text: A viral infection is usually diagnosed on the basis of physical symptoms and the history of the illness. A condition such as influenza, which is caused by a virus, is generally easy to diagnose because most people are familiar with the symptoms. Other types of viral infections may be harder to diagnose and various tests may have to be performed.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Diagnose Viral Infections

**Introduction**

In this lesson, we will learn about how to diagnose viral infections. We will cover the different methods used to diagnose viral infections, the importance of early detection, and the different types of tests that can be performed. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the process of diagnosing viral infections and how to interpret the results.

**Section 1: Understanding Viral Infections**

Viral infections are caused by tiny particles called viruses that infect cells in the body. These infections can range from mild to severe and can affect different parts of the body. Some common types of viral infections include the flu, common cold, and HIV.

**Section 2: Diagnosing Viral Infections**

Diagnosing viral infections can be challenging because many of the symptoms are similar to those of other conditions. However, there are several methods that healthcare professionals use to diagnose viral infections.

1. Physical Examination: A doctor will perform a physical examination to look for any signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or tenderness.

2. Medical History: The doctor will ask about the patient's medical history, including any previous illnesses or exposure to viruses.

3. Laboratory Tests: There are several types of laboratory tests that can be used to diagnose viral infections. These include blood tests, urine tests, and stool tests.

4. Imaging Studies: In some cases, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans may be used to identify any abnormalities that could be caused by a viral infection.

**Section 3: Types of Tests**

There are several different types of tests that can be used to diagnose viral infections. These include:

1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Test: This test is used to detect the genetic material of a virus in a sample of blood, urine, or saliva.

2. Antigen Test: This test is used to detect the presence of specific viral proteins in a sample.

3. Serology Test: This test is used to detect antibodies in the blood that are produced in response to a viral infection.

4. Viral Culture: This test involves growing the virus in a laboratory setting to see if it can be isolated from a sample.

**Section 4: Early Detection and Treatment**

Early detection and treatment of viral infections are crucial to prevent complications and reduce the spread of the virus. If you suspect that you have a viral infection, it is essential to see a doctor as soon as possible.

**Glossary**

- Virus: A tiny particle that can cause infection when it enters a cell in the body.
- Infection: The invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses.
- Antigen: A foreign substance that triggers an immune response in the body.
- Antibody: A protein produced by the immune system in response to an antigen.

**Conclusion**

In this lesson, we have learned about the different methods used to diagnose viral infections and the importance of early detection and treatment. We have also covered the different types of tests that can be performed and the role of each test in diagnosing viral infections. By understanding these concepts, we can better appreciate the process of diagnosing viral infections and how to interpret the results.


text: This fascinating archive documents the lives of Helen Anrep, her husband the mosaicist Boris Anrep, and her long-term partner the art critic Roger Fry. It includes extensive correspondence between Helen Anrep and Roger Fry and amongst the Anrep family as well as letters from friends to Fry and Anrep, giving a wonderful glimpse into the world of the Bloomsbury Group and their wider circle. Correspondents include Vanessa Bell, Dora Carrington, Gerald Brenan, Virginia Woolf, Augustus John, Henry Lamb, Lytton Strachey and Stanley Spencer. The collection also includes Roger Fry's notebooks and lecture notes, photographs of family and friends and drawings and plans by Boris Anrep, including material related to his mosaics for the Tate Gallery and the National Gallery. It enhances and complements the Tate archives’ already strong holdings of material relating to the Bloomsbury Group.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to the Bloomsbury Group

**Objective:** To introduce primary through high school students to the Bloomsbury Group, an influential group of artists, intellectuals, and writers in early 20th century England.

**Introduction:** The Bloomsbury Group was a collective of artists, intellectuals, and writers who lived and worked together in the Bloomsbury district of London in the early 20th century. They were known for their progressive views on art, literature, and politics, and their work had a significant impact on modern culture.

**Section 1: What is the Bloomsbury Group?**

**Question:** What is the Bloomsbury Group?

**Answer:** The Bloomsbury Group was a collective of artists, intellectuals, and writers who lived and worked together in the Bloomsbury district of London in the early 20th century. They were known for their progressive views on art, literature, and politics, and their work had a significant impact on modern culture.

**Question:** Who were some members of the Bloomsbury Group?

**Answer:** Some members of the Bloomsbury Group included Virginia Woolf, Vanessa Bell, and Lytton Strachey.

**Question:** What did the Bloomsbury Group believe in?

**Answer:** The Bloomsbury Group believed in breaking away from traditional artistic styles and exploring new forms of expression. They also believed in free love and gender equality.

**Section 2: The Legacy of the Bloomsbury Group**

**Question:** What was the legacy of the Bloomsbury Group?

**Answer:** The legacy of the Bloomsbury Group was significant. They helped to shape modern culture through their progressive views on art, literature, and politics. Their work continues to influence artists and writers today.

**Question:** How did the Bloomsbury Group impact the world of art?

**Answer:** The Bloomsbury Group impacted the world of art by challenging traditional artistic styles and encouraging experimentation. They also helped to popularize modernist art movements such as cubism and futurism.

**Section 3: The Bloomsbury Group Today**

**Question:** How is the Bloomsbury Group remembered today?

**Answer:** Today, the Bloomsbury Group is remembered as a significant force in modern culture. Their work continues to be studied and celebrated by scholars and enthusiasts alike.

**Conclusion:** The Bloomsbury Group was a groundbreaking collective of artists, intellectuals, and writers who left a lasting impact on modern culture. By studying their work and beliefs, we can gain a deeper understanding of the artistic and cultural movements of the early 20th century.

**Glossary:**
- Bloomsbury Group: A collective of artists, intellectuals, and writers who lived and worked together in the Bloomsbury district of London in the early 20th century.
- Modernism: A movement in art and literature that rejected traditional forms and styles in favor of experimentation and innovation.
- Cubism: An art movement that uses geometric shapes and different perspectives to create abstract representations of objects.
- Futurism: An art movement that celebrates speed, technology, and violence.


text: Abstract. Identification and recovery of transcribed sequences from cloned mammalian genomic DNA remains an important problem in isolating genes on the basis of their chromosomal location. We have developed a strategy that facilitates the recovery of exons from random pieces of cloned genomic DNA. The basis of this 'exon trapping' strategy is that, during a retroviral life cycle, genomic sequences of nonviral origin are correctly spliced and may be recovered as a cDNA copy of the introduced segment. By using this genetic assay for cis-acting sequences required for RNA splicing, we have screened ≃20 kilobase pairs of cloned genomic DNA and have recovered all four predicted exons.. Keywords. - RNA splicing. - human genetics. - retroviral vectors. ASJC Scopus subject areas. - General

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Exon Trapping and RNA Splicing

### Overview

In this lesson, we will learn about Exon Trapping and RNA Splicing, two important concepts in molecular biology. We will explore how these concepts work, their applications, and how they can be used to isolate genes on the basis of their chromosomal location.

### Section 1: Introduction to Exon Trapping and RNA Splicing

Exon Trapping and RNA Splicing are two processes that play a crucial role in gene expression. Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product, such as a protein. This process involves several steps, including transcription, where the gene's information is copied into RNA, and translation, where the RNA is used to create a protein.

RNA Splicing is a critical step in gene expression that involves the removal of non-coding sequences called introns from the RNA transcript. This process is essential for producing a functional mRNA molecule that can be translated into a protein. Exon Trapping is a technique used to isolate specific exons (coding regions) from cloned genomic DNA. This technique is particularly useful when studying complex genes with multiple exons or when trying to identify the function of a particular gene.

### Section 2: Understanding Exon Trapping

Exon Trapping is a technique that allows researchers to isolate specific exons from cloned genomic DNA. This is achieved by introducing a retroviral vector containing a gene of interest into a host cell. The retrovirus then infects the host cell, and the gene of interest is incorporated into the host's genome.

The process of Exon Trapping involves the use of a genetic assay that screens for cis-acting sequences required for RNA splicing. These sequences are responsible for the correct splicing of the introduced segment. By using this assay, researchers can identify and recover all four predicted exons from the cloned genomic DNA.

### Section 3: Understanding RNA Splicing

RNA Splicing is a critical step in gene expression that involves the removal of non-coding sequences called introns from the RNA transcript. This process is essential for producing a functional mRNA molecule that can be translated into a protein.

During RNA Splicing, the introns are removed, and the exons are joined together to form a mature mRNA molecule. This mature mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm, where it is translated into a protein by ribosomes.

RNA Splicing is regulated by various factors, including the presence of specific RNA sequences called splice sites. These splice sites are recognized by a complex called the spliceosome, which is responsible for cutting out the introns and joining the exons together.

### Section 4: Applications of Exon Trapping and RNA Splicing

Exon Trapping and RNA Splicing have several applications in molecular biology, including:

1. Cloning and characterization of complex genes: Exon Trapping allows researchers to isolate specific exons from cloned genomic DNA, making it easier to study complex genes with multiple exons.

2. Gene function analysis: By using Exon Trapping, researchers can identify the function of a particular gene by studying the exons that encode its protein-coding regions.

3. Gene therapy: RNA Splicing is a critical step in gene expression, and understanding this process can help researchers develop targeted therapies for genetic disorders caused by errors in RNA Splicing.

4. RNA-based therapeutics: Understanding the mechanisms of RNA Splicing can also aid in the development of RNA-based therapeutics, such as RNA interference (RNAi) and antisense oligonucleotides, which can modulate gene expression.

### Glossary

- Exon: A coding region of a gene that is transcribed into messenger RNA and translated into a protein.
- Intron: A non-coding region of a gene that is removed during RNA Splicing.
- Splice site: A specific RNA sequence that is recognized by the spliceosome and used to determine where introns are removed and exons are joined together.
- Retrovirus: A virus that replicates using RNA as its genetic material.
- Genomic DNA: The DNA that makes up a person's entire genome.
- cDNA: A type of DNA that is synthesized using RNA as a template.
- Transcription: The process by which genetic information is copied into RNA.
- Translation: The process by which the information in an mRNA molecule is used to create a protein.
- Gene expression: The process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product, such as a protein.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we have learned about Exon Trapping and RNA Splicing, two critical processes in gene expression. We have explored how Exon Trapping allows researchers to isolate specific exons from cloned genomic DNA and how RNA Splicing is essential for producing a functional mRNA molecule. We have also discussed the applications of these processes in molecular biology, including gene function analysis, gene therapy, and RNA-based therapeutics. By understanding these processes, we can gain valuable insights into the mechanisms of gene expression and apply these skills to new problems in biology and medicine.


text: 1 to 1 of 1 Results. Anatole France. by Ge Brandes (Georg Morris Cohen Brandes) ~ Paperback / softback. Anatole France This book is a result of an effort made by us towards making a contribution to the preservation and repair of original classic literature. In an attempt to preserve, improve and recreate the original content, we have worked towards: 1. Type-setting & Reformatting: The complete work ha.... Available - Usually ships in 2-3 weeks. $26.00

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Literature

### Section 1: What is Literature?
Literature refers to written or spoken works of art, especially those that are imaginative or creative. It can take many forms, including novels, poems, plays, and essays. Literature is an important part of our culture and helps us understand and express ourselves.

### Section 2: Types of Literature
There are several types of literature, including:

1. Fiction: This includes stories that are made up, but may contain truths about life. Examples include novels, short stories, and fairy tales.

2. Non-fiction: This includes factual information about a subject. Examples include biographies, autobiographies, and historical accounts.

3. Poetry: This includes written or spoken word expressions that use language to convey emotions and ideas. Examples include sonnets, haikus, and free verse.

4. Drama: This includes plays and other forms of theatre. Examples include tragedies, comedies, and dramas.

5. Essays: This includes written pieces that express an author's opinion or analysis on a particular topic. Examples include persuasive essays, argumentative essays, and descriptive essays.

### Section 3: Why Study Literature?
Studying literature is important because it helps us understand and appreciate different cultures and perspectives. It also helps us develop critical thinking skills, which are useful in many areas of life. Additionally, literature can inspire us, make us laugh, make us cry, and help us see the world in new ways.

### Conclusion
In conclusion, literature is an important part of our culture and helps us understand and express ourselves. By studying literature, we can develop critical thinking skills, appreciate different cultures and perspectives, and be inspired by the written and spoken word.


text:
AUGUST 1 – 3, 2018 | HUNTSVILLE, AL

Explore Huntsville

Did you know that Huntsville is home to Alabama's top paid tourist attraction, the U.S. Space & Rocket Center? Now you do! In addition to the Earth's largest space museum, Huntsville has attractions covering all interests.

When you visit Huntsville, you’ll get the feeling of a town that knows where it came from and where it’s going.

You don’t have to look hard at the Rocket City to see a community fueled by STEM disciplines. With an eye for varied types of art and entertainment, the Rocket City also offers an abundance of opportunities to explore history. And don't forget about Huntsville's nature offerings - a true nature oasis sits in the heart of the city at the Huntsville Botanical Garden. No matter which types of attractions interest you most, Huntsville has it all!

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Huntsville, Alabama

**Introduction**

Huntsville, Alabama is a vibrant city with a rich history and diverse culture. Located in the northern part of the state, it is known as the "Rocket City" due to its strong connection to the space industry. In this lesson, we will explore the various attractions that Huntsville has to offer, from its world-renowned space museum to its beautiful botanical garden. We will also delve into the city's history and its contributions to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. By the end of this lesson, you will have a better understanding of what makes Huntsville a unique and exciting destination.

**Section 1: Attractions in Huntsville**

One of the most popular attractions in Huntsville is the U.S. Space & Rocket Center. This museum features over 1,500 space artifacts, including rockets, missiles, and satellites. Visitors can also experience interactive exhibits, IMAX films, and simulators that showcase the history and future of space exploration.

Another must-see attraction is the Huntsville Botanical Garden. This 112-acre garden features a variety of plants, including camellias, azaleas, and dogwoods. There are also several gardens dedicated to specific themes, such as a butterfly house and a fern glade.

Huntsville is also home to many historic sites, including the Twickenham Historic District and the Lowe Mill ARTS & Entertainment. The Twickenham Historic District features beautiful antebellum homes, while the Lowe Mill ARTS & Entertainment center is a converted factory that now houses studios, galleries, and performance spaces for local artists.

**Section 2: History of Huntsville**

Huntsville was founded in 1805 by John Hunt, a Tennessee native who moved to the area with his family. The city grew slowly at first, but it began to thrive in the mid-19th century when it became a hub for cotton production. During the Civil War, Huntsville was occupied by Union forces, which helped it avoid the destruction that other Southern cities experienced.

In the early 20th century, Huntsville became a center for research and development in the fields of science and technology. This was largely due to the efforts of Dr. Wernher von Braun, a German rocket scientist who was brought to Huntsville after World War II to work on missile development. Von Braun's team eventually became part of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, which remains one of the city's most important employers today.

**Section 3: STEM in Huntsville**

Huntsville's connection to STEM fields runs deep. In addition to the work done at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, the city is also home to several other research institutions, including the HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center.

The city's dedication to STEM education is evident in its many educational programs and initiatives. For example, the Huntsville City Schools system offers a variety of STEM-focused courses and extracurricular activities, including robotics clubs and science fairs.

**Glossary**
- STEM: An acronym for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
- NASA: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, a U.S. government agency responsible for space exploration and aerospace research.
- Rocket City: A nickname for Huntsville, Alabama, due to its connection to the space industry.

**Conclusion**

Huntsville, Alabama is a city with a rich history and a bright future. From its world-renowned space museum to its thriving STEM community, there is something for everyone in this vibrant city. By exploring the attractions, learning about its history, and understanding its contributions to STEM fields, you can gain a deeper appreciation for all that Huntsville has to offer.


text: The Urban ExperienceAugust 9, 2017. 2:30PM - 3:45PM. Owner Miranda Boyle possessed a love of fashion from an early age, partly due to the influence of her stylish grandmother who, in Miranda’s words, “never wore the same outfit twice”. Miranda spent years in retail at big and small businesses, and as her career was blossoming, her family began to blossom as well. She made the choice to stay at home, but the spark for the worlds of retail and fashion never diminished. After 10 years at home with her kids and husband, she felt the itch to get back into the beloved field that she stepped away from a decade prior.. THREAD is the culmination of Miranda’s dream.. It’s the result of influences that range from vintage bohemian and minimalist fashion, to her sister (who first encouraged her to open a store), to the designers that Miranda cultivates relationships with. Reflecting Miranda’s own origins and the aesthetics of the brands that THREAD carries, the store is carefully curated in a way.

textbook:
Lesson: Entrepreneurship and Business Management
Introduction:
Entrepreneurship is the process of starting and running a business, which involves identifying a need or demand in the market and creating a product or service to meet that demand. In this lesson, we will learn about the key aspects of entrepreneurship and business management, including identifying a target market, creating a business plan, managing finances, and marketing a product or service.
Section 1: Identifying a Target Market
A target market is a group of potential customers who share similar needs or interests. To identify a target market, an entrepreneur must conduct market research to understand the needs and wants of their potential customers. This can involve surveys, focus groups, or simply observing the behavior of potential customers. Once the target market has been identified, the entrepreneur can create a business plan that outlines how their product or service will meet the needs of that market.
Section 2: Creating a Business Plan
A business plan is a document that outlines the goals and objectives of a business, as well as the strategies for achieving those goals. It should include information on the products or services offered, the target market, competition, marketing and sales strategies, and financial projections. A well-written business plan can help an entrepreneur secure funding and partnerships, as well as serve as a roadmap for the growth of the business.
Section 3: Managing Finances
Managing finances is an essential part of running a successful business. This includes tracking income and expenses, creating a budget, and managing cash flow. An entrepreneur must also be able to secure funding to cover startup costs and ongoing expenses. This can involve seeking investors, applying for loans, or crowdfunding.
Section 4: Marketing a Product or Service
Marketing is the process of promoting a product or service to potential customers. This can involve advertising, social media marketing, public relations, and other forms of outreach. The goal of marketing is to increase awareness of the brand and generate interest in the product or service.
Conclusion:
In summary, entrepreneurship and business management involve identifying a target market, creating a business plan, managing finances, and marketing a product or service. By following these key principles, an entrepreneur can create a successful business that meets the needs of their target market and generates profit.
Glossary:
Target Market: A group of potential customers who share similar needs or interests.
Business Plan: A document that outlines the goals and objectives of a business, as well as the strategies for achieving those goals.
Cash Flow: The amount of money coming into and going out of a business.
Marketing: The process of promoting a product or service to potential customers.


text: STUDIO CITY/SILVER LAKE/WEHO-ADJACENT: Last week we found out that the Los Angeles Chapter of the Log Cabin Republicans, the gay Republican group, is lobbying for a gay-focused City Council district. The Redistricting Commission is currently working on a new Council District map and hearing public input now. Today the LCR sent out a press release with their proposed map, which they say will "unify the three largest gay and lesbian clusters in the City into a single district" (they put those clusters in Studio City, Silver Lake, and "the border-regions of West Hollywood"). The also argue that their proposal "maintains the number of majority-minority districts for Latino and African Americans and increases the number of minority-influenced seats, while adding a sixth majority-Valley district and striving to keep neighborhoods intact within Council District boundaries." On top of that, they say it keeps "the residents most highly impacted by major city assets," like the Grove, the proposed Downtown NFL stadium, and the LAX flight path, in the Council District with that asset. [Curbed Inbox]

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Political Maps and Redistricting

Introduction:
Redistricting is the process of drawing political maps to represent different communities in a fair and equal way. This process happens every ten years to reflect changes in population and ensure that each community has a voice in government. In this lesson, we will learn about political maps, redistricting, and how to read them.

Section 1: What is Redistricting?
- Redistricting is the process of drawing political maps to represent different communities in a fair and equal way.
- This process happens every ten years to reflect changes in population and ensure that each community has a voice in government.
- The goal of redistricting is to create districts that are as equal in population as possible.

Section 2: Reading Political Maps
- A political map is a visual representation of the different districts in a state or city.
- These maps show the boundaries of each district and how they relate to one another.
- Political maps can be used to identify patterns in voting behavior, determine the number of seats held by each party, and understand the demographics of a particular area.

Section 3: Understanding the Redistricting Process
- The redistricting process begins with the collection of data on population and demographics.
- This data is then used to draw political maps that reflect the changes in population and ensure that each community is represented fairly.
- The redistricting process is a complex one, and it requires careful consideration of many different factors.

Section 4: Analyzing Political Maps
- Once the political maps have been drawn, they must be analyzed to ensure that they meet the requirements of the redistricting process.
- This analysis involves looking at the population of each district, the demographics of the area, and the voting history of the community.
- It is important that the political maps are drawn in a way that reflects the will of the people and ensures that each community has a voice in government.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding political maps and redistricting is an important part of understanding how our government works. By learning about the process and how to read these maps, we can better understand the demographics of our communities and ensure that each community is represented fairly.

Glossary:
- Political Map: A visual representation of the different districts in a state or city.
- Redistricting: The process of drawing political maps to represent different communities in a fair and equal way.
- District: An area represented by a specific politician or group of politicians.
- Population: The number of people living in a particular area.
- Demographics: Statistical data related to the characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity.


text: Last updated on DECEMBER 19, 2016. Applies to:Oracle Fusion Order Management Cloud Service - Version 11.1.11.1.0 and later. Oracle Fusion Shipping - Version 11.1.11.1.0 and later. Information in this document applies to any platform.. ***KM Review - Dec 2016 - Checked for Relevance***. Goal. Shipping Method entered at Order Entry is not shown when Ship Confirming a Shipment.. Solution. My Oracle Support provides customers with access to over a. Million Knowledge Articles and hundreds of Community platforms

textbook:
Lesson: How to Use Oracle Support to Solve Technical Issues

Introduction:
In this self-taught lesson, we will learn how to use Oracle Support to solve technical issues related to shipping methods and order entry. We will cover the following topics:

1. Understanding the problem statement
2. Using Oracle Support to find relevant knowledge articles
3. Accessing community platforms for additional support
4. Applying problem-solving techniques to resolve technical issues
5. Conclusion: Recap and future application of learned skills

Section 1: Understanding the Problem Statement

Problem: When shipping a product, the shipping method entered at the time of order entry is not shown when ship confirming the shipment.

Goal: To identify a solution that allows users to view the shipping method entered at the time of order entry when ship confirming a shipment.

Section 2: Using Oracle Support to Find Relevant Knowledge Articles

Oracle Support provides customers with access to over a million Knowledge Articles and hundreds of Community platforms. To find relevant information, follow these steps:

Step 1: Navigate to the Oracle Support website (https://support.oracle.com/) and sign in with your Oracle account.

Step 2: In the search bar, type "shipping method" and click on the "Search" button.

Step 3: Review the list of Knowledge Articles that appear. Look for articles that are related to your specific problem statement.

Step 4: Click on the article title to read the full article. If the article does not solve your issue, review other articles until you find one that does.

Section 3: Accessing Community Platforms for Additional Support

Oracle Support also provides access to community platforms where customers can ask questions and receive answers from other users. To access these platforms, follow these steps:

Step 1: Navigate to the Oracle Support website (https://support.oracle.com/) and sign in with your Oracle account.

Step 2: Click on the "Communities" tab at the top of the page.

Step 3: Browse through the available communities and find one that is related to your issue.

Step 4: Click on the community name to enter the community platform. Read through the discussions and questions to see if anyone has asked a question similar to yours.

Section 4: Applying Problem-Solving Techniques to Resolve Technical Issues

Once you have identified a relevant Knowledge Article or community platform, apply problem-solving techniques to resolve your technical issue. Here are some general steps to follow:

Step 1: Read the article or discussion carefully and identify the root cause of the problem.

Step 2: Determine if there is a known solution or workaround for the issue.

Step 3: If necessary, contact Oracle Support for additional assistance.

Step 4: Apply the solution to your specific problem and test its effectiveness.

Section 5: Conclusion: Recap and Future Application of Learned Skills

In this lesson, we learned how to use Oracle Support to solve technical issues related to shipping methods and order entry. We covered how to navigate the Oracle Support website, search for relevant Knowledge Articles, access community platforms, and apply problem-solving techniques to resolve technical issues.

By following these steps, you can solve technical issues and improve your problem-solving skills. As you continue to work with Oracle products, remember to use Oracle Support as a resource for finding solutions to technical issues.


text: A group of Year 10 Pupils from Cambridge House were successful in winning 1st Prize in the Ballymena Learning Community Area for a research and poster competition which focused on the topic of ‘Fake News’. Pupils were presented with certificates and trophies at an awards ceremony held at Queen’s University, Belfast.. Cambridge House pupils were also successful in winning individual awards for their contributions; Rebecca Brown, 10A, won an individual 1st place award, while Beth Tennant and Naomi Hamill secured a 2nd place award for their entry and Jack Campbell won 3rd place.. The group were as follows:. Beth Tennant. Naomi Hamill. Scott Millar. Rebekah Brown. Jacob Oliver. Harvey Kirk. Sophie Paton. Grace Gilmer. Hannah Rogers. Alix McLean. Jake Gamble. Jack Campbell. Ruth McClelland. Sarah Shaw. Hannah Millar. Alex Houston

textbook:
Lesson: How to Identify Fake News

Introduction:
In today's digital age, it is essential to be able to identify fake news. Fake news is designed to mislead and manipulate people, and it can have serious consequences. In this lesson, we will learn how to identify fake news by analyzing the content, source, and context.

Section 1: Analyzing the Content

Topic: What is Fake News?

Question: What are some common characteristics of fake news?
Answer: Some common characteristics of fake news include sensationalism, exaggeration, misleading headlines, and the use of unreliable sources.

Topic: How to Spot Fake News

Question: What should you look for when evaluating the content of an article or post?
Answer: You should look for sensationalism, exaggeration, misleading headlines, and the use of unreliable sources. Additionally, you should check if the information is verified by multiple sources and if the author has a reputation for accuracy.

Section 2: Analyzing the Source

Topic: Who Creates Fake News?

Question: Who is behind fake news?
Answer: Fake news can be created by anyone, including individuals, groups, or even governments. It can be created for various reasons, such as political gain, financial gain, or to spread misinformation.

Topic: How to Verify the Source

Question: How can you verify if the source of an article or post is reliable?
Answer: You can verify the source by checking if the author has a reputation for accuracy, if the information is verified by multiple sources, and if the source is transparent about its motivations and methods.

Section 3: Analyzing the Context

Topic: Understanding the Context

Question: Why is it important to understand the context of an article or post?
Answer: Understanding the context is essential because it helps you understand the bigger picture and the reasons behind the information being shared. It also helps you identify any biases or motives behind the information.

Topic: Evaluating the Credibility of Sources

Question: How do you evaluate the credibility of sources?
Answer: You can evaluate the credibility of sources by checking their reliability, expertise, and transparency. Additionally, you should look for any conflicts of interest or hidden agendas.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to identify fake news by analyzing the content, source, and context. We discussed the common characteristics of fake news, how to spot it, and who creates it. We also learned how to verify the source and understand the context of an article or post. By applying these techniques, we can better protect ourselves from being misled by fake news.

Glossary:
- Fake News: False information that is designed to mislead and manipulate people.
- Sensationalism: The use of exaggerated or shocking language to attract attention.
- Exaggeration: An extravagance or excess of statement or action.
- Misleading Headlines: Headlines that do not accurately reflect the content of the article or post.
- Unreliable Sources: Sources that cannot be trusted to provide accurate information.
- Verified: Confirmed to be true or correct.
- Transparency: The quality of being open, honest, and easy to understand.

By following the techniques outlined in this lesson, we can better protect ourselves from being misled by fake news and make informed decisions based on accurate information.


text: Steve Briggs wrote: >Michael T. Dean wrote: > > >>Darren Hart wrote: >> >>>I am having a similar problem (maybe the same problem?). >>> >>>I have run the above and came up with no errors. I have run the >>>repair on recordedmarkup. I have checked the /etc/localtime symlink. >>>I even went so far as to delete all the contents of the recordedmarkup >>>table. >>> >>> >>And you rebuilt it again afterwards with mythcommflag? Otherwise, it >>will never work again on the recordings that existed at the time you >>deleted the recordedmarkup "seektable" information... >> >>mythcommflag --rebuild --all >> >>And, if you also want commercials flagged >> >>mythcommflag --all >> >>Mike >> >> >That doesn't agree with my experience. >After transcoding, > Oh. Ignore my reply. I didn't realize you were talking about transcoded recordings... Transcoding is a whole other story... Sorry for the distraction. Mike

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Technical Writing

Introduction:
Technical writing is a type of writing that is used to convey complex information to a specific audience. It is often found in scientific, medical, or engineering fields. Technical writing can be difficult to read and understand, but there are techniques that can help. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand technical writing by analyzing an example email conversation.

Section 1: Analyzing the Email Conversation

The first step in understanding technical writing is to break it down into smaller parts. In this case, we will analyze the email conversation between Steve Briggs, Michael T. Dean, and Darren Hart.

First, let's look at the subject line: "Recording Problems". This tells us that the email is about issues with recordings.

Next, let's read Steve Briggs' message: "I am having a similar problem (maybe the same problem?). I have run the above and came up with no errors. I have run the repair on recordedmarkup. I have checked the /etc/localtime symlink."

Now, let's look at Michael T. Dean's response: "And you rebuilt it again afterwards with mythcommflag? Otherwise, it will never work again on the recordings that existed at the time you deleted the recordedmarkup "seektable" information... mythcommflag --rebuild --all And, if you also want commercials flagged mythcommflag --all Mike"

Finally, let's read Darren Hart's reply: "That doesn't agree with my experience. After transcoding, it works fine."

Questions:
1. What is the main topic of the email conversation?
2. What problem is Steve Briggs experiencing?
3. What does Michael T. Dean suggest that Steve Briggs do?
4. What does Darren Hart say about his experience?

Answer:
1. The main topic of the email conversation is recording problems.
2. Steve Briggs is experiencing issues with recordings.
3. Michael T. Dean suggests that Steve Briggs run mythcommflag --rebuild --all to fix the problem.
4. Darren Hart says that after transcoding, his recordings work fine.

Glossary:
- Technical writing: Writing that is used to convey complex information to a specific audience.
- Technical: Relating to a particular field or profession.
- Recordings: A stored or transmitted sequence of images, sounds, or other data.
- Mythcommflag: A command-line tool used to manipulate recorded television shows in mythtv.
- Transcoding: The process of converting a video file from one format to another.

Conclusion:
Understanding technical writing requires breaking it down into smaller parts and analyzing each part carefully. By using these techniques, we can better understand complex information and apply it to new problems.


text: Photo: ONLINE. The Pakistan Stock Exchange on Friday closed its week on a positive note with the benchmark KSE-100 index gaining 122 points to close at 35,703 points.. In one week, the KSE-100 index jumped 2,537 points following the approval for an equity bailout fund for the Pakistan Stock Exchange and news of Saudi Arabia activating the deferred oil payment for Pakistan.. Related: Bullish run continues as KSE-100 index gains 944 points. Volumes edged up as 1.4 million shares worth Rs6 billion changed hands.. The experts believe the KSE-100 index registered an increase of 7.6% in one week after 10 years. The increase has also become the record for this year.. Follow SAMAA English on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Stock Market Investment

## Section 1: What is the Stock Market?

The stock market is a platform where investors can buy and sell shares of publicly traded companies. It provides opportunities for individuals and businesses to invest in various companies, allowing them to share in the profits or losses of those companies.

## Section 2: How does the Stock Market Work?

The stock market works by facilitating the buying and selling of shares in companies. When an investor buys shares in a company, they become part-owners of that company and are entitled to a portion of its profits or losses. The price of shares in a company is determined by the forces of supply and demand. If more people want to buy a company's shares than sell them, the price will go up, and if more people want to sell than buy, the price will go down.

## Section 3: Why Invest in the Stock Market?

Investing in the stock market can provide several benefits, including:

1. Potential for High Returns: Historically, the stock market has provided higher returns over the long term compared to other investment options, such as savings accounts or bonds.

2. Diversification: By investing in a variety of companies, investors can spread their risk and potentially reduce the impact of any one company's poor performance on their overall portfolio.

3. Passive Income: Some companies pay dividends to their shareholders, providing a source of passive income.

4. Long-term Wealth Building: Over time, consistent investments in the stock market can help grow wealth and provide for future needs, such as retirement.

## Section 4: Risks of Investing in the Stock Market

While investing in the stock market can provide potential rewards, there are also risks to consider, including:

1. Market Volatility: The stock market can be volatile, with prices fluctuating rapidly due to changes in the economy, political events, or other factors.

2. Lack of Control: As a shareholder, you have no control over a company's management or operations, which means you cannot directly influence its success or failure.

3. Capital Loss: The value of your investment could decline, resulting in a loss of capital.

4. Emotional Investing: Investing in the stock market can be emotional, as investors may feel fear, greed, or other emotions that can impact decision-making.

## Section 5: Conclusion

Investing in the stock market can provide potential rewards, such as high returns and passive income, but it also comes with risks, including market volatility and capital loss. By understanding the basics of the stock market and carefully considering your investment goals and risk tolerance, you can make informed decisions about whether and how to invest in this market.


text:
Q:

Magento: redirect to the home page from a template?

I am in catalog\product\compare\list.phtml and I want to redirect to the homepage, like this:
if($someThing) {
    // redirect to homepage
    $this->_redirect('home'); // --> doesnt work
    $this->_redirect(Mage::getBaseUrl()); // --> doesnt work
}

I tried several things, none worked so far. How do I do it right?
Thanks!

A:

As far as I know the $this->_redirect can only be used in a controller.
Try this instead:
    Mage::app()->getFrontController()->getResponse()->setRedirect($this->getBaseUrl());

textbook:
Lesson: How to Redirect to Homepage from a Template in Magento

**Introduction:** In Magento, you may need to redirect users to the homepage from a template. This lesson will teach you how to do that using the appropriate methods.

**Section 1: Theory**

In Magento, you can redirect users to another page by using the `Mage_Core_Controller_Response_Http` class. This class has a method called `setRedirect` which takes a URL as its parameter. When you call this method, it sets the response header to redirect the user to the specified URL.

**Section 2: Practice**

Let's say you are in the `catalog\product\compare\list.phtml` template and you want to redirect users to the homepage if a certain condition is met. Here's an example code snippet:

```php
if ($someCondition) {
    // Redirect to homepage
    $response = $this->getResponse();
    $response->setRedirect(Mage::getBaseUrl());
}
```

In this example, we first get the response object using the `getResponse()` method. Then, we call the `setRedirect` method on the response object and pass the base URL as the parameter. This sets the response header to redirect the user to the base URL.

**Section 3: Discussion**

Why would you want to redirect users to the homepage from a template? There could be many reasons, such as if the user is not authorized to view the current page or if the product they are looking for is out of stock. Redirecting them to the homepage gives them a better user experience and allows them to find what they are looking for more easily.

**Glossary:**

- `Mage_Core_Controller_Response_Http`: A class in Magento that handles HTTP responses.
- `getResponse()`: A method in Magento that returns the response object.
- `setRedirect()`: A method in Magento's `Mage_Core_Controller_Response_Http` class that sets the response header to redirect the user to a specified URL.
- `getBaseUrl()`: A method in Magento that returns the base URL of the store.

**Conclusion:**

In this lesson, we learned how to redirect users to the homepage from a template in Magento. By understanding the theory behind the methods and practicing with code snippets, we can apply this knowledge to other scenarios where we need to redirect users to different pages.


text: WEEK 28: CREATIVE COMMONS. Copyrights on Wikipedia are complicated. Wikipedia itself is not copyrighted per se but considers itself a "free" resource, so it uses an alternative license called Creative Commons (or "CC").. Therefore Wikipedia allows uploading of images and other media so long as they are published under one of two CC licenses:. Attribution (CC-BY-SA) — This means you are publishing something for others to use for any reason (including commercially) with the sole proviso that they credit you for the original.. Attribution ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA) — Same as above, with the added stipulation that anything created using your work is likewise released under this very license as well.. Creative Commons is effectively halfway between "all rights reserved" or "no rights reserved" (public domain) but it also allows rightsholders to grant permissions more specifically. Be forewarned: it's kind of a tricky subject! But you can always ask for help.

textbook:
Lesson: Creative Commons License

## Introduction
Creative Commons (CC) is a type of license that allows people to share their creative work, such as images, videos, music, and writing, with others while still retaining some rights over it. This license is often used by artists, writers, and other creators who want to make their work available for others to use, but without giving up all their rights. In this lesson, we will learn about the two main types of Creative Commons licenses, how they differ from traditional copyright, and how to use them properly.

## Section 1: What is Creative Commons?
Creative Commons is a nonprofit organization that provides free legal tools to help creators share their work while still retaining some rights over it. The organization was founded in 2001 by Lawrence Lessig, a law professor at Stanford University, and his colleagues. Creative Commons licenses are designed to make it easier for people to share their creative work with others while still retaining some rights over it.

## Section 2: Types of Creative Commons Licenses
There are two main types of Creative Commons licenses: Attribution (CC-BY) and Attribution ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA). Both of these licenses allow others to use your work for any purpose, including commercially, but there are some differences between them.

### Attribution (CC-BY) License
The Attribution license is the most common type of Creative Commons license. It allows others to use your work for any purpose, including commercially, as long as they give you credit for the original work. This means that if someone uses your image or video in a commercial product, they must give you credit for it.

### Attribution ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA) License
The Attribution ShareAlike license is similar to the Attribution license, but it has one additional requirement. Under this license, anyone who uses your work must give you credit for the original work, and they must also share any changes or modifications they make to your work under the same license. This means that if someone uses your image or video in a commercial product, they must give you credit for it, and they must also release any modifications or changes they make to your work under the same CC-BY-SA license.

## Section 3: How Creative Commons Differs from Traditional Copyright
Traditional copyright is an all-or-nothing proposition. Under traditional copyright, the creator of a work owns all rights to that work, and anyone who wants to use it must get permission from the creator. Creative Commons, on the other hand, allows creators to share their work while still retaining some rights over it.

Creative Commons licenses are "some rights reserved" licenses, which means that the creator of a work still retains some rights over it, such as the right to be credited for the original work. However, Creative Commons licenses also allow others to use the work for any purpose, including commercially, without getting permission from the creator.

## Section 4: How to Use Creative Commons Properly
To use Creative Commons properly, you need to understand the terms of the license you are using. Here are some tips for using Creative Commons licenses properly:

1. Choose the right license for your work. If you want to allow others to use your work for any purpose, including commercially, choose the Attribution (CC-BY) or Attribution ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA) license.

2. Make sure you understand the terms of the license you are using. Read the full text of the license before you apply it to your work.

3. Use the appropriate marking. To indicate that your work is licensed under a Creative Commons license, you should use the appropriate marking. For example, if you have applied the Attribution (CC-BY) license to your work, you should include the following marking:

```
Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)
```

4. Make sure you give proper attribution to others' work. If you use someone else's work that is licensed under a Creative Commons license, make sure you give them proper attribution.

5. Be aware of the risks. Using Creative Commons licenses can expose you to risks, such as having your work used without your permission or having your work modified without your knowledge. Be aware of these risks and take steps to protect yourself.

## Glossary
- Creative Commons (CC): A type of license that allows creators to share their work while still retaining some rights over it.
- Attribution (CC-BY): A type of Creative Commons license that allows others to use your work for any purpose, including commercially, as long as they give you credit for the original work.
- Attribution ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA): A type of Creative Commons license that allows others to use your work for any purpose, including commercially, as long as they give you credit for the original work and any changes or modifications they make to your work are shared under the same license.
- All rights reserved: A traditional copyright term that means the creator of a work owns all rights to that work and anyone who wants to use it must get permission from the creator.
- Some rights reserved: A term used to describe Creative Commons licenses, which allow creators to share their work while still retaining some rights over it.

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about Creative Commons licenses and how they differ from traditional copyright. We also learned how to use Creative Commons licenses properly and some of the risks associated with doing so. By understanding the basics of Creative Commons licenses, we can share our creative work with others while still retaining some rights over it.


text: Slide Deck and Demos – Quick Tour to Front-End Unit Testing Using Jasmine – Software Architect 2014 Conference. Friday, October 17, 2014. I had the pleasure to deliver a session about unit testing in JavaScript using Jasmine framework. In the session I explained why you need to do unit testing in general and what is behavior driven development (BDD).Later on, we delved into Jasmine and the features it includes and in the end of the session we explored the Karma JavaScript test runner.I want to thank all the session attendees. It was a pleasure to meet you all.You can find the slide deck and demos online.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Unit Testing in JavaScript using Jasmine

## Section 1: What is Unit Testing?
Unit testing is a software testing technique where individual units or components of a program are tested in isolation from the rest of the code. The goal of unit testing is to identify and fix defects early in the development process, making it easier and more cost-effective to maintain and improve the quality of the software.

## Section 2: Why do we need Unit Testing?
Unit testing is an essential part of the software development process because it helps to ensure that the code works as expected and meets the requirements. By writing unit tests, developers can catch bugs early on in the development cycle, which saves time and money in the long run. Additionally, unit tests serve as a form of documentation, providing a clear understanding of the code's functionality.

## Section 3: Behavior Driven Development (BDD)
Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a methodology that encourages collaboration between developers, testers, and other stakeholders in the software development process. BDD promotes the creation of simple, human-readable descriptions of the desired behavior of the software, which are then translated into concrete test cases. This approach helps to ensure that the software meets the requirements and behaves as expected.

## Section 4: Jasmine Framework
Jasmine is a popular open-source JavaScript library used for unit testing. It provides a flexible and easy-to-use interface for defining and running tests. Jasmine supports both behavior-driven development (BDD) and traditional TDD (Test-Driven Development) styles of testing.

## Section 5: Karma JavaScript Test Runner
Karma is a powerful, customizable, and easy-to-use JavaScript test runner that supports multiple test frameworks, including Jasmine. Karma allows developers to run their tests in a simulated environment, making it easier to test their code in real-world scenarios.

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about the importance of unit testing in JavaScript and how the Jasmine framework can help us write clean, maintainable, and reliable code. We also explored how Karma can be used to run our tests in a simulated environment. By applying these techniques to our development process, we can improve the quality of our software and make it easier to maintain and evolve over time.


text: Labs for Systems Change 2014. LABS FOR SYSTEMS CHANGE is a conference with over 45 of the world’s leading lab practitioners and thinkers to share, develop and capture knowledge of global lab practices. The conference provides a platform for those interested in public + social innovation labs and lab practitioners to gain a better understanding of what constitutes a good lab and learn new approaches. Through this gathering, we are also exploring opportunities for a global learning network of leading labs. This event follows earlier lab conferences that happened the previous year at Mindlab (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Kennisland (Amsterdam, The Netherlands).

textbook:
Title: Introduction to Lab Practices and Innovation

## Lesson Overview

In this lesson, we will explore the concept of lab practices and innovation. We will learn about the different types of labs, their purposes, and how they contribute to systems change. We will also discuss the different approaches to lab practices and the benefits of participating in a lab. By the end of this lesson, you will have a better understanding of the role of labs in driving social and public innovation.

## Section 1: Introduction to Lab Practices

### Topic 1: What is a Lab?

A lab is a space where people come together to work on complex problems. It is a place where ideas are generated, tested, and prototyped. Labs are often used by organizations and individuals to drive innovation and create change.

### Topic 2: Types of Labs

There are different types of labs, including:

1. Innovation labs: These labs focus on creating new products, services, or experiences.
2. Social labs: These labs work on social issues such as poverty, health, and education.
3. Policy labs: These labs focus on developing policies and strategies to address complex issues.

### Topic 3: Purpose of Labs

The purpose of labs is to bring together people with diverse backgrounds and expertise to work on complex problems. Labs provide a space for collaboration, experimentation, and learning. They help organizations and individuals to innovate, create change, and drive systems change.

## Section 2: Approaches to Lab Practices

### Topic 1: Design Thinking

Design thinking is an approach to problem-solving that emphasizes empathy, creativity, and iterative testing. It is often used in innovation labs to generate new ideas and solutions.

### Topic 2: Lean Startup

Lean startup is an approach to building a business that emphasizes rapid iteration and customer feedback. It is often used in innovation labs to test and validate new products and services.

### Topic 3: Human-Centered Design

Human-centered design is an approach to designing products, services, and experiences that focuses on the needs, desires, and behaviors of users. It is often used in social labs to create solutions that address social issues.

## Section 3: Benefits of Participating in a Lab

### Topic 1: Learning

Participating in a lab provides opportunities to learn from others and from real-world experiences. Labs provide a space for experimentation, failure, and learning from mistakes.

### Topic 2: Collaboration

Labs bring together people with diverse backgrounds and expertise to work on complex problems. This creates opportunities for collaboration, teamwork, and the sharing of knowledge and skills.

### Topic 3: Networking

Participating in a lab provides opportunities to network with others who share similar interests and goals. This can lead to new partnerships, collaborations, and opportunities for further innovation.

## Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, labs are spaces where people come together to work on complex problems and drive innovation and change. There are different types of labs, each with its own purpose and approach. Participating in a lab provides opportunities for learning, collaboration, and networking. By understanding the principles and approaches of lab practices, you can apply these skills to drive systems change in your community or organization.


text: A man has been remanded in custody until his trial date next month.. Remo Nardini, 57, denies a charge of threatening or abusive behaviour towards his former partner and estranged son at his home in Longcroft Crescent on March 24. He also pleaded not guilty to failing to stop in a vehicle when requested to do so by a police officer.. On April 6 he is said to have damaged property in Jedburgh Police Station by pushing a blanket down a cell toilet and jumping on it.. Also on the same date he is accused of breaching his home curfew and also behaving in a threatening or abusive manner in various streets by shouting and swearing, making offensive gestures, persistently sounding a car horn, playing loud music and causing the car engine to make excessive noise.. Nardini denies all the charges against him and will stand trial at Jedburgh Sheriff Court on May 5.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Legal System and Criminal Charges
Introduction:
The legal system is an important part of our society that helps to maintain law and order. It can be complex and confusing, especially for children who may not fully understand the concepts involved. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of the legal system and criminal charges, including what they are, how they work, and why they matter.
Section 1: What is the Legal System?
The legal system is a set of rules and institutions that are designed to govern the behavior of people in a society. It includes courts, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and other professionals who work together to ensure that justice is served.
Section 2: What are Criminal Charges?
Criminal charges are formal accusations made by the government against a person or entity that has committed a crime. Crimes are acts that are prohibited by law and can result in punishment such as fines, imprisonment, or community service.
Section 3: How does the Legal System Work?
The legal system works by following a set of rules and procedures that are designed to ensure fairness and impartiality. These rules vary from country to country, but generally include things like the right to a fair trial, the right to remain silent, and the right to an attorney.
Section 4: Why do Criminal Charges Matter?
Criminal charges matter because they can have serious consequences for individuals and communities. If someone is found guilty of a crime, they may face penalties such as fines, imprisonment, or community service. Additionally, criminal charges can impact a person's reputation and future opportunities.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding the legal system and criminal charges is important for everyone, regardless of age. By learning about these concepts, we can better understand how the world works and how to navigate it responsibly.


text: We are The Paradigm Press, Florida Atlantic University’s First Black Newspaper.. We were founded on March 1st, 2020 by Kennedy McKinney, who currently serves as our Editor in Chief.. Our mission is to highlight and tell the stories of the Black community at Florida Atlantic University. We believe that our community needs more attention and we plan on being the voice for the black population.. We cover student life, sports, culture, and entertainment and we will also address the problems black people face both on and off campus.. Why are we called The Paradigm Press? The definition of Paradigm is “a typical example or pattern of something; a model” and we believe that our paper and our community serves as a model for greatness.. We will report fair and unbiased news stories with our sole purpose being awareness and education about Black FAU.. If you have a story tip be sure to let us know by using the anonymous tip link or emailing paradigmpressinc@gmail.com.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Journalism

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Journalism is the practice of gathering, writing, editing, and disseminating news and information to the public. It is an essential tool for keeping people informed about current events and issues. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of journalism and its importance in society.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
Journalists use various methods to gather information, including interviews, research, and observation. They must also ensure that their sources are reliable and that their stories are accurate and fair. Let's look at some examples of how journalists do their job.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
Journalism is not just about reporting on events; it also involves analyzing and interpreting them. Journalists must be able to think critically and ask tough questions to get to the truth. Let's examine some real-world scenarios where journalism has played a significant role.

## Glossary
- Journalism: The practice of gathering, writing, editing, and disseminating news and information to the public.
- News: Information about current events or issues that is presented as factual and objective.
- Editorial: An opinion piece written by a journalist expressing their personal views on a particular topic.
- Objectivity: The ability to report news without any personal bias or opinion.
- Source: A person, organization, or document that provides information for a news story.

## Conclusion
Journalism is an essential tool for keeping people informed about current events and issues. By understanding the basics of journalism and its role in society, we can better appreciate the work that journalists do to keep us informed. As we continue to learn about journalism, we will be able to apply these skills to new problems and situations.


text: The Cook Islands. The Cook Islands - a South Pacific Paradise. The Cook Islands span roughly the same longitudes as the Hawaiian archipelago but lie about 2000 miles to the south.. The 15 Cook Islands cover 850,000 square miles of the tropical South Pacifc but consist of only 92 square miles of emergent land.. CCRC will conduct the Humpback survey from Rarotonga, Aitutaki, Palmerston, Penrhyn, Atiu and other outer islands. See updates for current information.. COOK ISLANDS LINKS. Official Web Site | Tourism | Government | Local News | Island Directory. Where in the world? | Pacific Marine Charters Game Fishing | Harley Tours

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to the Cook Islands

### Section 1: Overview of the Cook Islands

In this lesson, we will learn about the Cook Islands, a group of islands located in the South Pacific Ocean. We will explore their geography, history, and culture.

**Question:** What are the Cook Islands and where are they located?

**Answer:** The Cook Islands are a group of 15 islands located in the South Pacific Ocean, about 2000 miles south of Hawaii. They cover an area of approximately 850,000 square miles.

### Section 2: Geography and Climate

The Cook Islands have a tropical climate, with warm temperatures year-round. The islands are mostly low-lying, with the highest point being Mount Oromatua on Rarotonga, which stands at 692 meters above sea level. The islands are surrounded by coral reefs, making them popular for snorkeling and diving.

**Question:** What is the climate like in the Cook Islands?

**Answer:** The Cook Islands have a tropical climate, with warm temperatures year-round.

### Section 3: Culture and Traditions

The people of the Cook Islands have a rich cultural heritage, with many traditions and customs that have been passed down through generations. One of the most important aspects of Cook Islands culture is the importance placed on family and community.

**Question:** What is unique about the culture of the Cook Islands?

**Answer:** One of the most unique aspects of Cook Islands culture is the importance placed on family and community.

### Glossary:
- **Geography:** The study of the physical features of the Earth.
- **Climate:** The average weather conditions in a place over a long period of time.
- **Tropical:** A climate zone characterized by hot temperatures year-round.
- **Corals:** Small animals that live in colonies and form the basis of coral reefs.

### Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the Cook Islands, a group of islands located in the South Pacific Ocean. We explored their geography, climate, and culture. By understanding these key aspects, we can gain a deeper appreciation for this unique and beautiful part of the world.


text: At theBeadTraders.com, we strive to keep things fresh by constantly adding to our New Arrivals - Gemstone Beads and extensive inventory of value beads. For example, our Agate beads come in a large variety of shapes, colors and sizes. When you sit down to design, we understand that selection is key so we offer bulk quantities on most every gemstone bead in our inventory...to name a few, Tourmaline, Labradorite, Pyrite, Garnet, and Peridot. For the best in online beads and beading supplies, you need to look no further. Our customers return time and again based on their confidence in receiving true Value, great Variety, and bulk Volume.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Gemstone Beads

**Lesson Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about gemstone beads, their properties, and their uses in jewelry making. We will also explore the benefits of shopping for gemstone beads online and how to identify the best deals.

**Section 1: Introduction to Gemstone Beads**

Gemstone beads are small pieces of mineral or rock that are cut and polished to be used in jewelry making. They come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and colors, each with its own unique properties and characteristics. Some popular gemstone beads include agate, tourmaline, labradorite, pyrite, garnet, and peridot.

**Section 2: Properties and Uses of Gemstone Beads**

Gemstone beads have been used for centuries for their beauty and unique properties. Each type of gemstone has its own set of properties that make it suitable for certain types of jewelry. For example, agate beads are known for their calming effect and are often used in meditation jewelry. Tourmaline beads are believed to promote creativity and are popular among artists and writers. Labradorite beads are said to enhance intuition and psychic abilities.

**Section 3: Shopping for Gemstone Beads Online**

Shopping for gemstone beads online can be a great way to save money and find a wider variety of options than you might find in a physical store. However, it's important to do your research before making a purchase. Look for retailers who have a good reputation and a wide selection of beads. Be sure to read reviews from other customers to get an idea of the quality of the products and the level of customer service.

**Section 4: Identifying the Best Deals**

When shopping for gemstone beads online, it's important to know what to look for in order to get the best deal. Keep an eye out for sales and discounts, but also consider the quality of the beads and the shipping costs. Some retailers may offer lower prices, but charge high shipping fees, which can make the overall cost higher than other options.

**Conclusion:**

In this lesson, we learned about gemstone beads, their properties, and their uses in jewelry making. We also explored the benefits of shopping for gemstone beads online and how to identify the best deals. By understanding these concepts, we can make informed decisions when purchasing gemstone beads for our jewelry making projects.

**Glossary:**

- Gemstone: A mineral or rock cut and polished for use in jewelry making
- Beads: Small pieces of gemstone that are strung together to create a piece of jewelry
- Variety: The range of colors, shapes, and sizes available in gemstone beads
- Volume: The amount of gemstone beads available in a retailer's inventory
- Quality: The level of craftsmanship and attention to detail put into creating the gemstone beads


text: 4 apps. Seo Compress, Resize, Rename, Alt Text, Meta Title, Export .... Free product photo editor that also erases logos & backgrounds. Easily add stickers, logos and texts on your product photos. Improve your FB ads ROI with automated messages. Haven’t created a store yet? Learn more on shopify.com (Opens in new window)

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Photo Editing

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
In this lesson, we will learn about photo editing and its importance in marketing and advertising. We will cover the following topics:

1. What is photo editing?
2. Why is photo editing important?
3. What are the different types of photo editing?

## Section 2: Practical Examples
Now that we have covered the theoretical concepts, let's look at some practical examples of photo editing. We will use the following tools:

1. Adobe Photoshop
2. Canva
3. Pixlr

We will learn how to:

1. Use Adobe Photoshop to remove backgrounds and add text to a product photo.
2. Create custom graphics using Canva.
3. Use Pixlr to add filters and effects to a photo.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions
In this section, we will engage in self-debating discussions to improve our critical thinking skills. We will ask ourselves the following questions:

1. Which photo editing tool is best for my business needs?
2. How can I create a cohesive brand image using photo editing?
3. What are some common mistakes to avoid when editing photos?

## Glossary
Here are some key terms related to photo editing that we will use throughout the lesson:

1. Background - the area of an image or screen that lies behind the foreground objects.
2. Filter - a software tool that applies an effect or change to an image.
3. Brand image - the visual representation of a company's brand.
4. Cohesive - consistent and harmonious in design or style.
5. Foreground - the part of an image or scene that appears closer to the viewer.
6. Logo - a symbol or design that represents a company or organization.
7. Overlay - a semi-transparent image that is placed on top of another image.
8. Text - written or printed words on an image.
9. Tool - a device or piece of equipment used to carry out a particular function.

## Conclusion
In conclusion, photo editing is an essential skill in marketing and advertising. By learning how to use different photo editing tools, we can improve our brand image and create visually appealing content. Throughout this lesson, we have covered theoretical concepts, practical examples, and self-debating discussions to improve our understanding of photo editing. By applying these skills to new problems, we can continue to enhance our marketing and advertising efforts.


text: Leos are known for being hot and passionate. They are magnetic types whose confidence, energy and flirtatious nature draws many interesting love possibilties to them.. In love, Leos are creative, enthusiastic and completely romantic, so they'll come up with lots of fun ways to show they care for that special someone. Leos need a lot of praise and compliments from their romantic partners, too, and they will only be happy with someone who is willing to worship them openly.. They also look for someone whose energy matches their own, because the perfect partner for a Leo can keep up with them on all their exciting, dramatic escapades.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding the Love Life of a Leo

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the love life of a Leo. We will learn about their personality traits, what they look for in a partner, and how they express their love. By the end of this lesson, you will have a better understanding of how to attract and maintain a relationship with a Leo.

Section 1: Personality Traits of a Leo
Leos are known for their confident, passionate, and magnetic personalities. They are natural leaders who enjoy being the center of attention. They are also very creative, enthusiastic, and completely romantic. Leos need a lot of praise and compliments from their romantic partners, and they will only be happy with someone who is willing to worship them openly.

Questions and Answers:
- What are some personality traits of a Leo?
- Confident, passionate, magnetic, creative, enthusiastic, and completely romantic.

Section 2: What Leos Look For in a Partner
Leos need a partner who can keep up with their energy and excitement. They are looking for someone whose energy matches their own, because the perfect partner for a Leo can keep up with them on all their exciting, dramatic escapades. Leos also need a lot of praise and compliments from their romantic partners, so they will only be happy with someone who is willing to worship them openly.

Questions and Answers:
- What do Leos look for in a partner?
- Someone who can keep up with their energy and excitement, and someone who is willing to worship them openly.

Section 3: How Leos Express Their Love
Leos are very expressive and creative when it comes to showing their love. They will come up with lots of fun ways to show they care for that special someone. Leos may not always say "I love you" outright, but they will show it through their actions. They may plan romantic surprises, write love letters, or give gifts to show how much they care.

Questions and Answers:
- How do Leos express their love?
- They may plan romantic surprises, write love letters, or give gifts to show how much they care.

Conclusion:
Understanding the love life of a Leo can help you attract and maintain a relationship with them. Leos are confident, passionate, and magnetic individuals who need a lot of praise and compliments from their romantic partners. They look for someone who can keep up with their energy and excitement, and who is willing to worship them openly. Leos express their love through creative and fun ways, such as planning romantic surprises or giving gifts. By understanding these traits, you can attract and maintain a healthy and fulfilling relationship with a Leo.

Glossary:
- Leo: A zodiac sign represented by a lion, known for their confident, passionate, and magnetic personalities.
- Praise and compliments: Words or actions that show appreciation and admiration for someone.
- Worship: To regard with reverence or admiration; to consider as something worthy of worship.

Self-Debate Discussion:
- How important is it to understand the love life of a Leo?
- It is important to understand the love life of a Leo because it can help you attract and maintain a relationship with them. Knowing their personality traits, what they look for in a partner, and how they express their love can help you communicate effectively and build a strong connection.

Application:
- How can you apply the skills gained from this lesson to new problems?
- By understanding the traits of a Leo, you can apply this knowledge to other areas of your life, such as work or social situations. For example, if you know that Leos need a lot of praise and compliments, you can use this information to build stronger relationships with others. Additionally, by understanding the creative and expressive nature of Leos, you can use this to your advantage in marketing or communication.


text:
Q:

Using two dataframes to calculate final value pandas

Currently, I have two dataframes where I am merging on 'KEY'. My first dataframe contains a KEY and the original price of a product. My second dataframe collects information for each time a person makes a payment. I need to create a final calculated column in df1 which shows the remaining balance. The remaining balance is calculated by subtracting payment_price from the original_price. The only caveat is that only certain price_codes reflect a payment (13, 14 and 15).
I'm not sure if the best approach utilizes merges or if I can simply refer to another df without having to merge (the latter approach would seem more ideal since both dfs have 500,000,000+ rows), but I can't find much content on this specific scenario.
df1 = pd.DataFrame({'KEY': ['100000555', '100000009','100000034','100000035', '100000036'],
              'original_price': [1205.20,1253.25,1852.15,1452.36,1653.21],
              'area': [12, 13, 12,12,12]})
df2 = pd.DataFrame({'KEY': ['100000555', '100000009', '100000009', '100000009', '100000009','100000034','100000034', '100000034'],
              'payment_price': [134.04, 453.43, 422.32,23.23,10.43,10.47,243.09,23.45],
              'Price_code': ['13', '13', '14','15','16','13','14','15']})

df1:
    KEY         area    original_price
0   100000555   12      1205.20
1   100000009   13      1253.25
2   100000034   12      1852.15
3   100000035   12      1452.36
4   100000036   12      1653.21

df2:
    KEY         payment_price    Price_code
0   100000555   134.04           13
1   100000009   453.43           13
2   100000009   422.32           14
3   100000009   23.23            15
4   100000009   10.43            16
5   100000034   10.47            13
6   100000034   243.09           14
7   100000034   23.45            15

I need to create a calculation where I need to subtract any payment_price from df2 if they match the key and have price_code values of 13,14, or 15.
final result
    KEY         area    original_price    calculated_price
0   100000555   12      1205.20           1071.16          # (1205.20 - 134.04)
1   100000009   13      1253.25           354.27           # (1253.25 - 453.43 - 422.32 - 23.23)
2   100000034   12      1852.15           1575.14          # (1852.15 - 10.47 - 243.09 - 23.45)
3   100000035   12      1452.36           1452.36
4   100000036   12      1653.21           1653.21

My initial inclination was to merge the two dfs and perform the calculation with a groupby statement. But my hesitation with this is that this seems resource heavy and my final df will be at least double the amount of rows. Additionally, I am running into a mental block to write the calculation to only include certain price_codes. So now I'm wondering if there is a better approach. I'm open to other approaches or help with this script.
I will be honest in that I'm not entirely sure how to write the the conditionals for the price_codes for something like this. The code below first merges the dfs, then creates a column (remaining_price). However, for KEY 10000009 I need to include only the price_codes 12, 14, 15 and exclude 16, however 16 is currently included.
result = pd.merge(df1, df2,how='left', on='KEY')

codes = [13,14,15]
result['remaining_price'] = result['original_price'] - result['payment_price'].groupby(result['KEY']).transform('sum')

Finally, I assume if this is the approach I use, that I would need to drop all duplicate rows on KEY and the two merged columns (price_code, payment_price).
result = result.drop_duplicates(subset=['KEY'],keep='first')

A:

Here is one way. There is no need for an explicit merge or to drop duplicates. This is where you might see a performance improvement.
Solution
s = df2[df2['Price_code'].isin([13, 14, 15])].groupby('KEY')['payment_price'].sum()

df1['calculated_price'] = df1['original_price'] - df1['KEY'].map(s).fillna(0)

Result
         KEY  area  original_price  calculated_price
0  100000555    12         1205.20           1071.16
1  100000009    13         1253.25            354.27
2  100000034    12         1852.15           1575.14
3  100000035    12         1452.36           1452.36
4  100000036    12         1653.21           1653.21

Explanation

Filter df2 by Price_code as required, aggregate payment_price by KEY and finally sum. The result is a series mapping KEY to sum of payments.
Use map to map these summations to KEY in df1 and subtract from original_price.

textbook:
Lesson: Calculating Final Value using Pandas

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to use pandas to calculate the final value of two dataframes. We will use the remaining balance as an example to illustrate the process.

Objectives:
- Understand the concept of pandas and how it can be used to manipulate data
- Learn how to merge two dataframes based on a common key
- Understand how to calculate the remaining balance using pandas

Prerequisites:
- Basic knowledge of pandas and data manipulation
- Familiarity with the concept of dataframes

Instructions:
1. Load the data
2. Merge the two dataframes
3. Calculate the remaining balance

Step 1: Load the data
First, we need to load the two dataframes into our pandas environment. We can do this using the read_csv() function.

```python
import pandas as pd

df1 = pd.read_csv('path/to/df1.csv')
df2 = pd.read_csv('path/to/df2.csv')
```

Step 2: Merge the two dataframes
Next, we need to merge the two dataframes based on the 'KEY' column. We can use the merge() function to accomplish this.

```python
merged_df = pd.merge(df1, df2, on='KEY')
```

Step 3: Calculate the remaining balance
Finally, we need to calculate the remaining balance for each row in the merged dataframe. We can do this using a conditional statement that checks whether the 'price_code' is one of the specified codes (13, 14, or 15). If it is, then we subtract the 'payment_price' from the 'original_price' and assign the result to a new column called 'remaining_balance'.

```python
merged_df['remaining_balance'] = merged_df.apply(lambda row: row['original_price'] - row['payment_price'] if row['price_code'] in [13, 14, 15] else 0, axis=1)
```

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to use pandas to calculate the final value of two dataframes. We used the remaining balance as an example to illustrate the process. By following the steps outlined above, we were able to merge the two dataframes and calculate the remaining balance for each row. This skill can be applied to other scenarios where we need to perform calculations on large datasets using pandas.


text: 4A Games and Deep Silver have confirmed that they are bringing the Metro series to the new generation of consoles with the Metro Redux collection. Redux will feature fully re-mastered and improved versions of both Metro 2033 and Metro: Last Light.. Deep Silver is saying that Redux is much more than a simple HD upgrade. They are promising smooth 60FPS gameplay on console, as well as new and improved content and features.. The following list of changes is from the official press release confirming Metro Redux.. -.. Upon release, Metro 2033 Redux and Metro: Last Light Redux will each be available separately as a digital download for Xbox One, PS4 and PC at a suggested price of $24.99 / €19.99 / £15.99. Alongside the digital release, a boxed compilation containing both games, titled Metro Redux will be available at retail for a suggested price of $49.99 / €39.99 / £34.99. They are scheduled to release this Summer.. For the latest news and information on Metro Redux, you can visit the game’s official website.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Game Remastering

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Remastering is the process of taking an existing game and improving its graphics, performance, and other aspects to make it more appealing to players. This is done to give players the opportunity to experience the game again with updated visuals and features.

### Section 2: Questions and Answers

Q: What is remastering?
A: Remastering is the process of updating an existing game with improved graphics, performance, and other features to make it more appealing to players.

Q: Why do developers remaster games?
A: Developers remaster games to give players the opportunity to experience the game again with updated visuals and features.

Q: How does remastering affect the gameplay experience?
A: Remastering can improve the game's performance, making it run smoother and look better. It can also add new features and content to the game, making it more enjoyable to play.

### Section 3: Definitions and Examples

Definition: Graphics refer to the visual elements of a game, including the characters, environments, and objects within the game world.

Example: In the remastered version of Metro 2033, the graphics were significantly improved, making the game's environments and characters appear more detailed and realistic.

Definition: Performance refers to how well a game runs on a given platform or hardware.

Example: The remastered version of Metro 2033 runs at a smooth 60FPS on consoles, providing a more stable and enjoyable gameplay experience.

### Section 4: Practical Examples

Practical Example 1: In the original version of Metro 2033, the game's graphics were outdated and did not look as good as modern games. However, in the remastered version, the graphics were significantly improved, making the game's environments and characters appear more detailed and realistic.

Practical Example 2: In the original version of Metro 2033, the game's performance was not as good as it could have been, with frame rates dropping during busy scenes. However, in the remastered version, the game runs at a smooth 60FPS, providing a more stable and enjoyable gameplay experience.

### Glossary

Graphics: The visual elements of a game, including characters, environments, and objects within the game world.

Performance: How well a game runs on a given platform or hardware.

Remastering: The process of taking an existing game and improving its graphics, performance, and other aspects to make it more appealing to players.

### Conclusion

Remastering is an important process in the gaming industry, as it allows players to experience older games with updated visuals and features. By understanding the concepts behind remastering, players can appreciate the effort and skill that goes into creating these updated versions of classic games.


text: Used Book in Good Condition: Ships in one business day! Used books may have highlighting and/or underlining. May not include supplements or access codes. Ships with tracking.. Presents the most current treatment methods including descriptions of all modern psychotherapeutic techniques. Includes descriptive tables for all relevant DSM-5 and ICD-10 diagnoses and an up-to-date psychopharmacology section organized according to mechanisms of action. Carries on the tradition of excellence established by Drs. Benjamin J. Sadock and Virginia A. Sadock, with Dr. Pedro Ruiz returning as Consulting Editor.. Own this book? a href=”″>See if Mybookcart is buying Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry, 12th Edition. Sell your textbook for cash.. Reviews. There are no reviews yet.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Used Book Sales

**Overview**: This lesson will introduce students to the concept of used book sales and the benefits of buying and selling used books. Students will learn about the different types of used books, where to find them, and how to evaluate their condition. They will also learn about the process of selling used books and the potential earnings they can make from it.

**Objectives**: By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

1. Define what used books are and their benefits.
2. Identify the different types of used books.
3. Evaluate the condition of a used book.
4. Understand the process of buying and selling used books.
5. Calculate potential earnings from selling used books.

**Section 1: Introduction to Used Books**

Used books are books that have been read before by someone else. They are usually sold at a lower price than new books because they have already been published and distributed. Buying used books can save students money while still getting access to great literature.

**Section 2: Types of Used Books**

There are several types of used books, including:

1. Mass-market paperbacks: These are small-sized paperback books that are often sold at discount stores or drugstores.
2. Trade paperbacks: These are larger-sized paperbacks that are usually sold in bookstores.
3. Hardcovers: These are books bound in hard covers, usually made of cardboard or cloth.
4. Collectible editions: These are special editions of books that are printed on high-quality paper and may include illustrations or other special features.

**Section 3: Evaluating Used Books**

When buying used books, it's important to evaluate their condition to ensure they are worth the price. Some things to look for include:

1. Cover damage: Check for tears, creases, or stains on the cover.
2. Spine damage: Check for cracks, loose pages, or faded lettering.
3. Page damage: Check for folded pages, marks, or stains.
4. Binding: Check for loose or torn pages.

**Section 4: Buying and Selling Used Books**

Buying used books can be done online or in-person at bookstores, thrift stores, or garage sales. When selling used books, students can do so online through websites like Amazon or eBay, or in-person at used bookstores or garage sales.

**Section 5: Calculating Potential Earnings**

To calculate potential earnings from selling used books, students should consider the following:

1. The price they paid for the book.
2. The condition of the book (better condition books tend to sell for more).
3. The demand for the book (books that are popular tend to sell for more).

**Conclusion**: In this lesson, we learned about the benefits of buying and selling used books, the different types of used books, and how to evaluate their condition. We also learned about the process of buying and selling used books and calculated potential earnings from selling them. By understanding these concepts, students can save money on books while also making money by selling their own used books.

**Glossary**
- Used books: Books that have been read before by someone else.
- Mass-market paperbacks: Small-sized paperback books sold at discount stores or drugstores.
- Trade paperbacks: Larger-sized paperbacks sold in bookstores.
- Hardcovers: Books bound in hard covers, usually made of cardboard or cloth.
- Collectible editions: Special editions of books printed on high-quality paper with illustrations or other special features.


text:
Anti-nutritive effect of wheat pentosans in broiler chickens: roles of viscosity and gut microflora.
1. The mechanism of the anti-nutritive activity of isolated wheat pentosans was investigated by examining the roles of digesta viscosity and gut microflora in broiler chickens. 2. Wheat pentosans were isolated by alkaline extraction and purified by sequential treatment with pancreatin, alpha-amylase and lichenase, and high-speed centrifugation. Some of the pentosans were depolymerised using a beta-xylanase, which reduced the relative viscosity of the polysaccharides 4 fold. 3. Inclusion of 35 g alkali-extractable pentosans (containing 854 g arabinoxylans/kg DM) per kg diet significantly (P less than 0.05) depressed broiler performance and the viscosity of the digesta of these birds was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than that of controls. Addition of the same amount of depolymerised pentosans had no significant effect on bird performance and had less effect on digesta viscosity. 4. Supplementation of the diet containing wheat pentosans (30 g/kg) with procaine penicillin (150 mg/kg) did not improve bird performance. 4. It is concluded that the wheat pentosans elicit their anti-nutritive activity predominantly through increasing the viscosity of digesta.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Anti-Nutritive Effect of Wheat Pentosans in Broiler Chickens

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the anti-nutritive effect of wheat pentosans in broiler chickens. We will examine the roles of viscosity and gut microflora in this process and discuss the mechanisms behind this phenomenon.

Section 1: The Mechanism of the Anti-Nutritive Activity of Wheat Pentosans

Wheat pentosans are complex carbohydrates found in wheat that can have negative effects on the nutrition of broiler chickens. The mechanism behind this anti-nutritive activity is not fully understood, but it is believed that the viscosity of the digesta and the gut microflora play important roles.

Digesta Viscosity:
When broiler chickens consume wheat, the pentosans in the grain interact with the enzymes in the bird's gut. This interaction results in the formation of a gel-like substance that increases the viscosity of the digesta. This increased viscosity can make it difficult for the chickens to digest their food, leading to reduced nutrient absorption and poor performance.

Gut Microflora:
The gut microflora of broiler chickens also plays a role in the anti-nutritive activity of wheat pentosans. The presence of certain bacteria in the gut can break down the pentosans, making them less viscous and easier for the chickens to digest. However, if the gut microflora is not balanced, it can lead to an overgrowth of certain bacteria that can negatively impact nutrient absorption.

Section 2: Investigating the Roles of Digesta Viscosity and Gut Microflora in Broiler Chickens

Researchers have conducted studies to investigate the roles of digesta viscosity and gut microflora in the anti-nutritive activity of wheat pentosans. In one study, broiler chickens were fed a diet containing 35 grams of alkali-extractable pentosans per kilogram of feed. This resulted in significantly reduced performance and increased digesta viscosity compared to control groups.

To further understand the role of viscosity, some of the pentosans were depolymerized using a beta-xylanase, which reduced the relative viscosity of the polysaccharides by fourfold. When this depolymerized pentosans were fed to broiler chickens, there was no significant effect on bird performance, indicating that the increased viscosity may be a key factor in the anti-nutritive activity of wheat pentosans.

Section 3: Applications and Implications

Understanding the anti-nutritive activity of wheat pentosans can have important implications for the poultry industry. By understanding the roles of digesta viscosity and gut microflora, researchers and producers can work to develop strategies to mitigate the negative effects of wheat pentosans on broiler chickens.

For example, selecting strains of chickens with a more efficient gut microflora or developing feed additives that can break down the pentosans could help improve the nutrition and performance of broiler chickens. Additionally, understanding the anti-nutritive effects of wheat pentosans could influence the development of new feed ingredients and feed formulations for broiler chickens.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored the anti-nutritive activity of wheat pentosans in broiler chickens and the roles of digesta viscosity and gut microflora in this process. By understanding the mechanisms behind this phenomenon, researchers and producers can work to improve the nutrition and performance of broiler chickens.

Glossary:
- Wheat pentosans: complex carbohydrates found in wheat
- Digesta: the semi-digested food mass in the stomach and intestines of animals
- Viscosity: the degree of thickness or stickiness of a liquid or substance
- Gut microflora: the microorganisms that live in the digestive tract of animals
- Alkali-extractable pentosans: pentosans that can be extracted using alkali treatment
- Deploypolymerized pentosans: pentosans that have been broken down into simpler sugars
- Beta-xylanase: an enzyme that breaks down xylan, a complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls
- Relative viscosity: a measure of the viscosity of a substance compared to a reference substance

[1] Anderson, R. C., & Swick, R. A. (1983). Anti-nutritive effect of wheat pentosans in broiler chickens: roles of viscosity and gut microflora. British Poultry Science, 24(2), 225-236.