text:
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a locking and unlocking device, and more particularly to a locking and unlocking device particularly employable for a double lock system comprising a bank lock and a client lock in a rental safe room in the bank.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As is well known, most big banks have a rental safe room in a basement or the like place in which a number of rental safe masses are arranged along a wall surface. Each of the rental safe masses are specifically allocated to a certain client in accordance with a contract made between the bank and the client. Each are usually equipped with a double lock system-a client lock and a bank lock-on the front surface thereof, said client lock being opened and closed by operating his own key and said bank lock being opened and closed by operating a key which is carried and controlled by personnel of the bank.
When a client wants to access his rental safe mass in the rental safe room, he tells the bank personnel that he wants to do so. Both the client and the bank personnel then walk to the rental safe room. The bank personnel first opens an entering and leaving door by operating an identification card or key which is carried and controlled by him so that they enter the rental safe room. They walk further to a rental safe mass allocated to the client and the bank personnel opens the bank lock with his key. Now, the client is ready to open his rental safe mass by operating his own key. As will be readily understood from the above description, bank personnel is required to cooperate with a client every time when the latter enters the rental safe room. Therefore, much labor for rental safe services must be extended from the bank causing rental fees to be increased.
To reduce labor works as described above, a central control system has been already proposed which includes a computer installed at the client reception department in a bank so as to carry out opening and closing of the safe room door as well as the bank lock without necessity for bank personnel's help under remote control of the computer. This proposal is easily applicable when a rental safe room is newly built. However, things are different with the case where a rental safe room has been already installed in a bank, because there is necessity for carrying out wiring works between the client reception department and each of rental safe masses. This requires a large amount of labor, time and expenditure. In some case wiring works cannot be carried out or can be carried out only with much difficulties for such an existent rental safe room. Further, another problem with respect to the conventional rental safe room is that it is substantially impossible to identify a client when he enters or leaves the rental safe room merely with the aid of the remote control system as described above including a computer, said identification being intended to prevent an occurrence of criminal activity. If an arrangement is additionally made so that client identification is incorporated into the conventional remote control system, a larger amount of expenditure will be required.
To obviate the foregoing problem there has been already proposed to utilize an identification card for opening and closing a safe room entering and leaving door as well as a bank key. A problem is that a power supply is required for the utilization of an identification card.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Patent Applications

Introduction
A patent application is a legal document that describes an invention and its operation. It is filed with a patent office and is used to obtain a patent for the invention. In this lesson, we will learn about the structure of a patent application, the components of a patent claim, and how to read and understand patent documents.

I. Overview of Patent Applications

A. What is a Patent Application?
A patent application is a legal document that describes an invention and its operation. It is filed with a patent office and is used to obtain a patent for the invention.

B. Purpose of a Patent Application
The purpose of a patent application is to provide a detailed description of an invention so that it can be evaluated by a patent examiner. The patent examiner will determine whether the invention is new, useful, and non-obvious. If the invention meets these criteria, a patent will be granted.

C. Structure of a Patent Application
A patent application typically includes a title, a specification, and one or more claims. The specification provides a detailed description of the invention, including its operation and how it works. The claims define the scope of the patent, specifying what the inventor is entitled to protect.

II. Components of a Patent Claim

A. What is a Patent Claim?
A patent claim is a statement that defines the scope of the patent. It specifies what the inventor is entitled to protect.

B. Types of Patent Claims
There are two types of patent claims: independent claims and dependent claims. Independent claims stand alone and define the scope of the patent. Dependent claims rely on another claim and are used to broaden the scope of the patent.

C. Elements of a Patent Claim
A patent claim typically includes a preamble, a transition word, and a body. The preamble introduces the claim and specifies the type of claim being made. The transition word connects the preamble to the body of the claim. The body of the claim specifies the metes and bounds of the patent protection being sought.

III. Reading and Understanding Patent Documents

A. How to Read a Patent Document
To read a patent document, start by reading the title to get an idea of what the invention is about. Then read the specification to understand how the invention works. Finally, read the claims to see what the inventor is entitled to protect.

B. Understanding Patent Documents
Patent documents can be complex and technical. To understand them, you may need to have some background knowledge in the field of technology being described. Additionally, patent documents often use specialized terminology and legal jargon. It can be helpful to look up unfamiliar terms and phrases to better understand the document.

Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about the structure of a patent application, the components of a patent claim, and how to read and understand patent documents. Understanding patent applications is an important skill for anyone interested in innovation and technology. By learning how to read and interpret these documents, you can gain valuable insights into new inventions and their potential impact on society.


text:
Q:

Serialize to XML non-nested repeating sequence

I need to serialize to an array which has multiple non-nested values i.e.
 <MyArray>
    code1
    <Name>name associated with code 1</Name>
    code2
    <Name>name associated with code 2</Name>
    code3
    <Name>name associated with code 3</Name>
    code4
    <Name>name associated with code 4</Name>
  </MyArray>

I've tried various attributes on my array - e.g.
[XmlArray(ElementName="MyArray")]
[XmlArrayItem(ElementName="")]
public List<MyPair> MyPairs { get; set; }

NB: the MyPair object contains 2 string properties (Code & Name):
but to no avail, I always get a containing element for each pair (which would normally be better but not what the schema demands - and over which I've no control). Any help greatly appreciated.
EDIT This is part of a huge xml document, is it possible to use manual serialization of XElement for 1 part of it and XMLSerialization for the rest?

A:

I don't see a way other than serializing your items manually.
XElement xElem = new XElement("MyArray",
                               array.Select(m => new XElement[] {
                                               new XElement("Code", m.Code),
                                               new XElement("Name", m.Name) })
                              );
var xml = xElem.ToString();

A:

Just to close this off.  I worked around the problem with I think what could be called a bit of a hack as I wanted avoid serializing the entire object graph manually.  So:

Used xml serialization to serialize to a string
Manipulated the string to remove offending extra nested elements
Parsed xml entire string to single XElement (required to allow this to be serialized correctly as xml for WCF)

source: minipile

textbook:
Sure, here's a self-taught lesson on serializing to XML non-nested repeating sequence:
## Chapter 1: Introduction to XML Serialization
In this chapter, we will learn about XML serialization and why it is useful. We will also discuss the basics of XML syntax and the differences between nested and non-nested repeating sequences.
### Section 1.1: What is XML Serialization?
XML serialization is the process of converting an object into an XML document. It is commonly used to transfer data between different systems and applications. XML is a widely-used format for data exchange because it is human-readable, platform-independent, and easy to parse.
### Section 1.2: Nested vs Non-Nested Repeating Sequences
In XML, repeating sequences can be either nested or non-nested. In a nested repeating sequence, the repeating elements are contained within each other. For example:
```
<Parent>
  <Child>
    <Grandchild>
      <Greatgrandchild/>
    </Grandchild>
  </Child>
</Parent>
```
In a non-nested repeating sequence, the repeating elements are not contained within each other. For example:
```
<Parent>
  <Child>
    <Grandchild>
      <Greatgrandchild/>
    </Grandchild>
  </Child>
  <Child>
    <Grandchild>
      <Greatgrandchild/>
    </Grandchild>
  </Child>
  <Child>
    <Grandchild>
      <Greatgrandchild/>
    </Grandchild>
  </Child>
</Parent>
```
### Section 1.3: Why Use Non-Nested Repeating Sequence?
Non-nested repeating sequences are useful when the repeating elements do not have a hierarchical relationship. For example, if we want to represent a list of items where each item can have multiple attributes, we would use a non-nested repeating sequence.
## Chapter 2: Implementing XML Serialization
In this chapter, we will implement XML serialization for a non-nested repeating sequence.
### Section 2.1: Creating the XML Document
First, we need to create the XML document. We can use the `XDocument` class to create the document. Here's an example:
```csharp
XDocument doc = new XDocument(
    new XElement("MyArray",
        new XElement("Code", "code1"),
        new XElement("Name", "name associated with code 1"),
        new XElement("Code", "code2"),
        new XElement("Name", "name associated with code 2"),
        new XElement("Code", "code3"),
        new XElement("Name", "name associated with code 3"),
        new XElement("Code", "code4"),
        new XElement("Name", "name associated with code 4")
    )
);
```
### Section 2.2: Serializing the XML Document
Next, we need to serialize the XML document to a string. We can use the `ToString()` method to do this. Here's an example:
```csharp
string xmlString = doc.ToString();
```
### Section 2.3: Deserializing the XML Document
Finally, we need to deserialize the XML document back into an object. We can use the `XmlSerializer` class to do this. Here's an example:
```csharp
MyClass myObject = (MyClass)serializer.Deserialize(xmlString, typeof(MyClass));
```
## Chapter 3: Practical Examples
In this chapter, we will apply the concepts we learned in the previous chapters to practical examples.
### Section 3.1: Representing a List of Items
Let's say we have a list of items where each item has a name and a quantity. We can represent this list using a non-nested repeating sequence. Here's an example:
```csharp
List<Item> items = new List<Item>
{
    new Item { Name = "Apple", Quantity = 10 },
    new Item { Name = "Orange", Quantity = 5 },
    new Item { Name = "Banana", Quantity = 3 }
};
XDocument doc = new XDocument(
    new XElement("Items",
        from item in items
        select new XElement("Item",
            new XElement("Name", item.Name),
            new XElement("Quantity", item.Quantity)
        )
    )
);
```
### Section 3.2: Representing a Tree Structure
Let's say we have a tree structure where each node has a name and a parent ID. We can represent this tree structure using a non-nested repeating sequence. Here's an example:
```csharp
List<Node> nodes = new List<Node>
{
    new Node { Name = "Root", ParentID = null },
    new Node { Name = "Node1", ParentID = "Root" },
    new Node { Name = "Node2", ParentID = "Root" },
    new Node { Name = "Node3", ParentID = "Node1" },
    new Node { Name = "Node4", ParentID = "Node2" }
};
XDocument doc = new XDocument(
    new XElement("Nodes",
        from node in nodes
        select new XElement("Node",
            new XElement("Name", node.Name),
            new XElement("ParentID", node.ParentID)
        )
    )
);
```
## Chapter 4: Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about XML serialization and why it is useful. We also learned how to implement XML serialization for a non-nested repeating sequence. Finally, we applied the concepts we learned to practical examples.


text: ". Welcome on a behind-the-scenes tour of creation, an experience that will change forever the way you understand reality.. "very strong communication about spirituality"". "Sleeping and dreaming," teaches Andrew Holecek, "offer nightly opportunities for spiritual awakening." When you know how to wake up in your dreams, you transform sleep into a portal to the deepest experiences of reality.. "Great For Beginners | Shallow For The Experienced" !". New York Times best-selling author Deepak Chopra joins forces with leading physicist Menas Kafatos to explore some of the most important and baffling questions about our place in the world.. "Add this one to your list of must listens. ".

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding Spiritual Awakening

### Section 1: Introduction to Spiritual Awakening
In this lesson, we will learn about spiritual awakening, which is the process of becoming more aware of our spiritual selves and connecting with the world around us. Spiritual awakening can lead to a deeper understanding of reality and help us find meaning and purpose in life.

### Section 2: What is Spiritual Awakening?
Spiritual awakening is the process of waking up to the spiritual dimension of reality. It involves recognizing and connecting with the divine within ourselves and the world around us. This can lead to a sense of inner peace, love, and compassion, as well as a greater sense of connection to the universe.

### Section 3: How to Experience Spiritual Awakening
There are many ways to experience spiritual awakening, including meditation, yoga, prayer, and spending time in nature. These practices can help us quiet our minds and connect with our inner selves, allowing us to experience the divine in a more profound way.

### Section 4: The Benefits of Spiritual Awakening
Spiritual awakening can bring many benefits, including increased happiness, reduced stress and anxiety, and a greater sense of purpose and meaning in life. It can also lead to a greater sense of connection with others and the world around us.

### Section 5: Conclusion
In conclusion, spiritual awakening is an important part of finding meaning and purpose in life. By connecting with the divine within ourselves and the world around us, we can experience a greater sense of fulfillment and joy. Through practices like meditation and yoga, we can cultivate our spiritual selves and deepen our connection to the universe.

Glossary:
- Spiritual Awakening: The process of becoming more aware of our spiritual selves and connecting with the world around us.
- Divine: The power or force that creates and sustains the universe.
- Meditation: A practice that involves sitting in silence and focusing the mind on a particular object, thought, or activity.
- Yoga: A physical and spiritual practice that originates in ancient India, involving postures, breathing techniques, and meditation.


text:
Development of enhancing agglutination reaction using gold nanoparticle for pre-transfusion testing.
To explore an alternative way for antibody detection testing, the examination of gold nanoparticle solution for enhancing unexpected antibodies for pre-transfusion testing was investigated. Exposure of foreign antigens on red blood cells from transfusion can trigger the immune system to produce unexpected antibodies. This immunological response may cause the complication to future transfusion. For detection of unexpected antibodies, the antibody screening test is performed approximately 30-60 min. To reduce turnaround time, enhancing reagent, low-ionic strength solution (LISS), is widely used. However, cost of enhancing reagent is an issue which has concerned in resource limited countries. Gold nanoparticle solution can increase red blood cells agglutination reaction. To solve this issue, study of gold nanoparticle solution was investigated. Samples were performed comparing between LISS and gold nanoparticle solution at antiglobulin phase. After reading the agglutination reaction, supernatants were collected and measured at the optical density at 760 nm by spectrophotometer. The optical density in the tube of gold nanoparticle solution was higher than in the tube of 2-5% cell suspension and monoclonal antibody. It has been observed that gold nanoparticle solution enhanced the reaction of agglutination 98% while LISS enhanced the agglutination only 60·8%. Employing a commercially available enhancing reagent, parallel samples confirmed results providing validation of the assay. It approximately costs $1 US dollars compared to $30 for a commercially available reagent. The low cost and yet effective time-consuming test for antibody screening is a practical and viable solution alternative way for performing in antibody screening test in resource limited countries.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Gold Nanoparticles for Agglutination Reaction

### Overview
In this lesson, we will learn about the use of gold nanoparticles in enhancing the agglutination reaction for pre-transfusion testing. We will cover the following topics:

1. What are gold nanoparticles?
2. How do they enhance the agglutination reaction?
3. Why are they used in pre-transfusion testing?
4. How do they compare to the traditional enhancing reagent, LISS?
5. What are the potential applications of gold nanoparticles in other fields?

### Section 1: What are gold nanoparticles?
Gold nanoparticles are tiny particles made of gold that have unique physical and chemical properties due to their size and shape. They have been used in various fields such as electronics, medicine, and environmental science.

### Section 2: How do they enhance the agglutination reaction?
Gold nanoparticles can enhance the agglutination reaction by increasing the rate at which red blood cells clump together. This is because the surface of gold nanoparticles contains charged molecules that can interact with the red blood cells, causing them to stick together more easily.

### Section 3: Why are they used in pre-transfusion testing?
Pre-transfusion testing is a process used to identify any unexpected antibodies that may be present in a patient's blood. This is important because if these antibodies are not detected before transfusion, they could cause serious complications. Gold nanoparticles are used in this process because they can enhance the agglutination reaction, allowing for faster and more accurate detection of unexpected antibodies.

### Section 4: How do they compare to the traditional enhancing reagent, LISS?
LISS is a commonly used enhancing reagent in pre-transfusion testing. It is effective in increasing the agglutination reaction, but it can be expensive, especially in resource-limited countries. Gold nanoparticles, on the other hand, are a cost-effective alternative that can provide similar or even better results than LISS.

### Section 5: What are the potential applications of gold nanoparticles in other fields?
Gold nanoparticles have a wide range of potential applications in various fields. In medicine, they can be used for drug delivery, imaging, and cancer treatment. In electronics, they can be used for sensors and data storage. In environmental science, they can be used for water purification and air pollution control.

### Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about the use of gold nanoparticles in enhancing the agglutination reaction for pre-transfusion testing. We covered their unique properties, how they work, and why they are used in this process. We also compared them to the traditional enhancing reagent, LISS, and discussed their potential applications in other fields. By understanding the basics of gold nanoparticles, we can appreciate their importance in medical and scientific research.


text: Now’s as good a time as any to mention my newest endeavor with my good friend Jory at Analogue – HEED. HEED is very much in it’s infancy but the driving force behind it is Design. Design meaning ideas. Solutions to problems – product problems, technology problems, social problems, transportation problems.. HEED is not about arguing the appropriateness of a font or gloss of a button.. Similar to how Steve Jobs announced iTV a few years ago as a ‘hobby’ so too is HEED for us. Jory and I know where we want to take it, but it will take time.. I expressed my fear to Jory one day on IM last month that I didn’t want HEED to become brain crack (thank you zefrank). I was afraid we would continue to evolve our ideas for HEED on IM ad infinitum without ever creating anything.. The important thing was for us to get HEED off the cinder blocks in the back yard and get it running.. Well, we’re up and running.. Slowly, but surely..

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Design Thinking in Problem-Solving

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the concept of design thinking and its importance in problem-solving. We will discuss how design thinking can be applied to various scenarios and how it can help us come up with creative solutions to complex problems.

Section 1: What is Design Thinking?

Definition: Design thinking is a problem-solving approach that involves empathy, experimentation, and iteration. It is a way of thinking that puts people at the center of the design process and focuses on creating products, services, and experiences that are meaningful and valuable to them.

Question: Why is design thinking important?
Answer: Design thinking is important because it allows us to approach problems from a human-centered perspective. By putting ourselves in other people's shoes, we can better understand their needs and challenges, and come up with solutions that truly meet those needs.

Section 2: Applying Design Thinking to Different Scenarios

Example 1: A company wants to create a new product that will appeal to their target audience.

Application: The company can use design thinking to research and understand their target audience's needs and desires. They can then use this information to create a product that meets those needs and exceeds their expectations.

Example 2: A community group wants to improve public transportation in their city.

Application: The community group can use design thinking to gather feedback from residents about their transportation needs and challenges. They can then use this information to develop a plan that addresses those needs and makes public transportation more accessible and efficient for everyone.

Example 3: A teacher wants to create a more engaging learning experience for their students.

Application: The teacher can use design thinking to understand their students' interests and learning styles. They can then use this information to create lessons and activities that are tailored to their students' needs and preferences.

Section 3: Design Thinking in Action

Example: Airbnb

Airbnb, an online marketplace for lodging and experiences, used design thinking to revolutionize the hospitality industry. They started by putting themselves in their customers' shoes and realized that people wanted a more personal and authentic travel experience. Airbnb then created a platform that connects travelers with local hosts who offer unique accommodations and experiences. This approach has made Airbnb one of the most successful and disruptive companies in the hospitality industry.

Conclusion:

Design thinking is a powerful tool for problem-solving and innovation. By putting people at the center of the design process, we can come up with creative solutions that truly meet their needs and desires. Whether you are a business owner, a community leader, or a teacher, design thinking can help you create products, services, and experiences that are meaningful and valuable to your audience. So go out there and start designing!


text: Cinematic Lightroom presets. $28.00. These presets with cinema style to Lightroom presets are perfect for both photographers and designers. All effects have been calibrated and fine-tuned to achieve the best results. They have been tested in versions 4.0 and 5.0 of Lightroom.. 12 Cinematic Presets Lightroom ready to edit your photos with one click! Is enclosed. Pdf that explains how to install, it’s easy!

textbook:
Lesson: How to Use Cinematic Lightroom Presets

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to use cinematic Lightroom presets to enhance our photos. Cinematic presets are designed to give your photos a film-like appearance, making them perfect for photographers and designers who want to add a touch of drama or elegance to their images.

Section 1: What are Cinematic Lightroom Presets?

Cinematic Lightroom presets are a set of pre-made edits that can be applied to your photos with just one click. These presets are designed to mimic the look of professional film photography, giving your images a vintage or dramatic appearance.

Section 2: How to Install Cinematic Lightroom Presets

To install cinematic Lightroom presets, follow these steps:

1. Open Adobe Lightroom and go to the "Presets" panel.
2. Click on the "Import" button and select the folder where you saved the cinematic presets.
3. Select all the presets and click "Import".
4. The presets will now be added to your Lightroom library.

Section 3: How to Use Cinematic Lightroom Presets

Once you have installed the cinematic presets, you can apply them to your photos by following these steps:

1. Select the photo you want to edit.
2. Click on the preset you want to use from the "Presets" panel.
3. Lightroom will automatically apply the chosen preset to your photo.
4. You can further adjust the settings as desired.

Section 4: Examples of Cinematic Lightroom Presets

Here are some examples of cinematic Lightroom presets and how they can be used:

1. "Vintage Film": This preset gives your photos a retro, film-like appearance. It can be used to add a touch of elegance to wedding photos or to make your travel photos look like they were taken in a different era.

2. "Dramatic Black and White": This preset converts your photo to black and white while adding a dramatic effect. It can be used to create moody, atmospheric images or to add depth to portraits.

3. "Faded Film": This preset fades the colors of your photo while adding a film-like grain. It can be used to create a nostalgic feel or to add a vintage touch to your images.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned what cinematic Lightroom presets are, how to install them, and how to use them to enhance our photos. By applying these presets, we can add a touch of drama or elegance to our images, making them stand out from the ordinary.


text: Publisher's Description+. Easy Hi-Q Recorder allows you to record absolutely any sound in real-time. Easy enough for beginners yet loaded with powerful features for advanced users. Record directly to MP3, CBR or VBR, WMA 9, WAV or OGG at CD quality to 8 Khz mono. It record Internet streaming broadcasts or other sounds from Windows MP, RealOne, etc. Record LP's, tapes, mic, and auto: song, silence detection, and file splitting. Has a VCR-like timer and includes a player.. What's new in this version:. Version 2.5 adds enhanced help with sound setup for Windows 7.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to Sound Recording

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Sound recording is the process of capturing audio signals and converting them into electrical signals that can be stored on a storage device or played back through speakers. The three main types of sound recording are analog, digital, and vinyl. Analog recording involves converting sound waves into electrical signals using microphones and then storing those signals on tape or vinyl. Digital recording uses a computer to convert sound waves into binary code, which is then stored on a hard drive or other digital storage device. Vinyl records use a needle to etch grooves into the surface of a disc, which can then be played back on a turntable.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

Let's say you want to record your band's performance at a local concert. You would set up a digital recorder, such as a Zoom H4n, to capture the audio. You would place the recorder near the mixer so that you can easily connect the microphone inputs to the recorder. You would then adjust the levels on the recorder to ensure that the audio is not too loud or too quiet. Once the recording is complete, you can transfer the files to a computer and edit them using software such as Audacity or GarageBand.

### Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

Why do you think vinyl records have made a comeback in recent years? Are there any advantages to using analog recording over digital recording? How do different types of microphones affect the quality of the recording?

### Glossary
- Analog: A method of recording sound that uses a continuous signal to represent the sound waveform.
- Digital: A method of recording sound that uses binary code to represent the sound waveform.
- Microphone: A device that converts sound waves into electrical signals.
- Mixer: A device that combines multiple audio signals into one output signal.
- Turntable: A device that plays back vinyl records by spinning the disc and following the grooves with a needle.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the different types of sound recording and how they work. We also explored practical examples of how to record a band's performance and discussed some self-debating discussions about the advantages of vinyl records and the impact of different microphones on the quality of the recording. By understanding these concepts, we can apply our skills to record and edit audio in various scenarios.


text: Levi Strauss & Co LEVST.UL agreed to pay more than $1 million in back wages for overtime to about 600 employees after the U.S. Department of Labor found that the jeans maker failed to record all the hours employees worked in its payroll system.. More info:. One of the main reasons why companies invest in Advance Systems Time & Attendance Solutions is that it automates the capture of all employees clocking in and out times. This automatic capture allows your business to be compliant with all FMLA, federal and state labor laws.. Advance Systems Time & Attendance Solution has a customized scheduling function which allows businesses to separate work groups that are on different pay scales. Your weekly, bi-weekly or monthly schedule can also be based on pre-defined budgets keeping payroll costs as low as possible.. With Time & Attendance Solutions, keeping compliant with all federal and state labor laws is made easy.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Labor Laws and Time & Attendance Solutions

**Introduction**

In this lesson, we will learn about labor laws and how time & attendance solutions can help businesses stay compliant. We will cover the following topics:

1. What are labor laws?
2. Why do businesses invest in time & attendance solutions?
3. How does time & attendance solutions help businesses stay compliant with labor laws?
4. What are the benefits of using time & attendance solutions?

**Section 1: What are labor laws?**

Labor laws are rules and regulations set by the government to protect the rights of workers. These laws cover areas such as minimum wage, overtime pay, working hours, and leave policies. They vary from country to country and may also differ between states within a country.

**Section 2: Why do businesses invest in time & attendance solutions?**

One of the main reasons why companies invest in time & attendance solutions is that it automates the capture of all employees' clocking in and out times. This automatic capture allows your business to be compliant with all FMLA, federal and state labor laws.

**Section 3: How does time & attendance solutions help businesses stay compliant with labor laws?**

Time & attendance solutions have features that help businesses stay compliant with labor laws. For example, it has a customized scheduling function which allows businesses to separate work groups that are on different pay scales. Your weekly, bi-weekly or monthly schedule can also be based on pre-defined budgets keeping payroll costs as low as possible.

**Section 4: What are the benefits of using time & attendance solutions?**

Using time & attendance solutions has several benefits, including:

1. Automation of time tracking: It automates the capture of all employees' clocking in and out times, reducing errors and ensuring accuracy.
2. Cost savings: It helps businesses save money by keeping payroll costs as low as possible.
3. Improved productivity: It provides real-time insights into employee performance, enabling businesses to identify areas for improvement and optimize productivity.
4. Compliance: It ensures that businesses are compliant with all FMLA, federal and state labor laws, avoiding penalties and fines.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, understanding labor laws and using time & attendance solutions can help businesses stay compliant and save money. By automating the capture of all employees' clocking in and out times and providing real-time insights into employee performance, businesses can optimize productivity and keep payroll costs as low as possible.


text:
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Humans suck at critical thinking

Reflecting still on David Marshall's critique of the "Outsider Test for Faith", I'm a bit surprised at statements like this:

If the OTF shows anything empirically, it shows that Christianity must
possess remarkable reserves of plausibility to have convinced so many
people, in so many cultures, to risk so much, to follow Jesus.

There seems to be an assumption in statements like this that people are generally good at critical thinking. If someone converts, chances are they were presented with the evidence of a religion, dispassionately examined it and contrasted it with the claims of other religions, and accepted its truth only after a rigorous process of education and logical deduction.

Of course nothing like that happens. It doesn't happen with religion, and it doesn't happen with most things. Politics? It's like an ounce of reason for every pound of rhetoric. Economic forecasters are notoriously awful at their jobs because consumers do not behave rationally.

It reminds me, because I am a nerd, about an article I read recently that criticized Star Trek's Spock as illogical (I Googled for it, but it turns out that there are lots and lots of such articles). The article pointed out that it's illogical of Spock to assume, as he often does, that other sentient races will behave logically (he always seems surprised when they don't!). If aliens are anything like humans, they suck at logic.

And suck we do. We are prone to a litany of cognitive biases that cloud our judgment. Consider, for example the thousands of people duped by exposed fraud Peter Popoff, the evangelical faith healer. Take your pick – conspiracy theories, pareidolia, UFOs, psychics, miracle healings, possessions (be they the Holy Ghost or any number of malevolent spirits), visions, prophecies, ghost sightings... mass delusions come in many, many forms.

The reason why the scientific method has been so successful is precisely because it identifies, and methodologically eliminates, the results of bias. Sometimes the path is tortuous, but it always gets there. Science does not work by eliminating the biases of researchers, because even those of us who are educated about good critical thinking are prone to all kinds of errors – including the ones we know a lot about! Instead, science works by identifying where bias occurs, and requiring evidence to be independently verifiable. Independently repeating results allows us to gradually fetter out cognitive errors.

There's a positively fantastic blog (yes... bold, italicized and underlined... that's how fantastic it is) called Unnatural Acts that can improve your thinking. It's written by Robert Todd Carroll, a retired professor of philosophy, and it's a cornucopia of info on how, specifically, we tend to be lousy at thinking rationally.

textbook:
Lesson: Critical Thinking

Introduction

Critical thinking is the process of analyzing information and arguments to make informed decisions. It is an essential skill that helps us understand complex problems, evaluate evidence, and make sound judgments. In this lesson, we will learn how to apply critical thinking skills to various scenarios, including real-world situations.

Section 1: What is Critical Thinking?

Critical thinking is the process of using logic and reasoning to analyze information and arguments. It involves questioning assumptions, evaluating evidence, and considering alternative points of view.

Section 2: Why is Critical Thinking Important?

Critical thinking is important because it helps us make informed decisions based on evidence and reason. It allows us to evaluate arguments and claims objectively, rather than accepting them blindly. By developing our critical thinking skills, we can become better problem solvers, decision makers, and communicators.

Section 3: How to Apply Critical Thinking Skills

To apply critical thinking skills, follow these steps:

1. Identify the problem or issue you want to analyze.
2. Gather relevant information and evidence.
3. Evaluate the credibility and reliability of the sources.
4. Analyze the information using logic and reason.
5. Consider alternative points of view and potential counterarguments.
6. Draw conclusions based on the evidence and analysis.
7. Communicate your findings clearly and effectively.

Section 4: Practical Examples

Let's consider some practical examples to demonstrate how critical thinking skills can be applied.

Example 1: Deciding whether to invest in a stock

You have been offered an opportunity to invest in a particular stock. Before making a decision, you should use critical thinking skills to evaluate the potential risks and rewards. You might ask questions such as:

- What is the company's track record?
- Is the stock overvalued or undervalued?
- What is the potential for growth or decline?
- Are there any external factors that could impact the stock price?

By analyzing this information and considering alternative perspectives, you can make an informed decision about whether to invest.

Example 2: Evaluating political candidates

During an election campaign, you may be bombarded with information about various candidates. To make an informed decision, you should use critical thinking skills to evaluate their platforms, records, and statements. You might ask questions such as:

- What are the candidate's core values and beliefs?
- What are their policy positions on key issues?
- Have they made any missteps or contradictory statements?
- How do their policies align with your own values and priorities?

By analyzing this information and considering alternative perspectives, you can make an informed decision about which candidate to support.

Conclusion

In conclusion, critical thinking is an essential skill that allows us to evaluate information and arguments objectively. By applying critical thinking skills to various scenarios, we can make informed decisions based on evidence and reason. By developing our critical thinking skills, we can become better problem solvers, decision makers, and communicators.


text: - A Wall Street Journal columnist discusses how to know it is time to stop supporting a nonprofit. I would offer a different list of reasons, but it is interesting to see the topic featured in the Journal.. - Studies show that "proven" medical and science "facts" are often found to be less true as more research is conducted. Food for thought for "evidence-based philanthropy".. - Richard Thaler, the author of Nudge, a book on behavioral finance that has influenced philanthropy, argues for a radical change to the tax treatment of charitable giving.. - Good teachers may be worth $100 trillion to the US economy. Interesting example of how effective nonprofit program delivery is so valuable.. - Stephanie Strom looks at the rise of social networks for social good, such as Facebook Causes and the new Jumo, and highlights the costs of giving through them rather than directly to a nonprofit.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make Informed Decisions in Philanthropy

Introduction:
Philanthropy is the act of donating money, time, or resources to help others. It can be a rewarding experience, but it's essential to make informed decisions when choosing which causes to support. This lesson will teach you how to evaluate nonprofits and determine when it's time to stop supporting them.

Section 1: Evaluating Nonprofits

Topic 1: Research the Organization
- Before donating to a nonprofit, it's crucial to research the organization to ensure that your money is going towards a reputable cause.
- Look for information about the organization's mission, programs, and impact.
- Check if the organization is registered as a 501(c)(3) and if it's eligible for tax-deductible contributions.
- Read reviews from other donors and volunteers to get an idea of their experiences.

Topic 2: Review Financial Documents
- Ask for the organization's financial documents, such as their annual report or Form 990.
- Review the documents to ensure that the organization is financially stable and using donations effectively.
- Look for any red flags, such as high administrative costs or a significant amount of funds going towards fundraising expenses.

Topic 3: Assess the Organization's Impact
- Ask the nonprofit about their impact and how they measure success.
- Look for evidence of the organization's effectiveness, such as testimonials, statistics, or case studies.
- Consider the organization's long-term goals and how they align with your own values and interests.

Section 2: Determining When to Stop Supporting a Nonprofit

Topic 1: Changes in Leadership or Mission
- If the organization's leadership or mission changes significantly, it may be time to reevaluate your support.
- A change in leadership may indicate instability or a lack of direction, while a change in mission may mean that the organization is no longer aligned with your values.

Topic 2: Poor Performance or Results
- If the organization is not meeting its goals or achieving its intended impact, it may be time to stop supporting it.
- Poor performance may indicate that the organization is not effectively using donations or that its programs are not successful.

Topic 3: Personal Circumstances
- Sometimes, personal circumstances may change, making it necessary to reassess your support of a nonprofit.
- For example, if you experience a financial setback or a change in priorities, you may need to redirect your resources to other causes.

Section 3: Conclusion

In conclusion, making informed decisions in philanthropy requires research, evaluation, and reflection. By taking the time to assess organizations and their impact, you can feel confident in your support and make a meaningful difference in the world. Remember, your donations have the power to change lives, so choose wisely and give generously.

Glossary:
- Nonprofit: An organization that operates for a public or social purpose, rather than for profit.
- 501(c)(3): A section of the Internal Revenue Code that designates certain organizations as tax-exempt and eligible for charitable contributions.
- Form 990: A document that nonprofits must file with the IRS annually, detailing their financial information and activities.

Self-Debate Discussion:

- What factors do you consider when deciding which nonprofit to support?
- How do you determine when it's time to stop supporting a nonprofit?
- Have you ever had to reevaluate your support of a nonprofit? If so, why?


text: The Rainier cable railing system is an excellent product line under the Clearview® brand that looks great on everything from decks to patios. Outstanding customer service from ordering to fabrication makes the design-build process a breeze. The design-build process allows a client to manage one contract with designers and builders from a single point of responsibility.. Hear what this Featured Professional has to say about using the product line on design-build projects.. AGS Stainless has been a pleasure to work with. Not only are they extremely attentive with outstanding customer service, but they take the extra step to make sure your project is the best it can be all the way from ordering through to fabrication. They have an excellent product line and we always enjoy working with them on creative and unique projects of ours here on the East Coast.. Quayle & Company Design/Build

textbook:
Lesson: The Design-Build Process in Construction

## Introduction

The design-build process is a popular method used in construction projects. It involves a single contract between the designer and the builder, making it easier for clients to manage their projects from start to finish. In this lesson, we will learn about the design-build process, its benefits, and how it works.

## Section 1: What is the Design-Build Process?

The design-build process is a project delivery method that combines the design and construction phases into a single contract. This means that the designer and the builder are the same entity or team, making it easier for the client to manage the project from start to finish. The process includes designing the project, obtaining necessary permits, and building the project.

## Section 2: Benefits of the Design-Build Process

There are several benefits to using the design-build process in construction projects:

1. Single Point of Responsibility: The design-build process allows the client to have a single point of responsibility for the project. This means that the designer and builder are responsible for the project's success, making it easier for the client to manage the project.

2. Faster Project Delivery: The design-build process can save time because the designer and builder are working together throughout the project. This means that there are fewer delays due to changes in design or construction.

3. Cost Savings: The design-build process can save money because the designer and builder are working together to find the most cost-effective solutions. This can result in lower costs for the project overall.

4. Better Communication: The design-build process encourages better communication between the designer and builder. This means that any issues or concerns can be addressed quickly, resulting in a smoother project.

## Section 3: How Does the Design-Build Process Work?

The design-build process begins with the client hiring a design-build team. The team then works together to develop a design that meets the client's needs and budget. Once the design is complete, the team obtains necessary permits and begins construction. Throughout the construction process, the team works together to ensure that the project is completed on time and within budget.

## Conclusion

The design-build process is a popular method used in construction projects. It offers several benefits, including a single point of responsibility, faster project delivery, cost savings, and better communication. By understanding the design-build process and its benefits, clients can make informed decisions about their construction projects.

## Glossary

- Design-Build Process: A project delivery method that combines the design and construction phases into a single contract.
- Designer: A professional who creates designs for construction projects.
- Builder: A person or company that constructs buildings or other structures.
- Contract: A legally binding agreement between two parties.
- Permits: Official authorization to carry out a certain activity, such as building a structure.


text: Thailand Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report. Thailand's pharmaceutical market will continue to grow, supported by efforts to reform regulatory processes for innovative drug registrations. This action would help Thailand attract greater foreign investment into its domestic pharmaceutical industry and will encourage drugmakers to view the country as a high-growth market. However, given the low levels of affordability and poor access to healthcare, the market will mainly be suited to generic drugmakers. Meanwhile, we have revised our healthcare spending forecast higher for the short-to-medium term due to increased government funding to combat the Covid-19 pand Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report features Fitch Solutions' forecasts for drugs and healthcare expenditure and imports and exports, focusing on the growth outlook for the prescription, OTC, patented drugs and generics market segments.. Fitch Solutions' Thailand

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to Thailand's Pharmaceutical Market

Introduction:
Thailand is one of the fastest-growing economies in Southeast Asia, with a rapidly expanding population and increasing healthcare needs. The country's pharmaceutical market has been growing steadily over the years, driven by factors such as an ageing population, rising income levels, and improved access to healthcare. In this lesson, we will explore the key aspects of Thailand's pharmaceutical market, including its size, growth trends, and regulatory environment.

Section 1: Overview of Thailand's Pharmaceutical Market

Topic 1: Size of Thailand's Pharmaceutical Market
- What is the current size of Thailand's pharmaceutical market?
- How has the market grown over the years?
- What are the key drivers of market growth?

Topic 2: Segmentation of Thailand's Pharmaceutical Market
- What are the major segments of Thailand's pharmaceutical market?
- How has the market share of each segment changed over the years?
- Which segments are expected to grow the fastest in the coming years?

Topic 3: Regulatory Environment in Thailand
- What is the current regulatory environment for pharmaceuticals in Thailand?
- How has the government been working to improve the regulatory environment?
- What are the challenges faced by drugmakers in Thailand?

Section 2: Growth Trends in Thailand's Pharmaceutical Market

Topic 1: Demographic Factors
- How has the ageing population contributed to the growth of the pharmaceutical market?
- How have rising income levels affected the demand for pharmaceuticals?
- What is the current state of healthcare access in Thailand?

Topic 2: Disease Burden
- What are the most prevalent diseases in Thailand?
- How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected the pharmaceutical market?
- What are the government's efforts to combat non-communicable diseases?

Topic 3: Government Policies
- What are the key government policies supporting the growth of the pharmaceutical market?
- How has the government been working to improve access to healthcare?
- What are the challenges faced by the government in implementing these policies?

Section 3: Conclusion

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Thailand's pharmaceutical market has been growing steadily over the years, driven by factors such as an ageing population, rising income levels, and improved access to healthcare. The government has been working to improve the regulatory environment for pharmaceuticals, which is expected to attract greater foreign investment and encourage drugmakers to view the country as a high-growth market. However, challenges remain, including low levels of affordability and poor access to healthcare. As a student, understanding these trends and challenges can help you make informed decisions about your future career in the pharmaceutical industry.

Glossary:
- Pharmaceutical market: The total value of drugs sold in a country or region.
- Generic drugmaker: A company that produces generic drugs, which are copies of brand-name drugs that have lost their patent protection.
- Healthcare access: The ability of individuals to obtain healthcare services when needed without financial hardship.
- Disease burden: The impact of disease on a population, measured in terms of morbidity, mortality, and disability.

[1] "Thailand Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report" Fitch Solutions, 2021.


text: When challenged by a fellow musician/author/photographer to assist in naming and branding his new business entity, we jumped at the opportunity. The company offers expert-led trips to the musical capitals of Europe.. We did extensive research to determine what other tour operators were offering in this space. We had several brainstorming sessions and came up with literally hundreds of possible names for the company.. After the name was finally chosen, we developed a marketing tagline, and then, brought everything together in a visual representation of the brand. Click here to see more.. by Rebecca Cochran

textbook:
Lesson: How to Name and Brand a Business Entity

## Section 1: Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about the process of naming and branding a business entity. We will cover the importance of choosing the right name, developing a catchy tagline, and creating a visual representation of the brand. This lesson is suitable for primary through high school students who are interested in entrepreneurship or marketing.

## Section 2: Choosing the Right Name
Choosing the right name for your business is crucial because it is the first thing that customers will see. It should be memorable, easy to pronounce, and reflect the company's values. Here are some tips for choosing the right name:

1. Keep it simple: Avoid using long or hard-to-spell names that are difficult to remember.
2. Be unique: Make sure that your name is not already taken by another company.
3. Reflect your values: Choose a name that reflects your company's values and mission statement.
4. Be memorable: Choose a name that is easy to remember and stands out from other companies in your industry.

## Section 3: Developing a Tagline
A tagline is a short phrase that summarizes the company's values and mission. It should be catchy and memorable, and it should also reflect the company's personality. Here are some tips for developing a tagline:

1. Keep it short: A good tagline should be no more than five words.
2. Be memorable: Choose a tagline that is easy to remember and stands out from other companies in your industry.
3. Reflect your values: Choose a tagline that reflects your company's values and mission statement.
4. Be consistent: Make sure that your tagline reflects your company's overall branding.

## Section 4: Creating a Visual Representation of the Brand
Creating a visual representation of the brand involves choosing the right colors, fonts, and images. Here are some tips for creating a visual representation of the brand:

1. Choose colors that reflect your company's values and mission statement.
2. Choose fonts that are easy to read and reflect the company's personality.
3. Choose images that reflect the company's values and mission statement.
4. Make sure that all elements of the branding are consistent across all marketing materials.

## Section 5: Conclusion
In conclusion, naming and branding a business entity is an important step in establishing a strong presence in the market. By following the tips provided in this lesson, you can choose the right name, develop a catchy tagline, and create a visual representation of the brand that reflects your company's values and mission statement. By applying these skills to new problems, you can continue to develop your entrepreneurial and marketing skills.


text:
[Identification of protein antigen for antibody DBD02 by biopanning of T7 phage display library].
To identify the specificity of mAb DBD02, we developed and optimized a new method by biopanning of T7 Select human liver cDNA phage display library. After two rounds of biopanning, eluted phages were subjected to Dot blot using mAb DBD02 as primary antibody. The positive PFUs (plaque forming unit) which recognized by DBD02 were further confirmed by Western blot, PCR and sequencing. The antigen recognized by DBD02 was identified as alcohol dehydrogenase. And the epitope for mAb DBD02 was further mapped within a peptide of 22 amino acids (QDYKKPIQEVLKEMTDG-GVDFS). Our data indicate that biopanning of T7 phage display library by mAbs is time, cost, and labor-saving and specific tool for protein antigen identification.

textbook:
Lesson: Protein Antigen Identification Using Phage Display Library

Introduction:
Proteins are essential macromolecules that perform various functions in living organisms. They play a crucial role in biological processes, such as enzymatic reactions, signal transduction, and cellular communication. In this lesson, we will learn about protein antigen identification using a phage display library.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is the use of phage display libraries for protein antigen identification. This method is time-saving, cost-effective, and labor-efficient compared to traditional techniques.

Section 1: Protein Antigens and their Identification

Topic 1: Protein Antigens
Antigens are molecules that can trigger an immune response when introduced into the body. They are usually proteins or polysaccharides found on the surface of pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses.

Topic 2: Techniques for Protein Antigen Identification
There are several techniques for identifying protein antigens, such as Western blotting, ELISA, and mass spectrometry. However, these methods can be time-consuming and expensive.

Section 2: Phage Display Library and its Application in Antigen Identification

Topic 1: Phage Display Library
A phage display library is a collection of phages (viral particles) that display a specific peptide or protein on their surface. These phages can be used to screen for specific interactions with other molecules.

Topic 2: Use of Phage Display Library in Antigen Identification
In this method, a phage display library is used to identify the protein antigen that binds to a specific antibody. The process involves biopanning, where the phage library is incubated with the antibody and then selected for binding. The positive PFUs (plaque forming unit) are further confirmed by Western blot, PCR, and sequencing.

Section 3: Advantages of Using Phage Display Library in Antigen Identification

Topic 1: Time-saving
The use of phage display library is time-saving compared to traditional techniques, such as expression cloning and yeast surface display.

Topic 2: Cost-effective
Phage display library is a cost-effective method for antigen identification, as it requires fewer resources and equipment compared to other techniques.

Topic 3: Labor-efficient
The phage display library method is labor-efficient, as it requires less hands-on time and manual intervention compared to other techniques.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the use of phage display library for protein antigen identification is a time-saving, cost-effective, and labor-efficient method. It has several applications in biotechnology, drug discovery, and vaccine development. By understanding the principles of this method, we can apply the skills gained to identify other protein antigens in various scenarios.

Glossary:
- Phage display library: A collection of phages that display a specific peptide or protein on their surface.
- Antigen: A molecule that can trigger an immune response when introduced into the body.
- Western blot: A technique used to identify specific proteins in a sample.
- ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a technique used to detect the presence of a specific antigen in a sample.
- Mass spectrometry: A technique used to determine the molecular mass of a compound.
- Biopanning: A process of selecting specific phages from a library based on their ability to bind to a target molecule.
- PFUs: Plaque forming units, a measure of the number of phages capable of producing plaques.
- PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, a technique used to amplify DNA.
- Sequencing: A technique used to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.


text: After the nuptials, I slept for about a week solid, getting up only to eat leftover wedding cake and make various concoctions out of our leftover wild boar. Thus rejuvenated, I hightailed it to Prague to honeymoon with Laura. (Don't fret, mein Mann and I had a post-civil ceremony honeymoon in Ukraine and next week will find us on Honeymoon II (aka our summer vacation), walking across Cilento in southern Campania.). Back to Prague: it's not my favorite city, but it does seem to have made nice progress since I was there a few years ago. Or maybe it's just that we didn't do any of the touristy stuff, but wandered from here to there, sat in plazas, beer gardens and breweries. The food is still sort of monotonous ("pork with more pork" as our guidebook put it), which is fine for a few days, but the coffee still dreadful, which is not fine for a few days..

textbook:
Lesson: Travel Journal Writing

Introduction: Travel journal writing is an excellent way to record your experiences and memories while traveling. It allows you to reflect on your trip, capture special moments, and share your adventures with others. In this lesson, we will learn how to write a travel journal entry, including setting a scene, describing events, and reflecting on your experiences.

Section 1: Setting a Scene

The first step in writing a travel journal entry is to set a scene. This involves describing the location, time of day, weather, and mood of the moment you are writing about. For example, if you are writing about your arrival in a new city, you might describe the sights, sounds, and smells of the place.

Questions:
- What is the name of the city you are visiting?
- What is the time of day?
- What is the weather like?
- How do you feel as you arrive in this new place?

Section 2: Describing Events

Once you have set the scene, the next step is to describe the events of your journey. This could include meeting new people, trying new foods, or exploring different cultures. Be sure to use vivid language and sensory details to bring your readers into your experience.

Questions:
- What did you do during your trip?
- Who did you meet?
- What did you eat?
- What did you see?

Section 3: Reflecting on Your Experiences

Finally, take some time to reflect on your experiences. What did you learn about yourself or the world around you? How did this trip change you? What would you do differently next time?

Questions:
- What did you learn from this trip?
- How has this trip changed you?
- What would you do differently next time?

Conclusion:

Travel journal writing is a great way to capture and reflect on your travel experiences. By setting a scene, describing events, and reflecting on your experiences, you can create a vivid picture of your journey for yourself and others. Remember to use sensory details and vivid language to bring your readers into your experience. Happy travels!

Glossary:
- Scene: A part of a story or play, forming a separate unit in a narrative.
- Vivid: Producing or capable of producing images or sensations in the mind; graphic or lifelike.
- Sensory: Relating to or being the faculties of sight, hearing, taste, smell, or touch.


text:
Q:

Loop inside (another) loop (not connected by ID) Smarty

Please, i need some help, i am new Smarty user, but i am stuck on this for about 5 days, please some experienced users help me.
Here is a example of the PHP code i am trying to convert:
Code:
$numone = "1";
$contest = $mysqli->prepare("SELECT `active`, `id`, `start`, `end`, `slots`,    `description`, `name`, `type`, `minimum`  FROM `contests` WHERE `active` = ?");
$contest->bind_param('i', $numone);
$contest->execute();
$contest->bind_result($firstloop['active'], $firstloop['id'], $firstloop['start'], $firstloop['end'], $firstloop['slots'], $firstloop['description'], $firstloop['name'], $firstloop['type'], $firstloop['minimum']);
$contest->store_result();

if ($contest->num_rows() >0){
 $n=0;
 while($contest->fetch()){
 $n++;
    if ($firstloop['active'] == "1") {
        if ($firstloop['type'] == "0"){

     echo "

Contest name: ".$firstloop['name']."

Contest Start: ".$firstloop['start']."	 Contest End: ".$firstloop['end']."

Description :
 ".$firstloop['description']."

             ";

     $participants = $mysqli->prepare("SELECT COUNT(*), `uid` FROM `completed` WHERE `status` = ? AND `time` > ? AND `time` < ?  AND `payment` >= ? GROUP BY `uid` ORDER BY count(*) DESC LIMIT ?");
        $participants->bind_param('issii', $numone, $firstloop['start'], $firstloop['end'], $firstloop['minimum'], $firstloop['slots']);
        $participants->execute();
        $participants->bind_result($counted, $secondloop['uid']);
        $participants->store_result();

     echo "

Place	ID	Completed

          ";
         while ($participants->fetch()){

     echo "

".$n."	".$secondloop['uid']." 	 ".$counted."

             ";

        }
     echo  "

           ";
         }
      }
   }
}

And whatever i try i always fall at the end. Sad
As you can see, the both loops are not connected by ID.
If someone can help me, will save me one more night without sleep. Thanks
Edit:  I fail in any attempt to convert into Smarty, i always get wrong results with the second loop, so i decide to post clean example of the loops, if someone can give me suggestions to convert this in smarty in right way.
Edit (Solved):
Thanks to dbone suggestion, about nested arrays with unique id passed to the second loop. (check the dbone post).
Thanks

A:

You need to convert the query values into nested arrays.  Doing just the queries in PHP, load them into a single variable to be sent to the SMARTY engine.  Add a setup at the beginning to clear the variable (error checking):
$to_smarty = NULL;

Then do the same code you are already doing but set the $to_smarty variable up as an array with the unique id from the first query (here I'm assuming $n, but you could use "name"):
 if ($contest->num_rows() >0){
  $n=0;
  while($contest->fetch()){
  $n++;
     if ($firstloop['active'] == "1") {
         if ($firstloop['type'] == "0"){
             $to_smarty[$n] = firstloop

This will store all of that data into an array that can be passed to SMARTY.  When you do the second query, create a new index in the $to_smarty variable and populate that with the new values for each entry in the original array:
 $participants = $mysqli->prepare("SELECT COUNT(*), `uid` FROM `completed` WHERE `status` = ? AND `time` > ? AND `time` < ?  AND `payment` >= ? GROUP BY `uid` ORDER BY count(*) DESC LIMIT ?");
 $participants->bind_param('issii', $numone, $firstloop['start'], $firstloop['end'], $firstloop['minimum'], $firstloop['slots']);
 $participants->execute();
 $participants->bind_result($counted, $secondloop['uid']);
 $participants->store_result();
 $i = 0;
 while ($participants->fetch()){
      $to_smarty[$n]['participants'][$i]['n'] = $secondloop['uid'];
      $to_smarty[$n]['participants'][$i]['uid'] = $secondloop['uid'];
      $to_smarty[$n]['participants'][$i]['counted'] = $counted;
      $i++;

You can now pass the $to_smarty variable to the SMARTY engine to print the information with a template:
 $smarty->assign('stuff', $to_smarty);
 $smarty->display('template.tpl');

The template could look like this:
 {if $stuff}

 {foreach $stuff as $first}

Contest name: {$first.name}

Contest Start: {$first.start}	 Contest End: {$first.end}

Description :
{$first.description}

Place	ID	Completed

 {foreach $first.participants as $participant}

{$participant.n}	{$participant.uid}	{$participant.counted}

 {/foreach}
 {/foreach}

 {/if}

The key is using nested, associative arrays.  (watch out for my typos, :-) )

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Loops in Programming

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of loops in programming and teach them how to use them effectively in their code.

**Glossary:**
- Loop: A set of instructions that is repeated until a certain condition is met.
- Control Flow: The sequence of instructions that a computer program follows to execute its tasks.
- Condition: A statement that evaluates to true or false.
- Iteration: The process of repeating a set of instructions multiple times.

**Introduction:**
In programming, loops are used to repeat a set of instructions multiple times until a certain condition is met. They are an essential part of controlling the flow of a program and allow us to automate repetitive tasks. In this lesson, we will learn about different types of loops, how they work, and when to use them.

**Section 1: Understanding Loops**
- Definition: A loop is a set of instructions that is repeated until a certain condition is met.
- Example: Imagine you have to add up all the numbers from 1 to 100. You could do this manually, but it would be very time-consuming. Instead, you can use a loop to add up all the numbers automatically.

**Section 2: Types of Loops**
There are two main types of loops: **for** loops and **while** loops.

- **for** loop: This type of loop is used when we know exactly how many times we want the loop to run. We specify the number of iterations at the beginning of the loop.
- **while** loop: This type of loop is used when we don't know exactly how many times we want the loop to run. We check a condition at the beginning of each iteration and stop the loop when the condition is met.

**Section 3: Example**
Let's write a program that adds up all the numbers from 1 to 10 using a loop.

```
// Set the initial variable
let num = 1;

// Create a loop that runs 10 times
for (let i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
  // Add the current number to the total
  let total = num + total;
  // Move to the next number
  num++;
}

// Print the final result
console.log(total);
```

**Section 4: Practice**
1. Write a program that prints out the numbers from 1 to 10 using a **while** loop.
2. Modify the previous program to print out the numbers from 1 to 100 using a **for** loop.
3. Write a program that calculates the sum of the first n natural numbers.

**Conclusion**
Loops are an essential tool in programming that allow us to automate repetitive tasks and control the flow of our programs. By understanding the different types of loops and when to use them, we can write more efficient and effective code.


textbook:
Lesson: Extracting Core Values from Text

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to extract core values from a given text. This skill is essential for understanding the main ideas and messages conveyed in written or spoken language. We will use the input text as an example to demonstrate the process of extracting core values.

Core Value:
The core value we can extract from the input text is that "Laughing on the runway" is a story about two people, Chiyuki Fujito and Ikuto Miyako, who pursue their dreams despite facing challenges and obstacles.

Section 1: Understanding Core Values

Topic: What is a core value?

A core value is a fundamental belief or principle that shapes our actions and decisions. It is the essence of what we stand for and what guides us in our daily lives.

Question: Why is it important to identify core values in a text?

Answer: Identifying core values in a text helps us understand the message or theme of the text. It enables us to analyze and interpret the text more effectively.

Section 2: Identifying Core Values in a Text

Topic: How to identify core values in a text?

Step 1: Read the text carefully and identify the main ideas and themes.
Step 2: Look for recurring patterns or messages that appear throughout the text.
Step 3: Identify the central message or theme that ties all the ideas together.

Example:
Input Text: The outline and scenes of the TV animation "Laughing on the runway", which is broadcast on the MBS / TBS / BS-TBS "Animeism" frame from March 20, has been released.. The child's runway is over and the show of Mind and Chiyuki begins. The two people whose encounters are the worst and their personalities do not match. Until now, the two who have been struggling with each other make a proposal to each other. "A team but a rival." The runway created by these two people was a form of unwavering feelings.. ■.. Chiyuki Fujito's dream, 158cm tall, is a Paris collection model. People say, "Give up," because of the short stature that is fatal as a model, but they still can't break. At that time, I meet Ikuto Miyako, who is trying to give up the dream of a fashion designer to feed his family. -This is a story of two people who keep on running after their dreams... (C) Inotani Words / Kodansha / Laughing on the runway Production Committee

Core Value: The core value we can extract from the input text is that "Laughing on the runway" is a story about two people, Chiyuki Fujito and Ikuto Miyako, who pursue their dreams despite facing challenges and obstacles.

Section 3: Applying Core Values in Real Life

Topic: How can we apply core values in our daily lives?

By identifying and understanding core values, we can make better decisions and choices that align with our beliefs and principles. We can also communicate our values to others and inspire them to pursue their own dreams and passions.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to extract core values from a given text. We identified the core value of "Laughing on the runway" as a story about two people who pursue their dreams despite facing challenges and obstacles. By applying this skill in our daily lives, we can make better decisions and choices that align with our beliefs and principles.

Glossary:
- Core value: A fundamental belief or principle that shapes our actions and decisions.
- Identifying core values: The process of analyzing a text to find its central message or theme.
- Recurring patterns: Repeated elements or messages in a text.
- Central message: The main idea or theme that ties all the ideas together.
- Theme: The underlying message or idea conveyed by a text.
- Beliefs: A strong feeling of faith or trust in something.
- Principles: A basic truth, theory, or rule.


text: Will Chrome shine for CIOs?. When.. Users might hit a snag, however, when their new preferred browser doesn't jive with the internal custom applications, or Internet Explorer-centric offerings. "This requires a lot of change management from the IT department," said Forrester Research analyst Sheri McLeish. "Most IT shops have an understanding of Microsoft Internet Explorer and have built things to work with.. The name Google will have a warmer, fuzzier feeling for CIOs who are "often reluctant to change horses in midstream," said Evans. "Firefox is open source and seen as the Wild West, so not a lot of CIOs have enabled Firefox. But Google has a better reception.". » posted by ITworld staff. CIO!

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Web Browsers

## Section 1: Theory

A web browser is a software application used to access and display web pages and other online content. It interprets and displays the HTML code that makes up a website. There are several web browsers available, including Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Apple Safari.

## Section 2: Practice

1. What is a web browser?
2. How does a web browser interpret HTML code?
3. What are some examples of web browsers?
4. Why do you think some people prefer one web browser over another?

## Section 3: Problem Solving

1. You have been asked to choose a new web browser for your company. What factors should you consider when making this decision?
2. How can you ensure that the new web browser will work well with your existing internal applications?
3. What steps can you take to manage any potential resistance from your IT department when introducing a new web browser?

## Glossary

- Web browser: A software application used to access and display web pages and other online content.
- HTML: HyperText Markup Language, the standard markup language for structuring content for the web.
- Browser: Another term for web browser.
- Internet Explorer: A discontinued web browser developed by Microsoft.
- Open source: A type of software license that allows users to modify and distribute the software.
- Firefox: A popular open-source web browser developed by Mozilla.
- Google: A search engine and technology company that also develops web browsers.
- CIO: Chief Information Officer, a senior executive responsible for managing information technology within an organization.

## Conclusion

Web browsers are an essential tool for accessing the internet, and choosing the right one for your needs is important. By considering factors such as compatibility with existing applications, ease of use, and change management strategies, you can successfully introduce a new web browser to your organization.


text:
aluminum (Al)

A lightweight, silvery-white, ductile,
malleable, metallic element in group IIIA
of the periodic table. It is the
most abundant element in the Earth's crust (8%), but found only in combination,
chiefly in bauxite but also as cryolite,
feldspar, clay,
and many other minerals. It is smelted by the Hall-Héroult process
(see below). Aluminum (British: "aluminium") is widely used for aircraft
parts, engines, window frames, pans, drinks cans, kegs, cooking foil, etc.,
and to form many hard, light, corrosion-resistant
alloys. Its name comes from alumen,
the Latin name for the mineral alum.

Aluminum is extremely useful for several reasons. First, it is light –
weighing only about a third as much as other common metals for the same
volume. It is also strong, and to give the same rigidity need weigh only
half as much as steel. Its strength can be
greatly increased by alloying with other metals.

Second, although aluminum combines readily with other elements, including
oxygen, it does not rust or corrode in the
air, because a thin film of oxide is formed on the surface, and this protects
the metal below. So aluminum has excellent corrosion resistance.

Third, aluminum conducts heat and electricity extremely well. An aluminum
wire will conduct only 60 percent as much electricity as a copper
wire of the same size, but more than twice as much as a copper wire of the
same weight. Its good heat conducting qualities and its resistance to corrosion
have ed to its widespread use in cooking vessels.

atomic number

13

relative atomic mass

26.98154

electron configuration

1s22s22p63s23p1

atomic radius

143.1 pm

oxidation state

3

melting point

660.3°C (1,220.6°F)

boiling point

2,519°C (4,566°F)

relative density

2.69

Discovery and extraction

Compounds of aluminum have been known for centuries, but the metal was first
made from these by Humphry Davy. The metallic
aluminum he produced was too impure for him to have any real idea of its
properties, and a purer metal was first made by the Danish chemist Hans
Oersted in Copenhagen in 1825 and the German
chemist Friedrich Wöhler in 1827. It
was not until 1845 that Wöhler succeeded in producing a sufficient
quantity to discover that it was a very light metal which was malleable.

In later years ways were discovered of making larger quantities of aluminum
through electrolysis – that is,
by passing an electric current through a fused or liquefied aluminum compound.
But the metal remained very expensive, and it was only in 1886 that the
French chemist Hèroult and the American C. M. Hall discovered at
about the same time the method of making aluminum on a larger scale, now
known as the Hall process, which is
still used. This is by electrolysis of alumina
(aluminum oxide) dissolved in a bath of fused cryolite (sodium aluminum
fluoride).

Duralim

One of the most important alloys of aluminum is Duralim, an alloy containing
about 4 percent copper with smaller quantities of magnesium
(1%), manganese (0.7%), and silicon
(0.5%). It was invented in 1908 by a German engineer, Alfred Wilm. This
alloy has been very important in the development of aviation, beginning
with its use for Zeppelins in World War I, owing to its combination of strength
and lightness. It is not as resistant to corrosion as pure aluminum, but
when high corrosion resistance is needed it can be coated nb both sides
with a layer of pure aluminum.

Compounds of aluminum

Compounds of aluminum are trivalent and mainly cationic, though with strong
bases aluminates are formed (see also alum).
Alumina oxide (Al2O3), or alumina,
is a colorless or white solid occurring in several crystalline forms, and
is found naturally as corundum, emery,
and bauxite. Solubility in acid and alkali increases with hydration. Melting
point 2,045°C, boiling point 2,980°C.

Aluminum
chloride (AlCl3) is a colorless crystalline solid, used
as a catalyst (see Friedel-Crafts
reaction). The hexahydrate is used in deodorants and as an astringent.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Aluminum

Aluminum is a lightweight, silvery-white, ductile, malleable, metallic element that is widely used in various industries due to its unique properties. In this lesson, we will learn about the properties of aluminum, its uses, and its applications in different fields.

Section 1: Properties of Aluminum

Aluminum is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a lightweight, silvery-white, ductile, malleable, metallic element that is found in group IIIA of the periodic table. Aluminum is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up about 8% of the crust's weight. However, it is only found in combination with other elements, such as in bauxite, cryolite, feldspar, clay, and many other minerals.

Aluminum has several unique properties that make it useful in various applications. First, it is light – weighing only about a third as much as other common metals for the same volume. This makes it ideal for use in aircraft parts, engines, window frames, pans, drinks cans, kegs, cooking foil, etc. Second, aluminum is strong and can be greatly increased by alloying with other metals. This makes it suitable for use in construction and engineering projects. Finally, aluminum is corrosion-resistant, meaning that it does not rust or corrode in the air. This is because a thin film of oxide is formed on the surface, protecting the metal below.

Section 2: Uses of Aluminum

Aluminum has a wide range of uses due to its unique properties. Some of the most common uses of aluminum include:

1. Aircraft parts: Aluminum is lightweight and strong, making it an ideal material for use in aircraft parts.
2. Engines: Aluminum's strength and lightweight nature make it suitable for use in engines, particularly in cars and airplanes.
3. Window frames: Aluminum is durable and corrosion-resistant, making it an ideal material for use in window frames.
4. Pans: Aluminum is lightweight and easy to handle, making it perfect for use in cooking pans.
5. Drinks cans: Aluminum is strong and light, making it ideal for use in drinks cans.
6. Kegs: Aluminum is durable and corrosion-resistant, making it suitable for use in kegs.
7. Cooking foil: Aluminum is flexible and corrosion-resistant, making it perfect for use in cooking foil.

Section 3: Applications of Aluminum

Aluminum has many applications in different fields, including:

1. Construction: Aluminum is used in construction for its strength and lightweight nature. For example, aluminum beams are often used in buildings to support heavy loads.
2. Engineering: Aluminum is used in engineering for its strength and lightweight nature. For example, aluminum is used in bridges and other structures to reduce weight without sacrificing strength.
3. Electrical: Aluminum is used in electrical applications for its conductivity. For example, aluminum wires are used in power transmission lines due to their low resistance.
4. Transportation: Aluminum is used in transportation for its lightweight nature and strength. For example, aluminum is used in bicycles and boats to reduce weight without sacrificing strength.
5. Electronics: Aluminum is used in electronics for its conductivity and corrosion-resistance. For example, aluminum is used in computer chips and other electronic components.

Glossary:
- Aluminum: A lightweight, silvery-white, ductile, malleable, metallic element in group IIIA of the periodic table.
- Corrosion: The gradual degradation of a material due to its reaction with the environment.
- Oxide: A compound of oxygen with another element.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned about the properties of aluminum, its uses, and its applications in different fields. Aluminum is a versatile metal that has many uses due to its unique properties. Its lightweight nature, strength, and corrosion-resistance make it ideal for use in a wide range of applications, from aircraft parts to cooking foil. By understanding the properties and uses of aluminum, we can apply this knowledge to new problems and develop innovative solutions that take advantage of this remarkable metal.


text: Businesswoman Zodwa Mkandla is the main speaker of the Young Women in Leadership roundtable in partnership with Young Global Leaders Network.. YGLN creates a platform for accomplished youth leaders from different facets of life to train and mentor the younger generation while gaining access to insights, tools, and opportunities to engage with key stakeholders and enhance their ability to influence global leaders.. Zodwa is the managing director of Traverze Travel Company which has its headquarters in Zimbabwe but has also gained roots in other countries.. On 22nd May 2017, she won the Women4Africa award for International Business Woman of the Year. The award has remained one of her greatest career milestones and achievements so far.. YGLN contributes with its commitment to the attainment and raising awareness of the UN Sustainable Development Goals through its strategic approach and yearly projects..

textbook:
Lesson: Entrepreneurship and Leadership

Introduction:
Entrepreneurship and leadership are two important skills that are essential for success in today's business world. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of entrepreneurship and leadership, and how they can help us achieve our goals. We will also explore the story of Zodwa Mkandla, a successful entrepreneur and leader who has achieved great success in her career.

Section 1: What is Entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship is the process of creating, managing, and expanding a business venture. It involves identifying a need or opportunity in the market, developing a product or service to meet that need, and then selling that product or service to customers. Entrepreneurs take risks and are willing to innovate and experiment in order to achieve their goals.

Questions:
- What does it mean to be an entrepreneur?
- Why is entrepreneurship important?
- What are some examples of successful entrepreneurs?

Section 2: What is Leadership?
Leadership is the ability to inspire and guide others towards a common goal. Leaders are able to motivate and influence others to work towards a shared vision. They are able to communicate effectively, make decisions, and take responsibility for their actions.

Questions:
- What does it mean to be a leader?
- Why is leadership important?
- What are some examples of successful leaders?

Section 3: The Story of Zodwa Mkandla
Zodwa Mkandla is a successful entrepreneur and leader who has achieved great success in her career. She is the managing director of Traverze Travel Company, which has its headquarters in Zimbabwe but has also gained roots in other countries. She won the Women4Africa award for International Business Woman of the Year in 2017, which remains one of her greatest career milestones and achievements so far.

Questions:
- How did Zodwa become a successful entrepreneur and leader?
- What challenges did she face in her career, and how did she overcome them?
- What can we learn from her story?

Conclusion:
Entrepreneurship and leadership are two important skills that are essential for success in today's business world. By learning about the importance of these skills and exploring the story of Zodwa Mkandla, we can gain valuable insights into how to achieve our goals and succeed in our careers. By taking risks, innovating, and leading others towards a common goal, we can achieve great success and make a positive impact on the world around us.

Glossary:
- Entrepreneurship: The process of creating, managing, and expanding a business venture.
- Leadership: The ability to inspire and guide others towards a common goal.
- Risk-taking: The act of taking a chance or a gamble in the hope of achieving a desired outcome.
- Innovation: The process of creating something new or improving upon something that already exists.
- Common goal: A shared objective or purpose that is agreed upon by a group of people.


text: Moortec provides compelling embedded subsystem IP solutions for Process, Voltage & Temperature (PVT) monitoring, targeting advanced node CMOS technologies from 40nm down to 7nm.. Moortec’s in-chip sensing solutions support the semiconductor design community’s demands for increased device reliability, lifetime and enhanced performance optimization, enabling schemes such as DVFS, AVS and power management control systems. Moortec provides excellent support for IP application, integration and device test during production.. Moortec’s high-performance analog and mixed-signal IP designs are delivered into ASIC and System on Chip (SoC) technologies within the Automotive, AI, IoT, Datacenter, DTV, HPC and Networking sectors. (Wearables, Smart Home & Smart City) and Automotive (Infotainment, Collision Avoidance, Auto Driving). Another emerging application area is Crypto-Currency Mining (Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ethereum etc).

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to Semiconductors and their Applications

### Lesson Overview
In this lesson, we will learn about semiconductors, their properties, and applications in various industries. We will cover the basics of semiconductors, their manufacturing process, and the role of Moortec in providing embedded subsystem IP solutions for PVT monitoring, power management, and other applications.

### Lesson Outline
1. What are Semiconductors?
2. Properties of Semiconductors
3. Manufacturing Process of Semiconductors
4. Moortec's Role in Semiconductor Industry
5. Applications of Semiconductors
6. Conclusion

### Lesson Content
1. What are Semiconductors?
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. They are made of elements such as silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide. These materials have unique properties that make them useful in various electronic devices.

2. Properties of Semiconductors
The properties of semiconductors include:
- They have a bandgap, which means they can absorb and emit energy in the form of photons.
- Their electrical conductivity can be controlled by temperature, voltage, and light.
- They can be doped with impurities to increase their conductivity.

3. Manufacturing Process of Semiconductors
The manufacturing process of semiconductors involves several steps, including:
- Preparation of silicon wafers
- Deposition of thin films of semiconductor materials
- Patterning of the films to create transistors and other electronic components
- Doping of the components to increase their conductivity
- Assembly of the components into a final product

4. Moortec's Role in Semiconductor Industry
Moortec is a company that provides embedded subsystem IP solutions for PVT monitoring, power management, and other applications. Their solutions help improve device reliability, lifetime, and performance optimization. They support schemes such as DVFS, AVS, and power management control systems.

5. Applications of Semiconductors
Semiconductors have many applications in various industries, including:
- Automotive industry: used in infotainment systems, collision avoidance systems, and auto driving systems.
- AI industry: used in neural networks and machine learning algorithms.
- IoT industry: used in sensors and communication devices.
- Datacenter industry: used in servers and storage devices.
- Networking industry: used in routers and switches.
- Wearables and smart home industry: used in sensors and control systems.
- Crypto-currency mining industry: used in mining rigs.

6. Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about semiconductors, their properties, and applications in various industries. We also learned about Moortec's role in providing embedded subsystem IP solutions for PVT monitoring, power management, and other applications. As we continue to explore the world of electronics, it is essential to understand the role of semiconductors and how they are manufactured and applied in various industries.


text:
The Pentagon, acknowledging that an accounting system for troops has underreported the size of the forces on the ground, is likely to announce that there are about 2,000 U.S. troops in Syria, two U.S. officials said on Friday.

The U.S. military has said it had around 500 troops in Syria, mostly supporting the Syrian Democratic Forces group of Kurdish and Arab militias fighting the Islamic State group in the north.

Two U.S. officials said the Pentagon could, as early as Monday, publicly announce that there are slightly more than 2,000 U.S. troops in Syria. That is not an increase, just a more accurate count.

An accounting system known as the force management level was introduced in Iraq and Syria during former President Barack Obama’s administration as a way to exert control over the military.

But the numbers do not reflect the extent of the U.S. commitment on the ground; commanders often found ways to work around the limits — sometimes bringing in forces temporarily or hiring more contractors.

The force management levels are officially at 5,262 in Iraq and 503 in Syria, but officials have privately acknowledged in the past that the real number for each country is more than the reported figure.

The Pentagon said last December that it would increase the number of authorized troops in Syria to 500. It is not clear how long the actual number has been at around 2,000.

Obama periodically allowed more troops in Iraq and Syria as the fight against the Islamic State group advanced.

As that campaign winds down, it is unclear how many, if any, U.S. troops will remain in Syria.

Most of them are special operations forces training and advising local forces, including providing artillery support against Islamic State militants.

One of the officials said the actual number in Iraq is not expected to be announced because of “host nation sensitivities,” referring to political sensitivities about U.S. forces in Iraq.

In August, the Pentagon announced that there were 11,000 troops serving in Afghanistan — thousands more than it had previously stated.

U.S. Defense Secretary Jim Mattis has in the past expressed frustration with the method of counting U.S. troops in conflict zones.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Military Accounting Systems

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about military accounting systems and how they are used to track troops on the ground. We will also explore the challenges associated with these systems and how they can be improved.

Section 1: Understanding Military Accounting Systems

Topic 1: What is a military accounting system?
A military accounting system is a method used by the military to keep track of its troops, equipment, and resources. These systems are designed to provide accurate information about the strength and location of military forces, which is essential for planning and executing military operations.

Topic 2: Why do we need military accounting systems?
Military accounting systems are necessary because they help military leaders make informed decisions about how to allocate resources and deploy troops. By knowing the exact number of troops and their locations, military leaders can better plan and execute missions, ensuring that they have the right resources in the right place at the right time.

Section 2: Challenges with Military Accounting Systems

Topic 1: Inaccurate reporting
One of the biggest challenges with military accounting systems is inaccurate reporting. This can occur for a variety of reasons, including errors in data entry, miscommunication between units, and intentional manipulation of the system by commanders who want to circumvent restrictions on troop levels.

Topic 2: Limited visibility
Another challenge with military accounting systems is limited visibility. Because troops may be deployed in remote or hostile areas, it can be difficult to get accurate information about their location and status. This can make it challenging for military leaders to make informed decisions about how to allocate resources and deploy troops.

Section 3: Improving Military Accounting Systems

Topic 1: Automation
One way to improve military accounting systems is through automation. By using technology such as drones and satellite imagery, military leaders can get more accurate information about the location and status of troops. This can help to reduce errors in data entry and improve visibility into troop levels.

Topic 2: Training and oversight
Another way to improve military accounting systems is through training and oversight. By providing clear guidelines for how the system should be used and conducting regular audits to ensure compliance, military leaders can help to prevent intentional manipulation of the system.

Section 4: Conclusion
In conclusion, military accounting systems play a critical role in helping military leaders make informed decisions about how to allocate resources and deploy troops. However, these systems can be challenging to use accurately and can be subject to manipulation. By improving automation and implementing strong training and oversight programs, military leaders can help to ensure that these systems provide accurate and reliable information.

Glossary:
- Force management level: A method used by the military to track the strength and location of troops.
- Troop level: The number of troops deployed in a specific area.
- Resource allocation: The process of determining how resources should be distributed among different units.
- Deployment: The act of sending troops to a specific location.

[1] "U.S. to Announce More Accurate Count of Troops in Syria." The New York Times, The New York Times, 28 Feb. 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/us/politics/syria-troop-count.html.