text:
Greenbelt–BWI Thurgood Marshall Airport Express Line

The Greenbelt–BWI Thurgood Marshall Airport Express Line (commonly shortened to the Greenbelt–BWI Airport Line), designated Route B30, is a weekday-only bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport and the Greenbelt Metro Station of the Green Line of the Washington Metro. The line operates every 70 minutes five days a week along the Baltimore-Washington Parkway between these two locations with no intermediate stops, with the exception of the BWI Business District Light Rail Stop, and Arundel Mills Mall and the last bus leaving BWI at 10:09 pm. The trip is approximately 50 minutes long.

Service
Service operates every 70 minutes between Greenbelt station and Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport on weekdays only. WMATA uses 6 2006 New Flyer D40LFRs numbered 6212-6217 to operate on the route based out of Landover Division. However, other buses can be used on the route if the D40LFRs are running on other routes or going under maintenance. The original vehicles used were now retired 1997 Orion Vs numbered 4390-4395. Each bus has suburban seating with overhead luggage racks with a larger luggage rack in the middle of the bus.

Stops

Background
Service began in 2001 to connect service to BWI Airport from Prince George's County.

The line is unique for being the only WMATA bus line that has a connection with any Maryland Transit Administration non-commuter services, and is responsible for providing a regular link between the two services. The original $3 one-way fare was seen as a bargain compared with other transportation modes in the area, including Greyhound and MARC Train Service.

In 2007, it was reported that the B30 line was partly responsible for BWI Airport ranking as one of the nation's top 10 airports in ease of access.  WMATA also provides higher levels of service on the line in special times of need, especially on certain holidays..

The state of Maryland, which provides funds for operating the service, has been criticized for doing little to promote its use.

2017 Service Changes
Between 2016-17, WMATA proposed to eliminate the B30 route completely due to the route under-performing under WMATA standards.

On June 25, 2017, weekend service for the B30 was discontinued and the one-way fare for the route was increased to $7.50 making the B30 bus a more expensive option than the MARC train. Buses also increase head-ways from 40 to 60 minutes.

2018 Service Changes
On June 24th, 2018, the B30 was rerouted to serve Arundel Mills via Arundel Mills Boulevard.

On December 30, 2018, head-ways were increased from 60 to 70 minutes.

See also

 D.C.–Dulles Line

References

External links
 Metrobus

B30
Category:Transportation in Maryland
Category:Baltimore–Washington International Airport
Category:Greenbelt, Maryland

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Public Transportation

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of public transportation and its importance in society.

**Introduction:** Public transportation is a system that provides shared transportation services to the general public. It is an essential part of modern society, helping people move around cities and countries efficiently and sustainably. In this lesson, we will learn about different types of public transportation, their benefits, and how they work.

**Section 1: Types of Public Transportation**

There are several types of public transportation, including buses, trains, subways, and ferries. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, depending on the location and the needs of the community.

**Bus:** Buses are the most common type of public transportation. They can travel on roads or highways and can stop at any point along their route. They are usually cheaper than other types of public transportation and can reach areas that other forms of transportation cannot.

**Train:** Trains are another popular form of public transportation. They can travel at high speeds and carry many passengers at once. They are often more comfortable than buses and can cover longer distances.

**Subway:** Subways, also known as underground or metro systems, are underground railways that run through cities. They are efficient and can move large numbers of people quickly and quietly.

**Ferry:** Ferries are boats that carry passengers and vehicles across waterways. They are useful for crossing rivers, lakes, or other bodies of water that are too wide to bridge.

**Section 2: Benefits of Public Transportation**

Public transportation has many benefits for individuals and society as a whole. These include:

- Reduced traffic congestion: When people use public transportation, there are fewer cars on the road, which means less traffic congestion.

- Lower emissions: Public transportation produces fewer emissions than cars, which helps reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

- Cost savings: Public transportation is often cheaper than driving a car, especially when you factor in the cost of fuel, parking, and maintenance.

- Increased accessibility: Public transportation can help people who cannot drive, such as those with disabilities or the elderly, get around more easily.

- Economic growth: Public transportation can stimulate economic growth by connecting people to jobs and services.

**Section 3: How Public Transportation Works**

Public transportation works by providing shared services to the general public. This means that multiple people can use the same bus, train, or subway at the same time. This reduces the number of cars on the road and helps reduce traffic congestion.

**Conclusion:** In conclusion, public transportation is an essential part of modern society. It helps people move around cities and countries efficiently and sustainably. By using public transportation, we can reduce traffic congestion, lower emissions, and save money. We hope this lesson has given you a better understanding of the importance of public transportation and how it works.

**Glossary:**

- Bus: A vehicle that carries passengers on a route between stops, usually along a road or highway.
- Train: A vehicle that carries passengers on a track, often at high speeds, and can cover longer distances than buses.
- Subway: An underground railway that runs through a city, providing quick and quiet transportation for many people.
- Ferry: A boat that carries passengers and vehicles across a body of water, such as a river or lake.


text: Sackville Talking Christmas Tree is at Springfield Lake Rec. Centre, Beaver Bank Kinsac Community Centre, and at Acadia Hall. Come by bus, by car, and by foot. The Talking Christmas Tree is conveniently located at Springfield Lake (266 Lakeview Ave, Middle Sackville), Beaver Bank – Kinsac (1583 Beaver Bank Rd), and on 650 Sackville Drive – next to the Public Library.. Bus routes to Sackville and Beaver Bank. The number 80 bus passes right by the front door, however, the other 80 series buses pass by within a few minutes walk of Acadia Hall. Buses 82, 83, 84, 85, and 87, 185, and route 400 to Beaver Bank. See route map at and use Google Transit to help plan your route.. The Schedule can be found here >>>

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: How to Use Public Transportation

Introduction:
Public transportation is a convenient way to travel around your city or town. It's also an environmentally friendly option that can save you money and reduce traffic congestion. In this lesson, we will learn how to use public transportation, including buses and trains, to get around.

Section 1: Understanding Public Transportation

Topic 1: Types of Public Transportation
There are several types of public transportation available, including buses, trains, subways, and trams. Each type of transportation serves different areas and has its own rules and schedules.

Topic 2: Finding Information about Public Transportation
To find information about public transportation in your area, you can visit the website of the local transit authority or use a ride-sharing app like Uber or Lyft. You can also ask friends or family members for advice on using public transportation.

Section 2: Using Buses

Topic 1: Finding Bus Stops and Schedules
Bus stops are usually marked with a sign that shows the route number and destination. You can find bus schedules online or at the bus stop. Some buses run on a fixed schedule, while others may arrive every 15 or 30 minutes.

Topic 2: Paying for Bus Fares
Most buses require you to pay a fare when you board. You can pay with cash, a debit or credit card, or a smartcard. Some bus systems also offer mobile ticketing options.

Topic 3: Riding the Bus
When you board the bus, you should have your fare ready and show it to the driver when asked. If you're not sure where to sit, ask the driver for help. When it's time to get off the bus, pull the cord above your seat or wait for the bus to stop at a designated stop.

Section 3: Using Trains

Topic 1: Finding Train Stations and Schedules
Train stations are usually located in the center of cities or towns. You can find train schedules online or at the station. Some trains run on a fixed schedule, while others may have more flexible departure times.

Topic 2: Paying for Train Fares
Most trains require you to purchase a ticket before boarding. You can buy tickets at the station or online. Some train companies also offer mobile ticketing options.

Topic 3: Riding the Train
When you board the train, you should have your ticket ready and show it to the conductor when asked. If you're not sure where to sit, ask the conductor for help. When it's time to get off the train, follow the signs to the nearest exit.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, using public transportation is a convenient and environmentally friendly way to travel around your city or town. By understanding the different types of transportation available and following the rules for each, you can easily navigate your way around. Remember to always check schedules, fares, and routes before you go, and always be prepared to ask for help if you need it.


text: This event has passed.. Yoga on the Beach. June 23, 2018 @ 11:30 am - 2:00 pm. AWIS and GWIS members gathered in Venice for a fun and relaxing yoga session followed by a picnic on the beach.. Elevate LA creates community-based wellness events for the purpose of elevating individuals and organizations dedicated to finding solutions for homelessness, supporting environmental conservation, and promoting cutting-edge health and wellness education. Feel free to check out Elevate LA Events which are held on the 1st Sunday of every month.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Yoga

### Section 1: What is Yoga?
Yoga is a practice that originated in ancient India. It combines physical postures, meditation, and breath control to improve overall health and well-being. Yoga has become popular worldwide as a way to reduce stress, increase flexibility, and promote relaxation.

### Section 2: Why Practice Yoga?
Practicing yoga has many benefits. It can help improve flexibility, strength, and balance. It also helps reduce stress and anxiety, improves focus and concentration, and promotes relaxation. Yoga can also help with pain management and improve overall quality of life.

### Section 3: How to Practice Yoga Safely
Before starting any new exercise program, it's important to consult with a doctor or healthcare provider. It's also important to find a qualified yoga instructor who is trained to teach safely. When practicing yoga, always listen to your body and respect its limitations. Never force yourself into a position that doesn't feel right. Always use proper alignment and technique to prevent injury.

### Section 4: Types of Yoga
There are many different types of yoga, each with its own unique style and focus. Some popular types of yoga include Hatha, Vinyasa, Ashtanga, Iyengar, and Yin. Each type of yoga has its own set of poses and sequences, so it's important to find an instructor who is trained in the type of yoga you want to practice.

### Section 5: Conclusion
Practicing yoga can be a fun and rewarding way to improve overall health and well-being. Whether you're looking to reduce stress, increase flexibility, or promote relaxation, yoga can help. Remember to practice safely and always listen to your body. With practice and patience, anyone can learn to enjoy the many benefits of yoga.


text: Get the white out! White sugar, white flour, white sauces... Get the White out will help keep the weight down and your energy up. Let start with white sugar.. Sugar and other sweeteners are a source of many calories and busted new years healthy living resolutions.. My favorite alternative to white sugar is agave nectar, which is diabetic friendly. You may not want to use agave in everything you sweeten. No fear there are several other options to add to you kitchen cabinet. Learn 2 other choices by viewing the Teachable Moment link below:. Yours in health,. Dr. Velonda. Register Now for the 2nd Saturday Wellness Webinar Feb 12th "Dump Diabetes". you are invited to follow my blog

textbook:
Title: Understanding the Dangers of White Sugar and Finding Healthier Alternatives

### Section 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about the dangers of white sugar and other refined carbohydrates. We will also explore healthier alternatives that can help us maintain a healthy lifestyle and achieve our health goals.

### Section 2: Understanding the Dangers of White Sugar

White sugar is a type of carbohydrate that is commonly found in many processed foods. It is often added to foods such as cereals, bread, and snacks to enhance flavor and increase palatability. However, consuming too much white sugar can have negative effects on our health.

#### Question: What are the negative effects of consuming too much white sugar?
##### Answer: Consuming too much white sugar can lead to weight gain, increased risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and tooth decay. It can also cause a spike in blood sugar levels, leading to energy crashes and mood swings.

#### Question: Why is white sugar so addictive?
##### Answer: White sugar is highly addictive because it contains a high amount of fructose, which is converted into fat more rapidly than any other sugar. This causes a rapid rise in insulin levels, leading to cravings for more sugar.

#### Question: Are there any health benefits to consuming white sugar?
##### Answer: No, there are no known health benefits to consuming white sugar. It provides empty calories and can interfere with normal body functions such as hormone regulation.

### Section 3: Finding Healthier Alternatives

Now that we understand the dangers of white sugar, let's explore some healthier alternatives that we can incorporate into our diet.

#### Question: What are some healthier alternatives to white sugar?
##### Answer: Some healthier alternatives to white sugar include honey, maple syrup, stevia, and agave nectar. These natural sweeteners provide sweetness without the negative health effects associated with white sugar.

#### Question: How can I reduce my consumption of white sugar?
##### Answer: To reduce your consumption of white sugar, start by reading food labels and avoiding products that contain high amounts of added sugars. You can also try reducing your sugar intake gradually over time, replacing sugary drinks with water or unsweetened tea, and experimenting with natural sweeteners in recipes.

#### Question: Are there any other tips for reducing my consumption of white sugar?
##### Answer: Yes, here are a few more tips:
- Try using natural sweeteners such as fruit or dates to sweeten your food naturally.
- Avoid adding sugar to your coffee or tea - try using lemon or honey instead.
- Replace sugary snacks with healthier options such as nuts, seeds, or fresh fruit.

### Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding the dangers of white sugar and finding healthier alternatives is essential for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. By making small changes to our diet, we can reduce our consumption of white sugar and improve our overall health. Remember to always consult with a healthcare professional before making any significant changes to your diet or health routine.


text: Have you heard about auto-enrolment? It is the term for the automatic enrolment of employees into workplace pension schemes and it will affect all businesses.. Automatic enrolment of employees into workplace pension schemes is now well underway. By 2018, every UK employer will have been brought on board,.. So don’t delay - start your preparation today.!

textbook:
Lesson: Auto-Enrolment and Workplace Pensions

### Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about auto-enrolment and workplace pensions. We will cover the following topics:

1. What is auto-enrolment?
2. Who is affected by auto-enrolment?
3. How does auto-enrolment work?
4. What are the benefits of auto-enrolment?
5. How can I prepare for auto-enrolment?

### What is auto-enrolment?
Auto-enrolment is the process of automatically enrolling employees into a workplace pension scheme. This means that employees do not have to actively choose to join a pension scheme – they will be enrolled automatically by their employer.

### Who is affected by auto-enrolment?
All businesses in the UK are affected by auto-enrolment. However, the timing of when a business must enroll its employees depends on the size of the business. Larger businesses were enrolled first, followed by smaller businesses. By 2018, every UK employer will have been brought on board.

### How does auto-enrolment work?
Under auto-enrolment, employees are enrolled into a workplace pension scheme unless they choose to opt out. Employers must contribute to their employees' pensions, and employees may also choose to contribute themselves. The amount contributed is determined by the government and is based on the employee's earnings.

### What are the benefits of auto-enrolment?
The main benefit of auto-enrolment is that it encourages people to save for their retirement who might not have done so otherwise. By automatically enrolling employees, more people will have access to a workplace pension and the benefits that come with it. Additionally, auto-enrolment makes it easier for employees to save for their retirement, as they do not have to actively choose to participate in a pension scheme.

### How can I prepare for auto-enrolment?
To prepare for auto-enrolment, businesses should familiarize themselves with the rules and regulations surrounding auto-enrolment. They should also determine how they will contribute to their employees' pensions and how much they will contribute. Additionally, businesses should communicate with their employees about the changes and ensure that they understand the benefits of auto-enrolment.

### Conclusion
Auto-enrolment is an important change in the world of workplace pensions. By understanding the basics of auto-enrolment, you can be better prepared for the future. Remember, the key to success is to start preparing today!


text: Rockefeller Plaza skater – New York City, 2006. Although I’m currently basking in the sun, I know that many of my northern hemisphere readers are in the depths of winter – and I’m keenly aware that I will be back with them in winter wonderland (or seasonal affective disorder!!) by Christmas. So today we are back to a chillier theme than last week.. I first saw pictures of the ice rink at the Rockefeller Plaza in New York City when I was about 15 years old, in the charming movie Splash. I thought it was the most enchanting and romantic place that I had ever seen and I yearned desperately to see it as it had been portrayed in the film. However, my first eagerly-anticipated visit to NYC was in August and there was no ice rink to be seen. But when I returned a few years ago, it was in October and the ice rink was exactly as I imagined it. Here, a lone skater is overlooked by the gilded statue of Prometheus..

textbook:
Lesson: The Mathematics of Ice Skating

Introduction:
Ice skating is an exciting and challenging activity that requires skill and balance. In this lesson, we will explore the mathematics behind ice skating, including the physics of friction, the mechanics of rotation, and the geometry of circles. We will also discuss the importance of proper technique and safety measures.

Section 1: Physics of Friction

Friction is the force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. When an ice skater glides on the ice, they experience very little friction because the ice is frozen and has a low coefficient of friction. This allows the skater to move smoothly and quickly across the ice without slipping.

Discussion Questions:
1. What is friction?
2. Why is there little friction between ice and an ice skate?
3. How does the coefficient of friction affect the movement of an ice skater?

Section 2: Mechanics of Rotation

Rotation is the movement of an object around an axis or center point. Ice skaters often perform spins and jumps that involve rotation. The physics of rotation involve torque, angular velocity, and centripetal force.

Discussion Questions:
1. What is rotation?
2. How does torque affect the rotation of an ice skater?
3. What is angular velocity, and how does it relate to rotation?
4. How does centripetal force play a role in the movement of an ice skater?

Section 3: Geometry of Circles

Circles are important in geometry because they are the basis for many mathematical concepts. Ice rinks are typically oval-shaped, which means they have a major axis and a minor axis. The circumference of a circle is equal to 2πr, where r is the radius.

Discussion Questions:
1. What is a circle?
2. How is the circumference of a circle calculated?
3. What is the difference between the major axis and minor axis of an ice rink?

Glossary:
- Coefficient of friction: A measure of the frictional resistance between two surfaces.
- Torque: A measure of the rotational force applied to an object.
- Angular velocity: The rate at which an object is rotating.
- Centripetal force: The force that keeps an object moving in a circular path.

Conclusion:
Ice skating is a beautiful and challenging sport that involves physics, geometry, and mathematics. By understanding the principles behind ice skating, we can appreciate the skill and balance required to perform tricks and spins. With proper technique and safety measures, anyone can enjoy the thrill of ice skating.


text:
Visual acuity, amblyopia, and ocular pathology in 12- to 13-year-old children in Northern Mexico.
The aim of this study was to establish visual acuity (VA) and the prevalence of amblyopia and other ocular disorders in a population of 12- to 13-year-old children in Mexico who have not been vision screened. A total of 1,035 12- to 13-year-old children were examined in a field study. The examination included VA, stereopsis, cover testing, refractive retinoscopy, and examination of the red reflex and posterior pole. In cases with unexplained subnormal VA, visually evoked potential/visually evoked response was also performed. A >or=20/20 in at least one eye was found in 93% of the subjects. Bilateral VA <or=20/40 was found in 0.3% of cases. None of the subjects had bilateral VA <20/60. Amblyopia (<or=20/40) was found in 26 subjects (2.5%). In 10 cases, the cause of subnormal VA was unexplained. Ocular albinism was found in 3 cases, whereas strabismus was found in 24 subjects (2.3%). There were very few ocular opacities or posterior pole abnormalities. The visual status in the Mexican 12- to 13-year-old children tested was good. The prevalence of amblyopia was similar to that in other unscreened populations.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Visual Acuity and Ocular Disorders

Overview:
In this lesson, we will learn about visual acuity, amblyopia, and other ocular disorders in children. We will discuss what these terms mean, their prevalence, and how they can affect a person's daily life.

Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
1. Define visual acuity and amblyopia.
2. Understand the prevalence of visual acuity and amblyopia in children.
3. Identify the symptoms and causes of ocular disorders.
4. Discuss the importance of regular eye exams for children.

Section 1: Visual Acuity and Amblyopia

**Definition:**
Visual acuity (VA) is a measure of how well a person can see at a distance. It is usually expressed as 20/20, which means that a person with normal vision can see an object clearly at 20 feet away that a person with perfect vision can see clearly at 100 feet away. Amblyopia is a condition where a person has reduced vision in one eye due to abnormal development of the eye or the brain during early childhood.

**Prevalence:**
According to a study conducted in Mexico, 93% of 12- to 13-year-old children had a VA of 20/20 or better in at least one eye. However, 2.5% of them had amblyopia.

**Symptoms:**
People with amblyopia may have blurred or double vision in one eye, and they may prefer to use one eye over the other. This can affect their depth perception and make it difficult for them to perform tasks that require good eyesight, such as reading or playing sports.

**Causes:**
Amblyopia can be caused by a variety of factors, including strabismus (misalignment of the eyes), anisometropia (unequal refractive power between the two eyes), and congenital cataracts. These conditions can interfere with the normal development of the brain's ability to process visual information.

Section 2: Ocular Disorders

**Definition:**
Ocular disorders are conditions that affect the structure or function of the eye. They can be caused by genetic mutations, infections, injuries, or exposure to toxins.

**Prevalence:**
In the same study mentioned earlier, researchers found that 2.3% of the children had strabismus, while 3 cases had ocular albinism.

**Symptoms:**
Symptoms of ocular disorders can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include blurred vision, double vision, eye pain, redness, itching, and light sensitivity.

**Causes:**
Ocular disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, infections, injuries, or exposure to toxins. Some common causes include glaucoma (increased pressure within the eye), macular degeneration (damage to the central part of the retina), and diabetic retinopathy (damage to the blood vessels in the retina).

Section 3: Importance of Regular Eye Exams

**Definition:**
Regular eye exams are important for detecting and monitoring ocular disorders and ensuring that a person's vision remains healthy.

**Importance:**
Eye exams can help detect problems such as amblyopia, strabismus, and other ocular disorders early on, allowing for prompt treatment and management. Early detection and treatment can prevent vision loss and improve a person's quality of life.

**Conclusion:**
In conclusion, visual acuity and ocular disorders are important aspects of a person's overall health. Regular eye exams can help detect and manage these conditions, ensuring that a person's vision remains healthy. By understanding the definition, prevalence, and symptoms of visual acuity and ocular disorders, we can better appreciate the importance of regular eye exams and take steps to maintain our vision.


text:
Pattern of vitamin B12 and folic acid during pregnancy.
The aim of this study was to evaluate folate and vitamin B12 serum concentrations and their reciprocal relationships during pregnancy in relation to gestational age and levels of hemoglobin. Serum levels of vitamin B12 (B12) and folic acid (FA) were assessed by RIA in 213 women between the 6th and 43rd week of pregnancy. For 195 of these subjects, hemoglobin and hematocrit values were available. The logarithm (log) of B12 levels was found to be inversely correlated with weeks of pregnancy (R = -0.261; p < 0.001). A decrease in B12 levels occurred before the 27th week and was significant only in the subgroup of patients having hemoglobin levels above 11 g/dl. The log FA concentrations did not show any significant correlation with weeks of pregnancy irrespective of Hb levels. There was also a highly significant correlation between log B12 and log FA after 27 weeks and in the subgroups divided according to Hb levels (< or = and > 11 g/dl). It is therefore concluded that: (1) the demand for vitamin B12 is high in the first 27 weeks of pregnancy due to increasing maternal and embryo-fetal erythropoiesis and in order to sustain normal maternal Hb levels in the last weeks of pregnancy; (2) vitamin B12 might favor the absorption and utilization of FA after 27 weeks of pregnancy.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Correlation Analysis

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about correlation analysis, which is a statistical method used to determine the relationship between two variables. We will use a sample dataset to understand the concept and perform calculations to find the correlation coefficient.

Objectives:
- Understand the concept of correlation analysis
- Perform calculations to find the correlation coefficient
- Interpret the results of the correlation analysis

Prerequisites:
- Basic knowledge of algebra and statistics

Instructions:
1. Correlation Analysis:
Correlation analysis is a statistical method used to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. It is used to determine if there is any linear relationship between the two variables.

2. Calculation of Correlation Coefficient:
The correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1 to +1. If r = +1, the two variables are perfectly correlated, if r = -1, the two variables are negatively correlated, and if r = 0, there is no correlation between the two variables.

3. Example:
Let's consider a sample dataset of 10 students and their scores in math and science. We want to find the correlation between the two subjects.

4. Data Preparation:
We need to prepare the data for calculation of the correlation coefficient. We will calculate the mean of both math and science scores, and then create a matrix of deviations from the mean for each student.

5. Calculation of Correlation Coefficient:
We will use the following formula to calculate the correlation coefficient:

r = [nΣ(xy) - ΣxΣy] / sqrt[nΣx^2 - (Σx)^2][nΣy^2 - (Σy)^2]

where n is the number of students, Σ is the sum, x and y are the math and science scores of each student, and r is the correlation coefficient.

6. Interpretation of Results:
After calculating the correlation coefficient, we can interpret the results as follows:

- If r > 0, there is a positive correlation between math and science scores.
- If r < 0, there is a negative correlation between math and science scores.
- If r = 0, there is no correlation between math and science scores.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about correlation analysis, how to calculate the correlation coefficient, and how to interpret the results. We also saw an example of how to perform these calculations using a sample dataset. This knowledge can be applied to various fields such as finance, economics, and social sciences to analyze the relationship between different variables.


text: of your long term goals…!. Let’s try (in random order) -:. - I want to travel the world!. - I want to open a restaurant!. - I want to make a film!. - I want to but a penthouse in NYC!. Ok…crazy…but what the heck! You live once!. Now write a list of one thing you can do to make one wish seem a little closer…!. Less hard right?. So this Monday dream big, work smart! And make the unreal dreams become reasonable realities!. Write in your list of WANTS! Maybe I can help with some of them…or may be you can help or even add to mine ;)!. 2 thoughts on “I want to!”. I do have a wish list too …Thought I was the only on who keeps that list…Happy to see some one talking about it... Rajeev. What’s on your list??. Maybe I can add something to mine!!!!

textbook:
Lesson: Setting and Achieving Goals
Introduction:
Setting and achieving goals is an essential part of life. It helps us to grow and develop as individuals and to reach our full potential. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of setting goals, how to set SMART goals, and how to achieve them.
Section 1: The Importance of Setting Goals
- Goals give us direction and purpose in life
- Goals help us to achieve our dreams and aspirations
- Goals help us to grow and develop as individuals
- Goals help us to measure progress and success
- Goals help us to stay motivated and focused
Section 2: How to Set SMART Goals
- Specific: Clearly define what you want to achieve
- Measurable: Set measurable milestones to track progress
- Achievable: Set achievable goals that are challenging but realistic
- Relevant: Ensure that your goals align with your values and priorities
- Time-bound: Set deadlines to create urgency and accountability
Section 3: How to Achieve Your Goals
- Break down large goals into smaller, manageable tasks
- Create a plan of action with specific timelines and milestones
- Stay committed and focused on your goals
- Overcome obstacles and setbacks
- Celebrate small victories along the way
Conclusion:
Setting and achieving goals is an essential skill that can help us to lead a fulfilling and successful life. By following the SMART goal framework and staying committed to our goals, we can achieve anything we set our minds to. Remember to dream big, work smart, and make your unreal dreams become reasonable realities.
Glossary:
SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound
Goals: A desired result that a person or organization strives to achieve
Milestones: Small victories that mark progress towards a larger goal
Obstacles: Challenges or barriers that hinder progress
Accountability: Being responsible and answerable for one's actions


text: I thought it might be a good idea to start a thread to discuss what we are learning from the actual thread. Areas we are finding we have more work to do, areas we are fine in. Things you might need to change and reconsider, given the nature of the thread.. Any comments will be welcome here.....I figure it's also a way to try and keep the original thread "pure". Pea. Bookmarks

textbook:
Core Value: Collaboration and communication are essential for continuous improvement and learning.

Lesson: The importance of collaboration and communication in learning and improvement

**Section 1: Introduction**

In this lesson, we will explore the importance of collaboration and communication in learning and continuous improvement. We will examine how these two elements contribute to our growth and development, both individually and collectively.

**Section 2: Collaboration**

Collaboration is the process of working together with others towards a common goal. It involves sharing ideas, knowledge, and expertise to create something greater than what any one person could achieve alone. In the context of learning, collaboration can take many forms, such as working in groups, peer tutoring, or discussing ideas with others.

**Section 3: Communication**

Communication is the process of exchanging information, thoughts, and feelings between individuals. It is an essential part of collaboration, as it allows us to share our ideas and understandings with others. Good communication skills involve listening actively, asking questions, and providing feedback.

**Section 4: The Importance of Collaboration and Communication**

Collaboration and communication are crucial for several reasons:

1. They promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills. When we work with others, we are exposed to different perspectives and ideas, which can help us develop better solutions to problems.
2. They foster creativity and innovation. When we collaborate with others, we can combine our strengths and talents to create something new and unique.
3. They encourage a growth mindset. When we work with others who share our passion for learning, we are more likely to embrace challenges and take risks.

**Section 5: Practical Examples**

Let's consider a few practical examples to illustrate the importance of collaboration and communication in learning:

1. A student studying for an exam with a group of friends. By discussing and reviewing material together, they can learn from each other's strengths and weaknesses, leading to better understanding and retention of the material.
2. A team of engineers working on a project. By communicating effectively and collaborating on design decisions, they can create a more efficient and effective solution.
3. A teacher working with a colleague to improve their teaching methods. By sharing ideas and receiving feedback, they can become better educators and help their students learn more effectively.

**Section 6: Conclusion**

Collaboration and communication are essential for continuous improvement and learning. By working together and sharing our ideas, we can achieve more than we could alone. This lesson has shown that these two elements are crucial for promoting critical thinking, fostering creativity, and encouraging a growth mindset. As we apply these skills to new problems, we will continue to grow and develop, both individually and collectively.


text: Ragfinery is excited to provide a community space for people to sew, craft, collaborate, and have fun!. OPEN WORKSPACE: 10am-4pm Wednesdays and Fridays. Ever notice how inspiration is fed by a creative environment and community? If you’re feeling in need of a boost, bring your projects to our workspace any time between 10am-4pm every Wednesday or Friday (barring special events or workshops) and there’s a good chance you’ll find that inspiration you’re looking for!. Questions? Call us: 360.738.6977

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Ragfinery

**Introduction:** Ragfinery is a community space that provides an environment for people to sew, craft, collaborate, and have fun! In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of a creative environment and community in fostering inspiration and creativity. We will also explore the benefits of having an open workspace where people can work on their projects and share ideas.

**Section 1: The Importance of a Creative Environment and Community**

An environment that encourages creativity and collaboration is essential for fostering inspiration and creativity. A creative environment can be defined as a place where people feel free to express themselves and share their ideas without fear of judgment or criticism. This type of environment can help individuals develop new skills and perspectives, which can lead to innovation and growth.

**Questions:**

1. Why do you think an environment that encourages creativity and collaboration is important?
2. Can you think of any other benefits of having an open workspace?

**Section 2: The Benefits of Having an Open Workspace**

Having an open workspace allows individuals to work on their projects and share ideas with others. This type of environment can help individuals learn from each other, which can lead to new perspectives and innovative solutions. Additionally, an open workspace can provide motivation and accountability, which can help individuals stay focused and committed to their goals.

**Questions:**

1. What are some other benefits of having an open workspace?
2. How might an open workspace help individuals learn from each other?

**Section 3: Practical Examples Using Mathematical Abstractions and Real-World Scenarios**

One practical example of the benefits of having an open workspace is in the field of computer programming. Programmers often work in teams and share their code with each other to get feedback and improve their skills. An open workspace allows them to work together, collaborate, and learn from each other's experiences.

**Questions:**

1. Can you think of any other fields where an open workspace could be beneficial?
2. How might an open workspace help individuals learn from each other in the field of computer programming?

**Conclusion:**

In conclusion, having an open workspace that encourages creativity and collaboration can lead to innovation and growth. By sharing ideas and learning from each other, individuals can develop new skills and perspectives that can be applied to various scenarios. Whether you are a programmer, artist, or entrepreneur, an open workspace can provide the motivation and accountability needed to achieve your goals.

**Glossary:**

- Creative environment: A place where individuals feel free to express themselves and share their ideas without fear of judgment or criticism.
- Collaboration: Working with others to achieve a common goal.
- Innovation: The process of creating something new and valuable.
- Growth: The process of developing and improving oneself.
- Open workspace: A shared work area where individuals can work on their projects and share ideas with others.

**Self-Debate Discussion:**

Is an open workspace more beneficial for individuals who work independently or those who work in teams? Why?


text: Fishing may have various negative effects on the environment: eff. Some fishing techniques, like the drift nets, yield not only tons of fish but kill millions of birds, whales and seals and catch millions of fish not intended. Small net holes often capture juvenile fish who never have a chance to reproduce. Some forms of equipment destroy natural habitats, for example bottom trawling may destroy natural reefs. Other destructive techniques are illegal dynamite and cyanide fishing.. Scope note is not available.

textbook:
Lesson: Environmental Impacts of Fishing

## Section 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about the environmental impacts of fishing. Fishing is an important activity that provides food and income for many people around the world. However, it can also have negative effects on the environment. We will explore some of these impacts and discuss ways to minimize them.

## Section 2: The Impacts of Fishing on the Environment

There are several ways in which fishing can harm the environment. One of the most significant impacts is bycatch. Bycatch refers to the accidental capture of non-target species during fishing operations. This can lead to the death of millions of fish, as well as other marine animals such as dolphins, whales, and seals. Another impact is the destruction of natural habitats. For example, bottom trawling can damage coral reefs and other marine ecosystems. Additionally, some fishing techniques, such as drift nets, can capture juvenile fish that have not yet had a chance to reproduce. Finally, the use of certain types of equipment, such as cyanide or dynamite, can have devastating effects on the environment.

## Section 3: Ways to Minimize the Environmental Impacts of Fishing

There are several ways to reduce the negative impacts of fishing on the environment. One approach is to use more selective fishing gear, such as nets with smaller holes that allow juvenile fish to escape. Another approach is to implement better management practices, such as setting limits on the size and number of fish that can be caught. Additionally, some countries have implemented marine protected areas where fishing is prohibited, allowing marine life to recover and thrive. Finally, educating consumers about sustainable seafood choices can help reduce demand for unsustainably-caught fish.

## Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, the environmental impacts of fishing can be significant, but there are ways to minimize these impacts. By using more selective gear, implementing better management practices, and educating consumers, we can help protect the environment while still providing food and income for people around the world.


text: Seb Hepplewhite | sebhepplewhite.co.uk. I am a Sheffield based designer with an eye for detail and a passion for mark making and textures. Having graduated from Sheffield Hallam University in 2010 I took some time out to travel and work abroad. I gain inspiration from the vitality of travelling, engaging in new cultures and exploring big cities. I take a physical experimental approach to print design, often trying new methods to create innovative fresh solutions to design problems. My style is created with a blend of mixed media collage and photoshop techniques. I am now currently working freelance and available for commissions, collaborations and job opportunities.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Graphic Design

## Section 1: What is Graphic Design?
Graphic design is the process of creating visual compositions to communicate ideas, information, and messages through the use of typography, color, and images. It involves the creation of visual identities, layouts, and designs for various applications such as advertisements, magazines, websites, and packaging.

## Section 2: Why is Graphic Design Important?
Graphic design is important because it helps businesses and organizations to attract attention, convey their message, and stand out from their competitors. Good design can also improve the user experience, make complex information easy to understand, and create an emotional connection between the audience and the product or service being offered.

## Section 3: How does Graphic Design Work?
Graphic design works by combining art and technology to create visual compositions that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional. Designers use a variety of software tools, such as Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign, to create designs that meet the needs of their clients. They also work closely with other professionals, such as copywriters, marketers, and printers, to ensure that the final product meets the desired specifications.

## Glossary:
- Typography: The art of arranging type to make written language legible, readable, and appealing when displayed.
- Color theory: The study of how colors interact and how they can be combined to create harmonious and effective designs.
- Layout: The arrangement of elements on a page, including text, images, and graphics, to create a visually pleasing and functional composition.
- Visual identity: The visual elements that represent a brand, including its logo, color scheme, and typography.
- User experience (UX): The overall experience of a user when interacting with a product, system, or website.
- Emotional connection: The feeling of attachment or affiliation that a user may feel towards a product or service.

## Conclusion:
Graphic design is a powerful tool that can help businesses and organizations to communicate their message and attract attention. By understanding the principles of design, designers can create visual compositions that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced designer, there is always something new to learn about this exciting field.


text: Africa’s peace and security landscape by 2023. Tomorrow (24 April), the PSC is scheduled to hold a second open session of the month. The theme of the session is ‘Africa’s peace and security landscape by 2023. Tomorrow (24 April), the PSC is scheduled to hold a second open session of the month. The theme of the session is ‘Africa’s peace and security landscape by 2023. The tenure of ten members of the PSC serving for a two year term is set to end at the end of March 2018. Elections for these seats will be held during the January 2018 summit.

textbook:
Lesson: African Union Peace and Security Council (PSC)

Introduction:
The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of 55 countries in Africa. One of its organs is the Peace and Security Council (PSC), which is responsible for ensuring peace, security, and stability in Africa. In this lesson, we will learn about the PSC, its structure, functions, and how it operates.

Section 1: Overview of the PSC
- What is the African Union?
- What is the Peace and Security Council?
- How many countries are members of the AU?
- When was the AU established?

Section 2: Structure of the PSC
- How is the PSC structured?
- Who are the members of the PSC?
- How often does the PSC meet?
- What is the role of the chairperson of the PSC?

Section 3: Functions of the PSC
- What are the main functions of the PSC?
- How does the PSC promote peace and security in Africa?
- What are the tools available to the PSC to ensure peace and security?
- What are some examples of successful interventions by the PSC?

Section 4: Operations of the PSC
- How does the PSC operate?
- What is the decision-making process in the PSC?
- How does the PSC work with other organizations to promote peace and security?
- What is the role of the AU Commission in the work of the PSC?

Glossary:
- African Union (AU): A continental union consisting of 55 countries in Africa
- Peace and Security Council (PSC): An organ of the AU responsible for ensuring peace, security, and stability in Africa
- Member States: Countries that are members of the AU
- Chairperson: The head of the PSC, who presides over meetings and represents the council

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the PSC plays a crucial role in promoting peace and security in Africa. By understanding its structure, functions, and operations, we can appreciate the importance of this organization in maintaining stability on the continent. The skills gained from this topic can be applied to analyze and understand the role of other similar organizations in promoting peace and security worldwide.


text: HEALTHY COMPUTING EMAIL TIP 524: MANAGE YOUR ENERGY. Increase vitality and reduce discomfort when you manage your energy.. How to Manage Your Energy*:. Monitor your energy drains and energy gains. For the next week keep a log of events, activities, thoughts, or emotions that increase or decrease energy. Make two lists: Energy Drains and Energy Gains.. Identify common themes associated with energy drains and energy gains.. Each day increase one behavior, interaction, task, or thought associated with energy gains. Decrease one associated with the energy drains.. Continue every day to increase your energy gains and decrease your energy drains.. For a detailed a step-by-step guide to increasing energy gains and decreasing energy drains request a copy from healthco@sfsu.edu.. *Adapted from Peper, E., Gibney, K. H. & Holt, C. (2002). Make Health Happen: Training Yourself to Create Wellness. Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Managing Your Energy for Optimal Productivity

Introduction:
In today's fast-paced world, managing our energy is crucial for optimal productivity. This lesson will teach you how to monitor and manage your energy to increase vitality and reduce discomfort.

Section 1: Understanding Energy Management

Topic 1: What is Energy Management?
- Energy management refers to the process of monitoring and controlling your energy to increase vitality and reduce discomfort.
- It involves identifying energy drains and energy gains and making conscious choices to increase the former and decrease the latter.

Topic 2: Why is Energy Management Important?
- Energy management is essential because it helps you perform better at work, school, or other activities.
- When you manage your energy, you can reduce stress, increase focus, and feel more energized throughout the day.

Section 2: How to Manage Your Energy

Topic 1: Keeping an Energy Log
- To start managing your energy, you need to keep an energy log for a week.
- Record all the events, activities, thoughts, or emotions that increase or decrease your energy.
- Divide them into two categories: Energy Drains and Energy Gains.

Topic 2: Identifying Common Themes
- After keeping an energy log, identify common themes associated with energy drains and energy gains.
- For example, you might find that spending too much time on social media or not getting enough sleep is an energy drain, while exercising or meditating is an energy gain.

Topic 3: Increasing Energy Gains and Decreasing Energy Drains
- Once you have identified your energy drains and energy gains, increase one behavior, interaction, task, or thought associated with energy gains.
- Decrease one associated with the energy drains.
- For example, if social media use is an energy drain, limit your usage to 30 minutes per day. If exercise is an energy gain, try to do it first thing in the morning.

Topic 4: Continuing the Process
- Continue every day to increase your energy gains and decrease your energy drains.
- Over time, this will become a habit, and you will feel more energized and focused throughout the day.

Section 3: Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the importance of energy management and how to monitor and manage our energy to increase vitality and reduce discomfort. By keeping an energy log, identifying common themes, and increasing energy gains while decreasing energy drains, we can optimize our productivity and well-being.

Glossary:
- Energy Management: The process of monitoring and controlling your energy to increase vitality and reduce discomfort.
- Energy Drains: Activities, thoughts, or emotions that decrease your energy.
- Energy Gains: Activities, thoughts, or emotions that increase your energy.

Conclusion:
By applying the strategies learned in this lesson, you can manage your energy effectively and apply these skills to new problems. Remember that energy management is an ongoing process, and it takes time to form new habits. Be patient and consistent with yourself, and you will see significant improvements in your productivity and well-being.


text: FREE shipping in Contiguous U.S. for orders of $49 or more.. When you need a natural boost of energy in your day, our caffeinated loose leaf black teas will bring a spring in your step. Unlike other teas, black tea is fully oxidized, which darkens the leaf color and allows the tea to provide several great health benefits, one of which is antioxidants, which is known to reduce risks of developing chronic disease and promotes overall heart wellness. Black tea also contains the highest amount of natural caffeine without the jitters. There is a reason black tea is the most consumed tea in the world. Try our customer #1 rated Earl Grey of Howick for a classic malty flavor and blend of natural Bergamot or our Aladdin's Magic Spice if you prefer your tea with an extra kick of exotic flavors. Our premium teas are sure to give you that midday pick-me-up often needed. If you prefer decaf black tea, click. here.. (Click product for size & price.). (Click product for size & price.)

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Benefits of Black Tea
Introduction:
Black tea is one of the most popular teas in the world, and for good reason. It has several health benefits that make it a great addition to your daily routine. In this lesson, we will explore the benefits of black tea, how it compares to other teas, and how you can incorporate it into your life.
Section 1: Understanding Black Tea
Black tea is made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. It is fully oxidized, which means that the leaves are exposed to oxygen during the drying process. This causes the leaves to turn dark and gives the tea its characteristic flavor. Black tea is known for its rich, malty flavor and high caffeine content.
Section 2: Health Benefits of Black Tea
Black tea is a great source of antioxidants, which are compounds that help protect your body against damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells and lead to chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Antioxidants help neutralize these free radicals and reduce the risk of developing these diseases. Black tea also contains other beneficial compounds such as flavonoids, which have been shown to improve heart health and lower the risk of stroke.
Section 3: Comparing Black Tea to Other Teas
While black tea is known for its high caffeine content, there are other teas that contain even more caffeine. For example, green tea contains more caffeine than black tea, but it also contains less oxidation, which means that it has a lighter flavor and is lower in antioxidants. White tea, on the other hand, is minimally processed and has a delicate flavor with a lower caffeine content.
Section 4: Incorporating Black Tea into Your Life
Black tea is a versatile beverage that can be enjoyed in many ways. You can drink it hot or cold, with or without milk or sugar, and add flavors such as lemon or honey to taste. To get the most health benefits from black tea, try drinking it without added sugars or sweeteners. You can also incorporate black tea into your diet by adding it to smoothies or using it as a marinade for meats.
Conclusion:
Black tea is a delicious and healthy beverage that offers several benefits such as antioxidants and improved heart health. By understanding the benefits of black tea and how it compares to other teas, you can make an informed decision about whether it is right for you. Whether you prefer hot or iced tea, black tea is a great addition to your daily routine.


text: TERRE HAUTE, Ind. (WTWO/WAWV) — Horizon Health opened up a new specialty clinic on Wednesday in Terre Haute, Ind.. The clinic can assist locals with a wide range of orthopedic needs. A ribbon cutting ceremony took place Wednesday at the facility, which is located on S. 4th Street behind Best Buy.. The new orthopedic clinic features Dr. Jeff Bollenbacher. He has spent the last 27 years treating patients in the Terre Haute area.. Besides seeing patients at this new clinic, Bollenbacher see patients at Horizon Health’s Hospital in Paris, Ill.. “We see all kinds of patients at the clinic orthopedic related,” Bollenbacher said. “We do all the way from foot and ankle to the knee. We do hip replacements, knee replacements, shoulder replacements. We see children all the way up to the elderly, so we do sports medicine, reconstructive surgery, fracture care.”. A doctor specializing in spine surgery will also be added to the services provided soon, a news release said.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Orthopedics

Orthopedics is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of injuries and disorders of the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of orthopedics, including its history, the types of conditions it treats, and the procedures used to treat them.

**Section 1: Introduction to Orthopedics**

Orthopedics is a medical specialty that focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system. This includes conditions affecting the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. Orthopedics is an ancient medical field that dates back to ancient Egypt, where evidence of orthopedic surgery has been found.

**Section 2: Types of Conditions Treated by Orthopedics**

Orthopedics treats a wide range of conditions, including:

1. Bone fractures - breaks in the bones that can occur due to accidents or falls.
2. Joint pain - discomfort or pain in one or more joints, often caused by arthritis or injury.
3. Spine conditions - problems with the vertebrae, discs, or nerves in the spine, such as herniated discs, sciatica, or scoliosis.
4. Sports injuries - injuries that occur during athletic activities, such as strains, sprains, or tears in the muscles, ligaments, or tendons.
5. Congenital conditions - birth defects that affect the musculoskeletal system, such as clubfoot or scoliosis.
6. Traumatic injuries - injuries caused by external forces, such as car accidents or falls.

**Section 3: Procedures Used in Orthopedics**

Orthopedics uses a variety of procedures to diagnose and treat conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system. These procedures include:

1. X-rays - a type of imaging that uses radiation to create pictures of the bones and joints.
2. MRI - a type of imaging that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed pictures of soft tissues, such as muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
3. CT scans - a type of imaging that uses X-rays and computers to create detailed pictures of the body.
4. Casting - the use of a rigid material, such as plaster or fiberglass, to immobilize a broken bone and allow it to heal.
5. Surgery - operations performed to repair damaged bones, joints, or soft tissues.
6. Physical therapy - a type of rehabilitation that helps patients regain strength, flexibility, and mobility after an injury or surgery.

**Section 4: Glossary**

- **Musculoskeletal system**: The system of bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles that provides support and movement to the body.
- **Fracture**: A break in a bone that can range from a simple crack to a complete separation of the bone into two or more pieces.
- **Joint**: The point where two or more bones meet and move.
- **Ligament**: A band of connective tissue that connects two bones together and provides stability to a joint.
- **Tendon**: A band of connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone and allows the muscle to move the bone.
- **Arthritis**: A condition that causes inflammation and pain in one or more joints.

**Conclusion**

Orthopedics is a medical specialty that focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system. It treats a wide range of conditions, including bone fractures, joint pain, spine conditions, sports injuries, congenital conditions, and traumatic injuries. Orthopedics uses a variety of procedures, such as X-rays, MRIs, CT scans, casting, surgery, and physical therapy, to diagnose and treat these conditions. By understanding the basics of orthopedics, we can better appreciate the importance of this medical field and its role in keeping our bodies healthy and functional.


text:
Author

Date on Master's Thesis/Doctoral Dissertation

Document Type

Degree Name

Department

Committee Chair

Salmon, Paul

Committee Co-Chair (if applicable)

Mast, Benjamin

Committee Member

Mast, Benjamin

Committee Member

Stetson, Barbara

Committee Member

Sephton, Sandra

Committee Member

Hanaki-Martin, Saori

Abstract

This study focuses on an evolving, interdisciplinary area of research involving Exercise Science and Clinical Psychology. It investigated the relationship between the perception of present-moment exertion or effort during exercise and a concept called mindfulness. Exertion is commonly measured more objectively using physiological measures (e.g., heart rate) or more subjectively using self-rated Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Mindfulness is characterized as “present-moment, non-judgmental awareness,” or “living in the present.” Despite the acknowledged benefits of physical activity, many people find it burdensome, stressful, and emotionally taxing, especially when first starting an exercise program. Based upon previous research, it was hypothesized that mindfulness would affect RPE during exercise, and that people who by nature are “mindful” would perceive exercise-based exertion more accurately, measured by correlating an objective index of physical exertion (heart rate) and RPE. If true, mindfulness training could: 1) reduce the perception of exercise as burdensome; 2) increase motivation to exercise, and; 3) promote safety during exercise by preventing over-exertion. Ninety undergraduate and graduate students ages18-23 were recruited from psychology courses for this study. All were fluent in English, physically healthy, and exercised three or more times per week. They completed a series of self-report paper-and-pencil questionnaires measuring mindfulness and related psychological factors. Next, they exercised on a treadmill for between 10 and 20 minutes, during which RPE were periodically assessed. Exercise intensity was gradually increased up to a predetermined heart rate level (76% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate) by varying treadmill speed and elevation. Behaviorally, this involved a transition from walking to jogging or running. Results of this study suggested that mindfulness was significantly negatively correlated with RPE, particularly during light exercise intensity. No relationship was found between mindfulness and RPE accuracy. Overall, these results suggest that the relationship between mindfulness and RPE is likely a fruitful area for future research.

textbook:
Lesson Title: The Relationship Between Exertion and Mindfulness During Exercise

Introduction:

Exercise science is an interdisciplinary field that combines aspects of biology, physiology, psychology, and nutrition to understand the human body's response to physical activity. One area of research in this field is the relationship between exertion and mindfulness during exercise. This lesson will explore what exertion and mindfulness are, how they relate to each other during exercise, and the potential benefits of incorporating mindfulness into an exercise routine.

What is Exertion?

Exertion refers to the physical or mental effort required to perform a task or activity. When it comes to exercise, exertion is typically measured using two different methods: physiological and self-reported. Physiological measures include heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen consumption, while self-reported measures involve rating how hard someone feels they are working during a particular exercise.

What is Mindfulness?

Mindfulness is a concept that originates from Eastern philosophy and has been adapted into Western culture. It refers to being fully present and engaged in the current moment, without judgment or distraction. In other words, it means paying attention to your thoughts, feelings, and sensations as they occur, without getting caught up in them or letting them control you.

The Relationship Between Exertion and Mindfulness During Exercise

Research has shown that there is a relationship between exertion and mindfulness during exercise. Specifically, people who are more mindful tend to report lower levels of perceived exertion during exercise. This could be because they are better able to focus on the present moment and their body's sensations, rather than getting caught up in their thoughts or worries. Additionally, incorporating mindfulness practices into an exercise routine may help individuals feel more connected to their bodies and the present moment, leading to a more enjoyable and effective workout experience.

Benefits of Incorporating Mindfulness into Exercise

Incorporating mindfulness into exercise has several potential benefits. Firstly, it can help individuals stay present and focused during their workouts, reducing the likelihood of getting distracted or losing motivation. Secondly, it can lead to a greater sense of connection with one's body and the present moment, which can improve overall well-being. Finally, mindfulness practices have been shown to reduce stress and anxiety, which can often be heightened during exercise.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, understanding the relationship between exertion and mindfulness during exercise can provide valuable insights into how individuals can improve their workout experiences. By incorporating mindfulness practices into exercise routines, individuals may be able to better connect with their bodies and the present moment, leading to a more enjoyable and effective workout experience.


text: Small Firm, Global Vision. We live in a sweet spot. Yes, geographically, the ridges and valleys of Central Pennsylvania are definitely sublime, but more to the point, as a business, we are an interesting ideal – small enough to be truly lithe and responsive, but experienced enough to deliver global-scale solutions. fell works with local businesses and individuals as well as multi-national corporations. We understand that every project is important, and we endeavor to bring our best to bear for each client. We think and design intelligently. We consider the message and the medium. We analyze audiences and outcomes. And yes, at the end of the day, that’s pretty sweet indeed.. Btw…. We think we can do a bang-up job for you. Seriously, we’re smart, savvy, and pretty ferociously capable. Give us a challenge.

textbook:
Lesson: Small Business Success

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the key factors that contribute to the success of small businesses. We will cover topics such as marketing, customer service, and financial management. By the end of this lesson, you will have a better understanding of how to run a successful small business.

Section 1: Marketing

Topic 1: The Importance of Marketing
Marketing is the process of promoting a business and its products or services. It is an essential part of any small business's success. Without marketing, customers may not know about your business, and you may not generate enough revenue to stay in business.

Topic 2: Developing a Marketing Plan
A marketing plan is a document that outlines your business's marketing goals and strategies. It should include information on your target audience, competitors, and marketing channels. A good marketing plan will help you focus your efforts and resources where they will have the most impact.

Topic 3: Creating a Brand Identity
Your brand identity is the image and message that your business presents to the world. It includes your logo, website, social media presence, and advertising. A strong brand identity can help differentiate your business from competitors and create a loyal following.

Topic 4: Measuring Marketing Success
Measuring the success of your marketing efforts is essential to ensure that you are getting a return on your investment. Metrics such as website traffic, social media engagement, and conversion rates can help you determine if your marketing efforts are working.

Questions and Answers:
Q: Why is marketing important for small businesses?
A: Marketing is essential for small businesses because it helps attract and retain customers. Without marketing, your business may not be able to compete effectively in the marketplace.

Q: How can small businesses develop a marketing plan?
A: Small businesses can develop a marketing plan by conducting market research, identifying their target audience, and determining which marketing channels will be most effective.

Q: What is a brand identity, and why is it important?
A: A brand identity is the image and message that a business presents to the world. It is important because it helps differentiate a business from its competitors and creates a loyal following.

Q: How can small businesses measure the success of their marketing efforts?
A: Small businesses can measure the success of their marketing efforts by tracking metrics such as website traffic, social media engagement, and conversion rates.

Section 2: Customer Service

Topic 1: The Importance of Customer Service
Customer service is the support and assistance provided to customers before, during, and after the purchase of a product or service. Good customer service is essential for building trust and loyalty with customers.

Topic 2: Providing Exceptional Customer Service
Exceptional customer service involves going above and beyond to meet a customer's needs. This can include providing personalized attention, resolving issues quickly, and exceeding expectations.

Topic 3: Managing Customer Complaints
Managing customer complaints is an essential part of providing excellent customer service. When customers have a problem, it is essential to listen to their concerns, apologize, and take steps to resolve the issue promptly.

Topic 4: Measuring Customer Service Success
Measuring customer service success involves tracking metrics such as customer satisfaction ratings, repeat business rates, and referral rates. These metrics can help businesses identify areas for improvement and ensure that they are meeting customer needs.

Questions and Answers:
Q: Why is customer service important for small businesses?
A: Customer service is essential for building trust and loyalty with customers. It helps small businesses stand out from competitors and encourages repeat business.

Q: How can small businesses provide exceptional customer service?
A: Small businesses can provide exceptional customer service by providing personalized attention, resolving issues quickly, and exceeding expectations.

Q: How can small businesses manage customer complaints?
A: Small businesses can manage customer complaints by listening to their concerns, apologizing, and taking steps to resolve the issue promptly.

Q: How can small businesses measure the success of their customer service efforts?
A: Small businesses can measure the success of their customer service efforts by tracking metrics such as customer satisfaction ratings, repeat business rates, and referral rates.

Section 3: Financial Management

Topic 1: Understanding Financial Statements
Financial statements provide insight into a business's financial health. They include income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements. By understanding these statements, business owners can make informed decisions about their financial future.

Topic 2: Managing Cash Flow
Cash flow refers to the movement of money in and out of a business. It is essential for businesses to manage their cash flow effectively to avoid running out of money.

Topic 3: Budgeting and Forecasting
Budgeting and forecasting involve creating a plan for how a business will spend and earn money over a specific period. This can help businesses make informed decisions about investments and expenses.

Topic 4: Tax Planning
Tax planning involves strategizing to minimize a business's tax liability. This can involve taking advantage of tax deductions and credits and structuring transactions to minimize taxes.

Questions and Answers:
Q: Why is financial management important for small businesses?
A: Financial management is essential for small businesses because it helps them make informed decisions about their financial future. By understanding financial statements, managing cash flow, budgeting, and forecasting, business owners can ensure that their business remains profitable and sustainable.

Q: How can small businesses understand financial statements?
A: Small businesses can understand financial statements by learning about the different types of statements, including income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements. By understanding these statements, business owners can make informed decisions about their financial future.

Q: How can small businesses manage cash flow?
A: Small businesses can manage cash flow by monitoring their income and expenses, collecting payments promptly, and reducing expenses when necessary.

Q: Why is budgeting and forecasting important for small businesses?
A: Budgeting and forecasting are essential for small businesses because they help business owners make informed decisions about investments and expenses. By creating a plan for how a business will spend and earn money over a specific period, business owners can ensure that their business remains profitable and sustainable.

Q: How can small businesses minimize their tax liability?
A: Small businesses can minimize their tax liability by taking advantage of tax deductions and credits and structuring transactions to minimize taxes. Tax planning is an essential part of financial management for small businesses.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored the key factors that contribute to the success of small businesses. We have covered topics such as marketing, customer service, and financial management. By understanding these concepts, small business owners can ensure that their business remains profitable and sustainable. By applying the principles learned in this lesson, small businesses can achieve great success.


text:
Just about a month ago, a series of alleged blueprints and images had been leaked for a potential “Manta” roller coaster going to SeaWorld San Diego, with construction bids online for a “SeaWorld Manta Exhibit & Ride Attraction 2012.” Nearly a month after those details surfaced, the park has now confirmed (according to Theme Park Tourist) it will be receiving its own $10 million Manta attraction for the 2012 season, which will “combine a traditional roller coaster with elements of a water ride.”

Unlike its sister park in Orlando, who received a B&M Flying coaster for their version of Manta, the one in San Diego will be a launched sit-down coaster from Mack Rides. With a tight 30-foot height limit set by the California Coastal Commission, the parks biggest drop of 54-feet, will go 24-feet down into the Earth so as not to exceed the height limit. From the previously leaked details, the ride will include two launch sections and numerous twists and turns, and some “water elements” over the 2,800-foot-long course. The ride will also utilize 20-passenger Manta-themed trains and giant projection screens, likely for the first launch, to immerse riders in manta rays. Reaching a top speed of 43 mph and a maximum of 4 Gs, the ride will be more of a family-launched coaster, featuring no inversions.

Along with the new coaster, the Forbidden Reef exhibit will be revamped into the rides Manta ray exhibit, which will feature at least 65 bat rays, 10 guitar fish, and over 400 other sea creatures. The exhibit will be built surrounded by the ray tanks with giant portholes for viewing, as well as informational touch screens and displays.

The park originally planned to open a new roller coaster for the 2010 season, but the project was put on hold when the SeaWorld and Busch parks were bought by the Blackstone Group, following InBev’s takeover in 2009. That coaster was apparently supposed to be a roller coaster similar in design to the pair of Revenge of the Mummy roller coasters seen at the Universal parks in Hollywood and Florida.

textbook:
# Lesson: Understanding Theme Park Attractions

## Introduction

Theme parks are exciting places where people go to have fun and enjoy various attractions. One such attraction is a roller coaster, which is a type of ride that takes passengers on a thrilling journey through twists, turns, and drops. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of roller coasters, how they work, and what makes them so exciting.

## Section 1: Types of Roller Coasters

There are several types of roller coasters, each with its unique features and characteristics. The three main types are:

1. Wooden Roller Coasters: These roller coasters are made of wood and are often called "woody" by enthusiasts. They were the first type of roller coaster and are known for their rough and unpredictable rides.

2. Steel Roller Coasters: These roller coasters are made of steel and are known for their smooth rides and high speeds. They come in different styles, such as inverted coasters, which turn riders upside down, and hypercoasters, which are long and fast.

3. Flying Roller Coasters: These roller coasters are a combination of a traditional roller coaster and a flying ride. They use a unique design that allows riders to feel like they are flying through the air.

## Section 2: How Roller Coasters Work

Roller coasters work by using a combination of gravity, friction, and momentum to take riders on an exciting journey. Here's a step-by-step breakdown of how a roller coaster works:

1. Launch: Most roller coasters start with a launch that propels the train forward. This can be done using a chain lift hill, where the train is pulled up to the top of the hill and then released, or a launch track, where the train is accelerated to high speeds before being launched onto the track.

2. Hills: After the launch, the train goes up and down hills, using gravity to help it move. The size and shape of the hills determine the speed and intensity of the ride.

3. Twists and Turns: Roller coasters also include twists and turns, which add to the excitement of the ride. These elements use friction to keep the train on the track and momentum to keep it moving at high speeds.

4. Drops: Many roller coasters include drops, where the train goes down a steep hill and reaches high speeds. These drops are often the most thrilling part of the ride, as they provide a sudden burst of adrenaline.

## Section 3: The Excitement of Roller Coasters

Roller coasters are exciting because they provide a sense of adventure and thrill. They allow us to experience high speeds, intense drops, and unexpected turns, all while being safe and secure. Roller coasters also provide a way for us to escape our daily lives and experience something new and exhilarating.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, roller coasters are a popular attraction at theme parks around the world. They come in different types and styles, each providing its unique experience. By understanding how they work and what makes them exciting, we can appreciate these rides even more. So, if you ever get the chance to ride a roller coaster, don't hesitate – buckle up and enjoy the ride!


text: 9/1/2007 The Session. Playlist Tracks:. Program:. Air Date:. September 1, 2007. DJs:. The Lennie Chism Show, TLCS Archives. - December 2011 (4). - November 2011 (3). - October 2011 (5). - September 2011 (4). - August 2011 (4). - July 2011 (5). - June 2011 (4). - May 2011 (4). - April 2011 (5). - March 2011 (4). - February 2011 (4). - January 2011 .

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Dates and Time

Introduction:
Dates and time are essential components of our daily lives. We use them to plan our schedules, track events, and remember important moments. However, understanding dates and time can be challenging for some people. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of dates and time, including how to read and write them, and how to convert them into different formats.

Section 1: Understanding Dates

Topic 1: Reading and Writing Dates
- What is a date?
- How do you read a date?
- How do you write a date?

Topic 2: Types of Dates
- Fixed-date events
- Recurring events
- Relative dates

Topic 3: Date Formats
- MM/DD/YYYY
- DD/MM/YYYY
- YYYY/MM/DD

Section 2: Understanding Time

Topic 1: Reading and Writing Time
- What is time?
- How do you read time?
- How do you write time?

Topic 2: Types of Time
- AM/PM
- 12-hour clock
- 24-hour clock

Topic 3: Time Zones
- What is a time zone?
- How many time zones are there?
- How do time zones affect travel?

Section 3: Converting Dates and Time

Topic 1: Converting Dates
- How do you convert dates to different formats?
- How do you compare dates?
- How do you calculate the difference between two dates?

Topic 2: Converting Time
- How do you convert times to different formats?
- How do you compare times?
- How do you calculate the difference between two times?

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have learned about the basics of dates and time. We have covered how to read and write them, different types of dates and time, and how to convert them into different formats. This knowledge can be applied in various scenarios, such as planning events, tracking appointments, and analyzing historical data. By understanding dates and time, we can better organize our lives and make informed decisions.


text: Published to commemorate its 75th anniversary, The World Is Round brings back into print the classic story created by Gertrude Stein and Clement Hurd. listeners behind the scenes of the making of The World Is Round, including the numerous letters exchanged between Hurd and Stein as well as images of Stein with the real-life Rose and her white poodle, Love.. PLEASE NOTE: When you purchase this title, the accompanying reference material will be available in your My Library section along with the audio. .

textbook:
Lesson: The World Is Round

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the classic story "The World Is Round" by Gertrude Stein and Clement Hurd. We will learn about the history of the book, the characters in the story, and the message that the author wants to convey. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the meaning behind the story and appreciate the beauty of literature.

Section 1: History of the Book

The World Is Round was first published in 1939, and it has since become a beloved children's book. The story was written by Gertrude Stein, an American poet and writer, and illustrated by Clement Hurd, an American illustrator. The book was inspired by Stein's love for her dog, Brewster, and her desire to create a story that would bring joy to children.

Section 2: Characters in the Story

The main character in "The World Is Round" is Rose, a little girl who loves her white poodle, Brewster. Rose is kind-hearted and compassionate, always looking out for her dog's well-being. Brewster is loyal and loving, always by Rose's side. The story also features other animals, such as cats, birds, and rabbits, who all live in harmony.

Section 3: Message of the Story

The message of "The World Is Round" is one of love and kindness. The story teaches readers that everyone, no matter how small or seemingly insignificant, has a place in the world. It also emphasizes the importance of treating others with respect and compassion.

Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, "The World Is Round" is a beautifully written and illustrated story that teaches us the value of love and kindness. By understanding the message behind the story, we can apply these values to our own lives and make the world a better place.

Glossary:
- Gertrude Stein: An American poet and writer who wrote "The World Is Round."
- Clement Hurd: An American illustrator who illustrated "The World Is Round."
- Rose: The main character in "The World Is Round," a little girl who loves her white poodle, Brewster.
- Brewster: Rose's loyal and loving white poodle.
- Other animals: Cats, birds, and rabbits who live in harmony with Rose and Brewster.

Final Thoughts:

We hope that you enjoyed learning about "The World Is Round" and the message behind the story. Remember that every person has a place in the world, and we should treat others with love and kindness. By applying these values to our own lives, we can make the world a better place.


text: Found this on Common Dreams – an excellent example that an ALEC membership – is a great investment - with a high return.. (my emphasis). Major pharmaceutical companies undeterred as profits continue to rise.. De-Regulation – An ALEC goal.. Destroying Consumer Rights – An ALEC goal.. BOTH increase profits for pharma - while endangering the US population.. GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson and Abbott.. ALL ALEC members. Just think how much more money they can make and how many lives they can destroy – using their membership with ALEC.. ALL of them want to add MORE PROFIT to their bottom line – by using nasty legislation, written by them and the other ALEC profit sector members and then distributed by the American Legislative Exchange Council, on their greedy behalf.. "I would say ALEC is a good investment.. Nowhere else can you get a return that high."

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Impact of Lobbying on Public Policy

Introduction:
Lobbying is the process of influencing public policy through communication with government officials. In this lesson, we will explore the impact of lobbying on public policy, including its benefits and drawbacks.

Section 1: Understanding Lobbying

Topic 1: What is Lobbying?
- Definition: The act of persuading or attempting to influence the passage of legislation or decision-making through communication with government officials.
- Example: A group of environmental activists meeting with a member of Congress to advocate for stronger environmental protection laws.

Topic 2: How does Lobbying work?
- Description: Lobbying involves communicating with government officials to influence their decisions. This can occur through personal meetings, phone calls, emails, or written letters.
- Example: A pharmaceutical company hiring a lobbying firm to advocate for favorable legislation that will benefit their industry.

Section 2: Pros and Cons of Lobbying

Topic 3: Benefits of Lobbying
- Increased awareness: Lobbying can help bring attention to important issues that may not otherwise be on the government's radar.
- Informed decision-making: Lobbyists can provide valuable information and insights to policymakers, leading to better-informed decisions.
- Balanced representation: Lobbying ensures that all interests are represented, not just those with the most resources or influence.

Topic 4: Drawbacks of Lobbying
- Influence peddling: Lobbying can create an environment where money buys influence, leading to corruption and unfair outcomes.
- Misrepresentation: Lobbyists may not always represent the true interests of the people they claim to represent, leading to misguided policies.
- Inequality: Wealthy interest groups may have more resources to lobby effectively than smaller or less well-funded groups, leading to an uneven playing field.

Section 3: Real-World Examples

Topic 5: ALEC and Pharmaceutical Companies
- Description: The American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) is a lobbying organization that writes model legislation for state lawmakers. Pharmaceutical companies have used ALEC to push for deregulation and other pro-business policies.
- Example: ALEC-backed legislation that limits the ability of consumers to sue pharmaceutical companies over dangerous drugs.

Conclusion:
Lobbying can have both positive and negative impacts on public policy. By understanding the mechanisms of lobbying and its effects, we can make informed decisions about how to engage with our government and ensure that our voices are heard.


text: For the fifth time in its history, Graff Diamonds has received the prestigious Queen’s Award for Enterprise, considered by many to be the highest accolade for a British company.. Graff Diamonds is a luxury jewelry and diamond retailer founded in 1960 by Laurence Graff. The global company has been recognized for its sustained increase in international operations over the past three years..  Graff Diamonds boutique inside the fine jewelry room at Harrods. blog, the Jewelry News Network Facebook Page, and on Twitter @JewelryNewsNet.

textbook:
Lesson: The Queen's Award for Enterprise

### Introduction
The Queen's Award for Enterprise is a prestigious award given to businesses in the United Kingdom that demonstrate outstanding achievements in international trade, innovation, or sustainable development. In this lesson, we will learn about the Queen's Award for Enterprise, its history, and how it is awarded. We will also explore some examples of companies that have won this award in the past.

### Section 1: The Queen's Award for Enterprise
The Queen's Award for Enterprise is a set of awards given by the Queen of the United Kingdom to businesses that demonstrate exceptional performance in the areas of international trade, innovation, or sustainable development. The awards were first established in 1965 by Queen Elizabeth II as part of her birthday celebrations. There are four categories of awards: International Trade, Innovation, Sustainable Development, and Promoting Opportunity (for social enterprises).

### Section 2: How the Award is Given
The Queen's Award for Enterprise is given to businesses that demonstrate exceptional performance in their respective categories. A panel of judges evaluates each applicant based on their performance over a period of time, typically three years. The judges look for evidence of growth, innovation, and sustainability in the applicant's business practices. Only a small percentage of applicants are chosen to receive the award each year.

### Section 3: Examples of Companies that Have Won the Award
There have been many companies that have won the Queen's Award for Enterprise over the years. One example is Graff Diamonds, a luxury jewelry and diamond retailer founded in 1960 by Laurence Graff. Graff Diamonds has won the Queen's Award for Enterprise five times, most recently in 2021. Another example is Rolls-Royce, a manufacturer of luxury automobiles and aircraft engines. Rolls-Royce has won the Queen's Award for Enterprise multiple times for its innovative engineering and design.

### Section 4: Conclusion
The Queen's Award for Enterprise is a prestigious award that recognizes businesses in the United Kingdom that demonstrate exceptional performance in international trade, innovation, or sustainable development. By learning about the Queen's Award for Enterprise and examples of companies that have won this award, we can gain insight into what it takes to achieve exceptional performance in business. Whether you are starting your own business or working for a company, understanding the principles of exceptional performance can help you succeed in your endeavors.

### Glossary
- Queen's Award for Enterprise: A set of awards given by the Queen of the United Kingdom to businesses that demonstrate exceptional performance in the areas of international trade, innovation, or sustainable development.
- International Trade: The exchange of goods and services between countries.
- Innovation: The process of creating something new or improving upon something existing.
- Sustainable Development: The practice of meeting current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- Promoting Opportunity: Recognizing businesses that provide opportunities for people in disadvantaged communities.


text: Abstract. We present the results of our study on the ultrafast solvent dynamics of the amides formamide (FA), N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and their deuterated analogs HCOND2 (d2-FA) and DCON(CD3)2 (d7-DMF) us femtosecond optical-heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (OHD-RIKES). As nearly transform-limited 50 fs optical pulses and the Fourier-transform relationship, we have studied liquid dynamics in the frequency range from 0.6 to 400 cm-1. In comparison to the depolarized Rayle spectroscopy technique. OHD-RIKES is shown to provide more accurate and detailed information about low-frequency region that includes the rotational reorientation, librational and collision-induced dynamic. The effect of deuterium isotope substitution on the inertial as well as diffusive reorientational dynamics these amide liquids is discussed.. ASJC Scopus subject areas. - Engineering(all). - Physical and Theoretical Chemistry

textbook:
Lesson Title: Ultrafast Solvent Dynamics in Amides

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the ultrafast solvent dynamics of amides, specifically formamide (FA), N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and their deuterated analogs HCOND2 (d2-FA) and DCON(CD3)2 (d7-DMF). We will explore how femtosecond optical-heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (OHD-RIKES) is used to study liquid dynamics in the frequency range from 0.6 to 400 cm-1.

Section 1: Femtosecond Optical-Heterodyne-Detected Raman-Induced Kerr Effect Spectroscopy (OHD-RIKES)

OHD-RIKES is a powerful technique used to study liquid dynamics in the frequency range from 0.6 to 400 cm-1. It uses nearly transform-limited 50 fs optical pulses and the Fourier-transform relationship to provide more accurate and detailed information about low-frequency regions that include rotational reorientation, librational, and collision-induced dynamics.

Section 2: Deuterium Isotope Substitution

The effect of deuterium isotope substitution on the inertial as well as diffusive reorientational dynamics of these amide liquids is discussed. Deuterated analogs, HCOND2 (d2-FA) and DCON(CD3)2 (d7-DMF), are used to study the effect of deuterium substitution on the solvent dynamics.

Section 3: Results and Discussion

The results of the study show that OHD-RIKES provides more accurate and detailed information about low-frequency regions compared to the depolarized Rayle spectroscopy technique. The inertial as well as diffusive reorientational dynamics of these amide liquids is discussed. The effect of deuterium isotope substitution on the solvent dynamics is also discussed.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the ultrafast solvent dynamics of amides using OHD-RIKES. The technique offers more accurate and detailed information about low-frequency regions compared to the depolarized Rayle spectroscopy technique. The effect of deuterium isotope substitution on the inertial as well as diffusive reorientational dynamics of these amide liquids is also discussed. This knowledge can be applied to understand and optimize other liquid systems with similar properties.

Glossary:
- Femtosecond: one-quadrillionth (10^-15) of a second
- Heterodyne: a technique used to combine two signals to produce a third signal that contains information from both signals
- Deuterium: an isotope of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron in its nucleus
- Isotope substitution: a technique used to replace one isotope with another in a molecule to study its properties
- Raman: a technique used to study vibrational frequencies of molecules by analyzing the inelastic scattering of light
- Kerr effect: a phenomenon in which the refractive index of a material changes as a result of the interaction between light and the material's electric field.