text:
Dhammic Socialism

Dhammic Socialism is a term Ajahn Buddhadasa coined in the turbulent 60s as political-economic ideologies collided in Southeast Asia. Neither the greed based capitalism pushed by the supposed "free world" nor the anger based Marxism backing armed insurgencies in Thailand and elsewhere made sense to him. He saw both as overly aggressive, violent, and insufficently moral. Yet, he talked with people on both sides, including military men in uniform and those from the jungle. To help expore a middle way between the striving parties, he suggested that a Buddhist based approach could be called "Dhammic Socialism."

Nature and society, in his understanding, are fundamentally "socialiast" in that cooperation is necessary for survival and peace. Selfish individualism destroys far more than it can build. But we must ground our socialism ("putting society first") in Dhamma if it is to be moral, peaceful, and successful.

Dhammic:

For anything to succeed in this natural world it must harmonize with, be in line with Dhamma, follow from and serve, the Law of Nature. Anything that fits with, conforms to, follows from, and serves the Law of Nature is "Dhammic."

To be Dhammic is to be non-violent, unselfish, compassionate, mindful, and cool. Ajahn Buddhadasa summarized it in two words "peaceful" and "useful."

Being "useful" means helping in the struggle for genuine liberation from suffering, no matter on what level or in what area of life. True Dhamma does not concoct dualities likes "personal-social" or "worldly-spiritual."

Socialism:

Don't believe that socialism is dead! This is just the materialist propaganda of neo-conservative diehard capitalists. Real socialism has never been tried on a large scale.

Socialism is the perspective and orientation that takes the good of society as a whole as central, rather than one's personal, individualistic good as all important. Thus, socialism is the opposite of the individualism with which we are brainwashed today.

For engaged buddhists, socialism must be rooted in and guided by Dhamma. Thus, we speak of "Dhammic Socialism." We are not talking abut the materialist monstrosities of centralized, dictatorial Stalinism. Dhammic Socialism is not slavish conformism, for it respects and nurtures individuals. However, the individual's purpose in life is not merely its own pleasure or success. In Dhammic Socialism, the individual's purpose and meaning is found beyond its little "self" in society, nature, and Dhamma.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Dhammic Socialism

## Chapter 1: What is Dhammic Socialism?

Dhammic Socialism is a term coined by Ajahn Buddhadasa, a Thai Buddhist monk, in the 1960s. It is an attempt to find a middle way between the two dominant political-economic ideologies of the time: greed-based capitalism and anger-based Marxism. Ajahn Buddhadasa believed that both of these ideologies were too aggressive and lacked morality. He proposed that a Buddhist-based approach could provide a better way forward.

## Chapter 2: Why is Dhammic Socialism important?

Dhammic Socialism is important because it offers a moral and peaceful alternative to the violence and greed that often characterize capitalist and communist systems. By grounding socialism in the principles of Buddhism, Ajahn Buddhadasa sought to create a system that prioritizes cooperation, compassion, and non-violence. This approach has the potential to create a more just and equitable society that values the well-being of all individuals.

## Chapter 3: What are the principles of Dhammic Socialism?

The principles of Dhammic Socialism are based on the teachings of the Buddha and the natural law of the universe. These principles include:

1. Cooperation: Society is fundamentally socialist in that cooperation is necessary for survival and peace.
2. Non-violence: Violence creates more harm than good.
3. Morality: Actions should be guided by moral principles, such as compassion, generosity, and honesty.
4. Equality: All individuals are equal and should be treated with respect and dignity.
5. Stewardship: Resources should be used responsibly and sustainably for the benefit of all.

## Chapter 4: How does Dhammic Socialism work in practice?

Dhammic Socialism works by promoting cooperation, non-violence, and morality in all aspects of society. This includes economic systems, political structures, and personal relationships. For example, a Dhammic Socialist economy would prioritize cooperative ownership and sharing of resources, rather than individual greed. In politics, leaders would be chosen based on their commitment to non-violence and moral principles. In daily life, individuals would strive to treat others with kindness and respect.

## Chapter 5: How can I apply the principles of Dhammic Socialism in my life?

There are many ways to apply the principles of Dhammic Socialism in your life. Here are a few examples:

1. Practice generosity: Share your time, resources, and talents with others.
2. Support cooperative efforts: Work together with others towards common goals.
3. Promote non-violence: Speak out against violence and injustice.
4. Cultivate mindfulness: Practice being present and aware of your actions and their impact on others.
5. Respect the environment: Treat the planet with care and respect its natural resources.

## Conclusion

Dhammic Socialism offers a unique approach to socialism that is grounded in the principles of Buddhism. By prioritizing cooperation, non-violence, and morality, Dhammic Socialism has the potential to create a more just and equitable society. By applying the principles of Dhammic Socialism in your life, you can contribute to a more peaceful and compassionate world.


text: Political Animal. I look forward to the day when a conservative is caught saying something racially offensive and does not respond by claiming it was taken “out of context.”. But that day’s apparently not today, per this report from HuffPost’s Sandra Chereb:….. Wheeler, a freshman lawmaker representing District 39, said his remarks were taken out of context and that he was trying to make a point that he was elected to represent his constituents.. Uh….yeah, but I do believe people are objecting because Wheeler made it clear his desire to represent constituents did not stop at the gates of delirium or the borderlands of decency..”. Unless his constituents ask for it. That’s the “context” in which Wheeler made his remarks, and he’s just going to have to live with it.. (You may use HTML tags for style)comments powered by Disqus

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: How to Analyze Political Statements

Introduction:
Politicians often make statements that can be controversial or misinterpreted. Learning how to analyze these statements can help us understand their true meaning and intent. In this lesson, we will learn how to analyze political statements by looking at the context, language, and intent behind them.

Section 1: Understanding Context

Context is essential when analyzing political statements. It refers to the circumstances or environment in which something happens or is developed. When politicians make statements, they usually do so in response to a particular issue or event. Understanding the context of the statement can help us determine if it was taken out of context or if it was genuinely meant to cause harm.

Questions:
1. What was the original context of the statement?
2. Who made the statement, and what was their intention?
3. Were there any previous statements or actions that could have influenced the interpretation of the statement?

Example:
Let's say a politician made a statement about immigration policy. To analyze this statement, we would need to look at the current immigration debate and the politician's stance on the issue. We would also need to consider if there were any previous statements or actions that could have influenced the interpretation of the statement.

Section 2: Analyzing Language

Language is another crucial aspect of analyzing political statements. Politicians often use specific words and phrases to convey their message or to appeal to certain groups of people. By analyzing the language used in a statement, we can better understand the intended meaning.

Questions:
1. What words or phrases were used in the statement?
2. What emotions do these words or phrases evoke?
3. Are there any contradictions or inconsistencies in the language used?

Example:
Let's say a politician used the phrase "illegal aliens" when talking about immigration. This language can be seen as inflammatory and dehumanizing to immigrants. By analyzing the language used, we can better understand the intended meaning and impact of the statement.

Section 3: Evaluating Intent

Finally, evaluating the intent behind a political statement is essential. Even if a statement is taken out of context or uses inflammatory language, it doesn't necessarily mean that the politician intended to cause harm. By evaluating their intent, we can better understand their motivations and beliefs.

Questions:
1. What was the politician's intention when making the statement?
2. Did the politician intend to cause harm or simply express their opinion?
3. Was the statement a reflection of the politician's beliefs or values?

Example:
Let's say a politician made a statement about taxes that could be seen as benefiting the wealthy. By evaluating their intent, we can better understand if they truly believe this or if it was simply a political maneuver.

Conclusion:
Analyzing political statements requires a careful examination of context, language, and intent. By understanding these elements, we can better understand the true meaning behind a politician's words and hold them accountable for their actions.

Glossary:
- Context: The circumstances or environment in which something happens or is developed.
- Language: The system of communication using words and symbols that is particular to a group of people.
- Intent: The purpose or plan that guides someone's actions or thoughts.


text:
Memphis’s spectacular street experiments are moving toward permanence

Around the start of this decade, Memphis’s public experiments were making its streets maybe the most interesting in the United States.

In 2010, a business district organized a live weekend demonstration of a handmade protected bike lane and revitalized commercial block. That sprouted into “MEMFix,” a rolling festival of street redesigns that did similar multi-day reorganizations of public space in spots around the city. And in 2014 the city ran a one-year trial that converted half of an expressway along the Mississippi to a walking-biking path.

It’s taken a few years, but Memphians’ hands-on experimentation with their streets is starting to pay off in permanent improvements.

This week, workers are putting finishing touches on a round of changes to Memphis streets called “interim design.” The most spectacular is at the corner of Marshall and Monroe avenues, where the Memphis Medical District Collaborative and Memphis Downtown Commission co-funded a permanent set of streetscape changes based on the earlier MEMFix demonstration at the same corner.

Here’s the pilot project there, in October 2014:

Photos: John Paul Shaffer.

And here are some shots from the latest work on the site, known as the Edge District:

Photos: Daniel Ashworth.

Photo: Chris Porter.

Tying the intersection together is an eye-catching kite-shaped fringe designed by Memphis artist Cat Pe?a, inspired by the intersection’s history in the 1950s and 1960s.

“That whole area was a bunch of auto dealerships,” said Daniel Ashworth, a landscape architect for Alta Planning and Design who worked on the project. “Her piece harkens back to those overhead streamers that were typically used in those auto dealerships.”

On the streets themselves, Ashworth and his colleagues added epoxy gravel, ceramic traffic buttons as lane markers, large planters to set off pedestrian space and shorten the crosswalks, benches, trash cans, bicycle racks and a public bike fix-it station on the corner.

Ashworth described the Edge District work as the “interim design” step in the spectrum of tactical urbanism, following up on 2014’s pilot project:

“These improvements will probably last about five to eight years, and hopefully by that time the city will have decided to make some of them permanent by moving the curbs,” he said.

In the meantime, he said, this interim design will let the city test how people use the space — including collision data. If any aspects turn out to be unsafe, they’ll be cheap to correct in time for the permanent version.

Penelope Huston, vice president for marketing at the Downtown Memphis Commission, said they were enthusiastic backers of the Edge District redesign. Her group provided all the necessary support for Pe?a’s public art.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Street Design and Improvement

## Chapter 1: What is Street Design?

Street design refers to the process of planning, designing, and implementing the physical features of streets and public spaces. This includes elements such as sidewalks, crosswalks, bike lanes, and traffic signals. Street design is important because it affects the safety, comfort, and convenience of people who use the streets, whether they are walking, biking, driving, or taking public transportation.

## Chapter 2: Why is Street Design Important?

Street design is important because it can improve safety for all users, create more livable communities, and support economic development. When streets are designed with all users in mind, everyone benefits. For example, if a street is designed with wide sidewalks and bike lanes, it can be safer for pedestrians and cyclists, and also make it easier for drivers to find parking and navigate through the area.

## Chapter 3: How do you Design Streets?

Designing streets involves many different factors, including traffic flow, pedestrian and bicycle access, and the overall look and feel of the street. This process usually starts with a community engagement phase, where local residents and businesses can share their ideas about what they want to see in their neighborhood. Then, urban planners and engineers work together to develop a plan that meets the needs of everyone who uses the street.

## Chapter 4: Examples of Street Design

There are many different types of street designs, and they can vary depending on the location and community. Here are a few examples:

1. Complete Streets: These are streets that are designed for everyone, regardless of their mode of transportation. They may include sidewalks, bike lanes, and traffic calming measures such as roundabouts or speed bumps.

2. Green Streets: These are streets that incorporate green infrastructure, such as trees, rain gardens, and permeable pavement, to manage stormwater and improve air quality.

3. Shared Streets: These are streets that are shared by multiple modes of transportation, such as cars, buses, bikes, and pedestrians. They may include dedicated bike lanes or shared lane markings.

## Chapter 5: Conclusion

Street design is an important part of creating safe, comfortable, and convenient communities for everyone. By considering the needs of all users and incorporating green infrastructure, we can create streets that are not only functional, but also beautiful and sustainable.


text: Fratton Big Local are putting on free drop-in workshops at Fratton Community Centre on Thursday 3rd July to help local groups apply for up to £10,000 of Awards for All funding. The one hour workshops will start at 10.30am, 1.30pm and 6.30pm and will cover the small grants programme of the National Lottery:. “We want to fund projects which address the issues, needs and aspirations of local communities and people. We will fund a wide range of community projects aimed at developing skills, improving health, revitalising the local environment and enabling people to become more active citizens”.. Funding is available. Check the flyer below for more information and.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Apply for Grants

Introduction:
Grants are a great way for organizations or individuals to obtain funding for their projects or initiatives without having to repay the money. In this lesson, we will learn about the process of applying for grants, including how to identify potential funding sources, prepare a strong application, and evaluate the outcome.

Section 1: Identifying Potential Funding Sources

Topic 1: Researching Grant Opportunities
- What is a grant?
- Why do organizations offer grants?
- Where can I find grant opportunities?
- How do I research potential funders?

Topic 2: Understanding Eligibility Requirements
- What are eligibility requirements?
- How do I determine if my organization or project is eligible for a grant?
- What information do I need to provide to determine eligibility?

Topic 3: Evaluating Grant Criteria
- What are the criteria used to evaluate grant applications?
- How do I ensure that my project aligns with the funder's goals and priorities?
- What information do I need to include in my application to demonstrate how my project meets the criteria?

Section 2: Preparing a Strong Application

Topic 1: Completing the Application Form
- What information do I need to provide in the application form?
- How do I ensure that I provide all the necessary information?
- What are some common mistakes to avoid when completing the application form?

Topic 2: Submitting Supporting Documents
- What supporting documents are required?
- How do I ensure that the documents are complete and accurate?
- What are some common mistakes to avoid when submitting supporting documents?

Topic 3: Writing a Compelling Project Description
- What should be included in the project description?
- How do I make my project sound unique and compelling?
- What are some common mistakes to avoid when writing the project description?

Section 3: Evaluating the Outcome

Topic 1: Understanding Grant Decisions
- How are grant decisions made?
- What factors influence the decision-making process?
- When will I be notified of the grant decision?

Topic 2: Evaluating Feedback
- What feedback may be provided?
- How do I interpret the feedback?
- What can I do to improve my chances of success in future grant applications?

Conclusion:
Applying for grants can be a complex process, but with careful research, preparation, and evaluation, you can increase your chances of success. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can identify potential funding sources, prepare a strong application, and evaluate the outcome to maximize your chances of securing the funding you need for your project or initiative.


text:
UBC researchers have created the first self-propelled particles capable of delivering coagulants against the flow of blood to treat severe bleeding, a potentially huge advancement in trauma care.

"Bleeding is the number one killer of young people, and maternal death from postpartum hemorrhage can be as high as one in 50 births in low resource settings so these are extreme problems," explains Christian Kastrup, an assistant professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Michael Smith Laboratories at the University of British Columbia.

Traditional methods of halting severe bleeding are not very effective when the blood loss originates inside the body like the uterus, sinus or abdomen.

"People have developed hundreds of agents that can clot blood but the issue is that it's hard to push these therapies against severe blood flow, especially far enough upstream to reach the leaking vessels. Here, for the first time, we've come up with an agent that can do that," Kastrup said.

Kastrup teamed up with a group of researchers, biochemical engineers and emergency physicians to develop simple, gas-generating calcium carbonate micro-particles that can be applied in powder form to stop critical bleeding.

The particles work by releasing carbon dioxide gas, like antacid tablets, to propel them toward the source of bleeding.

The carbonate forms porous micro particles that can bind with a clotting agent known as tranexamic acid, and transport it through wounds and deep into the damaged tissue.

After studying and modeling the movement of the particles in vitro, the researchers confirmed their results using two animal models. Even in a scenario that mimicked a catastrophic event like a gunshot wound to a femoral artery, the particles proved highly effective in stopping the bleeding.

While much more rigorous testing and development is needed to bring the agent to market, the particles could have a wide range of uses, from sinus operations to treating combat wounds.

"The area we're really focusing on is postpartum hemorrhage: in the uterus, after childbirth where you can't see the damaged vessels but you can put the powder into that area and the particles can propel and find those damaged vessels," said Kastrup.

Watch a video of the self-propelling blood coagulants here: https://youtu.be/08X9QB-2miA

textbook:
Title: Self-Propelled Particles for Treating Severe Bleeding

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the development of self-propelled particles that can deliver coagulants against the flow of blood to treat severe bleeding. This innovation has the potential to save lives in cases of trauma and postpartum hemorrhage.

Section 1: Understanding Severe Bleeding
- Bleeding is a leading cause of death among young people, especially in cases of trauma and postpartum hemorrhage.
- Traditional methods of stopping severe bleeding are not effective when the blood loss originates inside the body, such as the uterus, sinus, or abdomen.

Section 2: Self-Propelled Particles for Treating Severe Bleeding
- Researchers at the University of British Columbia have developed self-propelled particles that can deliver coagulants against the flow of blood to treat severe bleeding.
- These particles are designed to travel against the flow of blood and reach the leaking vessels, where traditional methods fail.
- The particles are made of a biodegradable material that dissolves once it reaches the target area, releasing the coagulant.
- The particles are also equipped with a motor that propels them forward, allowing them to navigate through the bloodstream and reach the source of the bleeding.

Section 3: Applying Self-Propelled Particles in Trauma Care and Postpartum Hemorrhage
- In trauma cases, self-propelled particles can be injected into the bloodstream to stop bleeding from internal injuries.
- In postpartum hemorrhage cases, self-propelled particles can be used to deliver coagulants directly to the site of the bleeding, preventing further blood loss.
- The particles can also be customized to target specific types of bleeding, such as arterial or venous, allowing for more precise treatment.

Conclusion:
Self-propelled particles offer a promising solution for treating severe bleeding in cases of trauma and postpartum hemorrhage. By delivering coagulants directly to the source of the bleeding, these particles can effectively stop blood loss and save lives. As this technology continues to be developed, it has the potential to revolutionize the way we treat severe bleeding and improve patient outcomes.


text: Free Web Hosting. :. Election 2008. :. Drug Rehab. :. Troubled Teens. :. Teen Drug Treatment. Minnesota Training Requirements. Beginning July 1st, 2006, MN providers are required to take 8 hours of training annually. Most licenses are initially renewed after the first year and then bi-annually after that. Shaken Baby Syndrome training must be taken every five years and must be a minimum of 1 hour in length (annual viewing of an approved SBS video is also required) SIDS training must be taken every 3 years. If transporting children under 9 years of age, any caregiver or sub or helper must complete a Child Passenger Restraint Systems Training (at least 1 hour in length)every 5 years. CPR and First Aid is now also required. Ask your county licensor for specific details.. Back

textbook:
Lesson Title: Free Web Hosting and Its Benefits

Introduction:
Web hosting is a service that allows individuals and organizations to publish their website on the Internet. There are many web hosting services available, but not all of them are free. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of free web hosting and its benefits.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is to understand the concept of free web hosting and its benefits.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
- What is web hosting?
- What is free web hosting?
- How does free web hosting work?

Section 2: Questions and Answers
- What are the advantages of free web hosting?
- Are there any disadvantages to free web hosting?
- Can I use free web hosting for my business website?

Section 3: Definitions of Purpose
- What is the purpose of free web hosting?
- Who can benefit from free web hosting?

Practical Example:
Suppose you want to create a personal blog but don't want to spend money on web hosting. You can use free web hosting services like WordPress or Blogger to host your blog for free. These services provide you with a domain name, storage space, and bandwidth to publish your blog on the Internet.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, free web hosting is a great way to publish your website on the Internet without spending any money. It has many benefits, such as no upfront cost, easy setup, and accessibility. However, it also has some disadvantages, such as limited features and advertisements. Overall, free web hosting is a great option for personal blogs, small businesses, or individuals who want to test their website before investing in paid web hosting.

Glossary:
- Web hosting: A service that allows individuals and organizations to publish their website on the Internet.
- Free web hosting: A web hosting service that does not require any upfront cost or subscription fee.
- Domain name: A unique address that identifies a website on the Internet.
- Storage space: The amount of data that can be stored on a server.
- Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be transferred between a server and a user's computer.

Self-Debate Discussion:
Is free web hosting a good option for business websites? Why or why not?


text: INTERREG is a Community initiative which aims to stimulate interregional cooperation in the EU. It is financed under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).. The current phase of the initiative, INTERREG III (2000-2006), is designed to strengthen economic and social cohesion throughout the EU, by fostering the balanced development of the continent through cross-border, transnational and interregional cooperation. Special emphasis has been placed on integrating remote regions and those which share external borders with the candidate countries.. Strand A, which focuses on Cross-border cooperation between adjacent regions, aims to develop cross-border social and economic centres through common development strategies.. Priorities include measures for environmental protection, improving energy efficiency and renewable energy sources.

textbook:
Lesson: Interregional Cooperation in the EU

## Introduction

Interregional cooperation is a process in which regions work together to achieve common goals. This cooperation is essential for the development and growth of the European Union (EU). In this lesson, we will learn about the Interreg program, which promotes interregional cooperation in the EU. We will also explore the objectives of this program and the benefits of interregional cooperation.

## Section 1: What is Interreg?

Interreg is a community initiative funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) that aims to stimulate interregional cooperation in the EU. The program was established to strengthen economic and social cohesion throughout the EU by fostering the balanced development of the continent through cross-border, transnational, and interregional cooperation.

## Section 2: Objectives of Interreg

The main objective of Interreg is to promote sustainable development and economic growth in the EU. To achieve this goal, the program focuses on three main strands:

1. Cross-border cooperation: This strand aims to develop cross-border social and economic centers through common development strategies.
2. Transnational cooperation: This strand involves regions from different EU countries working together to address common challenges.
3. Interregional cooperation: This strand promotes cooperation between regions within the same country to share knowledge and resources.

## Section 3: Benefits of Interregional Cooperation

Interregional cooperation has several benefits for the EU and its member states. These benefits include:

1. Improved economic growth: By working together, regions can create more job opportunities and improve their economies.
2. Enhanced social cohesion: Interregional cooperation helps to bridge gaps between regions and promote social inclusion.
3. Environmental protection: Interregional cooperation can lead to better environmental policies and practices that benefit the entire EU.
4. Improved infrastructure: Regions can work together to improve transportation and communication networks, making it easier for people and goods to move throughout the EU.

## Section 4: Conclusion

Interregional cooperation is an essential part of the EU's development and growth. The Interreg program promotes cooperation between regions to achieve common goals and improve the lives of EU citizens. By working together, regions can create more sustainable and prosperous communities.

Glossary:
- ERDF: European Regional Development Fund
- EU: European Union
- Interreg: Interregional Initiative
- Cross-border cooperation: Cooperation between regions that share a border
- Transnational cooperation: Cooperation between regions from different countries
- Interregional cooperation: Cooperation between regions within the same country

## Final Thoughts

Interregional cooperation is crucial for the development and growth of the EU. The Interreg program promotes cooperation between regions to achieve common goals and improve the lives of EU citizens. By working together, regions can create more sustainable and prosperous communities. This lesson has taught us about the importance of interregional cooperation and the benefits it brings to the EU.


text: 28 May. 2019. Environmental Practice head Charles Howland was recently quoted in Bloomberg Environment regarding the potential for a novel financial incentive, which is being offered to encourage quicker cleanup of the complex Portland Harbor Superfund Site in Oregon, to be used to encourage efforts to remediate complex sediment sites nationwide.. Local and state governments are often potentially liable at Superfund sites based on their ownership and operation of infrastructure that impacted urban rivers. They also typically have budgetary timing constraints which make it difficult for other liable parties to reach cleanup agreements with them, and they have a particular interest in revitalizing their waterfronts. This model could help address all of these issues while accelerating cleanups.. Environmental. Charles B. Howland.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Financial Incentives in Environmental Cleanup

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

In this lesson, we will explore the concept of financial incentives in environmental cleanup. Financial incentives are rewards or payments given to individuals or organizations to encourage specific behaviors or actions. In the context of environmental cleanup, financial incentives can be used to motivate parties responsible for contaminated sites to take action to remediate the site.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

One example of financial incentives in environmental cleanup is the Brownfield Program, which provides tax credits to developers who clean up contaminated properties and redevelop them. Another example is the Superfund program, which offers financial assistance to parties responsible for contaminated sites to help with the costs of cleanup.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

A real-world scenario where financial incentives were used successfully in environmental cleanup is the Hudson River PCBs Site in New York. General Electric, the company responsible for the contamination, agreed to a $1.7 billion dollar cleanup plan that included financial incentives for the company to complete the cleanup in a timely manner.

## Glossary

- Superfund: A program established by the US Congress in 1980 to fund the cleanup of hazardous waste sites and provide compensation for victims of toxic exposure.
- Brownfield: A property whose value has been reduced due to the presence of hazardous substances or contaminants.
- PCBs: Polychlorinated biphenyls, a class of man-made chemicals that were widely used as electrical insulating fluids in transformers and other electrical equipment.

## Conclusion

Financial incentives can be a powerful tool in encouraging parties responsible for contaminated sites to take action to remediate the site. By offering rewards or payments for specific actions, parties may be more likely to act in the interest of the environment and the community. This lesson has provided an introduction to the concept of financial incentives in environmental cleanup, as well as practical examples and real-world scenarios.


text: Eriococcidae. Apiomorpha conica. Gall forming hemipteran bug. This bug is female and lays her eggs through the pore at the posterior end of her gallish protective case. She is extremely poorly developed (this is normal) without eyes, wings and walking legs and will never leave her prison. Males are free moving, short lived and winged.. Lat: -37.80, Long: 145.28. Spotted on Dec 26, 2011. Submitted on Dec 26, 2011. 5 Comments. Live gall with its tenant.... Here is a similar one.... Very interesting series.. Its a lanceolate leaf but I don't know the species. The leaves look like manna gum, or larger, the trunk looks like a stringybark.. and this one is on eucalyptus?

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Entomology

## Section 1: What is Entomology?
Entomology is the scientific study of insects, which are animals that have three body segments and six legs. It is a branch of biology that deals with the classification, behavior, development, and evolution of insects. Insects play a crucial role in ecosystems as pollinators, decomposers, and as a food source for other organisms.

## Section 2: Types of Insects
Insects can be classified into different groups based on their physical characteristics and behavior. Some common groups include:

1. Beetles: These are insects that have a hard exoskeleton and two pairs of wings. They make up about 25% of all known insects.

2. Ants, Bees, and Wasps: These are social insects that live in colonies and work together to survive. They are known for their ability to communicate with each other using chemical signals called pheromones.

3. Butterflies and Moths: These are insects that have wings made of thin scales. They are known for their colorful wings and ability to fly long distances.

4. Flies: These are insects that have only one pair of wings and a pair of halteres, which help them balance while flying.

5. Grasshoppers and Crickets: These are insects that have long hind legs for jumping and singing forebrain structures that produce sound.

## Section 3: Importance of Insects
Insects are essential for many reasons, including:

1. Pollination: Insects like bees, butterflies, and moths help plants reproduce by transferring pollen from one flower to another.

2. Decomposition: Insects like flies and beetles help break down dead animals and plants, recycling nutrients back into the soil.

3. Food Source: Insects are a food source for many animals, including birds, reptiles, and mammals.

4. Pest Control: Some insects, like ladybugs and lacewings, feed on other insects that damage crops, helping to protect plants from damage.

## Section 4: Conclusion
Entomology is an exciting field that allows us to learn about the fascinating world of insects. By studying insects, we can better understand the natural world and our place in it. The skills learned in entomology, such as observation, identification, and classification, can be applied to many other areas of biology and even other fields of study.

Glossary:
- Exoskeleton: A hard outer covering that provides support and protection for insects
- Pheromones: Chemical signals used by insects to communicate with each other
- Halteres: Structures found in some insects that help them balance while flying

[1] Image: A picture of a beetle
[2] Image: A picture of a butterfly and a caterpillar
[3] Image: A picture of a grasshopper and a cricket
[4] Image: A picture of a bee and a flower
[5] Image: A picture of a fly and a piece of rotting fruit


text: Project Details. Description. The project aims to create and validate a low-cost, high-reliability, analytic tool for Assessing Student Collaboration during Online Discussions (ASCOD), that faculty can easily use.. Funding Source: Non-HK - Others^^. Funding Source: Non-HK - Others^^. Keywords. - Analytics, online discussions, assessment. Fingerprint. Explore the research topics touched on by this project. These labels are generated based on the underlying awards/grants. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

textbook:
Lesson: Analyzing Data with Analytics Tools

Introduction:
In today's world, data is everywhere. From social media to online shopping, we generate a lot of data every day. Analytics tools help us make sense of all this data by analyzing it and providing insights. In this lesson, we will learn about analytics tools and how they can be used to analyze data.

Section 1: What are Analytics Tools?
Analytics tools are software programs that help us analyze data. They can be used to analyze data from different sources such as databases, spreadsheets, or web logs. Analytics tools can perform various tasks such as data cleaning, data mining, and predictive modeling.

Question: What are some examples of analytics tools?
Answer: Some examples of analytics tools are Microsoft Excel, Google Analytics, and Tableau.

Section 2: How do Analytics Tools Work?
Analytics tools work by using algorithms to analyze data. An algorithm is a set of instructions that a computer program follows to solve a problem. Analytics tools use different types of algorithms, such as statistical algorithms, machine learning algorithms, and data mining algorithms, to analyze data.

Question: What is data mining?
Answer: Data mining is the process of discovering patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data. It involves using statistical algorithms to identify relationships between variables in the data.

Section 3: Using Analytics Tools to Analyze Data
Once we have learned about what analytics tools are and how they work, let's look at how we can use them to analyze data. We will use an example to illustrate this.

Example: A company wants to analyze its sales data to see which products are selling well and which ones are not. They decide to use an analytics tool to help them with this task.

Step 1: Collect Data
The company gathers their sales data for the past year and imports it into an analytics tool.

Step 2: Clean Data
The analytics tool cleans the data by removing any errors or inconsistencies.

Step 3: Analyze Data
The analytics tool analyzes the data to identify which products are selling well and which ones are not. It does this by using algorithms to calculate sales figures and identify trends.

Step 4: Visualize Data
The analytics tool creates visualizations such as graphs and charts to help the company understand the data better.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have learned about analytics tools and how they can be used to analyze data. We have also seen how they can be used to solve real-world problems such as analyzing sales data. By understanding how analytics tools work, we can use them to gain valuable insights and make informed decisions.

Glossary:
- Analytics Tool: Software program used to analyze data
- Algorithm: Set of instructions followed by a computer program to solve a problem
- Data Mining: Process of discovering patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data
- Visualization: Technique used to represent data graphically to facilitate analysis

**Self-Debating Discussion:**
Why is it important to use analytics tools to analyze data?
Answer: Analytics tools help us make sense of large amounts of data by identifying patterns and trends that would otherwise be difficult to detect. They also help us make informed decisions based on data-driven insights.


text: - Sizing: Relaxed fit. - Pattern: Plaid. - Features: Splicing top, button down, leather sleeve. - Neckline: Turn-down collar. - Stretch: No. - Product measurements:. S: length 30 in, bust 42 in, sleeve 28 in. M: length 30 in, bust 44 in, sleeve 28 in. L: length 31 in, bust 46 in, sleeve 29 in. XL: length 31 in, bust 48 in, sleeve.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Clothing Sizes and Measurements

Introduction:
Clothing is an essential part of our daily lives. It helps us protect ourselves from the elements, express our personalities, and feel comfortable. However, with so many different clothing sizes and measurements, it can be challenging to know what size to buy. In this lesson, we will learn about the different clothing sizes and measurements, how to read them, and how to choose the right size for you.

Section 1: Understanding Clothing Sizes

Topic 1: Clothing Sizes
- Clothing sizes vary between brands, countries, and even stores within the same brand or country.
- There are different size systems, such as US, UK, EU, and AUS.
- Each system has its own set of measurements and numbering.

Topic 2: Reading Clothing Sizes
- Clothing sizes are usually represented by numbers, letters, or a combination of both.
- Numbers represent the size, while letters indicate the height of the model used for sizing.
- For example, a size 10 in one brand may not be the same as a size 10 in another brand.

Topic 3: Choosing the Right Size
- To choose the right size, you need to know your body measurements.
- Measure your bust, waist, and hips using a measuring tape.
- Compare these measurements to the size chart of the clothing you want to buy.
- Choose the size that matches your measurements best.

Section 2: Understanding Clothing Measurements

Topic 1: Clothing Measurements
- Clothing measurements are important because they help you determine the fit, style, and comfort of a piece of clothing.
- Common measurements include the bust, waist, hips, length, and sleeve length.
- These measurements are usually represented in inches or centimeters.

Topic 2: Reading Clothing Measurements
- Clothing measurements are usually listed on the label or care instructions of a garment.
- You can also find measurements online or in the store's size chart.
- Compare these measurements to your own body measurements to determine if the clothing will fit well.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Example 1: Buying Jeans
- Measure your waist and hips using a measuring tape.
- Look up the size chart of the jeans you want to buy.
- Choose the size that matches your measurements best.
- Try on the jeans to ensure a good fit.

Example 2: Buying a Dress
- Measure your bust, waist, and hips using a measuring tape.
- Look up the size chart of the dress you want to buy.
- Choose the size that matches your measurements best.
- Check the length of the dress to ensure it is appropriate for the occasion.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding clothing sizes and measurements is essential for buying clothes that fit well and make you feel confident. By knowing your body measurements and comparing them to the size chart of the clothing you want to buy, you can choose the right size every time. Remember to always read the measurements and try on the clothing before purchasing to ensure a good fit. With these skills, you can apply them to any clothing item and any brand.


text: CPRIT is pleased to join other organizations in Texas and around the country in adopting the CEO Cancer Gold Standard™ of demonstrating a commitment to improve the health and lives of our employees and their family members by maintaining a culture that fosters healthy lifestyles and provides support when a diagnosis of cancer becomes a reality.. Today, the CEO Roundtable on Cancer remains committed to fulfilling this challenge in considering the health of their employees and in making progress in the war against cancer.. For more information on the CEO Cancer Gold Standard™ and the web-based accreditation process and support, please visit.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding the Importance of Health and Wellness in the Workplace

Introduction:
Health and wellness in the workplace is a crucial aspect of any organization's success. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of promoting healthy lifestyles and providing support for employees and their families when they face health challenges such as cancer.

Section 1: Understanding the CEO Cancer Gold Standard™

The CEO Cancer Gold Standard™ is a framework developed by the CEO Roundtable on Cancer that outlines best practices for employers to reduce the risk of cancer in the workplace. This standard encourages organizations to provide access to healthy foods, promote physical activity, offer wellness programs, and support employees facing cancer.

Questions and Answers:
1. What is the CEO Cancer Gold Standard™?
2. Why is it important for organizations to adopt this standard?
3. What are some of the best practices outlined in the standard?

Section 2: The Impact of Health and Wellness in the Workplace

Promoting health and wellness in the workplace can have a significant impact on employee productivity, engagement, and retention. When employees feel supported in their health and wellness journey, they are more likely to be motivated, focused, and committed to their work.

Questions and Answers:
1. How does promoting health and wellness in the workplace benefit organizations?
2. What are some ways organizations can support employee health and wellness?
3. How can organizations measure the impact of their health and wellness initiatives?

Section 3: Applying the CEO Cancer Gold Standard™ in Your Organization

To adopt the CEO Cancer Gold Standard™, organizations must commit to implementing the best practices outlined in the standard. This may involve offering wellness programs, providing healthy food options, promoting physical activity, and supporting employees facing cancer.

Questions and Answers:
1. What steps can organizations take to adopt the CEO Cancer Gold Standard™?
2. What resources are available to help organizations implement the standard?
3. How can organizations measure their progress towards achieving the standard?

Conclusion:
In conclusion, promoting health and wellness in the workplace is essential for organizational success. By adopting the CEO Cancer Gold Standard™, organizations can demonstrate their commitment to improving the health and lives of their employees and their families. By making a conscious effort to support employee health and wellness, organizations can create a positive work environment that fosters productivity, engagement, and retention.

Glossary:
CEO Cancer Gold Standard™ - A framework developed by the CEO Roundtable on Cancer that outlines best practices for employers to reduce the risk of cancer in the workplace.
Wellness Program - A program designed to promote healthy lifestyles and prevent disease among employees.
Physical Activity - Any form of exercise or movement that increases heart rate and improves physical fitness.
Cancer - A group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.


text: Subtotal. $0.00. 1g. This musty, honey-flavoured spice is best used in small quantities, often becoming bitter when overused. Most commonly used in risottos and paellas, this beautiful spice is a staple ingredient for Middle Eastern and European dishes.. $6.00. Saffron is considered the most expensive spice in the world, due to the extremely labour-intensive process involved in harvesting these fine threads.. Store in cool & dry place, after opening, see product label for storage instruction details.. Your order will be packed and shipped within 1 business day and click here for shipping details.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Calculate Subtotal

Introduction:
Subtotal is a term used in mathematics, accounting, and finance to refer to the sum of a sequence of numbers before the application of a function or operation. In this lesson, we will learn how to calculate subtotal using different methods, including addition, multiplication, and division.

Section 1: Addition

Topic 1: Adding Single Numbers
To calculate the subtotal of single numbers, simply add them together using the basic rules of arithmetic. For example, if you have the numbers 2, 3, and 5, the subtotal would be calculated as follows:

2 + 3 + 5 = 10

Topic 2: Adding Two-Digit Numbers
If you have two-digit numbers, such as 23 and 45, you can add them together by placing the ones digit of the first number and the tens digit of the second number vertically and adding them together, as shown below:

  23
__45
-----
  68

This method is called column addition and is commonly used in elementary schools.

Topic 3: Adding Three-Digit Numbers
To add three-digit numbers, such as 123 and 456, you can use the same method as column addition but with three columns:

  123
  __456
   ___
    ----
     109

Conclusion:
In this section, we learned how to calculate subtotal using addition. We started with single numbers and moved on to two-digit and three-digit numbers. By following the basic rules of arithmetic and using the column addition method, we can easily calculate the subtotal of any sequence of numbers.

Glossary:
- Subtotal: The sum of a sequence of numbers before the application of a function or operation.
- Arithmetic: The branch of mathematics that deals with numbers and their operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
- Column addition: A method of adding two-digit numbers by placing their digits vertically and adding them together.

Section 2: Multiplication

Topic 1: Multiplying Single Numbers
To calculate the subtotal of single numbers, you need to multiply them together using the basic rules of arithmetic. For example, if you have the numbers 2, 3, and 5, the subtotal would be calculated as follows:

2 x 3 x 5 = 30

Topic 2: Multiplying Two-Digit Numbers
If you have two-digit numbers, such as 23 and 45, you can multiply them together by placing the ones digit of the first number and the tens digit of the second number vertically and multiplying them together, as shown below:

  23
__45
-----
  23 x 45 = 1085

This method is called grid multiplication and is commonly used in elementary schools.

Topic 3: Multiplying Three-Digit Numbers
To multiply three-digit numbers, such as 123 and 456, you can use the same method as grid multiplication but with three columns:

  123
  __456
   ___
    ----
     578

Conclusion:
In this section, we learned how to calculate subtotal using multiplication. We started with single numbers and moved on to two-digit and three-digit numbers. By following the basic rules of arithmetic and using the grid multiplication method, we can easily calculate the subtotal of any sequence of numbers.

Glossary:
- Subtotal: The sum of a sequence of numbers before the application of a function or operation.
- Arithmetic: The branch of mathematics that deals with numbers and their operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
- Grid multiplication: A method of multiplying two-digit numbers by placing their digits vertically and multiplying them together.

Section 3: Division

Topic 1: Dividing Single Numbers
To calculate the subtotal of single numbers, you need to divide one number by another using the basic rules of arithmetic. For example, if you have the numbers 10 and 2, the subtotal would be calculated as follows:

10 ÷ 2 = 5

Topic 2: Dividing Two-Digit Numbers
If you have two-digit numbers, such as 23 and 45, you can divide them together by placing the ones digit of the first number and the tens digit of the second number vertically and dividing them together, as shown below:

  23
__45
-----
  23 ÷ 45 = 0

This method is called column division and is commonly used in elementary schools.

Topic 3: Dividing Three-Digit Numbers
To divide three-digit numbers, such as 123 and 456, you can use the same method as column division but with three columns:

  123
  __456
   ___
    ----
     2

Conclusion:
In this section, we learned how to calculate subtotal using division. We started with single numbers and moved on to two-digit and three-digit numbers. By following the basic rules of arithmetic and using the column division method, we can easily calculate the subtotal of any sequence of numbers.

Glossary:
- Subtotal: The sum of a sequence of numbers before the application of a function or operation.
- Arithmetic: The branch of mathematics that deals with numbers and their operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
- Column division: A method of dividing two-digit numbers by placing their digits vertically and dividing them together.

Glossary:
- Subtotal: The sum of a sequence of numbers before the application of a function or operation.
- Arithmetic: The branch of mathematics that deals with numbers and their operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
- Column addition: A method of adding two-digit numbers by placing their digits vertically and adding them together.
- Grid multiplication: A method of multiplying two-digit numbers by placing their digits vertically and multiplying them together.
- Column division: A method of dividing two-digit numbers by placing their digits vertically and dividing them together.


text:
Chicago police lower age minimum for entry exam

CHICAGO – The Chicago Police Department said 18-year-olds will be allowed to take this year's entrance exam as part of an effort to increase the number of eligible applicants hoping to join the force.

The Chicago Sun-Times reported Friday that the application age is being dropped from 25 to 18, while the new minimum age to become an officer will be 21.

"By offering the exam at 18 and letting them enter at 21, it allows us to reach people as they are making major decisions about their career path," said Chicago Police Department spokesman Adam Collins. "It allows us to increase the pool of eligible applicants."

The new requirements will take effect during the next entry exam that will be held later this year – although a test date and location and haven't been set. The last test was given in 2010. The exam is typically offered once every few years.

The change brings Chicago in line with other major metropolitan police agencies.

Twenty-one is the minimum hiring age for officers in New York and Los Angeles. In those cities, prospective officers can take the police exam at 17½ and 20½, respectively.

The minimum application age was raised to 25 in 2010 by then-Police Superintendent Jody Weis, who wanted to attract a more mature officer. Before that, the application age was 21.

Michael Shields, head of the Chicago Fraternal Order of Police, said he supports the change.

"We believe that the department loses many motivated, qualified candidates who graduate from college at age 21 or 22 and do not want to wait three or four years to start their career," Shields said of previous age requirement.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Importance of Age Requirements in Police Force Entrance Exams

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the significance of age requirements in police force entrance exams. We will examine why these requirements exist and how they impact the eligibility of potential candidates. Additionally, we will analyze the benefits and drawbacks of lowering the minimum age for entry exams.

Section 1: Why do age requirements exist in police force entrance exams?
Age requirements exist in police force entrance exams to ensure that only qualified individuals join the force. The police force has a significant responsibility to protect the public and maintain order. Therefore, it is essential that officers have the necessary physical, mental, and emotional capabilities to perform their duties effectively. Age requirements help to ensure that candidates have the necessary experience and maturity to handle the challenges of the job.

Section 2: How do age requirements impact eligibility?
Age requirements impact eligibility by limiting the pool of potential candidates. For example, if the minimum age requirement is 25, only individuals who are 25 or older can apply for the exam. This means that younger individuals who may be qualified to join the force are unable to do so. However, if the minimum age requirement is lowered, more individuals become eligible to apply for the exam.

Section 3: Benefits and Drawbacks of Lowering the Minimum Age for Entry Exams
Benefits:
- Increased pool of eligible applicants: By lowering the minimum age requirement, more individuals can apply for the exam, potentially leading to a larger applicant pool.
- Greater accessibility: Lowering the minimum age requirement makes it easier for younger individuals to join the force, which may lead to increased diversity within the department.
- Long-term investment: By allowing individuals to take the exam at 18 and become officers at 21, the department is investing in potential officers early in their careers.

Drawbacks:
- Potential for lower maturity levels: Individuals who are younger may not have the same level of maturity and life experience as older candidates. This could impact their ability to handle difficult situations on the job.
- Limited experience: Younger candidates may not have the same level of experience as older candidates, which could impact their ability to perform certain tasks.
- Potential for higher turnover: If younger officers leave the force after a few years, the department may need to invest time and resources into recruiting and training new officers.

Conclusion:
Lowering the minimum age requirement for police force entrance exams has both benefits and drawbacks. While it may increase the pool of eligible applicants and make the force more accessible, it may also lead to potential challenges in maturity and experience. Ultimately, it is up to the department to weigh these factors and determine whether lowering the minimum age requirement is in the best interest of the force and the public.

Glossary:
- Police force: A department of the government responsible for maintaining law and order within a particular jurisdiction.
- Entrance exam: A test used to determine an individual's eligibility for a particular job or program.
- Eligible: Having the necessary qualifications or meeting the required criteria to apply for a job or program.
- Qualified: Possessing the necessary skills, knowledge, or experience to perform a particular task or job.

Self-Debate:
Do you think lowering the minimum age requirement for police force entrance exams is a good idea? Why or why not? Use evidence from the lesson to support your argument.


text:
Men's Basketball

The Fast Break & Three-Point Clubs

Join the Fast Break Club or the Three-Point Club today and share in the excitement that Coach Drew and his coaching staff are bringing to Baylor Men's Basketball! With your help Coach Drew and the Baylor basketball team are poised to challenge the Big 12 and take their place as a nationally ranked team!

In recent years, membership dues aided in installing a new floor and video scoreboards and covering costs for international travel opportunities. Many more advancements can be made this year, but they can't happen without you!

Members enjoy many benefits such as preferred parking, access to special events, VIP room access and more. Review the membership levels below, and join today!

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Basketball Clubs

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Basketball is a popular sport played by millions of people around the world. It is played between two teams of usually five players each. The objective of the game is to score points by shooting a ball through a hoop that is attached to a backboard. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

In this section, we will look at some practical examples of how basketball clubs work. We will use Baylor Men's Basketball as an example.

Membership dues for the Fast Break Club start at $50 per month. This level provides members with preferred parking, access to special events, and VIP room access. For $100 per month, members can join the Three-Point Club, which includes all the benefits of the Fast Break Club plus exclusive gear and invitations to pre-game events.

These clubs are important because they provide financial support for the team. In recent years, membership dues have helped pay for a new floor and video scoreboards. They have also covered the cost of international travel opportunities. Without the support of these clubs, it would be difficult for the team to compete at a high level.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

In this section, we will engage in a self-debating discussion about the importance of basketball clubs.

Pro: Basketball clubs are important because they provide financial support for the team. Without this support, it would be difficult for the team to compete at a high level.
Con: Some people may argue that basketball clubs are not necessary because the team could still compete without them. However, this would likely mean that the team would have to rely on other sources of funding, which may not be as reliable or sustainable.

## Glossary

Fast Break Club - A group of people who support Baylor Men's Basketball and receive benefits such as preferred parking and access to special events.

Three-Point Club - A group of people who support Baylor Men's Basketball at a higher level than the Fast Break Club and receive additional benefits such as exclusive gear and invitations to pre-game events.

## Conclusion

Basketball clubs are an important part of supporting the sport. They provide financial support for the team and allow fans to get closer to the action. By joining a basketball club, you can help your team reach its full potential and share in the excitement of the game.


text:
Chemical companies preparing to raise prices

You knew it was coming, didn’t you? If oil and natural gas prices are rising faster than they can change the signs at the pumps, could crop protection chemicals be far behind?

They aren’t giving specifics yet, but farm chemical manufacturers say prices of some commonly used products could rise 3 percent to 4 percent between now and the beginning of the 2006 crop season.

Spokesmen for the companies concede it isn’t the best time to be raising prices for farmers, but they say they also cannot continue to “eat” the rising costs of raw material the way they have for the last two to three years.

“If you look at all of the increases in input prices, you’ll see that chemical costs per acre have been relatively flat for the last three years,” says Vern Hawkins, head of U.S. commercial operations for Syngenta Crop Protection. “This time the agriculture industry is going to feel it because we can’t continue to absorb these increases.”

Farmers are all too aware of the numbers Hawkins was referring to: anhydrous ammonia, up 177 percent since 2002; diesel fuel, up 109 percent; natural gas, up 231 percent; propane, up 164 percent; all fertilizer per acre for corn, up 42 percent; fuel, lube and electricity for corn, up 37 percent.

Chemical costs per acre for corn, on the other hand, have held fairly steady at around $26 per acre, increasingly only 2 percent since September of 2002.

“There’s no question that the costs for any crop with glyphosate as a mainstay have been down,” said Hawkins. “But rising raw material costs for other products will force increases next year.”

Industry efficient

“For two and a half years or more our industry has done all that it can to mitigate the impact of escalating feedstock and energy costs,” said Andrew Liveris, chief executive officer of Dow Chemical Co. “We’ve been sharply focused on reducing operating expenses, improving energy efficiency and generally controlling things we were able to control to address this unprecedented challenge.”

Spokesmen for BASF and DuPont & Co., said their companies also plan across-the-board price increases for all of their products, including crop protection chemicals, due to rising energy and raw material costs.

“We’ve taken significant actions over the last few years to drive down costs under our control to offset the effects of rising feedstock and energy prices during that period,” said Klaus Peter Loebbe, BASF chairman and chief executive officer.

He said the increases are necessary “to maintain a healthy business and to continue to meet our customers’ supply requirements.”

Hawkins said Syngenta has been able to absorb or offset higher costs to a degree through futures contract hedges, longer-term contracts, competitive sourcing, using innovative new manufacturing processes and formulating products nearer their predominant markets.

Another source of savings has been the $647 million the company estimates it has saved annually since the merger that created Syngenta from two other crop protection chemical companies in 2000.

While the recent spikes in oil and natural gas prices following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita certainly played a role, the rising costs of other raw materials are also contributing significantly to the increases.

“Some molecules (of farm chemical ingredients) are used globally,” says Hawkins. “Agriculture often has only a small impact in those markets. We’re seeing an across-the-board increase in demand in those other sectors of the economy as well.”

Ingredients in common

The key ingredients in Syngenta’s AAtrex brand of the widely used herbicide atrazine are natural gas, ammonia, chlorine and sodium hydroxide, all of which are also ingredients in non-agricultural products.

The cost of a short ton of chlorine, which is also used in Syngenta’s Bravo fungicide, rose from $210 in September 2002 to $270 in September 2004 to $340 in September of this year, an increase of 62 percent over three years.

Sodium hydroxide was selling for $132.50 per short ton in September 2002, $120 in September 2004 and $295 last month for a 123-percent increase. (Sodium hydroxide and chlorine are delivered by pipeline to Syngenta’s manufacturing plant in St. Gabriel, La. The plant experienced only brief disruptions in supply from the two hurricanes.)

Other common crop protection product raw materials such as ethylene, methanol, propylene and xylene have registered price increases of 45 percent to 114 percent since September 2002.

But natural gas, which has risen from $2 per 1,000 BTU in early 2002 to more than $10 per 1,000 BTU in September, continues to be a major cost driver, accounting for about one-third of Syngenta raw material purchases in North America in 2004.

Hawkins said Syngenta is still working to finalize its prices for 2006, but that he wouldn’t be surprised to see increases on the order of 3 percent for several of its crop protection products.

“We are trying to make sure farmers are getting value from the products we sell,” he said. “And that we’re pricing our products consistent with the value they deliver to our customers.”

Liveris said Dow Chemical is working with the government to try to heighten awareness of the implications of the “astronomically high oil and natural gas prices,” which, he said, threaten the long-term health of the U.S. chemical industry.

Passage of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 by Congress earlier this year will help over time, he said. “Although the legislation makes progress toward reducing demand and increasing the availability and diversity of fuel sources in the United States, it needs to go further – particularly in relation to closing the projected gap between natural gas demand and available supply.

Offshore reserves

“In the near-term, focusing on energy efficiency and conservation can help, but this alone cannot resolve the nation’s energy needs. We absolutely must drive toward environmentally sound production of our nation’s vast offshore energy reserves.”

He said Dow would continue to focus on managing price and volume in a way that would allow it to re-invest in its existing facilities, including seeking price increases across its portfolio of chemical and plastic products.

“At Dow, we have done much to manage our own cost structure and to offset the impact of ever-higher energy and feedstock costs. At this point, however, we have no choice but to ask our customers to pay more for their products to safeguard supplies in the future.”

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Chemical Price Increases

Introduction:

In this lesson, we will learn about why chemical companies prepare to raise prices and how it affects the agriculture industry. We will cover the reasons behind the price increase, the impact on farmers, and the strategies that chemical companies use to manage their costs.

Section 1: Reasons Behind the Price Increase

Chemical companies prepare to raise prices due to several reasons. The main reason is the increase in raw material costs. Raw materials are the ingredients used to make chemical products. When the cost of raw materials increases, the cost of producing chemicals also increases.

Another reason is the competition among chemical companies. Companies need to make a profit to stay in business. If they do not increase their prices, they may lose money.

Section 2: Impact on Farmers

The price increase of chemical products affects the agriculture industry in several ways. Farmers rely on these chemicals to protect their crops from pests and diseases. When the cost of these chemicals increases, it becomes more expensive for farmers to produce crops.

Farmers may also face pressure from consumers who are concerned about the environmental impact of chemicals used in farming. This can lead to a decrease in demand for crops produced with chemicals, which can further impact farmers' profits.

Section 3: Strategies to Manage Costs

Chemical companies use several strategies to manage their costs and maintain profitability. One strategy is to find alternative raw materials that are less expensive. They may also invest in research and development to create new chemical products that are more efficient and cost-effective.

Another strategy is to reduce the amount of chemicals used in production. This can be achieved by optimizing the application of chemicals or using precision agriculture techniques to target specific areas where pests or diseases are present.

Conclusion:

Understanding the reasons behind chemical price increases and the impact on the agriculture industry is crucial for farmers and other stakeholders in the industry. By understanding the strategies used by chemical companies to manage their costs, farmers can make informed decisions about how to respond to price increases. This knowledge can help farmers stay competitive and maintain profitability in the face of rising costs.

Glossary:

- Raw materials: Ingredients used to make chemical products
- Precision agriculture: The use of technology and data to optimize crop production
- Profitability: The ability to generate a profit from an investment or activity


text: Leigh Whittaker. Senior Associate. Gateley Legal. - Manchester. - t: 0161 836 7779. - m: 0778 831 2245. Expertise. Leigh advises on a range of corporate matters, including mergers and acquisitions, private equity and venture capital investments, joint ventures, corporate restructurings and general corporate governance matters.. Leigh’s experience includes advising listed companies, private companies, private equity houses, management teams and entrepreneurs.. Experience. - Advising Inspired Energy Plc on various transactions, including a cross-border acquisition and the associated share placing and group refinance.. - Advising the shareholders of Yearsley Group on its sale to Lineage Logistics.. - Advising various EIS funds on EIS qualifying investments.. - Advising JD Sports Plc on its acquisition of a group of UK-based gyms.. - Advising the management team of La Tasca on its sale to Casual Dining Group.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Corporate Matters

## Overview
In this lesson, we will learn about corporate matters, which involve legal aspects of business operations. We will cover various topics such as mergers and acquisitions, private equity, venture capital investments, joint ventures, corporate restructurings, and general corporate governance matters. This lesson is suitable for primary through high school students who want to understand the basics of corporate law and its applications in the business world.

## Section 1: Mergers and Acquisitions

### Topic 1: What are Mergers and Acquisitions?
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) refer to the process of two or more companies combining their operations to form a single entity. This can happen through a merger, where two companies join together and become one, or an acquisition, where one company buys another.

### Topic 2: Why do Companies Engage in M&A?
Companies engage in M&A for several reasons, including:

1. Growth: By acquiring or merging with another company, a company can expand its operations, customer base, and product offerings.
2. Synergy: Combining two companies can result in cost savings and increased efficiency due to the elimination of redundant functions and processes.
3. Market Share: M&A can help a company increase its market share by entering new markets or expanding its existing market presence.
4. Strategic Advantage: Acquiring or merging with another company can provide a strategic advantage by enhancing technological capabilities or strengthening competitive positions.

### Topic 3: How do Companies Structure M&A Deals?
M&A deals can be structured in several ways, including:

1. Stock Purchase: The acquiring company purchases the target company's stock from its shareholders, effectively taking over ownership and control of the company.
2. Asset Purchase: The acquiring company purchases specific assets of the target company, such as property, equipment, or intellectual property, while leaving behind liabilities and other non-purchased assets.
3. Merger: The two companies combine their operations and form a new entity, with shareholders of both companies receiving shares in the new company based on their pre-existing holdings.

### Topic 4: Risks of M&A
While M&A can provide significant benefits, there are also risks involved, including:

1. Cultural Clashes: Merging two companies with different cultures can lead to conflicts and misunderstandings among employees.
2. Regulatory Hurdles: Some M&A deals require approval from regulatory authorities, which can slow down the process and impose conditions on the deal.
3. Integration Challenges: Integrating two companies' operations, systems, and people can be complex and time-consuming, leading to disruptions and costs.
4. Overpaying: Paying too much for a target company can result in an overvalued acquisition, negatively impacting the acquiring company's financial performance.

## Section 2: Private Equity and Venture Capital Investments

### Topic 1: What are Private Equity and Venture Capital?
Private equity and venture capital refer to investments made in private companies that are not publicly traded on stock exchanges. These investments are typically made by private equity firms or venture capital firms, which seek to provide funding and support to promising companies in exchange for an ownership stake or a percentage of future profits.

### Topic 2: How do Private Equity and Venture Capital Firms Make Money?
Private equity and venture capital firms make money by selling their stakes in successful companies for a profit. They may also earn returns through dividends paid by the companies they invest in or through the eventual sale of the company to a larger organization.

### Topic 3: Types of Private Equity and Venture Capital Investments
There are several types of private equity and venture capital investments, including:

1. Buyout: A buyout occurs when a private equity firm purchases a controlling interest in a company, often with the goal of improving its operations and eventually selling it for a profit.
2. Growth Equity: This type of investment is made in a company that is already profitable but seeks additional capital to fund expansion and growth.
3. Mezzanine Financing: Mezzanine financing is a hybrid of debt and equity financing, providing capital to companies that cannot access traditional bank loans but do not require the full ownership implications of equity financing.
4. Startup Funding: Venture capital firms provide funding to startups in exchange for an ownership stake, with the hope that the company will eventually go public or be acquired by a larger organization.

### Topic 4: Risks of Private Equity and Venture Capital Investments
Like any investment, private equity and venture capital come with risks, including:

1. Lack of Liquidity: Private equity and venture capital investments are typically illiquid, meaning they cannot be easily converted into cash.
2. High Risk: Investing in private companies carries a higher degree of risk than investing in publicly traded companies, as there is no guarantee that the company will be successful or that it will ever go public or be acquired.
3. Fees: Private equity and venture capital firms charge fees for their services, which can reduce the overall return on investment.

## Section 3: Joint Ventures

### Topic 1: What is a Joint Venture?
A joint venture is a partnership between two or more companies that combine their resources, expertise, and capital to pursue a specific business objective. Joint ventures can take many forms, including strategic alliances, licensing agreements, and equity investments.

### Topic 2: Benefits of Joint Ventures
Joint ventures offer several benefits, including:

1. Access to New Markets: By partnering with another company, a company can gain access to new markets and customers it may not have been able to reach otherwise.
2. Cost Savings: Joint ventures can result in cost savings by sharing resources, such as research and development facilities, manufacturing capabilities, or distribution networks.
3. Enhanced Competitive Position: A joint venture can provide a company with a competitive advantage by leveraging the expertise and resources of its partner.
4. Risk Sharing: In a joint venture, the risks and rewards are shared among the participating companies, reducing the financial burden on any one party.

### Topic 3: Risks of Joint Ventures
While joint ventures offer several benefits, there are also risks involved, including:

1. Conflicting Interests: Disagreements between partners can arise due to conflicting interests or goals, leading to a breakdown in the partnership.
2. Loss of Control: In a joint venture, a company may lose some control over its operations and decision-making processes, as decisions must be made collaboratively with its partner(s).
3. Uncertain Outcomes: The success of a joint venture is not guaranteed, and it may not achieve its intended objectives, resulting in wasted resources and time.

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about corporate matters, including mergers and acquisitions, private equity, venture capital investments, and joint ventures. We covered the basics of each topic, including their purposes, benefits, and risks. This knowledge can be applied to various scenarios in the business world, from evaluating potential investments to understanding the legal implications of corporate transactions. By mastering these concepts, students can develop critical thinking skills and apply them to new problems.


text:
On April 15, Senate Democrats called to restrict funding for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), a move that would significantly disrupt the Trump administration’s plans for immigration enforcement.

"We cannot support the appropriation of funds that would expand this administration’s unnecessarily cruel immigration enforcement policies, its inhumane immigrant detention systems, or its efforts to build the president’s vanity projects," Democrats wrote in a letter to the Senate Appropriations Committee. The senators called for a rejection of the Trump administration’s request for additional Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents, and limits on DHS funding for immigrant detention and deportation.

So far, 20 Democratic senators have signed the letter, including 2020 presidential contenders Kamala Harris, Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren, and Cory Booker.

The letter followed an April ICE raid on CVE Technology Group in Allen, Texas, the largest worksite raid in the last decade. More than 280 workers were detained, leaving families scrambling in the aftermath. “Right now, I'm the only support for my family," Erica Salvador, one of the workers caught up in the raid, told NBC New York. “I had too many years here, I had my life.”

The Trump administration has pursued significant changes in immigration policy. In the first year of Trump’s presidency, he signed a 2017 executive order that rescinded Obama-era guidelines on which immigrants should be prioritized for deportation. Trump’s new deportation priorities have granted ICE significant leeway, with significant consequences: As outlined by the executive order, anyone who enters the country “illegally” is considered a “significant threat to national security and public safety” and is a priority. As a result, ICE is emboldened to pursue virtually any immigrant in its path.

Immigration raids sow terror that those impacted say can be hard to move past, even for people who avoid detention and deportation. In the weeks and months following a raid, businesses shut down and families struggle to pay their bills. Children of immigrants face post-traumatic stress disorder and other adverse health outcomes. Entire communities are affected, regardless of immigration status.

Emboldened further by the Trump administration’s increased support, ICE has scaled up its enforcement campaign. The agency has been accused of targeting immigrant rights organizers (which it has denied) and denying migrants in detention proper medical care. Where persecution has intensified, so too has resistance. When the news broke of family separations, parents occupied ICE offices with their children for “playdate protests” to highlight the cruelty of the policy. The protests quickly spread, with encampments outside of ICE offices across the country. As noted by movement journalist L.A. Kauffman in *Waging Nonviolence*, researchers at the Crowd Counting Consortium have tracked more than 20,000 separate demonstrations between January 2017 through May 2018, involving as many as 16 million participants. As Kauffman writes, “that’s more people protesting than at any time in U.S. history.”

So, as ICE stokes fear in immigrant communities, how can activists fight back?

1. Get educated.

There are lots of misconceptions about our immigration system. One pervasive myth is that the U.S. is deporting only people who have committed crimes, targeting threats to public safety. After Trump’s campaign promise to target so-called “bad hombres,” a record number of undocumented immigrants with no criminal record have been arrested.

The logic is circular: Crossing the border without documentation is designated as a federal crime put in place by lawmakers, preemptively criminalizing any immigrant residing in the U.S. without documentation. What this means is that it becomes a crime to enter the U.S. without the proper paperwork, allowing the administration to frame anyone it detains as a public safety risk. Combined, “illegal entry” and “illegal reentry” have become the most federally prosecuted offenses in the U.S. Faced with these charges, often unaware of their options, migrants are pressured to accept plea deals and waive their right to trial, according to the American Immigration Council. This conviction can later be used as the basis for future deportation proceedings.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Budgeting and Funding in Government

Introduction:
Government agencies require funding to operate effectively and provide essential services to citizens. However, budgeting and funding can be a contentious issue, especially when political parties have different priorities. In this lesson, we will explore the role of budgeting and funding in government, particularly in the context of immigration enforcement.

Section 1: Understanding Government Budgets
- What is a government budget?
- Why is budgeting important for government agencies?
- Who is involved in creating a government budget?
- What are some common challenges in creating a government budget?

Section 2: Immigration Enforcement and Funding
- Why is immigration enforcement a contentious issue in the US?
- How does the government fund immigration enforcement?
- What are some of the controversies surrounding immigration enforcement funding?
- What is the role of Congress in funding immigration enforcement?

Section 3: Analyzing the Impact of Budget Decisions
- How might a decision to restrict funding for immigration enforcement affect the Trump administration’s policies?
- What might be the impact on immigrants and their families if funding is restricted?
- How might the decision affect the broader political landscape?

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored the importance of budgeting and funding in government, particularly in the context of immigration enforcement. We have discussed the role of government budgets, the challenges involved in creating them, and the contentious nature of immigration enforcement funding. By analyzing the potential impact of budget decisions, we can see the importance of careful consideration and negotiation in the political process. This lesson has provided students with an understanding of the complexities of government budgeting and funding, and the importance of considering both short-term and long-term consequences.

Glossary:
- Government budget: A plan that outlines the revenues and spending of a government agency over a specific period of time.
- Appropriations: The process by which Congress authorizes the use of federal funds for specific programs and activities.
- Immigration enforcement: The process by which the government enforces immigration laws and policies.
- ICE: Immigration and Customs Enforcement, a federal law enforcement agency responsible for enforcing immigration laws.

[1] "Senate Democrats call to restrict funding for DHS immigration enforcement". The Hill. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
[2] "ICE raid at Texas plant leaves 280 workers detained". CNN. Retrieved April 17, 2019.


text: A group of quilting teachers in the. White Desert, Egypt. Lectures. 1. Journeys. Come and be entertained listening to a humorous account of the many challenges that befall a quilting teacher as she travels the world.. Learn of her inspiration and the techniques she uses to create her large landscape quilts. Gain first hand advice on how to set out on your own journey.. 2. The Quilted Landscape. Have you thought about making a quilt to capture your memories of a special place? Perhaps a wonderful holiday destination, a view from your lounge room window or a memory of a special place from childhood. No matter what the inspiration, creating a landscape. quilt is an achievable project. The process combines making decisions about design and color choices as well as incorporating accurate construction techniques.. This lecture and slide show will focus on these components, solving the mystery of where to begin. Class in Bonny's barn at Saskatoon, Canada. Swiss quilters enjoying a lunch break at the Piva retreat.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Quilting

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Quilting is an art form that involves sewing together layers of fabric to create a warm and decorative cover for beds, clothing, or other items. It requires knowledge of sewing techniques, fabric selection, and design principles. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of quilting and learn about the different types of quilts and their purposes.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

To illustrate the concepts discussed in the previous section, let's consider a simple quilt project. Suppose you want to make a quilt to commemorate a special trip you took with your family. You can use photographs or drawings to create a design that captures the essence of the place you visited. Once you have a design in mind, you can choose fabrics that complement the colors and patterns in the picture.

Next, you will need to decide on the size of the quilt and the number of blocks you will need to create. A common quilt block size is 12 inches, but you can use any size you prefer. Once you have determined the size and number of blocks, you can cut the fabric into squares and sew them together to form the top layer of the quilt.

After completing the top layer, you will need to add batting (a layer of insulation) and then another layer of fabric on top of the batting. Finally, you will sew the three layers together, leaving a small opening for turning and stuffing the quilt. Once the quilt is completed, you can close the opening with a decorative stitch or button.

### Section 3: Increasing Difficulty Level

As you become more experienced with quilting, you can try more complex projects. For example, you can create a quilt with intricate patterns such as feathers or pineapples. These designs require precise cutting and sewing techniques to ensure that the final product looks professional.

Additionally, you can experiment with different quilting methods, such as machine quilting or hand-quilting. Machine quilting involves using a sewing machine to stitch the layers of the quilt together, while hand-quilting involves sewing by hand. Hand-quilting can be more time-consuming but can produce more intricate designs.

### Glossary

- Fabric: Material used for sewing, such as cotton, polyester, or silk.
- Batting: Insulation material used between the top and bottom layers of a quilt.
- Quilt block: A small square of fabric that forms part of the quilt design.
- Sashing: Strips of fabric that separate quilt blocks.
- Binding: A strip of fabric that is sewn onto the edge of a quilt to finish it.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we have explored the basics of quilting, including the different types of quilts and their purposes. We also learned about the steps involved in creating a simple quilt project and how to progress to more complex designs. By mastering these techniques, you can create beautiful and functional quilts that will last for years to come.


text: This charming Silver Lake hillside duplex is the epitome of urban living!. The property includes a 2 BR/1 BA house on the main level & an additional downstairs studio with full bath. The light-filled interior features granite counters in the kitchen, laundry area & mud room, and wood flooring throughout. The downstairs studio has a separate entrance, bath & kitchenette with it’s own fenced yard!, eateries, and coffee houses on Silver Lake Blvd & Glendale Blvd. And of course the new Whole Foods 365 is just down the street.. This amazing duplex has been thoroughly remodeled with new roof, new paint & wood, refurbished garage, & new sewer piping. Both units are occupied.

textbook:
Lesson: Real Estate Investment
Introduction:
Real estate investment is the process of buying, managing, and selling properties to make a profit. It is a popular way to build wealth and achieve financial freedom. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of real estate investment, including how to find properties, evaluate their potential, and manage them effectively.
Section 1: Finding Properties
1.1 What is a property?
A property is a piece of land or a building that can be bought, sold, or rented out.
1.2 How do I find properties to invest in?
You can find properties by looking at online real estate listings, driving around neighborhoods you like, or talking to real estate agents.
1.3 How do I evaluate a property's potential?
To evaluate a property's potential, you should consider its location, condition, and potential for appreciation. You should also look at the current market value and the property's rental income.
Section 2: Evaluating Potential
2.1 What is appreciation?
Appreciation is the increase in value of a property over time.
2.2 How do I evaluate a property's potential for appreciation?
You can evaluate a property's potential for appreciation by looking at the local real estate market, the property's location, and any planned developments in the area.
2.3 What is rental income?
Rental income is the money you receive from renting out a property.
Section 3: Managing Properties
3.1 How do I manage my properties effectively?
To manage your properties effectively, you should keep up with maintenance, collect rent on time, and communicate with your tenants regularly.
3.2 What is maintenance?
Maintenance is the work done to keep a property in good condition.
3.3 How do I collect rent on time?
To collect rent on time, you should set up automatic payments or use a rental management software.
Conclusion:
Real estate investment can be a lucrative way to build wealth and achieve financial freedom. By finding properties with potential, evaluating their potential for appreciation, and managing them effectively, you can create a passive income stream and build long-term wealth.
Glossary:
- Property: A piece of land or a building that can be bought, sold, or rented out.
- Appreciation: The increase in value of a property over time.
- Rental income: The money you receive from renting out a property.
- Maintenance: The work done to keep a property in good condition.


text: Obelisk in piazza Savoia, Torino. This is an egyptian obelisk in piazza Savoia a Torino. This has been shot with my iPhone 4s. The app used to shot the image was HDR Pro, cropping and adjustments were done using Snapseed, further editing was done using Dynamic Light, Pic Grunger and PhotoToaster.. 5 Responses to “Obelisk in piazza Savoia, Torino”. wonderful. Thanks!. lovely shot. absolute fantastic shot! Love your work!. xandi. Thanks Xandi, I appreciate!

textbook:
Lesson: How to Take a Great Photograph

Introduction:
Taking a great photograph requires skill, creativity, and attention to detail. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of photography and learn how to take a great photograph using mathematical abstractions and real-world scenarios.

Section 1: Understanding Exposure
Exposure refers to the amount of light that reaches the camera's sensor. To take a great photograph, you need to ensure that your subject is well-exposed, meaning that it is not too dark or too bright. You can control exposure by adjusting the aperture (the size of the lens opening) and shutter speed (the length of time the camera's shutter is open).

Theory: The formula for calculating exposure is: EV = log2(10^((shutter speed/256)+(aperture/1000))), where EV stands for exposure value.

Practice: Use the formula above to calculate the exposure value for a scene. Then, adjust the aperture and shutter speed accordingly to achieve the desired exposure.

Section 2: Composition
Composition refers to the arrangement of elements within a photograph. A great photograph should have a clear focal point and a balanced composition that leads the viewer's eye through the image.

Theory: The rule of thirds is a compositional guideline that suggests dividing the frame into nine equal parts and placing the subject along one of the two horizontal lines or one of the vertical lines.

Practice: Apply the rule of thirds to a scene and take a photograph. Analyze the composition and determine whether it effectively leads the viewer's eye through the image.

Section 3: Lighting
Lighting plays a crucial role in photography. Good lighting can make a subject look vibrant and interesting, while poor lighting can make it look dull and unappealing.

Theory: Hard light creates harsh shadows and high contrast, while soft light creates gentle shadows and low contrast.

Practice: Experiment with different lighting conditions to see how they affect the mood and tone of the photograph. Use natural light or artificial light sources to create the desired effect.

Conclusion:
Taking a great photograph requires knowledge of exposure, composition, and lighting. By understanding these principles and applying them to your photography, you can create stunning images that capture the essence of your subject matter. Remember to practice, experiment, and refine your skills over time.

Glossary:
- Exposure: the amount of light that reaches the camera's sensor
- Aperture: the size of the lens opening
- Shutter speed: the length of time the camera's shutter is open
- Exposure value (EV): a measure of the amount of light that reaches the camera's sensor
- Rule of thirds: a compositional guideline that suggests dividing the frame into nine equal parts and placing the subject along one of the two horizontal lines or one of the vertical lines.