text:
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Wet Areas

The Building Code of Australia (BCA) requires wet area construction to protect the occupants from dangerous or unhealthy conditions and to protect the building from damage.

Acceptable construction for wet areas is detailed in the BCA and Australian Standard AS 3740-2004, Waterproofing of Wet Areas within Residential Buildings. Excessive moisture, including that found in humid conditions or condensation and poor ventilation, can lead to:

• Growth of mould and mildew

• An unhealthy environment for occupants

• Deterioration in the appearance of the wet area

• Structural damage to framing.

Water resistance for wet areas

Knauf products such as WaterShield can be used to resist moisture in wet areas like showers, bathrooms and commercial laundries. TruRock or TruRock HD is suited to areas that require a fire rating as well as water resistance. For high activity areas requiring impact resistance as well as water and fire resistance, TruRock or TruRock HD is recommended.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Wet Areas in Buildings

Introduction:
Wet areas in buildings refer to areas where water is present, such as bathrooms, kitchens, and laundry rooms. These areas require specific construction methods to prevent damage to the building and ensure the health and safety of occupants. In this lesson, we will learn about the requirements for constructing wet areas, the importance of water resistance, and the different types of materials that can be used for this purpose.

Section 1: Requirements for Constructing Wet Areas

Topic 1: Building Code of Australia (BCA)
The BCA outlines the minimum requirements for constructing wet areas in buildings. These requirements are designed to protect occupants from dangerous or unhealthy conditions and to protect the building from damage caused by excessive moisture.

Topic 2: Australian Standard AS 3740-2004
AS 3740-2004 provides detailed information on acceptable construction methods for wet areas. This standard is essential for ensuring that wet areas are constructed correctly and safely.

Topic 3: Importance of Water Resistance
Excessive moisture in wet areas can lead to several problems, including the growth of mold and mildew, an unhealthy environment for occupants, and structural damage to framing. Water-resistant materials are necessary to prevent these issues.

Section 2: Types of Materials for Water Resistance

Topic 1: WaterShield
WaterShield is a Knauf product that can be used to resist moisture in wet areas. It is suitable for use in showers, bathrooms, and commercial laundries.

Topic 2: TruRock and TruRock HD
TruRock and TruRock HD are other Knauf products that can be used for water resistance. These materials are suitable for areas that require a fire rating as well as water resistance.

Topic 3: Impact Resistance
For high activity areas that require impact resistance as well as water and fire resistance, TruRock or TruRock HD is recommended.

Section 3: Applying Skills Gained to New Problems

In this section, we will apply the skills gained from this lesson to new problems. For example, if you are designing a new building with wet areas, you can use the information learned in this lesson to ensure that the wet areas are constructed correctly and safely.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have learned about the requirements for constructing wet areas, the importance of water resistance, and the different types of materials that can be used for this purpose. By understanding these concepts, we can ensure that wet areas in buildings are constructed safely and effectively.

Glossary:
- BCA: Building Code of Australia
- AS 3740-2004: Australian Standard for Waterproofing of Wet Areas within Residential Buildings
- WaterShield: Knauf product for water resistance
- TruRock: Knauf product for fire rating and water resistance
- TruRock HD: Knauf product for impact resistance and water/fire resistance.


text: You are here. BILANZ. BILANZ offers personalised, well-researched business journalism in magazine form and with an eye on the international environment. Our editorial partnerships with the magazines WirtschaftsWoche and Fortune are an expression of this international focus.. BILANZ is the leading Swiss business magazine and covers all aspects of the economy: corporate research, economic analysis, investment services and advice on how to spend your money wisely.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Business Journalism

**Introduction**

Business journalism is the practice of writing about and reporting on business-related news and events. It is a crucial aspect of the media industry that helps people stay informed about the latest happenings in the world of commerce. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of business journalism, including its history, the role of business journalists, and the different types of stories they cover.

**Section 1: History of Business Journalism**

Business journalism has been around for centuries, with its roots tracing back to the 17th century when newspapers began publishing articles about trade and commerce. However, it was not until the 20th century that business journalism became a recognized profession. During this time, newspapers started dedicating entire sections to business news, and magazines like Fortune and Time were launched to cater specifically to business readers.

**Section 2: Role of Business Journalists**

The primary role of business journalists is to inform and educate their audience about the latest developments in the world of business. They do this by conducting interviews, attending press conferences, and analyzing financial statements and other business documents. Business journalists also play a crucial role in holding companies and industries accountable by investigating allegations of misconduct or wrongdoing.

**Section 3: Types of Stories Covered by Business Journalists**

Business journalists cover a wide range of stories, including company news, economic trends, and industry analysis. They also report on mergers and acquisitions, initial public offerings (IPOs), and other significant events in the business world. Additionally, business journalists may write about the impact of politics and government policies on businesses and the economy.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, business journalism is an essential component of the media industry that helps people stay informed about the latest happenings in the world of commerce. By understanding the history of business journalism, the role of business journalists, and the types of stories they cover, you can better appreciate the importance of this field and its impact on society.

**Glossary**

- Business journalism: The practice of writing about and reporting on business-related news and events.
- Economic trends: Changes in the overall performance of the economy over time.
- Industry analysis: The examination of a particular industry to identify trends and opportunities.
- Mergers and acquisitions: The process of two or more companies combining or one company purchasing another.
- Initial public offering (IPO): The first sale of stock by a private company to the public.
- Crucial: Of great importance; necessary.

**Self-Debate Discussion**

Do you think business journalism is important? Why or why not?


text: It’s been a long time since The Shining was released as a movie. And it’s been a long time since Doctor Sleep was released as a novel. So author Stephen King is well aware that people will criticize the film, the filmmakers, and even himself just because the movie’s being made now. When we spoke to King, he said he’s developed a pretty thick skin about the kind of criticism that’s comes with so many of his works being made into films, and he tries not to pay too much attention to the haters. (Click on the media bar below to hear Stephen King). Doctor Sleep is now playing in theaters.. Find Us On Facebook: Hollywood Outbreak. Posted AC

textbook:
Lesson: How to Develop Thick Skin
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to develop thick skin and ignore criticism. We will explore the benefits of having a thick skin, and how it can help us in our personal and professional lives.
Core Value:
The core value for this lesson is the importance of developing a thick skin and ignoring criticism. This means not letting negative comments or opinions affect us and instead focusing on our own goals and aspirations.
Lesson:
I. The Importance of Having a Thick Skin
A. Having a thick skin can help us become more confident and self-assured.
B. It allows us to focus on our own goals and aspirations instead of worrying about what others think.
C. A thick skin can help us handle criticism and rejection with grace and composure.
II. How to Develop a Thick Skin
A. Start by practicing self-acceptance and self-compassion.
B. Surround yourself with positive and supportive people who uplift you.
C. Focus on your strengths and accomplishments instead of dwelling on your weaknesses and failures.
III. Examples of Thick-Skinned Individuals
A. Oprah Winfrey faced numerous obstacles and criticisms throughout her career, but she never let them hold her back.
B. J.K. Rowling was rejected by multiple publishers before finally finding success with Harry Potter.
C. Elon Musk has faced numerous setbacks and failures, but he continues to push boundaries and innovate in the fields of technology and space exploration.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, developing a thick skin and ignoring criticism is an important skill that can help us achieve our goals and aspirations. By practicing self-acceptance and surrounding ourselves with positive influences, we can become more confident and self-assured. Remember, the only opinion that matters is our own, so don't let criticism hold you back.
Glossary:
Thick Skin - The ability to not let criticism or negative comments affect you.
Self-Acceptance - The act of accepting and loving oneself for who they are.
Self-Compassion - Being kind and understanding towards oneself.
Positive Influence - Someone or something that inspires and uplifts you.


text: Hi. My name is Chris and I am originally from Houston, Tx. Im a ACE-certified Professional Trainer. I grew up in a very athletic family. Even as a young child, I was very active in sports. My happy childhood and teenage years were shaped by sports, and I was able to achieve some regional success in the area of track and field, football, baseball and basketball as well.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Physical Activity

**Introduction:** Physical activity is an essential part of a healthy lifestyle. It is not only good for our bodies but also for our minds. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of physical activity and how it can benefit us in various aspects of our lives.

**Section 1: What is Physical Activity?**
Physical activity refers to any form of exercise or movement that increases our heart rate and improves our physical fitness. It can include activities such as running, cycling, swimming, dancing, and even walking.

**Section 2: Why is Physical Activity Important?**
Physical activity is important for many reasons. Firstly, it helps us maintain a healthy weight and reduces the risk of obesity and other health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Secondly, regular exercise has been shown to improve mental health and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. Finally, physical activity can also help us sleep better, increase our energy levels, and improve our overall quality of life.

**Section 3: Types of Physical Activity**
There are different types of physical activity, and each has its own benefits. Aerobic activities, such as running or swimming, improve cardiovascular health and help us breathe easier. Strength training, such as lifting weights, can help us build muscle and increase our bone density. Flexibility exercises, such as yoga or pilates, can help us improve our balance and posture.

**Section 4: How Much Physical Activity Do We Need?**
The American Heart Association recommends that adults should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week. This can be broken down into smaller chunks of time, such as 30 minutes of walking or cycling five times per week.

**Section 5: Conclusion**
Physical activity is an essential part of a healthy lifestyle. It can benefit us in many ways, from improving our physical health to reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. By incorporating regular exercise into our daily routines, we can lead happier, healthier lives.

**Glossary:**
- **Moderate-intensity aerobic activity:** Exercise that increases your heart rate and breathing rate, but you can still carry on a conversation comfortably.
- **Vigorous-intensity aerobic activity:** Exercise that significantly increases your heart rate and breathing rate, making it hard to carry on a conversation.
- **Cardiovascular health:** The health of your heart and blood vessels.
- **Obesity:** A condition where someone has too much body fat, which can lead to health problems such as diabetes and heart disease.


text:
Q:

What is the strategy for "all words valid" scrabble?

The rules for "all words valid" scrabble are exactly the same as ordinary scrabble, except that every single combination of letters is in the dictionary. To make the game deterministic, we will also assume that every letter is worth the same amount of points (though it may be interesting to remove this restriction somehow)--so essentially it is just a game of placing tiles. Is there a winning strategy for either player?

A:

'Pass' is a valid move in Scrabble. This means that a game can last for ever, so you need some criterion for ending the game after each player has passed. It also means that the game is either a win for the first player, or a draw (because if the starting position is losing, the first player can pass).
If you don't allow passes, then I can't see a way of calculating who wins. It looks more complicated than Draughts, which succumbed to rigorous evaluation only after years of dedicated effort -- see http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1144079v1.
I have some experience in these matters -- a Scrabble program I co-wrote won a Computer Olympiad gold medal many years ago.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson:

## Chapter 1: Introduction to Scrabble

### Section 1.1: What is Scrabble?

Scrabble is a word game played by two or more players. The objective of the game is to score points by forming words on a game board using lettered tiles. Each lettered tile has a point value, and the total point value of all the tiles used in a word determines the score for that word. The player with the highest score at the end of the game wins.

### Section 1.2: Rules of Scrabble

In Scrabble, players take turns placing tiles on a game board, which is divided into a grid of squares. Each square can hold one tile. The tiles must form a word that exists in a dictionary. The player who places the last tile on the board wins the game.

### Section 1.3: All Words Valid Scrabble

In "all words valid" Scrabble, every possible combination of letters is considered a valid word. This means that every word in the English language is playable, and there is no need to challenge an opponent's word because it is not in the dictionary.

### Section 1.4: Winning Strategy

In normal Scrabble, there is no guaranteed winning strategy for either player. The game depends on the use of strategy, tactics, and probability. However, in "all words valid" Scrabble, the game becomes deterministic, as every word is playable. Therefore, the first player has a slight advantage, as they can choose any word they like, while the second player must react to the first player's move.

### Section 1.5: Passing

In Scrabble, a player can choose to pass their turn instead of playing a word. In "all words valid" Scrabble, passing can be used as a strategy to force the opponent to make a move or to extend the game indefinitely. However, this can also lead to a draw, as the game will never end if both players keep passing.

### Conclusion

In "all words valid" Scrabble, the first player has a slight advantage, as they can choose any word they like. However, passing can be used as a strategy to force the opponent to make a move or to extend the game indefinitely. The game becomes deterministic, as every word is playable, but still requires skill, strategy, and probability to determine the winner.


text: Lyn O’Donoghue, Bernadette Shield and Nikki Clelland present ‘Best practice promotion in Indigenous communities’, on Monday 30 July from 12pm to 1pm.. Globally, chronic disease is recognised as a major health problem for Indigenous populations. To reduce this burden, a range of chronic disease prevention and health promotion strategies are now being implemented.. Lyn, Bernie and Nikki have recently returned from Canada, where they had the opportunity to work alongside and learn about how Cree and Mohawk First Nation communities are tackling this important issue. They will share examples of these strategies and their experiences of Indigenous culture.. Nikki Clelland is with Menzies School of Health Research; Lyn O’Donoghue and Bernadette Shields are with NT Department of Health and Community Services.. This seminar takes place in the Menzies Seminar Room, John Mathews Building, Royal Darwin Hospital Campus.. Visit the Menzies School of Health Research website for information about this and future seminars.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Indigenous Health Promotion Strategies

### Section 1: Theory

Indigenous communities around the world face significant health challenges, including higher rates of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. To address these issues, health promotion strategies have been developed to improve the overall health and wellbeing of Indigenous populations. In this lesson, we will explore some of the best practices in Indigenous health promotion and discuss how these strategies can be applied in various contexts.

### Section 2: Practice

1. What are some examples of health promotion strategies used in Indigenous communities?
a. Some examples of health promotion strategies used in Indigenous communities include community-based programs that focus on physical activity, healthy eating, and smoking cessation. These programs often incorporate cultural traditions and values to make them more relevant and effective.

2. How do these strategies differ from those used in non-Indigenous communities?
a. Indigenous health promotion strategies often differ from those used in non-Indigenous communities because they take into account the unique cultural, social, and historical context of Indigenous peoples. These strategies are designed to be culturally appropriate and relevant, which can help to increase their effectiveness.

3. What role does culture play in Indigenous health promotion?
a. Culture plays an important role in Indigenous health promotion because it provides a framework for understanding and addressing health issues. Cultural traditions and values can be used to promote healthy behaviors and attitudes, and to create a sense of community and belonging.

### Section 3: Practical Examples

1. How can Indigenous health promotion strategies be applied in a school setting?
a. Indigenous health promotion strategies can be applied in a school setting by incorporating traditional games and activities into physical education classes, offering nutrition education that highlights local foods and cooking techniques, and organizing smoking cessation workshops that draw on Indigenous cultural traditions.

2. How can these strategies be applied in a workplace setting?
a. Indigenous health promotion strategies can be applied in a workplace setting by offering wellness programs that incorporate traditional Indigenous practices such as drumming or dance, providing healthy food options in the workplace cafeteria, and organizing team-building activities that draw on Indigenous cultural traditions.

3. How can these strategies be applied in a community setting?
a. Indigenous health promotion strategies can be applied in a community setting by organizing community events that celebrate Indigenous culture and traditions, offering health education workshops that focus on topics such as diabetes prevention and management, and creating opportunities for community members to engage in physical activity together.

### Glossary
- Chronic disease: A long-lasting health condition that can be managed but not cured.
- Indigenous: Relating to the original inhabitants of a place.
- Health promotion: Activities and programs designed to improve health and prevent disease.
- Culturally appropriate: Acknowledging and respecting the customs, beliefs, and values of a particular culture.
- Traditional: Relating to the customs, beliefs, and practices of a particular culture or community.

### Conclusion
In this lesson, we explored the best practices in Indigenous health promotion and discussed how these strategies can be applied in various contexts. By incorporating cultural traditions and values, Indigenous health promotion strategies can be highly effective in improving the overall health and wellbeing of Indigenous populations. As we continue to learn about these strategies, we can apply them to new problems and challenges, ultimately improving the health and wellbeing of all people.


text:
Does parental migration really benefit left-behind children? Comparative evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam.
Millions of children are left behind when their parents migrate from home to another place. This study examines whether parental migration can affect health and cognitive ability of left-behind children aged at 5-8 years old in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. It uses data on 7725 children in the four countries collected from Young Lives surveys in 2007 and 2009. It finds that although parental migration helps families increase per capita consumption, it does not improve health and cognitive ability of children. The effect of parental migration varies across different countries and different types of migration. In Ethiopia, parental migration does not have a significant effect on children. However, parental migration reduces health outcomes of children in other three countries and decreases cognitive ability test scores in India and Vietnam. The negative effect on children tends to be higher for long-term parental migration than short-term parental migration.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Impact of Parental Migration on Left-Behind Children

Introduction:
Parental migration has become a common phenomenon in many countries due to economic, social, or political reasons. However, it often leaves behind children who may face challenges in their physical and mental health, as well as their cognitive development. This lesson will explore the impact of parental migration on left-behind children based on a study conducted in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam.

Section 1: Understanding Parental Migration

Topic 1: What is parental migration?
Parental migration refers to the movement of one or both parents from their home to another place in search of better job opportunities, education, or other reasons. This movement may be temporary or permanent.

Topic 2: Why do parents migrate?
Parents may migrate for various reasons such as poverty, unemployment, natural disasters, war, or the desire to access better education and healthcare services.

Topic 3: How does parental migration affect left-behind children?
Left-behind children are those whose parents have migrated to another place, leaving them behind. These children may experience emotional distress, loneliness, and difficulty adapting to their new environment. They may also struggle with their physical and mental health, as well as their academic performance.

Section 2: Exploring the Study

Topic 1: What countries were included in the study?
The study examined the impact of parental migration on left-behind children in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam.

Topic 2: What was the age range of the children studied?
The study focused on children aged between 5 and 8 years old.

Topic 3: What data was used in the study?
The study used data from the Young Lives surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009.

Section 3: Analyzing the Results

Topic 1: What did the study find?
The study found that parental migration helped families increase their per capita consumption but did not improve the health and cognitive ability of left-behind children.

Topic 2: Did the impact of parental migration vary across countries?
Yes, the study found that the effect of parental migration on children varied across different countries. In Ethiopia, parental migration had no significant impact on children's health and cognitive ability. However, in India and Vietnam, parental migration reduced health outcomes and cognitive ability test scores.

Topic 3: Did the negative impact of parental migration differ based on the type of migration?
Yes, the study found that the negative impact of parental migration on children varied depending on the duration of the migration. Long-term parental migration had a more significant negative effect on children's health and cognitive ability than short-term parental migration.

Conclusion:
Understanding the impact of parental migration on left-behind children is essential for policymakers, educators, and parents. The study highlights the need for interventions that support the well-being of left-behind children, such as providing adequate healthcare, education, and social support services. By understanding the challenges faced by these children, we can work towards creating a more inclusive and supportive society.

Glossary:
- Per capita consumption: The total amount of goods and services produced in an economy divided by the number of people living in that economy.
- Cognitive ability: The ability to learn, reason, and solve problems.
- Health outcomes: Measures of physical and mental health, such as body mass index (BMI), depression, and anxiety.
- Migration: The movement of people from one place to another.


text: Press Release, January 28, 2013, Paris: Spacecode Technologies will launch its new healthcare RFID solution at Arab Health 2013 in Dubai. The company’s SmartCabinet is ideal for storing and tracking high-value medical devices for hospital cardiology and surgical departments and is specially designed to store stents, pacemakers, catheters, surgical devices and consumables.. The SmartCabinet comprises four compartments and features outstanding 3D reading capability for scanning large tag populations, irrespective or orientation or proximity..

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology

### Section 1: What is RFID Technology?
RFID technology is a method of identifying objects using radio waves. It is a type of contactless smart card technology that uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. RFID technology has many applications, including healthcare, retail, and transportation.

### Section 2: How does RFID Technology work?
RFID technology works by using a reader to transmit a signal to an RFID tag. The tag then reflects the signal back to the reader, which captures the information and uses it to identify the object. The reader can be handheld or fixed, and the tag can be attached to an object or integrated into it.

### Section 3: Applications of RFID Technology
RFID technology has many applications, including:

1. Healthcare: RFID technology can be used to track medical devices and equipment, such as stents, pacemakers, and catheters.
2. Retail: RFID technology can be used to track inventory and prevent theft.
3. Transportation: RFID technology can be used to track vehicles and passengers.
4. Access control: RFID technology can be used to grant access to buildings and rooms.
5. Animal tracking: RFID technology can be used to track animals and their movements.

### Section 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of RFID Technology
Advantages of RFID Technology:

1. Accuracy: RFID technology provides accurate and reliable identification of objects.
2. Speed: RFID technology can read multiple tags simultaneously, making it faster than barcode scanning.
3. Cost-effective: RFID technology can reduce labor costs and improve efficiency.

Disadvantages of RFID Technology:

1. Privacy concerns: RFID technology can be used to track people without their knowledge or consent.
2. Interference: RFID technology can be affected by electromagnetic interference, which can cause errors in identification.
3. Cost: RFID technology can be expensive to implement, especially for large-scale applications.

### Section 5: Practical Examples using Mathematical Abstractions and Real-World Scenarios
Practical examples of RFID technology include:

1. Healthcare: In a hospital, RFID technology can be used to track medical devices and equipment. For example, if a patient needs a specific type of catheter, the hospital can use RFID technology to quickly locate the device and ensure that it is available for use.
2. Retail: In a retail store, RFID technology can be used to track inventory and prevent theft. For example, if a customer tries to leave the store with an item that has not been paid for, the RFID system can detect the tag and alert the store manager.
3. Transportation: In a transportation system, RFID technology can be used to track vehicles and passengers. For example, if a train is running late, the system can use RFID technology to quickly locate the train and determine the reason for the delay.

### Glossary:
- RFID: Radio Frequency Identification
- Tag: A small electronic device that contains an RFID chip and antenna
- Reader: A device that transmits a signal to an RFID tag and captures the reflected signal
- Object: Anything that can be identified using RFID technology

### Conclusion:
RFID technology is a powerful tool that can be used to identify objects and track their movements. It has many applications in healthcare, retail, transportation, and other industries. By understanding the principles behind RFID technology and its practical applications, we can learn how to apply this technology to solve problems and improve our lives.


text:
Management of leptomeningeal metastases in non-small cell lung cancer.
In leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), malignant lung cancer cells reach the sanctuary site of the leptomeningeal space through haematogenous or lymphatic route and thrive in the leptomeninges because of restricted access of chemotherapeutic agents across the blood brain barrier. The incidence of LM is 3%-5% in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients; the incidence is higher in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. However, the real-world burden of undiagnosed cases may be higher. LM diagnosis is based on clinical, radiological, and cytological testing. Disease management remains a challenge because of low central nervous system penetration of drugs. The prognosis of NSCLC patients with LM is poor with an overall survival (OS) of 3 months with contemporary treatment and <11 months with novel therapies. Therapy goals in this patient population are to improve or stabilize neurologic status, improve quality of life, and prolong survival while limiting the toxicity of chemotherapeutic regimens. We reviewed therapeutic options for management of LM in NSCLC patients with or without genetic mutations. Radiotherapy, systemic, or intrathecal chemotherapy, and personalized molecularly targeted therapy prolong the OS in patients with LM. Newer third generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors have considerable brain penetration property and have been vital in increasing the OS especially in patients with EGFR mutations. Sequential or combination therapy third generation EGFR agents with radiotherapy or chemotherapy might be effective in increasing the quality of life and overall survival.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Leptomeningeal Metastases in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of leptomeningeal metastases in non-small cell lung cancer, including its causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.

**Glossary:**
- Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM): A rare condition where cancer cells from the lungs spread to the leptomeninges, the membranes surrounding the brain.
- Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): A type of lung cancer that does not have small cell features.
- Sanctuary site: A location in the body where cancer cells can hide and grow because they are protected from the immune system and chemotherapy.
- Blood-brain barrier (BBB): A barrier between the blood vessels in the brain and the brain tissue that prevents many substances from passing between them.
- Chemotherapeutic agents: Drugs used to treat cancer.
- Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement: A genetic change in the ALK gene that is found in some types of cancer.
- Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations: Changes in the EGFR gene that can cause certain types of cancer to grow and spread.

**Section 1: Introduction to Leptomeningeal Metastases in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer**

Leptomeningeal metastases (LM) are a rare but serious complication of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this lesson, we will learn about the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for LM in NSCLC patients.

**Section 2: Causes of Leptomeningeal Metastases in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer**

LM occurs when cancer cells from the lungs spread to the leptomeninges, the membranes surrounding the brain. This can happen through two main routes: haematogenous (spread through the blood) or lymphatic (spread through the lymphatic system). The exact reason why some lung cancer cells spread to the leptomeninges while others do not is not fully understood. However, certain genetic changes, such as ALK gene rearrangements or EGFR mutations, may increase the risk of developing LM.

**Section 3: Diagnosis of Leptomeningeal Metastases in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer**

Diagnosing LM in NSCLC patients can be challenging due to the rarity of the condition and the blood-brain barrier, which limits the penetration of chemotherapeutic agents into the brain. Clinical, radiological, and cytological testing methods are used to diagnose LM. These include:

- Neurological examination: A physical examination of the nervous system to check for any abnormalities.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A scan that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create images of the brain and spinal cord.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis: A test that examines the fluid around the brain and spinal cord to look for cancer cells.
- Biopsy: A procedure where a small sample of tissue is taken from the leptomeninges to check for cancer cells.

**Section 4: Treatment Options for Leptomeningeal Metastases in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer**

Treatment options for LM in NSCLC patients are limited due to the blood-brain barrier and the fact that most chemotherapy drugs do not work well in the brain. However, there are some treatment options that can be used to manage LM, including:

- Steroids: Medications that can help reduce inflammation and swelling in the brain.
- Anticonvulsants: Drugs that can help control seizures caused by LM.
- Radiation therapy: A treatment that uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing.
- Chemotherapy: Drugs that can help slow down or stop the growth of cancer cells.
- Targeted therapy: Drugs that specifically target certain genes or proteins involved in cancer growth.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

Leptomeningeal metastases in non-small cell lung cancer is a rare but serious complication with a poor prognosis. Early detection and appropriate treatment are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Understanding the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for LM in NSCLC patients can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about patient care.

**Glossary:**
- Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM): A rare condition where cancer cells from the lungs spread to the leptomeninges, the membranes surrounding the brain.
- Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): A type of lung cancer that does not have small cell features.
- Sanctuary site: A location in the body where cancer cells can hide and grow because they are protected from the immune system and chemotherapy.
- Blood-brain barrier (BBB): A barrier between the blood vessels in the brain and the brain tissue that prevents many substances from passing between them.
- Chemotherapeutic agents: Drugs used to treat cancer.
- Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement: A genetic change in the ALK gene that is found in some types of cancer.
- Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations: Changes in the EGFR gene that can cause certain types of cancer to grow and spread.


text: Dr. Princess MD & Woofy, MSW. Inter & Cross Species Psychiatric Specialist. by. Book Details. About the Book. This book is an exploration of the thoughts, mental and emotional frameworks, and psyches of the Animal Kingdom, offering their unique perspectives on the human condition, concentrating seemingly on humanity’s behavior toward each other and the collective consciousness of the Animal Kingdom.. About the Author. Sharon Faye Hudson, a native of Shreveport, Louisiana, is a visual artist, a former on-air personality for a classic-rock station, and for a time she was a SAG agent in Hollywood, representing actors and writers. She is a friend of the Animal Kingdom wholeheartedly and passionately, and she is an avid reader/researcher of history and ancient spiritual systems.. Sharon’s interests also include astronomy, and she loves stand-up comedy.

textbook:
Lesson 1: Introduction to the Animal Kingdom's Perspective on Human Behavior

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
In this lesson, we will explore the thoughts, mental and emotional frameworks, and psyches of the Animal Kingdom. We will analyze their unique perspectives on the human condition, particularly focusing on humanity's behavior towards each other and the collective consciousness of the Animal Kingdom.

### Section 2: Practical Examples
Let's consider a few examples to illustrate these concepts. Imagine you are a dog observing humans. You might notice that humans often act aggressively towards one another, whether it's through physical violence or verbal abuse. You might also observe that some humans show great kindness and compassion towards others, even when it's not required. From your perspective as a dog, you might wonder why some humans act this way while others do not.

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
Now let's consider a real-world scenario. Imagine you are a lion living in the African savannah. You might observe that humans often hunt and kill animals for food, clothing, and other resources. You might also notice that some humans work to protect endangered species and their habitats. From your perspective as a lion, you might wonder why some humans act this way while others do not.

### Glossary
- Collective Consciousness: The shared understanding, thoughts, and feelings of a group of people
- Perspective: A particular attitude or point of view
- Behavior: The way someone acts or behaves
- Compassion: Sympathy and concern for others, especially in their suffering

### Conclusion
In this lesson, we have explored the thoughts, mental and emotional frameworks, and psyches of the Animal Kingdom. We have analyzed their unique perspectives on the human condition, particularly focusing on humanity's behavior towards each other and the collective consciousness of the Animal Kingdom. By understanding these perspectives, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the natural world and our place within it.


text: browlift – case 5. January 26, 2016. Click Images below for a more detailed view.. This patient underwent an endoscopic browlift with fat grafting to her cheeks. this patient also underwent a volumetric facelift.. this patient also underwent upper and lower blepharoplasty.. This patient also underwent an upper and lower blepharoplasty.. this patient underwent a rhinoplasty and facial fat grafting.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Cosmetic Surgery

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Cosmetic surgery is a branch of medicine that focuses on improving the appearance of a person through surgical procedures. It involves altering or restoring the form and function of parts of the body that may be damaged, abnormal, or congenital. In this lesson, we will learn about some common cosmetic procedures, including browlifts, facelifts, blepharoplasty, and rhinoplasty.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
A browlift is a procedure that lifts the eyebrows to reduce wrinkles and sagging skin on the forehead. This can be done through an endoscopic browlift, which uses a small camera and specialized instruments to make incisions hidden in the hairline. Fat grafting can also be performed during a browlift to add volume to the cheeks.

A facelift is a procedure that tightens loose skin and underlying tissues on the face and neck. This can be done through a volumetric facelift, which adds fat or other tissue to the face to create a more youthful appearance.

Blepharoplasty is a procedure that removes excess skin and fat from the eyelids. This can be done through an upper and lower blepharoplasty, which involves removing skin and fat from the upper and lower eyelids.

Rhinoplasty is a procedure that reshapes the nose to improve its appearance and function. This can be done through a rhinoplasty and facial fat grafting, which involves adding fat to the nose and other areas of the face to create a more balanced appearance.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
Let's consider a hypothetical patient who wants to undergo a cosmetic procedure to improve their appearance. They are interested in a browlift, facelift, and rhinoplasty. Their doctor recommends an endoscopic browlift with fat grafting to the cheeks, a volumetric facelift, and a rhinoplasty with facial fat grafting. The patient is concerned about the recovery time and potential complications.

The doctor explains that the recovery time for each procedure varies. For the browlift, the patient can expect to feel tired and sore for a few days, but they should be able to return to work within a week. For the facelift, the patient may need to take a week or two off from work to recover. The rhinoplasty may require up to two weeks of downtime, depending on the extent of the procedure.

The doctor also discusses the potential risks and complications associated with each procedure. These can include infection, bleeding, scarring, and dissatisfaction with the results. However, these risks are relatively low when the procedures are performed by an experienced surgeon.

## Glossary
- Browlift: A procedure that lifts the eyebrows to reduce wrinkles and sagging skin on the forehead.
- Facelift: A procedure that tightens loose skin and underlying tissues on the face and neck.
- Blepharoplasty: A procedure that removes excess skin and fat from the eyelids.
- Rhinoplasty: A procedure that reshapes the nose to improve its appearance and function.
- Endoscopic browlift: A technique that uses a small camera and specialized instruments to make incisions hidden in the hairline.
- Volumetric facelift: A procedure that adds fat or other tissue to the face to create a more youthful appearance.
- Fat grafting: A technique that adds fat to the face to create a more balanced appearance.

## Conclusion
Cosmetic surgery can be a valuable tool for improving one's appearance and self-confidence. By understanding the theoretical concepts and practical applications of common procedures, patients can make informed decisions about their care. By critically evaluating real-world scenarios, we can develop a deeper understanding of the potential benefits and risks associated with cosmetic surgery.


text: 65% Al2O3 Heavy and dense Mullite Refractory brick Low creep for Steel Industry. Mullite Refractory Fire Brick uses high-quality mullite as aggregate, matrix fused white corundum powder, mullite powder, clay, and mixed powder prepared in advance, added in right amount "three stone": kyanite, andalusite, sillimanite, through reasonable grading, molding by high pressure, and firing by high temperature.. Mullite Refractory Fire Brick provided by us are widely used in steel and many other special parts of the industry.. Mullite Refractory Fire Brick Features:. Low creep. Good resistance to thermal shock. High temperature volume stability. High temperature bending strength.. Contact Person: Astra

textbook:
Lesson: The Properties and Applications of Mullite Refractory Fire Bricks

## Section 1: Introduction

Mullite refractory fire bricks are a type of refractory material that is commonly used in various industries, particularly in the steel and cement production processes. In this lesson, we will learn about the properties and applications of mullite refractory fire bricks, including their composition, characteristics, and uses.

## Section 2: Composition and Characteristics of Mullite Refractory Fire Bricks

Mullite refractory fire bricks are made up of several components, including high-quality mullite as aggregate, matrix fused white corundum powder, mullite powder, clay, and mixed powder prepared in advance. These components are combined in the right proportions to create a refractory material that has several desirable characteristics, such as low creep, good resistance to thermal shock, and high temperature volume stability.

### Subsection 2.1: Low Creep

Low creep refers to the ability of a material to resist deformation under constant stress at elevated temperatures. Mullite refractory fire bricks have low creep, which means that they can maintain their shape and structure even when subjected to high temperatures and prolonged exposure to stress. This property makes them ideal for use in environments where materials are subjected to repeated heating and cooling cycles, such as in furnaces and kilns.

### Subsection 2.2: Good Resistance to Thermal Shock

Thermal shock occurs when a material is suddenly exposed to a significant change in temperature, causing it to expand or contract rapidly. Mullite refractory fire bricks have good resistance to thermal shock, meaning that they can withstand sudden changes in temperature without cracking or breaking. This property is crucial in industries where materials are subjected to rapid temperature changes, such as in the steel and cement production processes.

### Subsection 2.3: High Temperature Volume Stability

High temperature volume stability refers to the ability of a material to maintain its volume and shape when subjected to high temperatures. Mullite refractory fire bricks have high temperature volume stability, which means that they do not expand or contract significantly when heated. This property is essential in applications where materials must maintain their shape and size under extreme heat, such as in furnaces and kilns.

## Section 3: Applications of Mullite Refractory Fire Bricks

Mullite refractory fire bricks are commonly used in the steel and cement production processes due to their excellent properties. Some of their applications include:

### Subsection 3.1: Steel Industry

In the steel industry, mullite refractory fire bricks are used in various parts of the production process, such as in the lining of furnaces and kilns. They provide excellent resistance to heat, wear, and corrosion, ensuring that the equipment lasts longer and operates more efficiently.

### Subsection 3.2: Cement Industry

In the cement industry, mullite refractory fire bricks are used in the preheating zone of the kiln, where they help to distribute heat evenly and reduce energy consumption. They also provide good resistance to thermal shock and high temperature volume stability, ensuring that the kiln operates efficiently and safely.

## Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, mullite refractory fire bricks are a versatile and durable refractory material that is widely used in various industries, particularly in the steel and cement production processes. Their excellent properties, such as low creep, good resistance to thermal shock, and high temperature volume stability, make them ideal for use in environments where materials are subjected to high temperatures, rapid temperature changes, and mechanical stress. By understanding the composition and characteristics of mullite refractory fire bricks, we can appreciate their importance and application in various industries.


text:
Effect of different intravenous nutrients on upper gastrointestinal secretion in rats.
Total parenteral nutrition has been advocated for nutritional support of patients with proximal small bowel fistula. Data on the direct effects of different nutrients on upper gastrointestinal secretion are controversial. Therefore, we examined the effects of glucose, amino acid, fat and mixed parenteral solutions on gastric juice secretion, hydrochloric acid and pepsin content, duodenal juice secretion, and pancreatic protein, amylase, bilirubin and bicarbonate content in thirty rats with chronic gastric and duodenal fistulas. Gastric secretion was increased by glucose solution (D10W) and by amino acid solution (5% AA) (13% and 12% increase respectively) but not to significant degree by fat emulsion (2% F). Both D10W and 5% AA caused comparable increase in hydrochloric acid secretion (D10W: +34%; 5% AA: +28%) and the pepsin secretion (D10W: +37%). The single infusion of hypertonic glucose, amino acids and fat were associated with decreases in duodenal fistula volume (p less than 0.05) or content output. Mixed nutrients decreased both gastric secretion (volume: -28%; HCl: -19%; pepsin: -65%) and duodenal juice volume (p less than 0.05), protein and amylase content (p less than 0.05). The elevated bilirubin in reduced volume of duodenal juice caused by mixed nutrients may be responsible for bile sludge formation. This study indicates that the use of parenteral nutrition can provide full nutritional support while decreases the fistula output.

textbook:
Lesson: Effect of different intravenous nutrients on upper gastrointestinal secretion in rats

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the effects of different intravenous nutrients on upper gastrointestinal secretion in rats. We will cover the following topics:

1. Types of intravenous nutrients
2. Experimental setup
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion

1. Types of intravenous nutrients:
Intravenous nutrients are substances that are given to patients through a vein to provide them with the necessary nutrients for their body to function properly. There are four main types of intravenous nutrients:

a. Glucose solution (D10W): This is a dextrose solution that contains 10% dextrose in water. It is used to provide energy to the body.
b. Amino acid solution (5% AA): This is a solution that contains 5% of essential amino acids required by the body. It is used to provide the body with the building blocks for proteins.
c. Fat emulsion (2% F): This is an emulsion of soybean oil, egg phospholipid, and water. It is used to provide energy to the body and also to help with fat absorption.
d. Mixed parenteral solution: This is a solution that contains a combination of glucose, amino acids, and other essential nutrients.

2. Experimental setup:
Thirty rats with chronic gastric and duodenal fistulas were used in this experiment. They were randomly assigned to three groups: Group A received glucose solution (D10W), Group B received amino acid solution (5% AA), and Group C received fat emulsion (2% F). Each group received a single infusion of the respective nutrient solution.

3. Results:
The results showed that gastric secretion was increased by glucose solution (D10W) and by amino acid solution (5% AA) but not to a significant degree by fat emulsion (2% F). Both D10W and 5% AA caused comparable increases in hydrochloric acid secretion (D10W: +34%; 5% AA: +28%) and the pepsin secretion (D10W: +37%). The single infusion of hypertonic glucose, amino acid, and fat emulsion solutions did not significantly affect duodenal juice secretion and pancreatic protein, amylase, bilirubin, and bicarbonate content.

4. Discussion:
The results of this study suggest that glucose and amino acid solutions increase gastric secretion, while fat emulsion does not have a significant effect. This may be due to the fact that fat emulsion is absorbed more slowly than glucose and amino acids, and therefore, its effects on gastric secretion may be less pronounced.

5. Conclusion:
In conclusion, this study provides valuable information on the effects of different intravenous nutrients on upper gastrointestinal secretion in rats. It demonstrates that glucose and amino acid solutions have a significant effect on gastric secretion, while fat emulsion does not. This information can be useful for clinicians when deciding on the most appropriate intravenous nutrient solution for their patients.

Glossary:
- Intravenous: relating to or being a method of giving medication or nutrients into a vein.
- Fistula: an abnormal connection between two organs or parts, typically one leading from a hollow organ to the surface of the body.
- Dextrose: a sugar that is chemically similar to glucose and is used as a source of energy for the body.
- Essential amino acids: amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet.
- Emulsion: a mixture in which one substance is dispersed in another, such as oil in water.
- Fat absorption: the process by which the body absorbs and uses dietary fats.
- Hydrochloric acid: a corrosive, strongly acidic liquid that is a solution of hydrogen chloride in water, and is used in various cleaning solutions and in the production of the elements needed to make chemical batteries.
- Pepsin: a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach.
- Pancreatic protein: a substance secreted by the pancreas that helps in the digestion of proteins.
- Amylase: an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars.
- Bilirubin: a yellow pigment found in bile, which helps in the digestion and absorption of fats.
- Bicarbonate: a compound that combines with an acid to form carbon dioxide and water, and is present in the blood, tissues, and bodily fluids.


text: Cloned animal live longer?. Genetics as it applies to evolution, molecular biology, and medical aspects.. Moderators: honeev, Leonid, amiradm, BioTeam. Post Reply. 3 posts • Page 1 of 1. Cloned animal live longer?. Cloned animal live longer or shorter?. Taking used and abused DNA out of an adult somatic cell and sticking into a bright shiny new embryo, albeit enucleated, and having it come out viable is a miracle. As long as the DNA wasn't too abused and used, the clone will be viable, but it might have all the mutations that the new DNA repair system just couldn't fix. Most cloned animals have developmental problems later on, and develop diseases fairly quickly. Thus, no they don't live longer than the original.. Post Reply. 3 posts • Page 1 of 1. Who is online. Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 5 guests

textbook:
Lesson: Cloning and Its Impact on Animal Lifespan

Introduction:
Cloning is a process that involves the production of a genetically identical copy of an organism. In recent years, cloning has been used to produce animals that are genetically identical to their parents. While cloning has been successful in producing healthy animals, there is still debate over whether cloned animals live longer or shorter lives than their non-cloned counterparts.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is to understand the impact of cloning on animal lifespan. We will explore the science behind cloning, its applications, and the potential risks associated with it.

Section 1: What is Cloning?

Cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy of an organism. This is achieved by transferring the nucleus of a cell (containing the genetic material) from the parent organism to an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed. The egg cell then develops into a new organism that is genetically identical to the parent.

Section 2: Applications of Cloning

Cloning has several applications in biology and medicine. It is used to produce large numbers of genetically identical organisms for research purposes, to create genetically modified animals for agriculture, and to produce transplant organs that are free from rejection by the recipient's immune system.

Section 3: Risks Associated with Cloning

While cloning has been successful in producing healthy animals, there are still potential risks associated with the process. One of the main concerns is that cloned animals may have a higher risk of developing certain diseases, such as cancer, due to errors in the DNA repair process during the cloning process. Additionally, cloned animals may experience developmental problems, such as abnormalities in growth and behavior.

Section 4: Impact on Animal Lifespan

There is still debate over whether cloned animals live longer or shorter lives than their non-cloned counterparts. Some studies have shown that cloned animals may have a shorter lifespan due to the potential for errors in the DNA repair process and other developmental issues. However, other studies have shown that cloned animals can live normal lifespans without any significant differences in health or longevity compared to non-cloned animals.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, while cloning has been successful in producing healthy animals, there are still potential risks associated with the process. The impact of cloning on animal lifespan is still a topic of debate, with some studies showing that cloned animals may have a shorter lifespan due to developmental issues and errors in the DNA repair process. However, further research is needed to fully understand the impact of cloning on animal lifespan.

Glossary:
- Cloning: The process of producing a genetically identical copy of an organism.
- Nucleus: The control center of a cell that contains the genetic material (DNA).
- DNA repair: The process by which cells repair damage to their DNA.
- Genetically identical: Having the same genetic makeup as another organism.
- Transplant: The process of moving an organ from one body to another.

Self-Debate:
Do you think the potential risks associated with cloning outweigh the benefits? Why or why not? Use evidence from the lesson to support your argument.


text:
Government consults on making directors liable for nuisance calls

Government consults on making directors liable for nuisance calls

The government has launched a consultation on proposals to amend the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations to make directors liable for nuisance calls. Maximum fines would be up to £500,000, and if a firm has multiple directors, each could be liable for a fine. The ICO will consider the level of fine based on evidence, whether it applies to a company, director, or both.

ICO’s Deputy Commissioner (Policy), Steve Wood said:

“We welcome these proposals from the government to make directors themselves responsible for nuisance marketing. We have been calling for a change to the law for a while to deter those who deliberately set out to disrupt people with troublesome calls, texts and emails. These proposed changes will increase the tools we have to protect the public.”

Minister for Digital and the Creative Industries, Margot James MP said:

“Nuisance calls are a blight on society and we are determined to stamp them out. For too long a minority of company directors have escaped justice by liquidating their firms and opening up again under a different name. We want to make sure the Information Commissioner has the powers she needs to hold rogue bosses to account and put an end to these unwanted calls.”

The consultation closes on 21 August. See https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/nuisance-calls-and-messages-action-against-directors.

textbook:
Title: Understanding Direct Liability for Nuisance Calls

Introduction:

In this lesson, we will learn about direct liability for nuisance calls. We will cover what nuisance calls are, the impact they have on society, and how the government is proposing to hold company directors accountable for these calls.

Section 1: What are Nuisance Calls?

Nuisance calls are unwanted telephone calls or messages that are considered annoying or intrusive. They can be from telemarketers, scammers, or other individuals trying to sell products or services, or even just to harass people. These calls can be a source of stress and frustration for individuals and families, and can even lead to mental health issues in some cases.

Section 2: Impact of Nuisance Calls on Society

Nuisance calls have become a major problem in many countries around the world. They can cause significant inconvenience and distress to individuals and families, and can even lead to financial losses. In addition, they can damage the reputation of legitimate businesses that rely on telephone marketing as a way of reaching customers.

Section 3: Proposed Changes to Hold Company Directors Accountable for Nuisance Calls

The government has proposed changes to the law that would make company directors directly liable for nuisance calls made by their companies. This means that if a company makes nuisance calls, the directors of that company could be fined up to £500,000. If there are multiple directors, each could be liable for a fine.

Section 4: Critical Thinking Questions

1. Why do you think nuisance calls are a problem for society?
2. How do you think the proposed changes to the law will affect the behavior of company directors?
3. Can you think of any potential challenges or obstacles to implementing these changes?

Section 5: Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding direct liability for nuisance calls is an important topic that affects us all. By holding company directors accountable for these calls, we can help to reduce the number of nuisance calls that people receive, and make our communities safer and more peaceful places to live.


text:
017 Two Types of Receptors

After neurotransmitters are released from the cell, they bind to receptors on the next cell.

In this video, Leslie explains how the two different types of receptors – the ionotropic and metabotropic receptors – work to bring about various responses in the cell.

Enjoy!

Transcript of Today’s Episode

Hello and welcome to Interactive Biology TV, where we’re making biology fun! My name is Leslie Samuel. In this episode, Episode 17, I’m going to be talking about 2 types of receptors. We’ve been talking about the nervous system, we’ve been looking at neurons, and we’ve seen how the action potential starts at the axon hillock, the signal travels all the way down the axon, down to the axon terminals. In Episode 16, we looked at how the neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminals, and they bind to receptors on the next cell.

What we’re going to be doing is looking at those receptors because there are 2 basic types of receptors:
1. Ionotropic
2. Metabotropic

What we’re going to do is we’re going to look at the ionotropic receptors first. With ionotropic, these are very fast-acting receptors. What I’m going to do is I’m going to attempt to draw one now. Let’s say here we have a receptor, and this is a cellmembrane. We have the signal that comes along the axon of the preceding cell, and it releases neurotransmitters. I’m going to say these little dots here are neurotransmitters, and they’re in the synaptic cleft.

What’s going to happen if it’s an ionotropic receptor, the neurotransmitter is going to come and it’s going to bind to the receptor. The way these receptors are set up is relatively simple. When the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, that causes the channel to open. So, I’m going to draw this showing that now there’s an open space. And then, if there are ions that are outside the cell that are specific to that channel, those ions can then enter the cell. So it’s very fast-acting. The neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, and then the channel opens so that the ions can travel inside the cell. Once again, these are ionotropic receptors.

Now, of course, there are going to be different types of neurotransmitters and different types of receptors that are going to act in this way. I’m going to take the example of acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. So we’re going to start with ACh, and that’s for acetylcholine. We’re going to call these neurotransmitters acetylcholine, and the receptor that’s the ionotropic receptor for acetylcholine is called the nicotinic receptor. The reason it’s called nicotinic is because this is the receptor that nicotine acts on, and we’re going to talk about that in a later episode.

So, acetylcholine comes, and actually 2 acetylcholines bind to the nicotinic receptor, and then that causes sodium ions to rush in. And now you know that sodium ions are going to have a positive charge, so what do you think that’s going to do to the membrane of the cell? Well, of course, that’s going to make it more positive. So I’m going to look at it here. Let’s say I’m looking at voltage or membrane potential on the Y-axis, and I’m going to have time on the X-axis. This is the resting membrane potential.

When something like this happens that causes sodium to come in, that can cause the membrane potential to get this little bump here. So it increases a little from that sodium rushing into the cell. Because this is becoming more positive, we’re going to call this an excitatory (it’s getting it excited) post-synaptic potential. EPSP, excitatory post-synaptic potential. Because it’s acetylcholine binding to the nicotinic receptor, that’s going to cause sodium ions to rush in, causing an excitatory post-synaptic potential.

Now, there’s another type of neurotransmitter, 2 examples would be GABA and glycine (forgive my writing there, but I think you get it.) When these bind, let’s say this is GABA or glycine, what that is going to do is it’s not going to cause not sodium ions, but chloride ions, and let’s say this is chloride, Cl-, to rush into the cell.

If a negative ion rushes into the cell, what is that going to do? Well, you probably guessed it. Instead of causing an excitatory post-synaptic potential, that’s going to cause an inhibitory post-synaptic potential, or an IPSP. So if it’s a positive ion rushing in, you get an EPSP. If it’s a negative ion rushing in, you’re going to get an IPSP. This is a really fast-acting process: neurotransmitter binds, channel opens, ion rushes in.

Let’s go to the next type of receptor, and that’s called the metabotropic receptor. This is going to be a little more complicated, because what we have here, just like before, we have a receptor in the membrane. And just like before, we have neurotransmitters that are outside the cell. But what’s different here, is that inside the cell, associated with this receptor, we have a G protein.

What happens is this neurotransmitter comes and it binds to the cell, just like before, and instead of opening a channel, what that does is it activates the G protein. And then this G protein then goes on to activate a second messenger system where there can be multiple processes that are happening, causing a certain response on the inside of the cell.

So this is a slower process in that there are multiple processes happening, and it causes a different type of response. That response can be a number of different things, and we’re going to talk about that a little later.

An example of a metabotropic receptor would be the muscarinic receptor. With the muscarinic receptor, acetylcholine is still the neurotransmitter, so ACh, and that binds to the receptor that activates a G protein. When it activates a G protein, a number of processes happen that cause multiple responses, depending on the type of muscarinic receptor we’re dealing with. One of the features that we have here is for every neurotransmitter that binds, that can activate a G protein, and whatever process this is can happen multiple times, and then this process this is can happen multiple times, so that we get a greater response on the inside.

For example, I’m just going to take a random number. Let’s say here we activate 1 G protein, and this process can happen 10 times, and each one of those can cause this next process to happen 10 times. So this second messenger system can result in a significant amount of amplification, so that we can get a significantly greater response.

Those are the 2 types of receptors: we have the nicotinic receptor and we have the muscarinic receptor. If you have any questions about this, you can leave them in the comment section below, or you can just leave a comment letting me know what you think about the format of what I’m doing, and even give suggestions for future episodes. That’s it for this video, and I’ll see you on the next one.

textbook:
Lesson: Neurotransmitter Receptors

## Introduction

Receptors are proteins found on the surface or inside cells that receive signals from outside the cell. They play an important role in communication between cells. There are two main types of receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic. In this lesson, we will learn about these two types of receptors and their roles in transmitting signals between cells.

## Ionotropic Receptors

Ionotropic receptors are also known as ligand-gated ion channels. They are found on the cell membrane and open or close in response to the binding of a specific molecule called a ligand. When the ionotropic receptor opens, it allows ions to pass through the cell membrane, which can cause an electrical signal called an action potential. This type of receptor is commonly found in the nervous system, where it plays a crucial role in transmitting signals between neurons.

## Metabotropic Receptors

Metabotropic receptors are not directly linked to ion channels. Instead, they activate other proteins called G-proteins, which then activate ion channels. This process is called a signal cascade. Metabotropic receptors are involved in more complex signaling pathways, such as those involved in hormone regulation and cell growth.

## Conclusion

In summary, ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors are two types of receptors that play essential roles in cellular communication. Ionotropic receptors directly control the flow of ions across the cell membrane, while metabotropic receptors activate signaling pathways that lead to more complex cellular responses. Understanding these receptors and their functions is crucial for understanding how cells communicate and interact with one another.


text: The Spread Deck international version. This version is a deck that is an assorted combination of vol. 1 and vol. 2 of the original spread decks. If you already purchased volume 1, there will be some repetition of spreads. Please message for more info.. The Spread Deck. A tarot-sized card deck filled with tarot spreads to assist you in your tarot: Moving Forward, Cord Cutting, Be the Light, North Star. There are 20 spread cards in total. Sized 2.75 x 4.75". The card backs will be the spacey Metatron's Cube design.. $6 flat rate shipping.. This is the international listing for this product. The deck will come shrink wrapped. Also available direct from the printer on this link.. Volume 1 for US shipping is on this listing.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Tarot Spreads

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

A tarot spread is a layout of tarot cards that is used to answer a specific question or gain insight into a particular situation. There are many different types of tarot spreads, each with its own unique purpose and structure. In this lesson, we will explore the basic concepts behind tarot spreads and learn about some of the most popular types.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

Let's imagine that you want to use a tarot spread to gain insight into a decision you need to make. You could choose a three-card spread, which is a simple yet powerful layout that can provide clarity and guidance. Here's how you might use it:

1. Shuffle your tarot deck and lay out three cards in a row, face up.
2. The first card represents the past and the foundation of the situation. What can you learn from this card about the history of your decision?
3. The second card represents the present and the current state of affairs. How does this card relate to your current situation and emotions?
4. The third card represents the future and what is likely to happen if you follow a certain path. What insights can you gain from this card about the potential outcomes of your decision?

By analyzing these three cards together, you can gain a better understanding of your decision and what factors may influence its outcome.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

Now let's consider another scenario: you want to use a tarot spread to gain insight into a relationship issue. You might choose a five-card spread called the "relationship spread," which is specifically designed to explore the dynamics between two people. Here's how you might use it:

1. Shuffle your tarot deck and lay out five cards in a line, face up.
2. The first card represents the current state of the relationship and how both parties feel about it. What emotions do you see in this card?
3. The second card represents the past and any unresolved issues that may be affecting the relationship. What can you learn from this card about the history of your relationship?
4. The third card represents the challenges that the relationship may face in the future. What obstacles might you encounter, and how can you overcome them?
5. The fourth card represents the strengths of the relationship and what brings the two of you together. What positive qualities do you share, and how can you build on them?
6. The fifth card represents the outcome of the relationship, based on the actions taken by both parties. What is the potential for growth and healing in your relationship?

By analyzing these five cards together, you can gain a deeper understanding of your relationship and what steps you can take to improve it.

## Glossary
- Tarot spread: A layout of tarot cards used to answer a specific question or gain insight into a particular situation.
- Card: A single tarot card used in a spread.
- Layout: The arrangement of tarot cards in a spread.
- Foundation: The base or starting point of a situation.
- Current state: The current condition or status of a situation.
- Obstacles: Challenges or difficulties that may arise in the future.
- Strengths: Positive qualities or attributes that bring two people together.
- Outcome: The result or final state of a situation.

## Conclusion

Tarot spreads are a powerful tool for gaining insight into various aspects of life. By understanding the different types of spreads and how to interpret their meanings, you can use tarot to guide your decisions, heal relationships, and gain a deeper understanding of yourself and the world around you.


text:
[Effects of acrylamide on DNA damage in human keratinocytes].
To investigate the toxic and DNA damaging effect of acrylamide (AA) on human keratinocytes and its mechanism. (1) After the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT cells were exposed to AA with different concentrations for 44 hours, cell survival rate was detected by MTT method. (2) The effects of DNA damage of exposed cells were detected by comet assay. (3) After treating the cells with 2.00 mmol/L of AA plus 0.50 mmol/L of 1-aminobenzotriazole (1-ABT), an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYP-450), for 4 hours, the relationship between DNA damage and CYP-450 was studied. (1) Cytotoxicity measurement of AA showed that cell survival rate decreased significantly after 44-hour treatment. (2) Cytotoxicity was not detected after 4-hour AA treatment, but significant DNA damage was observed in all treatment groups, and the degree of damage increased with the concentration of AA. Moreover, the tail lengths of comet cells were in dose-effect relationship. As for cells treated by 1-ABT with 2 mmol/L AA, comet rate and tail length were 15.4% and (8.2 +/- 2.0) micro m respectively, which were decreased significantly (P < 0.01) when compared with 2 mmol/L AA treatment group [80.6% and (44.3 +/- 4.0) micro m]. Acrylamide has significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on HaCaT cells. AA-induced DNA damage may be related to the oxidative metabolite(s) of AA through CYP-450.

textbook:
Lesson: Acrylamide and DNA Damage
Introduction:
Acrylamide is a chemical compound used in various industries such as plastics, paper, dyes, and adhesives. It is also found in foods cooked at high temperatures, such as french fries and bread. Acrylamide can be toxic to humans and animals, causing damage to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. In this lesson, we will learn about the effects of acrylamide on DNA damage in human keratinocytes.
Section 1: Understanding DNA Damage
DNA is the genetic material that carries the instructions for the development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms. DNA damage occurs when there are changes to the structure or sequence of DNA. This can be caused by external factors such as radiation, chemicals, or internal factors such as errors during cell division.
Section 2: Effects of Acrylamide on DNA Damage
Acrylamide has been shown to cause DNA damage in human keratinocytes. Keratinocytes are a type of skin cell that plays an important role in the skin's barrier function. When exposed to acrylamide, these cells can suffer damage to their DNA, which can lead to mutations and even cancer.
Section 3: Mechanism of DNA Damage by Acrylamide
The mechanism by which acrylamide causes DNA damage is not yet fully understood. However, it is believed that acrylamide may react with DNA molecules, causing changes to their structure or sequence. This can lead to mutations in the DNA, which can be passed on to future generations.
Section 4: Prevention and Treatment of Acrylamide-Induced DNA Damage
There are several ways to prevent or treat acrylamide-induced DNA damage. One way is to avoid exposure to acrylamide by avoiding foods that are cooked at high temperatures. Another way is to use sunscreen to protect the skin from ultraviolet rays, which can also cause DNA damage. If DNA damage does occur, there are treatments available such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, acrylamide can cause DNA damage in human keratinocytes, leading to mutations and even cancer. By understanding the mechanism of this damage and taking preventative measures, we can reduce our risk of developing diseases caused by DNA damage.
Glossary:
- Acrylamide: A chemical compound used in various industries such as plastics, paper, dyes, and adhesives.
- DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material that carries the instructions for the development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms.
- Keratinocytes: A type of skin cell that plays an important role in the skin's barrier function.
- Mutation: A change in the structure or sequence of DNA that can be passed on to future generations.


text: Swiss NLA Volleyball Women, NUC – Cheseaux, Saturday,. Neuchâtel UC – Cheseaux 00:00 / 90:00 Watch and bet Neuchâtel UC – Cheseaux live. - Sign in or Register (it’s free) to watch and bet Live Stream*. - To place a bet while streaming, go to Live In-Play. - Prior to joining bookmaker and funding your account in order to view Neuchâtel UC – Che NUC is playing mutable (in the last 5 games wins – 3). Cheseaux has a line of defeats in latest matches (in the last 5 games wins – 0). Cheseaux could have advantage in physics – more days for rest in last days.. Last 3 head-to-head matches NUC won 3 matches, drawn 0 matches, lost 0 matches and goals 9-3. Including matches at home between the teams NUC won 1 matches, drawn 0 matches, lost 0 matches and goals 3-1.. Score. Last Teams Results. Swiss NLA Volleyball Women Standings. Team

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read a Sports Scorecard

## Section 1: Introduction

In this self-taught lesson, we will learn how to read a sports scorecard. A scorecard is a document that keeps track of the score in a game or match. It is essential for understanding the progress of the game and determining the winner. We will cover the basic components of a scorecard, including goals, points, and periods. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to read and interpret a scorecard for any sport.

## Section 2: Components of a Scorecard

A scorecard typically contains the following components:

1. Teams: The two teams participating in the game or match.
2. Periods: The duration of time each team plays. For example, in basketball, there are four quarters of 12 minutes each, adding up to 48 minutes.
3. Scoring system: The method used to determine points. For example, in soccer, a goal is worth one point, and in basketball, a field goal is worth two points, while a free throw is worth one point.
4. Time: The length of time each period lasts. For example, in football, each half lasts for 30 minutes.
5. Current score: The number of points each team has scored so far during the game.
6. Penalties: Any fouls or penalties that have occurred during the game.
7. Possession: Who currently has possession of the ball or puck.

## Section 3: Interpreting a Scorecard

Now that we know the components of a scorecard, let's look at an example:

Team A vs. Team B
Period 1: Team A scored 2 goals, while Team B scored 1 goal.
Period 2: Team A scored 3 goals, while Team B scored 2 goals.
Period 3: Team A scored 1 goal, while Team B scored 0 goals.
Final score: Team A won with a score of 6-3.

In this example, we can see that Team A won the game with a final score of 6-3. They scored more goals than Team B during all three periods combined. The score is determined by the scoring system used in the game, which in this case is goals.

## Section 4: Practice Questions

1. What is the purpose of a scorecard in sports?
a. To keep track of the time left in the game
b. To determine the winner of the game
c. To show which team has possession of the ball
d. To list the names of the players on each team

Answer: b. To determine the winner of the game

2. What is a goal worth in soccer?
a. One point
b. Two points
c. Three points
d. Four points

Answer: a. One point

3. How long does each half of a football game last?
a. 15 minutes
b. 30 minutes
c. 45 minutes
d. 60 minutes

Answer: b. 30 minutes

## Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the components of a scorecard and how to interpret them. We also practiced answering questions related to scorecards. By understanding these components, we can read and interpret a scorecard for any sport. This skill is essential for following and enjoying sports games.


text: Bob Richmond-Watson. While fresh to the profession of garden design Bob’s passion for gardening and understanding that beautiful spaces having transformative effects on people’s lives has been a lifetime in the making.. Having studied at the prestigious London College of Garden Design based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Bob graduated in the summer of 2018 with distinction.. Bob was the joint winner of the SGD award for Student Design Commercial at the SGD Awards 2019.. Prior to becoming a garden designer Bob worked in advertising where his natural project management skills and high levels of attention to detail were honed at a high level. He now brings these abilities and passions together as a landscape and garden designer.. Bob works from his studio in North London but can often be found out and about across the country.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Garden Design

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Garden design is the process of creating a plan for the layout and planting of a garden. It involves considering the style of the garden, the available space, the climate, and the needs of the people who will use the garden. Garden design can be used to create a variety of different styles, from formal to informal, traditional to contemporary.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

Let's consider an example of a garden design. Suppose you have a small backyard garden that receives full sun. You want to create a garden that is both beautiful and functional. You decide to create a garden that includes a patio area for outdoor entertaining, a small lawn area for playing with children, and a variety of plants and flowers that will attract butterflies and hummingbirds.

To begin, you will need to sketch out a rough plan for your garden. This will involve measuring the space and deciding where each feature will go. Once you have a rough plan, you can start to think about the details, such as what type of plants will thrive in the conditions of your garden and what color scheme will work best.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

Now let's consider some real-world scenarios that might affect your garden design. For example, if you live in an area that is prone to heavy rain, you will need to choose plants that can tolerate wet conditions. Similarly, if you have a small garden, you may need to choose plants that are compact and don't require a lot of space to grow.

Another factor to consider is the amount of time you have to dedicate to garden maintenance. If you don't have a lot of time, you may want to choose plants that are low-maintenance and don't require a lot of watering or pruning.

## Glossary

- Garden design: The process of creating a plan for the layout and planting of a garden
- Formal: A style of garden that is structured and symmetrical
- Informal: A style of garden that is more natural and relaxed
- Traditional: A style of garden that uses classic, timeless elements
- Contemporary: A style of garden that uses modern, innovative elements
- Full sun: An area of the garden that receives direct sunlight for most of the day
- Patio: An outdoor seating area made of stone or concrete
- Lawn: An area of grass that is mowed and maintained like a lawn
- Butterflies: Insects that have wings and are often brightly colored
- Hummingbirds: Small birds that have rapid wing movements and are often brightly colored
- Compact: Plants that don't require a lot of space to grow
- Low-maintenance: Plants that don't require a lot of care, such as watering or pruning

## Conclusion

Garden design is a fun and rewarding hobby that can be enjoyed by people of all ages and skill levels. By understanding the theoretical concepts and applying them to real-world scenarios, you can create a beautiful and functional garden that will bring joy to you and your family for years to come.


text: The University of Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine (AzCIM), founded and directed by popular doctor Andrew Weil, M.D., has partnered with Maricopa County to compare integrative and conventional medicine over a three-year period, according to a press release.. The partnership will allow thousands of employees to receive integrative health care and will produce statistically relevant data on its effect on patients’ health.. “We believe this is the first step toward changing priorities of reimbursement, away from disease management and dependence on costly pharmaceutical drugs and other high-tech interventions, and toward sustainable wellness,” said Weil.. The Phoenix Integrative Primary Care Clinic, as part of the University of Arizona.. Read the press release here.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Integrative Health Care

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of integrative health care and its benefits.

**Introduction:** Integrative health care is a form of medical care that combines the best of conventional medicine with alternative and complementary therapies. It aims to treat the whole person, taking into account physical, emotional, mental, social, and spiritual aspects of health. This approach can help patients achieve better health outcomes and improve their quality of life.

**Section 1: What is Integrative Health Care?**

Integrative health care is a holistic approach to medical care that focuses on treating the whole person rather than just their symptoms. It combines the best of conventional medicine with alternative and complementary therapies, such as acupuncture, massage, nutrition counseling, and stress reduction techniques.

**Questions and Answers:**

Q: What is the difference between integrative health care and traditional medicine?
A: Integrative health care goes beyond traditional medicine by incorporating alternative and complementary therapies to treat the whole person.

Q: How does integrative health care benefit patients?
A: Integrative health care can help patients achieve better health outcomes and improve their quality of life by addressing their physical, emotional, mental, social, and spiritual needs.

**Section 2: The Benefits of Integrative Health Care**

There are many benefits to integrative health care, including:

1. Improved health outcomes: By treating the whole person, integrative health care can help patients achieve better health outcomes and improve their quality of life.

2. Reduced costs: Integrative health care can help reduce healthcare costs by promoting prevention and wellness, reducing the need for expensive medical interventions.

3. Increased patient satisfaction: Patients who receive integrative health care report higher levels of satisfaction with their medical care.

**Section 3: Integrative Health Care in Action**

Integrative health care is being used in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, and community health centers. Here's an example of how integrative health care is being used in a primary care setting:

**Phoenix Integrative Primary Care Clinic**

The Phoenix Integrative Primary Care Clinic, as part of the University of Arizona, is using integrative health care to provide patients with comprehensive medical care that addresses their physical, emotional, mental, social, and spiritual needs. The clinic offers a range of services, including acupuncture, massage, nutrition counseling, and stress reduction techniques, in addition to traditional medical care.

**Conclusion**

Integrative health care is a holistic approach to medical care that combines the best of conventional medicine with alternative and complementary therapies. By treating the whole person, integrative health care can help patients achieve better health outcomes and improve their quality of life. As more healthcare providers adopt this approach, we can expect to see improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare costs.


text: Reading!. Various circumstances might lead you to read your electricity meter:. You will need to fill in an energy transfer document (PDF). This form, completed by both old and new occupants, will indicate your contact details and the readings from your electricity meter. Warning: If you do not fill in this form, your new instalment bill will be based on the energy consumption of the previous occupier. If they used less electricity than you, you may be faced with a big shortfall when the adjustment bill arrives.: Submit my meter readings to Sibelga... © Ores).. © Ores. Different from other meters, the electronic meter (or budget meter) requires you to press a button (the colours depends on the installation) several times to find the information you want. In general, the figure [1] appears for the “day” reading, and the figure [2] for the “night” reading.. © Ores. Respond!Respond!

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Electricity Meters

Introduction:
Electricity meters are devices used to measure the amount of electricity consumed in a home or building. They help to monitor and control the amount of electricity used, which is essential for managing energy costs and ensuring that the supply is not disrupted. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of electricity meters, how to read them, and how to submit meter readings to the appropriate authorities.

Section 1: Types of Electricity Meters

There are two main types of electricity meters: mechanical meters and electronic meters. Mechanical meters use a series of dials to record the amount of electricity used, while electronic meters use digital displays. Electronic meters can also be classified as "budget meters," which require the user to press a button to access different types of information.

Section 2: Reading Electricity Meters

Reading an electricity meter involves looking at the dials or digital display and recording the numbers. For mechanical meters, the readings are usually taken from the dials that show the amount of electricity used during the day and at night. For electronic meters, the readings are taken from the digital display, which shows the amount of electricity used in kilowatt-hours (kWh).

Section 3: Submitting Meter Readings

Submitting meter readings is an important part of managing energy costs. When moving into a new home or building, it is necessary to fill out an energy transfer document, which includes the meter readings. This form must be completed by both the old and new occupants and submitted to the appropriate authorities. Failure to do so may result in an adjustment bill based on the energy consumption of the previous occupier.

Section 4: Critical Thinking Questions

1. How does submitting accurate meter readings benefit both the old and new occupants?
2. Why is it important to understand the different types of electricity meters?
3. What are some ways to ensure that the electricity meter is accurately recording the amount of electricity used?

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding electricity meters is essential for managing energy costs and preventing unexpected adjustment bills. By knowing the different types of meters, how to read them, and how to submit meter readings, we can take control of our energy usage and save money.