text: Melissa Twigg contemplates the wonders and woes of a hotelier’s choice between setting up shop in Zambia and Zimbabwe on the edge of the Zambezi River.. Adventurous anglers from across the world are coming to Africa in search of tigers… Tiger fishing, that is, which is centred on the mighty Zambezi River.. Solar and wind power, coupled with a sense of environmental responsibility, are the best option for an electrified future. Yet still, a river is being dammed.. Looking for a new perspective on Africa? Throw one of these African aerial adventures into the itinerary for your next trip…

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Renewable Energy Sources in Africa

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the importance of renewable energy sources in Africa. We will discuss the benefits of solar and wind power, and why they are the best option for an electrified future. We will also look at the challenges faced by countries like Zambia and Zimbabwe on the edge of the Zambezi River, where a river is being dammed for hydroelectric power.

Section 1: The Benefits of Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are becoming increasingly popular around the world. These sources of energy are clean, sustainable, and have minimal environmental impact. In addition, they are often cheaper to produce than traditional sources of energy like coal or oil.

Question: Why are renewable energy sources important?
Answer: Renewable energy sources are important because they provide clean, sustainable, and cost-effective energy solutions. They reduce our dependence on non-renewable resources, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and help combat climate change.

Section 2: The Challenges of Hydroelectric Power
While hydroelectric power is a form of renewable energy, it can also have negative environmental impacts. When a river is dammed for hydroelectric power, it can disrupt the natural flow of the river and harm aquatic ecosystems. In addition, the construction of dams can lead to displacement of local communities and loss of valuable farmland.

Question: What are some challenges associated with hydroelectric power?
Answer: Some challenges associated with hydroelectric power include disruption of natural river flows, harm to aquatic ecosystems, displacement of local communities, and loss of valuable farmland.

Section 3: The Importance of Critical Thinking
As we continue to explore the importance of renewable energy sources in Africa, it is essential that we engage in critical thinking. We must consider all perspectives and evaluate the pros and cons of different energy options. By doing so, we can make informed decisions about the best way to move forward.

Question: Why is critical thinking important when discussing energy options?
Answer: Critical thinking is essential when discussing energy options because it allows us to evaluate different perspectives, consider the pros and cons of different options, and make informed decisions about the best way to move forward.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are essential for an electrified future in Africa. While hydroelectric power may seem like a viable option, it can also have negative environmental impacts. As we continue to explore the importance of renewable energy sources, it is essential that we engage in critical thinking and consider all perspectives. By doing so, we can make informed decisions about the best way to move forward towards a sustainable and environmentally responsible future.

Glossary:
- Renewable energy sources: sources of energy that are replenished naturally and can be used continuously without depleting the resource.
- Solar power: energy derived from the sun's rays.
- Wind power: energy derived from the movement of air.
- Hydroelectric power: energy derived from the movement of water.
- Critical thinking: the process of actively and objectively analyzing information to make a reasoned judgement.


text: WaveSense enables the safest and most reliable navigation for self-driving vehicles by creating and tracking against subterranean maps of our roadways using ground-penetrating radar. Already in pilots with large OEMs, self-driving technology compaies, and Tier 1s, WaveSense’s core technology was originally developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory for military use. Self-driving vehicles using WaveSense can navigate in snow, rain, fog, poor/no lane markings, and other common but challenging conditions created by surface dynamics. And unlike LiDAR and camera maps, WaveSense can be used immediately after driving the route and creating the map - no post processing required.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Title: Introduction to Self-Driving Vehicles and WaveSense Technology

---
## Lesson 1: Introduction to Self-Driving Vehicles

### Section 1: What are Self-Driving Vehicles?
Self-driving vehicles are cars or trucks that can drive themselves without any human intervention. They use sensors, cameras, and artificial intelligence (AI) to perceive their environment and make decisions about where to go and what to do.

### Section 2: Why are Self-Driving Vehicles Important?
Self-driving vehicles are important because they have the potential to reduce traffic accidents, improve traffic flow, and increase fuel efficiency. They can also help people who are unable to drive, such as those with disabilities or the elderly, to continue to live independently.

### Section 3: How do Self-Driving Vehicles Work?
Self-driving vehicles work by using a combination of sensors, cameras, and AI to perceive their environment and make decisions about where to go and what to do. They use a variety of technologies, including lidar (light detection and ranging), radar, and computer vision, to create a map of their surroundings and navigate safely to their destination.

### Section 4: What is WaveSense Technology?
WaveSense Technology is a type of radar that can detect objects underground. It was originally developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory for military use, but it has been adapted for use in self-driving vehicles. WaveSense Technology allows self-driving vehicles to navigate in challenging conditions, such as snow, rain, fog, and poor lane markings.

### Section 5: How does WaveSense Technology Work?
WaveSense Technology works by emitting radio waves and then measuring how long it takes for them to bounce off of objects underground. By analyzing the time it takes for the radio waves to bounce back, WaveSense Technology can create a map of the underground environment and navigate safely to its destination.

### Section 6: Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about self-driving vehicles and WaveSense Technology. We learned that self-driving vehicles are important because they have the potential to reduce traffic accidents, improve traffic flow, and increase fuel efficiency. We also learned that WaveSense Technology is a type of radar that can detect objects underground and allows self-driving vehicles to navigate in challenging conditions. Finally, we learned how WaveSense Technology works by emitting radio waves and measuring how long it takes for them to bounce off of objects underground.

## Glossary
- Self-driving vehicle: A car or truck that can drive itself without any human intervention.
- Lidar: Light detection and ranging.
- Radar: Radio detection and ranging.
- Computer vision: The ability of a computer to interpret images and videos.
- Artificial intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems.
- Sensors: A device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it.
- Cameras: A device that records or captures images.
- Map: A representation of a part of the earth's surface or an abstract space showing the relative position and spelling of regions, sites, etc.
- Navigation: The process of planning, preparing, and maneuvering a craft or vehicle from one place to another.
- Lane: A narrow strip of pavement that a vehicle is expected to travel in.
- Post processing: The process of analyzing data after it has been collected.


text: Surgeons Robert H. Milne, DMD and John G. Bozich, DMD, Portland, OR practice a full scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery with expertise ranging from corrective jaw surgery to wisdom tooth removal. We can also diagnose and treat facial pain, facial injuries and oral pathology. We also perform a full range of dental implant and bone grafting procedures.. Drs. Milne and Bozich's staff is trained in assisting with I.V. sedation within our state of the art office setting.. Our office is located at 700 NE Multnomah Street, Suite 840, Portland,-232-4488. Oregon Cities:. Gresham OR • Beaverton OR • Clackamas OR • Hillsboro OR • Vancouver WA. Address: 700 NE Multnomah Street, Suite 840 • Portland, OR 97232 • Phone: 503-232-4488. Oral Surgery Website Designby PBHS 2010©

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a branch of dentistry that focuses on treating diseases, injuries, and deformities of the mouth, jaws, and face. It involves the removal of teeth, correction of jaw irregularities, and treatment of facial injuries.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
One common procedure in oral and maxillofacial surgery is the removal of impacted wisdom teeth. This is done when the teeth are stuck in the jawbone and cannot erupt through the gums. The surgery involves making an incision in the gum to expose the tooth and then removing it using specialized tools.

Another example is the repair of a fractured jaw. This can occur due to an accident or injury and requires the use of wires or plates to hold the jaw in place while it heals.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
A patient presents with a swollen cheek and reports that they were bitten by a dog during a fight. The doctor examines the patient and finds a deep laceration on their cheek. They decide to perform a procedure to repair the laceration and close the wound.

Conclusion:
Oral and maxillofacial surgery is an important field in dentistry that deals with a wide range of conditions affecting the mouth, jaws, and face. Understanding the theoretical concepts and being able to apply them in practical situations can help in providing effective treatment to patients.


text: During a voice teleconference, it is often desirable for two or more conference participants to be able to both view and discuss common data objects such as a set of images. For example, one participant may desire to conduct a slide presentation concurrent with a voice conversation among the participants. Systems which enable a person to receive and view image data over a telephone line concurrent with voice conversation are known. One such system interrupts the telephone conversation momentarily to allow visual data to be transmitted over the telephone line. Following the transmission of visual data, the voice communication can be automatically resumed. Other known systems for sharing voice and image data generally require relatively complex equipment, specially enhanced modems, or dedicated high speed digital lines such as ISDN. Still other systems require multiple telephone lines to handle both data object manipulation and voice. Generally, the known desktop teleconferencing systems are for point-to-point communications rather than multipoint, multiparty communications.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Sharing Data Objects During a Voice Teleconference

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about sharing data objects during a voice teleconference. We will cover the following topics:

1. What is a teleconference?
2. Why is it important to share data objects during a teleconference?
3. How can data objects be shared during a teleconference?
4. What are the benefits of sharing data objects during a teleconference?

Section 1: What is a teleconference?
A teleconference is a meeting that takes place over a telephone or other electronic communication device. It is an efficient way to communicate with people who are not physically present in the same location.

Section 2: Why is it important to share data objects during a teleconference?
Sharing data objects during a teleconference allows participants to view and discuss common data objects such as images, documents, or presentations. This can enhance communication and collaboration among participants.

Section 3: How can data objects be shared during a teleconference?
There are several ways to share data objects during a teleconference:

1. Screen sharing: One participant can share their screen with the other participants, allowing them to view the same images or documents.
2. Email attachment: Participants can send images or documents to each other via email and then discuss them during the teleconference.
3. Cloud storage: Participants can store images or documents on a cloud storage service and then access them during the teleconference.
4. Video conferencing software: Some video conferencing software allows participants to share their screens and collaborate on documents or presentations in real-time.

Section 4: What are the benefits of sharing data objects during a teleconference?
The benefits of sharing data objects during a teleconference include:

1. Enhanced communication: Sharing data objects allows participants to discuss and analyze information together, leading to more effective communication.
2. Improved collaboration: Participants can work together on documents or presentations, leading to better collaboration and teamwork.
3. Time-saving: Sharing data objects during a teleconference saves time compared to having to meet in person or travel to a physical location.
4. Cost-effective: Teleconferencing is generally less expensive than traveling to a physical location for a meeting.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the importance of sharing data objects during a teleconference and some methods for doing so. We also discussed the benefits of sharing data objects, including enhanced communication, improved collaboration, time-saving, and cost-effectiveness. By applying these concepts, we can improve our teleconferencing experiences and work more effectively with others.

Glossary:
- Teleconference: A meeting that takes place over a telephone or other electronic communication device
- Data objects: Images, documents, or presentations that contain information
- Screen sharing: The ability to share one's computer screen with other participants
- Cloud storage: A service that allows users to store and access files and documents remotely.


text: ~~~~Oldsmobile 442~~~~~~~ The membership of the South Sound 442 Club share a common passion for restoring, maintaining, driving and showing our cars. The monthy club meeting takes place every third Sunday of each month with a few exceptions. We have an annual club picnic in July at Fort Borst Park in Centrallia, Washington. This location gives a more central place to meet for both Washington & Oregon members. For addt'l info & club membership email us. southsound442club@comcast.net. You are visitor

textbook:
# Lesson: Web Development

## Introduction
Web development is the process of creating and maintaining websites. It involves a variety of tasks, including designing, coding, and testing. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of web development and how it can be used to create and maintain websites.

## Section 1: What is Web Development?
Web development is the process of creating and maintaining websites. It involves a variety of tasks, including designing, coding, and testing. Web developers use a variety of programming languages and tools to create websites that are user-friendly, visually appealing, and functional.

## Section 2: Why is Web Development Important?
Web development is important because it allows businesses and organizations to have an online presence. With a website, businesses can reach a wider audience, sell products or services, and provide information about their company. Web development also allows individuals to create personal websites to showcase their work, interests, or experiences.

## Section 3: How Does Web Development Work?
Web development works by following a specific process. The first step is planning, where the developer determines the goals and objectives of the website. The next step is designing, where the developer creates a layout and visuals for the website. The third step is coding, where the developer writes the necessary code to make the website functional. Finally, testing is done to ensure that the website is working correctly and meets the goals and objectives set during the planning phase.

## Section 4: Types of Web Development
There are several types of web development, including front-end development, back-end development, and full-stack development. Front-end development involves creating the visuals and user interface of the website, while back-end development involves managing the server and database. Full-stack development involves knowledge of both front-end and back-end development.

## Section 5: Tools and Technologies Used in Web Development
Web developers use a variety of tools and technologies to create websites. Some of these include HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP. They may also use content management systems (CMS) like WordPress or Drupal to manage the website's content.

## Section 6: Careers in Web Development
There are many career opportunities in web development. Some possible careers include web designer, web developer, user experience (UX) designer, and webmaster. These professionals may work for a company, as a freelancer, or start their own business.

## Conclusion
Web development is a crucial aspect of creating and maintaining websites. By understanding the basics of web development, individuals can create websites that are functional, visually appealing, and user-friendly. With a variety of career opportunities available, web development is a rewarding field for those interested in technology and design.


text: Maddux Park. Maddux Dr./Kensington Rd. Redwood City, CA. View More Photos. Phone:. +1 650 631 8284. Website:. Lisa Noble specializes in children's and family portraits. Her work captures the spirit and subtle gestures of her subjects. Her photo sessions ... more on GoCityKids. My pictures were great and she was great with my kids. more on GoCityKids. Lisa Noble's photography is exceptional! Lisa captured my children's unique personalities in her delightful photographs. I found Lisa to be extremely talented and ... more on GoCityKids.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Reviews

Introduction:
Reviews are an essential part of our daily lives. We read reviews for products, services, movies, books, and even restaurants. Learning how to read and understand reviews can help us make better decisions and avoid disappointments. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand reviews by analyzing a sample review.

Section 1: Understanding the Structure of a Review

A review typically has three parts: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion.

1. Introduction: The introduction introduces the reviewer and the product or service being reviewed. It usually includes some background information about the reviewer and their experience with the product or service.

2. Body: The body of the review contains the main points that the reviewer wants to communicate. This section may include positive or negative comments about the product or service, as well as specific details about the experience.

3. Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the reviewer's overall opinion of the product or service. It may also include recommendations for others who are considering purchasing the product or using the service.

Example:
Introduction: "I recently visited Lisa Noble Photography for a family portrait session. As a mother of two young children, I was looking for a photographer who could capture the spirit and subtle gestures of my children."

Body: "Lisa Noble exceeded my expectations. She was great with my kids and made them feel comfortable and at ease. Her photographs turned out amazing, and she was able to capture their personalities perfectly. I would highly recommend her to anyone looking for a photographer who can capture the essence of their family."

Conclusion: "Overall, I had a wonderful experience with Lisa Noble Photography, and I would definitely recommend her to anyone looking for a photographer who can capture the spirit and subtle gestures of their family."

Questions:
1. What is the introduction of the review?
Answer: The introduction introduces the reviewer and the product or service being reviewed.

2. What is the body of the review?
Answer: The body of the review contains the main points that the reviewer wants to communicate.

3. What is the conclusion of the review?
Answer: The conclusion summarizes the reviewer's overall opinion of the product or service.

Section 2: Analyzing the Content of the Review

Now that we understand the structure of a review, let's analyze the content of the review we just read.

1. Positive Comments: The reviewer praised the photographer for being great with her kids and capturing their personalities perfectly.

2. Negative Comments: There were no negative comments in this review.

3. Specific Details: The reviewer provided specific details about the photographer's ability to capture the spirit and subtle gestures of her children.

4. Recommendations: The reviewer recommends Lisa Noble Photography to anyone looking for a photographer who can capture the essence of their family.

Section 3: Applying Skills Gained from the Topic

Now that we have learned how to read and understand reviews, we can apply these skills to other areas of our lives. For example, when reading reviews for a restaurant, we can look for specific details about the food, service, and atmosphere to determine if it is a good fit for our needs. We can also use these skills to evaluate products and services before making a purchase decision.

Glossary:
- Review: A written evaluation of a product, service, or experience.
- Introduction: The beginning part of a review that introduces the reviewer and the product or service being reviewed.
- Body: The main part of the review where the reviewer communicates their opinions and experiences.
- Conclusion: The end part of the review where the reviewer summarizes their overall opinion and makes recommendations.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to read and understand reviews by analyzing a sample review. We also learned how to apply these skills to other areas of our lives. By understanding the structure and content of reviews, we can make better decisions and avoid disappointments.


text: Lemon Juice Sprayer. Regular price. $12.00. Sale. + FREE worldwide Shipping!. Turn your citrus fruit into the freshest juice container.Just cut the top of the lemon, orange or any citrus fruit and simply insert the sprayer directly into the fruit and then pump the nozzle to evenly spritz your favorite foods with fresh citrus juice.. What a great idea to avoid messy slicing of fruit, just spray directly from fruit to dress your recipes or aromatize your soft drinks and cocktails in the freshest way.. • Thanks to its screw-like design, it can be easily inserted and secured inside the citrus. • It is made of ABS plastic and very easy to use. • Dimensions:3.4" x 1.9" x .5" (8.7 x 4.9 x 1.5 cm). • Weight: 2.4 ounces. • Shipping takes from 8 to 15 days

textbook:
Lesson: How to Use a Lemon Juice Sprayer

## Introduction
A lemon juice sprayer is a handy kitchen tool that makes it easy to add fresh lemon juice to your recipes without the mess of slicing and juicing lemons. In this lesson, we will learn how to use a lemon juice sprayer, including its parts, how to assemble it, and how to operate it.

## Materials
- Lemon Juice Sprayer
- Citrus Fruit

## Instructions
1. Identify the Parts of the Lemon Juice Sprayer
Before we start using the lemon juice sprayer, let's take a closer look at its parts. The sprayer consists of a body, a nozzle, and a cap. The body is where the citrus fruit is inserted, and the cap is used to secure the fruit in place. The nozzle is the part that sprays the lemon juice.

2. Assemble the Lemon Juice Sprayer
To assemble the lemon juice sprayer, follow these steps:

a. Remove the cap from the body of the sprayer.
b. Cut off the top of the citrus fruit, exposing the flesh.
c. Insert the sprayer into the citrus fruit until you feel it touch the bottom of the fruit.
d. Screw the cap back onto the body of the sprayer to secure the fruit in place.

3. Operate the Lemon Juice Sprayer
Now that the lemon juice sprayer is assembled, it's time to operate it. Follow these steps:

a. Hold the sprayer upright and press down on the nozzle to release the locking mechanism.
b. Pump the nozzle several times to build up pressure in the chamber.
c. Release the pressure by pressing the nozzle down again.
d. Continue pumping the nozzle until you see juice begin to spray out of the nozzle.
e. Aim the nozzle at your desired target and spray away!

4. Tips for Using the Lemon Juice Sprayer
Here are some tips to help you get the most out of your lemon juice sprayer:

a. Use the sprayer within one week of opening it to ensure freshness.
b. Store the sprayer in a dry place when not in use.
c. Do not expose the sprayer to extreme temperatures, as this may cause damage to the seals.
d. Clean the sprayer after each use by rinsing it with water and wiping it down with a damp cloth.

5. Practice Problems
Let's practice using the lemon juice sprayer with some sample problems:

Problem 1: You want to add lemon juice to your morning smoothie. How do you use the lemon juice sprayer to add the juice without making a mess?
Solution: Insert the sprayer into the cut lemon and pump the nozzle to spray the juice directly into your smoothie. Be sure to aim the nozzle towards your smoothie container to avoid making a mess.

Problem 2: You want to make a salad dressing with fresh lemon juice. How do you use the lemon juice sprayer to add the juice without making a mess?
Solution: Insert the sprayer into the cut lemon and pump the nozzle to spray the juice into your mixing bowl. Be sure to aim the nozzle towards your mixing bowl to avoid making a mess.

Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned how to use a lemon juice sprayer, including its parts, how to assemble it, and how to operate it. By following these instructions and practicing with sample problems, we can use this handy kitchen tool to add fresh lemon juice to our recipes without the mess of slicing and juicing lemons.


text: Buy Choices carts. Choices carts are premium thc cartridges from choices labs, pure delta 9 distillates, Full ceramic cartridges, No metals or what so ever, residual solvents and quality you can count on. they come in 2 0.5g per cart, sealed and have a scannable barcode for verification. Lab tested to ensure security, No pesticides, No bleaches, No clays made 100% from absolute pure delta 9 distillate.. we are very passionate about our products, we pour our hearts into it and we understand that the consumer should always be first.. Our products contain organic terpenes and will never contain PG and other harsh chemicals.. You can also buy choices carts in bulk or wholesale from us today.. Reviews. There are no reviews yet.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Buying Choices Carts

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
In this lesson, we will learn about Choices carts, which are premium thc cartridges from Choices Labs. We will cover the following concepts:

1. What are Choices carts?
2. What is delta 9 distillate?
3. What is a ceramic cartridge?
4. Why are Choices carts a good choice?

## Section 2: Practical Examples
Let's consider an example scenario where you want to buy Choices carts. You can visit the Choices Labs website and select the number of carts you want to purchase. You can choose between 1 and 100 carts, depending on your needs. Once you have selected the desired quantity, you can add them to your cart and proceed to checkout. At checkout, you will be asked to provide your shipping information and payment method. After completing the payment, you will receive a confirmation email with your tracking number.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions
Now, let's engage in a self-debating discussion to further understand the importance of Choices carts.

**Question:** Why are Choices carts a good choice for people who want to buy premium thc cartridges?

**Answer:** Choices carts are a good choice because they are made from 100% pure delta 9 distillate, which ensures quality and safety. Additionally, the ceramic cartridges are free from metals and other harsh chemicals, making them safe to use. The sealed packaging also ensures that the carts remain fresh and potent until used. Finally, the lab testing done by Choices Labs ensures that the products are safe and secure, providing peace of mind to customers.

## Glossary
- Choices carts: Premium thc cartridges from Choices Labs made from 100% pure delta 9 distillate, using ceramic cartridges that are free from metals and harsh chemicals.
- Delta 9 distillate: A type of cannabis extract that contains a high concentration of delta 9 THC, the psychoactive compound responsible for the "high" feeling.
- Ceramic cartridge: A type of cartridge made from ceramic material, which is free from metals and other harsh chemicals.
- Premium: A high-quality product that is superior in terms of quality, performance, and appearance.

## Conclusion
In conclusion, Choices carts are a great choice for people who want to buy premium thc cartridges. They are made from 100% pure delta 9 distillate, using ceramic cartridges that are free from metals and harsh chemicals. The sealed packaging and lab testing ensure that the products are safe and secure, providing peace of mind to customers. By understanding the theoretical concepts, practical examples, and engaging in self-debating discussions, we can appreciate the importance of Choices carts and apply these skills to new problems.


text:
Barnsley Central (UK Parliament constituency)

Barnsley Central is a constituency in South Yorkshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2011 by Dan Jarvis of the Labour Party.

Constituency profile
Barnsley Central is generally an urban seat and has a large majority of its population on middle or low incomes, with most of the large former mining towns' social housing contained within it. It has been held by the Labour Party since 1983 on large majorities, like its main predecessor, making it a safe seat.

History
Created in 1983, Barnsley Central covers a similar area to that of the former Barnsley constituency.  The seat was held by almost a year from May 2010 by Eric Illsley as an independent MP after he was suspended from the Labour party over the expenses row and he led to its becoming vacant on 8 February 2011.

On 12 January 2011 having admitted the crime of fraud over his expenses, Illsley announced the intention to stand down from Parliament, necessitating a by-election in early 2011.  On 8 February 2011 Ilsley resigned his seat before he was due to be sentenced for fraudulently claiming parliamentary expenses. The by-election was held on 3 March 2011 and was won by Dan Jarvis for the Labour Party.  The Labour majority and share of the vote rose to give an absolute majority, on a turnout 20% lower than in the General Election, meanwhile the Conservative share of the vote fell steeply to just 8.3%, less than UKIP on 12.2%. In the 2019 general election, Jarvis held onto his seat, but with a sharply reduced majority; it fell from 15,546 to 3,571. The Brexit Party came second with 11,233 votes, which was 30.4% of the vote, compared to Jarvis's 40.1%.

Boundaries
1983–1997: The Borough of Barnsley wards of Ardsley, Athersley, Central, Monk Bretton, North West, Royston, and South West.

1997–2010: The Borough of Barnsley wards of Ardsley, Athersley, Central, Cudworth, Monk Bretton, North West, Royston, and South West.

2010–present: The Borough of Barnsley wards of Central, Darton East, Darton West, Kingstone, Monk Bretton, Old Town, Royston, and St Helens.

Barnsley Central constituency covers most of the town of Barnsley. It is bordered by the constituencies of Wakefield, Hemsworth, Barnsley East, and Penistone and Stocksbridge.

Members of Parliament
The constituency has had three Members of Parliament since its creation in 1983, all of whom have been from the Labour Party.

Elections

This was the highest Brexit Party vote share at the 2019 general election.

See also
List of Parliamentary constituencies in South Yorkshire

Notes and references
Notes

References

Sources
Guardian Unlimited Politics (Election results from 1992 to the present)

Category:Parliamentary constituencies in Yorkshire and the Humber
Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1983
Category:Politics of Barnsley

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Constituencies in the UK Parliament

Introduction
In the United Kingdom, the parliament is divided into two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is made up of 650 members, known as Members of Parliament (MPs), who are elected by the people of the UK. These MPs represent their constituencies in the House of Commons, where they debate and vote on laws and policies.

In this lesson, we will learn about constituencies in the UK Parliament, including what they are, how they are created, and how they are represented.

Section 1: What is a Constituency?
A constituency is a specific area or region of the country that elects one Member of Parliament (MP) to represent it in the House of Commons. The boundaries of each constituency are drawn up by an independent organization called the Boundary Commission, which aims to ensure that each constituency has roughly the same number of voters.

Section 2: How are Constituencies Created?
The Boundary Commission reviews the boundaries of parliamentary constituencies every ten years to make sure that they reflect changes in the population. They use a variety of factors to determine the boundaries, including geographical features, local government boundaries, and transport networks.

Section 3: How are Constituencies Represented?
Each constituency elects one MP to represent it in the House of Commons. The MP is chosen by the people who live in the constituency, who vote for the candidate they want to represent them. The candidate with the most votes becomes the MP for that constituency.

Section 4: Case Study: Barnsley Central
Barnsley Central is a constituency in South Yorkshire that has been held by the Labour Party since 1983. It is generally an urban seat with a large majority of its population on middle or low incomes. The seat is considered a safe seat for the Labour Party, meaning that it is unlikely to be won by any other party.

Conclusion
In this lesson, we have learned about constituencies in the UK Parliament, including what they are, how they are created, and how they are represented. We also looked at a case study of Barnsley Central, a constituency that has been held by the Labour Party since 1983. By understanding how constituencies work, we can better understand how the UK Parliament functions and how the people's voices are represented in government.

Glossary
- Constituency: A specific area or region of the country that elects one Member of Parliament (MP) to represent it in the House of Commons.
- Boundary Commission: An independent organization that draws up the boundaries of parliamentary constituencies in the UK.
- MP: Member of Parliament, a member of the House of Commons.
- House of Commons: One of the two houses of the UK Parliament, made up of Members of Parliament (MPs).

[1] "Barnsley Central." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2021.


text: When the credit card issuer calculates the finance charge on a card, it applies a periodic rate to a balance. In order to calculate that balance, the company uses various methods. The most common is the average daily balance method, in which the balance is calculated by taking the amount of debt in the account each day during a specific period and averaging it. The previous balance method uses the outstanding balance at the end of the period to compute the finance charges. The adjusted balance method derives the balance by subtracting any payments made during the cycle from the previous balance, with new purchases not being counted.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Calculate Finance Charges on Credit Cards

## Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn how credit card issuers calculate the finance charge on your card. We will cover the three most common methods used to calculate this charge: the average daily balance method, the previous balance method, and the adjusted balance method. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand how these methods work and how they affect your credit card balance.

## Section 1: Average Daily Balance Method

The average daily balance method is the most common method used by credit card issuers to calculate the finance charge. This method involves taking the balance in the account each day during a specific period and averaging it.

**Theoretical Concept**: To calculate the finance charge using the average daily balance method, you need to know the annual percentage rate (APR) of your credit card. The APR is the interest rate charged on the outstanding balance of your credit card.

**Practical Example**: Suppose you have a credit card with an APR of 15%. The balance on your credit card is $1000, and the billing period is 30 days. The average daily balance method is used to calculate the finance charge. To do this, the credit card issuer will add up all the daily balances for the period and divide them by the number of days in the billing period. Then, they will multiply this average by the APR to get the finance charge.

**Questions and Answers**:

1. What is the average daily balance method?
2. How does the average daily balance method work?
3. Why is the average daily balance method used?
4. What is the formula for calculating the finance charge using the average daily balance method?
5. Can you give an example of how the average daily balance method is used to calculate the finance charge?

## Section 2: Previous Balance Method

The previous balance method is another way that credit card issuers can calculate the finance charge. This method involves using the outstanding balance at the end of the period to compute the finance charges.

**Theoretical Concept**: To calculate the finance charge using the previous balance method, you need to know the APR of your credit card. The APR is the interest rate charged on the outstanding balance of your credit card.

**Practical Example**: Suppose you have a credit card with an APR of 15%. The balance on your credit card is $1000, and the billing period is 30 days. The previous balance method is used to calculate the finance charge. To do this, the credit card issuer will use the balance at the end of the billing period and multiply it by the APR to get the finance charge.

**Questions and Answers**:

1. What is the previous balance method?
2. How does the previous balance method work?
3. Why is the previous balance method used?
4. What is the formula for calculating the finance charge using the previous balance method?
5. Can you give an example of how the previous balance method is used to calculate the finance charge?

## Section 3: Adjusted Balance Method

The adjusted balance method is a less common method used by credit card issuers to calculate the finance charge. This method involves deriving the balance by subtracting any payments made during the cycle from the previous balance, with new purchases not being counted.

**Theoretical Concept**: To calculate the finance charge using the adjusted balance method, you need to know the APR of your credit card. The APR is the interest rate charged on the outstanding balance of your credit card.

**Practical Example**: Suppose you have a credit card with an APR of 15%. The balance on your credit card is $1000, and the billing period is 30 days. The adjusted balance method is used to calculate the finance charge. To do this, the credit card issuer will use the previous balance and subtract any payments made during the cycle. Then, they will multiply the adjusted balance by the APR to get the finance charge.

**Questions and Answers**:

1. What is the adjusted balance method?
2. How does the adjusted balance method work?
3. Why is the adjusted balance method used?
4. What is the formula for calculating the finance charge using the adjusted balance method?
5. Can you give an example of how the adjusted balance method is used to calculate the finance charge?

## Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the three most common methods used by credit card issuers to calculate the finance charge: the average daily balance method, the previous balance method, and the adjusted balance method. We covered the theoretical concepts, practical examples, and answered questions for each method. By understanding these methods, you can better understand how your credit card balance accrues interest and make informed decisions about your credit card usage.


text: Favorite. Book Tee Times. Tee Times. Input Score. More. 18 hole regulation length course. 71 par | 6,661 yards | 130 slope. 73.1 rating. The 18-hole "Riverside" course at the Riverside Golf Club facility in North Riverside, Illinois features 6,661 yards of golf from the longest tees for a par of 71. The course rating is 73.1 and it has a slope rating of 130. Designed by Charles MacDonald, the Riverside golf course opened in 1893.. View Flyover. Riverside Golf Club. Golf Only facility. 15 tees driving range. 18 regulation holes. No recent major awards have been noted.. No local tournaments listed for this course. Add a tournament here.. From $22.00 (save 44%). From $7.00 (save 30%). From $19.99 (save 31%). From $25.00 (save 34%). From $30.00 (save 63%). From $25.00 (save 26%)

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Golf Course Reviews

Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand golf course reviews. We will cover the following sections:

1. Reading Golf Course Reviews
2. Understanding Golf Course Ratings
3. Using Golf Course Reviews to Choose a Course
4. Conclusion

Reading Golf Course Reviews

Golf course reviews are written by golfers who have played a particular course. These reviews can provide valuable information about the course's layout, condition, difficulty, and overall experience. When reading a golf course review, look for the following elements:

1. Course Description: This section provides an overview of the course's layout, design, and condition. It may also include information about the course's history and any notable features.

2. Ratings: Golfers often rate courses on a scale of 1-10 in various categories such as difficulty, layout, condition, and value. These ratings can help you determine if the course is a good fit for your skill level and preferences.

3. Comments: This section contains feedback from golfers who have played the course. Comments may include opinions on the course's design, condition, and overall experience.

Understanding Golf Course Ratings

Golf course ratings are typically based on a scale of 1-10, with 10 being the highest rating. However, ratings can vary depending on the source. For example, a course may receive a higher rating on a website dedicated to golfers than it would on a website that rates courses based on value.

When evaluating golf course ratings, consider the following:

1. Difficulty: A high rating for difficulty does not necessarily mean the course is challenging. It may simply indicate that the course requires accurate shots and good course management.

2. Layout: A high rating for layout may indicate that the course is visually appealing and has interesting holes.

3. Condition: A high rating for condition indicates that the course is well-maintained and has good greens, fairways, and bunkers.

Using Golf Course Reviews to Choose a Course

Once you have read and understood golf course reviews, you can use them to choose a course that best suits your preferences and skill level. Consider the following factors when selecting a course:

1. Difficulty: Choose a course that is challenging but not too difficult for your skill level.

2. Layout: Select a course that has interesting holes and a visually appealing design.

3. Condition: Choose a course that is well-maintained and has good greens, fairways, and bunkers.

Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned how to read and understand golf course reviews. We covered how to interpret ratings, comments, and course descriptions. We also discussed how to use golf course reviews to choose a course that best suits your preferences and skill level. By following these guidelines, you can make an informed decision about which course to play next.


text:
Novel passive co-treatment of acid mine drainage and municipal wastewater.
A laboratory-scale, four-stage continuous-flow reactor system was constructed to test the viability of high-strength acid mine drainage (AMD) and municipal wastewater (MWW) passive co-treatment. Synthetic AMD of pH 2.6 and acidity of 1870 mg L(-1) as CaCO3 equivalent containing a mean 46, 0.25, 2.0, 290, 55, 1.2, and 390 mg L(-1) of Al, As, Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn, respectively, was added at a 1:2 ratio with raw MWW from the City of Norman, OK, to the system which had a total residence time of 6.6 d. During the 135-d experiment, dissolved Al, As, Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn concentrations were consistently decreased by 99.8, 87.8, 97.7, 99.8, 13.9, 87.9, and 73.4%, respectively, pH increased to 6.79, and net acidic influent was converted to net alkaline effluent. At a wasting rate of 0.69% of total influent flow, the system produced sludge with total Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn concentrations at least an order of magnitude greater than the influent mix, which presents a metal reclamation opportunity. Results indicate that AMD and MWW passive co-treatment is a viable approach to use wastes as resources to improve water quality with minimal use of fossil fuels and refined materials.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Acid Mine Drainage and Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Introduction:
Acid mine drainage (AMD) and municipal wastewater (MWW) are two major environmental issues that affect water quality and ecosystems. In this lesson, we will learn about the novel passive co-treatment of AMD and MWW, which involves using a continuous-flow reactor system to treat these wastewaters simultaneously.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

1. What is acid mine drainage?
Acid mine drainage is the outflow of acidic water from metal or coal mines. It occurs when sulfide minerals, such as pyrite, are exposed to air and water, resulting in the formation of sulfuric acid.

2. What is municipal wastewater?
Municipal wastewater is the liquid waste produced by households, businesses, and industries in a city or town. It includes water from sinks, showers, toilets, and other sources.

3. Why is it important to treat AMD and MWW?
Treating AMD and MWW is important because they can cause severe damage to aquatic ecosystems, water quality, and human health. AMD can contaminate drinking water sources, while MWW can lead to the depletion of oxygen in water bodies, killing fish and other aquatic organisms.

Section 2: Practical Examples

1. How does the passive co-treatment system work?
The passive co-treatment system uses a continuous-flow reactor to treat AMD and MWW simultaneously. The system consists of four stages: pre-treatment, acid neutralization, metal precipitation, and sludge treatment. In the first stage, aluminum sulfate is added to neutralize the acidity of the wastewater. In the second stage, lime is added to further neutralize the acid and remove heavy metals. In the third stage, ferric chloride is added to precipitate metal ions as hydroxides. Finally, in the fourth stage, a membrane bioreactor is used to remove remaining organic matter and metal ions.

2. What are the benefits of the passive co-treatment system?
The passive co-treatment system has several advantages over traditional treatment methods. First, it requires minimal operator intervention, making it more cost-effective. Second, it produces a sludge that can be used to recover valuable metals, such as aluminum, copper, and zinc. Finally, it generates no waste, making it more environmentally friendly.

Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

1. What are some potential challenges of implementing the passive co-treatment system?
One potential challenge is the high initial cost of the system, which may be prohibitive for small communities. Another challenge is the need for regular maintenance and monitoring to ensure optimal performance. Additionally, the system may not be effective in treating all types of pollutants, such as those found in industrial wastewater.

2. How can the passive co-treatment system be improved?
One way to improve the system is to optimize the dosages of chemicals used in each stage. This can be done through continuous monitoring and adjusting the dosages based on the specific characteristics of the wastewater being treated. Another improvement could be to incorporate advanced oxidation processes to break down organic matter and remove persistent pollutants.

Glossary:
- Acid mine drainage (AMD): Water that has been contaminated by the release of acidic compounds from metal or coal mines.
- Municipal wastewater (MWW): Liquid waste produced by households, businesses, and industries in a city or town.
- Passive co-treatment: A wastewater treatment method that uses a continuous-flow reactor to treat AMD and MWW simultaneously.
- Continuous-flow reactor: A device that continuously treats wastewater as it flows through the system.
- Pre-treatment: The first stage of the passive co-treatment system, where aluminum sulfate is added to neutralize the acidity of the wastewater.
- Acid neutralization: The second stage of the passive co-treatment system, where lime is added to further neutralize the acid and remove heavy metals.
- Metal precipitation: The third stage of the passive co-treatment system, where ferric chloride is added to precipitate metal ions as hydroxides.
- Sludge treatment: The final stage of the passive co-treatment system, where a membrane bioreactor is used to remove remaining organic matter and metal ions.

Conclusion:
The novel passive co-treatment of AMD and MWW is a promising approach to treating these wastewaters simultaneously. By using a continuous-flow reactor system, the system is cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and generates a sludge that can be used to recover valuable metals. While there are potential challenges to implementing the system, such as the high initial cost and need for regular maintenance, the benefits of the system make it a worthwhile investment for communities looking to improve their water quality and ecosystems.


text: SAG-AFTRA.. LOS ANGELES (May 30, 2014) --- SAG-AFTRA is pleased to announce that it has reached a tentative agreement with Entercom Communications Corporation for members at top-performing San Francisco radio station 96.5 KOIT.. LOS ANGELES (May 21, 2014) ---, CA (May 1, 2014) – SAG-AFTRA® (), the nation's largest union for actors, broadcasters, and recording artists, today launched a new brand identity and logo, developed in partnership with global strategic branding firm Siegel+Gale ().. Conducts.On Thursday, SAG-AFTRA launched "" to encourage Bay Area listeners and the public to support the five-member bargaining unit at the station, which is owned by Pennsylvania-based broadcasting company Entercom.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Labor Unions

### Section 1: What are Labor Unions?

A labor union is an organization that represents workers in negotiations with employers to improve their working conditions, wages, and benefits.

### Section 2: Why do we need Labor Unions?

Labor unions were created to address the imbalance of power between workers and employers. They provide a collective voice for workers, allowing them to negotiate for better pay, benefits, and working conditions.

### Section 3: How do Labor Unions work?

Labor unions represent workers in negotiations with employers. They use collective bargaining agreements to set wages, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also provide legal representation for workers in disputes with their employers.

### Section 4: Examples of Labor Unions

Some examples of labor unions include the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), and the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA).

### Section 5: Conclusion

Labor unions play an important role in protecting workers' rights and improving their working conditions, wages, and benefits. By joining a labor union, workers can collectively negotiate for better treatment and fair compensation for their work.


text: Especially In These Times, Talk To An Investment Adviser. With Portfolio Management, we invest for you. We do this with a risk profile that suits you. You determine that profile with us on the basis of a very thorough analysis. Within your profile, we spread the risk by investing worldwide in bonds, alternative investments and in various sectors, in addition to equities.. Especially in these times, it is important that you are aware that investing is something for the longer term and that investing involves risks. Read more below about the possibilities offered by Portfolio Management and the considerations you need to make. Good to know: a conversation with an Investment Adviser is always free of obligation and can be done via 'Beeldbankieren', our own video-banking service..

textbook:
Lesson: Investment Management
Introduction:
Investment management is the process of overseeing and managing an investor's assets. This includes selecting the right investments, monitoring their performance, and making adjustments as needed to achieve the desired return on investment. In these uncertain economic times, it is essential to have a clear understanding of investment management principles and practices.
Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of investment management, including its principles, practices, and strategies. By the end of this lesson, students will be able to identify different types of investments, analyze their risk-return profiles, and develop a personalized investment plan that aligns with their financial goals and risk tolerance.
Section 1: Introduction to Investment Management
Topic 1: What is Investment Management?
- Definition of Investment Management
- Importance of Investment Management
- Types of Investments
- Risk-Return Tradeoff
- Asset Allocation
- Diversification
- Portfolio Management
- Role of Investment Advisors
Questions and Answers:
- What is the difference between investment management and stock picking?
- How does asset allocation help in reducing risk?
- What is the role of diversification in investment management?
- Why is portfolio management important?
- What are the benefits of working with an investment advisor?
Glossary:
- Investment Management: The process of overseeing and managing an investor's assets
- Investment: A resource allocated with the expectation of generating future benefits
- Risk-Return Tradeoff: The relationship between risk and return in investment decision-making
- Asset Allocation: The process of distributing investments across different asset classes
- Diversification: The practice of spreading investments across different assets to reduce risk
- Portfolio Management: The process of selecting and overseeing a group of investments that meet specific criteria
- Investment Advisor: A professional who provides guidance and advice on investment decisions
Section 2: Analyzing Investment Options
Topic 1: Types of Investments
- Stocks
- Bonds
- Mutual Funds
- Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)
- Real Estate
- Commodities
- Alternative Investments
- Cryptocurrencies
Questions and Answers:
- What are the differences between stocks and bonds?
- How do mutual funds and ETFs differ?
- What is real estate investment?
- What are alternative investments?
- What is cryptocurrency?
Glossary:
- Stocks: Shares in a publicly traded company
- Bonds: Debt securities issued by governments or corporations to raise capital
- Mutual Funds: Investment vehicles that pool money from multiple investors to purchase a diverse portfolio of securities
- Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs): Investment vehicles that track the performance of an underlying index or basket of assets
- Real Estate: Property and land used for residential, commercial, or industrial purposes
- Commodities: Physical goods such as gold, oil, or agricultural products that are traded in commodity markets
- Alternative Investments: Investments in non-traditional assets such as hedge funds, private equity, or venture capital
Section 3: Developing a Personalized Investment Plan
Topic 1: Understanding Your Financial Goals and Risk Tolerance
- Short-Term Goals
- Long-Term Goals
- Risk Tolerance
- Time Horizon
Questions and Answers:
- What are some examples of short-term and long-term financial goals?
- How does risk tolerance affect investment decisions?
- What is time horizon in investment management?
Glossary:
- Short-Term Goals: Financial objectives that can be achieved within a few years
- Long-Term Goals: Financial objectives that require a longer time horizon, such as retirement or buying a house
- Risk Tolerance: The degree of risk that an investor is willing to accept in pursuit of higher returns
- Time Horizon: The length of time an investor plans to hold an investment
Conclusion:
Investment management is a crucial component of personal finance. By understanding the principles and practices of investment management, students can make informed decisions about their money and achieve their financial goals. Throughout this lesson, we have covered the basics of investment management, analyzed different types of investments, and developed a personalized investment plan based on financial goals and risk tolerance. By applying these principles, students can build a strong foundation for long-term financial success.


text: Acer World No.3 Notebook Vendor, Again. Acer might have surrendered the title of World No. 3 notebook vendor to Toshiba in the first quarter (Q1), but it has managed to regain it by virtue of a 42% increase in shipments in the second quarter (Q2).. While there no single factor for this strong global gain has been provided, Acer’s recent moves to strengthen partnerships with its distribution channel have succeeded in fortifying its No. 1 position in Europe’s notebook market, and may have played some part in the worldwide statistics as well.. According to statistics from Gartner Dataquest, Acer had a 11.1% market share in Q2 - with only Dell and Hewlett-Packard with higher percentages.. September 6th, 2006 03:38. […] India, Russia and now, South Africa. These are countries where Acer has done remarkably well in recent years - with a recent news release confirming that the World No. 3 notebook vendor has taken top spot in South Africa’s notebook market. […]

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding Market Share and its Importance in Business

Introduction:
Market share refers to the percentage of total sales within a particular industry or market that a company holds. It is an essential metric used by businesses to measure their performance and growth in comparison to their competitors. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of market share, its importance, and how it affects a company's success.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

**Question 1:** What is market share?
Answer 1: Market share refers to the percentage of total sales within a particular industry or market that a company holds. It is calculated by dividing the company's sales volume by the total sales volume of all companies in the market.

**Question 2:** Why is market share important for a company?
Answer 2: Market share is crucial because it helps a company understand its position within its industry. It provides insight into how well the company is performing compared to its competitors and can help identify areas for improvement. A higher market share typically indicates a more significant presence in the market, which can lead to increased brand awareness, customer loyalty, and revenue.

Section 2: Practical Examples

**Example 1:** Let's say Company X has a 30% market share in the smartphone industry, while Company Y has a 25% market share. This means that Company X sells 30% of all smartphones in the market, while Company Y sells 25%.

**Example 2:** Suppose Company Z is considering entering a new market. They decide to analyze the current market share leaders in that market. By understanding the market share leaders' strategies and customer bases, Company Z can create a plan to compete effectively and potentially capture some of the market share.

Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

**Scenario 1:** A small business owner wants to expand their product line but is unsure which products to focus on. They decide to research the market share leaders in their industry and analyze their product offerings. This information helps them identify gaps in the market and potential areas for growth.

**Scenario 2:** An investor is considering investing in a company with a small market share in a highly competitive industry. They analyze the company's market share trends over time and compare it to its competitors. This information helps them determine whether the company has the potential for growth and profitability.

Conclusion:
Understanding market share is essential for businesses to succeed in their respective industries. By analyzing their market share and that of their competitors, companies can identify areas for improvement and make informed decisions about product development, marketing strategies, and expansion plans. This lesson has provided an overview of market share, its importance, and practical examples of how it can be applied in various scenarios.

Glossary:
- Market Share: The percentage of total sales within a particular industry or market that a company holds.
- Competitor: A company that offers similar products or services as another company and competes for the same customers.


text: A hand made double layer leather tassel in two complementing colours. Soft touch coloured leathers are carefully hand cut and rolled to create a double layer tassel.. Team with a classic leather satchel or a summer beach bag, as a perfect finish to any look. This fun combination of colours will add style any outfit and accessory combo, or simply help to find those pesky keys at the bottom of your bag!. This double layered tassel key ring is perfect as a gift for a friend...and that bold colour combination just adds a bit of summer fun.. Available in: Lemon/Blossom and Sky Blue/Coral10cm x W1.5cm. Overall Keyring (inc clip): H18 x W3.5. £25.00Price. Colour

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Abstract Algebra

**Section 1: Theoretical Concepts**

Abstract algebra is the branch of mathematics that deals with the study of algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, and fields. It is used to solve complex problems in various fields, including physics, computer science, and cryptography. In this lesson, we will introduce some of the fundamental concepts of abstract algebra.

**Question 1: What is an algebraic structure?**

An algebraic structure is a set equipped with one or more operations that combine its elements. Examples of algebraic structures include the integers under addition, the complex numbers under multiplication, and the symmetric group on three elements under composition.

**Question 2: What is a group?**

A group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set G and a binary operation * that satisfies the following four properties:

1. Closure: For all a, b in G, a * b is also in G.
2. Associativity: For all a, b, c in G, (a * b) * c = a * (b * c).
3. Identity: There exists an element e in G such that for every a in G, a * e = e * a = a.
4. Inverses: For every a in G, there exists an element a' in G such that a * a' = a' * a = e, where e is the identity element.

**Question 3: What is a ring?**

A ring is an algebraic structure consisting of a set R and a binary operation * that satisfies the following five properties:

1. Closure: For all a, b in R, a * b is also in R.
2. Associativity: For all a, b, c in R, (a * b) * c = a * (b * c).
3. Identity: There exists an element e in R such that for every a in R, a * e = e * a = a.
4. Inverses: For every a in R, there exists an element a' in R such that a * a' = a' * a = e, where e is the identity element.
5. Distributive Law: For all a, b in R, a * (b + c) = a * b + a * c and (a + b) * c = a * c + b * c.

**Question 4: What is a field?**

A field is an algebraic structure consisting of a set F and a binary operation * that satisfies the following five properties:

1. Closure: For all a, b in F, a * b is also in F.
2. Associativity: For all a, b, c in F, (a * b) * c = a * (b * c).
3. Identity: There exists an element e in F such that for every a in F, a * e = e * a = a.
4. Inverses: For every a in F, there exists an element a' in F such that a * a' = a' * a = e, where e is the identity element.
5. Distributive Law: For all a, b in F, a * (b + c) = a * b + a * c and (a + b) * c = a * c + b * c.
6. Commutativity: For all a, b in F, a * b = b * a.
7. Distinctness: Every nonzero element in F has a unique inverse.

**Section 2: Practical Examples**

We can use abstract algebra to solve various problems in different fields. For example, in physics, we can use group theory to describe the symmetries of particles and their interactions. In computer science, we can use graph theory to model complex networks and analyze their properties. In cryptography, we can use number theory to develop secure encryption algorithms.

**Example 1: Symmetries of a cube**

A cube has 27 symmetries, which form a group called the orthogonal group O(3). We can represent the symmetries as 2x2 matrices, and the group operation is matrix multiplication. The identity matrix represents the identity symmetry, and the inverse of a matrix represents the inverse symmetry.

**Example 2: Graph Theory**

Consider a simple graph with six vertices and eleven edges. We can use graph theory to analyze its properties. The graph is a cycle graph with an odd number of vertices, so it has an odd number of edges. Therefore, it cannot be a tree. We can also determine the chromatic polynomial of the graph, which gives us information about the number of proper colorings of the graph using k colors.

**Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions**

Abstract algebra is a powerful tool for solving complex problems in various fields. However, it can also be challenging to understand and apply. Here are some self-debating questions to help you think critically about abstract algebra:

1. How does the concept of abstract algebra relate to real-world problems?
2. Why is it important to study groups, rings, and fields separately?
3. Can you give an example of a problem that can be solved using abstract algebra?
4. What are some common misconceptions about abstract algebra?

**Glossary:**

- Algebraic structure: A set equipped with one or more operations that combine its elements.
- Group: An algebraic structure consisting of a set G and a binary operation * that satisfies four properties: closure, associativity, identity, and inverses.
- Ring: An algebraic structure consisting of a set R and a binary operation * that satisfies five properties: closure, associativity, identity, inverses, and distributive law.
- Field: An algebraic structure consisting of a set F and a binary operation * that satisfies five properties: closure, associativity, identity, inverses, and distributive law, as well as commutativity and distinctness.

**Conclusion:**

In this lesson, we introduced the fundamental concepts of abstract algebra, including groups, rings, and fields. We also provided practical examples of how abstract algebra can be used to solve real-world problems in various fields. Finally, we discussed self-debating questions to help you think critically about abstract algebra. By mastering these concepts, you will be well-equipped to tackle complex problems in mathematics, physics, computer science, and beyond.


text:
Rapid and profound potentiation of Apo2L/TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis in thoracic cancer cells by the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A: the essential role of the mitochondria-mediated caspase activation cascade.
Apo2L/TRAIL is actively investigated as a novel targeted agent to directly induce apoptosis of susceptible cancer cells. Apo2L/TRAIL-refractory cells can be sensitized to the cytotoxic effect of this ligand by cytotoxic chemotherapeutics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro tumoricidal activity of the Apo2L/TRAIL + Trichostatin A in cultured thoracic cancer cells and to elucidate the molecular basis of the synergistic cytotoxicity of this combination. Concurrent exposure of cultured cancer cells to sublethal concentrations of Apo2L/TRAIL and Trichostatin A resulted in profound enhancement of Apo2L/TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity in all cell lines regardless of their intrinsic susceptibility to this ligand. This combination was not toxic to primary normal cells. While Apo2L/TRAIL alone or Trichostatin A alone mediated < 20% cell death, 60 to 90% of cancer cells were apoptotic following treatment with TSA + Apo2L/TRAIL combinations. Complete translocation of Bax from the cytosol to the mitochondria compartment was mainly observed in combination-treated cells and this was correlated with robust elevation of caspase 9 proteolytic activity indicative of activation of the mitochondria apoptogenic effect. Profound TSA + Apo2L/TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis were completely abrogated by either Bcl2 over-expression or by the selective caspase 9 inhibitor, highlighting the essential role of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis signaling cascade in this process. Moreover, increased caspase 8 activity observed in cells treated with the TSA + Apo2L/TRAIL combination was completely suppressed by Bcl-2 over-expression or by the selective caspase 9 inhibitor indicating that the elevated caspase 8 activity in combination-treated cells was secondary to a mitochondria-mediated amplification feedback loop of caspase activation. These finding form the basis for further development of HDAC inhibitors + Apo2L/TRAIL combination as novel targeted therapy for thoracic malignancies.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Molecular Biology - Cell Death and Apoptosis

**Objective:** To understand the basics of cell death and apoptosis in molecular biology.

**Materials:** None

**Introduction:** Cell death is a natural process that occurs in living organisms. It is essential for maintaining homeostasis and eliminating damaged or unwanted cells. Apoptosis is a type of cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and plays a crucial role in development, immune response, and tissue remodeling.

**Section 1: Cell Death**

- What is cell death?
- Why is cell death important?
- Types of cell death

**Questions:**
1. What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
2. Why is apoptosis important?
3. Can apoptosis occur in unicellular organisms?

**Section 2: Apoptosis**

- Mechanism of apoptosis
- Regulation of apoptosis
- Importance of apoptosis

**Questions:**
1. How does apoptosis occur?
2. Who regulates apoptosis?
3. What is the role of apoptosis in multicellular organisms?

**Section 3: Practical Application**

- Examples of apoptosis in real-world scenarios
- Discussion on the future of apoptosis research

**Questions:**
1. How can we apply the knowledge of apoptosis in our daily lives?
2. What are the potential implications of understanding apoptosis in the field of medicine?
3. What are the limitations of current apoptosis research?

**Glossary:**
- Cell death: The process of a cell ceasing to function and eventually dying.
- Apoptosis: A type of cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms, characterized by the orderly dismantling of the cell without causing inflammation.
- Necrosis: A type of cell death that occurs due to external factors such as injury or toxicity, characterized by the irreversible damage of cell components.

**Conclusion:** Understanding the basics of cell death and apoptosis is essential for studying molecular biology. This lesson has provided an overview of the different types of cell death and the mechanisms and importance of apoptosis. By applying the knowledge gained from this lesson, we can better understand the role of cell death in various biological processes and potentially develop new therapeutic strategies for treating diseases related to abnormal cell death.


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textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Text

Introduction:
 Reading and understanding text is an essential skill for primary through high school students. In this self-taught lesson, we will learn how to read and understand different types of texts, including fiction, non-fiction, poetry, and drama. We will cover various strategies to help you comprehend the meaning of a text, such as identifying the main idea, analyzing the author's style, and making connections to your own experiences. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to read and understand a wide range of texts with confidence.

Section 1: Types of Texts

Topic 1: Fiction
Fiction is a type of text that is not based on facts or real events. It is usually written in the form of a story, with characters, settings, and plot. Some common genres of fiction include romance, science fiction, fantasy, and mystery. When reading fiction, it is important to identify the main character(s), conflict(s), and theme(s) of the story.

Topic 2: Non-Fiction
Non-fiction is a type of text that is based on facts and real events. It can take many forms, such as biographies, autobiographies, memoirs, historical accounts, and instructional manuals. When reading non-fiction, it is important to identify the main idea, supporting details, and author's tone and purpose.

Topic 3: Poetry
Poetry is a type of text that uses language and structure to convey emotions, ideas, and themes. It often employs rhythm, rhyme, and metaphor to create a unique and expressive style. When reading poetry, it is important to identify the speaker, subject, and tone of the poem.

Topic 4: Drama
Drama is a type of text that is meant to be performed on stage. It typically consists of dialogue between characters, stage directions, and sometimes stage notes. When reading drama, it is important to identify the main characters, conflicts, and themes of the play.

Questions and Answers:
Q: What is the difference between fiction and non-fiction?
A: Fiction is a type of text that is not based on facts or real events, while non-fiction is based on facts and real events.
Q: How do you read poetry?
A: When reading poetry, it is important to identify the speaker, subject, and tone of the poem.
Q: What is drama?
A: Drama is a type of text that is meant to be performed on stage, typically consisting of dialogue between characters, stage directions, and sometimes stage notes.

Section 2: Strategies for Comprehension

Topic 1: Identify the Main Idea
The main idea is the central message or point of the text. It is usually stated implicitly or explicitly in the introduction or conclusion. To identify the main idea, you should look for the author's thesis statement or the overall message of the text.

Topic 2: Analyze the Author's Style
The author's style refers to the way they use language, structure, and tone to convey their message. To analyze the author's style, you should look for patterns in their writing, such as repetition, imagery, and metaphor.

Topic 3: Make Connections
Making connections is an important strategy for comprehension. It involves relating the text to your own experiences, knowledge, and beliefs. To make connections, you should think about how the text relates to your life and the world around you.

Questions and Answers:
Q: What is the main idea of a text?
A: The main idea is the central message or point of the text.
Q: How do you analyze the author's style?
A: To analyze the author's style, you should look for patterns in their writing, such as repetition, imagery, and metaphor.
Q: What is making connections?
A: Making connections is an important strategy for comprehension. It involves relating the text to your own experiences, knowledge, and beliefs.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Example 1: Fiction
Title: The Great Gatsby
Main Idea: The American Dream is unattainable.
Author's Style: F. Scott Fitzgerald uses vivid imagery and symbolism to convey the decadence and excess of the Roaring Twenties.
Connection: The themes of the novel, such as wealth, power, and social status, still resonate today.

Example 2: Non-Fiction
Title: The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks
Main Idea: The impact of medical research on individuals and society.
Author's Style: Rebecca Skloot uses a combination of scientific jargon and layman's terms to make the complex subject matter accessible to a wider audience.
Connection: The book raises important questions about informed consent, privacy, and the commercialization of medical research.

Example 3: Poetry
Title: "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost
Main Idea: The speaker reflects on the choices they have made in life.
Author's Style: Frost uses simple language and a conversational tone to convey the complexity of human decision-making.
Connection: The poem is often interpreted as an allegory for the individual's struggle to find their own path in life.

Example 4: Drama
Title: A Raisin in the Sun
Main Idea: The pursuit of the American Dream.
Author's Style: Lorraine Hansberry uses naturalistic dialogue and realistic situations to portray the challenges facing African Americans in the mid-twentieth century.
Connection: The play explores themes of race, class, and gender that are still relevant today.

Conclusion:
Reading and understanding texts is an essential skill for success in school and life. By learning how to identify the main idea, analyze the author's style, and make connections to your own experiences, you can improve your comprehension of different types of texts. Remember to practice these strategies with a variety of texts, such as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, and drama. With time and effort, you will become a skilled reader and thinker.


text: Audio Transcription. Allow Paradigm to transcribe your audio files to receive the most independently accurate transcript available.. Court Reporters are universally recognized as neutral Officers of the Court who render transcripts that are regarded as the official record.. When Court Reporters transcribe*.. *Please note that the quality of the transcription is greatly dependent upon and impacted by the quality of the audio file.. Please call (612) 339-0545 or email depos@paradigmreporting.com for more information.

textbook:
**Lesson: How to Transcribe Audio Files**

**Introduction**

Transcribing audio files is an essential skill for many professions, including journalists, researchers, and lawyers. In this lesson, we will learn how to transcribe audio files accurately and efficiently using Paradigm reporting services.

**Section 1: Understanding the Transcription Process**

The transcription process involves converting audio recordings into written text. This can be done manually or using software that automatically transcribes the audio. However, manual transcription is often more accurate and reliable, especially when dealing with complex or technical content.

**Section 2: Preparing for Transcription**

Before starting the transcription process, you need to prepare the audio file by ensuring that it is clear and free from background noise. You can also use software to enhance the audio quality and make it easier to transcribe.

**Section 3: Transcribing the Audio**

Once you have prepared the audio file, you can begin transcribing it. Start by listening to the audio carefully and taking notes on what is being said. Use punctuation marks to indicate pauses, emphasis, and changes in speech. Also, pay attention to the speakers' tone, volume, and pace to capture their intended message accurately.

**Section 4: Reviewing and Editing the Transcript**

After transcribing the entire audio file, review and edit the transcript to ensure that it is accurate and complete. Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors and correct them as necessary. Additionally, verify that the transcript matches the audio file and make any necessary adjustments.

**Section 5: Using the Transcript**

Once you have completed the transcription process, you can use the transcript for various purposes, such as creating a written report, summarizing the audio content, or searching for specific information. You can also share the transcript with others who may benefit from it.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, transcribing audio files is a valuable skill that can help you accurately capture and analyze information from various sources. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can transcribe audio files effectively and efficiently, making it easier to understand and utilize the information contained in the recording.


text: Scorpions were honored at the European Culture Prize gala this past Saturday (August 28.) The event, which was held in the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven, was dedicated to the celebration of the 250th anniversary of the composer's birth.. Singer Klaus Meine and guitarist Rudolf Schenker accepted the award in person. They later shared a couple of photos from the event on social media and wrote: “What an honor… Thank you so much. It was truly a Night to remember.”. Scorpions recently completed work on their 19th album which is expected to be released early next year.

textbook:
Lesson: European Culture Prize Gala

### Section 1: Introduction

The European Culture Prize is an annual event that honors individuals or groups who have made significant contributions to European culture. In this lesson, we will learn about the 2021 European Culture Prize gala, which was dedicated to the celebration of Ludwig van Beethoven's 250th birthday. We will also explore the significance of this event and its impact on European culture.

### Section 2: Main Topic

#### Topic A: The European Culture Prize

The European Culture Prize is an annual event that recognizes individuals or groups who have made significant contributions to European culture. The prize is awarded by a panel of judges who are experts in various fields of culture, including music, art, literature, and film.

#### Topic B: Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer who lived from 1770 to 1827. He is considered one of the most important composers in Western music history. His works include nine symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, five piano concertos, and numerous chamber works. Beethoven's music is known for its emotional depth and complexity.

#### Topic C: Scorpions and the European Culture Prize Gala

The Scorpions are a German rock band that was formed in 1965. They have sold over 100 million records worldwide and are one of the best-selling music artists of all time. In 2021, the Scorpions were honored at the European Culture Prize gala, which was held in the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven.

#### Topic D: Significance of the Event

The 2021 European Culture Prize gala was significant because it celebrated the 250th birthday of Ludwig van Beethoven, one of the most important composers in Western music history. The event also recognized the contributions of the Scorpions to European culture. By honoring these two groups, the European Culture Prize gala highlighted the importance of music and art in shaping European culture.

#### Topic E: Impact on European Culture

The impact of the 2021 European Culture Prize gala on European culture is twofold. First, it honored two important figures in European music history - Ludwig van Beethoven and the Scorpions. Second, it brought attention to the importance of music and art in shaping European culture. By recognizing the contributions of these artists, the event highlighted the value of creativity and innovation in European society.

### Section 3: Practical Examples

#### Example A: The Scorpions

The Scorpions are a great example of how music can shape European culture. Their music has influenced generations of listeners and continues to be popular today. By accepting the European Culture Prize, the Scorpions showed their commitment to European culture and their desire to contribute to it.

#### Example B: Ludwig van Beethoven

Beethoven's music is another example of how art can shape European culture. His compositions continue to inspire musicians and audiences around the world. By dedicating the 2021 European Culture Prize gala to his 250th birthday, the event highlighted the enduring impact of his work on European culture.

### Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, the 2021 European Culture Prize gala was an important event that honored two significant figures in European music history - Ludwig van Beethoven and the Scorpions. By recognizing their contributions, the event highlighted the importance of music and art in shaping European culture. As we continue to explore the impact of culture on our lives, events like this remind us of the power of creativity and innovation.


text: SCOPUS just announced a new tool called Journal Analyzer. You can view details about a journal’s performance and create a graphical chart of up to ten journals for comparison of journals. The journal files are updated every two weeks and provides for a current perspective of journal performance factors such as the number of articles published per year and the number of times a source has been cited in a year.. To access Journal Analyzer: From the main page of SCOPUS, click the blue “Analytics” button at the top.. For more information:. Tutorial:. ***SCOPUS is available to WUSM and the School of Engineering.. Good post.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Journal Analyzer
Objective: To understand the basic features and functionalities of Journal Analyzer, a tool recently introduced by SCOPUS.
Level: Primary through High School
Introduction:
Journal Analyzer is a new tool launched by SCOPUS that allows users to analyze and compare the performance of up to ten journals at once. This tool is useful for researchers, librarians, and students who want to know more about a journal's impact factor, number of articles published per year, and the number of times a source has been cited in a year. In this lesson, we will explore the basic features and functionalities of Journal Analyzer and learn how to use it effectively.
Section 1: Understanding Journal Analyzer
Topic 1: What is Journal Analyzer?
Journal Analyzer is a web-based tool that provides detailed information about a journal's performance. It allows users to compare up to ten journals simultaneously and create graphical charts to visualize their data.
Topic 2: How does Journal Analyzer work?
To use Journal Analyzer, you need to first select the journals you want to analyze. Once you have selected the journals, you can choose the performance factors you want to compare. Journal Analyzer then generates a graphical chart that shows the data for each journal.
Topic 3: What are the benefits of using Journal Analyzer?
The benefits of using Journal Analyzer include:
- You can compare up to ten journals at once
- You can see a journal's impact factor, number of articles published per year, and the number of times a source has been cited in a year
- You can create graphical charts to visualize the data
- It is a free tool available to all users
Section 2: Using Journal Analyzer
Topic 1: How to access Journal Analyzer
To access Journal Analyzer, follow these steps:
1. Go to the main page of SCOPUS
2. Click the blue “Analytics” button at the top
3. Select “Journal Analyzer” from the list of tools
4. Enter the name of the journal or its ISBN number
5. Choose the performance factors you want to compare
6. Select the journals you want to analyze (up to ten)
7. Generate a graphical chart to visualize the data
Topic 2: How to interpret the results
When you generate a graphical chart using Journal Analyzer, you will see a bar graph that shows the data for each journal. The x-axis represents the performance factors you chose to compare, while the y-axis represents the number of citations or articles published. The bars represent the journals you selected, and the colors indicate the journal's ranking. The higher the bar, the better the journal's performance.
Topic 3: Examples of using Journal Analyzer
You can use Journal Analyzer to compare the performance of journals in your field of study. For example, if you are a biologist, you can compare the impact factor, number of articles published per year, and the number of times a source has been cited in a year for journals such as Nature, Science, and Cell. By comparing these journals, you can determine which journal is the most influential in your field.
Section 3: Conclusion
In conclusion, Journal Analyzer is a powerful tool that allows users to analyze and compare the performance of up to ten journals at once. By understanding the basic features and functionalities of Journal Analyzer, users can make informed decisions about which journals to publish in and which journals to read. By using Journal Analyzer, users can save time and effort in their research and stay up-to-date with the latest developments in their field.
Glossary:
- Journal: A periodical published by a society, institution, or individual that contains articles on a particular subject or subjects.
- Impact Factor: A measure of the frequency with which the “average article” in a journal has been cited in a given period.
- Citation: A reference to a published or unpublished work that is used as a source in an academic context.
- Graphical Chart: A visual representation of data, often in the form of a bar graph or line graph.


text: RWO has many years of experience in dealing with various ship types, from bulk carriers to car carriers, container ships, heavy lift multipurpose ships, LPG carriers, RoCon as well as tankers.. Because we understand the challenges the merchant vessel market faces, from increasing regulatory pressure on the industry to the general global economic uncertainties, we have adapted our product portfolio to fit different types of vessels.. We can provide standarized and customized water and wastewater treatment solutions as well as systems for oil water separation, ballast water treatment and process water treatment.. Additionally, we offer a whole range of services from design to after sales, spare parts and retrofitting.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Water and Wastewater Treatment

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Water and wastewater treatment is the process of removing contaminants and pollutants from water to make it safe for human consumption or discharge into the environment. This process involves several steps, including physical, chemical, and biological processes.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

Let's consider a scenario where a ship discharges wastewater containing oil into the sea. This discharge violates maritime laws and can cause severe environmental damage. To prevent this, the ship can install an oil water separator that separates oil from the wastewater before discharge.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

A bulk carrier transporting coal needs to dispose of its ballast water when it reaches its destination. However, the ballast water may contain invasive species that can harm the local ecosystem. To prevent this, the ship can install a ballast water treatment system that treats the ballast water before discharge.

## Glossary

- Bulk carrier: A ship designed for the transportation of bulk cargo, such as coal, grain, and ore.
- Car carrier: A ship designed for the transportation of automobiles.
- Container ship: A ship designed for the transportation of containers filled with cargo.
- Heavy lift multipurpose ship: A ship designed for the transportation of heavy and oversized cargo.
- LPG carrier: A ship designed for the transportation of liquefied petroleum gas.
- RoCon: A combination of ro-ro (roll-on/roll-off) and container ship.
- Tanker: A ship designed for the transportation of liquid cargo, such as oil or chemicals.