text: The Australian Dollar Continues to Sink. October 28, 2008 | Australia in the News | No Comments|. Wow, the Aussie dollar just continues to sink compared to the US dollar:. THE dollar was in danger of sinking below US60c today for the first time in five and a half years, even though the central bank intervened in the foreign exchange market for a third time in recent days... The Australian dollar last fell below US60c on April 8, 2003.. The unit has continued to decline today after opening the local session US0.83c weaker at US60.40c, marking the fifth successive weak start to the day. [News.com]

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Currency Exchange Rates

**Objective:** Understand the concept of currency exchange rates and how they affect international trade.

**Lesson Outline:**

1. What are currency exchange rates?
2. Why do exchange rates fluctuate?
3. How do exchange rates affect international trade?
4. Practical examples of currency exchange rates.
5. Conclusion.

**Section 1: What are currency exchange rates?**

Currency exchange rates refer to the value of one country's currency relative to another country's currency. It is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. For example, if the exchange rate between the US dollar and the Australian dollar is 1 USD = 1.30 AUD, it means that one US dollar can buy 1.30 Australian dollars.

**Section 2: Why do exchange rates fluctuate?**

Exchange rates fluctuate due to various reasons such as economic conditions, government policies, inflation rates, and geopolitical events. For instance, if a country's economy is performing well, its currency will likely appreciate in value, leading to a rise in its exchange rate. On the other hand, if a country's economy is struggling, its currency may depreciate, leading to a fall in its exchange rate.

**Section 3: How do exchange rates affect international trade?**

Exchange rates play a crucial role in international trade. When a country's currency appreciates in value, its exports become more expensive, making them less competitive in the global market. Conversely, when a country's currency depreciates, its exports become cheaper, making them more competitive in the global market. This can lead to trade imbalances, where countries with strong currencies import more goods than they export, while countries with weak currencies export more goods than they import.

**Section 4: Practical examples of currency exchange rates**

Let's say you are traveling to Japan and you want to convert $1000 USD into Japanese yen. If the current exchange rate is 1 USD = 107 JPY, you would get 107,000 JPY. However, if the exchange rate changes to 1 USD = 105 JPY, you would only get 105,000 JPY. This shows how exchange rates can affect the amount of money you have when traveling abroad.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

Understanding currency exchange rates is essential in today's global economy. It helps us make informed decisions when traveling, importing or exporting goods, and investing in foreign markets. By being aware of exchange rates, we can better understand how our actions may impact others around the world and adjust accordingly.

**Glossary:**
- Exchange rate: The rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another.
- Appreciate: To increase in value.
- Depreciate: To decrease in value.
- Trade imbalances: When a country imports more goods than it exports.

**Self-Debate Discussion:**
- How does the strength of a country's currency affect its citizens?
- Can a country manipulate its currency exchange rate to gain an advantage in international trade?
- What factors contribute to fluctuations in currency exchange rates?


text: This sale has ended. Shopping cart (0 item). Luxe Entertaining. Prepare to Party with Stunning Tables & Servingware. Sleek, sophisticated and endlessly glamorous is this collection of side tables and servingware, realised in both high shine surfaces and muted metallics. Perfect for cocktail hour with friends or just settling down for a solitary tipple, these side tables are spectacular platforms for plates of canapes and forgotten glasses. A cornucopia of trays, stands and wine coolers follow through on the luxe look, boasting hammered finishes and shapely silhouettes. Think Gatsby this party season; the host who likes to impress.. Product added successfully

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Sales and Promotions in Retail

Introduction:
Retail sales and promotions are essential aspects of the retail industry. They help businesses attract customers, increase revenue, and stay competitive. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of sales and promotions in retail, including their types, benefits, and strategies for success.

Section 1: Types of Sales and Promotions

1.1. What are sales and promotions?
Sales and promotions refer to marketing techniques used by retailers to boost sales and attract customers. Sales involve discounting products or services, while promotions include special offers, contests, and events that encourage customers to purchase more.

1.2. Types of sales and promotions
There are several types of sales and promotions used in the retail industry, including:

a. Seasonal sales: These sales occur at specific times of the year, such as during holidays or end-of-season clearance events.
b. Flash sales: These sales last for a short period, usually 24 hours or less, and offer deep discounts on selected items.
c. Buy one, get one free (BOGO) sales: These sales allow customers to buy one product and get another of equal or lesser value for free.
d. Free gift with purchase: Customers receive a free gift when they purchase a specific product or reach a certain spending threshold.
e. Loyalty programs: Retailers reward frequent shoppers with points, discounts, or other perks.

Section 2: Benefits of Sales and Promotions

2.1. Attracting new customers
Sales and promotions can help attract new customers by offering them a reason to try your products or services. For example, a first-time customer might be enticed by a BOGO sale or a free gift with purchase.

2.2. Increasing customer loyalty
Loyalty programs and other promotions can help retain existing customers by rewarding them for their continued patronage. This helps build brand loyalty and increases the likelihood that customers will return for future purchases.

2.3. Clearing inventory
Seasonal sales and end-of-season clearance events help retailers clear out old inventory to make room for new products. This not only generates revenue but also helps streamline operations and reduce storage costs.

2.4. Generating buzz
Promotions and events can create excitement around your brand, attracting media attention and social media buzz. This can help increase brand awareness and drive more customers to your store.

Section 3: Strategies for Success

3.1. Plan ahead
Develop a sales and promotion strategy well in advance of implementing it. Determine your goals, target audience, and budget, and choose the right type of promotion for your business.

3.2. Coordinate with marketing efforts
Ensure that your sales and promotions align with your overall marketing strategy. Use advertising, social media, and other channels to promote your sales and events.

3.3. Monitor results
Track the success of your sales and promotions by measuring key metrics such as revenue generated, customer engagement, and media coverage. Use this information to refine your strategy for future events.

Conclusion:
Sales and promotions are essential tools for any retail business looking to increase revenue, attract customers, and stay competitive. By understanding the different types of sales and promotions and developing a strategic plan, you can create successful events that drive business growth.

Glossary:
- Retail: The activity of selling goods directly to customers, typically in small quantities and at a single location.
- Sales: Discounted prices offered on products or services to encourage purchases.
- Promotions: Marketing techniques used to attract customers, such as special offers, contests, and events.
- BOGO: Buy one, get one free.
- Loyalty program: A rewards program offered by a retailer to frequent shoppers.

[1] "What Are Sales and Promotions?" - Small Business Chron
[2] "Types of Sales Promotion Tools" - Marketing91
[3] "The Benefits of Sales Promotion" - Business2Community
[4] "How to Create a Successful Sales Promotion Strategy" - Entrepreneur


text: By Gregory Curfman. Three new developments — two based on litigation and one based on a federal statute — may have significant effects on pharmaceutical manufacturers’ use of patents to fend off competition and maintain high prices for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.. Highly specific monoclonal antibodies have played an increasingly important role as precision therapies for a growing number of diseases, including malignant, cardiovascular, and inflammatory conditions. As therapies derived from research and development, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies may be — and usually are — patented, providing manufacturers with protection from competition and the prospect of high revenues.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Patents and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

Introduction:
Patents are legal documents that give inventors exclusive rights to their creations for a certain period of time. In the pharmaceutical industry, patents are used to protect the intellectual property of new drugs and therapies. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific proteins that can target specific cells or tissues in the body. They have become an important tool in the fight against cancer, heart disease, and other diseases. However, the use of patents by pharmaceutical manufacturers to maintain high prices for these therapies has come under scrutiny.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is to understand how patents work in the pharmaceutical industry and how they affect the pricing of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.

Section 1: Understanding Patents

Topic 1: What is a patent?
A patent is a legal document that gives an inventor exclusive rights to their creation for a certain period of time, usually 20 years. This means that no one else can use, sell, or produce the invention without permission from the inventor.

Topic 2: Why do we have patents?
Patents exist to encourage innovation by giving inventors an incentive to create new products and services. By granting inventors exclusive rights to their creations, patents allow them to profit from their ideas without fear of others stealing them.

Topic 3: How do patents work in the pharmaceutical industry?
In the pharmaceutical industry, patents are used to protect the intellectual property of new drugs and therapies. When a drug company discovers a new compound or develops a new way to use an existing compound, they can apply for a patent. This allows them to prevent other companies from producing or selling the same drug for a certain period of time, usually 20 years.

Section 2: Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Topic 1: What are therapeutic monoclonal antibodies?
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are highly specific proteins that can target specific cells or tissues in the body. They are used to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and autoimmune disorders.

Topic 2: How are therapeutic monoclonal antibodies made?
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are made by genetically engineered cells that produce a single type of antibody. These cells are grown in a laboratory and then purified to create a drug that can be used to treat patients.

Section 3: The Use of Patents by Pharmaceutical Manufacturers

Topic 1: How do pharmaceutical manufacturers use patents to maintain high prices for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies?
Pharmaceutical manufacturers use patents to prevent other companies from producing or selling competing drugs. This allows them to maintain a monopoly over the market and charge high prices for their products.

Topic 2: What are the consequences of using patents in this way?
The use of patents to maintain high prices for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies has come under scrutiny because it can make these life-saving treatments unaffordable for many patients. Additionally, it can limit access to these therapies for those who cannot afford them, leading to health disparities and inequalities.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding how patents work in the pharmaceutical industry and how they affect the pricing of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is important. While patents are meant to encourage innovation, their use by pharmaceutical manufacturers to maintain high prices for these therapies has come under scrutiny. As a society, we must find a balance between promoting innovation and ensuring that life-saving treatments are accessible and affordable for all.

Glossary:
- Patent: A legal document that gives an inventor exclusive rights to their creation for a certain period of time
- Intellectual Property: Creations of the mind, such as inventions, designs, and artistic works, that are protected by law
- Monoclonal Antibodies: Highly specific proteins that can target specific cells or tissues in the body
- Pharmaceutical Industry: The business of creating and selling drugs and medications
- Patent Infringement: The act of using or selling a product that violates a patent


text:
Q:

Images are messed up in webkit

On this page http://cacrochester.com/ the 2 rotating images are messed up in webkit browsers. It's not all the time, and it's usually not on the first image. Why is that?
I'm using the NivoSlider jquery plugin to rotate the images.
here's what i'm seeing.

A:

I'm seeing this strange effect you say, the issue seems to be in the way each column is shown. Nevertheles, you should try any other solution for that page you're building, since the effect you're applying fits more to a turning marquee and not to a slider... I've seen lots of real cool sliders (look jquery slider on Google or see http://vandelaydesign.com/blog/web-development/jquery-image-galleries/ ).
Aside, you have to consider remaking the imgs, the text is really ugly (I hope you don't be angry at me saying this, since I'm trying to help your page look better). As I was saying, if you use a Photo editing soft like Photoshop you should set the text anti-aliasing to sharp or crisp but not to "none" (therefore you won't see it "pixelated" anymore). And de photo of the guy is kinda pixelated too...
Hope my 2 cents can help you!

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson:

### Core Value:
 The core value of this conversation is that the images on a webpage are not displaying correctly in some webkit browsers.

### Self-Taught Lesson:
## Chapter 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of images on a webpage and why they may not always display correctly in some webkit browsers. We will also explore different solutions to fix this issue.

## Chapter 2: The Importance of Images on a Webpage

Images are an essential part of any webpage. They can make a webpage more visually appealing, help convey a message, and provide important information to the user. However, if images do not display correctly, it can negatively impact the user experience and lead to frustration.

## Chapter 3: The Issue with Webkit Browsers

The issue discussed in the conversation is specific to webkit browsers. Webkit is an open-source web browser engine developed by Apple Inc. and used in their Safari browser. Some users have reported that images on certain websites do not display correctly in webkit browsers.

## Chapter 4: Possible Solutions

There are several possible solutions to fix the issue of images not displaying correctly in webkit browsers. These include:

1. Checking the website's CSS code to ensure that it is compatible with webkit browsers.
2. Using a different image format that is supported by webkit browsers.
3. Reducing the size of the images to prevent them from taking too long to load.
4. Ensuring that the images are optimized for the web.

## Chapter 5: Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the importance of images on a webpage and why they may not always display correctly in some webkit browsers. We also explored different solutions to fix this issue. By understanding these concepts, we can improve our webpage's user experience and ensure that our images display correctly for all users.


text: Do you need a lawyer for a legal matter? You need to do some research and find a reliable lawyer who will be able to help you. This article will help you with that and much want to always be able to stay in communication with your lawyer. Some lawyers are hard to get ahold of. Not knowing how things are going in your case is extremely terrifying... Although you should always be mindful of any advice provided by your lawyer, understand that this person works for you, not the other way around. If you are uncomfortable with anything, don’t be afraid to speak up. Remember that your lawyer has a lot of cases; however, he or she is always on your a lawyer you can trust, it will be much easier to face your legal proceedings. Now that you have more information, you can set out to find the right attorney. Use what you’ve learned wisely.

textbook:
Lesson: Finding a Lawyer
## Section 1: Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about finding a lawyer for legal matters. We will cover the importance of researching lawyers, how to communicate effectively with them, and how to ensure that they are reliable.
## Section 2: Researching Lawyers
When looking for a lawyer, it is essential to do your research. You want to find someone who has experience in your specific area of law and has a good reputation. Here are some steps you can take to research lawyers:
1. Ask for recommendations from friends, family, or colleagues who have had positive experiences with lawyers.
2. Look online for reviews and ratings of lawyers in your area.
3. Check the lawyer's website and online profiles to see their experience and credentials.
4. Make sure the lawyer is licensed to practice law in your state.
5. Consider the lawyer's fees and payment options.
## Section 3: Communicating with Your Lawyer
Once you have found a lawyer you want to work with, it is essential to communicate effectively with them. Here are some tips for communicating with your lawyer:
1. Always be clear and concise when explaining your legal matter.
2. Keep your lawyer informed of any changes or updates in your case.
3. Be sure to ask questions if you do not understand something.
4. Respond promptly to any messages or emails from your lawyer.
5. Always be polite and professional when communicating with your lawyer.
## Section 4: Ensuring Reliability
When choosing a lawyer, it is crucial to ensure that they are reliable. Here are some steps you can take to ensure that your lawyer is reliable:
1. Check their online profiles and reviews to see if there are any red flags or complaints.
2. Ask for references from past clients.
3. Make sure the lawyer has a good reputation in the legal community.
4. Check if the lawyer has any disciplinary actions against them.
5. Trust your instincts - if something feels off, it may be best to move on to another lawyer.
## Section 5: Conclusion
Finding a reliable lawyer can be a daunting task, but by following these steps, you can increase your chances of finding someone who will best represent your interests. Remember to do your research, communicate effectively, and ensure that your lawyer is reliable. By following these steps, you can have peace of mind knowing that you have done everything in your power to find a good lawyer.
## Glossary
- Lawyer: A person who practices law and gives legal advice and representation.
- Legal matter: Any dispute or issue that is dealt with by the legal system.
- Reputation: The opinion that people have about someone or something based on past experiences and actions.


text: May 15 2013. Charlotte Hays. Morgan Stanley has created a new "parity portfolio" that includes only companies with three or more women on their boards of directors.. "Research... shows that companies with significant female representation on boards and in senior leadership have stronger financials (return to shareholders, return on assets, return on equity, profit margins) than those that lack gender diversity in leadership," says the firm’s press packet.. But just a minute:. While it is fine for Morgan Stanley to create a fund that appeals to socially conscious customers, it is misleading to sell it in terms of investment performance.. So writes Christina Hoff Sommers in an Atlantic article. Hoff Sommers argues that the financial benefits of putting women on boards are being oversold. Several studies are cited to bolster the notion that board women increase the bottom line. Hoff Sommers debunks this and also has studies to cite. But I found this particularly convincing: study.. Hoff Sommers concludes:.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Board Diversity

Introduction:
In recent years, there has been a growing focus on the importance of board diversity, particularly when it comes to gender. This lesson will explore why having diverse boards, including women, is important for businesses and investors. We will look at the research and evidence supporting this claim and discuss some of the arguments against it.

Core Value:
The core value we will explore in this lesson is the importance of board diversity, specifically the inclusion of women on corporate boards.

Section 1: Why Board Diversity Matters

Topic 1: Research Supporting Board Diversity
One of the main reasons why board diversity matters is because research has shown that it can lead to better financial performance. A study by Morgan Stanley found that companies with three or more women on their boards had stronger financials than those without. Another study by Catalyst found that companies with more women on their boards had a higher return on equity than those with fewer women.

Topic 2: Arguments Against Board Diversity
Despite the research supporting board diversity, there are still some who argue against it. One common argument is that board diversity should not be a priority because it does not directly impact financial performance. Others argue that companies should focus on hiring the most qualified individuals, regardless of gender.

Section 2: Examples of Board Diversity in Action

Topic 1: Morgan Stanley's Parity Portfolio
Morgan Stanley has created a new "parity portfolio" that includes only companies with three or more women on their boards of directors. This portfolio is designed to appeal to socially conscious customers who are interested in investing in companies that prioritize gender diversity.

Topic 2: Other Companies with Diverse Boards
There are many other companies that have made a commitment to diversity on their boards. For example, PepsiCo has set a goal to have at least 30% of its board seats filled by women by 2025. General Motors also has a goal of achieving gender parity on its board by 2025.

Section 3: Critical Thinking Questions

1. Do you think that board diversity should be a priority for companies? Why or why not?
2. What are some potential challenges that companies may face when trying to increase board diversity?
3. How can investors use information about board diversity to make informed decisions about where to invest their money?

Glossary:
- Board Diversity: The inclusion of individuals from diverse backgrounds, including but not limited to gender, race, and ethnicity, on corporate boards.
- Parity Portfolio: A portfolio of investments that prioritizes companies with three or more women on their boards.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, there is strong evidence to suggest that board diversity, particularly when it comes to gender, is important for businesses and investors. Companies with diverse boards tend to perform better financially, and investors can use this information to make informed decisions about where to invest their money. While there may be some who argue against the importance of board diversity, the evidence suggests that it is a priority for many successful companies.


text:
Road to the future of systems biotechnology: CRISPR-Cas-mediated metabolic engineering for recombinant protein production.
The rising potential for CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing has revolutionized our strategies in basic and practical bioengineering research. It provides a predictable and precise method for genome modification in a robust and reproducible fashion. Emergence of systems biotechnology and synthetic biology approaches coupled with CRISPR-Cas technology could change the future of cell factories to possess some new features which have not been found naturally. We have discussed the possibility and versatile potentials of CRISPR-Cas technology for metabolic engineering of a recombinant host for heterologous protein production. We describe the mechanisms involved in this metabolic engineering approach and present the diverse features of its application in biotechnology and protein production.

textbook:
Title: Introduction to CRISPR-Cas-Mediated Metabolic Engineering for Recombinant Protein Production

**Objective:** This lesson will introduce students to the concept of CRISPR-Cas-mediated metabolic engineering for recombinant protein production. Students will learn about the basics of CRISPR-Cas technology, its applications in systems biotechnology and synthetic biology, and its potential for metabolic engineering.

**Overview:** CRISPR-Cas is a powerful gene-editing tool that has revolutionized the field of biotechnology. It allows for precise and predictable modifications to the genome, making it a valuable tool for metabolic engineering. In this lesson, we will explore the principles of CRISPR-Cas technology and its potential for metabolic engineering in recombinant protein production.

**Section 1: Introduction to CRISPR-Cas Technology**

- What is CRISPR-Cas technology?
- How does CRISPR-Cas work?
- Why is CRISPR-Cas important for metabolic engineering?

**Section 2: Applications of CRISPR-Cas Technology in Biotechnology**

- Systems biotechnology
- Synthetic biology
- Recombinant protein production

**Section 3: Metabolic Engineering Using CRISPR-Cas Technology**

- Overview of metabolic engineering
- Designing a CRISPR-Cas strategy for metabolic engineering
- Examples of CRISPR-Cas-mediated metabolic engineering

**Section 4: Practical Examples of CRISPR-Cas-Mediated Metabolic Engineering**

- Case study 1: Production of a recombinant protein in E. coli
- Case study 2: Engineering a microorganism for the production of a complex biopolymer

**Section 5: Conclusion**

- Summary of the potential of CRISPR-Cas technology for metabolic engineering
- Future directions for research in this area
- Application of skills learned to new problems

**Glossary:**

- CRISPR-Cas: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and associated proteins
- Metabolic engineering: The practice of modifying an organism's metabolic pathways to improve its ability to produce desired products
- Recombinant protein: A protein produced by a cell that does not naturally produce that protein

**Self-Debating Discussion:**

- What are some potential limitations of CRISPR-Cas technology for metabolic engineering?
- How might these limitations be overcome?
- What other applications of CRISPR-Cas technology can you think of beyond metabolic engineering?


text: Donald". In SPQR, world-renowned classicist Mary Beard narrates the unprecedented rise of a civilization that even 2,000 years later still shapes many of our most fundamental assumptions about power, citizenship, responsibility, political violence, empire, luxury, and beauty.. "Shallow and unsatisf.. "Communicates the tragedy of ancient Greeks".. Lords of the Sea, by John Hale.John Hale seems to me to be at the level of Donald Kagan in terms of understanding the ancient Greeks and also in communicating great enthusiasm on this subject.. Even if the book were short enough to finish is a sitting, no. There are moments that are too tragic to not take.

textbook:
**Title:** Understanding Ancient Greece: A Self-Taught Lesson

**Introduction:** Ancient Greece was a powerful civilization that existed between the 8th century BC and the 4th century AD. It was a time of great achievements in art, philosophy, science, and politics. In this lesson, we will explore the history, culture, and contributions of ancient Greece. We will cover the following topics:

1. The Rise of City-States
2. The Golden Age of Athens
3. The Peloponnesian War
4. The Hellenistic Period
5. The Legacy of Ancient Greece

**Section 1: The Rise of City-States**

Ancient Greece was made up of many independent city-states. These city-states were small, self-governing communities that were often in conflict with each other. The most famous city-states were Athens and Sparta.

**Question:** What were the main characteristics of ancient Greek city-states?

**Answer:** The main characteristics of ancient Greek city-states were their independence, self-governance, and rivalry with each other. They had their own laws, customs, and governments. They also had their own armies and navies.

**Question:** How did the city-states become so powerful?

**Answer:** The city-states became powerful because they were located in strategic locations along trade routes. They also developed advanced naval technology, which allowed them to dominate the seas.

**Question:** What were some of the major conflicts between the city-states?

**Answer:** Some of the major conflicts between the city-states included the Persian Wars, the Peloponnesian War, and the Hellenistic Wars.

**Section 2: The Golden Age of Athens**

The Golden Age of Athens was a period of great prosperity and cultural achievement. During this time, Athens became the center of Greek culture and produced many famous philosophers, playwrights, and artists.

**Question:** Who were some of the famous philosophers of the time?

**Answer:** Some of the famous philosophers of the time were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

**Question:** What were some of the famous plays written during this time?

**Answer:** Some of the famous plays written during this time were "Oedipus Rex" by Sophocles and "Antigone" by Euripides.

**Section 3: The Peloponnesian War**

The Peloponnesian War was a conflict between Athens and Sparta that lasted from 431-404 BC. It was one of the most devastating wars in ancient Greek history and had a profound impact on Greek culture and politics.

**Question:** What were the main causes of the Peloponnesian War?

**Answer:** The main causes of the Peloponnesian War were the growing tensions between Athens and Sparta, as well as their respective allies. Athens was a naval power, while Sparta was a land power, and this led to conflicts over trade routes and territory.

**Question:** How did the war affect the city-states?

**Answer:** The war had a devastating effect on the city-states. Many cities were destroyed, and the population of Greece declined significantly. The war also led to the rise of Macedon, a kingdom in northern Greece, which eventually conquered Greece and spread Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean region.

**Section 4: The Hellenistic Period**

The Hellenistic Period was a time of great cultural and intellectual achievement in the ancient world. It followed the conquest of Greece by Macedon and saw the spread of Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean region.

**Question:** What were some of the major achievements of the Hellenistic Period?

**Answer:** Some of the major achievements of the Hellenistic Period were the development of the Hellenistic philosophical schools, the spread of Greek art and architecture, and the translation of Greek literature into other languages.

**Question:** How did the Hellenistic Period affect the legacy of ancient Greece?

**Answer:** The Hellenistic Period had a significant impact on the legacy of ancient Greece. It spread Greek culture and ideas throughout the Mediterranean region and beyond, and it helped shape the development of Western civilization.

**Section 5: The Legacy of Ancient Greece**

Ancient Greece has had a profound impact on Western civilization. Its contributions to art, philosophy, science, and politics have shaped the way we think about the world today.

**Question:** What are some of the enduring legacies of ancient Greece?

**Answer:** Some of the enduring legacies of ancient Greece include its contributions to democracy, the development of Western philosophy, and the spread of Greek art and architecture.

**Conclusion:** Ancient Greece was a remarkable civilization that continues to inspire and influence us today. By studying its history, culture, and achievements, we can gain a deeper understanding of our own world and the values that shape it.


text: ABPI Cast is ABPI’s new channel for the dissemination of information and debates on everything that happens about Intellectual Property in Brazil and worldwide. Anytime, anywhere you can follow ABPI Cast’s programs and interviews and learn about the impact these actions have on global economic development. Follow our podcast and check out all the intellectual property guardian work promoted by the Brazilian Intellectual Property Association (ABPI).. You can listen to ABPI programs through your favorite podcast applications at the links below.

textbook:
**Lesson: Intellectual Property and its Importance**

## Introduction
Intellectual Property (IP) refers to creations of the mind such as inventions, designs, symbols, names, and artistic works. It is protected by law and gives the creator exclusive rights to use or sell their creation for a certain period. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of IP, their importance, and how they contribute to economic development.

## Section 1: Types of Intellectual Property
There are four main types of IP: patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets.

1. Patents: These protect new and useful inventions such as machines, processes, and chemical compositions.
2. Trademarks: These protect words, phrases, symbols, or designs that identify and distinguish the goods or services of one party from those of others.
3. Copyrights: These protect original works of authorship such as literature, music, and art.
4. Trade Secrets: These protect confidential business information that provides an advantage over competitors.

## Section 2: Importance of Intellectual Property
IP is important because it encourages innovation and creativity by giving creators an incentive to share their work with the public. This leads to new products, services, and technologies that benefit society. Additionally, IP rights help businesses protect their investments and gain a competitive advantage in the market.

## Section 3: Economic Development and Intellectual Property
IP plays a crucial role in economic development by promoting innovation, entrepreneurship, and job creation. A strong IP system attracts investment and encourages businesses to develop new products and services. This, in turn, leads to economic growth and increased competitiveness in the global market.

## Conclusion
In conclusion, Intellectual Property is a vital component of our economy and society. By understanding the different types of IP and their importance, we can appreciate the efforts of organizations like ABPI in protecting and promoting innovation. Through this lesson, we have learned about the different types of IP, their significance, and how they contribute to economic development. We can apply these skills to analyze and understand the impact of IP on various industries and scenarios.


text:
All members of the NCSU community are encouraged to suggest additions to the Libraries' collection. Requests will be evaluated by the appropriate collection manager, based on the NCSU Libraries' collection policy and availability of funds. Materials that support the research and teaching programs of the university are given first priority. Preference will be to acquire the e-book format where available.

Requests should be submitted at least 90 days before the time needed to allow for shipping and processing time. If you need an item sooner, please contact Interlibrary Services to borrow a copy from another library.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Request Books and Other Materials from the NCSU Libraries

## Section 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about the process of requesting books and other materials from the NCSU Libraries. This is an essential skill for anyone who needs to access information for their research or studies. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to submit a request for materials that support your research and teaching programs.

## Section 2: Submitting a Request

To submit a request for materials from the NCSU Libraries, follow these steps:

1. Go to the NCSU Libraries website and navigate to the "Request Materials" page.
2. Log in using your NCSU username and password.
3. Search for the book or material you need using the search bar. You can search by title, author, subject, or ISBN.
4. Once you have found the item you need, click on the "Request" button.
5. Fill out the form with the necessary information, including your name, email address, and the reason for your request.
6. Select the campus where you will pick up the material.
7. Choose the format you prefer (e-book, print book, etc.).
8. Click "Submit Request."

## Section 3: Evaluation and Processing

After you submit a request, it will be evaluated by the appropriate collection manager based on the NCSU Libraries' collection policy and availability of funds. Materials that support the research and teaching programs of the university are given first priority. Preference will be given to acquire the e-book format where available.

It may take up to 90 days for your request to be processed. If you need the material sooner, please contact Interlibrary Services to borrow a copy from another library.

## Glossary
- NCSU: North Carolina State University
- Libraries: NCSU Libraries
- Collection policy: A set of guidelines that determine which materials the libraries will collect and maintain in their collections.
- E-book: An electronic version of a printed book that can be read on a computer or mobile device.
- Interlibrary Services: A department within the NCSU Libraries that provides access to materials from other libraries.

## Conclusion

By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can successfully request materials from the NCSU Libraries. This skill is essential for anyone who needs to access information for their research or studies. Remember to submit your request at least 90 days before you need the material to allow for shipping and processing time. With this knowledge, you can now apply these skills to request materials for any project or assignment.


text: The Nature of Mediterranean Europe - An Ecological History. Drawing on their own fieldwork as well as on historical records, archaeology, pollen analysis and previous research (the authors) trace the evolution of climate, vegetation and landscape in southern Europe from prehistoric times to the present". Looks at the artistic and scientific interpretation of the area as a "Lost Eden", and points out the current threats to Mediterranean landscapes.. Author: Grove and Rackham. Publisher: Yale University Press. Extra Details: Pictorial Card Covers 7 x 10 inches tall.384 Pages.Illustrated with Colour Photos, maps, etc.NEW.. product is in categories:. - Natural History -> Regional/Field Guides. show this product in shop..

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Evolution of Mediterranean Europe's Climate, Vegetation, and Landscape
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the evolution of Mediterranean Europe's climate, vegetation, and landscape from prehistoric times to the present. We will also explore the artistic and scientific interpretation of the area as a "Lost Eden" and discuss the current threats to Mediterranean landscapes.
Section 1: The Evolution of Mediterranean Europe's Climate, Vegetation, and Landscape
Topic 1: Prehistoric Times
- What was the climate, vegetation, and landscape like in Mediterranean Europe during prehistoric times?
- How did these factors influence the lives of early humans in the region?
Topic 2: Roman Times
- What changes occurred in the climate, vegetation, and landscape during the Roman Empire?
- How did these changes affect agriculture and other human activities in the region?
Topic 3: Middle Ages
- What were the major environmental changes that occurred in Mediterranean Europe during the Middle Ages?
- How did these changes impact the region's ecology and human activities?
Topic 4: Modern Times
- What are some of the significant environmental changes that have occurred in Mediterranean Europe since the modern era began?
- How have these changes affected the region's ecology and human activities?
Section 2: The Artistic and Scientific Interpretation of the Area as a "Lost Eden"
Topic 1: The Myth of the "Lost Eden"
- What is the myth of the "Lost Eden," and how has it been portrayed in art and literature?
- Why do you think this myth persists in Western culture?
Topic 2: The Reality of Mediterranean Europe's Environment
- How does the reality of Mediterranean Europe's environment compare to the myth of the "Lost Eden"?
- What are some of the challenges facing the region's ecology today?
Section 3: Current Threats to Mediterranean Landscapes
Topic 1: Deforestation
- What is deforestation, and why is it a threat to Mediterranean landscapes?
- What can be done to prevent deforestation in the region?
Topic 2: Climate Change
- How is climate change affecting Mediterranean landscapes?
- What can individuals and governments do to mitigate the effects of climate change in the region?
Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding the evolution of Mediterranean Europe's climate, vegetation, and landscape is crucial to preserving the region's unique ecology. By learning about the artistic and scientific interpretation of the area as a "Lost Eden," we can appreciate the beauty and fragility of the environment. Finally, by recognizing the current threats to Mediterranean landscapes, we can take action to protect and preserve these unique ecosystems for future generations.


text: Graves disease. Graves disease is an autoimmune thyroid disease and is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis (up to 85%).. Epidemiology. There a strong female predilection with the F:M ratio of at least 5:1. Typically presents in middle age.. Clinical presentation. Patients are thyrotoxic. Extra-thyroid. - I 123: imaging performed at around 2-6 days; classically demonstrates homogeneously increased activity in an enlarged gland. - Tc 99, Irish Surgeon (1796-1853).. Practical points. - patients with Graves disease are at higher risk of iodinated contrast-induced thyrotoxicosis.. - 3. Silverman PM, Newman GE, Korobkin M et-al. Computed tomography in the evaluation of thyroid disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;142 (5): 897-902. AJR Am J Roentgenol (abstract) -, FRCP and S C Rankin, FRCR ,The thyroid gland, Imaging 14:103-114 (2002). -

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

Introduction:
Autoimmune thyroid disease is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and damage. Graves disease is the most common form of this condition. In this lesson, we will learn about the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and practical points related to Graves disease.

Epidemiology:
- Graves disease has a strong female predilection, with a female-to-male ratio of at least 5:1.
- It typically presents in middle age.

Clinical Presentation:
- Patients with Graves disease are thyrotoxic, which means they have an overactive thyroid gland.
- They may experience symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, anxiety, irritability, and heat intolerance.

Extra-Thyroid Manifestations:
- Graves disease can cause symptoms outside of the thyroid gland, such as eye problems (Graves ophthalmopathy), skin issues (Graves dermopathy), and joint pain (Graves arthritis).

Imaging:
- Technetium-99m (Tc 99) scintigraphy is a commonly used imaging test for Graves disease. It can demonstrate increased uptake of the radiotracer in the thyroid gland.
- Iodine-123 (I 123) scan is another imaging test that can be used to diagnose Graves disease. It typically shows homogeneously increased activity in an enlarged gland.

Practical Points:
- Patients with Graves disease are at a higher risk of iodinated contrast-induced thyrotoxicosis.
- When using iodinated contrast agents, it is essential to monitor the patient's thyroid function closely.

Conclusion:
Understanding autoimmune thyroid diseases like Graves disease is crucial for healthcare professionals. By learning about its epidemiology, clinical presentation, and practical points, we can better diagnose and manage patients with this condition. This knowledge can also help us identify patients at risk for complications and take appropriate measures to prevent them.


text: Hape Railway. It’s no secret that young children love playing with railways and toy trains, and our colourful, wooden Toddler Railway range and its varied accessories offers new and exciting ways for toddlers to learn through play.. Perfectly suited to a toddler’s attention span, the sights and sounds of Hape’s Railway Set’s provides sensory exploration opportunities through sound, colour and movement.. Showing all 4 results. Hape Grand City Station 45 Pieces$254.00. or 4 payments of $63.50 with AfterpayAdd to cart. Hape Railway Crossing and Crane Set 34 Pieces$89.00. or 4 payments of $22.25 with AfterpayAdd to cart. Hape Rainbow Puzzle Railway 30 Pieces$149.00. or 4 payments of $37.25 with AfterpayAdd to cart. Hape Undersea Figure 8 Railway 15 Pieces$59.00. or 4 payments of $14.75 with AfterpayAdd to cart

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Mathematics

## Section 1: What is Mathematics?
Mathematics is the study of numbers, shapes, and patterns. It is used in everyday life, from counting money to solving complex problems in science and engineering. Mathematics helps us understand the world around us and make sense of data and information.

## Section 2: Why is Mathematics Important?
Mathematics is important because it helps us think logically and critically. It teaches us to solve problems systematically and to think about relationships between numbers, shapes, and patterns. Mathematics is also essential for many careers, including engineering, finance, and science.

## Section 3: How does Mathematics work?
Mathematics uses symbols, rules, and logic to solve problems. It starts with simple concepts like addition and subtraction and builds up to more complex ideas like algebra, geometry, and calculus. Mathematics relies on proof and evidence to show that a solution is correct.

## Section 4: Practical Examples of Mathematics
Mathematics can be used in many real-world situations, such as:
- Calculating the area of a room or a field
- Determining the distance between two points on a map
- Analyzing data to make informed decisions
- Designing structures and machines

## Glossary
- Algebra: A branch of mathematics that deals with the general rules of quantities and their changes, based on the principles of arithmetic and the use of algebraic symbols to represent these quantities.
- Geometry: A branch of mathematics that deals with the shape, size, position, and properties of two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects.
- Calculus: A branch of mathematics that studies continuous change and functions, and includes concepts such as derivatives, integrals, and limits.

## Conclusion
Mathematics is an essential tool for understanding the world around us and solving complex problems. By learning the basics of mathematics, we can develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills that will help us in many areas of life.


text: Tartan, Hercules, or Multibond in choice, it offers a firm yet elegant walk as well as maximum support for any carpet. Most importantly it has an R-value of approximately 1.0 and a typical carpet has an R-value of slightly more than 1.0; thus the total R-value of the floor covering system is just slightly more than 2.0. Radiance will not `dry' out, crumble or have any adverse effect on the performance of the floor covering and heating systems.. What is the best cushion for an aerobics room ?. Tartan 9/16" is the cushion of choice for this demanding application when installed as a double glue installation using permanent soft-set adhesives. Follow our Mulibond Installation guidelines.. What is the fastest way to obtain an open line of credit ?. Tell us about your company, click here.. Scottdel Inc - 400 Church Street - Swanton, Ohio 43558. Customer Service 800-446-2341 - Fax 419-825-1523 - E-Mail

textbook:
Lesson: How to Choose the Best Cushion for an Aerobics Room

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of cushions available for an aerobics room and how to choose the best one based on specific criteria. We will also discuss the importance of proper installation and maintenance to ensure the longevity and effectiveness of the cushion.

Section 1: Types of Cushions
There are several types of cushions that can be used in an aerobics room, including:

1. Tartan: This type of cushion is made of a dense, woven fabric that provides excellent support and durability. It is often used in high-traffic areas such as gyms and dance studios.

2. Hercules: This cushion is made of a heavy-duty, non-woven material that is designed to withstand heavy use. It is often used in commercial settings where a more robust cushion is needed.

3. Multibond: This cushion is made of a lightweight, yet durable, material that is easy to install and maintain. It is often used in residential settings where a more affordable option is desired.

Section 2: Criteria for Choosing the Best Cushion
When choosing a cushion for an aerobics room, there are several criteria that should be considered, including:

1. Support: The cushion should provide adequate support for the aerobics movements, such as jumping and dancing.

2. Durability: The cushion should be able to withstand heavy use and last for a long time.

3. Ease of Maintenance: The cushion should be easy to clean and maintain, as it will be exposed to sweat and other substances during workouts.

4. Cost: The cushion should be affordable without compromising on quality or effectiveness.

Section 3: Proper Installation and Maintenance
To ensure the longevity and effectiveness of the cushion, proper installation and maintenance are essential. Here are some tips:

1. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for installation.

2. Use a double-sided tape installation method for best results.

3. Vacuum the cushion regularly to remove dirt and debris.

4. Avoid using harsh chemicals or cleaners on the cushion.

Conclusion:
By considering the criteria mentioned above and following proper installation and maintenance techniques, you can choose the best cushion for your aerobics room. Remember that the cushion is an essential component of your workout routine, so investing in a high-quality, durable, and supportive cushion is crucial for your safety and comfort.


text: German Aerospace Center (DLR) - Institute of Transport ResearchGermany - Berlin. Which are the organisation’s thematic competences and experiences relevant for ART-Forum?. The DLR Institute of Transport Research has many years of experience in scientific and applied transport research. They will contribute their expert knowledge on methods of qualitative transport research (e.g. explorative and participatory workshop formats), the conversion of results from such workshops into quantifiable parameters and their expertise in transport modelling.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Transport Research

**Objective:** To introduce students to the field of transport research and its applications in solving real-world problems.

**Introduction:** Transportation is an essential part of our daily lives. It connects people, goods, and services across the world. However, transportation also has negative impacts on the environment, health, and safety. As a result, transport research is crucial in understanding these impacts and finding solutions to make transportation more sustainable, efficient, and safe.

**Main Topic:** The German Aerospace Center (DLR) - Institute of Transport Research is one of the leading institutions in transport research. In this lesson, we will learn about the institute's thematic competences and experiences relevant for ART-Forum.

**Sub-Topics:**

1. The DLR Institute of Transport Research
2. Experience in Qualitative Transport Research
3. Transport Modelling

**1. The DLR Institute of Transport Research:** The DLR Institute of Transport Research has been conducting transport research for over 60 years. Their research covers all modes of transport, including cars, buses, trains, ships, and planes. They focus on topics such as mobility, logistics, infrastructure, and the environment.

**2. Experience in Qualitative Transport Research:** The DLR Institute of Transport Research has extensive experience in qualitative transport research. This includes exploratory and participatory workshop formats, which help identify user needs, preferences, and behaviors. These workshops provide insights into how people use transport and what they need from it.

**3. Transport Modelling:** The DLR Institute of Transport Research has expertise in transport modeling. They use mathematical models to simulate transport systems and predict their behavior under different conditions. These models help decision-makers understand the impact of policy changes, investments, and technological advancements on the transport system.

**Conclusion:** Transport research is essential in understanding the complexities of transportation and finding solutions to make it more sustainable, efficient, and safe. The DLR Institute of Transport Research is a leading institution in transport research, with thematic competences and experiences relevant for ART-Forum. By learning about their work, we can gain valuable insights into the field of transport research and its applications.


text: As I was contemplating going to the fruit lady this morning I checked my change and found I had three pound coins. I don't know why today particularly i checked but I found I had:. - 2 that say: PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD (true am I to my country) and have leeks on their tails. - Of these 2 the writing is printed different ways up - one reads right-way-round if the leek is up, the other if the queen is up. - The other one says: NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT (nobody provokes me with impunity) and has a lion on its tail. And so off I am to the fruit lady to spend my £3.. British Pound Coins. Royal Mint

textbook:
Lesson: British Pound Coins

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about British pound coins, their designs, and their history. We will also explore the different types of coins and their values.

Section 1: History of British Pound Coins

The first section of this lesson will cover the history of British pound coins. We will learn about when they were first introduced and how their design has changed over time.

Question: When were British pound coins first introduced?
Answer: British pound coins were first introduced in 1984.

Question: How has the design of British pound coins changed over time?
Answer: The design of British pound coins has changed several times since their introduction in 1984. The original design featured a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, but it has since been replaced by a new design featuring a different image of the queen.

Section 2: Types of British Pound Coins

The second section of this lesson will cover the different types of British pound coins that are currently in circulation. We will learn about their designs and their values.

Question: What are the different types of British pound coins?
Answer: There are five different types of British pound coins currently in circulation: the 1p coin, the 2p coin, the 5p coin, the 10p coin, and the 50p coin.

Question: What are the designs of the different types of British pound coins?
Answer: The 1p coin features a single ring, the 2p coin features a coin with two rings, the 5p coin features a crown, the 10p coin features a decimal point, and the 50p coin features a coin with five rings.

Section 3: Values of British Pound Coins

The third section of this lesson will cover the values of British pound coins. We will learn about how much each coin is worth and how to calculate the total value of a combination of coins.

Question: What is the value of a 1p coin?
Answer: A 1p coin is worth one penny.

Question: What is the value of a 2p coin?
Answer: A 2p coin is worth two pence.

Question: What is the value of a 5p coin?
Answer: A 5p coin is worth five pence.

Question: What is the value of a 10p coin?
Answer: A 10p coin is worth ten pence.

Question: What is the value of a 50p coin?
Answer: A 50p coin is worth fifty pence.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we have learned about the history of British pound coins, their designs, and their values. We have also explored the different types of coins and their values. By understanding these concepts, we can better understand the currency used in the United Kingdom.

Glossary:
- Penny: a unit of currency used in the United Kingdom, equal to one hundredth of a pound sterling.
- Pence: the plural form of penny, referring to the currency used in the United Kingdom.
- Crown: a coin used in the United Kingdom, worth five pounds sterling.


text: 24mm dia. Synthetic Hemp Rope for Gardens & Decking. Product Description. 3 strand synthetic hemp is a low stretch natural looking polyprop rope made for traditional boats and as an alternative to natural fibre ropes for decorative purposes.. Synthetic hemp is also good for internal and external decorative barriers, decking and garden ornamental use.. We can supply this rope in other sizes.. Suggested Useages. - Rigging on classic boats. - Mooring lines. - Garden / Decking ropes. - 24mm diameter. Priced

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to Rope Diameter and its Uses

Overview: In this lesson, we will learn about the concept of rope diameter, its uses, and the different types of ropes available. We will also explore the properties of ropes and their applications in various fields.

Section 1: Introduction to Rope Diameter

**Definition:** Rope diameter refers to the thickness or width of a rope measured from its outer surface to its inner surface. It is usually expressed in millimeters or inches.

**Properties:** Rope has several properties that make it useful for various applications. These properties include tensile strength, elasticity, flexibility, and resistance to wear and tear.

Section 2: Types of Ropes and Their Uses

**Synthetic Hemp Rope:** This type of rope is made from synthetic fibers that resemble natural hemp. It is commonly used for decorative purposes in gardens and decks.

**Rigging on classic boats:** Synthetic hemp rope is ideal for rigging on classic boats because it has low stretch and a natural look that complements the boat's design.

**Mooring lines:** Synthetic hemp rope is also suitable for mooring lines because it is strong enough to hold the boat securely in place without being too heavy or bulky.

**Garden / Decking ropes:** Synthetic hemp rope is perfect for garden and decking ropes because it is durable, weather-resistant, and blends well with the surrounding environment.

Section 3: Applications of Ropes

**Boats:** Ropes are essential in boats for various purposes such as anchoring, mooring, and rigging. They help to secure the boat in place, control its movement, and provide support for sails and other accessories.

**Gardens and Decks:** Ropes are also useful in gardens and decks for creating decorative barriers, fences, and ornamental features. They can be used to create aesthetic designs that enhance the beauty of the space.

**Conclusion:** Understanding the concept of rope diameter and its uses can help us appreciate the importance of this versatile material in our daily lives. Whether it's for boating, gardening, or decorative purposes, ropes have become an indispensable tool for many activities. By learning about the different types of ropes and their applications, we can make informed decisions when selecting the right rope for our needs.

Glossary:
- Rope Diameter: The thickness or width of a rope measured from its outer surface to its inner surface.
- Tensile Strength: The maximum amount of stress a material can withstand before breaking.
- Elasticity: The ability of a material to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed.
- Flexibility: The ability of a material to bend or twist without breaking.
- Resistance to Wear and Tear: The ability of a material to withstand repeated use without deterioration.


text: Sales Have Ended. Sales Have Ended. Description. Three briefings over each academic year will provide up-to-date information to support leaders of mathematics. Each session will provide a summary of national and regional priorities and will, therefore, be helpful to leaders of mathematics networks in Multi-Academy Trusts who wish to disseminate the information to their colleagues and also to mathematics subject leaders who are not part of any other network.. The agenda for each briefing will be confirmed prior to each session but will cover:. - regional and national priorities;. - Ofsted updates;. - relevant Department for Education consultations;. - lessons learned from key stage 2 statutory assessments tests;. - assessment;. - professional development available to support the development of mathematics through the network of teaching schools and other providers;. - current research and development projects.. The facilitator/trainer for this event is Lorraine Woollven.. Event start time 16:00 and finishes at 17:30.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Mathematics Priorities

Introduction:
Mathematics is an essential subject that is crucial for everyday life. It is used in various fields such as finance, engineering, and science. As a result, it is essential to understand the priorities in mathematics to excel in the subject. In this lesson, we will explore the priorities in mathematics and how they can be applied in real-life situations.

Section 1: National and Regional Priorities

Question: What are the national and regional priorities in mathematics?
Answer: The national and regional priorities in mathematics are set by the government and educational institutions to ensure that students receive a high-quality education. These priorities are designed to improve the teaching and learning of mathematics and to ensure that all students have access to the subject.

Section 2: Ofsted Updates

Question: What are Ofsted updates, and why are they important in mathematics?
Answer: Ofsted updates are changes made to the curriculum and teaching methods by the Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills (Ofsted). These updates are essential because they help to improve the quality of education in mathematics and ensure that all students receive a high-quality education.

Section 3: Assessment

Question: Why is assessment important in mathematics?
Answer: Assessment is essential in mathematics because it helps teachers to identify areas where students need additional support. By regularly assessing students, teachers can determine which concepts students have mastered and which ones they need to work on. This information can be used to create personalized learning plans for each student.

Section 4: Professional Development

Question: Why is professional development important for mathematics teachers?
Answer: Professional development is essential for mathematics teachers because it helps them to stay up-to-date with the latest research and teaching methods. By participating in professional development activities, teachers can learn new strategies for teaching mathematics and improve their overall effectiveness in the classroom.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding the priorities in mathematics is essential for students and teachers alike. By staying up-to-date with the latest priorities and research, teachers can provide a high-quality education that prepares students for success in mathematics and beyond.


text: Creativity is the key for growth. Even for innovations the seed is the creativity, you cannot do without.. Norm is to focus on individual creativity, innovation in contemporary business is collective creativity. Firms could benefit emensely by adopting collective creativity.. .We advocate on creating a firm that is creative. Best start would be to know the creativity profiles of your people an use the people in a creative way.. We are employing the world best creativity processes, creativity assessment tools and creativity advisers in our process of giving you a creative firm.. On top of all, we have our own model of looking for opportunities for creativity, which we name as “dumb-bell mushroom“. This framework can be used in the contemporary IT driven society to make innovations.. Rick Kantor from USA will be joining us over the internet to give you individual or group feedback on your assessments.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Creativity

### Section 1: What is Creativity?
Creativity is the ability to come up with new ideas, solutions, or products that are valuable and original. It involves thinking outside the box and finding unique ways to solve problems or create something new. Creativity is an essential skill in today's rapidly changing world, where innovation and adaptability are crucial for success.

### Section 2: Types of Creativity
There are two main types of creativity: individual and collective. Individual creativity refers to the ability of a single person to generate new ideas or solutions. Collective creativity, on the other hand, involves a group of people working together to create something new. In contemporary business, collective creativity is becoming more important as firms recognize the benefits of harnessing the creativity of their employees.

### Section 3: Benefits of Creativity
Creativity has many benefits for individuals and organizations. It can lead to new products, services, and solutions that improve people's lives. Creativity can also help individuals stand out in the job market and become more successful in their careers. For organizations, creativity can lead to increased innovation, competitive advantage, and profitability.

### Section 4: How to Develop Creativity
Developing creativity requires effort and practice. Some ways to develop creativity include:

1. Engaging in activities that stimulate creativity, such as brainstorming, problem-solving, or artistic pursuits.
2. Taking risks and trying new things, even if they may not work out.
3. Surrounding oneself with creative people and seeking feedback and collaboration.
4. Learning from others who are skilled in creativity, such as artists, inventors, or entrepreneurs.

### Section 5: Conclusion
In conclusion, creativity is an essential skill that can lead to personal and professional success. By understanding the different types of creativity and the benefits it offers, individuals and organizations can take steps to develop and harness their creative potential. Whether through individual or collective efforts, creativity can lead to innovation, growth, and progress.


text:
Originally published at Tax Justice Network

Last month Pascal Saint-Amans, head of tax for the OECD, spoke to the Wall Street Journal, in an article subtitled The argument against taxing capital income relatively more than wages is losing its force. He said:

“For the past 30 years we’ve been saying don’t try to tax capital more because you’ll lose it, you’ll lose investment. Well this argument is dead, so it’s worth revisiting the whole story,” Pascal Saint-Amans, the OECD’s tax chief, said in an interview.”

This particular article came to our attention via the Fair Skat blog, which sketches out the implications – and they are highly significant. The usual story goes something like this:

“It’s important to cut taxes on capital because this promotes investment and growth. This is because higher taxes create incentives to shift profits overseas or into different forms, including secret forms, to escape the tax, whether legally or not. Lower taxes also put more hands in the hands of investors, which creates productive investment.”

That’s the conventional wisdom. Fair Skat goes into a bit of economese to look at the research evidence that’s being used to buttress these arguments:

“The ‘go to’ for empirical evidence on this is De Mooij & Ederveen’s 2008 “reader’s guide”. Their literature review finds that, in an average situation surveyed by the literature, the total semi-elasticity of the corporate tax base for these effects (i.e. the % change in the tax base from a 1% increase in the relevant tax, see below) is -3.1, with profit shifting (-1.2) the largest single effect.”

In short, the story goes, cut taxes, and more stuff will come into the tax net, counteracting the effect of the tax cut. And sometimes policy-makers cut taxes on the basis of these kinds of conclusions.

Now we’ve been challenging this conventional wisdom for a long time. As Fair Skat puts it:

“There are a myriad of potential arguments to question the certainty and applicability of these findings, but that is for another potential blog; suffice to note here that these figures represent the most accepted available evidence in economic literature on the behavioural effects of corporate taxation.”

For example, our Ten Reasons to Defend the Corporate Income Tax outlines a range of reasons why relentless corporate income tax-cutting is generally a bad idea. For example there’s ‘investment’ and there’s ‘investment’ – and the good stuff that countries need is embedded in their economies, with local supply chains and managers with their kids in local schools: this stuff won’t fly away at the first whiff of tax.

And there’s a more profound reason why policy-makers shouldn’t pay much attention to the kind of evidence we’ve highlighted above. From a policy-maker’s perspective, attracting investment should not be an end goal. It is at most an intermediate target. An end goal would be to benefit your broad population, for example by sustainably raising the number of productive jobs overall. Corporate tax cuts may hurt other sectors, leaving your own economy no better off, or attract mobile investment with few local roots or benefit.

In addition, there are serious question marks over the ‘go to’ evidence on elasticities. As Clausing (2016) makes clear, the bulk of the evidence rests on data which has systematic weaknesses. Most obviously, the most common data source is the corporate balance sheet database, Orbis, which is severely limited in its coverage both of developing countries and of the major corporate havens. It seems almost inevitable that research findings using data that largely excludes the two extremes will understate the true degree of elasticity.

Researchers at the Joint Committee on Taxation of the US Congress have shown a different flaw in the elasticity literature: namely, the assumption of (log)linearity. In effect, most approaches have proceeded on the basis that profit (shifting) will be equally responsive to tax rate changes in a high tax or a low tax jurisdiction. By varying this assumption, Dowd et al. (2016) reveal that the elasticities are much higher in low tax jurisdictions.

This indicates that the effects of tax cuts are potentially powerful in attracting new profit (shifting) where the rates are 5% or below; but that they will be significantly smaller for the leading (non-haven) economies. So e.g. competition may be fierce between Luxembourg and Ireland, for example, but much less so between France and Germany. (A policy aside: this finding also lends support to the UK government’s own estimate that its substantial rate cuts to below 20% would deliver an increase in the taxable base of precisely zero. The only apparent reason for ongoing cuts has been the spurious rhetoric of ‘competitiveness’ – even as public services and the tax authority itself face continuing financial pressures.)

Fair Skat makes a further point, one that we haven’t made too much noise about before.

In the last few years, there have been a number of new global initiatives – such as the OECD’s BEPS project to crack down on corporate tax cheating, or the OECD’s Common Reporting Standard to share banking information across borders, and others. To the extent that these schemes have teeth, corporations won’t be able to find the escape routes that they used to be able to. It’s increasingly clear that BEPS has failed to meet its own ambitions, but the political appetite to go further is clear (not least in the EU).

And the implication is this: those academic numbers, even if you were able to take them at face value, may no longer be relevant. Gone is the era in which corporate tax behaviour went largely unscrutinised – the era when the Guardian ran the first major frontpage splash on the subject, with a headline that read simply, ‘Revealed: how multinational companies avoid the taxman‘. 2007 seems a long time ago now, and the numbers don’t apply any more.

Policy makers are going to need new numbers. Fair Skat puts it like this, in a review of Peter Dietsch’s book on tax competition:

“Dietsch argues there is no reason to assume today’s elasticities for tomorrow – they can be modified through policies and thus we can change the factors in the optimal tax calculation. For instance, by introducing stronger international cooperation on capital tax evasion, it is possible to limit the tax evasion elasticity, and thus make tax systems more progressive by increasing the optimal levels of capital taxation, shifting the tax burden back on to mobile capital factors.”

And indeed, a new OECD report, entitled Tax Design for Inclusive Growth, underlines the point, in polite OECD-speak:

“The arguments in favour of reduced capital taxation are not as clear-cut as previously thought.”

And (with emphasis added):

“The empirical research on corporate tax incentives (e.g. S. Van Parys, 2012/3) shows that in some cases they may be successful in attracting more investment but fails to confirm that they are beneficial overall.”

As we said, the implications here could be profound. If BEPS is followed by serious progress, for example in requiring the publication of multinationals’ country-by-country reporting, then taxes on capital in the new world are much less likely to be undermined than before. One result of that will be that there is even less justification for policymakers to go for corporate tax cuts. And of course if countries are less likely to feel the pressure to ‘compete’, then the global co-operative measures are likely to be all the stronger for it.

There’s a virtuous circle in there. And it is a big one…

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Taxation

## Chapter 1: What is Taxation?

Taxation is the process by which governments collect revenue from individuals and businesses to fund public services and programs. It is a necessary part of any society, as it helps to ensure that essential services such as roads, schools, and healthcare are provided.

## Chapter 2: Types of Taxes

There are several different types of taxes, including income tax, sales tax, property tax, and corporate tax. Each type of tax serves a different purpose and is levied in a different way. For example, income tax is paid based on the amount of income earned by an individual or business, while sales tax is added to the purchase price of goods and services.

## Chapter 3: The History of Taxation

Taxation has been around for thousands of years, with ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Mesopotamia using taxes to fund their operations. In modern times, taxation became more widespread during the Industrial Revolution, when governments needed more money to fund the growing needs of their populations.

## Chapter 4: Why Do We Pay Taxes?

We pay taxes to support our communities and society as a whole. Taxes fund essential services such as schools, roads, and hospitals, as well as programs that help those in need, such as Social Security and Medicare. By paying taxes, we contribute to the greater good and help ensure that everyone has access to the resources they need to thrive.

## Chapter 5: How Are Taxes Collected?

Taxes are collected in a variety of ways, depending on the type of tax. For example, income tax is typically deducted from paychecks, while sales tax is added to the purchase price of goods and services at the time of sale. Property taxes are usually paid annually and are based on the value of the property being taxed.

## Chapter 6: Tax Evasion vs. Tax Avoidance

Tax evasion is the act of intentionally avoiding taxes by deceiving the government, while tax avoidance is the act of legally reducing one's tax burden. While both actions seek to reduce tax liability, only tax evasion is illegal.

## Chapter 7: The Importance of Tax Compliance

Tax compliance is the act of following the rules and regulations set forth by the government when it comes to paying taxes. It is important because it helps to ensure that everyone pays their fair share and that the government has the revenue it needs to provide essential services. Additionally, tax compliance helps to maintain public trust in the government and the tax system.

## Conclusion

Understanding taxation is important for all individuals, as it affects us all. By learning about the history, types, and purposes of taxes, we can become more informed citizens and better understand our role in supporting our communities.


text: I inherited some mineral rights and have been getting monthly royalty checks, I recently found out the royalty rate is 12%, the date of lease is Oct. 1950. There has been up to 4 oil wells that produced in the past, the past few years there's still one well producing consistently and I'm not sure if there is a 2nd well--I found another lease# on the monthly paperwork I get--that one has 16% Royalty Rate with Date of Lease June 1965.. Is there any way to redo/renegiotiate these 2 oil leases into the recent rates?

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Oil and Gas Leases

Introduction:
Oil and gas leases are legal agreements between landowners and oil and gas companies that allow the company to explore, develop, and produce oil and gas on the landowner's property. These leases are typically negotiated between the landowner and the oil and gas company, and they can be complex documents that contain many terms and conditions. In this lesson, we will learn about the basic components of an oil and gas lease, including the royalty rate, the date of lease, and the production of oil and gas.

Section 1: Understanding the Basic Components of an Oil and Gas Lease

1.1 Royalty Rate:
The royalty rate is the percentage of the oil and gas produced on the property that the landowner receives as payment. This rate is typically set at the time the lease is negotiated and is usually between 12% and 25%. The royalty rate can be changed during the term of the lease, but this is rare and usually requires the consent of both parties.

1.2 Date of Lease:
The date of lease is the date that the oil and gas lease was signed by both the landowner and the oil and gas company. This date is important because it determines the length of time that the lease is in effect. Most oil and gas leases have a term of 3-5 years, but they can be extended or renewed if the landowner and the oil and gas company agree.

1.3 Production of Oil and Gas:
The production of oil and gas refers to the act of drilling a well and bringing oil and gas to the surface. This process can be expensive and time-consuming, so oil and gas companies typically only pursue production on properties that they believe have a high likelihood of producing oil and gas.

Section 2: Analyzing Your Oil and Gas Lease

2.1 Royalty Rate:
Your oil and gas lease has a royalty rate of 12%, which is a common rate for oil and gas leases. However, you may want to consider renegotiating your lease to receive a higher royalty rate. This can be done by hiring an experienced oil and gas attorney to represent you in negotiations with the oil and gas company.

2.2 Date of Lease:
Your oil and gas lease was signed in October 1950, which means that it has been in effect for over 70 years. If your lease has expired, you may want to consider renewing or extending it. However, you should carefully review the terms and conditions of your lease before taking any action.

2.3 Production of Oil and Gas:
There is currently one well producing consistently on your property, and you are not sure if there is a second well. You should investigate this further to determine if you are receiving royalties from both wells. If there is a second well, you may want to consider renegotiating your lease to include both wells.

Section 3: Negotiating Your Oil and Gas Lease

3.1 Renegotiating Your Lease:
If you would like to renegotiate your oil and gas lease, you should hire an experienced oil and gas attorney to represent you in negotiations with the oil and gas company. Your attorney will work with you to determine the best terms and conditions for your lease and will represent your interests throughout the negotiation process.

3.2 Considering the Terms and Conditions of Your Lease:
Before renegotiating your oil and gas lease, you should carefully review the terms and conditions of your current lease. This will help you understand what you are entitled to receive under your current lease and what you may be able to negotiate for in a new lease.

Conclusion:
Understanding oil and gas leases is an important part of managing oil and gas properties. By learning about the basic components of an oil and gas lease and analyzing your own lease, you can make informed decisions about whether to renegotiate your lease or extend it. Remember to consult with an experienced oil and gas attorney to ensure that your interests are protected throughout the negotiation process.


text: I have some great ideas and a recipe to help celebrate National Sugar Cookie Day.. National Sugar Cookie Day has to be one of my favorite days. I have been making these cookies for over 40 years. I made them for my children when they were growing up and now make them for my grandchildren. I try to make them for each occasion during the year and on their birthdays Continue reading HAPPY NATIONAL SUGAR COOKIE DAY

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make Perfect Sugar Cookies

### Introduction
Sugar cookies are a classic dessert that can be enjoyed on any occasion. They are simple to make, but there are a few tricks to creating the perfect sugar cookie. In this lesson, we will learn how to make sugar cookies from scratch, including the ingredients, equipment, and steps involved. We will also explore common mistakes to avoid and tips for achieving the perfect texture and flavor.

### Materials
- Flour
- Baking powder
- Salt
- Butter
- Granulated sugar
- Vanilla extract
- Eggs
- Milk
- Food coloring (optional)
- Sprinkles or decorations (optional)

### Equipment
- Mixing bowls
- Measuring cups and spoons
- Electric mixer or whisk
- Rubber spatula
- Cookie sheets
- Oven

### Steps
1. Preheat the oven to 375°F (190°C).
2. In a mixing bowl, combine 2 cups of flour, 1 teaspoon of baking powder, and 1/2 teaspoon of salt.
3. In another mixing bowl, cream together 1 cup of butter and 1 cup of granulated sugar until light and fluffy.
4. Add 1 teaspoon of vanilla extract and 2 eggs to the butter mixture and beat until well combined.
5. Gradually add the dry ingredients to the wet ingredients, mixing until just combined.
6. If desired, add food coloring to the dough to achieve the desired color.
7. Roll the dough into small balls and place on a cookie sheet.
8. Bake for 8-10 minutes, or until the edges are lightly browned.
9. Allow the cookies to cool on the cookie sheet for a few minutes before transferring them to a wire rack to cool completely.

### Common Mistakes and Tips
- Overmixing the dough can lead to tough cookies. Mix until the ingredients are combined, but avoid overworking the dough.
- Underbaking can result in soft or raw cookies. Be sure to bake the cookies long enough to achieve the desired texture.
- Overbaking can cause the cookies to become hard and dry. Keep an eye on the cookies as they bake and remove them from the oven as soon as they reach the desired texture.
- Using cold cookies can make them tough and difficult to work with. Allow the dough to come to room temperature before rolling it into balls.

### Conclusion
Making perfect sugar cookies is an art that takes practice and patience. By following the steps outlined above and avoiding common mistakes, you can create delicious and beautiful sugar cookies that will impress your friends and family. Remember to have fun with the process and experiment with different flavors and decorations to find the perfect recipe for you.


text:
Saturday, November 12, 2011

Instead of my usual recipe on Saturday, I thought I would shake things up a bit!

If you like the sound of maple-bourbon roasted turkey, ancho-spiked sweet potatoes, and apple pie with rosemary and honey, pick up your copy of the November Country Living and get the recipes. I am telling you that this cook is going to put this menu of old family recipes from Brent Ridge and Josh Kilmer-Purcell of television’s Fabulous Beekman Boys to the test! ENJOY!

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about

After spending years in the world of finance, I decided to follow my true passion—curating a life where southern elegance meets southern heritage. That led me to create Splendid Sass, a haven for gathering and sharing my love for design, art and cooking, and TG Hatfield Company, where I embroider fine heirloom linens that will garner hospitality for generations. From the exquisite linens that set the table, to the food that is shared with family & friends, to the warm & cozy room that invites guests, join me as I share the things that inspire me and help create a truly elegant life.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Cook a Delicious Thanksgiving Dinner

Introduction:
Cooking a delicious Thanksgiving dinner can be a challenging task, but it's also a great opportunity to show off your culinary skills. In this lesson, we'll learn how to prepare a mouth-watering meal that will impress your guests and leave them wanting more.

Section 1: Recipes

**Maple-Bourbon Roasted Turkey**

Ingredients:
- 1 (12-14 lb) turkey
- 1 cup maple syrup
- 1 cup bourbon
- 2 tbsp butter
- 1 tsp salt
- 1/2 tsp black pepper

Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 325°F.
2. In a small bowl, mix together maple syrup, bourbon, butter, salt, and black pepper.
3. Rub the mixture all over the turkey and place it in a roasting pan.
4. Bake for 3-4 hours or until the internal temperature reaches 165°F.

**Ancho-Spike Sweet Potatoes**

Ingredients:
- 4 large sweet potatoes
- 1 ancho chili powder
- 1 tsp cumin
- Salt and pepper to taste
- 1/4 cup unsalted butter
- 2 tbsp honey

Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 400°F.
2. Peel and slice the sweet potatoes into 1/4-inch rounds.
3. In a small bowl, mix together ancho chili powder, cumin, salt, and pepper.
4. Brush the seasoning mixture onto the sweet potato slices and place them in a roasting pan.
5. Bake for 20-25 minutes or until tender and lightly browned.
6. Melt the butter in a small saucepan over medium heat. Add the honey and stir until combined.
7. Pour the honey-butter mixture over the sweet potatoes and toss to coat.

**Apple Pie with Rosemary and Honey**

Ingredients:
- 1 (9-inch) pie crust
- 6 cups apples (peeled, cored, and sliced)
- 1/4 cup honey
- 1/4 cup butter
- 1 tsp rosemary
- 1 tsp cinnamon
- 1/4 tsp salt

Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 375°F.
2. Arrange the apple slices in the bottom of the pie crust.
3. In a small bowl, mix together honey, butter, rosemary, cinnamon, and salt.
4. Pour the mixture over the apples.
5. Cover with the top crust and seal the edges.
6. Bake for 45-50 minutes or until the crust is golden brown and the apples are tender.

Section 2: Tips and Tricks

- To ensure that your turkey is fully cooked, insert a thermometer into the thickest part of the thigh. It should read at least 165°F.
- For the sweet potatoes, look for small sweet potatoes that are firm and heavy for their size. They will have the best flavor and texture.
- When choosing apples for your pie, look for varieties that hold their shape well when cooked, such as Granny Smith or Honeycrisp.

Section 3: Practice Questions

1. What is the difference between a roasting pan and a baking dish?
2. How do you know when the turkey is fully cooked?
3. What is the best way to peel sweet potatoes?

Section 4: Glossary

- Ancho Chili Powder: A mild, sweet chili powder made from dried poblano chilies.
- Cumin: A spice made from the seeds of the Cuminum cyminum plant, which has a warm, earthy flavor.
- Rosemary: An herb with a pungent, slightly bitter taste and a distinctive aroma.

Conclusion:
By following these recipes and tips, you'll be able to create a delicious Thanksgiving dinner that will impress your guests. Remember to always taste as you go and adjust seasonings as needed. Happy cooking!


text: JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser.. See All Implant Manufacturer. View our schedule of upcoming Education Events. Online, on-demand educational resources. Come see us at our next Tradeshow. For more than 40 years, Zest Dental Solutions have been regarded as innovative and best-in-class implant restorative solutions.. The Danville Materials Product Portfolio consists of equipment and materials for restorative dental treatment procedures.. The LOCATOR F-Tx Fixed Attachment System is a revolutionary FIXED Attachment System making fixed full-arch cases a snap! LOCATOR. F-Tx “snaps” into place creating a stress-free, passive connection without the need for screws or cement.. The LOCATOR R-Tx Removable Attachment System Is The Next Generation LOCATOR®. With progressive design features, a new stronger DuraTec® Coating and System simplicity clinicians are quickly realizing the practical benefits for upgrading.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Implant Dentistry

## Section 1: What is Implant Dentistry?
Implant dentistry is a branch of dentistry that deals with the placement and restoration of dental implants. Dental implants are artificial tooth roots made of titanium that are surgically placed into the jawbone to replace missing teeth. Implant dentistry is used to restore function, aesthetics, and oral health by replacing missing teeth with artificial teeth that look and feel like natural teeth.

## Section 2: Why is Implant Dentistry Important?
Implant dentistry is important because it provides a permanent solution to missing teeth. Unlike removable dentures, implants are fixed in the mouth and do not come out during speaking, eating, or laughing. Implants also help preserve the jawbone and prevent bone loss that can occur when teeth are missing. Additionally, implants can be used to support bridges, dentures, and individual crowns, providing a strong foundation for replacement teeth.

## Section 3: How does Implant Dentistry Work?
Implant dentistry involves a team approach that includes a dentist, an oral surgeon, and a prosthodontist. The first step is a consultation where the dentist evaluates the patient's oral health and determines if they are a good candidate for implant dentistry. If the patient is a candidate, the dentist will take impressions of the mouth and create a treatment plan. The oral surgeon will then surgically place the implants into the jawbone. Once the implants have healed, the prosthodontist will create a custom prosthesis that attaches to the implants.

## Section 4: Types of Implant Dentistry
There are two types of implant dentistry: endosteal and subperiosteal. Endosteal implants are placed directly into the jawbone, while subperiosteal implants are placed on top of the jawbone but under the gum tissue. Both types of implants have their advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of which type to use depends on the individual patient's needs and oral health.

## Section 5: Benefits of Implant Dentistry
The benefits of implant dentistry include:
- Restoring function to missing teeth
- Improving aesthetics and smile
- Preventing bone loss and preserving the jawbone
- Providing a strong foundation for replacement teeth
- Being a permanent solution to missing teeth

## Section 6: Glossary
- Dental implant: An artificial tooth root made of titanium that is surgically placed into the jawbone to replace missing teeth
- Prosthesis: A custom-made replacement tooth or teeth that attaches to the implants
- Oral surgeon: A doctor who specializes in surgical procedures in the mouth
- Prosthodontist: A dentist who specializes in creating custom prostheses
- Endosteal implant: A type of implant that is placed directly into the jawbone
- Subperiosteal implant: A type of implant that is placed on top of the jawbone but under the gum tissue.

## Conclusion
Implant dentistry is an important branch of dentistry that provides a permanent solution to missing teeth. By placing dental implants into the jawbone, patients can regain function, aesthetics, and oral health. Implant dentistry involves a team approach that includes a dentist, an oral surgeon, and a prosthodontist. There are two types of implant dentistry, endosteal and subperiosteal, each with its advantages and disadvantages. The benefits of implant dentistry include restoring function, improving aesthetics, preventing bone loss, and providing a strong foundation for replacement teeth.


text:
Redox-guided small molecule antimycobacterials.
The emergence of drug resistance has posed a major challenge to treatment of tuberculosis worldwide. The new drug candidates in the pipeline are few and therefore there is an urgent need to develop antimycobacterials with novel mechanisms of action. Maintenance of redox homeostasis is integral to mycobacterial survival and growth. Therefore, perturbation of this equilibrium can result in irreversible stress induction and inhibition of growth. Herein, we review a number of small molecules that have either been designed to induce redox stress or were found to do so after their discovery. A number of these small molecules are quite effective against drug-resistant mycobacterial strains and thus offer scope for exploration of potentially new mechanism of action. The progress in redox-guided antimycobacterial compounds and the challenges towards clinical applications are reviewed. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(9):826-835, 2018.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Redox Chemistry in Antimicrobials

#### Section 1: What is Redox Chemistry?
Redox chemistry is the study of chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between molecules. This transfer of electrons can occur between two different molecules or within a single molecule. The movement of electrons can result in changes to the oxidation state of the molecules involved, which can affect their chemical properties.

#### Section 2: How does Redox Chemistry relate to Antimicrobials?
Redox chemistry plays a crucial role in the development of antimicrobials, particularly those targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis. The redox balance within the bacteria is essential for its survival and growth. By disrupting this balance, antimicrobials can inhibit the growth of the bacteria and ultimately kill it.

#### Section 3: Examples of Redox-Guided Antimicrobials
There are several small molecules that have been developed to target the redox balance within Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These molecules work by either inducing redox stress within the bacteria or by directly targeting enzymes involved in redox metabolism. Some examples of these molecules include:

1. Ethyl viologen: This molecule is known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when it comes into contact with the bacteria, leading to oxidative stress and damage to cellular components.

2. Dithiocarbamates: These molecules can form reactive intermediates when they come into contact with the bacteria, leading to the formation of toxic species that damage cellular components.

3. Quinones: These molecules can undergo redox cycling, which generates ROS and leads to oxidative stress within the bacteria.

#### Section 4: Challenges and Future Directions
While redox-guided antimicrobials show promise in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis, there are still challenges to overcome before they can be widely used in clinical settings. One challenge is the potential for the development of resistance to these drugs, as well as the need for further research to understand the mechanisms of action of these compounds. Additionally, more work needs to be done to optimize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these molecules to ensure their effectiveness in vivo.

#### Conclusion
Understanding the role of redox chemistry in antimicrobials is an important area of research in the development of new drugs to combat drug-resistant tuberculosis. By targeting the redox balance within the bacteria, these molecules have the potential to provide a novel mechanism of action that can be effective against resistant strains. As research in this area continues, it is likely that we will see the development of more effective and targeted antimicrobials that can help to improve patient outcomes in the treatment of tuberculosis.