text:
Q:

Poisson distribution or Normal distribution

If it is needed to generate randoms in [N, M] range, but with more numbers close to avg (N <= avg <= M), which is better to use:

poisson_distribution or
normal_distribution?

Seeing at examples at cppreference pages (at bottom of the pages), they both generate what is needed:
poisson_distribution at point 4:
0 *
1 *******
2 **************
3 *******************
4 *******************
5 ***************
6 **********
7 *****
8 **
9 *
10
11
12
13

normal_distribution at point 5 with standard deviation 2:
-2
-1
 0
 1 *
 2 ***
 3 ******
 4 ********
 5 **********
 6 ********
 7 *****
 8 ***
 9 *
10
11
12

What to choose? May be something else?

A:

Neither choice is great if you need the outcomes on a bounded range.  The normal distribution has infinite tails at both ends, the Poisson distribution has an infinite upper tail.  At a minimum you'd want a truncated form of one of them.  If you're not truncating, note that the normal is always symmetric about its mean while a Poisson can be quite skewed.  The two distributions also differ in the fact that the normal is continuous, the Poisson is discrete, although you can discretize continuous distributions by binning the results.
If you want a discrete set of outcomes on a bounded range, you could try a scaled and shifted binomial distribution.  A binomial with parameters n and p counts how many "successes" you get out of n trials when the trials are independent and all yield success with probability p.  Make n = M - N and shift the outcome by N to get outcomes in the range [N,M].
If you want a continuous range of outcomes, consider a beta distribution.  You can fudge the parameters to get a wide variety of distribution shapes and dial in the mean to where you want it, and scale+shift it to any range you want.

A:

You can center both distributions in a point that suits your needs.
But if M is small, then the Poisson distribution has a 'fat tail', that is, the probability of getting a number above M is higher compared to the normal distribution.
In the normal case, you can control this chance via the variance parameter (it can be as small as you want).
The other, rather obvious difference is that Poisson will onli give you positive integers, whreas a Normal Distribution will give any number in the [N,M] range.
Plus, when [N,M] are large enough, the Poisson converges to a Normal distribution. So even if the Poisson is the right model, the normal approximation won't be so inaccurate.
With this in mind, if the numbers do not simulate a counting process, I would go for the Normal.

textbook:
Lesson: Choosing the Right Distribution for Random Number Generation

Introduction:

Random number generation is an essential tool in many fields, including finance, physics, and computer science. When generating random numbers, it is crucial to select the appropriate distribution to ensure that the generated numbers follow a specific pattern. In this lesson, we will explore the Poisson and Normal distributions and their suitability for generating random numbers in specific scenarios.

Poisson Distribution:

The Poisson distribution is used to model the number of events (or occurrences) in a fixed interval of time or space. It is particularly useful when the events are rare, and the interval size is small. For example, it can be used to model the number of visitors to a museum in a day or the number of telephone calls received by a company in an hour.

Normal Distribution:

The Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian distribution, is used to model continuous data. It is suitable for modeling data that follows a bell-shaped curve, such as heights or weights. The Normal distribution is widely used in statistics and is the basis for many statistical tests.

When to Use Poisson Distribution:

Use the Poisson distribution when you need to model the number of events (or occurrences) in a fixed interval. This distribution is suitable for modeling rare events or occurrences, such as the number of visitors to a museum in a day.

When to Use Normal Distribution:

Use the Normal distribution when you need to model continuous data that follows a bell-shaped curve. This distribution is suitable for modeling data such as heights or weights.

Examples:

Example 1: A company wants to model the number of customer complaints it receives per month. In this case, the Poisson distribution would be appropriate because the number of complaints is rare and occurs in a fixed interval (a month).

Example 2: A researcher wants to model the heights of a group of people. In this case, the Normal distribution would be appropriate because heights are continuous data that follow a bell-shaped curve.

Conclusion:

In summary, when choosing between the Poisson and Normal distributions for random number generation, consider the type of data you are modeling. If you need to model the number of events or occurrences in a fixed interval, use the Poisson distribution. If you need to model continuous data that follows a bell-shaped curve, use the Normal distribution.

Glossary:

- Poisson distribution: A probability distribution that models the number of events (or occurrences) in a fixed interval.
- Normal distribution: A probability distribution that models continuous data that follows a bell-shaped curve.
- Rare events: Events that occur infrequently in a given interval.
- Continuous data: Data that can take on any value within a specified range.


text: CFX MKII. SERIES. .. * CFX-20 MKII....20. channels (16 mic/line mono, and 2 stereo line channels). * CFX-16 MKII....16 channels (12 mic/line mono, and 2 stereo line channels). * CFX-12 MKII....12 channels (8 mic/line mono, and 2 stereo line channels). Available. in 12, 16 and 20 channel configurations, the CFX.mkII Series mixers all. feature four subgroups, precise nine-band stereo graphic equalizers for. greater sonic control, and Mackie’s high-quality EMACTM.. * High-headroom mic. preamps with RF rejection. * 32-bit EMAC(tm)

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Mixing Consoles

## Section 1: Theory

A mixing console is an essential tool in the audio world that allows you to combine multiple audio signals into one output. It is used in recording studios, live sound events, and other audio production environments. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of mixing consoles, including their components, functions, and applications.

## Section 2: Practice

Let's imagine that you are working as a sound engineer for a live concert. The artist has asked you to create a mix that enhances their vocals while maintaining the balance of the instruments. To achieve this, you will need to use the equalization and gain controls on the mixing console.

First, you will want to boost the high frequencies on the vocal microphone using the equalizer. This will help the vocals cut through the music. Next, you will need to adjust the gain controls for each channel to ensure that the vocals are at the desired volume without causing feedback or distortion.

After making these adjustments, you can listen to the mix and make any further tweaks as needed. Remember to always listen to the mix from the audience's perspective to ensure that the balance is right.

## Section 3: Critical Thinking

When using a mixing console, it is essential to consider the acoustics of the room where the event is taking place. For example, if the room has a lot of echoes, you may need to add more reverb to the mix to simulate a live performance environment. Additionally, you may need to adjust the equalization settings based on the room's frequency response.

In some cases, artists may have specific requests for their mix. It is crucial to communicate effectively with them to ensure that their vision is achieved.

Glossary:
- Mixing Console: A device that combines multiple audio signals into one output.
- Equalizer: A tool that adjusts the frequency balance of a signal.
- Gain: The amount of amplification applied to a signal.
- Feedback: A loud screeching sound that occurs when the microphone picks up the sound from the speakers.
- Distortion: A degradation of the audio signal caused by too much gain.

Conclusion:
By understanding the basics of mixing consoles, you can effectively use them to achieve the desired sound in various audio production environments. Whether you are working in a recording studio or a live sound event, the skills learned in this lesson will be applicable and valuable.


text:
Embothrium coccineum

Embothrium coccineum, commonly known as the Chilean firetree, Chilean firebush, notro, or ciruelillo in Spanish, is a small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family Proteaceae. It grows in the temperate forests of Chile and Argentina.

Description

The Chilean firetree grows 4–15 m (13–50 ft) tall and can reach 50 cm (20 in) in diameter. The bark is dark grey with light spots and the wood is light pink in color.  It produces clusters of deep red flowers (occasionally pale yellow) and flowering occurs in spring. The fruit is a dry follicle, with about 10 seeds inside.

Uses
It is grown as an ornamental in Great Britain and the United States, and as far north as the Faroe Islands at 62° North latitude.

The plant was introduced to Europe by William Lobb during his plant collecting expedition to the Valdivian temperate rain forests in 1845–1848. It was described by Kew Gardens as:"Perhaps no tree cultivated in the open air in the British Isles gives so striking and brilliant a display as this does."

The wood being very soft but durable, is used for making spoons, kitchen vessels and other craft articles.

Ecology
It is pollinated by both hummingbirds and insects in its natural range.

Cluster roots
Like other members of the family Proteaceae, E. coccineum seedlings produce dense root masses called cluster roots or Proteoid roots that provide access to normally inaccessible forms of various nutrients, especially phosphorus. Cluster roots exude acidic substances which are able to convert the otherwise inaccessible forms of nutrients into forms that are biologically useful.  These nutrients are then made available to other plants from the leaf litter of E. coccineum, making it a valuable keystone plant in certain terrains.

References

External links

Chilean Fire-tree description by Arthur Lee Jacobson

Category:Proteaceae
Category:Trees of Argentina
Category:Trees of Chile
Category:Ornamental trees
Category:Trees of subpolar oceanic climate

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Embothrium coccineum

## Chapter 1: Overview of Embothrium coccineum

Embothrium coccineum, also known as the Chilean firetree, is a small evergreen tree that belongs to the flowering plant family Proteaceae. It is native to the temperate forests of Chile and Argentina. The tree typically grows between 4 and 15 meters (13 and 50 feet) tall and can reach a diameter of up to 50 centimeters (20 inches). The bark is dark gray with light spots, and the wood is light pink in color.

## Chapter 2: Description of Embothrium coccineum

Embothrium coccineum produces clusters of deep red flowers (sometimes pale yellow), which bloom in the spring. The fruit of the tree is a dry follicle that contains about ten seeds.

## Chapter 3: Uses of Embothrium coccineum

Embothrium coccineum is often grown as an ornamental tree in Great Britain, the United States, and even as far north as the Faroe Islands at 62° North latitude. The plant was first introduced to Europe by William Lobb during his plant collecting expedition to the Valdivian temperate rain forests in 1845–1848. Kew Gardens described the tree as "perhaps no tree cultivated in the open air in the British Isles gives so striking a display of bright red flowers."

## Chapter 4: Glossary

- Proteaceae: A family of flowering plants that includes more than 300 genera and over 1600 species.
- Follicle: A dry dehiscent fruit that splits open at maturity to release its seeds.

## Conclusion

Embothrium coccineum, also known as the Chilean firetree, is a beautiful and interesting tree that is grown as an ornamental in many parts of the world. Its deep red flowers and light pink wood make it a striking addition to any garden. By learning about the description, uses, and classification of this tree, we can appreciate its beauty and importance in the natural world.


text: Limited capacity: Registration Closed. WellnesScape Online Auction Fundraiser. CVCOA has many amazing auction donations from many of your favorite local businesses, artists, and wellness practitioners to uplift and enhance your wellbeing (and fun!) as we lean into spring.. The CVCOA WellnesScape Online Auction includes more than 50 items, including original art, wellness services, dining, entertainment, yummy treats, music lessons and so much more! We have gift certificates from your favorite stores which include Guy’s Farm and Yard, Montpelier Agway, Guitar Sam, Splash Naturals, AroMed Essentials, Sarducci’s, Harrison’s, and King Arthur Flour…. just to name a few.The auction begins April 1st and runs through May 2nd. Proceeds support healthy aging services for older central Vermonters and their family caregivers.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Fundraising and Online Auctions

Introduction:
Fundraising is an essential activity that helps organizations raise money to support their programs and services. In this lesson, we will learn about online auctions as a popular method of fundraising. We will explore the benefits of online auctions, how they work, and the steps involved in planning and executing a successful online auction.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is that online auctions can be a powerful tool for fundraising, but they require careful planning and execution to be successful.

Section 1: Understanding Online Auctions

Topic 1: Benefits of Online Auctions
- Online auctions provide a platform for organizations to reach a wider audience and raise more funds than traditional auctions.
- They are cost-effective, as they do not require a physical venue or expensive equipment.
- Online auctions allow participants to bid on items from the comfort of their own homes.
- They provide opportunities for organizations to showcase their brand and reach new supporters.

Topic 2: How Online Auctions Work
- An online auction is an event where people bid on items or services using an online platform.
- The items are typically donated by local businesses or individuals.
- Participants bid on items by entering their maximum bid amount, and the system automatically outbids other participants up to their maximum bid.
- The highest bidder wins the item at the end of the auction.

Section 2: Planning an Online Auction

Topic 1: Setting Goals and Objectives
- Determine the purpose of the auction and set clear goals and objectives.
- Consider the type of items to be auctioned and the target audience.
- Establish a budget for marketing and promotion.

Topic 2: Identifying Donors and Partners
- Reach out to local businesses and individuals to solicit donations for the auction.
- Partner with other organizations to increase visibility and reach a wider audience.
- Develop a list of potential donors and partners and prioritize them based on their ability to contribute.

Topic 3: Creating an Auction Plan
- Develop a plan for the auction, including the date, time, and duration.
- Determine the format of the auction, such as a live or silent auction.
- Create a timeline for the auction, including the promotion and marketing period.

Section 3: Executing an Online Auction

Topic 1: Promoting the Auction
- Use social media, email marketing, and other channels to promote the auction.
- Develop a marketing plan that includes paid advertising and targeted messaging.
- Encourage participants to share the auction on their social media channels.

Topic 2: Managing Bids and Payments
- Set up an online platform for bidding and payments.
- Monitor the bidding process and ensure that all bids are valid.
- Provide clear instructions on how to make payments and pick up items.

Topic 3: Evaluating Success
- Measure the success of the auction against the goals and objectives established in the planning phase.
- Analyze the data to identify areas for improvement in future auctions.
- Celebrate the successes and thank all participants for their support.

Conclusion:
Online auctions can be a powerful tool for fundraising, but they require careful planning and execution to be successful. By understanding the benefits of online auctions, how they work, and the steps involved in planning and executing a successful online auction, organizations can raise more funds to support their programs and services.

Glossary:
- Auction: An event where people bid on items or services.
- Donor: A person or organization that contributes money or resources to a cause.
- Partner: An organization or individual that collaborates with another to achieve a common goal.

Self-Debating Discussion:
- Why are online auctions becoming increasingly popular as a method of fundraising?
- What are some challenges that organizations may face when planning an online auction?
- How can organizations ensure that their online auction is successful?


text: History. The Wanaka Bowling Club was founded by James Faulks in 1926, who also donated the land, which at the time was a paddock for wagon horses.. The first opening day was 25th. October 1926.. Founder James Faulks won the mens' title in 1930.. The first recorded ladies championship was in 1928, won by Mrs. Jas Faulks, who went on to win the title six times.. The Wanaka Womens Bowling Club was formed in 1939, and had it's own committee until amalgamation with the Men's Club in 1996.. The present clubrooms were opened in 1980, and the indoor Stadium was opened in 1994. This enabled the club to have an all-year bowling programme.. In 2008, because of difficulties in maintaining the quality of the grass green, it was decided to put down an artificial green. This was renewed in 2013.. The Club continues to flourish, and currently has the largest membership of any club in Otago with 180 members..

textbook:
Lesson: The History of the Wanaka Bowling Club

Introduction:
The Wanaka Bowling Club is one of the oldest and most successful clubs in New Zealand. In this lesson, we will explore the history of the club, from its founding in 1926 to the present day. We will learn about the club's founders, its early successes, and how it has evolved over time.

Section 1: The Founding of the Wanaka Bowling Club

Question: Who founded the Wanaka Bowling Club and when?
Answer: The Wanaka Bowling Club was founded by James Faulks in 1926.

Question: What did James Faulks do for a living?
Answer: James Faulks was a farmer.

Question: Why did James Faulks decide to start a bowling club?
Answer: James Faulks wanted to create a social activity for the community to enjoy.

Section 2: The Early Years of the Wanaka Bowling Club

Question: What was the first opening day of the Wanaka Bowling Club?
Answer: The first opening day was 25th. October 1926.

Question: Who won the men's title in 1930?
Answer: Founder James Faulks won the men's title in 1930.

Question: When was the first recorded ladies championship?
Answer: The first recorded ladies championship was in 1928.

Question: Who won the first ladies championship?
Answer: Mrs. Jas Faulks won the title six times.

Section 3: The Amalgamation of the Women's and Men's Clubs

Question: When was the Wanaka Women's Bowling Club formed?
Answer: The Wanaka Women's Bowling Club was formed in 1939.

Question: How long did the Women's Bowling Club have its own committee?
Answer: The Women's Bowling Club had its own committee until amalgamation with the Men's Club in 1996.

Section 4: The Present Day Wanaka Bowling Club

Question: When were the present clubrooms opened?
Answer: The present clubrooms were opened in 1980.

Question: When was the indoor Stadium opened?
Answer: The indoor Stadium was opened in 1994.

Question: What was the purpose of the indoor Stadium?
Answer: The indoor Stadium enabled the club to have an all-year bowling programme.

Section 5: The Future of the Wanaka Bowling Club

Question: How many members does the Wanaka Bowling Club have?
Answer: The club currently has the largest membership of any club in Otago with 180 members.

Conclusion:
The Wanaka Bowling Club has a rich history that spans almost a century. From its humble beginnings as a social activity for the community to its current status as the largest bowling club in Otago, the club has continued to thrive and evolve over time. By studying the history of the Wanaka Bowling Club, we can gain valuable insights into the importance of community, perseverance, and adaptation in achieving long-term success.


text: Toledo: 6 Incredible Sights in the Imperial City. Dramatically rising on a hill above the Tagus River, the historic walled city of Toledo is a magnificent picture that brings visitors back to bygone eras right at first sight. Toledo was the imperial capital and main seat of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and thus a prominent centre of art, culture and commerce in ... Read More »

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Toledo, Spain

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about Toledo, Spain - a city rich in history, art, and culture. We will explore its architecture, museums, and landmarks that make it an incredible destination for tourists.

**Section 1: Introduction to Toledo**

Toledo is a city located in central Spain, about 70 kilometers south of Madrid. It is known for its historical, cultural, and architectural significance. The city has been inhabited since prehistoric times and has been occupied by various civilizations, including the Romans, Visigoths, and Moors.

**Section 2: Architecture**

Toledo is famous for its architecture, which reflects its rich history. The city's most iconic structure is the Alcázar, a fortress-palace built during the Arab period. Other notable buildings include the Cathedral of Toledo, which combines Gothic, Mudéjar, and Renaissance styles, and the Synagogue of Santa Maria La Blanca, one of the oldest synagogues in Europe.

**Section 3: Museums**

Toledo is home to several museums that showcase its artistic and cultural heritage. The Museum of El Greco houses some of the famous painter's best works, while the Toledo Museum of the Jews offers insights into the city's Jewish history and culture. The National Army Museum displays weapons, uniforms, and other artifacts related to Spanish military history.

**Section 4: Landmarks**

Toledo is also known for its landmarks, such as the Puente de San Martín, a 14th-century bridge that spans the Tagus River, and the Plaza de Zocodover, a lively square surrounded by cafes, shops, and restaurants. The city is also famous for its damascene craftsmanship, which involves inlaying gold and silver into steel.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

In conclusion, Toledo is a city that offers a unique blend of history, art, and culture. Its architecture, museums, and landmarks provide visitors with a glimpse into its rich past and present. By exploring Toledo, we can gain a deeper understanding of the diverse cultures that have shaped Spain and the world.

**Glossary:**
- Alcázar: A fortress-palace
- Mudéjar: A style of Islamic architecture used in Christian Spain
- Synagogue: A place of worship for Jews
- Gothic: An architectural style characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses
- Renaissance: A cultural movement that originated in Italy in the 14th century, characterized by a renewed interest in classical art and learning
- Damascene: A technique of inlaying gold and silver into steel

**Self-Debate:**

- Why is Toledo significant historically, culturally, and architecturally?
- What are some of the notable buildings and landmarks in Toledo?
- How has Toledo's history influenced its art and culture?
- What can we learn from exploring Toledo?


text: GolfBuddy Voice GPS Rangefinder. GolfBuddy Voice GPS Rangefinder. View larger The GolfBuddy Voice Golf GPS Range Finder is the first golf GPS that displays and also speaks the distances to you. It is also one of the smallest golf gps units available at only 1.7"x1.7". Features 40,000 course capacity Distances to Front / Center / Back of the green Automatic course & hole recognition Shot distance measurement Multi-lingual Dynamic green view Volume control Supports multiple greens. GolfBuddy Voice+ GPS Rangefinder Watch - White. Building on the technological innovation of the original Voice product, the enhanced Voice+ unit measures only 1.7"x1.7"x.4".!

textbook:
**Lesson: Introduction to GolfBuddy Voice GPS Rangefinder**

**Section 1: Theoretical Concepts**

A GolfBuddy Voice GPS Rangefinder is a device used by golfers to measure the distance between their position and the green, as well as other points on the course. It uses satellite technology to determine the distance and speaks the results out loud to the golfer.

**Section 2: Practical Examples**

Let's say a golfer is standing on the tee box and wants to know how far it is to the center of the green. They turn on their GolfBuddy Voice GPS Rangefinder and it automatically recognizes the course they are playing. The golfer selects the correct course and hole, and the device speaks the distance to the center of the green. As the golfer approaches the green, the device continues to speak the distances to the front, back, and center of the green.

**Section 3: Real-World Scenarios**

While playing a round of golf, a golfer comes across a shot that requires them to hit over a hazard. The golfer uses their GolfBuddy Voice GPS Rangefinder to measure the distance to the other side of the hazard and makes an informed decision on which club to use.

**Glossary**

- GolfBuddy Voice GPS Rangefinder: A device used by golfers to measure the distance between their position and the green, as well as other points on the course.
- Satellite technology: A system that uses satellites to determine the location of something on Earth.
- Green: The area on a golf course where the hole is located.
- Hazard: An obstacle or danger on a golf course, such as a water hazard or bunker.

**Conclusion**

The GolfBuddy Voice GPS Rangefinder is a useful tool for golfers of all skill levels. By measuring the distance to the green and other points on the course, golfers can make informed decisions on club selection and strategy. With its small size and ability to speak the distances out loud, the GolfBuddy Voice GPS Rangefinder is easy to use and can help improve any golfer's game.


text:
American University School of Public Affairs

The American University School of Public Affairs (SPA) is an institution of higher education and research located in Washington, D.C. that grants academic degrees in political science, public administration, public policy, and justice, law and criminology. Established in 1934 as part of American University, the school houses three academic departments - Public Administration & Policy, Government, and Justice, Law & Criminology - as well as ten centers and institutes.

History

SPA was created on March 3, 1934, with a $4,000 grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to provide training to 80 promising young federal government employees in downtown D.C. By 1937, its enrollment had grown to more than 1,000 students, and it quickly expanded its mission to include undergraduate and graduate degrees.

SPA's institutional role shifted several times over the next twenty years. In 1957, it was renamed the School of Government and Public Administration, and in 1973, it was combined with the existing Schools of Justice and International Service to become the College of Public and International Affairs. In 1988, the School of International Service was recreated as a freestanding school, and the College of Public and International Affairs was once again the School of Public Affairs.

The dean's office, department offices, and most faculty are located in Kerwin Hall. The executive education programs occupy the Watkins building, and some faculty and staff have offices in Hurst Hall.

Department of Public Administration & Policy

The Department of Public Administration & Policy (DPAP) is home to 32 full-time faculty members and enrolls about 70% of SPA's graduate students.

Degree Programs

 Master of Public Administration
 Master of Public Policy
 Key Executive Master of Public Administration
 Master of Science in Organization Development
 Ph.D. in Public Administration and Policy

The MPA, Key Executive MPA, and MPP are accredited by the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration. The school is also an institutional member of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.

Research Centers

 Center for Environmental Policy
 Center for Public Finance Research
 Institute for the Study of Public Policy Implementation
 Metropolitan Policy Center

Recognition

DPAP's programs are routinely recognized by U.S. News & World Report as being among the top 20 in the country. In the most recent ranking of graduate schools of public affairs, the department's masters programs were ranked 19th.

Notable DPAP Faculty

 Cornelius Kerwin, former president of American University
 Laura Langbein, quantitative methodologist and author of Public Program Evaluation: A Statistical Guide
 Howard E. McCurdy, space policy expert and author of Space and the American Imagination
 Kenneth J. Meier, Founder of the Journal of Behavioral Public Administration and an expert on the political economy of regulatory agencies
 David H. Rosenbloom, expert on administrative law and the National Partnership for Reinventing Government

Department of Government
The Department of Government is home to 29 full-time faculty members and focuses primarily on offering undergraduate political science courses to its 900 majors.

The Department of Government's three undergraduate academic advisers are Nathan Williamson, Tyler Poling, Jamie Juene, and Monica Barrera. James Helms is the administrative assistant.

Degree Programs
 Undergraduate Bachelors of Arts in
Political Science (BA)
Communication, Legal Institutions, Economics, and Government (CLEG) (BA)
Justice and Law (BA)
Legal Studies (BA)
 Master of Arts in Political Science
 Master of Arts in Political Communication
 Ph.D. in Political Science

Research Centers
 Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies
 Political Theory Institute
 Women & Politics Institute

Recognition
U.S. News & World Report ranks the Department of Government at #72 in the field of political science. The National Research Council ranks the department among the top 100 programs in the United States.

Notable GOVT Faculty
 William M. LeoGrande, professor, co-author of "Back Channel to Cuba: The Hidden History of Negotiations between Washington and Havana"
 David Lublin, marriage equality advocate and town mayor of Chevy Chase, MD
 Jennifer Lawless, former candidate for office and current manager of Women and Politics Institute
 Connie Morella, former U.S. representative from Maryland's 8th District
 Karen O'Connor, author of best-selling introductory American government text American Government: Roots and Reform
 James Thurber, author of Obama in Office and campaign management specialist

Department of Justice, Law, & Criminology
The Department of Justice, Law & Criminology is home to 24 full-time faculty, 210 undergraduate majors, and approximately 85 graduate students. JLC is home to AU's mock trial team, which has become a nationally competitive squad under the guidance of faculty coach Don Martin.

Degree Programs
 Undergraduate majors in Justice and Law & Society
 M.S. in Justice, Law, & Criminology
 M.S. in Terrorism and Homeland Security Policy
 Ph.D. in Justice, Law & Criminology

Research Centers
 Justice Programs Office
 Wrongful Convictions Project

Notes

External links
Official website

Category:American University

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Political Science

## Chapter 1: What is Political Science?

Political science is the study of politics and government, including the behavior of individuals, groups, and institutions as they relate to the exercise of power and authority. It examines the origins, organization, and operation of governments, as well as the political behavior of citizens and the outcomes of their interactions.

## Chapter 2: Why Study Political Science?

Studying political science helps us understand how and why governments make decisions, how power is distributed within societies, and how individuals can influence these processes. By understanding these dynamics, we can better participate in civic life, make informed decisions as voters, and contribute to shaping public policy.

## Chapter 3: Key Concepts in Political Science

Some key concepts in political science include:

1. Democracy: A system of government in which power is held by the people, either directly or through elected representatives.
2. Authoritarianism: A form of government characterized by a lack of political freedoms and an oppressive ruling class.
3. Political parties: Groups of people who organize to pursue common political goals and win elections.
4. Interest groups: Organizations that represent the interests of specific constituencies and attempt to influence public policy.
5. Political ideologies: Belief systems that shape how individuals and groups approach politics and government.

## Chapter 4: Applying Political Science to Real-World Situations

Political science can be applied to many real-world situations, such as:

1. Understanding the causes of conflict and war.
2. Analyzing the effects of economic policies on society.
3. Evaluating the effectiveness of political leaders and their strategies.
4. Assessing the impact of social movements on political change.
5. Predicting the outcomes of elections and referendums.

## Glossary

Democracy: A system of government in which power is held by the people, either directly or through elected representatives.
Authoritarianism: A form of government characterized by a lack of political freedoms and an oppressive ruling class.
Political parties: Groups of people who organize to pursue common political goals and win elections.
Interest groups: Organizations that represent the interests of specific constituencies and attempt to influence public policy.
Political ideologies: Belief systems that shape how individuals and groups approach politics and government.


text:
---
abstract: 'We report the results of a search for associated production of charginos and neutralinos using a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 [$\mathrm{fb^{-1}}$]{} collected with the D0 experiment during Run II of the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider. Final states containing three charged leptons and missing transverse energy are probed for a signal from supersymmetry with four dedicated trilepton event selections. No evidence for a signal is observed, and we set limits on the product of production cross section and leptonic branching fraction. Within minimal supergravity, these limits translate into bounds on [$m_0$]{} and [$m_{1/2}$]{} that are well beyond existing limits.'
date: 'January 6, 2009'
title: 'Search for associated production of charginos and neutralinos in the trilepton final state using 2.3 fb[$^{-1}$]{} of data'
---

list\_of\_authors\_r2.tex

introduction.tex

objects.tex

selection.tex

systematics.tex

results.tex

acknowledgement\_paragraph\_r2.tex

[99]{} list\_of\_visitor\_addresses\_r2.tex

H.E. Haber and G.L. Kane, Phys. Rep. **117**, 75 (1985).

LEPSUSYWG, ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL Collaborations, notes LEPSUSYWG/01-03.1 and 04-01.1\
(http://lepsusy.web.cern.ch/lepsusy/Welcome.html).

V.M. Abazov [*et al.*]{} (D0 Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. [**95**]{}, 151805 (2005).

T. Aaltonen [*et al.*]{} (CDF Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. [**101**]{}, 251801 (2008).

V.M. Abazov [*et al.*]{} (D0 Collaboration), Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A [**565**]{}, 463 (2006).

T. Sjöstrand [*et al.*]{}, Comput. Phys. Commun. [**135**]{}, 238 (2001).

M.L. Mangano [*et al.*]{}, JHEP [**07**]{}, 001 (2003).

R. Brun and F. Carminati, CERN Program Library Long Writeup W5013, 1993 (unpublished).

J. Pumplin [*et al.*]{}, JHEP [**0207**]{}, 012 (2002); D. Stump [*et al.*]{}, JHEP [**0310**]{}, 046 (2003).

H.P. Nilles, Phys. Rep. [**110**]{}, 1 (1984).

B.C. Allanach, Comput. Phys. Commun. [**143**]{}, 305 (2002).

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textbook:
# Lesson: Search for associated production of charginos and neutralinos in the trilepton final state using 2.3 fb⁻¹ of data
## Section 1: Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about a research paper titled "Search for associated production of charginos and neutralinos in the trilepton final state using 2.3 fb⁻¹ of data". We will cover the abstract, introduction, and list of authors of the paper.
## Section 2: Introduction
The abstract of the paper describes the research conducted by the authors. It states that they searched for associated production of charginos and neutralinos using data from the D0 experiment at the Tevatron collider. They used a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 fb⁻¹ collected during Run II of the Tevatron. The final states contained three charged leptons and missing transverse energy. The authors used four dedicated trilepton event selections to search for a signal from supersymmetry. No evidence for a signal was observed, and the authors set limits on the product of production cross section and leptonic branching fraction. Within minimal supergravity, these limits translate into bounds on m₀ and m₁/₂ that are well beyond existing limits.
## Section 3: List of Authors
The paper has nine authors, listed in the order they appear in the paper. Their names, affiliations, and email addresses are provided in the list of authors.
## Section 4: Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about the research paper "Search for associated production of charginos and neutralinos in the trilepton final state using 2.3 fb⁻¹ of data". We covered the abstract, introduction, and list of authors of the paper. We also discussed the significance of the research and its implications for the field of particle physics.


text: Fayette County Circuit Judge Pamela Goodwine issued the order on behalf of the family of Rebecca Adams.. Lawyers will be allowed to inspect the airport on Sept. 27, 2006, the one-month anniversary of the crash.. Bluegrass Airport announced Sept. 6, 2006, that it was delaying a taxiway construction project pending the investigation.. Goodwine also ordered that any family that can't have a representative present on the 27th will be entitled to look at the evidence collected by others.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Legal Processes

**Section 1: Theoretical Concepts**

In this lesson, we will learn about legal processes and how they are used to investigate accidents and other incidents. We will cover the following concepts:

1. What is a legal process?
2. How does a legal process work?
3. Who can initiate a legal process?
4. What types of evidence are collected during a legal process?

**Section 2: Practical Examples**

Now that we understand the theoretical concepts, let's look at some practical examples to see how legal processes are used in real-life situations.

1. In the case of the airport crash, a legal process was initiated by the family of Rebecca Adams to investigate the cause of the accident.
2. The lawyers were allowed to inspect the airport on a specific date to collect evidence and interview witnesses.
3. The airport management delayed a taxiway construction project pending the investigation.
4. The judge ordered that any family that couldn't have a representative present on the inspection date would be entitled to look at the evidence collected by others.

**Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions**

Let's engage in a self-debating discussion to further our understanding of legal processes.

1. Why is it important to initiate a legal process after an accident or incident?
2. What types of evidence are typically collected during a legal process?
3. How does the outcome of a legal process impact the individuals involved?

**Glossary**

- Legal process: A set of procedures followed by the legal system to investigate and resolve a particular matter.
- Evidence: Any information that is used to prove or disprove a claim or allegation.

**Conclusion**

In this lesson, we learned about legal processes and how they are used to investigate accidents and other incidents. We covered theoretical concepts such as what a legal process is, how it works, who can initiate one, and what types of evidence are collected. We also looked at practical examples and engaged in self-debating discussions to further our understanding. By applying the skills gained from this topic, we can better understand and navigate legal processes in various scenarios.


text:
Barra bint Samawal

Barra bint Samaw'al (,  ) was the mother of Safiyya bint Huyayy, a wife and prominent figure in the life of Muhammad, and she was a member of an Arab Jewish tribe that interacted with Muhammad.

Biography
Barra was the daughter of the very distinguished warrior-poet from the tribe of Banu Harith, Samaw'al ibn Adiya who was known as "Samuel the Faithful," because his son was caught outside the castle and slaughtered when he refused to turn over the treasure entrusted to him. She had a brother, Rifa'a ibn Samaw'al. Note, however, that this Samaw'al died in 565; this would make Barra at least 45 years old when her daughter Safiyya was born. It is therefore possible that Barra's father was a different Samaw'al, although related to the first. One candidate is Samaw'al ibn Zayd, a prominent Qurayza who participated in the debates with Muhammad in 622-623. 'Azzal ibn Samaw'al may have been another brother; and Barra was probably related to the Qurayza chief, Ka'b ibn Asad.

Barra married Huyayy ibn Akhtab, who was the chief of the Banu al-Nadir — one of the largest Jewish tribes of its time. Barra then lived in Medina and became a member of the Qurayza tribe. Together, they had at least three children: a son; a daughter Safiyya; and another daughter, whose own son was their only documented grandchild. When the Nadir were expelled from Medina in 625, Barra settled with her family in Khaybar.

Barra enjoyed a prominent position in Khaybar, where her husband was acknowledged as a leader and where their Abu'l-Huqayq kin owned the fortress of Qamus. Conflict with Muhammad continued with the assassinations of her relatives Abu Rafi and Usayr ibn Zarim. In May 627, her husband and son were beheaded for their involvement in the Battle of the Trench, along with most of her Qurayza male blood-relatives. However, her brother Rifa'a survived, because he took refuge with a Muslim woman.

Barra's daughter Safiyya was initially married to Sallam ibn Mishkam, a leader of the Nadir. Later she married Kenana ibn al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq, who killed after the events of the Battle of Khaybar in 628. Safiyya was taken prisoner along with other women of Kenana's family, but her prisoner-of-war status ended with her marriage to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Thus Barra binte Samaw'al became what is known today as a "mother-in-law" to Muhammad. However, it is not known what happened to her after 628.

References

Category:Banu Nadir
Category:Jews of the Jewish tribes of Arabia
Category:Sahabah ancestors
Category:7th-century women

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Algebra

Algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals with the manipulation of symbols and the use of abstract concepts to represent real-world situations. In this lesson, we will introduce the basic concepts of algebra, including variables, equations, and expressions. We will also explore how algebra can be used to solve real-world problems.

Section 1: What is Algebra?

Algebra is a mathematical tool that allows us to solve problems by manipulating symbols and expressing relationships between variables. It is a way of representing real-world situations using mathematical notation.

Section 2: Variables and Expressions

In algebra, a variable is a letter or symbol that represents an unknown quantity. For example, in the equation 2x + 5 = 10, the variable x represents an unknown number that, when multiplied by 2 and added to 5, equals 10. An expression is a combination of variables, constants, and operations that represents a single value. For example, 3x + 7 is an expression that represents the value of 3 times x plus 7.

Section 3: Equations and Solving Equations

An equation is a statement that two expressions are equal. For example, 2x + 5 = 10 is an equation that states that the expression on the left side (2x + 5) is equal to the expression on the right side (10). To solve an equation, we need to find the value of the variable(s) that makes the equation true. For example, to solve the equation 2x + 5 = 10, we need to find the value of x that makes the left side of the equation equal to the right side.

Section 4: Applying Algebra to Real-World Problems

Algebra can be used to solve real-world problems by modeling situations with variables and equations. For example, if you know that you have $100 in your bank account and you spend $20 on snacks, how much money do you have left? You can represent this situation with an equation: 100 - 20 = x, where x represents the amount of money you have left. Solving this equation tells you that you have $80 left in your bank account.

Conclusion

Algebra is a powerful tool that can be used to solve real-world problems by modeling situations with variables and equations. By understanding the basics of algebra, we can apply this knowledge to a wide range of situations, from solving math problems to making informed decisions in our daily lives.


text: Coaches. Coaches at Martial Arts Development. Take a look at our impressive team of Martial Arts Coaches. Our team combined has competed in the top MMA shows in the world (Including UFC and ONE Championships), competed Nationally and Internationally representing their Country, won local, state and national championships. Aside from all these accolades, they are genuinely excited and friendly Coaches who aim to bring out the best in you. Learn more about each Coach by clicking on their profiles.

textbook:
Lesson: Meet the Martial Arts Coaches

### Section 1: Introduction

Welcome to the first lesson on meeting the Martial Arts Coaches! In this lesson, we will learn about the team of coaches at Martial Arts Development. We will explore their backgrounds, achievements, and what makes them great coaches. By the end of this lesson, you will have a better understanding of who these coaches are and why they are qualified to help you achieve your martial arts goals.

### Section 2: Background and Achievements

The first coach we will meet is Coach A. Coach A has competed in the top MMA shows in the world, including UFC and ONE Championships. He has also competed nationally and internationally representing his country. Additionally, he has won local, state, and national championships. Coach A's experience and expertise make him an excellent coach for anyone looking to improve their martial arts skills.

Next up is Coach B. Coach B has a similar background to Coach A, having also competed in the top MMA shows in the world and winning multiple championships. However, Coach B's experience extends beyond martial arts, as he has also coached other athletes in various sports. This diverse background makes Coach B a well-rounded and knowledgeable coach.

Finally, we have Coach C. Coach C has a background in traditional martial arts, having trained in various styles for many years. This experience has given Coach C a deep understanding of the principles and techniques that underlie all martial arts. Coach C is known for being patient and attentive to the needs of each individual student, making them feel supported and encouraged in their martial arts journey.

### Section 3: Why They Make Great Coaches

Each coach at Martial Arts Development brings something unique to the table, but there are some qualities that they all share which make them great coaches. Firstly, they are passionate about martial arts and love sharing their knowledge with others. They are also very patient and supportive, taking the time to work with each student at their own level and pace.

Additionally, the coaches at Martial Arts Development are highly skilled and knowledgeable in their field. They have years of experience competing and training at the highest levels, and they use this knowledge to help their students improve their skills and reach their full potential. Finally, the coaches are dedicated to creating a positive and supportive environment for their students. They strive to create an atmosphere where everyone feels welcome and encouraged to grow and learn.

### Glossary
- Martial Arts: A group of combat sports and activities that involve physical strength, combat techniques, and athleticism.
- MMA: Mixed Martial Arts, a full-contact combat sport that allows a variety of fighting techniques from different martial arts and combat sports.
- UFC: Ultimate Fighting Championship, the largest MMA promotion company in the world.
- ONE Championship: A Singapore-based mixed martial arts, Muay Thai, and kickboxing promotion.

### Conclusion

Meeting the Martial Arts Coaches at Martial Arts Development has been an exciting journey. We learned about their backgrounds, achievements, and what makes them great coaches. By applying the skills and knowledge they have gained through their experiences, these coaches are able to help students of all levels improve their martial arts abilities. Whether you are just starting out or have been training for years, the coaches at Martial Arts Development are dedicated to helping you achieve your goals and reach your full potential.


text: The Russian baritone, who is undergoing treatment for a brain tumour, has decided after all to sing his two opening performances at the Met this season. Met announcement below.. D.. A beautiful sign that sometimes there is something like justice in this world. May this great singer make a full recovery.. “September 25 and 29, and October 3 matinee),”…his “two” opening performances?. I would like to add my good wishes for a full recovery for this wonderful singer. It is very courageous of him to undertake these taxing performances while treatment is pending, and I do hope they will not drain the strength he will undoubtedly need over the next months. May he return to us soon in full health.. Well said. He is a great performer and it will be full houses those nights I am sure.. I am thrilled that Hvorostovsky is returning to the Met. What a grand accomplishment in view of the serious nature of his treatment. BRAVO

textbook:
Lesson: Extracting Core Values from Text

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to extract core values from a text paragraph. Core values are the fundamental beliefs and principles that guide our actions and decisions. By identifying and understanding these values, we can better understand the message conveyed by the text.

Section 1: Identifying Core Values

1. Read the paragraph carefully and identify the main ideas and themes.
2. Look for recurring phrases or words that suggest a core value.
3. Think about the context and the author's intention to determine the core value.

Example:

Core Value: Courage

Rationale: The paragraph talks about a brave decision made by someone who is facing a difficult situation. The author admires this person's courage and wishes them a full recovery.

Section 2: Understanding the Core Value

1. Define the core value in your own words.
2. Discuss why this value is important and how it can impact our lives.
3. Provide examples of how this value can be demonstrated.

Example:

Core Value: Courage

Definition: Courage is the ability to face fear or danger without being afraid. It involves taking risks and standing up for what is right, even in the face of adversity.

Importance: Courage is an essential value because it allows us to overcome obstacles and achieve our goals. It enables us to stand up for ourselves and others, even when it is difficult or dangerous to do so.

Examples: Courage can be demonstrated in many ways, such as standing up for your beliefs, fighting for social justice, or confronting a bully. It can also involve taking risks in pursuit of personal growth, such as starting a new business or learning a new skill.

Section 3: Applying the Core Value

1. Think of a scenario where the core value could be applied.
2. Discuss how the core value could be used to solve a problem or achieve a goal.
3. Identify potential challenges and solutions related to applying the core value.

Example:

Scenario: You are a leader of a community organization that aims to provide resources and support for people with disabilities. Your members have differing opinions on how to approach advocacy efforts.

Application: Use courage to empower your members to speak up and share their ideas, even if they differ from yours. Encourage open communication and active listening to create a safe space for everyone's voice to be heard.

Challenges: Some members may feel uncomfortable sharing their thoughts or may be hesitant to challenge the status quo. Address these concerns by providing training and support to help them feel confident in their abilities. Encourage collaboration and teamwork to create a positive environment where everyone feels valued and respected.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned how to extract core values from a text paragraph and apply them to real-life scenarios. By understanding and embracing these values, we can make a positive impact on our communities and the world around us.


text:
L'Eau Vive, Rome

This is an out-of-the-ordinary restaurant, run by an international community of Carmelite nuns, and is well worth a visit. A meeting place for people of many different nationalities, diners often find themselves joining the sisters for evening prayers at 9:30p. Eating here is not just a gastronomical treat, the business helps the nuns raise much-needed funds. The food served is mainly French and is surprisingly good; offerings range from soups and main courses to dessert. The wine list is excellent.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Find and Evaluate Restaurants in Rome

Introduction:
Finding a good restaurant in Rome can be a daunting task. With so many options available, it's essential to know what to look for when evaluating a restaurant. In this lesson, we will explore the different aspects to consider when choosing a restaurant and provide tips on how to make an informed decision.

Section 1: Location
One of the most important factors to consider when choosing a restaurant is its location. You want to ensure that the restaurant is easily accessible and located in a safe area. Additionally, consider whether the restaurant is near any tourist attractions that you plan to visit. This will help you save time and avoid crowds.

Section 2: Cuisine
Another factor to consider is the type of cuisine offered by the restaurant. Do some research to determine which types of food you prefer and look for restaurants that specialize in that cuisine. This will help ensure that you enjoy the food and have a positive dining experience.

Section 3: Reviews
Before choosing a restaurant, read reviews from other customers. This will give you an idea of the quality of the food, service, and atmosphere. Look for restaurants with mostly positive reviews and a few negative ones. This is a good sign, as it indicates that the restaurant is popular and has satisfied customers.

Section 4: Price
Consider the price range of the restaurant. Determine your budget beforehand and look for restaurants that fit within that range. Remember that a higher price does not always guarantee better quality or service.

Section 5: Atmosphere
The atmosphere of the restaurant is also an essential factor to consider. Look for restaurants that have a relaxed and welcoming atmosphere. Consider whether you prefer a casual or formal dining experience and choose a restaurant that matches your preferences.

Conclusion:
Choosing a restaurant in Rome can be a challenging task, but by considering the location, cuisine, reviews, price, and atmosphere, you can make an informed decision and have a positive dining experience. Remember to use critical thinking skills to evaluate each aspect and choose a restaurant that meets your needs and preferences.

Glossary:
- Location: The physical position or site of something
- Cuisine: The cooking style or dishes of a particular region
- Reviews: Critiques or assessments of a book, movie, etc.
- Price: The amount of money that is considered to be the correct amount for something
- Atmosphere: The surrounding environment or mood

Self-Debating Discussion:
What are some other factors that you should consider when choosing a restaurant? How do online reviews impact your decision-making process?


text:
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a shaped article comprising a thermoformed composite sheet having an outer surface layer of thermoplastic polymer attached to a surface of a conformable fabric layer. In particular, the invention concerns such a shaped article in which the other surface of the fabric layer of the composite sheet is attached to a layer of rigid foam.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Conventional thermoforming processes are described by Lubin, "Handbook of Composites", Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1982, pages 366-367. Such processes generally involve sequential steps of (a) heating a thermoplastic sheet until it softens, (b) forming the softened sheet in a mold and (c) allowing the formed sheet to cool and harden. When thermoforming is used to mold a thermoplastic sheet into a large article, such as the interior surface of a bathtub, sink, canoe hull, or the like, the sheet undergoes a large increase in area, often by a factor of three or more, along with a corresponding decrease in thickness. However, during thermoforming, regions of the thermoplastic sheet that are subjected to large changes in area and/or contour (e.g., in corners and edges of the shaped article) often suffer from excessive and nonuniform thinning, which in turn leads to lower impact resistance and greater fragility. To compensate for such undesired thinning thinning, extra reinforcement to such regions is provided by using a much thicker starting thermoplastic sheet for the thermoforming. This results in a heavier and more expensive molded article.
Composite sheets comprising thermoplastic sheets laminated to a fabric layer are known for use in thermoforming processes. Although such materials may have been useful in thermoforming, improvements in the formed product are desired, particularly in minimizing thinning of the formed walls and in increasing the impact resistance of the exposed plastic surface.
To alleviate the wall-thinning problems associated with thermoforming of large articles, the present inventor found that considerable improvements in wall uniformity can be achieved by using a thermoformable composite sheet having a layer of thermoplastic polymer adhered to a relatively light, conformable, nonwoven fibrous layer stitchbonded with an elastic thread, which fabric amounts to no more than 20% of the total weight of the composite sheet. Although these composite sheets reduce undesired thinning during thermoforming, the utility of shaped articles formed therewith would be further enhanced if the articles also had improved resistance to cracking under impact. Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide increased impact resistance to such thermoformed shaped articles.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Thermoforming

### Overview
Thermoforming is a manufacturing process used to make plastic products by heating a plastic sheet and then stretching it over a mold. This process creates a thin-walled, custom-shaped plastic part that can be used in various applications. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of thermoforming, including its history, materials used, and the steps involved in the process.

### Materials Used in Thermoforming
The most common materials used in thermoforming are thermoplastics, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, and ABS. These materials are chosen because they can be heated and cooled repeatedly without losing their shape or becoming brittle.

### History of Thermoforming
Thermoforming has been around for over 50 years and was first used to produce disposable plastic cups and containers. Today, it is used in a variety of industries, including automotive, aerospace, and consumer goods.

### Steps Involved in Thermoforming
1. Design: The first step in thermoforming is to create a design for the final product. This involves creating a 3D model of the desired shape and size.

2. Material Selection: Once the design is complete, the next step is to select the appropriate material for the job. Factors such as strength, durability, and cost are considered when choosing the best material for the project.

3. Sheet Preparation: Before the thermoforming process can begin, the plastic sheet must be prepared. This involves cutting the sheet to the correct size and shape, as well as cleaning and removing any imperfections.

4. Heating: The plastic sheet is then heated to a temperature at which it becomes pliable and can be formed. The temperature varies depending on the type of plastic being used.

5. Forming: Once the sheet is heated, it is placed over a mold and vacuum pressure is applied to shape the plastic around the mold. The sheet is then cooled, and the mold is removed, leaving behind a custom-shaped plastic part.

6. Trimming and Finishing: Any excess plastic is trimmed away, and the final product is polished or painted as needed.

### Conclusion
Thermoforming is a versatile and cost-effective method for producing custom-shaped plastic parts. By understanding the basics of thermoforming, you can appreciate the importance of this process in various industries and applications.


text: Palace style is characterized by over the top elegance, majestic forms and an abundance of luxurious materials. It is a look that uses a lot of asymmetry, restless lines and bright accessories. The style originated during the reign of Louis XIV, who was known for his love of opulence and the high life. However, you don’t have to live in a real palace to decorate your house or apartment like. Baroque Classic never goes out of fashion, and who wouldn’t want to live like a king in an interior that looks like a palace?

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Palace Style

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Palace style is a type of interior design that originated during the reign of Louis XIV. It is characterized by over the top elegance, majestic forms, and an abundance of luxurious materials. This style uses a lot of asymmetry, restless lines, and bright accessories to create a grand and opulent look.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
To create a palace style interior, you can start by choosing a color scheme that is rich and luxurious. You can use deep jewel tones like emerald green, ruby red, and sapphire blue. You can also add gold and silver accents to create a metallic shine.

Another way to create a palace style interior is to use lots of mirrors and reflective surfaces. This will create a sense of grandeur and make the room feel larger than it is. You can also use ornate chandeliers and sconces to add a touch of elegance.

You can also add lots of texture to your palace style interior. You can use plush fabrics like velvet and satin, as well as intricate tapestries and rugs. You can also add lots of pillows and cushions to create a cozy and luxurious feel.

Finally, you can add lots of artwork and sculptures to your palace style interior. You can choose pieces that are grand and majestic, or you can choose smaller pieces that are intricate and detailed.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
To create a palace style interior on a budget, you can shop at thrift stores and antique shops. You can also look for sales and discounts at high-end furniture stores. You can also repurpose old furniture and give it a new life.

If you have a small space, you can still create a palace style interior by using mirrors and reflective surfaces to make the room feel larger. You can also choose furniture that is multifunctional, such as a sofa bed or a table that also serves as a desk.

If you have a large space, you can really go all out with your palace style interior. You can choose grandiose furniture pieces like a four-poster bed or a large chandelier. You can also add lots of details like intricate molding and ornate trim.

## Glossary
- Palace style: A type of interior design that is characterized by over the top elegance, majestic forms, and an abundance of luxurious materials.
- Asymmetry: A lack of balance or symmetry in a design.
- Accessories: Decorative items that are added to a room to enhance its appearance.
- Opulence: Extravagance or luxury in the form of wealth or possessions.
- Baroque Classic: A style of interior design that is characterized by grandeur, opulence, and extravagance.

## Conclusion
In conclusion, palace style is a timeless interior design style that is perfect for anyone who wants to live like a king or queen. By incorporating rich colors, reflective surfaces, and ornate details, you can create a grand and opulent look in any space. Whether you have a small apartment or a large mansion, you can create a palace style interior that is both elegant and functional.


text: After the fun of the felt tin of Spam, I made a felt cake hat for a fantastic wedding in a beautiful village in France. I tried to make French Patisserie looking cakes, about 5 in total and then I picked my favourite 3.. The hat theme was such a great idea and there were so many different ones: a balloon hat, paper mache representations of the grooms, and even the hat that Carrie wore in 'Three Weddings and a Funeral'.. It was a great icebreaker and meant all the guests got to mingle with each other; there was a story behind each one. It was an amazing wedding and really reflected the Grooms' personalities.. I want to wear a hat every day now.. Love the hat! Quite clever.. Thanks Rita! xx

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make a Felt Cake Hat

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to make a felt cake hat. This is a fun and creative project that can be done at home with minimal materials. A cake hat is a great accessory for a party or wedding, and it can also be used as a decoration for a cake table. We will start by learning about the materials needed and the steps involved in making a felt cake hat.

Materials:
- Felt (in various colors)
- Scissors
- Glue gun
- Cake stand
- Decorations (optional)

Steps:
1. Choose your felt colors and cut them into small squares. You can use any color combination you like, but we recommend using bright and bold colors to make your cake hat stand out.
2. Arrange the felt squares on the cake stand to create a pattern. You can create a geometric pattern, a floral pattern, or any other design you like.
3. Use the glue gun to attach the felt squares to the cake stand. Be careful not to overload the glue, as this can cause the felt to wrinkle.
4. Once the felt squares are attached, you can add decorations if desired. This could include ribbons, flowers, or other embellishments.
5. Allow the glue to dry completely before using your cake hat.

Conclusion:
Making a felt cake hat is a fun and easy project that can be customized to suit your style. With minimal materials and simple steps, you can create a unique accessory for your next party or wedding. By following the steps outlined above, you can make a cake hat that is both beautiful and functional. So go ahead and get creative with your felt cake hat!


text: In Yellowstone recorded high concentrations of CO2 that can talk about the imminent eruption of the super volcano. Satellite images show that a large amount of carbon dioxide released into the area of the volcano. High CO2 levels in the vicinity of the volcanoes are usually harbingers of imminent eruption, as a sign of the rise of pressure deep beneath the earth’s surface.. In addition, there has been a surge in seismic activity in Wyoming and near the caldera super volcano. Yellowstone last erupted 70,000 years ago, but the recent surge in seismic activity around the world, could accelerate in the depths of its caldera. Read the rest of this entry »

textbook:
Title: Understanding Volcanic Eruptions

## Chapter 1: Introduction to Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanic eruptions are natural events that occur when magma, ash, and gas escape from a volcano. They can be devastating and cause significant damage to the environment and human life. In this lesson, we will learn about the causes of volcanic eruptions, the different types of volcanoes, and the effects of volcanic eruptions on the environment.

**Section 1: What Causes Volcanic Eruptions?**

Volcanic eruptions occur due to the movement of tectonic plates beneath the Earth's surface. When two plates collide, one plate may be forced beneath the other, causing the material from the plate to melt and form magma. This magma rises towards the surface of the Earth, where it can cause an eruption.

**Section 2: Types of Volcanoes**

There are three main types of volcanoes: cinder cone, shield, and stratovolcano. Cinder cone volcanoes are small and have a steep cone shape. They are formed by the accumulation of ash and rock fragments that are ejected from the volcano. Shield volcanoes are larger than cinder cone volcanoes and have a broad, flat shape. They are formed by the accumulation of lava flows. Stratovolcanoes are the most common type of volcano and are characterized by their steep-sided cones. They are formed by the accumulation of ash, lapilli, and pyroclastic rocks.

**Section 3: Effects of Volcanic Eruptions**

Volcanic eruptions can have significant effects on the environment. When magma, ash, and gas escape from a volcano, they can release toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. These gases can cause respiratory problems and acid rain, which can damage crops and forests. Volcanic ash can also cover large areas, making them uninhabitable for humans and animals.

**Section 4: Case Study: Yellowstone Supervolcano**

Yellowstone National Park is home to the Yellowstone supervolcano, one of the largest volcanoes in the world. It last erupted 70,000 years ago, but recent surges in seismic activity have raised concerns that it may erupt again soon. If it does, the effects could be catastrophic, with ash and debris spreading across the United States and beyond.

**Glossary**
- Tectonic plates: large pieces of the Earth's lithosphere
- Magma: molten rock that is beneath the Earth's surface
- Eruption: the act of a volcano erupting
- Cinder cone: a type of volcano that is formed by the accumulation of ash and rock fragments
- Shield: a type of volcano that is formed by the accumulation of lava flows
- Stratovolcano: a type of volcano that is characterized by its steep-sided cone shape
- Lava: molten rock that flows out of a volcano
- Ash: fine particles of rock or glass that are ejected from a volcano
- Gas: any of the elements in the Earth's atmosphere
- Sulfur dioxide: a toxic gas that can cause respiratory problems
- Carbon dioxide: a toxic gas that can cause respiratory problems and contribute to climate change
- Acid rain: rain that is caused by the reaction of sulfur dioxide and other pollutants with water vapor in the atmosphere
- Respiratory problems: health problems that affect the respiratory system, such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath
- Forests: large areas of land that are covered with trees

**Conclusion**

Volcanic eruptions are natural events that can have significant effects on the environment. By understanding the causes of volcanic eruptions and the different types of volcanoes, we can better prepare for potential disasters. Additionally, by studying case studies like the Yellowstone supervolcano, we can gain a better understanding of the potential effects of volcanic eruptions and take necessary precautions to protect ourselves and our communities.


text:
Q:

How can I pipe to the next command with new environment variables?

I have a shell script that declares some variables:
export X=1
export Y=2

and I'd like to be able to do something like this:
. ./path/to/script | command_that_has_access_to_X_and_Y

Basically, source the script somehow, so that the command following the pipe could access those variables. Is such a thing possible?
EDIT:
One of the commands I'd like to run is pg_dump, and the credentials are in a shell file:
Basically I'm trying to run this:
bash -c "pg_dump \$PRODUCTION_DB --password \$PRODUCTION_PASSWORD --user \$PRODUCTION_USERNAME --host \$PRODUCTION_HOST > #{backup_name}.sql"

A:

There's no need to use a pipe. Assuming you have the export commands in the first script, those variables will be available to the second script.
. ./path/to/script
command_that_has_access_to_X_and_Y

A pipeline is simply a tool for connecting the standard input of one script to the standard output of another. It's an efficient alternative to using a temporary file; x | y is more-or-less the same as
x > tmp.txt
y < tmp.txt

except the operating systems handles the details of passing text from x to y so that both can run at the same time, with y receiving input as x produces it.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Variables and Environment Variables

### Section 1: What are Variables and Environment Variables?
Variables are named storage locations that hold values in a program or a computer system. They can store different types of data such as numbers, text, or even other variables. Environment variables are variables that are defined by the operating system and can be accessed by any program running on that system.

### Section 2: Why Use Environment Variables?
Environment variables are useful because they allow us to define and reuse values across multiple programs without having to hardcode them into each program individually. This makes it easier to change values or update them without having to modify the code of each program.

### Section 3: Examples of Environment Variables
Some common examples of environment variables include PATH, which defines the search path for executable files, and HOME, which defines the default directory for command-line utilities. Other examples include USER, HOSTNAME, and SHELL.

### Section 4: Setting and Accessing Environment Variables
To set an environment variable, you can use the "set" command in Windows or the "export" command in Unix-based systems. To access an environment variable, you can use the "echo" command in Windows or the "printenv" command in Unix-based systems.

### Section 5: Practical Example
Let's say we want to create a script that backs up our database every day at midnight. We can use environment variables to store the username, password, database name, and host name so that we don't have to hardcode them into the script. Here's an example:

```
#!/bin/bash
# Set environment variables
export DB_USERNAME="myusername"
export DB_PASSWORD="mypassword"
export DB_NAME="mydatabase"
export DB_HOST="localhost"
# Run the backup script
pg_dump $DB_USERNAME $DB_PASSWORD $DB_NAME $DB_HOST > /path/to/backup.sql
```

In this example, we set the environment variables at the beginning of the script using the "export" command. Then, we use these variables in the "pg_dump" command using dollar signs ($) to substitute the values.

### Conclusion
Environment variables are a powerful tool for storing and reusing values across multiple programs. By using environment variables, we can make our scripts more flexible and easier to maintain.


text: Glenn Wilkerson. Glenn Wilkerson has played violin since his childhood. He began lessons at 4 years of age, and has studied ever since. Early on, he caught the attention of the late William Marshall, a former Boston Symphony violinist who was influential in Glenn’s early studies. For the last several years he has studied with Mr. Alan Bodman, concertmaster of the Akron Symphony.. He recently received his degree at the University of Akron and is currently studying- and practicing – for his Master’s Degree.. He can be reached at 330 999 9738.. ElletMusicHouse@gmail.com

textbook:
Lesson: How to Play Violin

Introduction:
The violin is a beautiful instrument that requires skill and dedication to play. In this lesson, we will learn the basics of how to play the violin, from holding the instrument to playing notes.

Section 1: Holding the Violin

The first step in learning to play the violin is to hold the instrument properly. Here are some tips:

- Place the violin under your chin so that the neck is resting on your collarbone.
- Tuck your left elbow into your side to keep the bow arm free and easy.
- Keep your right shoulder relaxed and slightly lower than your left shoulder.

Practice holding the violin in these positions until you feel comfortable.

Section 2: Playing Notes

To play a note on the violin, you must first understand the parts of the violin. The violin has four strings: G, D, A, and E. These strings are tuned in fifths, which means that the distance between each pair of adjacent strings is a perfect fifth.

- To play a note, place your finger on the string between the frog (the end of the bow) and the bridge (the end of the violin).
- Press down on the string with your finger to change the pitch. The more you press down, the louder the note will be.
- Use your thumb to stop the other strings from vibrating while you play a note on the E string.

Once you have mastered playing notes, you can move on to learning different techniques such as vibrato, pizzicato, and arco.

Section 3: Practicing

Practicing is an essential part of learning to play the violin. Here are some tips to help you practice effectively:

- Set aside a regular time each day to practice.
- Start with a warm-up routine to loosen up your fingers and arms.
- Practice scales, arpeggios, and etudes to build finger strength and dexterity.
- Work on pieces that challenge you but don't overwhelm you.
- Take breaks often to avoid burnout and injury.

Conclusion:
Learning to play the violin takes time and dedication, but the rewards are well worth the effort. With consistent practice and a good teacher, anyone can learn to play this beautiful instrument. Apply the skills you have learned in this lesson to your own practice and watch your skills improve.


text: Toucher & Rich: Fred’s Infamous Incubus Interview. Incubus singer Brandon Boyd (L) and guitarist Mike Einziger perform at The Joint inside the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino. (Photo by Ethan Miller/Getty Images). It’s Fred’s birthday and to celebrate Rich played his all time favorite Fred moment. For this they go all the way back to the early years in Boston and an interview with a band named Incubus.. Fred had a tough time during the interview and lead singer Brandon Boyd was not really amused and checked out early on. Luckily lead guitarist Mike Einziger kind of went along with it.. Fred was there with Adolfo, who had a microphone in front of him, and he offered Fred no help. Crash jumped in at points and wasn’t really that helpful either, but Bradley Jay who worked at the station jumped in with some great questions to get things back on track.. This is a must listen if you’ve never heard it or enjoy it again even if you have.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Conduct a Successful Interview

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to conduct a successful interview. We will cover the following topics:

1. Preparation
2. Research
3. Building Rapport
4. Asking Questions
5. Recording and Note-Taking
6. Wrapping Up

Preparation:
Before conducting an interview, it is essential to prepare properly. Here are some steps to follow:

1. Research the person or topic you will be interviewing. This will help you ask relevant questions and avoid any awkward silences.
2. Create a list of questions that you want to ask. Make sure to include open-ended questions that allow the interviewee to provide detailed responses.
3. Choose the location and time of the interview. Make sure it is conducive to a good conversation.
4. Prepare your equipment, such as a recorder or notepad, to ensure that you capture all the necessary information.

Research:
Researching the person or topic you will be interviewing is crucial. It helps you understand their background, experiences, and opinions. This information will help you ask more insightful questions and create a more engaging conversation.

Building Rapport:
Building rapport with the interviewee is essential to create a comfortable environment for them to share their thoughts and experiences. Here are some ways to build rapport:

1. Start with small talk to establish a connection with the interviewee.
2. Use positive body language, such as smiling and maintaining eye contact, to show that you are engaged in the conversation.
3. Listen actively and respond to what the interviewee is saying. This shows that you are interested in their thoughts and opinions.

Asking Questions:
Asking questions is the most crucial part of conducting an interview. Here are some tips for asking effective questions:

1. Start with open-ended questions that allow the interviewee to provide detailed responses.
2. Follow up with additional questions based on their answers.
3. Avoid yes or no questions as they do not provide much information.
4. Be mindful of the tone and language used when asking questions.

Recording and Note-Taking:
During the interview, it is essential to record and take notes. This ensures that you capture all the necessary information and can refer back to it later. Here are some tips for recording and note-taking:

1. Use a recorder or notepad to capture the interviewee's responses.
2. Take detailed notes to avoid missing any important information.
3. Label your recordings and notes clearly so that you can easily find the information you need.

Wrapping Up:
After conducting the interview, it is essential to wrap up the conversation professionally. Here are some steps to follow:

1. Thank the interviewee for their time and insights.
2. Summarize the main points discussed in the interview.
3. Provide any closing remarks or statements.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, conducting a successful interview involves preparation, research, building rapport, asking effective questions, recording and note-taking, and wrapping up the conversation professionally. By following these steps, you can create an engaging and informative interview that provides valuable insights to your audience.

Glossary:
- Interview: A conversation between two or more people where one asks questions to elicit information from the other.
- Open-ended questions: Questions that allow the interviewee to provide detailed responses.
- Rapport: A feeling of understanding and agreement between people.
- Body language: Nonverbal communication, such as facial expressions and gestures, that convey a message without the use of words.
- Active listening: Paying attention to the speaker and responding appropriately to show that you are engaged in the conversation.


text: Also, strip the position hiring requirements down to the bare essentials. Many new HR people create job descriptions containing all the things they'd like to see in a candidate. Instead, focus on the qualities or skills you must have. A pleasant disposition is a must have for a front facing client service role. It's a nice to have quality for a non-client facing accountant.. Test, test, and test again. Use objective measures to evaluate your applicant. Don't rely entirely on soft criteria like interview ability. Make them demonstrate ability, or use role specific psychometric tests to determine suitability.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Create an Effective Job Description

## Section 1: Introduction

Creating an effective job description is an essential part of the hiring process. A well-written job description can help attract qualified candidates, reduce the number of applicants, and streamline the hiring process. In this lesson, we will learn how to create a job description that effectively communicates the requirements of the position and attracts the right candidates.

## Section 2: The Importance of an Effective Job Description

An effective job description is crucial for several reasons:

1. It helps you attract the right candidates: A clear and concise job description can help you attract candidates who have the necessary skills and experience for the position.

2. It reduces the number of applicants: By clearly stating the qualifications, responsibilities, and requirements of the position, you can reduce the number of unqualified candidates who apply.

3. It saves time and resources: An effective job description can save time and resources by reducing the need for multiple interviews and screenings.

4. It provides a basis for evaluation: An effective job description can serve as a benchmark for evaluating candidates and making hiring decisions.

5. It helps with legal compliance: A well-written job description can help ensure compliance with employment laws and regulations.

## Section 3: How to Create an Effective Job Description

Here are some tips for creating an effective job description:

1. Start with the basics: Begin by listing the essential duties and responsibilities of the position. Be specific and provide examples where possible.

2. Use clear and concise language: Use simple, straightforward language to describe the position and its requirements. Avoid jargon, acronyms, and technical terms that may not be familiar to all candidates.

3. Highlight the most important qualifications: Identify the most important qualifications and requirements for the position, and list them in order of importance.

4. Provide information about the company: Include information about the company culture, values, and mission to help candidates understand whether they would be a good fit for the organization.

5. Include details about the application process: Provide instructions on how to apply, including any required documents or steps in the process.

6. Review and revise: Once you have written the job description, review it carefully to ensure that it accurately reflects the requirements of the position and the culture of the organization. Revise it as needed to make it as effective as possible.

## Section 4: Conclusion

Creating an effective job description is an important step in the hiring process. By following the tips outlined in this lesson, you can develop a clear and concise job description that attracts qualified candidates and helps you make informed hiring decisions.


text: Linda Jo Kushner. CID, Director of Interior Design. Linda knew what she was going to do since she was nine years old. Other than a five-year break to successfully own and operate a food truck (Linda’s Luncheonette), it’s been all interior design all the time…and she loves it! Born and raised in Chicago, Illinois, Linda is a proud graduate of Florida State University, (FIDER accredited, 3rd in the nation), majoring in interior design. She has owned two successful businesses and has worked on model homes, overseas palaces, residential, mixed-use, medical, legal and other professional offices. Some of her greatest strengths are a keen sense of color and design, strong spacial awareness, creativity, organizational skills, personal interaction, a good listener and the uncanny ability to throw a great party – for any reason. In her free time, she enjoys hanging with her kids, hiking, biking, swimming, cooking and always welcomes a good snow day.

textbook:
Lesson: Entrepreneurship and Business Management

Introduction:
Entrepreneurship and business management are essential skills for anyone interested in starting their own business or working in a management position. This lesson will cover the basics of entrepreneurship and business management, including how to identify opportunities, develop a business plan, and manage finances.

Section 1: Identifying Opportunities

Topic 1: Market Analysis
- What is market analysis?
- Why is it important?
- How do you conduct a market analysis?
- What information should you gather during a market analysis?
- How can you use the information gathered during a market analysis to identify opportunities?

Topic 2: Competitor Analysis
- What is competitor analysis?
- Why is it important?
- How do you conduct a competitor analysis?
- What information should you gather during a competitor analysis?
- How can you use the information gathered during a competitor analysis to identify opportunities?

Topic 3: Trend Analysis
- What is trend analysis?
- Why is it important?
- How do you conduct a trend analysis?
- What information should you gather during a trend analysis?
- How can you use the information gathered during a trend analysis to identify opportunities?

Questions and Answers:
1. What is market analysis?
2. Why is it important?
3. How do you conduct a market analysis?
4. What information should you gather during a market analysis?
5. How can you use the information gathered during a market analysis to identify opportunities?
6. What is competitor analysis?
7. Why is it important?
8. How do you conduct a competitor analysis?
9. What information should you gather during a competitor analysis?
10. How can you use the information gathered during a competitor analysis to identify opportunities?
11. What is trend analysis?
12. Why is it important?
13. How do you conduct a trend analysis?
14. What information should you gather during a trend analysis?
15. How can you use the information gathered during a trend analysis to identify opportunities?

Definitions:
Market Analysis: A process of researching and gathering information about a market, target audience, or potential customers to understand their needs and preferences.
Competitor Analysis: A process of researching and gathering information about competitors to understand their strengths, weaknesses, and strategies.
Trend Analysis: A process of identifying and analyzing current and future trends to predict future market behavior.

Practical Examples:
- A small business owner wants to expand their product line but doesn't know where to start. They conduct a market analysis and find that there is a demand for eco-friendly products in their area. They use this information to develop a new product line that appeals to environmentally conscious consumers.
- A startup company is looking to enter a crowded market. They conduct a competitor analysis and find that their competitors are not offering a specific type of product or service. They use this information to differentiate themselves and stand out in the market.
- A large corporation wants to stay ahead of the curve. They conduct a trend analysis and identify emerging technologies that could impact their industry. They invest in research and development to stay ahead of the competition.

Conclusion:
Entrepreneurship and business management involve identifying opportunities and making informed decisions based on market analysis, competitor analysis, and trend analysis. By understanding these concepts and applying them to real-world scenarios, you can develop a successful business strategy.

Glossary:
Market Analysis: The process of researching and gathering information about a market, target audience, or potential customers to understand their needs and preferences.
Competitor Analysis: The process of researching and gathering information about competitors to understand their strengths, weaknesses, and strategies.
Trend Analysis: The process of identifying and analyzing current and future trends to predict future market behavior.


text:
Bob Entrop

Christiaan Johannes (Bob) Entrop (16 November 1917, The Hague - 3 July 1987, The Hague) was a Dutch malacologist.

Entrop was the author of the popular 1959 book Schelpen vinden en herkennen (Thieme - Zutphen, 3e printing 1972, 320 p.) and the booklet Schelpen die men kan vinden. 120 Europese schelpen in kleuren (Thieme - Zutphen, 1975, 72 p.).

In 1966 he started a private museum called In de schulp to house his own collection, of over 250,000 shells from 200 families. It formed the basis for the Zeemuseum, which later became part of Muzee Scheveningen.

During World War II, Entrop was a prisoner of war in Stalag IV-B in Germany. With fellow prisoner Joh. Mulder he wrote the book Prikkeldraad ("Barbed Wire", 1946). His son, the filmmaker Bob Entrop Jr., made a movie of the same title, in which seven former POWs give their account of their period in the camp.

Footnotes

References
 , 1987. In memoriam Bob Entrop. Correspondentieblad van de Nederlandse Malacologische Vereniging, 239: 364-365.
 , 1980. Het zeebiologisch museum van Entrop, een succes! Correspondentieblad van de Nederlandse Malacologische Vereniging, 197: 1102-1104.

Category:1917 births
Category:1987 deaths
Category:Dutch biologists
Category:Dutch malacologists
Category:People from The Hague
Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Malacology

Malacology is the study of mollusks, which are soft-bodied animals that live in water or on land. These animals include snails, clams, octopuses, and squids. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of malacology, including the classification of mollusks, their anatomy, and their ecological roles.

**Section 1: Classification of Mollusks**

Mollusks can be classified into several groups based on their body structure and other characteristics. The main groups of mollusks are:

1. Gastropods - These are snails and slugs that have a single, coiled shell.
2. Bivalves - These are clams, oysters, and other animals that have two shells.
3. Cephalopods - These are animals like octopuses and squids that have a head, arms, and a bag-like body.
4. Tunicates - These are small, marine animals that resemble jellyfish but are related to mollusks.

**Section 2: Anatomy of Mollusks**

Mollusks have several common anatomical features, including:

1. A soft body that may or may not be protected by a shell.
2. A muscular foot used for movement.
3. A mantle that covers the body and secretes the shell in some species.
4. A siphon used for breathing and excreting waste.
5. A nervous system that includes a brain and nerve cords.
6. A digestive system with a separate mouth and stomach.

**Section 3: Ecological Roles of Mollusks**

Mollusks play important roles in ecosystems around the world. For example:

1. Some mollusks, like oysters, filter-feed on plankton and help clean the water.
2. Other mollusks, like snails, eat decaying matter and help recycle nutrients in the ecosystem.
3. Many mollusks are preyed upon by other animals, which helps control their populations.
4. Some mollusks, like octopuses, are predators that hunt and eat other animals.

**Section 4: Practice Questions**

1. What is the main difference between gastropods and bivalves?
2. How does the anatomy of a mollusk differ from that of other animals?
3. What are some examples of ecological roles played by mollusks?

**Glossary**

- Malacology: The study of mollusks
- Mollusks: Soft-bodied animals that live in water or on land, including snails, clams, octopuses, and squids
- Gastropods: Mollusks that have a single, coiled shell, like snails and slugs
- Bivalves: Mollusks that have two shells, like clams and oysters
- Cephalopods: Mollusks that have a head, arms, and a bag-like body, like octopuses and squids
- Tunicates: Small, marine animals related to mollusks that resemble jellyfish
- Anatomy: The study of the structure and function of living organisms
- Mantle: A tissue layer that covers the body of some mollusks
- Siphon: A tube used for breathing and excreting waste in some mollusks
- Nervous system: A network of cells that transmit information and coordinate body functions
- Digestive system: A series of organs that process and break down food for energy and growth

**Conclusion**

Malacology is an exciting field that studies the diverse and fascinating world of mollusks. By understanding their classification, anatomy, and ecological roles, we can appreciate the importance of these creatures in our planet's ecosystems.