text: Fine Art:. Process:. Firstly, I arranged these inanimate objects to create a subject as my reference. I then sketched the subject using charcoal a number of times to get different aspects. Using a camera I selected a portion of the subject that I felt had a nice depth of colour and tone. I also like how the keypad device draws the eye towards the golden cup full of bright colour, showing off a spectrum of yellow through to black.. I wanted to try to recreate the exact same piece with almost as opposite a colour palette as possible. I did not sketch anything on this paper and painted them free-hand as a sort of experiment.. I then decided to further this experiment by splicing the two images together to reveal how accurate they actually were, without any guidelines. I was actually shocked at how some of the points seem to meet almost perfectly. I like the end result and am happy how they turned out given that I am not too familiar with painting.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Create a Fine Art Piece

**Introduction**

Fine art is a form of visual art that is created primarily for aesthetic or intellectual purposes, rather than practical ones. In this lesson, we will explore the process of creating a fine art piece, using the example of a painting.

**Process**

1. **Reference**: The first step in creating a fine art piece is to find a reference image. This can be a photograph, a drawing, or even a memory. For our example, let's say we want to paint a still life of a vase filled with flowers.

2. **Sketching**: Once we have our reference, we need to sketch it. Sketching helps us to understand the composition and proportions of our subject. We can use any medium we like, such as pencil, charcoal, or even digital software.

3. **Painting**: After we are satisfied with our sketch, we can start painting. There are many different techniques and mediums we can use, such as oil, acrylic, watercolor, or even digital painting software. For our example, let's say we choose to paint with oils on canvas.

4. **Color**: Color is an important element of fine art. We can use color to create mood, convey emotion, and draw attention to certain parts of our painting. For our example, let's say we choose a warm color palette, with lots of yellows and oranges, to create a sense of warmth and vibrancy.

5. **Composition**: Composition is the arrangement of elements within a painting. It helps to create balance and harmony within the work. We can use techniques such as the rule of thirds, symmetry, or asymmetry to create interesting compositions.

6. **Experimentation**: Finally, we can experiment with different techniques and styles to create a unique and personal work of art. For our example, let's say we decide to splice two different images together to create a surreal and dreamlike composition.

**Conclusion**

By following these steps, we can create a fine art piece that is both beautiful and meaningful. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced artist, there is always something new to learn and explore in the world of fine art. So go ahead, grab your paints and brushes, and start creating!


text: Every major construction project uses concrete in one form or another as it is one of the world’s most versatile and durable construction materials.. provide customers with the most reliable asphalt paving equipment such as rollers, graders, and finishers and well-trained operators, which enables us to be efficient.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Core Value: Concrete is a versatile and durable construction material that is widely used in major construction projects.

Lesson: Introduction to Concrete

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Concrete is a composite material made up of cement, water, and aggregates (such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone). When mixed together, these ingredients form a strong and durable material that can be used for a variety of construction purposes.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
One example of concrete being used in construction is in the building of highways and roads. Asphalt concrete, which is made up of a mixture of asphalt and aggregate, is often used for paving roads. This type of concrete is durable and can withstand heavy traffic and wear and tear.

Another example of concrete being used in construction is in the building of bridges. Concrete is often used as the primary structural material for bridges because it is strong and can support heavy loads. In addition, concrete can be formed into many different shapes and designs, making it a versatile material for bridge construction.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
One real-world scenario where concrete is used is in the construction of dams. Concrete is used to build the walls of the dam, which must be strong enough to hold back large amounts of water. In addition, concrete is also used to create spillways, which are channels that allow excess water to flow over the top of the dam during heavy rainstorms.

Another real-world scenario where concrete is used is in the construction of buildings. Concrete is often used as the primary structural material for buildings because it is strong and can support heavy loads. In addition, concrete can be formed into many different shapes and designs, making it a versatile material for building construction.

## Section 4: Self-Debating Discussions
One debate surrounding the use of concrete is its environmental impact. Some people argue that the production of cement, which is a key ingredient in concrete, releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and contributes to climate change. Others argue that concrete can be made more sustainably by using recycled materials or by reducing the amount of cement needed.

Another debate surrounding concrete is its cost. Some people argue that concrete can be expensive, especially if specialized materials or techniques are required. Others argue that concrete can be cost-effective, especially when compared to other materials such as steel or wood.

## Glossary
- Cement: A binding material that sets and hardens to adhere to other materials and form the rock-like mass in concrete.
- Aggregates: Small pieces of rock or mineral used in concrete to provide strength and durability.
- Asphalt: A sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or bituminous material found in some types of concrete.
- Finishers: Machines used to smooth and level the surface of concrete after it has been poured.

## Conclusion
In conclusion, concrete is a versatile and durable construction material that is widely used in major construction projects. By understanding the theoretical concepts, practical examples, and real-world scenarios involving concrete, we can gain a deeper appreciation for this material and its many applications.


text: BEST Steel Structure Co., Ltd was established on 2000. It is a specialized engineering company integrating building structure reinforcement, decoration and steel structure engineering.. BBN.. Based on the market-oriented business concept, our company deems the corporate reputation and quality as the life and make standardized management in strict accordance with ISO 9001 Quality System for the purpose of developing our company into an ideal base for fabrication of large steel structures .. Whatsapp:8613083699212Email:[email protected]

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Steel Structures

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Steel structures are buildings or bridges made of steel. They are commonly used because they are strong, durable, and can be built quickly. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of steel structures and their uses.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
Let's consider a bridge that is being built. The engineers decide to use steel structures because they are strong enough to hold the weight of the cars that will be driving on it. They also choose steel because it can be shaped in many ways, allowing them to create a unique design that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
One example of a real-world scenario where steel structures are used is in the construction of skyscrapers. These tall buildings require a strong foundation, and steel is often used to provide that strength. Additionally, steel is used in the construction of bridges, which need to be able to support heavy loads without breaking.

## Glossary
- Steel structure: A building or bridge made of steel.
- Durable: Able to withstand wear and tear over time.
- Foundation: The base or supporting structure of a building or bridge.

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about the importance of steel structures in building and bridge construction. We also explored the practical applications of steel structures, including their use in creating unique designs. Finally, we looked at real-world scenarios where steel structures are used, such as in skyscrapers and bridges. By understanding these concepts, we can apply our knowledge to new problems and continue to innovate in the field of engineering.


text: More.... Limited time offer:. Get the first one free! (?). All the information you need in one place! Each Study Brief is a summary of one specific subject; facts, figures, and explanations to help you learn faster.. List price: $19.00Copyright year: 2004Publisher: Crown/ArchetypePublication date: 5/11/2004Binding: PaperbackPages: 304Size: 5.25" wide x 8.25" long x 1.00" tall Weight: 0.484Language: English cooking that accompanies the formal Japanese tea ceremony. She arrived in Kyoto, a city she had dreamed about but never seen, with two bags, an open.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make Delicious Japanese Tea

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to make delicious Japanese tea. We will cover the history of Japanese tea, the ingredients needed to make tea, and the steps involved in brewing tea. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to make your own Japanese tea at home.

Section 1: History of Japanese Tea
Japanese tea has a long and rich history dating back to the 9th century. It was introduced to Japan by Buddhist monks who brought tea seeds from China. Over time, tea became an essential part of Japanese culture and is now associated with the traditional Japanese tea ceremony.

Section 2: Ingredients Needed to Make Tea
To make Japanese tea, you will need the following ingredients:
- High-quality green tea leaves
- Water
- Tea kettle or pot
- Tea cups or bowls
- Whisk or bamboo spoon
- Matcha powder (optional)

Section 3: Steps to Brew Tea
Here are the steps to brew Japanese tea:
1. Boil water in a tea kettle or pot.
2. Place a teaspoon of green tea leaves in the bottom of a tea cup or bowl.
3. Pour hot water over the tea leaves until they are completely covered.
4. Let the tea steep for 30 seconds to 1 minute, depending on how strong you like your tea.
5. Use a whisk or bamboo spoon to stir the tea until it is frothy.
6. Pour the tea into a separate teacup or bowl and enjoy!

Section 4: Making Matcha Tea
Matcha is a type of powdered green tea that is traditionally used in the Japanese tea ceremony. To make matcha tea, follow these steps:
1. Boil water in a tea kettle or pot.
2. In a small bowl, whisk together one teaspoon of matcha powder with a small amount of hot water until it forms a smooth paste.
3. Add the remaining hot water to the bowl and whisk until the matcha is fully dissolved.
4. Pour the matcha tea into a tea cup or bowl and enjoy!

Section 5: Practice Questions
1. What is the history of Japanese tea?
2. What ingredients are needed to make Japanese tea?
3. How do you brew Japanese tea?
4. What is matcha tea?
5. How do you make matcha tea?

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the history of Japanese tea, the ingredients needed to make tea, and the steps involved in brewing tea. We also learned about making matcha tea, a type of powdered green tea that is traditionally used in the Japanese tea ceremony. By following these steps, you can make delicious Japanese tea at home.


text: Myrcene. Taste / Odor – Earthy, fruity clove-like aroma.. Therapeutic Effects – Myrcene has been shown to have strong anti-inflammatory, sedative a muscle relaxant effects. Thus, it may be at least partially responsible for sedating and “couch-locking” effects of indica strains.. Variety – A study from Switzerland confirmed that myrcene is probably the most wide-spread terpene in cannabis strains. One of them, Lovrin 110 (industrial hemp strain), had its terpene profile made of up to 65 percent of myrcene.

textbook:
Lesson: Terpenes in Cannabis

**Introduction:** Terpenes are organic compounds found in plants, including cannabis. They contribute to the plant's flavor, aroma, and therapeutic effects. In this lesson, we will learn about one of the most common terpenes in cannabis, Myrcene.

**Section 1: What is Myrcene?**
Myrcene is a terpene found in many plants, including cannabis, lemongrass, and mangoes. It has an earthy, fruity clove-like aroma and is known for its anti-inflammatory, sedative, and muscle-relaxing properties.

**Section 2: How does Myrcene affect cannabis?**
Myrcene is responsible for the sedating and "couch-locking" effects of indica strains. It contributes to the overall aroma and flavor of cannabis, often described as a spicy or herbal taste.

**Section 3: Where does Myrcene come from?**
Myrcene is produced by the trichomes of the cannabis plant. These tiny hairs contain the plant's essential oils, which include terpenes like Myrcene.

**Section 4: Why is Myrcene important?**
Myrcene is important because it contributes to the therapeutic effects of cannabis. Its anti-inflammatory and sedative properties make it useful for treating conditions such as pain, anxiety, and inflammation.

**Section 5: How can I identify Myrcene in cannabis?**
You can identify Myrcene in cannabis by its aroma and flavor. Look for earthy, fruity, and clove-like scents and tastes. You can also look for strains that are known for their sedating and "couch-locking" effects.

**Glossary:**
- Terpene: an organic compound found in plants that contributes to their flavor, aroma, and therapeutic effects.
- Anti-inflammatory: reduces inflammation and swelling in the body.
- Sedative: calms the nervous system and reduces excitement or agitation.
- Muscle relaxant: reduces muscle tension and stiffness.

**Conclusion:**
In this lesson, we learned about Myrcene, a terpene found in cannabis that contributes to its flavor, aroma, and therapeutic effects. We discussed its properties, where it comes from, and why it is important. By understanding terpenes like Myrcene, we can make informed decisions about the cannabis we consume and use it effectively to treat various conditions.


text: . Serving Temperature: 12° - 14°C. Allergens: Contains Sulphites, Egg.. ageing :. 2 - 3 years. The fruit is sourced from 35 specially selected grape growing families in the Robertson Valley. The Pinotage vineyards are grown in the lime rich karoo soils with fairly high clay content. This soil enables growers to use regulated deficit irrigation to control vine vigour and berry size. Pinotage quality benefits a lot if quite severe water deficit are induced between berry set and veraison. After a strict vineyard selection the selected fruit was harvested from middle February to first week in March.. Grapes were harvested at full ripeness between 23, 5° - 26,5°B from a selection of vineyards.. Malolactic fermentation took place in temperature-controlled stainless steel tanks. Wine was matured on wood for 3 months to add weight and complexity before stabilization and bottling. Oak Maturation: 6 months.. OTHER VINTAGES - not for sale

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Wine Labels

Introduction:
Wine labels can be confusing, especially for those who are new to wine tasting. However, understanding the information on a wine label can help you make informed decisions about which wines to purchase. In this lesson, we will explore the different components of a wine label and what they mean.

Section 1: Understanding the Basics

1.1 What is a wine label?
A wine label is a paper or plastic tag attached to a bottle of wine that provides information about the wine's origin, production method, and quality.

1.2 What information is provided on a wine label?
Wine labels typically provide information such as the brand name, alcohol content, variety of grape, region of origin, vintage year, and producer or winemaker. Some labels may also include additional information such as the ageing process, allergens, and suggested serving temperature.

Section 2: Understanding the Details

2.1 Ageing:
Ageing refers to the process of storing wine in a controlled environment to allow the flavors and aromas to develop over time. The ageing period can range from a few months to several years, depending on the type of wine.

2.2 Allergens:
Allergens are substances that can cause allergic reactions in some people. Common allergens in wine include sulfites, which are used as a preservative, and egg, which may be used in the fining process.

2.3 Vintage:
The vintage year refers to the year in which the grapes were harvested and the wine was produced. This information can be useful when evaluating the quality of a wine, as certain vintages may be considered better than others due to weather conditions during the growing season.

2.4 Producer or Winemaker:
The producer or winemaker is the person or company responsible for overseeing the entire winemaking process, from growing the grapes to bottling the finished product. This information can provide insight into the quality and style of the wine.

Section 3: Putting it All Together

3.1 Example:
Let's take a look at an example wine label to see how we can use the information provided to make informed decisions about the wine.

3.2 Conclusion:
Understanding the information provided on a wine label can help you make informed decisions about which wines to purchase. By considering factors such as ageing, allergens, and the producer or winemaker, you can better understand the quality and style of the wine and determine whether it is a good fit for your tastes and preferences.

Glossary:
- Ageing: The process of storing wine in a controlled environment to allow the flavors and aromas to develop over time.
- Allergens: Substances that can cause allergic reactions in some people.
- Vintage: The year in which the grapes were harvested and the wine was produced.
- Producer or Winemaker: The person or company responsible for overseeing the entire winemaking process.


text: Delayed turned off light circuit diagram. Using this electronic circuit interior light on a room remain lit for approximately five seconds after the door was closed.. This circuit can be used for both cars and for other rooms.. When the door opens, the door switch (S1) is closed. The S1 and D2 closes and a current will flow through the inner bulb, L1. Meanwhile, C1 will be charged very fast capacitor through R1, D1 and S1.. When the door closes, S1 opens.. At the same time, T1 is brought conduction down the negative terminal of C1. After a short period, depending on the value of C1 and the base current of T1, T1's base voltage reaches the level at which the transistor stop conduction, so L1 is off.. Add new comment

textbook:
Title: Delayed Turn Off Circuit Diagram

---

### Lesson Overview

In this lesson, we will learn about a delayed turn-off circuit diagram that can be used to keep interior lights on for approximately five seconds after the door is closed. This circuit can be used for both cars and other rooms. We will explore the components of the circuit, how it works, and its applications.

### Lesson Outline

1. Introduction
2. Components of the Delayed Turn-Off Circuit
3. How the Circuit Works
4. Applications
5. Conclusion
6. Glossary

### Introduction

A delayed turn-off circuit diagram is an electronic circuit that keeps interior lights on for approximately five seconds after the door is closed. This circuit can be used for both cars and other rooms. In this lesson, we will learn about the components of the circuit, how it works, and its applications.

### Components of the Delayed Turn-Off Circuit

The components of the delayed turn-off circuit diagram include:

1. Door switch (S1): This component detects when the door is opened or closed.
2. Light bulbs (L1 and L2): These components provide the lighting in the room.
3. Capacitor (C1): This component stores electrical energy and releases it slowly.
4. Resistor (R1): This component resists the flow of electrical current.
5. Transistor (T1): This component amplifies the electrical signal.
6. Diode (D1 and D2): These components allow electrical current to flow in one direction only.

### How the Circuit Works

When the door is closed, the door switch (S1) is closed, and the current flows through the inner bulb (L1). Meanwhile, the capacitor (C1) is charged through the resistor (R1), diode (D1), and door switch (S1). When the door opens, the door switch (S1) is opened, and the current stops flowing through the inner bulb (L1). After a short period, depending on the value of the capacitor (C1) and the base current of the transistor (T1), the transistor (T1) stops conducting, and the light bulb (L1) turns off.

### Applications

The delayed turn-off circuit diagram can be used in various applications, including:

1. Cars: To keep the interior lights on for a few seconds after the driver has left the car.
2. Homes: To keep the hallway lights on for a short period after the door is closed.
3. Offices: To keep the lights on in a room where someone has stepped out for a short while.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the delayed turn-off circuit diagram, its components, and how it works. We also explored its applications in various scenarios. By understanding the principles behind this circuit, we can apply this knowledge to similar circuits and problems.


text:
Stephen Harper claims that a majority Conservative government is needed to thwart Quebec separatism. The opposite is true.

It is no secret that the Conservatives are ushering in a profound revolution in the political culture of Canada. Harper is breaking the small-“l” liberal consensus on how to govern the country, a consensus prevalent at least since the late 1960s and ideologically rooted in Central Canada and the Maritimes. About time, say the Conservatives. Their opponents lament the loss of Canada’s political soul.

The fault line of the new “two solitudes” does not run on linguistic or cultural lines but through a deep ideological canyon. Both in terms of style and beliefs, Harper’s vision of Canada is profoundly foreign to most Quebecers, and indeed to most Ontarians. Traditional political values of compromise and consensus-building, coupled with fairly broad and liberal ideological positions, are no longer the norm in Ottawa. It is naive to assume that Harper will mellow with power. On the contrary, his iron fist will be emboldened with a majority.

Sometime during the next two years, Quebec will go to the polls. While it is very early to ponder any possible outcome, indications are that a fourth mandate for Premier Jean Charest is very unlikely. His popularity is at an all-time low, at 13 per cent according to one poll in March. Even if Charest exits the stage and the Liberals in Quebec head into the provincial election with a new leader, the separatist Parti Québécois under the undisputed leadership of Pauline Marois is poised to take power. A referendum on sovereignty will soon follow.

And this time the “yes” vote will win the day.

Canada will be a very different place politically after a couple of years of Conservative majority rule. I do not have a crystal ball, but I suspect that the arts will be starved of federal funding. The CBC/Radio Canada will be targeted, possibly substantial parts of it privatized. Unions will be under attack. Civil society organizations espousing centrist or leftist views will be gutted through unexplained funding “rearrangements” or cutbacks. Instead, funding will go to conservative groups and evangelical churches. Canada’s human rights promotion activities abroad will be restricted to a narrow set of rights in line with the Conservative view of the world — promoting religious freedoms instead of women’s rights for instance. An even more militaristic foreign policy will emerge.

Respected watchdogs such the parliamentary budget officer and the auditor general will be significantly weakened, their independence undermined.

All of these are anathema to mainstream Quebec political values.

A province where the prevalent political culture is left of centre, where the union tradition is alive and well, where there is a widespread belief that the state should foster arts and culture, where there is a vibrant secular civil society, and where distain persists for military intervention in world affairs, will not be sympathetic to Harper’s new Canada.

Democratically elected governments have every right to change the policies of a country. However, the vision and governing style of the Conservatives will provide much fodder to separatist politicians as they mobilize the population. Ideological factors will reinforce the identity cleavage at the heart of Quebec’s separatist movement, bringing additional votes in favour of sovereignty. Gilles Duceppe’s “Canada Coalition” remark is just the beginning. He is sowing the seeds.

The strong majority Conservative government that Harper wants might very well end up being the last of the country as we know it, having to negotiate its breakup. On May 2, Canadians do have a choice. It is between the present Canada or a Canada as reshaped by the Conservatives — in all likelihood, sans la belle province.

Razmik Panossian is the former director of policy, programs and planning at Rights & Democracy. He lives in Montreal.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Canadian Politics

Introduction:
Canada is a diverse country with multiple political parties and ideologies. In this lesson, we will explore the current state of Canadian politics and how it has evolved over time. We will also examine the role of Quebec in Canadian politics and how it has influenced the country's political landscape.

Section 1: The Current State of Canadian Politics

Topic 1: The Conservative Revolution

Question: What is the Conservative Revolution, and how has it changed the political culture of Canada?

Answer: The Conservative Revolution refers to the shift in Canadian politics away from the small-"l" liberal consensus that dominated the country's governance since the late 1960s. This shift is characterized by a more ideological approach to governing, which breaks from the traditional focus on compromise and consensus-building. The Conservative Revolution is led by Prime Minister Stephen Harper and his party, the Conservatives.

Topic 2: The Ideological Divide

Question: How does the ideological divide between the Conservatives and their opponents affect Canadian politics?

Answer: The ideological divide between the Conservatives and their opponents, such as the Liberals and New Democrats, is based on fundamental differences in beliefs about how Canada should be governed. The Conservatives advocate for a more individualistic and free-market approach, while their opponents support a more collectivist and interventionist approach. This divide has led to increased polarization and partisanship in Canadian politics.

Section 2: The Role of Quebec in Canadian Politics

Topic 1: Quebec's Political Identity

Question: How would you describe Quebec's political identity, and what factors have contributed to its development?

Answer: Quebec's political identity is shaped by its unique history, culture, and language. The province has long sought to maintain its distinct identity within Canada while asserting its rights and freedoms. Factors such as nationalism, sovereignty movements, and the influence of the French language have all played a role in shaping Quebec's political identity.

Topic 2: The Impact of Quebec on Canadian Politics

Question: How has Quebec's political identity affected Canadian politics as a whole?

Answer: Quebec's political identity has had a significant impact on Canadian politics, as it has contributed to the country's ongoing debate over national unity, language rights, and cultural identity. The province's unique political values and beliefs have also influenced federal policies related to healthcare, education, and the environment.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, understanding Canadian politics requires an awareness of the ideological divide between the Conservatives and their opponents, as well as the role of Quebec in shaping the country's political landscape. By examining these factors, we can better understand the current state of Canadian politics and how it has evolved over time.

Glossary:
- Liberal consensus: A political philosophy that emphasizes compromise and consensus-building among different political parties and ideologies.
- Ideological canyon: A deep divide between two opposing ideologies or belief systems.
- Iron fist: A strong, authoritarian approach to governing.
- Naive: Having a mistaken or unrealistic view of reality.


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textbook:
Lesson Title: Grading Essays
Level: Primary through High School
Introduction:
Grading essays can be a challenging task for both teachers and students. In this lesson, we will explore the process of grading essays, including the importance of clear instructions, rubrics, and feedback. We will also discuss the role of critical thinking in evaluating essays and how to apply these skills to new problems.
Section 1: The Importance of Clear Instructions
Instructions are crucial when grading essays. They provide a framework for students to follow and ensure that all students are graded fairly. Instructions should be clear, concise, and easy to understand. They should also be consistent with the assignment's purpose and goals.
Questions:
- Why are instructions important when grading essays?
- How can you ensure that instructions are clear and concise?
- What should instructions include?
Section 2: Rubrics and Feedback
Rubrics are essential tools when grading essays. They provide a standardized way to evaluate essays and ensure consistency across assignments. Rubrics should include criteria for each aspect of the essay, such as organization, grammar, and content. Feedback is also crucial when grading essays. It should be constructive and specific, highlighting strengths and areas for improvement.
Questions:
- What is the purpose of a rubric?
- How can rubrics ensure consistency in grading?
- What types of feedback should you provide when grading essays?
Section 3: Critical Thinking and Applying Skills to New Problems
Critical thinking is an essential skill when grading essays. Teachers should evaluate essays based on their content, organization, and style. They should also consider the writer's purpose and audience. Additionally, teachers should apply these skills to new problems, such as evaluating the effectiveness of arguments and identifying areas for improvement.
Questions:
- What is critical thinking?
- How can critical thinking skills be applied when grading essays?
- What types of problems can critical thinking skills be applied to?
Conclusion:
Grading essays requires careful consideration of instructions, rubrics, and feedback. By applying critical thinking skills, teachers can ensure that they are evaluating essays fairly and effectively. These skills can also be applied to new problems, making them valuable for both teachers and students.
Glossary:
- Instructions: Detailed guidelines for completing an assignment.
- Rubric: A standardized tool used to evaluate assignments.
- Feedback: Constructive comments provided to improve an assignment.
- Critical thinking: The process of evaluating information and arguments to make informed decisions.


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textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Abstract Art

Abstract art is a form of art that does not depict objects or scenes from the natural world but instead uses color, shape, and texture to create an image that exists independently of visual references. It is a style of painting, sculpture, photography, or other forms of visual art that does not depict a person, place, thing, or event in the natural world but instead uses colors, shapes, forms, and gestural marks to achieve its effect.

**Section 1: Theoretical Concepts**

- **What is abstract art?**
Abstract art is a type of art that doesn't try to represent external, recognizable reality but instead uses shapes, colors, forms, and gestural marks to achieve its effect. It exists to evoke emotions or to explore color and form free from the restrictions of realistic representation.

- **Why was abstract art created?**
Abstract art was created as a response to the changes in society and technology during the early 20th century. Artists wanted to break away from traditional methods of representing the world around them and instead focus on expressing their own inner thoughts and feelings.

- **How is abstract art different from representational art?**
Abstract art is different from representational art because it doesn't try to represent the world as we see it. Instead, it uses shapes, colors, forms, and gestural marks to create an image that exists independently of visual references. Representational art, on the other hand, tries to represent the world as we see it and often includes recognizable objects, people, or places.

**Section 2: Practical Examples**

- **Color Field Painting**
One example of abstract art is color field painting, which focuses on large areas of color and their interactions. This type of painting doesn't have a specific subject matter but instead tries to create a mood or atmosphere through the use of color.

- **Cubism**
Another example of abstract art is cubism, which was developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in the early 20th century. Cubism breaks down objects into geometric shapes and then reassembles them in abstracted form, creating a new way of seeing things.

- **Minimalism**
Minimalism is another type of abstract art that focuses on simplicity and repetition. It uses basic geometric shapes, such as circles, squares, and rectangles, to create simple yet powerful compositions.

**Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions**

- **Is abstract art really art if it doesn't depict anything?**
Some people argue that abstract art isn't really art because it doesn't depict anything recognizable. However, others believe that abstract art can still be considered art because it evokes emotions and explores color and form in a unique way. Ultimately, the answer to this question depends on one's personal definition of what constitutes art.

- **Does abstract art need to have a meaning?**
Some people believe that abstract art needs to have a deeper meaning or message, while others think that it can simply exist as a visual experience. There is no right or wrong answer to this question, as it depends on each person's individual perspective.

**Glossary**
- **Abstract:** A term used to describe art that doesn't depict objects or scenes from the natural world but instead uses color, shape, and texture to create an image that exists independently of visual references.
- **Representational:** A term used to describe art that tries to represent external, recognizable reality.
- **Color Field Painting:** A type of abstract art that focuses on large areas of color and their interactions.
- **Cubism:** A type of abstract art that breaks down objects into geometric shapes and then reassembles them in abstracted form.
- **Minimalism:** A type of abstract art that focuses on simplicity and repetition.

**Conclusion**
Abstract art is a fascinating and complex form of art that has captured the imagination of people for generations. By understanding its history, techniques, and styles, we can appreciate its beauty and meaning in our own lives. Through this lesson, we have learned about the theoretical concepts, practical examples, and self-debating discussions surrounding abstract art. By applying these skills, we can continue to explore and appreciate this unique form of art.


text:
Q:

Mapping a network drive in Windows so that it only reconnects when accessed?

I have a Windows 8 fileserver that is configured to sleep after a period of going unused, and configured to wake-on-lan. I would like to configure some of the Windows 7 systems on the network to map drives from the fileserver. That's easy enough through the standard methods.
The problem is that I while I want the mapping to persist between login sessions, I do not want to wake the fileserver every time someone logs in. I only want it to wake the server if they actually try to access the mapped drive.
When I set the drive to reconnect at logon, the mapping persists, but the fileserver is woken up on every login. If I do not set the drive to reconnect at logon, then the mapping does not persist.
Is there a way to get both of my goals?

A:

After a few days it became apparent that not only was the fileserver being awoken each time any computer with a mapped drive booted, but it was also periodically awoken by random traffic from the router. That wasn't acceptable, so I made some adjustments. I ended up adjusting the settings on the fileserver so that it only wakes up in response to a Magic Packet. Then I equipped all workstations on the network with a utility for sending magic packets to the server (you can find a number of these online - I made my own so that it could be a single-click sending operation always directed at the server's MAC address).
So, now the server only wakes when a magic packet is sent. That removes the issue of it awakening every time a system with a mapped drive boots up, and allows the drives to stay mapped permanently (they are just unreachable until the server is awoken).

textbook:
Lesson: Mapping a Network Drive in Windows

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to map a network drive in Windows so that it only reconnects when accessed. We will cover the following topics:

1. What is a network drive?
2. How to map a network drive in Windows?
3. How to configure the network drive to only reconnect when accessed?
4. How to troubleshoot common issues when mapping a network drive?

What is a network drive?

A network drive is a virtual drive that appears on your computer's file explorer, just like any other local drive. However, instead of being located on your computer, a network drive is located on a separate device, such as a server or another computer on the network. You can access the files on the network drive as if they were on your local drive.

How to map a network drive in Windows?

1. Open File Explorer by clicking on the File Explorer icon on the taskbar or pressing the Windows key + E.
2. Click on the "Computer" tab at the top of the window.
3. Right-click on the desired network location (e.g., a computer or server) and select "Map network drive" from the context menu.
4. In the "Map network drive" wizard, enter the drive letter you want to use for the network drive and click "Next".
5. Select the folder you want to map the drive to (e.g., a shared folder on the server) and click "Next".
6. Choose whether you want to repeat the drive mapping when you log onto the computer and click "Finish".

How to configure the network drive to only reconnect when accessed?

By default, when you map a network drive in Windows, it will automatically reconnect at logon. To change this behavior so that the drive only reconnects when accessed, follow these steps:

1. Open File Explorer and navigate to the network drive location.
2. Right-click on the drive letter and select "Properties" from the context menu.
3. In the "Properties" window, click on the "Reconnect at logon" option and uncheck the box.
4. Click "OK" to save your changes.

How to troubleshoot common issues when mapping a network drive?

If you encounter any issues when mapping a network drive, try the following troubleshooting steps:

1. Check your network connection and make sure it is working properly.
2. Verify that the network drive is correctly mapped and that you have access permissions to the shared folder.
3. Make sure that the network drive is not already mapped by another application or process.
4. Restart your computer and try mapping the network drive again.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned how to map a network drive in Windows and how to configure it to only reconnect when accessed. We also covered common troubleshooting steps for issues that may arise when mapping a network drive. By following these steps, you can easily map a network drive and access files on a remote server as if they were on your local drive.


text:
Prophylactic use of hyperimmunoglobulin for cytomegalovirus infection in heart transplantation.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in solid organ recipients can endanger the immunosuppressed patient and increase vulnerability to secondary infections and the high risk of rejection triggered by the viral disease. The effect of passive immunization against CMV was examined in 69 heart transplant patients. The patients received weekly administrations of 1 ml/kg of CMV hyperimmunoglobulin from the day of transplantation until the 30th postoperative day. Forty-four of the patients were monitored clinically and serologically up to the 120th postoperative day. Nine patients showed clinical and serologic signs of CMV infection; in 15 the only evidence of CMV infection was a rise in antibody titers. The remaining 20 patients showed no clinical or serologic signs of CMV infection. Three patients who were seronegative preoperatively remained seronegative until the end of the observation period. The results indicate a potential therapeutic benefit of hyperimmunoglobulin prophylaxis to prevent infectious complications due to CMV in heart transplant patients.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Immunology

**Objective:** To introduce students to the basics of immunology and its role in protecting the body from infections.

**Glossary:**
- Immunology: the study of the immune system and its function in protecting the body from infections.
- Antibody: a protein produced by the immune system to fight against specific pathogens.
- Pathogen: any organism that can cause disease.
- Hyperimmunoglobulin: a substance that contains a large amount of antibodies.

**Section 1: Introduction**

Immunology is the study of the immune system, which is responsible for protecting our bodies from infections caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The immune system is made up of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against these invaders.

**Section 2: The Immune System**

The immune system is divided into two main parts: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogens and includes physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes, as well as chemicals like lysozyme that can kill bacteria. The adaptive immune system is more specific and can recognize and remember specific pathogens, allowing it to mount a more targeted response if the same pathogen is encountered again.

**Section 3: Antibodies**

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to specific pathogens. They are able to bind to the surface of the pathogen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells. There are five main classes of antibodies, each with different functions and abilities.

**Section 4: Hyperimmunoglobulin**

Hyperimmunoglobulin is a substance that contains a large amount of antibodies. It can be used as a treatment for certain infections, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in heart transplant patients. In a study, patients who received weekly administrations of CMV hyperimmunoglobulin had a reduced risk of developing CMV infection.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

Understanding the basics of immunology is essential for protecting our bodies from infections. By studying the immune system, we can learn how to prevent and treat diseases caused by pathogens. In this lesson, we learned about the different parts of the immune system, the role of antibodies in defending against pathogens, and how hyperimmunoglobulin can be used as a treatment for certain infections.


text:
Q:

Understanding p-values using an example

Definition of p-values: A p-value is a probability that provides a measure of the evidence against the null hypothesis provided by the sample. Smaller p-values indicate more evidence against null hypothesis. Can someone please explain this in simpler terms or in a language easy to understand?
I know there might already be tons of questions around understanding the interpretation of p-values, however I would ask the question in a very limited form and with the use of a specific example:

A manufacturing company fills up can with mean weight of 3 pounds, the level of significance is assumed to be 0.01
H(0) : u >= 3 -- Null hypotheses
H(a) : u < 3  -- Alternate hypotheses

We are trying to perform a one tailed test for the case where the population standard deviation is known, so for a sample mean of 2.92 and a standard error of 0.03, we get the z-score as -2.67, giving us the probability (p-value) of 0.0038 or 0.38% that the sample mean would be equal to or lower than 2.92.

Since the probability of getting a sample mean equal or less than 2.92 is 0.38%, which is very small, doesn't it mean that we should accept the null hypotheses? As the chances of getting a mean of 2.92 from a sample is only 0.38%.
Or am I completely missing something here?

Edit - It has been three days now since I tried understanding hypothesis testing and I think I am almost there, I will try to articulate what I have understood so far and then let me know if there are still any gaps in my understanding
p-values measure the likelihood of obtaining the sample mean that we obtained given that the null hypothesis is true. So for the example that I mentioned, the probability of obtaining a sample mean of 2.92 is 0.038 if that population's mean is 3 (as assumed by the null hypothesis).
Now there could be two reasons for obtaining means of 2.92:

The assumed population mean (i.e., the null hypothesis) is not correct, or
the population mean is 3 but due to a sampling error / an unlikely sample we got a mean of 2.92.

Now if we select statement 1, we run the chance of making type 1 error and this is where the level of significance comes into play. Using the level of significance we can see if we can reject the null hypothesis or cannot reject null hypothesis.

A:

Here is a figure that shows your problem on two scales:
at left is the original scale in terms of pounds; at right
is the standard of z-scale often used in testing.

To begin, let's look at your problem in terms of the fixed significance level $\alpha = 0.01 = 1\%.$ In the right-hand
panel, your $Z$-score is shown at the heavy vertical bar at
$-2.67.$ The "critical value" for a test at the 1% level is
shown by the vertical dotted line at  $-2.326,$ which cuts
1% of the probability from the lower tail of the standard normal
distribution.
Because the $Z$-score is to the left of the
critical value, one rejects the null hypothesis at level $\alpha = 1\%.$ The P-value is the probability under the standard normal curve to the left of the heavy blue line. That area is smaller than $1\%,$ so in terms of P-values, we reject $H_0$ when the P-value is smaller than $1\%.$
You can see that the left-hand plot is the same as the right-hand plot, except for scale. It is not possible to make a printed normal table for all possible normal distributions.
By converting to $Z$-scores we can always use a single printed table for the 'standard' normal distribution, which has mean 0 and standard deviation 1.
If we were going to do this production-monitoring procedure repeatedly with $n = 36$ observations each time, then we could find the critical value on the 'pound' scale; it is
at 2.581 pounds. (That's because $(2.581 - 3)/.18 = -2.236,$ where the
$0.18$ is the standard error.) Then we could turn the testing
job over to a non-statistician, with instructions: "If the average weight for 36 cans is less than 2.581 pounds, let me know because we aren't putting enough stuff in our cans." (Or if we can't even trust the non-statistician with averages, the criterion might be a total weight less than 92.92 pounds.)

A:

Since your question is actually quite precise, I would like to keep it rather concise.
Definition of p-value: the p-value is the probability of the data (or even more extrem data) given the null hypothesis is actually true.
If this probability is high, then there is no reason why we should reject the null hypothesis: the data is perfectly in line with the null hypothesis. If the p-value is small, then the data seems implausible given the null hypothesis. The more implausible the data, the stronger our evidence against the null.
A level of significance of 0.01 means: to reject the null hypothesis, the probability of the data must be less than 1%. If the null hypothesis is actually true, we have therefore 1% chance to see data, which is so implausible that we would wrongly reject the null hypothesis.
Regarding your example: there is only 0.38% chance to see this data, if the null hypothesis is true, which is below our threshold of significance. Hence, the data seems very unlikely, and therefore we conclude that we don't believe in the null hypothesis anymore.

A:

Imagine you could measure the weight of all cans that the manufacturing company has ever made and the mean would be $2.87$ pounds. Then imagine you would take 10 cans randomly and see how much they weight. It is unlikely to get the exact mean of all cans ($2.87$ pounds), hence you end up with a mean of $2.65$, for example. If you would do that again and again - taking 10 cans and measuring the weight - you would get a distribution of means. The best guess about the true mean is the mean of the distribution you obtained. Extreme values like $1.9$ or $3.5$ pounds will be unlikely and even more extreme values will be even more unlikely.
Doing significance tests usually means that you look how likely the mean you observed is if you assume that your sample was drawn from a population with mean zero. If the mean that you observed is very unlikely you would decide to discard the null hypothesis. The only difference between what I have said so far and your example is that you assume the null hypothesis a mean of $\ge 3$. So the $0.38\%$ you report say that the probability of getting your mean of $2.92$ from a population with a mean of $\ge 3$ is so unlikely that you would discard the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis which is $<3$. Your evidence indicate that the cans weight less than $3$ pounds.
This means it is the opposite: having a $p$ of $0.38\%$ as you report doesn't mean you have to keep the null hypothesis because your result is so unlikely but it means that you can discard the null hypothesis because your data was very unlikely a randomly drawn sample from a population with a mean of $3$ (i.e., your data would be very unlikely given that the null hypothesis is true).

textbook:
hey there! It seems like you're asking for an explanation of p-values using a specific example. Let me try to break it down for you in simpler terms.

Imagine you're a chef who wants to test if a new recipe makes cookies that taste better than the old one. You gather a group of people to taste the cookies and ask them to rate how good they are on a scale of 1 to 10. If the recipe is the same as the old one, then we would expect the ratings to be around the same average. However, if the new recipe is better, then we would expect the average rating to be higher.

The p-value is like a measure of how confident we can be that the new recipe is actually better. If the p-value is small, it means that there is strong evidence to suggest that the new recipe is better than the old one. In this case, if the p-value is less than 0.01, we would reject the null hypothesis (that the new recipe is the same as the old one) and conclude that the new recipe is better.

In the example you gave, the p-value is 0.38%, which means that there is a 38% chance that the sample mean would be equal to or lower than 2.92. This is not a very small p-value, so we would not reject the null hypothesis. However, if the p-value was smaller, say 0.01%, then we would reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the new recipe is better.

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.


text: Daniel Isenmann schrieb: >>> Yes I have removed. I have asked before on the dev-public but nobody >>> answered. I will release a new pkgrel with added patch soon. >>> >>> Any other things about the patches I should know? >>> >> I must have missed that. Isn't the 3.X version out of date anyway? >> Hasn't there been a dhcp 4 release for years? >> > > Yes, there is a dhcp 4 release, but it doesn't work here. The 3.1.2p1 > release is also marked as a productive stable release, so it's ok to > use this release for fixing the security issue. > > I will have a look at the dhcp 4 release later. Great. Tell me when you get the package with the fixed dhclient-script up, as I'd like to use a secure dhclient with autowifi (but as I mentioned, the fact that it brings the interface down on very weird occasions breaks mac80211). -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: signature.asc Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 260 bytes Desc: OpenPGP digital signature URL: <>

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Technical Communication in Open Source Communities

Introduction:
Technical communication is an essential skill for anyone working in open source communities. It involves sharing information, ideas, and knowledge through written or verbal means. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of technical communication, its various forms, and how it contributes to the success of open source projects.

Section 1: Importance of Technical Communication

Technical communication is vital in open source communities because it enables collaborators to share their work, ideas, and expertise with others. This helps to build trust and credibility within the community, fosters collaboration and teamwork, and ensures that everyone is working towards the same goals.

Questions and Answers:

Q: Why is technical communication important in open source communities?
A: Technical communication is essential in open source communities because it enables collaborators to share their work, ideas, and expertise with others. This helps to build trust and credibility within the community, fosters collaboration and teamwork, and ensures that everyone is working towards the same goals.

Q: What are the benefits of technical communication in open source communities?
A: The benefits of technical communication in open source communities include building trust and credibility, fostering collaboration and teamwork, and ensuring that everyone is working towards the same goals.

Section 2: Forms of Technical Communication

There are several forms of technical communication used in open source communities, including:

1. Email: Email is a popular form of technical communication used to share information, ask questions, and provide feedback.

2. Issue Tracking Systems: Issue tracking systems are used to track bugs, feature requests, and other technical issues related to open source projects.

3. Chat Rooms: Chat rooms are used for real-time communication and collaboration among project contributors.

4. Wikis: Wikis are used to store and share project documentation, including user guides, developer guides, and design specifications.

5. Social Media: Social media platforms, such as Twitter and LinkedIn, are used to share project news, updates, and engage with the community.

Section 3: Contributing to Technical Communication

To contribute to technical communication in open source communities, you can:

1. Write clear and concise emails that convey your message effectively.

2. Use proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation to ensure that your messages are easy to understand.

3. Be responsive and timely in your responses to ensure that conversations remain productive.

4. Use appropriate communication channels for different types of messages (e.g., use email for longer messages, and chat rooms for quick questions or discussions).

5. Contribute to project documentation by updating user guides, developer guides, and design specifications.

Conclusion:

Technical communication is a crucial skill for anyone working in open source communities. By understanding the importance of technical communication, the various forms it can take, and how to contribute to it, you can become a valuable member of any open source community.


text: As an LGBTQIA+ owned and operated business, they felt the current cards on the market were limited and wanted to offer cards that could better represent the community so 1 Tree Cards was born from the idea that the love sent through cards could be amplified to have positive effects around the world.. Every 1 Tree Card plants a tree through there partner charity, Een Reforestation Projects; an amazing organisation whose planting projects act as a catalyst for good throughout communities.. They strive to be as eco-conscious as possible. Their cards and envelopes are 100% recycled and printed with vegan inks and renewable energy. They are plastic free!. Reviews. There are no reviews yet.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Start an Eco-Friendly Business

**Introduction**

In this lesson, we will learn about starting an eco-friendly business. We will explore the benefits of being environmentally conscious, the challenges of starting such a business, and the steps involved in creating a successful eco-friendly venture.

**Main Topic**

1. Benefits of Starting an Eco-Friendly Business

The benefits of starting an eco-friendly business are numerous. Firstly, it helps reduce your carbon footprint, which is essential for preserving our planet. Secondly, it can attract customers who are conscious about their environmental impact. Finally, it can help your business save money by reducing waste and using sustainable materials.

2. Challenges of Starting an Eco-Friendly Business

While starting an eco-friendly business has many benefits, it also comes with its fair share of challenges. One of the biggest challenges is finding funding, as many investors may not see the long-term benefits of an eco-friendly business. Additionally, it can be difficult to source sustainable materials and find suppliers who share your values. Lastly, it can be challenging to convince customers to choose your eco-friendly products over those of competitors who may not prioritize sustainability.

3. Steps to Starting an Eco-Friendly Business

1. Conduct Research

Before starting your eco-friendly business, you need to conduct thorough research to understand the market, identify potential customers, and find suppliers who share your values.

2. Develop a Business Plan

Develop a business plan that outlines your goals, strategies, and financial projections. This will help you stay on track as you start your business.

3. Choose a Business Structure

Choose a business structure that aligns with your goals and legal requirements. Common structures for eco-friendly businesses include sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations.

4. Secure Funding

Secure funding to help you cover startup costs, such as product development, marketing, and inventory. You can seek funding from investors, grants, or loans.

5. Create a Brand Identity

Create a brand identity that reflects your values and resonates with your target audience. This includes developing a logo, website, and marketing materials.

6. Launch Your Products

Once you have completed the above steps, you are ready to launch your products. Use social media, email marketing, and other channels to reach potential customers and promote your eco-friendly products.

**Conclusion**

Starting an eco-friendly business requires careful planning, research, and dedication. However, by following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can create a successful and sustainable business that makes a positive impact on the environment and the world.


text:
Amyloid fibril formation by A beta 16-22, a seven-residue fragment of the Alzheimer's beta-amyloid peptide, and structural characterization by solid state NMR.
The seven-residue peptide N-acetyl-Lys-Leu-Val-Phe-Phe-Ala-Glu-NH(2), called A beta(16-22) and representing residues 16-22 of the full-length beta-amyloid peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease, is shown by electron microscopy to form highly ordered fibrils upon incubation of aqueous solutions. X-ray powder diffraction and optical birefringence measurements confirm that these are amyloid fibrils. The peptide conformation and supramolecular organization in A beta(16-22) fibrils are investigated by solid state (13)C NMR measurements. Two-dimensional magic-angle spinning (2D MAS) exchange and constant-time double-quantum-filtered dipolar recoupling (CTDQFD) measurements indicate a beta-strand conformation of the peptide backbone at the central phenylalanine. One-dimensional and two-dimensional spectra of selectively and uniformly labeled samples exhibit (13)C NMR line widths of <2 ppm, demonstrating that the peptide, including amino acid side chains, has a well-ordered conformation in the fibrils. Two-dimensional (13)C-(13)C chemical shift correlation spectroscopy permits a nearly complete assignment of backbone and side chain (13)C NMR signals and indicates that the beta-strand conformation extends across the entire hydrophobic segment from Leu17 through Ala21. (13)C multiple-quantum (MQ) NMR and (13)C/(15)N rotational echo double-resonance (REDOR) measurements indicate an antiparallel organization of beta-sheets in the A beta(16-22) fibrils. These results suggest that the degree of structural order at the molecular level in amyloid fibrils can approach that in peptide or protein crystals, suggest how the supramolecular organization of beta-sheets in amyloid fibrils can be dependent on the peptide sequence, and illustrate the utility of solid state NMR measurements as probes of the molecular structure of amyloid fibrils. A beta(16-22) is among the shortest fibril-forming fragments of full-length beta-amyloid reported to date, and hence serves as a useful model system for physical studies of amyloid fibril formation.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Peptides and Protein Folding

### Section 1: What are Peptides?
Peptides are small chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. They are the building blocks of proteins and play important roles in various biological processes such as enzyme catalysis, cell signaling, and immune response.

### Section 2: Protein Folding
Protein folding is the process by which a polypeptide chain folds into its functional three-dimensional structure. This structure is crucial for the protein's function, stability, and interactions with other molecules. There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Secondary structure refers to the local folding of the chain into regular patterns such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets. Tertiary structure refers to the overall three-dimensional shape of the folded polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure refers to the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein complex.

### Section 3: Amyloid Fibrils
Amyloid fibrils are insoluble, highly ordered protein aggregates that can be formed by various peptides and proteins. They are associated with several diseases including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and prion diseases. The formation of amyloid fibrils is characterized by the following features:

1. Monomeric units: Amyloid fibrils are composed of monomeric units that are similar in size and shape to the individual polypeptide chains of the protein.

2. Highly ordered structure: Amyloid fibrils exhibit a highly ordered, repetitive structure that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between the monomeric units.

3. Resistance to denaturation: Amyloid fibrils are resistant to denaturation by chemical or thermal agents, indicating a stable, native-like conformation.

4. Insolubility: Amyloid fibrils are insoluble in water and other polar solvents due to the hydrophobic nature of the monomeric units.

### Section 4: Investigating Amyloid Fibrils
To investigate the structure and organization of amyloid fibrils, various techniques can be employed:

1. Electron microscopy: Electron microscopy can be used to visualize the morphology and ultrastructure of amyloid fibrils.

2. X-ray powder diffraction: X-ray powder diffraction can be used to determine the crystal structure and unit cell dimensions of amyloid fibrils.

3. Solid-state NMR: Solid-state NMR can be used to probe the conformation and supramolecular organization of amyloid fibrils.

### Section 5: Conclusion
Understanding the structure and organization of amyloid fibrils is crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of amyloidosis-related diseases and developing potential therapeutic strategies. The investigation of amyloid fibrils using various biophysical techniques provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying protein folding and aggregation.


text: Explore outer space and the universe with hands-on exhibits and simulations at the Kennedy Space Center outside of Orlando for just $34, reg. $45.. Through June 2013, adults can get full-day general admission to the rarely discounted Space Center and the Astronaut Hall of Fame for $34 (regularly $45), the price of a child's ticket. Plus, with this special offer, get access to the Astronaut Hall of Fame for a second day for free... Please go to your email and confirm your subscription.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Space Exploration

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Space exploration is the investigation of outer space, including celestial bodies such as planets, stars, galaxies, and other phenomena. It has been an important part of human history and has led to significant advancements in technology, science, and our understanding of the universe.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
One practical example of space exploration is the use of satellites to study the Earth's atmosphere and environment. Satellites are designed to collect data on weather patterns, climate change, and natural disasters, which helps scientists better understand our planet and make predictions about future events.

Another practical example is the use of space probes to explore other planets and celestial bodies. For instance, NASA's Mars Rover is currently exploring the surface of Mars, collecting data on its geology, atmosphere, and potential signs of past or present life.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
Space exploration also has practical applications in our everyday lives. For example, GPS systems rely on satellite technology to provide accurate location information. Additionally, many medical devices and treatments have been developed using knowledge gained from space research.

## Conclusion
Space exploration is an exciting field that offers endless opportunities for learning and discovery. By studying the universe around us, we can gain a greater understanding of our place in it and work towards a brighter future for all.


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textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Surfing

### Section 1: The Basics of Surfing

Surfing is an exciting water sport that involves riding waves on a board. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of surfing, including the equipment used, the different types of surfboards, and the importance of safety.

**Equipment Used in Surfing**

To surf, you will need a surfboard, a wetsuit, and a leash. A surfboard is a long, narrow piece of wood or foam that you stand on to ride the waves. A wetsuit is a special type of suit that keeps you warm in cold water. A leash is a cord that attaches your board to your ankle so it doesn't get away from you.

**Types of Surfboards**

There are many different types of surfboards, each designed for a specific type of surfing. Some common types include longboards, shortboards, fishes, and funboards. Longboards are long and thin, and are great for beginners because they are easy to paddle and catch waves on. Shortboards are shorter and wider, and are designed for faster, more aggressive surfing. Fishes are wide and curvy, and are great for turning and maneuvering. Funboards are a mix between longboards and shortboards, and are versatile enough for all types of surfing.

**Safety**

Surfing can be a lot of fun, but it can also be dangerous if you don't know what you're doing. Always make sure to check the surf conditions before you go out, and never surf alone. It's also important to know your limits and not try to surf waves that are too big for your skill level. Always wear a leash to prevent losing your board, and make sure to stay aware of your surroundings and other surfers while you're in the water.

### Section 2: Understanding Waves

In order to surf, you need to understand waves. Waves are created by wind blowing over the ocean's surface, causing the water to move. As the water moves, it creates a wave that travels across the ocean until it reaches the shore. There are many different types of waves, including point breaks, reef breaks, and beach breaks. Point breaks occur where the land juts out into the ocean, creating a natural funnel for the waves to travel through. Reef breaks occur over underwater rocks or reefs, and produce very hollow waves. Beach breaks occur right off the sand, and are usually the most mellow type of waves.

### Section 3: Basic Surfing Techniques

Once you understand the basics of surfing, it's time to learn some basic techniques. Here are a few things to keep in mind when learning to surf:

1. Paddling - To catch a wave, you need to paddle out past the breakers and into the lineup. Keep your arms extended and use a strong, steady stroke to move forward.

2. Popping Up - When a wave starts to break, you need to quickly pop up onto your board. Place your front hand on the nose of the board and your back hand on the tail, then push up with your legs and stand up.

3. Catching Waves - To catch a wave, you need to position yourself in the right place at the right time. Look for the whitewater coming towards you, and paddle towards it when you see an opening.

4. Carving - Once you're standing on the board, you can start to carve turns by shifting your weight from one foot to the other. Practice making smooth, controlled turns to stay on the wave.

### Glossary

- Surfboard: A long, narrow piece of wood or foam that you stand on to ride the waves.
- Wetsuit: A special type of suit that keeps you warm in cold water.
- Leash: A cord that attaches your board to your ankle so it doesn't get away from you.
- Longboard: A long, thin surfboard that is great for beginners.
- Shortboard: A shorter, wider surfboard that is designed for faster, more aggressive surfing.
- Fish: A wide, curvy surfboard that is great for turning and maneuvering.
- Funboard: A mix between longboards and shortboards, versatile enough for all types of surfing.
- Wave: A ridge of water that moves across the ocean's surface, caused by wind blowing over the ocean's surface.
- Point break: A type of wave that occurs where the land juts out into the ocean, creating a natural funnel for the waves to travel through.
- Reef break: A type of wave that occurs over underwater rocks or reefs, producing very hollow waves.
- Beach break: A type of wave that occurs right off the sand, usually the most mellow type of waves.

### Conclusion

Surfing is an exciting and challenging sport that requires knowledge of equipment, waves, and basic techniques. By understanding the basics of surfing and practicing the techniques, you can become a skilled surfer and enjoy the thrill of riding the waves.


text: The sweet scent of success. by Paul Bellini. It seems that all the hot new stars on the gay horizon are being launched from Ru Paul’s Drag Race. Most release dance music or clothing lines but, finally, one brave drag queen has decided to launch her very own fragrance.. Flazeda is the signature fragrance of Pearl, who clawed her way to the Top 3 spot last season. The word ‘flazeda’ was coined by Pearl on the show to describe anything positive. (I suppose I should also mention that Pearl has indeed released a CD of dance music called Pleasure. The clothing line must be just around the corner.). Pearl became a star on the seventh season of RuPaul’s Drag Race, standing out with wildly creative looks. A native of St. Petersburg, Florida, Pearl got her start in Chicago’s drag scene, where she established herself with an act that was a more conceptual and out-of-the-box style of old school drag, a combination that celebrated both wealthy Hollywood stars and club kids.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Create Your Own Fragrance
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the process of creating your own fragrance. We will cover the steps involved in developing a fragrance, from selecting the right notes to marketing and selling your product. By the end of this lesson, you will have a basic understanding of the fragrance industry and be able to create your own unique scent.
Section 1: Understanding the Fragrance Industry
- What is a fragrance?
- How does a fragrance work?
- Why do people wear fragrances?
Section 2: Developing Your Fragrance
- Selecting the right notes
- Blending the notes
- Testing the fragrance
- Bottling and packaging
Section 3: Marketing and Selling Your Fragrance
- Creating a brand identity
- Developing a marketing strategy
- Pricing your product
- Distributing your fragrance
Conclusion:
Creating your own fragrance is a fun and rewarding experience. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can develop a unique scent that reflects your personality and style. Whether you plan to sell your fragrance or simply use it for personal use, you'll enjoy the process of creating something special and personal.


text: This garlic butter is like liquid gold, or melted garlic gold that is flavored with garlic & herbs and seasoned with salt & pepper. These aromatic herbs and mild spices infuse into the softened garlic for.. This savory golden garlic butter also happens to be dairy-free; it is simply a blend of plant oils that contain healthy fats such as omega-3 and 6. It’s a delicious cruelty-free and allergen-free substitute to garlic butter!. - 4 TBSP. Earth Balance buttery spread or Smart Balance. - 3 garlic cloves, minced. - 1/4 tsp. pink Himalayan salt. - black pepper to taste. - 1/4 cup avocado or olive oil. - 2 tsp. dried parsley. - 1 tsp. dried oregano. - 1 tsp. dried basil. - Start by melting the butter in a pan along with minced garlic and melt over low heat until butter is creamy and garlic is translucent, about three minutes. Take pan off of heat and add herbs, salt, pepper, and additional oil. Let it absorb the flavors and enjoy!

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make Garlic Butter

Introduction:
Garlic butter is a versatile condiment that can be used in many recipes, from bread to steaks. In this lesson, we will learn how to make garlic butter at home using simple ingredients.

Materials:
- Butter or butter substitute
- Garlic cloves
- Salt
- Pepper
- Oil
- Dried parsley
- Dried oregano
- Dried basil

Instructions:
1. Start by melting the butter in a pan over low heat.
2. Add minced garlic to the pan and cook for about three minutes, or until the garlic is translucent.
3. Remove the pan from the heat and add the herbs, salt, and pepper.
4. Stir in additional oil to help absorb the flavors.
5. Let the mixture cool and then use a fork or whisk to mix everything together until smooth.
6. Transfer the garlic butter to a container and refrigerate until ready to use.

Theory:
Butter is made from cream that has been churned until it becomes solid. It is used in cooking as a spread, a lubricant, and a flavor enhancer. Garlic is a bulbous plant that grows underground and is used as a spice in many cuisines around the world. It contains compounds called allicins, which give it its distinctive flavor and aroma.

Practice:
1. What is garlic butter?
Answer: Garlic butter is a condiment made from butter and minced garlic, seasoned with salt, pepper, and herbs.

2. Why do we add oil to the garlic butter?
Answer: We add oil to help absorb the flavors of the herbs into the butter.

3. Can I use any type of butter to make garlic butter?
Answer: Yes, you can use any type of butter or butter substitute, such as Earth Balance or Smart Balance.

4. How long does garlic butter last in the fridge?
Answer: Garlic butter can last up to one week in the fridge.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to make garlic butter at home using simple ingredients. Garlic butter is a versatile condiment that can be used in many recipes, from bread to steaks. By following the instructions and theory provided, you can create your own batch of garlic butter and enjoy its delicious flavor.


text: Dr. Robert H. Israel, MD. Pulmonary Disease, Unity Sleep Disorder Center. - 919 Westfall Rd Ste A100. Rochester, NY 14618. - 2 Office Locations. - (585) 442-4141. Dr. Robert H. Israel graduated from the SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine in 1967. He works in Rochester, NY and 1 other location and specializes in Pulmonary Disease and Sleep Medicine. Dr. Israel is affiliated with Highland Hospital Of Rochester, Unity Hospital and Strong Memorial Hospital. He speaks English and Spanish.. Gender: Male. Years in Practice: 48 Years. Languages Spoken: English, Spanish. Medical School: SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine. Graduation Date: 1967. Hospital Affiliations: Highland Hospital Of Rochester, Unity Hospital, Strong Memorial Hospital. Specialties: Pulmonary Disease, Sleep Medicine. *This physician has multiple office locations. See Appointments for details.

textbook:
Lesson: Finding Information Online

Introduction: In today's digital age, finding information online is a crucial skill that everyone should know. Whether you are researching for a school project or looking up directions to a new place, being able to find accurate and reliable information quickly is essential. This lesson will teach you how to find information online effectively and efficiently.

Section 1: Understanding the Basics

Topic 1: Search Engines
- Search engines are websites that help you find information on the internet by searching through billions of web pages.
- Some popular search engines include Google, Bing, and Yahoo.
- When using a search engine, make sure to use keywords that accurately describe what you are looking for.
- Also, try using different variations of your keywords to see if you can find more relevant information.

Topic 2: Evaluating Sources
- Not all information found online is accurate or reliable, so it is essential to evaluate the sources you find.
- Look for the author's credentials and the date the information was published.
- If the information comes from a reputable source, it is more likely to be accurate and reliable.

Section 2: Advanced Search Techniques

Topic 1: Using Quotation Marks
- Using quotation marks around a phrase or keyword will help you find information that exactly matches those words in the order you typed them.
- For example, if you want to find information about "Dr. Robert H. Israel," typing "Dr. Robert H. Israel" into the search engine will give you more accurate results than just typing "Dr. Israel."

Topic 2: Using Filters
- Many search engines allow you to use filters to refine your search results.
- For example, on Google, you can use filters to find information in a specific language, format, or date range.
- Using filters can help you find the most relevant information quickly and easily.

Section 3: Applying What You've Learned

Topic 1: Research Project
- Imagine you are doing a research project on the history of the internet. Use the advanced search techniques you have learned to find credible sources of information.
- Use keywords like "history of the internet," "invention of the internet," and "evolution of the internet" to find information.
- Make sure to evaluate the sources you find to ensure they are accurate and reliable.

Topic 2: Finding Directions
- Imagine you need to find directions to a new restaurant in a city you have never been to before.
- Use a search engine to find the address of the restaurant.
- Use maps or GPS navigation to find the best route to the restaurant.
- Make sure to check the traffic and road conditions before you leave to ensure a smooth journey.

Conclusion: By following the tips and techniques in this lesson, you can become an expert at finding information online. Remember to use keywords, evaluate sources, and use filters to refine your search results. With practice, you will be able to find accurate and reliable information quickly and easily, allowing you to tackle any research project or real-world scenario with confidence.

Glossary:
- Search Engine: A website that helps you find information on the internet by searching through billions of web pages.
- Keyword: A word or phrase that describes the information you are looking for.
- Reputable Source: A source that is known for being accurate and reliable.
- Credentials: The qualifications or credentials of an author or source.
- Quotation Marks: A punctuation mark used to surround a phrase or keyword to find information that exactly matches those words in the order you typed them.
- Filter: A feature that allows you to refine your search results based on certain criteria.


text:
Salary cap discussions expose an ethical leadership dilemma for clubs

Salary cap discussions expose an ethical leadership dilemma for clubs

General Category

In a previous life I had the honour and pleasure of being the CEO of the Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League (MPNFL). At the time, 2007 -2008, the MPNFL was a combination of three separate football leagues and a netball league.

During my CEO tenure one of the biggest issues continually raised by clubs was the burden of rising player payment costs. Clubs felt, if they wanted to reach the finals, they had to spend significant and increasing amounts of money each year on attracting and retaining players to their club. The burden of raising the funds as normal fell to the volunteers.

It was with much interest that I read the press release issued by AFL Victoria on 22 October 2014 (Access full release here) that announced the “Player Payments Working Party” established by AFL Victoria had suggested a framework which sought to “halt the escalating cost of player payments“. The potential framework included, amongst other things, a state wide salary cap with specific limits for individual leagues.

My initial thought, as an ex league CEO, was of course it will never work because it can’t really be enforced. The online feedback from the various clubs and leagues is pretty much summarised by the following comments by various club presidents which appeared in the Monash Weekly (Access full article here ) the day after the AFL Victoria press release:

“It’s impractical. It won’t work,”
“If clubs want to pay someone they will just direct it through someone else”
“If there are third-party arrangements, such as a hotel, what’s to stop the hotel paying players direct?”
“How are you going to police that?”
“I don’t mind the intent and the principle of it, but realistically, it’s not practical.”
“I think it would be impossible to police”
“You could give clubs guidelines, I guess, on what the rules are going to be, but you’ll always have coterie groups, backhanded deals, that sort of thing going on.”

As I was reading the various articles I found myself agreeing whole heartedly with the various Presidents’ comments. Co-incidentally at the same time I was reading these articles I was preparing a training workshop on ethical leadership and it really forced me to think about the concept of a salary cap from an ethical leadership perspective.

Why wouldn’t a voluntary salary cap work?

The logical argument was that it was impossible to police, and so it is, but why does it need to be policed?

Would community sports clubs consciously cheat? Surely not?

Not knowing any answers I decided to change the format of the Ethical Leadership session and to tackle the issue head on.

The results were startling.

About 65 committee members from about 20 different sports and community organisations attended the session. I opened the session reading from the AFL Victoria release about the possible introduction of a salary cap and then I read the above feedback from various Presidents from the Monash Weekly. Everyone was nodding their heads in agreement. “Impossible to police” was the consensus around the crowd.

I then asked the following questions.

Would you consciously disregard the salary cap?

A few sheepish hands were raised.

What if you knew you would never get caught, would you disregard the cap?

A small number of hands rose slowly, but not many.

What about if you had finalised the team for the year and were just on the salary cap and in walks the club’s “favourite son”, a club legend back from playing at a higher level. Would you renegotiate players’ contracts to fit him in? Say there was no room in the salary cap would you knowingly and consciously breach the cap?

There was deep thought in the room now. What would they do? Some indicated they would breach the cap.

To those who answered that they would knowingly breach the cap I asked why:

“Whatever it takes to win”
“You have to do it to be able to compete”

I said to those who had been honest enough to say they would breach the cap:
So as president you agree to abide by the rules of the competition when entering it but knowingly you would breach its rules. What sort of a leader does that make you? I then asked:

Would you be prepared to stand up in front of your members and openly say we consciously broke the rules?
Would you as President be comfortable to have your conscious cheating, because that is what it is, on the front page of the local newspaper?
Would you be comfortable explaining to your friends and family why you are a cheat?
Is a person willing to cheat and break the rules of the competition the sort of person who should be leading a community club?
If the values and culture of your club is set by the leaders of the club, what sort of culture are you really creating at your club?

And so began one of the most enthralling workshops I have ever been involved in. To AFL Victoria I say congratulations on having the courage to tackle one of the biggest issues in community football. For what it’s worth I think the points system is great because it forces clubs to develop their juniors but it does not, in my experience at the MPNFL, have an impact on player payments. In fact MPNFL clubs told me it actually had the opposite effect, driving up the demands of middle and lower tier players.

If AFL Victoria proceed with the implementation of the salary cap, as I believe they should, it should be accompanied with an ethical leadership training program. Leaders of clubs need to be given not only the information about the rule but the skills they are going to need to tackle the very real issues that will arise when they seek to follow the rules.

If leaders are not given these skills then the path of least resistance will be taken, as it often is with poor leadership, and the player payment arms race will continue again.

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Each chapter of this ebook focuses on a key message or skill development and provides you with a wide variety of tools and skills. This ebook will help you create your club’s sponsorship plan and proposals, and help your club achieve its sponsorship objectives.

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Traditional methods of sponsorship and how new ways of thinking can significantly improve your sponsorship results.

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How to measure the value of sponsorship.
Writing sponsorship proposals and renewing sponsors.
Creating a sense of belonging for your sponsors.
The importance of capturing, maintaining and handing on sponsorship information.
This book has been designed for the volunteers of local sports clubs, covering both fundamental concepts and more complex sponsorship strategies.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Salary Caps in Sports

### Overview

In this lesson, we will learn about salary caps in sports. Salary caps are limits set by organizations or leagues on the amount of money that can be spent on players' contracts. This concept is used in many professional sports leagues, such as the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). We will explore the reasons behind implementing salary caps, the challenges that come with them, and the impact they have on teams and players.

### Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

1. Define what a salary cap is and why it is used in sports.
2. Identify the benefits and drawbacks of having a salary cap.
3. Explain how salary caps affect team building and player contracts.
4. Apply critical thinking skills to analyze the fairness of salary caps in sports.

### Background Information

Salary caps are used in many professional sports leagues to create a level playing field and prevent teams with deep pockets from buying championships. They also help ensure competitive balance by limiting the amount of money teams can spend on player contracts. This means that all teams in the league have to follow the same rules and cannot outspend each other.

### Section 1: What is a Salary Cap?

A salary cap is a limit set by an organization or league on the amount of money that can be spent on players' contracts. It is used to create a level playing field and prevent teams with deep pockets from buying championships.

### Section 2: Benefits and Drawbacks of Salary Caps

Benefits:

1. Creates competitive balance: By limiting the amount of money teams can spend on player contracts, salary caps create a level playing field where all teams have an equal chance of winning.
2. Prevents teams from buying championships: With a salary cap in place, teams cannot simply outspend their opponents to acquire the best players.
3. Encourages smart spending: Teams must be strategic in their decision-making when it comes to signing players and building their roster.

Drawbacks:

1. Limits team building: With a salary cap in place, teams may not be able to sign the best players due to financial restrictions.
2. Reduces player choice: Players may be limited in their ability to choose the team they want to play for based on contract offers.
3. Can lead to collusion: Teams may work together to keep player salaries down, which could lead to unfair labor practices.

### Section 3: Impact of Salary Caps on Teams and Players

Impact on Teams:

1. Forces teams to be strategic in their decision-making when it comes to signing players and building their roster.
2. May limit their ability to sign the best players due to financial restrictions.
3. Can create tension between teams with more financial resources and those with less.

Impact on Players:

1. May limit their ability to choose the team they want to play for based on contract offers.
2. May have to accept lower salaries than they would in a non-capped league.
3. May be subject to collusion practices between teams.

### Section 4: Critical Thinking

Is it fair for teams to have a salary cap imposed on them? Why or why not?

Argument for: A salary cap creates a level playing field and prevents teams with deep pockets from buying championships. It ensures that all teams have an equal chance of winning and encourages smart spending.

Argument against: A salary cap limits team building and reduces player choice. It may also lead to collusion practices between teams.

### Glossary

Salary Cap: A limit set by an organization or league on the amount of money that can be spent on players' contracts.

Competitive Balance: A situation where all teams have an equal chance of winning.

Level Playing Field: A situation where all teams have the same resources and opportunities to win.

Buying Championships: When a team spends a lot of money on player contracts to ensure they win the championship.

Collusion: When teams work together to keep player salaries down, which could lead to unfair labor practices.