text: A major question in work on phonetic correlates of emotion is to what extent vocalisation of emotion is due to psycho-biological response mechanisms and is therefore quasi-universal and to what extent it is due to social convention. Cross-language research gives an angle in on this question. But methodologically this is a very difficult area and few studies have been conducted. This paper identifies methodological issues and describes a study which has been designed to address some of these problems. Nonsense utterances and quasiuniversally recognised facial expressions of emotions are used. These help deal with translation, ethical problems in data collection, the trade-off between artificiality of data and consistency and the masking of verbal utterances whilst allowing any influence exerted by specific vowel qualities to be highlighted.. Full Paper. Bibliographic reference. Tickle, Alison (1999): "Cross-language vocalisation of emotion: methodological issues", In ICPhS-14, 305-308.

textbook:
Lesson: Cross-Language Research on Vocalization of Emotion

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore cross-language research on vocalization of emotion. We will learn about the methods used in this type of research, the challenges involved, and how to design a study that addresses these challenges. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the role of vocalization in expressing emotions across different languages and cultures.

Section 1: Methodological Issues in Cross-Language Research on Vocalization of Emotion

Topic 1: Translation
One of the main challenges in cross-language research on vocalization of emotion is translation. How do we ensure that the same emotion is expressed in different languages? We need to use standardized facial expressions that are recognized universally as symbols of emotion.

Topic 2: Ethical Problems
Another challenge is ethical problems in data collection. We need to make sure that our participants are not harmed or exploited during the research process. To address this issue, we can use nonsense utterances instead of real words. This way, we do not have to worry about the meaning of the words and can focus on the vocalization itself.

Topic 3: Artificiality vs. Consistency
We also need to balance the artificiality of the data with its consistency. To address this issue, we can use quasi-universally recognized facial expressions of emotions. These expressions are consistent across different cultures and languages, making them a good choice for our research.

Topic 4: Masking Verbal Utterances
Another challenge is masking verbal utterances while allowing any influence exerted by specific vowel qualities to be highlighted. To address this issue, we can use a technique called "phonetic masking." This involves playing a sound that covers up the verbal utterance while still allowing the vowel qualities to be heard.

Section 2: Designing a Study to Address Methodological Issues

To design a study that addresses these methodological issues, we can follow these steps:

Step 1: Choose a Standardized Facial Expression
Choose a standardized facial expression that is universally recognized as a symbol of emotion. For example, we can use the "facial action units" (FAUs) that are associated with specific emotions.

Step 2: Use Nonsense Utterances
Use nonsense utterances instead of real words. This way, we do not have to worry about the meaning of the words and can focus on the vocalization itself.

Step 3: Use Phonetic Masking
Use a technique called "phonetic masking" to mask verbal utterances while still allowing any influence exerted by specific vowel qualities to be highlighted.

Step 4: Conduct the Study
Conduct the study with participants from different cultures and languages. Have them perform the standardized facial expressions while producing nonsense utterances with different vowel qualities. Use phonetic masking to isolate the vowel qualities from the verbal utterances.

Section 3: Applying Skills Gained from the Topic to New Problems

The skills gained from this lesson can be applied to other areas of study. For example, in psychology, we can use similar techniques to study the vocalization of emotions in different cultures. In linguistics, we can use these methods to study the phonetics of different languages.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we explored cross-language research on vocalization of emotion. We learned about the methodological issues involved in this type of research and how to design a study that addresses these challenges. We also learned how to apply the skills gained from this topic to new problems. By understanding the role of vocalization in expressing emotions across different languages and cultures, we can gain a deeper understanding of human communication.


text: Pearl Jam's monthly newsletter had some great merchandise news. First of all, for fans getting ready for the Global Citizen Festival can head by Volcom in Soho on September 22nd through the 27th to stock up on Pearl Jam goods. Here are the important notes:. - There will be 4 different poster designs randomly released between Tuesday and Saturday. Posters are limited to 2 per design.. - The Volcom store will be the only location where you can purchase the full NYC PJ merchandise line that week.. - Inventory will be held back for each day Monday through Saturday. Any remaining inventory will be sold on Sunday.. If you still need a merchandise fix, Pearl Jam has also released their annual Halloween shirt in men's and women's sizes and some great camping gear including a hoodie, a boonie hat, and an enamel mug set.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Newsletters

Introduction:
Newsletters are a great way to stay informed about your favorite bands, organizations, or products. However, they can be filled with jargon, abbreviations, and technical terms that can be difficult to understand. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand newsletters like the one from Pearl Jam.

Section 1: Reading and Understanding Newsletters

Theoretical Concept:
Newsletters are written to inform, entertain, or persuade readers. They usually contain information about upcoming events, new products, or recent developments.

Questions and Answers:
1. What is the purpose of a newsletter? - To inform, entertain, or persuade readers.
2. Who writes newsletters? - Companies, organizations, or individuals.
3. What kind of information do newsletters contain? - Upcoming events, new products, or recent developments.

Practical Example:
Let's take a look at the Pearl Jam newsletter. We can see that it contains information about upcoming merchandise releases and a global citizen festival. It also uses technical terms like "limited to 2 per design" and "inventory will be held back".

Glossary:
- Merchandise: Items like t-shirts, posters, or hats that are sold to fans.
- Global Citizen Festival: An annual music festival that promotes social justice and environmental issues.
- Volcom: A clothing company that partnered with Pearl Jam to sell their merchandise.
- Limited: Available in a limited quantity.
- Design: A pattern, picture, or layout on a product.
- Inventory: The amount of stock or merchandise available.

Section 2: Analyzing Newsletters

Theoretical Concept:
Newsletters can contain hidden messages, promotions, or agendas. By analyzing the language, tone, and structure of a newsletter, we can uncover these hidden elements.

Questions and Answers:
1. How can we analyze a newsletter? - By reading the language, tone, and structure.
2. What kind of hidden messages or agendas can we find? - Promotions, marketing tactics, or persuasive techniques.
3. How can we identify these elements? - By looking for specific words or phrases, analyzing the tone, or examining the structure of the newsletter.

Practical Example:
Let's take a closer look at the Pearl Jam newsletter. We can see that it uses technical terms like "limited to 2 per design" and "inventory will be held back" to create a sense of urgency and exclusivity. It also uses phrases like "get ready for the Global Citizen Festival" and "stock up on Pearl Jam goods" to promote the event and encourage purchases.

Glossary:
- Promotion: A marketing technique that offers discounts or incentives to customers.
- Exclusivity: The quality of being unique or rare.
- Urgency: The feeling of needing to act quickly.

Section 3: Applying Skills to New Problems

Theoretical Concept:
By understanding how to read and analyze newsletters, we can apply these skills to other areas of our lives. For example, we can use these skills to read and understand legal documents or political speeches.

Questions and Answers:
1. How can we apply these skills to other areas of our lives? - By reading and analyzing legal documents, political speeches, or any other written material.
2. What kind of skills can we develop? - Critical thinking, reading comprehension, and analysis.
3. How can we improve these skills? - By practicing regularly, asking questions, and seeking feedback.

Practical Example:
Let's say we need to read and understand a legal document. We can use the same skills we learned in this lesson to analyze the language, tone, and structure of the document. We can also look for specific words or phrases that indicate certain legal terms or concepts.

Conclusion:
By understanding how to read and analyze newsletters, we can develop important skills that can be applied to many areas of our lives. By practicing regularly, asking questions, and seeking feedback, we can improve our critical thinking, reading comprehension, and analysis skills.


text:
Precise coordination of the S and M phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle is critical not only for normal cell division, but also for effective growth arrest under conditions of stress. When damaged, a cell must communicate signals to both the mitotic and DNA synthesis machineries so that a mitotic block is not followed by an extra S phase, or vice versa. The biochemical mechanisms regulating this coordination, termed checkpoints, have been identified in lower eukaryotes, but are largely unknown in mammalian cells.sup.1-3.
DNA-damaging agents are used in the clinic to preferentially kill cancer cells. However, there is a need in the art to discover additional therapeutic agents which are selectively toxic to cancer cells.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cancer Treatment

Introduction:
The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell, leading to its division and duplication. The cell cycle is divided into four phases: G1, S, G2, and M. The G1 and S phases are called interphase, while the G2 and M phases are called mitosis. The cell cycle is regulated by checkpoints that ensure the proper progression of the cell cycle. In this lesson, we will learn about cell cycle checkpoints and their role in cancer treatment.

Section 1: Cell Cycle Checkpoints

The cell cycle is regulated by three main checkpoints: the G1 checkpoint, the G2 checkpoint, and the M checkpoint. These checkpoints ensure that the cell has the necessary components and energy to proceed to the next phase of the cell cycle.

G1 checkpoint: This checkpoint occurs at the end of the G1 phase. It ensures that the cell has enough nutrients and energy to proceed to the S phase, where DNA replication occurs. If the cell does not have enough energy, it will enter a resting state called G0.

G2 checkpoint: This checkpoint occurs at the end of the G2 phase. It ensures that the cell has completed DNA replication and that the DNA is undamaged. If the DNA is damaged, the cell cycle is halted, and repair mechanisms are activated.

M checkpoint: This checkpoint occurs during the M phase, when the cell is dividing. It ensures that the chromosomes are properly aligned and attached to the spindle fibers. If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to correct the problem.

Section 2: Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cancer Treatment

Cancer cells often have mutations in the genes that regulate the cell cycle. These mutations can cause the cell cycle to become uncontrolled, leading to rapid cell division and the formation of tumors.

DNA-damaging agents are used in the clinic to preferentially kill cancer cells. These agents work by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, causing the cell cycle to halt at the G2 checkpoint. Since cancer cells are usually more susceptible to DNA damage than normal cells, this treatment is often effective.

However, there is a need in the art to discover additional therapeutic agents which are selectively toxic to cancer cells. These agents could potentially target other checkpoints in the cell cycle, such as the M checkpoint, to prevent the formation of tumors.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Practical Example 1: A cancer cell has a mutation in the gene that regulates the G2 checkpoint. This causes the cell to bypass the G2 checkpoint and proceed to the M phase, even if the DNA is damaged. If the cell is treated with a DNA-damaging agent, it will not halt at the G2 checkpoint and will continue to divide, leading to the formation of a tumor.

Practical Example 2: A researcher discovers a new therapeutic agent that targets the M checkpoint in cancer cells. This agent causes the cell cycle to halt at the M phase, preventing the formation of tumors. The researcher tests the agent on a group of cancer cells and finds that it is highly effective in stopping the formation of tumors.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about cell cycle checkpoints and their role in regulating the cell cycle. We also learned about the importance of these checkpoints in cancer treatment and the need for additional therapeutic agents that are selectively toxic to cancer cells. By understanding the cell cycle and its regulation, we can develop new treatments that target specific checkpoints, leading to more effective and targeted cancer therapies.

Glossary:
- Cell cycle: A series of events that take place in a cell, leading to its division and duplication.
- Checkpoint: A regulatory mechanism that ensures the proper progression of the cell cycle.
- G1 checkpoint: A checkpoint that occurs at the end of the G1 phase, ensuring that the cell has enough energy and nutrients to proceed to the S phase.
- G2 checkpoint: A checkpoint that occurs at the end of the G2 phase, ensuring that the cell has completed DNA replication and that the DNA is undamaged.
- M checkpoint: A checkpoint that occurs during the M phase, ensuring that the chromosomes are properly aligned and attached to the spindle fibers.
- DNA-damaging agents: Chemicals that damage the DNA of cancer cells, causing them to halt at the G2 checkpoint.
- Selectively toxic: A substance that is toxic to cancer cells, but not to normal cells.


text: . The large bathroom with tub, towel heater, hair dryer and courtesy kit complete the comforts of Hotel Villa Cappugi'srooms.. The functional spaces, the harmony of colors and style, the tranquillity and discretion of each room, together with 24 hour room service, guarantee an absolutely relaxing stay in a hotel in Pistoia.. Perfect for a family vacation or a trip with friends, large queen rooms decorated in a classic style with a dormeuse. Some have a Queen Size bed, sofa bed and desk: perfect for the business traveler. Balcony with panoramic views of the hills. Flat screen, LCD TV with Satellite channels, Wi-Fi internet and direct line. Non-smoking. 24 Room service. 4 gusts max.. Exclusive, large Junior Suites with a King Size bed for our most demanding guests, sofa bed, closet, living room with table and Bergere armchair. With a balcony with a panoramic view, flat screen LCD TV with satellite channels, Wi-Fi, direct line and bathroom with tub, double sink and shower. Non-smoking. 24 Room service. 4 gusts max.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Hotel Rooms

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of hotel rooms and their amenities. We will also explore the factors that contribute to a comfortable and enjoyable stay in a hotel.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

Let's imagine that you are planning a vacation with your family. You want to book a hotel room that is spacious enough to accommodate everyone comfortably. You also want a room that has a view of the beach or the mountains, depending on where you are going. You check the hotel's website and find a room that fits your requirements. You book the room and wait for your vacation to arrive.

When you arrive at the hotel, you find that the room is even better than what you expected. It has a king-sized bed, a sofa bed, and a desk. There is also a balcony with a panoramic view of the hills. You can see the mountains in the distance. You are happy with your choice of hotel room.

During your stay, you use the room service to order food for your meals. You also use the Wi-Fi internet to stay connected with your work. The room is quiet and peaceful, and you sleep well every night.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

1. What factors should you consider when choosing a hotel room?
2. How do the amenities in a hotel room contribute to a comfortable stay?
3. Why is it important to choose a hotel room that meets your specific needs?

## Glossary

- Hotel: A building where people can pay to sleep and eat
- Room: A space inside a hotel where people can sleep
- Amenities: Features or services provided by a hotel
- Comfortable: Providing a pleasant experience
- Stay: To spend time in a place
- Panoramic: Providing a wide view
- View: The sight of something
- Mountains: Large hills or small hills
- Balcony: A space outside a room that is usually enclosed with rails
- King-sized bed: A large bed
- Sofa bed: A bed that can be converted from a sofa
- Desk: A piece of furniture with a flat surface for working
- Room service: A service provided by a hotel where food is brought to your room
- Wi-Fi: A way to connect to the internet using wireless technology
- Direct line: A phone line that is directly connected to a person or department
- Non-smoking: A space where smoking is not allowed

## Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the different types of hotel rooms and their amenities. We also explored the factors that contribute to a comfortable and enjoyable stay in a hotel. By understanding these concepts, we can make informed decisions when choosing a hotel room for our next vacation or business trip.


text: By Todays Survival Show on December 15th, 2014. Podcast: Download. Subscribe: iTunes | Android | RSS. Have you put preparing for a major illness on your list? Seems like a self reliance topic not discussed much. Tune in for my personal experience.. By Todays Survival Show on November 14th, 2014. Not much SHTF events been happening lately. It’s too quite out there. I start with an update on the Raided podcast then my thoughts on the lack of events lately.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Prepare for a Major Illness

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to prepare for a major illness. This is an essential topic that is often overlooked in self-reliance and survival planning. We will cover the importance of preparing for a major illness, the necessary supplies and equipment, and how to create a plan for dealing with such an event.

Importance of Preparing for a Major Illness:

Preparing for a major illness is crucial because it can help you and your family stay healthy and safe during a medical emergency. Having the necessary supplies and equipment on hand can mean the difference between life and death. Additionally, having a plan in place can help you respond quickly and effectively to any medical situation.

Necessary Supplies and Equipment:

Some of the necessary supplies and equipment for preparing for a major illness include:

- First aid kit: A well-stocked first aid kit is essential for treating minor injuries and illnesses. It should include items such as bandages, gauze, antiseptic wipes, and pain relievers.
- Medications: Make sure you have enough medication on hand to last for at least two weeks. This includes prescription medications, over-the-counter medications, and any supplements you take.
- Oxygen tank: If you or someone in your family requires oxygen, make sure you have a backup tank available.
- Emergency food and water: Keep non-perishable food and water on hand in case you are unable to leave your home during a medical emergency.
- Personal hygiene items: Keep extra toothbrushes, toothpaste, soap, and other personal hygiene items on hand.
- Communication devices: Make sure you have a working phone and/or radio to communicate with emergency services.

Creating a Plan for Dealing with a Major Illness:

Creating a plan for dealing with a major illness is just as important as having the necessary supplies and equipment. Here are some steps you can take to create a plan:

1. Identify potential medical emergencies: Make a list of potential medical emergencies that could occur in your home, such as heart attacks, strokes, or severe allergic reactions.
2. Designate a responsible person: Choose one person in your family who will be responsible for calling emergency services and executing the plan.
3. Develop a communication plan: Make sure everyone in your family knows how to contact each other in case of a medical emergency.
4. Practice your plan: Practice your plan regularly so that everyone in your family knows what to do in case of a medical emergency.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, preparing for a major illness is an essential part of self-reliance and survival planning. By having the necessary supplies and equipment and creating a plan for dealing with a medical emergency, you can stay healthy and safe during a time of need. Remember to practice your plan regularly and always be prepared for the unexpected.


text:
News

Mice-Sized Spiders Invading Homes Throughout UK

Standard house spiders are already pretty terrifying as it is, but the UK is currently experiencing a full-on invasion of massive, mice-sized spiders that are quite fast and horrifying. Even someone who isn’t afraid of spiders would probably shy away from dealing with this particular species.

Anyone living within the North West of the UK, specifically in Macclesfield, may want to close the windows and doors at night. Residents within the area are reporting large spiders are creeping through open crevices if they are left open.

The spiders, which feature 7-inch leg span, are said to have been known to lay eggs throughout the home, which ends up overrun with the children of these demons. One of the individuals who discovered the spiders in his home, Mr. Oldham, was more worried about his son than himself, apparently. He said: “These things are seriously big! Imagine the horror on my son’s face when the spotted this big boy on his wall.”

These spiders are said to have the same pain from a bite as that of a bee sting, and their fangs can even pierce the skin.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Spiders

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn about spiders, their characteristics, and their role in the ecosystem. We will also explore the different types of spiders and their habitats.

**Section 1: Introduction to Spiders**

Spiders are a group of arachnids that belong to the class Arachnida. They are known for their eight legs, which they use to capture prey and move around. Spiders are found all over the world, and there are over 40,000 different species of them.

**Section 2: Characteristics of Spiders**

Spiders have several characteristics that make them unique. They have two body segments, a head, and a cephalothorax. Their bodies are divided into three parts: the prosoma, or head, the opisthosoma, or abdomen, and the pedipalps, which are used for grasping prey. Spiders also have eight legs, which are attached to the cephalothorax. These legs are covered in hairs called scopulae, which help spiders sense their environment.

**Section 3: Types of Spiders**

There are many different types of spiders, and they can be found in a variety of habitats. Some common types of spiders include:

- Wolf spiders: These spiders are found all over the world and are known for their ability to hunt prey instead of waiting for it to come to them.
- Jumping spiders: As their name suggests, jumping spiders can jump up to five times their own length. They are found all over the world and are known for their bright colors and patterns.
- Funnel web spiders: These spiders are found in Australia and are known for their large size and powerful venom.

**Section 4: Habitats of Spiders**

Spiders can be found in a wide range of habitats, from forests to deserts to oceans. Some spiders prefer to live in water, while others prefer to live on land. Some spiders even live in caves or other underground environments.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

Spiders are fascinating creatures that play an important role in the ecosystem. They are predators that help control insect populations, and they are also a source of food for many other animals. By learning about spiders, we can better understand their importance in the world around us.

**Glossary:**
- Arachnida: a class of animals that includes spiders, scorpions, and ticks
- cephalothorax: the first two body segments of a spider, which together make up the head and thorax
- opisthosoma: the abdomen of a spider
- pedipalps: appendages on the cephalothorax of a spider, used for grasping prey
- prosoma: the head of a spider
- scopulae: hairs on the legs of spiders that help them sense their environment


text: Glenwood Springs is about forty or so road miles northwest of Aspen on highway 70 towards Grand Junction, at the confluence of the Colorado River and the Roaring Fork River, sits the little, very picturesque, town of Glenwood Springs.. In 1860, a young government geologist named Captain Richard Sopris discovered the 3-way valley formed by the junction of the Colorado and the Roaring Fork Rivers. The area’s natural resources and spectacular beauty impressed him. It was, however, 20 years before a permanent settlement, originally called Defiance, was actually founded. In 1885 the fledgling town was renamed Glenwood Springs.. To be sure, Glenwood Springs’ allure these days is. Other summertime activities are horseback riding and guided river rafting.. Photo: Pride in Work

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Natural Resources in Building Communities

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the importance of natural resources in building communities. We will focus on the town of Glenwood Springs, located in Colorado, USA, as our case study.

Section 1: Introduction to Glenwood Springs
- Glenwood Springs is a small town located in western Colorado, about 40 miles northwest of Aspen.
- It is situated at the confluence of the Colorado River and the Roaring Fork River.
- The town was originally named Defiance, but was later renamed Glenwood Springs in 1885.

Section 2: Natural Resources in Glenwood Springs
- The natural resources in Glenwood Springs played a significant role in its development and growth.
- The town is situated at the confluence of two rivers, which provided water for irrigation and transportation.
- The town also has hot springs, which attracted many visitors and helped establish it as a popular tourist destination.

Section 3: The Importance of Natural Resources in Building Communities
- Natural resources are essential for the development and growth of communities.
- They provide the necessary resources for people to live and thrive in a particular area.
- In the case of Glenwood Springs, the natural resources such as water and hot springs attracted people to the area and helped establish it as a popular tourist destination.

Section 4: Real-World Examples
- The town of Glenwood Springs relies heavily on its natural resources for its economy.
- The hot springs have been used for centuries for their therapeutic properties, and today, there are several resorts and spas that take advantage of these natural resources.
- The Colorado River provides water for irrigation and hydroelectric power, which are essential for the town's agricultural and industrial activities.

Section 5: Conclusion
- Natural resources play a crucial role in the development and growth of communities.
- In the case of Glenwood Springs, its natural resources such as water and hot springs have been instrumental in establishing it as a popular tourist destination.
- Understanding the importance of natural resources can help us appreciate their value and work towards sustainable development.

Glossary:
- Natural resources: materials or substances found in nature that can be used for economic gain
- Confluence: the point where two rivers meet
- Therapeutic: having or capable of producing healthy effects

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored the importance of natural resources in building communities, using Glenwood Springs as our case study. We have seen how natural resources such as water and hot springs have played a significant role in the town's development and growth. By understanding the importance of natural resources, we can work towards sustainable development and appreciate their value.


text:
Effects of posterolateral reconstructions on external tibial rotation and forces in a posterior cruciate ligament graft.
In patients with a Grade-3 injury, reconstructions of the lateral collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, and popliteofibular ligament are commonly performed in conjunction with a reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare the abilities of three types of posterolateral graft reconstruction to restrain external tibial rotation and alter forces in a posterior cruciate graft and (2) to compare tibial rotations and posterior cruciate graft forces associated with two levels of initial posterolateral graft tension. Forces in the posterior cruciate ligament were recorded as the knee was extended from 120 degrees to 0 degrees and a 5-N-m external tibial torque was applied. The posterior cruciate ligament was reconstructed, and external tibial rotation and the forces in the posterior cruciate graft were recorded. These measurements were again recorded after sectioning of the posterolateral structures and after reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament, alone as well as in combination with reconstruction of the popliteus tendon and in combination with reconstruction of the popliteofibular ligament. With the lateral collateral ligament intact, removal of the popliteus tendon from its femoral origin significantly increased external tibial rotation. Applying tension to a popliteus or popliteofibular graft internally rotated the tibia, with no significant difference between the rotations caused by the tensioning of the two grafts. Tibial rotation was significantly greater when graft tensioning had been performed with the tibia free to rotate than it was when the tensioning had been done with the tibia locked in neutral rotation. With an applied external tibial torque, a reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament alone was not sufficient to reduce posterior cruciate graft forces to normal. The addition of a popliteus or popliteofibular reconstruction to the lateral collateral ligament reconstruction significantly reduced posterior cruciate graft forces to normal (or below normal) levels. The external rotations associated with these two combined reconstructions were equivalent and significantly less than that in the intact knee. Increasing tension in either the popliteus or the popliteofibular graft from 10 to 30 N significantly decreased external rotation. The posterolateral grafts acted to resist applied external torque, thereby off-loading the posterior cruciate graft. Popliteus and popliteofibular grafts were more favorably aligned than a lateral collateral ligament graft to resist external rotation, and they had similar effects.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Biomechanics

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Biomechanics is the study of the mechanical principles of living organisms, their movement, and the forces that act on them. In this lesson, we will learn about the forces that act on the human body and how they interact with each other.

### Section 2: Questions and Answers
1. What are the three types of forces that act on the human body?
2. How do these forces interact with each other?
3. What is biomechanics, and why is it important?
4. What are some common applications of biomechanics in sports and medicine?

### Section 3: Practical Examples and Real-World Scenarios
Let's consider a simple example. When you jump off a diving board, your body experiences three types of forces: tension, compression, and shear. The diving board exerts a downward force on your feet due to gravity, which creates tension in your legs. As you push off the board, you create an upward force on the board, which creates compression in the board. Finally, when you land, your legs experience shear forces as your weight is distributed across your joints.

### Glossary
- Force: A push or pull upon an object resulting from its interaction with another object.
- Tension: A pulling force that stretches a structure.
- Compression: A pushing force that squishes a structure.
- Shear: A sliding or cutting force that cuts a structure.

### Conclusion
Understanding the forces that act on our bodies is essential for many reasons. In sports, knowing how to apply force correctly can improve performance and prevent injuries. In medicine, understanding biomechanics can help doctors diagnose and treat injuries more effectively. By studying biomechanics, we can gain a deeper understanding of how our bodies work and how to optimize our movements for maximum efficiency and safety.


text: Gianna Gmeiner. Associate. Dusseldorf. Languages. English, German, Spanish. Practice Group. Corporate. Gianna Gmeiner advises national and international investors in connection with real estate transactions, in particular with regard to due diligence investigations and the realization of complex construction projects. She also conducts lawsuits in the field of real estate law. Her work focuses on project development. She has experience with special real estate objects such as holiday parks and shopping centers.. Gianna studied law at the University of Passau. She did her legal traineeship at the Higher Regional Court of Dusseldorf. Part of that trainee ship was spent working at the German Embassy in Jakarta and another part with an international law firm in Dusseldorf, where Gianna gained experience in the field of real estate law.

textbook:
Lesson: Real Estate Law

## Section 1: Introduction

Real estate law is a branch of law that deals with the rights and interests in land and real property. It covers a wide range of issues, including acquisition, sale, lease, and management of real estate. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of real estate law and how it applies to different scenarios.

## Section 2: What is Real Estate Law?

Real estate law is a legal system that governs the ownership and use of land and buildings. It includes laws related to buying and selling property, renting or leasing land, and using land for business or residential purposes. Real estate law also covers disputes over property boundaries, easements, and other property rights.

## Section 3: Types of Real Estate Transactions

There are several types of real estate transactions that fall under the purview of real estate law. These include:

1. Purchase and Sale Agreements: This type of transaction involves the purchase and sale of a piece of property between two parties. The agreement outlines the terms and conditions of the sale, including the price, down payment, and closing costs.

2. Leases: A lease is a contract between a landlord and tenant that allows the tenant to occupy and use the landlord's property for a specified period of time in exchange for rent.

3. Mortgages: A mortgage is a loan secured by a piece of property. The borrower pledges the property as collateral for the loan, and if they fail to repay the loan, the lender can seize the property and sell it to recoup their losses.

4. Easements: An easement is a right to use someone else's land for a specific purpose, such as accessing a road or using utilities.

5. Covenants: A covenant is a promise made by a property owner to maintain certain standards or restrictions on their property, such as keeping the lawn trimmed or not painting the house a certain color.

## Section 4: Importance of Due Diligence

Due diligence is an important part of real estate law. It involves investigating and verifying the facts surrounding a real estate transaction to ensure that everything is in order. This includes reviewing the title to the property, checking for any liens or encumbrances, and ensuring that all necessary permits and approvals have been obtained. Due diligence is essential to protect both the buyer and seller from any potential legal issues that may arise after the sale.

## Section 5: Practical Examples

Let's consider a few practical examples to illustrate how real estate law works in practice.

Example 1: A homebuyer wants to purchase a house worth $300,000. They put down a 20% deposit of $60,000 and take out a mortgage for the remaining $240,000. The seller agrees to the purchase price and the two parties sign a purchase and sale agreement. The agreement outlines the terms of the sale, including the closing date, possession date, and any contingencies that must be met before the sale can proceed.

Example 2: A landlord wants to rent out an apartment building. They draft a lease agreement that outlines the terms of the rental, including the length of the lease, the monthly rent, and any rules and regulations for tenants. The tenant agrees to the terms and signs the lease. The landlord collects a security deposit, which is held in case any damages occur during the tenancy.

Example 3: A developer wants to build a shopping center on a piece of land. They need to obtain the necessary permits and approvals from the city before they can begin construction. They also need to ensure that there are no easements or other restrictions on the property that could impact their plans.

## Section 6: Conclusion

Real estate law is an important area of law that governs the ownership and use of land and buildings. It covers a wide range of issues, from purchasing and selling property to leasing and managing real estate. Understanding the basics of real estate law can help individuals make informed decisions when buying or selling property, as well as navigate legal issues that may arise during a real estate transaction.


text:
Quinton Harden

October 25, 1991 - May 28, 2012

Obituary

Quinton A Harden, 20, of Springfield passed away on Monday May 28, after heroically protecting friends and family. Quinton was born October 25, 1991 in Springfield. He is the son of Steven and Beth (Burnett) Harden. Quinton loved his family and friends and loved to make people laugh. He had a real passion for art, very talented with music, drawing, and designing tattoos. Quinton is survived by his parents; Steven and Beth (Burnett) Harden, daughter; Izabella "Izy" Harden, his siblings; Tanyia Stehl, Tamaira Lane-Deal, Barbara (Harden) (Garry) Williams, and Steven Harden, he is also survived by his long time best friend Larry...

Quinton A Harden, 20, of Springfield passed away on Monday May 28, after heroically protecting friends and family. Quinton was born October 25, 1991 in Springfield. He is the son of Steven and Beth (Burnett) Harden. Quinton loved his family and friends and loved to make people laugh. He had a real passion for art, very talented with music, drawing, and designing tattoos. Quinton is survived by his parents; Steven and Beth (Burnett) Harden, daughter; Izabella "Izy" Harden, his siblings; Tanyia Stehl, Tamaira Lane-Deal, Barbara (Harden) (Garry) Williams, and Steven Harden, he is also survived by his long time best friend Larry Caponigro, uncles; Terry, Larry, and Bob Harden, as well as several cousins, nieces, and nephews. A memorial gathering for Quinton will be held on Sunday, June 3, at, 2 pm at a location decided on by the family. In lieu of flowers memorials in his name may be made to his family at Wood Forrest Bank at any Wal Mart. In memory of Quinton Harden. C/O Beth Harden. www.bischandsonfuneralhome.com

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Graph Theory

Graph theory is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of graphs, which are collections of vertices connected by edges. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of graph theory, including its applications, terminology, and methods for analyzing graphs.

**Objectives**

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

1. Define and identify basic concepts in graph theory.
2. Understand the importance of graph theory in solving real-world problems.
3. Apply graph theory techniques to analyze and solve problems.

**Section 1: Introduction**

Graph theory is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of graphs, which are collections of vertices connected by edges. A graph can be represented as a set of points connected by lines or as an adjacency matrix. Graph theory has many applications in computer science, engineering, and other fields.

**Section 2: Terminology**

Before we dive into the techniques of graph theory, let's first understand some basic terminology.

1. Vertex: A vertex is a point in a graph. It can also be called a node or a site.
2. Edge: An edge is a line connecting two vertices. It can also be called an arc or a link.
3. Path: A path is a sequence of edges that connects two vertices.
4. Cycle: A cycle is a closed path that visits all vertices exactly once.
5. Tree: A tree is a connected graph with no cycles.
6. Degree: The degree of a vertex is the number of edges connected to it.
7. Adjacent: Two vertices are adjacent if they share an edge.
8. Neighbor: A neighbor of a vertex is any other vertex connected to it by an edge.

**Section 3: Techniques**

There are several techniques used in graph theory to analyze and solve problems. These include:

1. Depth-first search (DFS): DFS is a technique used to traverse a graph. It starts at a root node and explores as far as possible along each branch before backtracking.
2. Breadth-first search (BFS): BFS is another technique used to traverse a graph. It starts at a root node and explores one level deep before moving on to the next level.
3. Shortest path algorithm: This algorithm finds the shortest path between two vertices in a graph.
4. Minimum spanning tree (MST): An MST is a tree that represents a subset of edges from an original graph, such that the total weight of the edges in the MST is minimized.

**Section 4: Applications**

Graph theory has many applications in computer science, engineering, and other fields. Some of these applications include:

1. Network analysis: Graph theory is used to analyze the structure and behavior of networks, such as social networks or transportation networks.
2. Circuit design: Graph theory is used to design electronic circuits by representing components as nodes and edges as connections between components.
3. Computer science: Graph theory is used in algorithms, data structures, and graph traversal techniques.
4. Bioinformatics: Graph theory is used to analyze biological networks, such as protein-protein interactions or gene regulatory networks.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

In this lesson, we have introduced the basics of graph theory, including its terminology, techniques, and applications. By understanding these concepts, we can apply graph theory to solve real-world problems in various fields.


text: Regulatory. Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS). PETra LIMS: The PETra LIMS was installed in 2014 and used for data collection, storage and reporting of PET radiopharmaceutical production. This includes monitoring from irradiation to final product release (radionuclide production, synthesis, QC, product release). This unique laboratory information management system controls all aspects of radiopharmaceutical development and compiles all necessary information into an electronic batch report.. - Communicates with cyclotron, synthesis box, and QC equipment. - Aids in production planning/setup. - Electronic Batch reporting (GLP/GMP compliant). - Embedded standard operating procedures to minimize human error. - Notification of Corrective And Preventative Action (CAPA), Out Of Specification (OOS) and Deviation module. - Advanced Inventory/stock control (barcode driven) for raw materials and reagents. Current Good Manufacturing Practices. Information coming Spring 2016!

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS)

**Objective:** To introduce students to LIMS and its importance in regulating laboratory processes.

**Introduction:** A Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) is a software program designed to manage and organize data generated in a laboratory environment. It helps to streamline laboratory processes, improve efficiency, reduce errors, and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements.

**Section 1: What is a LIMS?**

**Topic 1: Definition of a LIMS**

- A LIMS is a software program that manages and organizes laboratory data.
- It is designed to automate and streamline laboratory processes.
- A LIMS can be customized to meet the specific needs of a particular laboratory.

**Topic 2: Importance of a LIMS**

- A LIMS helps to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements.
- It reduces errors and improves accuracy by automating data entry and analysis.
- A LIMS can improve efficiency and productivity by reducing manual tasks and paperwork.
- It provides a centralized database for laboratory data, making it easier to access and analyze information.

**Section 2: Components of a LIMS**

**Topic 1: Data Management**

- A LIMS stores and manages data generated in a laboratory environment.
- It can track sample information, test results, and other laboratory data.
- A LIMS can also store patient information and medical records.

**Topic 2: Quality Control**

- A LIMS can help to monitor and control the quality of laboratory processes.
- It can track the performance of instruments and equipment.
- A LIMS can also monitor the quality of reagents and other materials used in the laboratory.

**Topic 3: Inventory Management**

- A LIMS can help to manage inventory and stock levels.
- It can track the use and availability of reagents and other materials.
- A LIMS can also generate reports on inventory usage and trends.

**Section 3: Example of a LIMS**

**Topic 1: PETra LIMS**

- PETra LIMS is a LIMS designed specifically for radiopharmaceutical production.
- It communicates with cyclotron, synthesis box, and QC equipment.
- PETra LIMS aids in production planning/setup.
- It generates an electronic batch report (GLP/GMP compliant).
- Embedded standard operating procedures minimize human error.
- Notification of CAPA, OOS, and Deviation module.
- Advanced Inventory/stock control (barcode driven) for raw materials and reagents.

**Conclusion:**

In conclusion, LIMS plays a crucial role in regulating laboratory processes and ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements. By automating and streamlining laboratory processes, LIMS can improve efficiency and productivity while reducing errors and paperwork. Understanding the components of a LIMS and its importance in the laboratory setting is essential for anyone interested in pursuing a career in the life sciences or related fields.


text:
Mechanisms underlying fictive feeding in aplysia: coupling between a large neuron with plateau potentials activity and a spiking neuron.
The buccal ganglia of Aplysia contain a central pattern generator (CPG) that organizes the rhythmic movements of the radula and buccal mass during feeding. Many of the cellular and synaptic elements of this CPG have been identified and characterized. However, the roles that specific cellular and synaptic properties play in generating patterns of activity are not well understood. To examine these issues, the present study developed computational models of a portion of this CPG and used simulations to investigate processes underlying the initiation of patterned activity. Simulations were done with the SNNAP software package. The simulated network contained two neurons, B31/B32 and B63. The development of the model was guided and constrained by the available current-clamp data that describe the properties of these two protraction-phase interneurons B31/B32 and B63, which are coupled via electrical and chemical synapses. Several configurations of the model were examined. In one configuration, a fast excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) from B63 to B31/B32 was implemented in combination with an endogenous plateau-like potential in B31/B32. In a second configuration, the excitatory synaptic connection from B63 to B31/B32 produced both fast and slow EPSPs in B31/B32 and the plateau-like potential was removed from B31/B32. Simulations indicated that the former configuration (i.e., electrical and fast chemical coupling in combination with a plateau-like potential) gave rise to a circuit that was robust to changes in parameter values and stochastic fluctuations, that closely mimicked empirical observations, and that was extremely sensitive to inputs controlling the onset of a burst. The coupling between the two simulated neurons served to amplify exogenous depolarizations via a positive feedback loop and the subthreshold activation of the plateau-like potential. Once a burst was initiated, the circuit produced the program in an all-or-none fashion. The slow kinetics of the simulated plateau-like potential played important roles in both initiating and maintaining the burst activity. Thus the present study identified cellular and network properties that contribute to the ability of the simulated network to integrate information over an extended period before a decision is made to initiate a burst of activity and suggests that similar mechanisms may operate in the buccal ganglia in initiating feeding movements.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Computational Modeling in Neuroscience

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn about computational modeling in neuroscience and how it can help us understand the complex mechanisms underlying biological processes such as feeding in Aplysia. We will use a simple model to illustrate the process of building and simulating a neural network.

**Prerequisites:** Basic knowledge of biology and mathematics.

**Materials:** Access to a computer with internet connection.

**Introduction:** Computational modeling is a powerful tool used by scientists to study complex systems that are difficult to observe or measure directly. In neuroscience, researchers use computational models to simulate the behavior of neurons and their interactions, helping us understand how the brain works and how it gives rise to cognitive functions.

**Section 1: Building a Simple Neural Network Model**

1.1. What is a neural network?
A neural network is a group of interconnected neurons that work together to process information. In our case, we will be building a model of two neurons, B31/B32 and B63, which are involved in the rhythmic movements of the radula and buccal mass during feeding in Aplysia.

1.2. How do we build a model?
To build a model, we need to define the properties of each neuron, such as their structure, connections, and firing patterns. We can represent this information using a set of equations and algorithms that describe the behavior of the neurons.

1.3. What is a computational model?
A computational model is a mathematical representation of a system or process that can be simulated using a computer. In our case, we will use a computational model to simulate the activity of our neural network and observe how it generates patterns of activity during feeding.

**Section 2: Simulating the Neural Network**

2.1. How do we simulate the model?
Once we have built our model, we need to simulate it using a computer program. This involves solving the equations and algorithms that describe the behavior of the neurons in response to different inputs and conditions.

2.2. What can we learn from simulations?
Simulations allow us to observe how the neural network behaves under different conditions and make predictions about its behavior in the future. This can help us identify the key components and processes that drive the generation of patterns of activity during feeding in Aplysia.

**Section 3: Applying the Model to Real-World Scenarios**

3.1. How can we apply the model to real-world scenarios?
Now that we have a basic understanding of how the neural network generates patterns of activity, we can use our model to make predictions about how changes in the system might affect its behavior. For example, if we were to change the properties of the neurons or their connections, how would this impact the generation of patterns of activity during feeding?

3.2. What are some potential applications of this model?
This model could be used to inform further experimental research on the mechanisms underlying fictive feeding in Aplysia. It could also be applied to other systems where rhythmic movements are involved, such as breathing or locomotion.

**Conclusion:** In this lesson, we have learned about computational modeling in neuroscience and how it can be used to study complex biological processes such as feeding in Aplysia. By building and simulating a simple neural network model, we were able to gain insights into the key components and processes that drive the generation of patterns of activity during feeding. This approach has broad potential applications in both basic and applied research.

**Glossary:**
- **Neural network:** A group of interconnected neurons that work together to process information.
- **Computational model:** A mathematical representation of a system or process that can be simulated using a computer.
- **Simulation:** The act of running a computational model on a computer to observe its behavior under different conditions.
- **Properties:** Characteristics or attributes of a system or object.
- **Firing patterns:** The sequences of electrical pulses generated by neurons when they are activated.
- **Rhythmic movements:** Repeated, cyclical motions that occur at regular intervals.
- **Cognitive functions:** Mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, and decision-making.


text:
On the record: A new economic norm

The new economic norm, chewing frogs, CEO Tweets and English accents

Have an idea? An interesting article to share? Shoot me an email or give me a call. I'm always looking for items for the column and to meet with people for coffee. Email me at chrisconetzkey@bpcdm.com

A new economic norm

I had the chance to attend Wells Fargo & Co.’s 55th annual business trends luncheon, which featured Mark Vitner, the company’s senior economist, who gave an overview on the economic outlook for 2014. I took a ton away, and I’ll share some of it below, but the overarching theme?

Get used to the new normal.

Although Vitner thought 2014 would be a better year than 2013, due in part to less drag from global factors in Europe and China, he was very clear that he didn’t think we were heading back to pre-recession growth levels like we saw in 2006, or even 2003. Instead, we are heading someplace new and uncharted.

He cited uncertainty due to Washington gridlock, the farm bill, potential tax structure changes and the Federal Reserve’s tapering of bond purchases, as the main drag on the economy. When uncertainty is high, he said, it raises the hurdle for companies to hire new employees.

Vitner likened the economy to driving in the fog. You can drive in the fog; you just can’t drive very fast. The below-trend growth of gross domestic product, he says, bolsters the case that the type of growth we are seeing is the new normal.

Overall, Vitner said, there would be fewer bad economic signs in 2014. But, he said, “while less bad is good, more good would be better.” It looks like until the hiring rate goes up, the economy won’t be busting out of the fog.

Chewing frogs

"If you have to eat live frog, don't chew it."
I bet you need some context for that quotation. Vitner said the Fed consistently delaying its planned tapering of bond purchases reminded him of a Southern saying he picked up from a client in North Carolina. Vitner didn’t think tapering will be announced in December because of what could be a shaky holiday retail season, and though there is a belief that the best bet would be next March, that’s the start of house buying season. He doesn’t think there is ever a “good” time to start the taper. Rather, Vitner thinks it’s time to just rip off the Band-Aid. It will hurt, he said, but it has to start soon or the uncertainty will continue to be a drag on the economy. Our financial columnist, David Miles, wrote a piece about the taper back in September. It provides some good context: bit.ly/1cbgNoe

Vit bits

In the fourth quarter, more small businesses say revenue went up than down. This is the first time that has happened since the recession, Vitner said.

Oil production in Texas had been on the decline for 20 years. In the last three years, they made it all up. I’ll point those interested in why that’s the case to this article from The Atlantic titled “What if we never run out of oil?” bit.ly/XIr7Q0

Stocks are roaring, and for many companies, earnings are up. But Vitner said to be wary and to take a look at the expense side of the equation, which could be the real reason for the higher earnings.

Lifelong learning from London

Rosemary Link, associate vice president for academic affairs at Simpson College, presented the Lifelong Learning award to Bankers Trust Co. earlier this month at the Greater Des Moines Partnership’s Celebrate Business Awards. The event had a number of great stories about companies doing fantastic things - we got a ton of seeds for future stories. Link was there to provide encouragement for businesses to invest in tuition reimbursement options for their employees. I found it fascinating that just 25 percent of Iowa’s workforce has a bachelor’s degree. Link wrote about the issue and how employers could help in a guest opinion in the Business Record earlier this year: bit.ly/XdXyVy. In a follow-up conversation, she said in terms of employers providing reimbursement options, Iowa actually fares pretty well in comparison to the rest of the country. I also had the privilege to interview her when I was just a new reporter, and she was just arriving at Simpson back in 2009. Not only is she an author, but she is originally from London, and has a simply charming British accent. She confessed to me at that time that when she goes back to England, they tease her about her “American” accent, and that she’d have to work on speaking Iowan. Trust me, the Iowan language hasn’t tarnished the English accent at all. Here’s my interview with Link from 2009: http://bit.ly/1g3uPuO

The sports record

The official paid attendance for Iowa State’s frigid home finale against Kansas was 54,081. I was there, 14 layers of clothing and all, to brave the coldest game in Jack Trice Stadium history (8 degrees at kickoff, 3 at half). How cold is that? Well, I cracked open my beverage of choice before heading into the game - and the foam froze. I digress. There weren’t really 54,081 fans there, but the crowd had to be 25,000-plus strong, well above my prediction of a sub-10,000 turnout when I stepped outside that morning. I forgot something, though. The fans have changed. It was insane to go to that game, especially with nothing of any substance on the line. But the rapid change in mentality of Cyclones fans is remarkable. And, now that change is being rewarded with a $25 million gift from Reiman Publications to expand seating and bowl in the south end zone. This season’s record-setting attendance was impressive, but not nearly as impressive as the turnaround effort for the whole athletic department by Athletic Director Jamie Pollard since he arrived in 2005. In the end, winning always drives attendance, and the team will have to improve on its 2013 season, but the stadium expansion, which can lead to greater ticket revenues, is a huge step forward for the program.

@JayByers talks CEOs on Twitter

Jay Byers, CEO of the Partnership, stopped me at an event to pass on a story idea about CEOs’ usage of social media. The Forbes article (onforb.es/1cvOILL) he shared with me stated that fewer than a third of CEOs at America’s 500 highest-grossing companies have at least one social media account. Byers is, of course, active on Twitter, but it would be interesting to look at area CEOs who are on social media. I’m sure there are some in the metro area on Twitter, but I’d guess Byers is in the minority. People want to follow and connect with celebrities and sports stars, so why not CEOs? Warren Buffett has tweeted just twice, and has 540,000-plus followers according to the article. It seems like a good opportunity for someone willing to put in the time. In fact, our own Connie Wimer, owner of Business Publications Corporation Inc., just signed up for Twitter recently. She’s a bit short of Buffett’s 540,000, so follow her at @conniewimer.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Economic Norms

### Overview:
In this lesson, we will learn about economic norms and how they affect our daily lives. We will explore the concept of a new economic norm and how it has emerged in recent years. We will also examine the factors that contribute to this new norm and discuss the implications for individuals and businesses.

### Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
- Define economic norms and explain their significance
- Identify the factors that contribute to the emergence of a new economic norm
- Analyze the implications of the new economic norm for individuals and businesses
- Apply critical thinking skills to evaluate the impact of economic norms on various aspects of life

### Materials:
- Whiteboard or blackboard
- Markers or chalk
- Handout with the following headings: Introduction, What are Economic Norms?, The Emergence of a New Economic Norm, Implications of the New Economic Norm, Critical Thinking Discussion, Conclusion, Glossary

### Procedure:
1. Introduction (5 minutes)
- Begin by asking students what they think "economic norms" means. Write their responses on the board.
- Explain that economic norms refer to the typical behaviors, beliefs, and practices that people follow when making decisions about money, work, and other aspects of their lives.
- Introduce the topic of the lesson: the emergence of a new economic norm.

2. What are Economic Norms? (10 minutes)
- Ask students to brainstorm examples of economic norms. Write their responses on the board.
- Explain that economic norms can vary greatly between cultures, regions, and time periods.
- Discuss how economic norms are influenced by factors such as technology, globalization, and government policies.

3. The Emergence of a New Economic Norm (15 minutes)
- Explain that in recent years, there has been a shift in the way people think about and approach economic issues.
- Discuss some of the factors that have contributed to the emergence of this new economic norm, such as the financial crisis of 2008, changing demographics, and technological advancements.
- Use the handout to guide the discussion and provide additional information.

4. Implications of the New Economic Norm (10 minutes)
- Discuss the implications of the new economic norm for individuals and businesses.
- Examples include changes in the job market, the rise of the gig economy, and the importance of adaptability and lifelong learning.
- Use the handout to guide the discussion and provide additional information.

5. Critical Thinking Discussion (10 minutes)
- Ask students to consider how the new economic norm might affect different aspects of their lives, such as their career choices, education, and personal finances.
- Encourage them to think critically about the implications of this new norm and how it might change the way they approach economic decisions.

6. Conclusion (5 minutes)
- Review the main points of the lesson and summarize the key takeaways.
- Encourage students to apply the concepts learned in this lesson to their own lives and to stay informed about economic trends and developments.

7. Glossary
- Define key terms related to economic norms and the new economic norm.
- Provide examples and explanations of each term.

### Glossary:
- Economic norms: Typical behaviors, beliefs, and practices that people follow when making decisions about money, work, and other aspects of their lives.
- New economic norm: A shift in the way people think about and approach economic issues, characterized by a focus on flexibility, adaptability, and resilience.
- Globalization: The process of increasing integration and interdependence among countries, driven by trade, investment, and cultural exchange.
- Technological advancements: Improvements in technology that enable new ways of working, communicating, and accessing information.
- Gig economy: A labor market characterized by short-term contracts, freelance work, and the use of online platforms to connect workers with employers.
- Adaptability: The ability to adjust to new situations, learn new skills, and be open to change.
- Lifelong learning: The ongoing process of learning and developing new skills throughout one's lifetime.


text: Breakthrough fossil discovery comes to Dallas. DALLAS - A breakthrough fossil discovery deep inside caves in South Africa is coming to Dallas.. The fossils of these ancient human relatives are considered one of the greatest fossil discoveries of the past half-century.. They will be on display at the Perot Museum for a limited-time exhibit.. Dr. Becca Peixotto joined Good Day live from a cave in South Africa to talk about the discovery.. "We're in a part of South Africa that's known as the Cradle for Human Kind. There are hundreds and hundreds of caves here. By the accident of geology, it's a place where lots of prominent fossils have been preserved in caves and in the rocks. It's a logical place to look," she said.. The fossil exhibit will arrive in Dallas in October.. Advertisement. LINK: perotmuseum.org

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Fossils

**Objective:** Students will learn about the importance of fossils, how they are formed, and their significance in understanding the history of life on Earth.

**Glossary:**
- **Fossil:** An object, such as a skeleton or trace of an organism, that has been preserved from the distant past.
- **Cradle of Humankind:** A region in South Africa where many early hominid fossils have been found.
- **Hominid:** A group of primates that includes humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas.

**Introduction:** Fossils are objects that have been preserved from the distant past. They provide valuable information about the history of life on Earth and help us understand how different organisms have evolved over time. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of fossils, how they are formed, and their significance in understanding the history of life on Earth.

**Section 1: Importance of Fossils**

Fossils are important because they provide evidence of how organisms lived in the past. By studying fossils, scientists can learn about the physical characteristics of extinct organisms, their environments, and how they lived. This information helps us understand how different organisms have evolved over time and how they are related to each other.

**Section 2: How Fossils Are Formed**

There are several ways that fossils can form. One way is called "permineralization," which occurs when minerals in the soil surrounding an organism replace its tissues after it dies. Another way is "carbonization," which happens when an organism is buried in sediment and then exposed to heat and pressure that turns it into coal or oil. Fossils can also form when an organism is preserved in amber or ice.

**Section 3: Significance of Fossils**

Fossils are significant because they provide evidence of how organisms lived in the past. By studying fossils, scientists can learn about the physical characteristics of extinct organisms, their environments, and how they lived. This information helps us understand how different organisms have evolved over time and how they are related to each other.

**Section 4: Practical Examples**

One practical example of how fossils are used is in the study of human evolution. Scientists have discovered many fossils of early hominids (a group of primates that includes humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas) in the Cradle of Humankind region of South Africa. These fossils provide important information about the physical characteristics of our early ancestors and how they lived.

**Conclusion:** In conclusion, fossils are important objects that provide valuable information about the history of life on Earth. By studying fossils, scientists can learn about the physical characteristics of extinct organisms, their environments, and how they lived. This information helps us understand how different organisms have evolved over time and how they are related to each other.


text: Last week our university held an Innovative Learning Week, and as part of it I ran an activity to remix the Manifesto for Teaching Online my colleagues had proclaimed a couple of years ago. I had to do some of my own remixes, of course. After wondering whether I should make a video or cut-up the text or what, the penny dropped: limericks. Here they are, dressed up as digital postcards. I should do the same for my other limericks, when I have about five hundred hours spare.. 28 February 2013 · Net Culture

textbook:
Lesson: Writing Limericks

Introduction:
Limericks are a fun and creative way to express ideas and tell stories. They are often humorous and can be used to teach a variety of subjects. In this lesson, we will learn how to write limericks by analyzing the structure and style of existing limericks.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is that writing limericks requires a strong understanding of rhythm, rhyme, and structure. By studying existing limericks and practicing our own, we can develop these skills and become better writers.

Section 1: Analyzing Limericks

Topic: Structure of Limericks

The structure of a limerick is very specific. It consists of five lines with a specific rhyme scheme (AABBA) and a specific rhythm (anapestic or amphibrachic). Let's take a look at an example:

There once was a man from Peru,
Who dreamed he was eating his shoe.
He awoke with a fright,
In the middle of the night,
To find that his dream had come true.

In this limerick, we can see that the first, second, and fifth lines rhyme with each other (A), while the third and fourth lines rhyme with each other (B). Additionally, each line has eight syllables with a specific rhythm:

There once was a man from Peru,
Who dreamed he was eating his shoe.
He awoke with a fright,
In the middle of the night,
To find that his dream had come true.

Rhythm: Anapestic Trimeter

Now that we understand the structure and rhythm of limericks, let's try writing our own:

Topic: Writing Our Own Limericks

1. Choose a topic for your limerick. It can be anything you like!
2. Write down the first, second, and fifth lines of your limerick, making sure they rhyme with each other.
3. Write down the third and fourth lines of your limerick, making sure they rhyme with each other.
4. Make sure each line has the correct rhythm (anapestic or amphibrachic) and syllable count.
5. Read your limerick out loud to make sure it sounds good and makes sense.

Example:

There was a young student named Sue,
Who loved learning and hated to lose.
She read books by the light,
Of the moon every night,
And knew more than anyone in her shoes.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned about the structure and style of limericks, as well as how to write our own. We practiced by creating our own limericks based on a topic of our choice. By studying existing limericks and practicing our own, we can develop the skills necessary to become better writers.

Glossary:
- Rhyme Scheme: The pattern of rhyming words in a poem or song.
- Rhythm: The pattern of beats or stresses in a line of verse or a piece of music.
- Syllable: A unit of pronunciation having a specific pattern of speech sounds.


text: Typical cuisine made with our products.. Our farm and B & B Casteldoria was founded in 2006.. Our farm and B & B is a few kilometers from the beaches of Bassenthwaite, Isola Rossa.. The farm Casteldoria has a room that can hold up to 80 people, style is simple and practical, warm and welcoming.. Our menus are made exclusively from the products of the farm. We also prepare menus for those with special needs such as vegetarians and coeliacs. The farm also has 6 apartments usufruibili all year.. The double, triple or quadruple rooms are spacious and bright: they are simply furnished and comfortable rooms, equipped with every comfort: bathroom, TV, refrigerator, air conditioner.. From the rooms you can enjoy a wonderful view of Lake Doria Castle. Pets in room are welcome.. The structure is organized for people with disabilities. Ample space for campers.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Menus

Introduction:
Reading and understanding menus is an essential skill that everyone should learn. Whether you are dining at a restaurant, ordering takeout, or cooking at home, being able to read and understand menus will help you make informed choices about what you eat. In this lesson, we will explore the different types of menus, common menu formats, and strategies for reading and understanding menus.

Section 1: Types of Menus

There are several types of menus, including:

1. Appetizer menu: This type of menu is typically served before the main course and includes small plates such as soups, salads, and appetizers.

2. Main course menu: This type of menu includes the entrees or main dishes of the meal. It may include options such as steak, chicken, fish, or pasta dishes.

3. Dessert menu: This type of menu includes sweet dishes such as cakes, pies, and ice cream.

4. Beverage menu: This type of menu includes alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks such as wine, beer, cocktails, and soft drinks.

5. Children's menu: This type of menu includes smaller portions of adult menu items that are appropriate for children.

Section 2: Common Menu Formats

There are several common menu formats, including:

1. A la carte menu: This type of menu allows customers to choose individual dishes from a list of options.

2. Table d'hote menu: This type of menu includes a set selection of dishes that change regularly.

3. Tasting menu: This type of menu includes several small courses that are designed to be shared.

4. Buffet menu: This type of menu includes a self-service selection of dishes that are displayed in a buffet-style setting.

5. Family-style menu: This type of menu includes large portions of food that are intended to be shared among multiple people.

Section 3: Strategies for Reading and Understanding Menus

1. Look for keywords: Use keywords to identify the type of dish you are looking for. For example, if you are looking for a vegetarian option, look for the word "vegetarian" or "vegan" in the menu description.

2. Check for allergens: If you have food allergies or intolerances, check for common allergens such as dairy, gluten, or nuts in the menu description.

3. Look for portion sizes: Pay attention to the size of the portions to ensure that you are getting enough food without overindulging.

4. Consider the price: Compare the price of the dish to the quality and quantity of food to ensure that you are getting good value for your money.

5. Ask for recommendations: If you are unsure about what to order, ask the server for their recommendation. They may have valuable insights into the most popular or highest-quality dishes.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, reading and understanding menus is an important skill that will help you make informed choices about what you eat. By familiarizing yourself with the different types of menus and common menu formats, you can navigate menus with confidence and make the best choices for your dietary needs and preferences.


text: If you would love to purchase a new painting or ask about the painting go to Lori@LoriLandisArt.com or leave a request for info on my contact page. Shipping and taxes are included in the price. If shipping outside of continental United States of America there will be an extra charge. If you return the painting you must return it within 7 days of receiving it and you pay for shipping. Please enjoy the colors and please tell what colors you enjoy!

textbook:
Lesson: How to Purchase a Painting Online
Introduction: In this lesson, we will learn how to purchase a painting online. We will cover the steps involved in purchasing a painting, including finding the right painting, contacting the artist, and completing the transaction.
Section 1: Finding the Right Painting
- How do you find a painting that you like?
- What should you look for in a painting?
- What types of paintings are available?
- Where can you find paintings for sale?
- How do you know if a painting is worth buying?
Section 2: Contacting the Artist
- How do you contact the artist?
- What information do you need to provide when contacting the artist?
- What should you ask the artist before purchasing a painting?
- How do you negotiate the price of a painting?
- What should you consider when deciding whether to purchase a painting?
Section 3: Completing the Transaction
- How do you complete the transaction?
- What information do you need to provide when completing the transaction?
- What payment methods are accepted?
- How do you arrange for shipping?
- What happens if you are not satisfied with the painting?
Conclusion: Purchasing a painting online can be a fun and rewarding experience. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can find a painting that you love and complete the transaction with ease. Remember to consider the colors, style, and subject matter of the painting before making a purchase. With a little research and patience, you can add a beautiful piece of art to your collection.
Glossary:
- Painting - a piece of artwork created by applying paint, pigment, or other medium to a surface
- Artist - a person who creates art
- Continental United States of America - the 48 states on the North American continent that are part of the United States of America
- Shipping - the process of transporting goods from one place to another
- Taxes - a fee imposed by the government on goods or services
- Extra charge - an additional cost for shipping outside of the continental United States of America
- Return - to bring back something that was given or loaned
- Colors - the visual appearance of light reflected off an object


text: Koufonisia Caves Before Pori beach. Coves before Pori Beach Koufonisia: On the way to Pori, there are some wonderful rock formations with exotic blue water. These rocks are often used for diving, offering an amazing experience to the divers and a great chance to photographers. Attention is needed when diving from these rocks because they are steep and the seabed is uneven even, somewhere is normal and somewhere very deep. Also the rocks are always the favorite home of urchins, so visitors must look our for them. On top of these rocks, people lay and look at the vast Aegean Sea and the neighboring islets.. More about Caves before Pori. Latest photos by members. Photos of Caves before Pori by Greeka.com. Google map of Caves before Pori. Village. Rate and Comment. Do you like our website? Make it better with your rate and comment! Login with your email, Facebook or Twitter account!. Thanks for your rating!

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Geometry and Spatial Reasoning

**Objective:** To introduce students to basic concepts in geometry and spatial reasoning, and to develop their problem-solving skills.

**Overview:** In this lesson, students will learn about the properties of shapes and how to use spatial reasoning to solve problems. They will also explore the concept of scale and how it relates to maps and models.

**Section 1: Introduction to Geometry**

**Theoretical Concepts:** Students will learn about the basic concepts of geometry, including points, lines, angles, triangles, and polygons. They will also learn about the properties of these shapes, such as symmetry, perimeter, area, and volume.

**Practical Examples:** Students will use these concepts to solve practical problems, such as finding the perimeter of a shape or determining if two shapes are congruent.

**Questions and Anwers:**

Q: What are the properties of a triangle?
A: A triangle has three sides, three angles, and three vertices. It can also be classified as equilateral, isosceles, or scalene based on the lengths of its sides and angles.

**Section 2: Spatial Reasoning**

**Theoretical Concepts:** Students will learn about spatial reasoning, which is the ability to visualize and manipulate objects in three dimensions. They will also learn about the concept of scale and how it relates to maps and models.

**Practical Examples:** Students will use spatial reasoning to solve problems, such as determining the distance between two points on a map or creating a model of a three-dimensional shape.

**Questions and Answers:**

Q: What is spatial reasoning?
A: Spatial reasoning is the ability to visualize and manipulate objects in three dimensions. It involves understanding the relationships between objects in space and being able to mentally rotate and manipulate them.

**Section 3: Applying Geometry and Spatial Reasoning**

**Theoretical Concepts:** Students will learn about how geometry and spatial reasoning can be applied to real-world scenarios, such as architecture, engineering, and navigation.

**Practical Examples:** Students will use geometry and spatial reasoning to solve real-world problems, such as designing a building or navigating a maze.

**Questions and Answers:**

Q: How can geometry and spatial reasoning be used in architecture?
A: Architects use geometry and spatial reasoning to design buildings that are functional, aesthetically pleasing, and safe. They use measurements, angles, and shapes to create blueprints and 3D models of their designs.

**Conclusion:** In this lesson, students have learned about the basic concepts of geometry and spatial reasoning, and how they can be applied to solve real-world problems. By developing their problem-solving skills, students will be well-prepared to tackle challenges in math and beyond.

**Glossary:**
- Point: A location in space
- Line: A path in space
- Angle: The measure of the turn between two lines
- Triangle: A polygon with three sides and three angles
- Polygon: A closed shape with multiple sides and angles
- Perimeter: The total length of the sides of a shape
- Area: The amount of space inside a shape
- Volume: The amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional shape
- Scale: The ratio of the size of a model to the size of the original object
- Congruent: Two shapes that have the same size and shape
- Symmetry: A shape that has a line of reflection or rotation
- Spatial reasoning: The ability to visualize and manipulate objects in three dimensions


text: Mary Dunlop. October 24, 1927 - August 14, 2010. DUNLOP Peacefully at H J McFarland Nursing Home, formerly of Mary Street, Picton on Saturday, August 14th, 2010, MARY MARGARET DUNLOP, at the age of 82. Beloved wife of the late Raymond. Loving mother of Donald(June) of Napanee, Gloria (Frank) Haggerty of Napanee, Rhea Charlaine(Terry) Brown of Picton, Leona Marie Nelson of Picton, Dennis of Bloomfield, Susan Lavender of Wellington, Stanley(Marg) of Winnipeg, and Martin of Picton. Dear sister of the late Mary Ellen Shannon and Irene Dunlop. Loved “Grandma” to 18 Grandchildren and 8 Great Grandchildren. A PRIVATE FAMILY GRAVESIDE SERVICE WILL BE HELD AT CHERRY VALLEY CEMETERY, Reverend Robert Jones Officiating. Interment Cherry Valley Cemetery. If desired, donations to Loyalist Humane Society would be appreciated by the family. (CHEQUES ONLY PLEASE). ARRANGEMENTS ENTRUSTED TO THE WHATTAM FUNERAL HOME, 33 MAIN STREET, PICTON, ON. whattamfuneralhome.com

textbook:
Lesson: Writing an Obituary

Introduction:
An obituary is a written notice of someone's death, usually with a brief biography of their life. It is a way to remember and honor the deceased person, and to inform others of their passing. In this lesson, we will learn how to write an obituary by examining the structure, content, and style of a sample obituary.

Section 1: Structure of an Obituary

An obituary typically follows a standard structure, which includes the following components:

1. Name of the Deceased: This is the most important piece of information in an obituary. It should be prominently displayed at the top of the notice.

2. Date of Death: The date of death is also important, as it helps readers understand when the person passed away.

3. Age: If the deceased person was known by their nickname or a shortened version of their name, you may want to include this information as well.

4. Place of Death: This information can be included if it is relevant to the reader.

5. Survivors: This section should list the surviving family members, including spouses, children, parents, siblings, and any other close relatives.

6. Funeral Arrangements: This section should include information about the funeral service, such as the time, date, and location.

7. Memorial Donations: If the family requests that memorial donations be made in lieu of flowers, this information should be included here.

Section 2: Content of an Obituary

The content of an obituary can vary depending on the person being remembered. However, there are some common elements that are typically included, such as:

1. Biographical Information: This may include the person's occupation, hobbies, interests, and accomplishments.

2. Personal Qualities: This section should highlight the person's personal qualities, such as their kindness, generosity, or sense of humor.

3. Family History: If the deceased person had a long and storied family history, this information can be included here.

4. Religious Affiliation: If the deceased person was a member of a religious organization, this information can be included here.

Section 3: Style of an Obituary

The style of an obituary should be formal and respectful. It should avoid using slang or colloquial language, and should focus on the positive aspects of the person's life.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we have learned about the structure, content, and style of an obituary. By following these guidelines, we can create a meaningful and respectful tribute to the deceased person. We hope that this lesson has been informative and helpful to you.

Glossary:
- Obituary: a written notice of someone's death, usually with a brief biography of their life
- Deceased: the person who has passed away
- Survivors: the family members who are still alive after the death of the person
- Funeral arrangements: the plans for the funeral service
- Memorial donations: gifts given in memory of the deceased person instead of sending flowers.


text:
its cold here in NY! I was shivering by the
Today show fence and I saw Jimmy dancing
around and took a few pictures! I hope they
come out ok. After a hot choc. and choc
croissant at the Dean & Deluca, im ready to
go back to the Quality hotel for a nap!

To Jim-I love you more than words can say,
my biggest dream in life is to marry you someday.-your future wife, Carol Carrey
aka Jimlover1
ps. or at least a date!

i really regret not recording that part where he goes outside to collect the toys but instead acted like he was one of the people behind the railing trying to get on TV; I REALLY REALLY regret not recording the parts where he interrupted Katie and Bonnie's interview it was so freaken HILARIOUS....i was ROTFL in tears. i hope someone out there recorded it and will be able to upload it.

textbook:
Title: The Importance of Recording Memorable Moments

Introduction:
Recording memorable moments is an essential skill that everyone should learn. It allows us to capture special moments and experiences that we want to remember forever. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of recording memorable moments and how to do it effectively.

Section 1: Why Record Memorable Moments?

Topic 1: Memories are Priceless
Memories are priceless because they are unique to each person and shape who we become. They help us understand our past, present, and future. Recording memorable moments helps us preserve these memories for future generations to enjoy.

Topic 2: Emotional Connection
Recording memorable moments creates an emotional connection between the person recording and the memory. It allows us to relive the experience and feel the same emotions we felt when the moment first happened.

Topic 3: Sharing Memories
Recording memorable moments allows us to share our experiences with others. It creates a bond between people and helps us understand each other better.

Section 2: How to Record Memorable Moments

Topic 1: Choose the Right Method
There are many ways to record memorable moments, such as writing, taking photos, or creating videos. Choose the method that works best for the memory you want to record.

Topic 2: Be Present in the Moment
To record memorable moments effectively, you need to be fully present in the moment. Put away your phone or camera and focus on the experience.

Topic 3: Add Details
Adding details to your recording makes it more memorable. Include the date, time, location, and people involved in the moment.

Section 3: Examples of Memorable Moments

Topic 1: Family Gatherings
Family gatherings are often memorable moments. Take photos of everyone together or record conversations to remember later.

Topic 2: Vacations
Vacations are also memorable moments. Take photos of the beautiful scenery or record your favorite meals to remember the taste.

Topic 3: Graduation
Graduation is a significant milestone in life. Record the speeches given by teachers or friends and keep the diploma as a physical reminder of the achievement.

Conclusion:
Recording memorable moments is essential to preserving our memories and connecting with others. By choosing the right method and being fully present in the moment, we can create lasting memories that will be cherished for years to come.

Glossary:
- Memorable Moments: Special moments or experiences that we want to remember forever.
- Method: A way of doing something.
- Bond: A close relationship between two or more people.

Self-Debate Discussion:
Is it better to record memorable moments using technology or by writing them down? Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Writing down memories allows for more detailed descriptions, while technology allows for visual and audio elements. Ultimately, the best method depends on the individual and the type of memory being recorded.


text: Need more list flexibility?. Join HEB.com today to start managing multiple shopping lists and sharing wish lists with friends and family. See All Items On This List. Dietary Supplement. Purified fish oil with vitamin D3 for immune function and bone health. Superior triglyceride form. Purity Freshness: 3rd party tested. Great lemon taste! Pharmaceutical grade. Molecularly distilled. Nordic Naturals Ultimate Omega-D3 provides a high concentration of health-promoting omega-3 fats with added natural vitamin D3, both required nutrients. Ultimate Omega-D3 supports strong immune function and. Store in a cool, dry place, away from sunlight.).. Serving Size. 2.00 soft gels. Serving Per Container 30.0000

textbook:
Lesson: Shopping List Management

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about shopping list management and how to use HEB.com to create and manage multiple shopping lists. We will also explore the benefits of sharing wish lists with friends and family.

Section 1: Understanding Shopping Lists

Topic 1: What is a shopping list?
A shopping list is a list of items that you need to purchase from the store. It helps you to remember all the things you need to buy and ensures that you don't forget anything.

Topic 2: Why is shopping list management important?
Shopping list management is important because it helps you to save time and money. By creating a shopping list, you can plan your meals and ensure that you only buy what you need. This prevents impulse buying and helps you to stick to your budget.

Section 2: Creating and Managing Shopping Lists on HEB.com

Topic 1: How to create a shopping list on HEB.com
1. Go to HEB.com and log into your account.
2. Click on "My Lists" in the top right corner of the page.
3. Click on "Create New List."
4. Enter a name for your list and select whether you want to share it with others.
5. Start adding items to your list by searching for them or selecting them from your previous orders.

Topic 2: How to manage multiple shopping lists on HEB.com
1. Once you have created a shopping list, you can access it by clicking on "My Lists" in the top right corner of the page.
2. You can rename, delete, or share your list at any time.
3. You can also move items between lists to keep everything organized.

Section 3: Sharing Wish Lists with Friends and Family

Topic 1: How to share a shopping list with others
1. Go to your shopping list and click on the three dots in the top right corner.
2. Select "Share List."
3. Enter the email addresses of the people you want to share your list with.

Topic 2: Benefits of sharing wish lists with others
1. Collaboration: You can work together with friends or family members to create a shared shopping list for a big event or gathering.
2. Suggestions: Your friends and family may have suggestions for items you didn't think of, which can help you to expand your options.
3. Gift ideas: Sharing wish lists can help you to get gift ideas for upcoming holidays or special occasions.

Conclusion:
By using HEB.com to create and manage multiple shopping lists, you can save time and money while also collaborating with friends and family. Shopping list management is an essential skill that can help you to stay organized and make the most of your trips to the store.

Glossary:
- Shopping list: A list of items that you need to purchase from the store
- Impulse buying: Buying things without planning or thinking about whether you really need them
- Budget: A plan for spending money wisely

Self-Debate:
Why is it important to create a shopping list before going to the store?
- It helps you to remember all the things you need to buy and prevents impulse buying.
- It ensures that you only buy what you need and stick to your budget.
- It saves time by preventing unnecessary trips to the store.


text: Coming up on November 15.. Professor Shane continues to ingratiate himself with Bonnie. Damon joins her to hear the prof tell them a story about ancient witchcraft. Meanwhile, Stefan and Klaus work together to help Jeremy move on from his past and look forward to the future.. The present continues to look pretty bad for Elena. She suffers from disturbing hallucinations that leads her into danger. Klaus just happens to hear about her rather unpleasant missteps on the road to becoming a full fledged vampire and he is not amused. After tipping Stefan off about what she's been doing behind his back, the original decides to deal with her in his own way.. Before Klaus can take care of Elena, she makes a horrifying confession to Stefan that rattles him. His brother also gets rattled. Matt finds some disturbing dirt on Professor Shane that leaves Damon stunned.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Critical Thinking in Problem Solving

Introduction:
Critical thinking is an essential skill in problem solving. It involves analyzing information, evaluating arguments, and making informed decisions. In this lesson, we will learn how to apply critical thinking to solve problems.

Section 1: Understanding Critical Thinking

Topic 1: What is critical thinking?
Critical thinking is the process of actively and objectively analyzing information to make informed judgments. It involves questioning assumptions, examining evidence, and considering alternative explanations.

Topic 2: Why is critical thinking important?
Critical thinking is important because it helps us make better decisions. When we think critically, we are more likely to identify the best course of action and avoid mistakes. Additionally, critical thinking helps us to understand complex problems and make informed decisions based on evidence.

Section 2: Applying Critical Thinking to Problem Solving

Topic 1: How do we apply critical thinking to problem solving?
To apply critical thinking to problem solving, we need to follow a structured approach. This involves identifying the problem, gathering information, analyzing the information, generating potential solutions, evaluating the solutions, and selecting the best course of action.

Topic 2: How do we evaluate information?
To evaluate information, we need to ask questions such as: Is the information reliable? Who created the information? What is their motivation? Are there any conflicts of interest? We also need to consider the credibility of the source and the quality of the evidence.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Topic 1: Example 1
Suppose you are considering investing in a new startup. You have heard good things about the company from friends and family, but you want to make sure it is a sound investment. You start by researching the company's financial statements, management team, and competitive landscape. You also look for any red flags or negative press. Based on your analysis, you decide whether to invest or not.

Topic 2: Example 2
Suppose you are trying to decide whether to accept a job offer. You have received an offer from a large corporation, but you are not sure if it is the right fit for you. You start by listing the pros and cons of the job, such as salary, benefits, and work-life balance. You also consider the company culture and whether it aligns with your values. Based on your analysis, you decide whether to accept or decline the offer.

Glossary:
- Critical thinking: The process of actively and objectively analyzing information to make informed judgments.
- Problem solving: The process of finding solutions to problems.
- Evidence: Information used to support a claim or argument.
- Credibility: The quality of being trustworthy or reliable.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the importance of critical thinking in problem solving. We explored how to apply critical thinking to problem solving and looked at practical examples. By following a structured approach and evaluating information carefully, we can make informed decisions and avoid mistakes.