform daily tasks, and overall mood.
- It is essential to consult with a veterinarian to determine if a pet is in pain or discomfort.

Section 2: Making Decisions About Care

Topic 1: The Role of Euthanasia
- Euthanasia is the act of ending a pet's life to prevent further suffering.
- It is a difficult decision, but it can be the most humane choice when a pet's quality of life is poor.

Topic 2: Considering Palliative Care
- Palliative care focuses on managing pain and other symptoms to improve a pet's comfort and quality of life.
- It may involve medication, therapy, or other interventions to alleviate suffering.

Section 3: Caring for a Pet with a Terminal Illness

Topic 1: Providing Comfort
- Ensure that a pet with a terminal illness is comfortable by providing a warm, quiet environment and plenty of rest.
- Provide medication as prescribed by a veterinarian to manage pain and other symptoms.

Topic 2: Creating Memories
- Spend as much time as possible with your pet, creating memorable experiences and cherishing the moments you have together.
- Take lots of photos and videos to capture your pet's personality and love for future memories.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, quality of life is an essential consideration when caring for a pet with a terminal illness. By understanding what contributes to a good quality of life and making informed decisions about care, we can ensure that our pets are comfortable and happy throughout their lives. Remember that the goal is to provide the best possible experience for your pet, even in the face of difficult circumstances.

Glossary:
- Quality of life: The overall well-being of a pet, taking into account their physical, emotional, and social needs.
- Euthanasia: The act of ending a pet's life to prevent further suffering.
- Palliative care: A form of care that focuses on managing pain and other symptoms to improve a pet's comfort and quality of life.

Self-Debate:
- Is it ever too soon to consider euthanasia for a pet with a terminal illness?
- How can we ensure that our pets are comfortable and happy throughout their lives?


text: Community Compass is funded by The Scottish Government and Edinburgh Health and Social Care partnership. The project is designed to support people to connect with local services and help them overcome challenges they are facing, using an approach known as community link working. The team works in partnership with five local medical practices, taking referrals for people experiencing issues that can't be addressed clinically such as debt, unemployment or isolation. Community Compass link workers get to know each individual and what is important in their lives. Working together, plans are created to help each person reach his or her goals. A GP from Craigmillar Medical Group explained that the support the Compass team give is tailored to each individual's needs, this makes it much more likely to suceed than a one size fits all approach.. To find out more about Community Compass, please contact Helena Richards, Community Project Manager on 07920 267 564 or email helenarichards@carrgomm.org.

textbook:
Lesson: Community Link Working

Introduction:
Community link working is an approach used by organizations to support people in connecting with local services and overcoming challenges they face. This lesson will teach you about community link working and how it can help individuals and communities.

Section 1: What is Community Link Working?
Community link working is an approach used by organizations to support people in connecting with local services and overcoming challenges they face. It involves working with individuals and communities to identify their needs and goals, and then providing them with the necessary resources and support to achieve these goals.

Theory: Community link workers work in partnership with local organizations and services to provide individuals with the support they need to overcome challenges they face. They use a person-centered approach to understand each individual's needs and goals and then work with them to create a plan to achieve these goals.

Practice: Let's imagine that a community link worker is working with a person who is experiencing debt, unemployment, and isolation. The worker would first get to know the individual and what is important to them. Then, they would work with the individual to create a plan that includes actions to address their debt, find employment, and connect with others in the community.

Questions:
1. What is community link working?
2. How does community link working help individuals and communities?
3. What is the role of a community link worker?

Section 2: How Community Link Working Works
Community link working works by bringing together individuals, organizations, and services to create a supportive network that helps people overcome challenges they face. This approach is based on the idea that everyone has strengths and assets that can be used to overcome challenges.

Theory: Community link workers use a strengths-based approach to understand what individuals and communities have to offer. They then work with these strengths to create a supportive network that helps people achieve their goals.

Practice: Let's imagine that a community link worker is working with a group of young people who are at risk of becoming involved in crime. The worker would first get to know the young people and what is important to them. Then, they would work with the young people to identify their strengths and assets, such as their talents and interests. Finally, the worker would connect the young people with organizations and services that can help them develop these strengths and assets.

Questions:
1. How does community link working work?
2. What is a strengths-based approach?
3. How do community link workers connect individuals with organizations and services?

Section 3: Benefits of Community Link Working
Community link working can have many benefits for individuals and communities. It can help people overcome challenges they face and connect with resources and support that can improve their quality of life. It can also help communities become stronger and more resilient by building social connections and promoting collaboration.

Theory: Community link working creates a supportive network that helps individuals and communities overcome challenges and achieve their goals. This network can include organizations, services, and other individuals who share common interests and goals.

Practice: Let's imagine that a community link worker is working with a group of seniors who are isolated and have limited access to technology. The worker would first get to know the seniors and what is important to them. Then, they would work with the seniors to connect them with technology training programs and organizations that provide social activities for seniors. Finally, the worker would help the seniors form a support group where they can share experiences and learn from each other.

Questions:
1. What are the benefits of community link working?
2. How does community link working create a supportive network?
3. What types of organizations and services can community link workers connect individuals with?

Conclusion:
Community link working is an approach used by organizations to support people in connecting with local services and overcoming challenges they face. By working in partnership with individuals and communities, community link workers can create a supportive network that helps people achieve their goals. This approach is based on the idea that everyone has strengths and assets that can be used to overcome challenges. By understanding these strengths and assets, community link workers can connect individuals and communities with resources and support that can improve their quality of life.

Glossary:
- Community link working: An approach used by organizations to support people in connecting with local services and overcoming challenges they face.
- Person-centered approach: An approach that focuses on the individual and their needs and goals.
- Strengths-based approach: An approach that focuses on identifying and using an individual's strengths and assets to overcome challenges.
- Supportive network: A network of individuals, organizations, and services that work together to support people in achieving their goals.

Self-Debate:
Do you think community link working could help you or someone you know overcome challenges they face? Why or why not?


text:
Q:

split line via regex in javascript?

I have this structure of text :
1.6.1 Members................................................................ 12
1.6.2 Accessibility.......................................................... 13
1.6.3 Type parameters........................................................ 13
1.6.4 The T generic type aka <T>............................................. 13

I need to create JS objects :
{
  num:"1.6.1",
  txt:"Members"
},
{
  num:"1.6.2",
  txt:"Accessibility"
} ...

That's not a problem.
The problem is that I want to extract values via Regex split via positive lookahead :

Split via the first time you see that next character is a letter

What have i tried :
'1.6.1 Members........... 12'.split(/\s(?=(?:[\w\. ])+$)/i)

This is working fine :
["1.6.1", "Members...........", "12"] // I don't care about the 12.

But If I have 2 words or more :
'1.6.3 Type parameters................ 13'.split(/\s(?=(?:[\w\. ])+$)/i)

The  result is :
["1.6.3", "Type", "parameters................", "13"] //again I don't care about 13.
Of course I can join them , but I want the words to be together.
Question :
How can I enhance my regex NOT to split words ?
Desired result :
["1.6.3", "Type parameters"]
or
["1.6.3", "Type parameters........"] // I will remove extras later
or
["1.6.3", "Type parameters........13"]// I will remove extras later
NB
I know I can do split via " " or by other simpler solution but I'm seeking ( for pure knowledge) for an enhancement for my solution which uses positive lookahead split.
Full online example :
nb2 :
The text can contain capital letter in the middle also.

A:

You can use this regex:
/^(\d+(?:\.\d+)*) (\w+(?: \w+)*)/gm

And get your desired matches using matched group #1 and matched group #2.
Online Regex Demo
Update: For String#split you can use this regex:
/ +(?=[A-Z\d])/g

Regex Demo
Update 2: With the possibility of having capital letters also in chapter names following more complex regex is needed:
var re = /(\D +(?=[a-z]))| +(?=[a-z\d])/gmi;
var str = '1.6.3 Type Foo Bar........................................................ 13';
var m = str.split( re );
console.log(m[0], ',', m.slice(1, -1).join(''), ',', m.pop() );

//=> 1.6.3 , Type Foo Bar........................................................ , 13

textbook:
Lesson: Regular Expressions in JavaScript

Introduction:
Regular expressions (RegEx) are a powerful tool for manipulating and searching text in JavaScript. They allow us to search for patterns within a string and perform various operations on them. In this lesson, we will learn how to use regular expressions to split a string into an array of substrings based on a given pattern.

What you will learn:
- What regular expressions are and how they work
- How to use regular expressions to split a string into an array of substrings
- How to use positive lookahead to split a string only when a specific pattern appears

Prerequisites:
- Basic knowledge of JavaScript
- Knowledge of regular expressions is helpful but not required

Section 1: Introduction to Regular Expressions

Regular expressions are a powerful tool for manipulating and searching text in JavaScript. They allow us to search for patterns within a string and perform various operations on them. Regular expressions are defined by a set of rules that define how a pattern should be matched against a string.

A regular expression consists of a pattern and some flags that control how the pattern is matched. The pattern is a sequence of characters that defines what we want to match. The flags control options such as whether the pattern is case-sensitive or not.

In JavaScript, regular expressions are created using the /regex/ syntax. For example, the regular expression for matching any character is /.*/. This regular expression will match any character except for a newline character.

Section 2: Using Regular Expressions to Split a String into an Array of Substrings

We can use regular expressions to split a string into an array of substrings. This is useful when we want to break down a string into smaller parts based on a specific pattern.

For example, suppose we have a string that contains multiple lines of text separated by blank lines. We can use regular expressions to split the string into an array of substrings based on the blank lines.

Here's an example:

```javascript
let str = `1.6.1 Members................................................................ 12
1.6.2 Accessibility.......................................................... 13
1.6.3 Type parameters........................................................ 13
1.6.4 The T generic type aka <T>............................................. 13`;

let result = str.split(/\n/);
console.log(result); // Output: ["1.6.1 Members................................................................ 12", "1.6.2 Accessibility.......................................................... 13", "1.6.3 Type parameters........................................................ 13", "1.6.4 The T generic type aka <T>............................................. 13"]
```

In this example, we use the regular expression `/\n/` to split the string at each newline character. The `split()` method returns an array of substrings that correspond to each line in the string.

Section 3: Using Positive Lookahead to Split a String Only When a Specific Pattern Appears

Sometimes we may want to split a string only when a specific pattern appears. We can use positive lookahead to achieve this.

Positive lookahead is a special form of regular expression that allows us to specify a pattern that we want to match, but do not capture it in the resulting match object. Instead, it simply ensures that the pattern appears before the rest of the match occurs.

For example, suppose we want to split a string only when it contains a period (.) followed by one or more spaces ( ). We can use positive lookahead to ensure that the period is followed by one or more spaces.

Here's an example:

```javascript
let str = `1.6.1 Members................................................................ 12
1.6.2 Accessibility.......................................................... 13
1.6.3 Type parameters........................................................ 13
1.6.4 The T generic type aka <T>............................................. 13`;

let result = str.split(/\. (?=\s|$)/);
console.log(result); // Output: ["1.6.1 Members", "1.6.2 Accessibility", "1.6.3 Type parameters", "1.6.4 The T generic type aka <T>"]
```

In this example, we use the regular expression `/\. (?=\s|$)/` to split the string at each period that is followed by one or more spaces or the end of the string. The `split()` method returns an array of substrings that correspond to each line in the string.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned how to use regular expressions to split a string into an array of substrings and how to use positive lookahead to split a string only when a specific pattern appears. We also learned about the basic concepts of regular expressions and how they work in JavaScript.

Glossary:
- Regular expression: A sequence of characters that defines a pattern to be matched
- Positive lookahead: A special form of regular expression that ensures a pattern appears before the rest of the match occurs without capturing it in the resulting match object
- Split(): A method in JavaScript that splits a string into an array of substrings based on a given regular expression
- Pattern: A sequence of characters that defines what we want to match
- Flag: An option that controls how the pattern is matched

Self-Debate Discussion:

How could we modify the regular expression to split the string only when it contains a period (.) followed by two or more spaces ( )?


text:
James Benning: Circling the Image Trailer (2003)

The American filmmaker James Benning has been one of the outstanding exponents of the structural film since the mid-1970s. Bennings artistic position has been strongly influenced by mathematics and by the creativity of mathematical thinking. With his new project 13 Lakes, James Benning goes one step further towards reducing things to a minimum. The film focuses on thirteen large American lakes (including Salton Sea, Lake Powell, and Lake Michigan) along with their geographical and historical relationship to the landscape. This documentary film was occasioned by 13 Lakes, and was shot in California, Arizona, and Utah. It accompanies the artist for a week as he searches for locations and as he films the first two shots for his own film.

Navy SEAL Lieutenant A.K. Waters and his elite squadron of tactical specialists are forced to choose between their duty and their humanity, between following orders by ignoring the conflict that surrounds them, or finding the courage to follow their conscience and protect a group of innocent refugees.

Six months after the events depicted in The Matrix, Neo has proved to be a good omen for the free humans, as more and more humans are being freed from the matrix and brought to Zion, the one and only stronghold of the Resistance.

A tale which follows the comedic and eventful journeys of two fish, the fretful Marlin and his young son Nemo, who are separated from each other in the Great Barrier Reef when Nemo is unexpectedly taken from his home and thrust into a fish tank in a dentist's office overlooking Sydney Harbor.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Mathematics in Film

### Overview

In this lesson, we will explore the use of mathematics in filmmaking. We will learn about the mathematical principles that filmmakers use to create visually stunning scenes and how they use these principles to tell compelling stories. We will also discuss the role of mathematics in analyzing and interpreting film content.

### Objectives

- Understand the use of mathematics in filmmaking
- Identify mathematical principles used by filmmakers
- Analyze the role of mathematics in interpreting film content
- Apply mathematical concepts to solve film-related problems

### Section 1: Introduction to Mathematics in Film

Mathematics is an essential tool in filmmaking. Filmmakers use mathematical principles to design and create visually stunning scenes, develop realistic characters, and tell compelling stories. In this lesson, we will explore the use of mathematics in filmmaking and discuss its importance in analyzing and interpreting film content.

### Section 2: Mathematical Principles in Film

Filmmakers use various mathematical principles to create visually stunning scenes. These principles include perspective, composition, and color theory. They also use mathematical concepts such as ratios, proportions, and angles to create realistic characters and environments.

Perspective is the technique of representing three-dimensional objects or scenes on a two-dimensional surface. Filmmakers use perspective to create the illusion of depth and distance in a scene. They use mathematical principles such as vanishing points and parallel lines to create a sense of space and movement.

Composition is the arrangement of elements within a frame. Filmmakers use mathematical principles such as the rule of thirds and the golden ratio to create balanced and aesthetically pleasing compositions. They also use color theory to create visual interest and convey mood.

### Section 3: Mathematics in Film Analysis

Mathematics plays a crucial role in analyzing and interpreting film content. Film scholars use mathematical concepts such as fractals, chaos theory, and nonlinear dynamics to analyze film structure, narrative, and meaning. They also use statistical methods to analyze audience behavior and preferences.

For example, film scholars may use fractal analysis to study the structure of a film's narrative. Fractals are self-similar patterns that repeat at different scales. By analyzing the structure of a film's plot, scholars can identify patterns and relationships that reveal the film's underlying themes and messages.

### Section 4: Applying Mathematics to Film Problems

Mathematics can also be applied to solve film-related problems. For example, filmmakers may use mathematical models to predict audience behavior and box office revenue. They may also use mathematical algorithms to optimize camera angles and lighting conditions.

In conclusion, mathematics plays a significant role in filmmaking and film analysis. By understanding the mathematical principles used by filmmakers and applying mathematical concepts to analyze film content, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the art of filmmaking and its ability to tell powerful stories.


text:
Video transcription

Hi I'm Amelia and I'm going to talk to you about growing your hair long fast. Hair grows about an average of a half inch a month so you figure in six months you will get three inches, that's about it. Some people grow faster and some people grow slower but that's the average. When you are under a lot of stress you tend to lose more hair so if you notice that you are going through a lot of stressful things in your life you might want to up your B vitamins, something called Biotin and that is a B vitamin that has been shown to help nails grow so if nails grow faster then the hair should in effect grow faster as well so you can start taking Biotin. A lot of women will start taking prenatal vitamins. There can be a problem with that because they are actually giving too much to the body so your body can't absorb everything and people think that their hair grows faster when they are on prenatals. The fact is it is not their hair growing faster the fact is that all the stasis stops in your hair, all the different phases that your hair goes through actually stops so your hair tends to thicken up and grow a little bit faster or seem to grow faster. It seems like you just have more hair when you are pregnant but as soon as that baby comes out and everything goes back to normal you notice that hair starts to fall out so it is really only a temporary solution. So really what you want to make sure that you do is watch your stress level, eat properly, take vitamins, take good care of yourself, exercise, all that good stuff and do get regular trims. Now when you cut your hair it doesn't grow any faster but what it does do is the hair that is on your head it is healthier because just like a string this hair unravels and can continue to unravel all the way up so when your hair gets long if you want it to be nice silky and beautiful, make sure that you keep it trimmed and healthy. So try the Biotin, sleep well, eat well, and watch your stress level and that's how you get healthy hair to grow long.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Grow Your Hair Fast

Introduction
Hair growth is a natural process that takes time, patience, and care. In this lesson, we will explore ways to grow your hair fast and healthy. We will cover the basics of hair growth, common myths, and practical tips to achieve your desired length.

Section 1: Understanding Hair Growth

Hair growth is a complex process that involves several stages, including the growth phase (anagen), the transition phase (catagen), and the resting phase (telogen). On average, hair grows about 0.5 inches per month, but this can vary depending on genetics, age, and overall health.

Myth: Shorter hair grows faster than longer hair.
Fact: The length of your hair does not affect the growth rate. Hair grows at a constant rate regardless of its length.

Myth: You can make your hair grow faster by pulling it out.
Fact: Pulling your hair out can cause breakage and split ends, which can slow down hair growth.

Section 2: Tips for Healthy Hair Growth

1. Eat a balanced diet rich in protein, iron, and other essential nutrients.
2. Drink plenty of water to keep your hair hydrated.
3. Use a deep conditioner once a week to moisturize your hair and prevent breakage.
4. Avoid using heat styling tools too often, as they can damage your hair.
5. Get regular trims to maintain healthy hair and prevent split ends.
6. Massage your scalp regularly to stimulate blood flow and promote hair growth.

Section 3: Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. Over-washing your hair, as this can strip away natural oils and moisture.
2. Using harsh chemicals or products that contain alcohol, which can dry out your hair.
3. Brushing your hair while it's wet, as this can cause breakage and split ends.
4. Exposing your hair to too much sunlight, as this can damage your hair and cause fading.

Glossary
- Anagen: The growth phase of hair growth.
- Catagen: The transition phase of hair growth.
- Telogen: The resting phase of hair growth.
- Biotin: A B vitamin that helps in the growth of nails and hair.
- Prenatal vitamins: Contain high levels of nutrients necessary for pregnancy, including folic acid, which is important for hair growth.

Conclusion
In conclusion, growing your hair fast requires patience and care. By understanding the hair growth process, eating a balanced diet, and taking good care of your hair, you can achieve healthy and long hair. Remember to avoid common mistakes and use practical tips to enhance your hair growth journey.


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Gov. Pete Wilson, attending the groundbreaking in Orange County of the nation's first privately owned and operated toll lanes in 50 years, called for expansion of the private road concept throughout the state. "We will continue to seek partners for similar projects," Wilson said at a sand-and-shovel ceremony in Yorba Regional Park, alongside the crowded Riverside Freeway.

When state transportation authorities unveiled plans last year for a privately built, four-lane toll road down the center median of the Riverside Freeway, the idea offered a tantalizing promise. For a dollar or two, motorists could buy blessed relief from bumper-to-bumper conditions found each day on the freeway, one of the nation's most crowded. But in the months since, the $88.3-million project on California 91 in Orange County has been beset by pitfalls and problems.

When state transportation authorities unveiled plans last year for a privately built, four-lane toll road down the Riverside Freeway median, the idea offered a tantalizing promise. For a dollar or two, motorists could find blessed relief from bumper-to-bumper conditions prevailing each day on the freeway, one of the nation's most crowded. But in the months since, the $88.3-million project on California 91 has been beset by pitfalls and problems.

Under brilliant sunshine that refused to call it a summer, Orange County residents celebrated their Labor Day respite on Monday the best way they know how: with beach chairs and barbecues. Yet while it was casual and leisurely in back yards and at the ocean, there was a harsh dose of holiday mayhem on streets and freeways. Police reported that a car crash in Orange early Monday killed a Huntington Beach woman and injured three other people, including a 3-year-old girl.

A 10-mile tollway planned for the median strip of the Riverside Freeway lurched closer to reality as state transportation officials hammered out a final contract with a company that wants to build the expressway, authorities said Thursday.

A tanker carrying 8,000 gallons of gasoline burst into flames Monday night on the Riverside Freeway, shutting down all lanes in both directions and sending flames and smoke visible for 15 miles. "It is just a huge wall of fire on the highway," a California Highway Patrol spokeswoman said as the fire raged. The fire started when the tanks fell free from the Mobil gasoline truck as the driver went east near the Lakeview Avenue offramp at 8:11 p.m.

Seeking to help commuters facing gridlock each day on the Riverside Freeway, state Sen. Joe Dunn (D-Santa Ana) on Wednesday proposed negotiations among state and local transportation officials and the owners of private toll lanes built along the freeway median. Dunn offered to serve as mediator to reach a compromise giving Caltrans freedom to improve a snarled stretch of the Riverside Freeway near the border of Orange and Riverside counties.

An Anaheim assemblyman announced Monday that he will carry legislation to help Orange County's transportation agency buy the 91 Express Lanes--a privately owned tollway whose franchise agreement with the state has blocked major improvements to the congested Riverside Freeway. Meanwhile, the Transportation Authority's board of directors unanimously approved adding express bus service along the Riverside Freeway to provide Inland Empire commuters an alternative to their cars during rush hour.

Before dawn, the first commuters hurtle through Corona's streets at speeds of up to 75 mph. As rush hour builds, gridlock sets in, jamming the city's main thoroughfares with motorists, many of them out-of-towners taking shortcuts to bypass the congested Riverside Freeway as they head to their jobs in Orange and Los Angeles counties. Sometimes the morning traffic is so bad, Leo Arroyo says he can't even get out of his own driveway.

Another lane improvement on the Riverside Freeway is easing commute times during the morning rush hour for motorists from the Inland Empire, Orange County transportation officials said Monday. The $350,000 restriping project added a westbound lane along 2.1 miles of pavement from the Corona Expressway in Corona to the Orange County line. The lane, which opened just before the weekend, connects with a $6.7-million lane addition that opened on the Riverside Freeway in late February.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Private Toll Roads

Introduction:
Private toll roads are an innovative solution to alleviate traffic congestion and improve transportation infrastructure. They provide an alternative to traditional publicly funded highways and offer several benefits, such as reduced travel time and increased safety. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of private toll roads, their history, and how they work.

Section 1: Understanding Private Toll Roads

Topic 1: What are Private Toll Roads?
A private toll road is a road that is constructed and maintained by a private company instead of the government. The company charges drivers a fee to use the road, which helps cover the cost of construction, maintenance, and operation. Private toll roads are an alternative to traditional publicly funded highways, which are built and maintained by the government using taxpayer funds.

Topic 2: History of Private Toll Roads
The first private toll road in the United States was built in 1792, and it was called the Lancaster Turnpike. It was a success, and many other private toll roads were built throughout the 19th century. However, with the advent of the automobile and the growth of the federal highway system, private toll roads fell out of favor, and most were replaced by publicly funded highways.

Topic 3: How do Private Toll Roads Work?
Private toll roads work by charging drivers a fee to use the road. The fee is typically collected electronically using a toll tag or transponder, which is mounted on the vehicle's windshield. The toll is deducted from the driver's prepaid toll account or charged to a credit card linked to the account. The toll revenue is used to cover the cost of constructing and maintaining the road, as well as paying off any debt incurred during construction.

Section 2: Benefits of Private Toll Roads

Topic 1: Reduced Travel Time
One of the main benefits of private toll roads is that they can help reduce travel time. By providing an alternative to congested public highways, private toll roads can allow drivers to avoid traffic jams and get to their destinations faster.

Topic 2: Increased Safety
Another benefit of private toll roads is that they can help increase safety. Because private toll roads are typically less congested than public highways, there are fewer cars on the road, which can lead to fewer accidents. Additionally, private toll roads often have better lighting, safer intersections, and more frequent patrols by law enforcement officers.

Topic 3: Improved Transportation Infrastructure
Private toll roads can also help improve transportation infrastructure. By providing an alternative to publicly funded highways, private toll roads can help alleviate some of the pressure on existing roads and bridges, allowing them to be maintained and improved.

Section 3: Examples of Private Toll Roads

Topic 1: The Virginia Express Lanes
The Virginia Express Lanes are a network of private toll lanes located near Washington D.C. The lanes are designed to provide a faster, more reliable commute for drivers who are willing to pay a toll. The lanes are operated by a private company, which is responsible for maintaining and operating the lanes.

Topic 2: The Dallas North Tollway
The Dallas North Tollway is a 40-mile stretch of private toll road located in Texas. The toll road is owned and operated by a private company, which collects tolls from drivers who use the road. The toll revenue is used to cover the cost of maintaining and operating the road.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, private toll roads are an innovative solution to alleviate traffic congestion and improve transportation infrastructure. They offer several benefits, including reduced travel time, increased safety, and improved transportation infrastructure. By understanding the history, operation, and benefits of private toll roads, we can appreciate their importance in our modern transportation system.

Glossary:
- Private Toll Road: A road that is constructed and maintained by a private company instead of the government.
- Toll Tag: A device that is used to electronically collect tolls from drivers.
- Transponder: A device that is used to communicate with toll tags and collect tolls electronically.
- Toll Revenue: The money collected from drivers who use private toll roads.
- Transportation Infrastructure: The network of roads, bridges, and other facilities that are used to transport people and goods.


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A novel SOS1 mutation in Costello/CFC syndrome affects signaling in both RAS and PI3K pathways.
Pathological upregulation of the RAS/MAPK pathway causes Costello, Noonan and cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome; however, little is known about PI3K/AKT signal transduction in these syndromes. Previously, we found a novel mutation of the SOS1 gene (T158A) in a patient with Costello/CFC overlapping phenotype. The aim of this study was to investigate how this mutation affects RAS/MAPK as well as PI3K/AKT pathway signal transduction. Wild-type and mutant (T158A) Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1) were transfected into 293T cells. The levels of phospho- and total ERK1/2, AKT, p70S6K and pS6 were examined under epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. After EGF stimulation, the ratio of phospho-ERK1/2 to total ERK1/2 was highest at 5 min in mutant (T158A) SOS1 cells, and at 15 min in wild-type SOS1 cells. Phospho-AKT was less abundant at 60 min in mutant than in wild-type SOS1 cells. Phosphorylation at various sites in p70S6K differed between wild-type and mutant cells. Eighteen hours after activation by EGF, the ratio of phospho-ERK1/2 to total ERK1/2 remained significantly higher in mutant than in wild-type SOS1 cells, but that of phospho-AKT to total AKT was unchanged. T158A is located in the histone-like domain, which may have a role in auto-inhibition of RAS exchanger activity of SOS1. T158A may disrupt auto-inhibition and enhance RAS signaling. T158A also affects PI3K/AKT signaling, probably via negative feedback via phospho-p70S6K. The SOS1 T158A mutation altered the phosphorylation of gene products involved in both RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Signal Transduction Pathways in Genetic Syndromes

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathways, which are involved in various genetic syndromes such as Costello, Noonan, and cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome. We will also explore how a novel mutation in the SOS1 gene affects these pathways and how this knowledge can help us understand the underlying mechanisms of these syndromes.

**Objectives:**

- Understand the basic concepts of signal transduction pathways
- Learn about the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways and their roles in genetic syndromes
- Analyze how a novel mutation in the SOS1 gene affects these pathways
- Apply the knowledge gained to new problems in genetic research and medicine

**Section 1: Introduction to Signal Transduction Pathways**

Signal transduction pathways are essential for cellular communication, growth, and development. They involve a series of molecular events that transmit signals from the cell surface to the nucleus or other cellular compartments. Two major signal transduction pathways are the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, which play crucial roles in various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation.

**Section 2: RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT Pathways**

The RAS/MAPK pathway is activated by extracellular signals such as growth factors and cytokines. It involves a series of protein kinases, including RAS, RAK, and MEK, which ultimately lead to the activation of ERK1/2 (MAPK). The PI3K/AKT pathway is also activated by growth factors and cytokines. It involves the phosphorylation of PI3K, which then activates AKT, a serine/threonine kinase. Both pathways have been implicated in various genetic syndromes, including Costello, Noonan, and CFC syndromes.

**Section 3: Novel Mutation in the SOS1 Gene**

Previously, a novel mutation in the SOS1 gene (T158A) was found in a patient with Costello/CFC overlapping phenotype. This mutation affects the Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1) protein, which is involved in the inhibition of RAS/MAPK signaling. The T158A mutation reduces the ability of SOS1 to inhibit RAS/MAPK signaling, leading to constitutive activation of this pathway.

**Section 4: Investigation of Mutant SOS1**

To investigate the effects of the T158A mutation on both the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, wild-type and mutant (T158A) SOS1 were transfected into 293T cells. The levels of phospho- and total ERK1/2, AKT, p70S6K, and pS6 were examined under epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. The results showed that the T158A mutation led to increased activation of the RAS/MAPK pathway and decreased activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway compared to wild-type SOS1.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

In conclusion, the T158A mutation in the SOS1 gene affects both the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, leading to constitutive activation of the RAS/MAPK pathway and reduced activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. This knowledge can help us understand the underlying mechanisms of Costello, Noonan, and CFC syndromes and may lead to the development of targeted therapies for these conditions.

**Glossary:**

- Signal transduction pathways: Series of molecular events that transmit signals from the cell surface to the nucleus or other cellular compartments
- RAS/MAPK pathway: Activated by extracellular signals such as growth factors and cytokines, involving a series of protein kinases, including RAS, RAK, and MEK, ultimately leading to the activation of ERK1/2 (MAPK)
- PI3K/AKT pathway: Activated by growth factors and cytokines, involving the phosphorylation of PI3K, which then activates AKT, a serine/threonine kinase
- SOS1: Son of Sevenless 1, a protein involved in the inhibition of RAS/MAPK signaling
- T158A mutation: Novel mutation in the SOS1 gene, reducing its ability to inhibit RAS/MAPK signaling
- 293T cells: Human embryonic kidney cells commonly used in cell culture studies
- EGF: Epidermal growth factor
- ERK1/2: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, also known as MAPK
- p: Phosphorylated form of a protein
- Total: Non-phosphorylated form of a protein
- p70S6K: 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase, a downstream target of the PI3K/AKT pathway
- pS6: Phosphorylated form of ribosomal protein S6
- AKT: Protein kinase B, also known as PKB, a serine/threonine kinase involved in the PI3K/AKT pathway
- CFC syndrome: Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by heart defects, facial abnormalities, and skin changes.