text: WOODSIDE, Calif. --A much-larger gas line that broke during high-pressure testing last week is back in operation.. Line 132, which is the same line that caused the deadly San Bruno explosion in 2010, failed last week in Woodside during high-pressure water testing conducted by PG&E. When the line failed, it sent mud and other debris onto nearby I-280, causing traffic delays.. PG&E says Line 132 passed a high-pressure water test at 680 pounds per square inch -- about twice the normal operating pressure.. The utility company says there's evidence that the 24-inch line was damaged by an outside contractor, which led to last week's failure.

textbook:
## Lesson: Causes of Gas Line Failures and Their Consequences

### Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about the causes of gas line failures and their consequences. We will cover the following topics:

1. What are gas lines?
2. How can gas lines fail?
3. What are the consequences of gas line failures?
4. How can we prevent gas line failures?

### Section 1: What are gas lines?
Gas lines are pipelines that transport natural gas from the wellhead to consumers. Natural gas is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless hydrocarbon gas that is used as fuel for heating, cooking, and electricity generation. It is also used as a chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other materials.

### Section 2: How can gas lines fail?
Gas lines can fail for several reasons, including corrosion, mechanical damage, and human error. Corrosion is a common cause of gas line failures. It occurs when the pipeline material corrodes over time, weakening the pipe and making it more susceptible to leaks or ruptures. Mechanical damage can occur when construction equipment or vehicles accidentally hit the pipeline during excavation or other activities. Human error can also lead to gas line failures, such as when a worker fails to follow proper safety procedures or misreads a meter.

### Section 3: What are the consequences of gas line failures?
The consequences of gas line failures can be severe. A ruptured gas line can release large amounts of natural gas, which can cause fires and explosions. These events can result in injuries or deaths, property damage, and environmental contamination. Additionally, gas leaks can lead to gas poisoning, which can cause headaches, dizziness, and nausea.

### Section 4: How can we prevent gas line failures?
There are several ways to prevent gas line failures. One way is to perform regular inspections and maintenance on the pipeline. This includes checking for corrosion, repairing any damage, and monitoring for leaks. Another way is to use proper safety procedures when working near gas lines. Workers should always know the location of the nearest gas line and take precautions to avoid damaging it. Finally, proper training and education can help prevent gas line failures. Workers should be trained on how to recognize potential hazards and take appropriate actions to avoid them.

### Conclusion
In conclusion, understanding the causes of gas line failures and their consequences is essential for preventing accidents and protecting public safety. By following proper inspection, maintenance, and safety procedures, we can minimize the risk of gas line failures and their associated risks.


text: Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 Update (2B Asphalt) as of November 2020. Here’s the mid-November 2020 progress of the 18.68-KM Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 on its final stages with an asphalt coating.. It reduces travel time 2 hours to 30 minutes between NLEX and SLEX.. According to Dmitri Valencia, seems like its asphalt wearing course now for the river portion / section 2B #skywaystage3 , the asphalt works also reach section 3 as of documentation. This is a part of the mid month update for skyway stage 3 as the construction team working double time to meet the deadline. Unfortunately weather is not really cooperating these past few weeks. The camera direction is going northbound. Skyway stage 3 is a SMC Infrastructure project.. Drone pilot: Dmitri Valencia. (Visited 449 times, 1 visits today)

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Civil Engineering

## Section 1: What is Civil Engineering?
Civil engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings.

## Section 2: What do civil engineers do?
Civil engineers work in various fields such as transportation, structural, environmental, and geotechnical engineering. They use mathematics, physics, and computer programs to design and analyze structures, systems, and processes. They also oversee the construction of projects and ensure that they are safe and functional.

## Section 3: Why is civil engineering important?
Civil engineering is essential because it helps to improve the quality of life for people around the world. It provides solutions to problems related to transportation, water supply, sanitation, and energy production. Civil engineers play a crucial role in developing sustainable infrastructure that supports economic growth and social development.

## Section 4: How does civil engineering relate to other fields?
Civil engineering is closely related to other fields such as architecture, surveying, and geology. Architects design buildings and other structures, while surveyors measure land and gather data to create maps. Geologists study the earth's structure and composition, which is essential for understanding soil mechanics and rock behavior.

## Section 5: Conclusion
In conclusion, civil engineering is a fascinating field that involves designing, building, and maintaining the physical environment. It has a significant impact on our daily lives and is essential for the development of modern societies. By studying civil engineering, you can contribute to creating a better world for everyone.

Glossary:
- Civil engineering: The branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment.
- Structural engineering: The branch of civil engineering that deals with the design and analysis of structures such as buildings, bridges, and tunnels.
- Environmental engineering: The branch of civil engineering that deals with the protection and improvement of the environment, including waste management, air and water pollution control, and environmental remediation.
- Geotechnical engineering: The branch of civil engineering that deals with the mechanical behavior of soil and rocks, including soil testing, foundation design, and rock mechanics.


text: Our Government is committed to supporting the middle class and helping those working hard to join it. On August 21st 2018 our Government announced Canada’s first Poverty Reduction Strategy; Opportunity for All. This strategy aims to cut the number of Canadians living in poverty in half, building on initiatives such as the Canada Child Benefit, Canada Workers Benefit, National Housing Strategy, and increases to the Guaranteed Income Supplement. Since 2015, $22 billion has been invested to reduce poverty, and by 2019, over 650,000 Canadians will have been lifted out of poverty.. The Poverty Reduction Strategy is a bold vision that will build a Canada where every Canadian has an equal chance at success. Learn more about the strategy here.. Recent Comments

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Poverty Reduction Strategies

## Section 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about poverty reduction strategies and how they can help people in need. We will cover the following topics:

- What is poverty?
- What is a poverty reduction strategy?
- Why do we need poverty reduction strategies?

## Section 2: What is poverty?

Poverty is a condition in which people lack the resources to meet their basic needs, such as food, clothing, housing, healthcare, and education. Poverty can be caused by various factors, including low income, unemployment, lack of access to education and job training, and discrimination based on race, gender, or disability.

## Section 3: What is a poverty reduction strategy?

A poverty reduction strategy is a plan that aims to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of people who are living in poverty. It involves a range of measures, such as increasing social assistance benefits, creating job opportunities, providing affordable housing, and improving access to healthcare and education.

## Section 4: Why do we need poverty reduction strategies?

We need poverty reduction strategies because poverty is a major social problem that affects millions of people around the world. Poverty can lead to poor health, low educational achievement, and limited opportunities for economic and social mobility. By reducing poverty, we can improve the well-being of individuals and communities, and create a more equitable society.

## Section 5: Conclusion

In this lesson, we have learned about poverty reduction strategies and why they are important. We have covered the definition of poverty, the purpose of poverty reduction strategies, and some of the measures that can be taken to reduce poverty. By understanding the importance of poverty reduction strategies, we can work towards creating a more just and equitable society.


text: Rising Musician Taylor Anne Shares Stories of Resilience in Her Music. Photo by: Joze F Barrera For many people, music plays an integral part in their lives and can begin as early as their childhood. For Taylor Anne, music was all…. Posts by tag. Input your search keywords and press Enter.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Resilience in Music

Introduction:
Music is an essential part of many people's lives, and it can start at a young age. Taylor Anne, a rising musician, shares stories of resilience in her music. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of resilience in the world of music and how it can help us overcome challenges and achieve our goals.

Section 1: The Importance of Resilience in Music
Resilience is the ability to bounce back from setbacks and keep moving forward. In the music industry, resilience is crucial because it helps musicians overcome rejection, criticism, and other obstacles that come with pursuing a career in music.

Question: Why is resilience important in the music industry?
Answer: Resilience is essential in the music industry because it helps musicians overcome challenges and setbacks that they may encounter on their journey to success.

Section 2: Developing Resilience in Music
Developing resilience takes time and effort, but it is possible. Here are some ways to develop resilience in music:

1. Practice regularly: Practicing regularly helps musicians improve their skills and become more resilient. It also helps them develop a growth mindset, which allows them to learn from mistakes and keep moving forward.

2. Embrace criticism: Criticism can be tough to handle, but it is an essential part of growing as a musician. Learning to embrace criticism and use it to improve can help musicians develop resilience.

3. Surround yourself with supportive people: Surrounding yourself with supportive people who believe in you can help you stay motivated and focused on your goals.

4. Set realistic goals: Setting realistic goals can help musicians stay motivated and focused on their journey to success.

Question: How can musicians develop resilience in music?
Answer: Musicians can develop resilience in music by practicing regularly, embracing criticism, surrounding themselves with supportive people, and setting realistic goals.

Section 3: Applying Resilience to Real-World Scenarios
Resilience is not just important in the music industry; it is also essential in many other areas of life. Here are some real-world scenarios where resilience can help:

1. School: Students who struggle with academics may need to develop resilience to overcome setbacks and keep working towards their goals.

2. Work: In the workplace, resilience can help employees overcome challenges and setbacks, leading to greater success.

3. Personal life: In personal life, resilience can help individuals overcome challenges such as breakups, job loss, or health issues.

Question: Can resilience help in other areas of life?
Answer: Yes, resilience can help individuals overcome challenges and setbacks in various areas of life, including school, work, and personal life.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, resilience is an essential skill that can help musicians overcome challenges and setbacks in the music industry. By developing resilience, musicians can achieve their goals and create meaningful music that resonates with their audience. Resilience is not just important in the music industry; it is also essential in many other areas of life. By applying resilience to real-world scenarios, individuals can overcome challenges and achieve success in various aspects of their lives.


text: How It Works. It really is a simple concept.... - Start a CausePage. - Promote on social media (and any other means you can). - Shop + Give. - High-quality merch your supporters will love. - 40% of any product purchase is donated to your cause. - Supporters can also donate cash directly (standard processing fees apply). - Ships on demand. - Monthly payouts. But like most things, the details really matter. That’s where CAUSETEAM'S experience and direct, human approach can really help. Every CausePage is assigned a Success Rep which is a friendly, knowledgeable human ready to help you at a moment’s notice.. We also offer tons of added bonuses if they fit your cause – from a variety of custom merch (tees, tote bags, coffee mugs, note cards, and jewelry) to free bulk shipping codes to provide you with deals and promotions to offer your supporters. Oh, and by the way, we offer GREAT customer support.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Start a Fundraising Campaign
Introduction:
Fundraising is an essential part of many organizations, whether it's for a charity, a school project, or a community initiative. However, starting a successful fundraising campaign requires careful planning and execution. In this lesson, we will explore the steps involved in starting a fundraising campaign and the key elements that make them successful.
Section 1: Planning Your Campaign
Topic 1: Identify Your Target Audience
- Who is your target audience?
- What are their interests and values?
- How can you reach them effectively?
Topic 2: Set Realistic Goals
- What do you want to achieve with your fundraising campaign?
- How much money do you need to raise?
- What resources do you have available?
Topic 3: Choose the Right Platform
- What is the best platform for your fundraising campaign?
- Do you want to use an online platform or a traditional one?
- How will you promote your campaign?
Section 2: Creating Your Campaign
Topic 1: Develop a Compelling Message
- What is your message?
- Why should people care about your cause?
- How can you communicate your message effectively?
Topic 2: Design Attractive Merchandise
- What kind of merchandise will you sell?
- How can you make it attractive and appealing?
- How can you incorporate your brand or message into the design?
Topic 3: Offer Incentives
- What incentives can you offer to your supporters?
- How can you make them feel appreciated and valued?
- What kind of rewards can you offer for donations?
Section 3: Launching and Managing Your Campaign
Topic 1: Promote Your Campaign
- How can you promote your campaign effectively?
- What channels can you use to reach your target audience?
- How can you track your progress and adjust your strategy accordingly?
Topic 2: Engage With Your Supporters
- How can you engage with your supporters effectively?
- What kind of communication can you have with them?
- How can you keep them informed and involved in your campaign?
Topic 3: Manage Your Finances
- How can you manage your finances effectively?
- What kind of financial reporting do you need to do?
- How can you ensure that your funds are used appropriately?
Conclusion:
Starting a successful fundraising campaign requires careful planning and execution. By identifying your target audience, setting realistic goals, choosing the right platform, developing a compelling message, designing attractive merchandise, offering incentives, promoting your campaign, engaging with your supporters, and managing your finances, you can create a campaign that resonates with your audience and achieves your objectives. Remember to track your progress and adjust your strategy accordingly to ensure success.


text: Unsung Heroes on the Ebola Frontline. The “selflessness of aid workers and medical volunteers” was praised both by the Queen in her Christmas message and by TIME magazine, who named ‘The Ebola Fighter’s their person of the year 2014. This emphasis on international staff, particularly doctors and nurses, gives a misleading impression about who is doing what in West Africa, and overlooks the huge contribution that national staff are making in their fight against ebola. Even when national staff are recognised, the focus again tends to be on the doctors and nurses, with some attention Continue reading →

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Recognizing National Staff in the Fight Against Ebola

**Introduction:** In this lesson, we will explore the importance of recognizing national staff in the fight against Ebola. We will discuss who national staff are, why they are crucial in the fight against Ebola, and how their contributions are often overlooked.

**Section 1: Who are National Staff?**
National staff are individuals who work in healthcare facilities or organizations in their own country. They are often the backbone of the healthcare system and play a vital role in providing care to patients. In the context of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, national staff refers to those who are from the affected countries such as Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.

**Section 2: Why are National Staff Crucial in the Fight Against Ebola?**
National staff are crucial in the fight against Ebola for several reasons:

1. Language and Culture: National staff have a better understanding of the local language and culture, which can help them communicate effectively with patients and their families. This is especially important in the Ebola outbreak, where misinformation and mistrust have contributed to the spread of the disease.

2. Knowledge of the Healthcare System: National staff have an intimate knowledge of the healthcare system in their country, which can help them identify gaps and areas that need improvement. They can also help ensure that resources are distributed equitably and efficiently.

3. Local Expertise: National staff have expertise in managing infectious diseases that are unique to their region. They can provide valuable insights into the local context and help design interventions that are tailored to the needs of the community.

**Section 3: How are National Staff's Contributions Overlooked?**
Despite their crucial role in the fight against Ebola, national staff's contributions are often overlooked. This can happen for several reasons:

1. International Focus: The Ebola outbreak has received significant international attention, with much of the focus on international staff, particularly doctors and nurses. This has overshadowed the contributions of national staff.

2. Gender and Status: Many national staff are women, who are often undervalued and underpaid. Their status as national staff may also make them feel uncomfortable speaking up about their contributions.

3. Lack of Recognition: National staff may not receive the same level of recognition as international staff, which can lead to a lack of appreciation for their work.

**Section 4: Conclusion**
In conclusion, national staff play a vital role in the fight against Ebola. They bring unique expertise, language and cultural skills, and knowledge of the healthcare system to the table. However, their contributions are often overlooked due to the international focus on the outbreak, gender and status issues, and a lack of recognition. It is essential to recognize and appreciate the work of national staff in the fight against Ebola and other infectious diseases. By doing so, we can ensure that all contributors are valued and that the healthcare system is strengthened as a result.


text: Federal Judge Blocks President’s New Travel Ban. NEW YORK—A federal judge in Hawaii issued an injunction temporarily blocking President Donald Trump’s new travel ban late Wednesday.. U.S. District Judge Derrick Watson said in his ruling that the state of Hawaii had shown that it was likely to prevail in its claims that the new executive order violates the establishment clause of the U.S. Constitution, which bars religious discrimination.. Since the new order was issued March 6, many groups have alleged that it was a thinly veiled version of the Muslim ban he pledged to enact during his presidential campaign.. The lawsuit, brought by Hawaii’s attorney general, Doug Chin, contended that the new order was in fact a Muslim ban, despite claims by government lawyers that Mr. Trump’s past comments had no bearing on the case before him.. “Are you saying we close our eyes to the sequence of statements before this,” the judge asked the courtroom before issuing his ruling.. (Photo: Accura Media Group)

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding the Judicial System in the United States

Introduction:
The judicial system in the United States is one of the three branches of government, responsible for interpreting the constitutionality of laws and resolving disputes. In this lesson, we will learn about the structure of the judicial system, the role of judges, and how cases move through the courts.

Section 1: The Structure of the Judicial System

The judicial system in the United States is made up of federal and state courts. Federal courts are responsible for hearing cases involving the federal government or laws passed by Congress, while state courts hear cases involving state laws or disputes between private parties.

There are three levels of federal courts: district courts, which are the trial courts; circuit courts of appeals, which review decisions made by district courts; and the Supreme Court, which hears appeals from lower courts. State courts also have trial courts, appellate courts, and supreme courts.

Judges are appointed to the federal courts by the President and confirmed by the Senate. State court judges are appointed or elected, depending on the state.

Section 2: The Role of Judges

Judges are responsible for deciding cases based on the law and the facts presented in court. They must follow precedent, which means following decisions made by higher courts in similar cases. Judges also have the power to issue injunctions, which are orders directing someone to stop doing something or face legal consequences.

In some cases, judges may make a decision based on their personal beliefs, but they must do so within the bounds of the law. This is known as judicial activism.

Section 3: How Cases Move Through the Courts

Cases typically begin in the lowest level of the court system, either a district court or a state court. If one party disagrees with the decision, they can appeal to a higher court. If the case reaches the Supreme Court, it is considered a landmark case.

There are several types of cases that can be heard in court, including civil cases (disputes between private parties) and criminal cases (charges brought by the government against individuals).

Conclusion:
Understanding the judicial system in the United States is important for anyone interested in how laws are made and enforced. By studying the structure of the courts, the role of judges, and how cases move through the system, we can better understand our legal system and how it works to protect our rights and freedoms.

Glossary:
- Judicial System: The branch of government responsible for interpreting the constitutionality of laws and resolving disputes.
- Federal Courts: Courts responsible for hearing cases involving the federal government or laws passed by Congress.
- State Courts: Courts responsible for hearing cases involving state laws or disputes between private parties.
- District Courts: Trial courts in the federal court system.
- Circuit Courts of Appeals: Courts responsible for reviewing decisions made by district courts.
- Supreme Court: The highest court in the United States, responsible for hearing appeals from lower courts.


text: 2014:Caravansary was completed with a huge level of success and in true Burning Man style the path was a tough one. The rewards of all that hard work was a successful camp with amazing people. To get dirty details see the 2014 Trip Report (linked).. CAMP LAYOUT. The details about the camp are peppered all through the site including our scheduled events for the week and this year we are also participating and supporting Queer Temple; of which some classes will be held in our camp.. Our Leadership this year:. - Scott/Toaster & Scott/Knot-O are Lead Producers. - LNT: Scott/Knot-O. - Durwood/Pepper: Kitchen Manager. This year was our 2nd year on playa with an almost all new cast. Many of last year’s campers have moved on or are not returning to the playa. We have been granted some form of magical steroids because this year we are blossoming so brightly and have increased our team from 10 in 2013 to 21 for 2014.. Pictures from the Week. Pictures from one of our Work Days (Sign Building).

textbook:
Lesson: How to Write a Conclusion

Introduction:
A conclusion is the final paragraph of an essay or a report. It summarizes the main points and provides a sense of closure for the reader. In this lesson, we will learn how to write a conclusion that effectively wraps up the content while leaving a lasting impression.

Step 1: Restate the Thesis
The first step in writing a conclusion is to restate the thesis statement. This reminds the reader of the main point of the essay or report. For example, if your thesis statement was "The importance of education cannot be overstated," you could restate it as "Education is essential for personal and societal growth."

Step 2: Summarize Main Points
Next, summarize the main points of the essay or report. This helps the reader to remember the key ideas without having to reread the entire document. Use concise language and avoid repetition.

Step 3: Provide Closure
In the conclusion, provide a sense of closure for the reader. This could involve tying together the main points, offering a final thought, or making a call to action. For example, if you were writing about the benefits of exercise, you could conclude by encouraging the reader to start a fitness routine.

Step 4: Leave a Lasting Impression
Finally, leave a lasting impression on the reader. Use strong, memorable language to make the conclusion memorable. This could involve using a metaphor, a quotation, or a surprising statistic.

Example:
Thesis: The importance of education cannot be overstated.
Main Points: Education is essential for personal and societal growth. It promotes critical thinking, improves communication skills, and prepares individuals for the workforce.
Conclusion: In conclusion, education is a powerful tool that can transform lives and communities. By investing in education, we invest in our future. Let us work together to ensure that everyone has access to quality education.

Glossary:
- Thesis: a statement that expresses the main idea of an essay or report.
- Conclusion: the final paragraph of an essay or report that summarizes the main points and provides a sense of closure.
- Summary: a brief statement that captures the key ideas of a longer piece of writing.
- Call to action: a request for the reader to take a specific action.

Conclusion:
In summary, writing a conclusion is an important part of any essay or report. By restating the thesis, summarizing the main points, providing closure, and leaving a lasting impression, you can create a memorable conclusion that reinforces the central message of your work.


text:
Q:

How to find text of a specific cell from a html table (on a url) using python?

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="D:\chromedriver.exe")
#url = 'https://www.dcrustedp.in/show_chart.php'
driver.get('https://www.dcrustedp.in/show_chart.php')

rows = 2
cols = 5

for r in range(5,rows+1):
    for c in range(6,cols+1):
        value = driver.find_element_by_xpath("/html/body/center/table/tbody/tr["+str(r)+"]/td["+str(c)+"]").text
        print(value)

`
This is my code. I want to extract result date of B.Tech - Computer Science and Engineering 5th Semester. It is in the first row of table. The date is 24-02-2020. I want to print the date from that particular cell only.

A:

The below code works-:
from selenium import webdriver
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import time
webpage = 'https://www.dcrustedp.in/show_chart.php'
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='Your/path/to/chromedriver.exe')
driver.get(webpage)
time.sleep(15)
html = driver.page_source

soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")

pagehits=driver.find_element_by_xpath("/html/body/center/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[5]")
print(pagehits.text)

driver.quit()

Without Selenium, we can use requests library to fetch the table and then respective element
import requests
import pandas as pd
url = 'https://www.dcrustedp.in/show_chart.php'
html = requests.get(url, verify=False).content
df_list = pd.read_html(html)
df = df_list[-1]
print(df.iat[0,4])

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson:

Title: Extracting Data from HTML Tables Using Python

Objective: In this lesson, we will learn how to extract data from an HTML table using Python. We will use the Beautiful Soup library to parse the HTML and the Selenium library to interact with the web page.

Introduction:
HTML tables are widely used to present tabular data on the web. However, extracting data from these tables can be challenging if the structure of the table is complex or dynamic. In this lesson, we will learn how to extract data from an HTML table using Python.

Prerequisites:
- Basic knowledge of Python
- Installation of the Beautiful Soup and Selenium libraries

Instructions:
1. Import the necessary libraries and initialize the web driver.
```python
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from selenium import webdriver

# Initialize the web driver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
```
2. Navigate to the webpage containing the table you want to extract data from.
```python
# Navigate to the webpage
driver.get('https://www.example.com/table.html')
```
3. Parse the HTML using Beautiful Soup.
```python
# Parse the HTML using Beautiful Soup
soup = BeautifulSoup(driver.page_source, 'html.parser')
```
4. Find the table within the HTML and extract the data.
```python
# Find the table within the HTML and extract the data
table = soup.find('table')
rows = table.find_all('tr')
for row in rows:
    cols = row.find_all('td')
    for col in cols:
        print(col.text)
```
Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to extract data from an HTML table using Python. We used the Beautiful Soup library to parse the HTML and the Selenium library to interact with the web page. This technique can be applied to any HTML table on the web, making it a valuable skill to have.

Glossary:
- HTML: HyperText Markup Language. A markup language used to create web pages.
- Beautiful Soup: A Python library used to parse HTML.
- Selenium: A Python library used to automate web browsers.


text:
Cathe Olson, author of "Simply Natural Baby Food, "The Vegetarian Mother's Cookbook," and "Lick It! Creamy Dreamy Vegan Ice Creams Your Mouth Will Love" keeps you up to date on food politics, whole foods and nutrition, as well as sharing recipes and posting book reviews. Also see her web site at http://www.simplynaturalbooks.com

Tuesday, October 31, 2006

Book Review: Genetically Modified Foods - A Short Guide for the Confused

Genetically Modified Food: A Short Guide for the Confused by Andy Rees does a good job of illustrating the potential risks to consumers, farmers, and the environment if we continue to allow genetically modified products to be grown.

The book begins with an overview which gives a history of genetic engineering, who actually benefits from GE (and it's certainly not the farmers), as well as details on the testing and regulation (actually the lack thereof) of GMO's. Some of the key points for me were:

- There have been studies showing potentially negative effects from consuming GM foods. ANewcastle study showed GM DNA trasnferring to gut bacteria in humans after one single meal. Monsanto's 90-day study of rats fed MON863 resulted in smaller kidney sizes and raised white blood cell count. In a 1999 ten-day study, rats fed GM potatoes developed gut lesions; damanged immune systems; less developed brains, livers, and testicles; a proliferation of cells in stomach and intestines which signalled increased potential of cancer, partial atrophy of the liver, and more.

- Most of the animals for non-organic meat, fish, and dairy are GM-fed.

- According to the Grocery Manufacturers of America, an estimated 70-75 percent of products on US grocery shelves contain GM ingredients. And, of course, they are not required to be labeled as such.

There is a section describing "the players" involved in GM foods. The ones you would expect were the biotech and agrochemical companies like Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer, Dow, Cargill, etc. but there were a few surprises for me, for example, The World Bank (the world's largest multilateral aid organization) has been financing hundreds of millions of dollars worth of GM projects in developing countries - and guess who their project parners are: Mondant, Aventis, and Syngenta.

A very interesting section of the book is where Rees exposes the truth about the claims made by the biotech lobby.

- Have you heard the one about how genetic engineering is no different from the traditional breeding processes used for thousands of years? Give me a break! The transfer of genes from one species to another is totally different from saving seeds of plants that are strong in the qualities you want to preserve. Scientists have reported that there is no evidence that species have EVER crossed during the billions of years that life has existed on earth.

- Another argument - GM foods must be safe because we have been eating them for several years with no ill effects. (Of course, GM foods are not labeled so how could we know what effects they are having!) What we do know is that in the US, food-derived illness has doubled over the past 7 years - coinciding with the introduction of GM foods. In the UK, there was a 50% increase in soy allergies when GM soy imports began.

- How about this? GM crops will help feed the hungry of the world? Here's what delegates from 20 African countries stated in 1998 to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organizations: "We strongly object that the impage of the poor and hungry from our countries is being used by giant multinatioal corporatons to push a technology that is neither safe, nor environmentally friendly nor economically beneficial to us . . . On the contrary, . . . it will thus undermine our capacity to feed ourselves." Also, if the biotech corporations care so much about the poor, why are they patenting seeds making the farmers totally dependent on them - not to mention that GM yeilds are no more or often lower than sustainable agriculture provides - and sustainable agriculture is more accessible to the poor.

- Which brings me to the myth that GM crops will increase farmers' incomes. No studies have shown GM crops to yield more than non-GM crops - and they often give less of a yield. In fact, GM crops have been very detrimental to farmers - they often get lower market price for GM crops, GM seeds cost more, and many farmers have been hurt by GM contaminiation - and of course the big problem is that consumers don't want GM. Other countries don't want them and in every survey they have done, the American people don't want it either (hence the reason for no labeling of GM products).

And there's a lot more - like the myth that GM crops will reduce pesticide and herbicide usage, GM crops will help the environment, etc.

Then the book outlines the risks and dangers of GMOs - both to consumers, farmers and the environment. It talks about antibiotic resistance, new food toxins and allergens, the big L-tryptophan fiasco that killed 37 people, paralyzed 1,500 others, and disabled 5,000 in the US - and resulted in L-tryptophan being taken off the market altogether even though it was the GE version only that was causing harm. It talks about the possible effects on infants and children. Believe me - this section will give you nightmares.

And there's lots more - I highly recommend reading this book - or if you're not a reader, check out the video "The Future of Food" which is excellent as well.

- In the US, some chains are working to remove GMOs from their brand products: Trader Joe's, Whole Foods, and Wild Oats. Talk to them and find out if they have done that yet and let them know you support them.

- Be aware that GMOs are hidden in many products. Many types of dairy products, jams, juices, cereals, cooking oil, sweeteners, diet foods, wines, beers, etc. are produced with GM-enzymes. Many additives (e.g. vitamin B2 and Riboflavin) can be produced from GMOs and may be used in baby food, breakfast cereal, etc. Food supplements, vitamins, and medicines can contain GMOs. If in doubt, contact the manufacturer to find out.

2 comments:

Some people have been spreading all sorts of rumors and lies about genetically modified food. Some claim that GM food causes allergy. Others see GM food as a ploy by multinational biotechnology companies to dominate global food chain. To others, GM food is a weapon by Americans to colonize the world.

What all these people forget is that GM food is a real phenomenon that the world is learning to live with. Come to think of it, why are more and more countries embracing genetically modified crops? Is it just for the sake of it? They are doing so because they appreciate their benefits.

For special interest groups to try to instill fear in the public about GM food is unfortunate. As Norman Borlaug, the pioneer of the Green Revolution reminds us all the time, anti-biotechnology activists have never produced even a tonne of food. All what they are good at is politicking, without offering tangible solutions to menacing global food problems.

I would passionately appeal for a more rational debate about genetically modified food.James GMO Africa Blog http://www.gmoafrica.org

textbook:
Title: Understanding Genetically Modified Foods

Level: Primary through High School

Introduction:

Genetically Modified Foods (GMF) are foods that have had their DNA altered in some way to produce desired traits such as resistance to pests, increased yield, or improved nutritional content. These foods are created using techniques like gene splicing and recombinant DNA technology. They are widely used in agriculture and can be found in many processed foods.

Core Value:

Understanding the science behind GMF is essential to make informed decisions about their use in our diets.

Section 1: What are Genetically Modified Foods?

Topic 1: What is Genetic Modification?

Genetic modification is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. This can involve adding, deleting, or changing genes to produce desired traits.

Topic 2: How are Genetically Modified Foods created?

GMFs are created by inserting specific genes into an organism's cells. This can be done using gene splicing, where a gene from one organism is inserted into another, or by using recombinant DNA technology, where a gene is copied from one organism and inserted into another.

Section 2: Why are Genetically Modified Foods used?

Topic 1: What are the benefits of GMFs?

GMFs are used to increase crop yield, reduce the need for pesticides, improve nutritional content, and increase resistance to diseases and environmental stress.

Topic 2: What are the drawbacks of GMFs?

Some of the potential drawbacks of GMFs include the creation of superweeds and superbugs, the contamination of non-GM crops, the possibility of allergens or toxins appearing in foods, and the unknown long-term effects on human health.

Section 3: How do Genetically Modified Foods affect the environment?

Topic 1: What are the environmental benefits of GMFs?

GMFs can reduce the need for pesticides and herbicides, leading to a reduction in pollution and soil erosion.

Topic 2: What are the environmental risks of GMFs?

GMFs can create superweeds and superbugs, which can lead to increased use of pesticides and herbicides. They can also contaminate non-GM crops, leading to reduced crop yields and increased use of herbicides.

Section 4: How do Genetically Modified Foods affect human health?

Topic 1: Are GMFs safe for human consumption?

There is ongoing debate about the safety of GMFs for human consumption. While some studies have shown no ill effects, others have raised concerns about allergens and toxins appearing in foods.

Topic 2: What are the potential long-term effects of GMFs on human health?

The long-term effects of GMFs on human health are unknown. While some studies have shown no ill effects, others have raised concerns about the potential for allergens and toxins to appear in foods.

Conclusion:

Understanding the science behind GMFs is essential to make informed decisions about their use in our diets. While they may offer some benefits, there are also potential drawbacks that must be considered. As consumers, we have the power to demand transparency and labeling of GMFs, allowing us to make informed choices about what we eat.


text: .— from a letter to Oskar Pollak from Franz Kafka, 1904.. Here's another thoughtful work from La Biennale de Montréal 2016 at the Musée d’art contemporain de Montréal, themed Le Grand Balcon. In Zac Langdon-Pole's My Body, poetic extracts are spelled out with enlarged ornamental letters (such as drop caps are often styled) in various typographies and with different artistic sensibilities (some are stark and modern, others cherub-laden). The different verses are introduced with epigraphic photographs; these are subdued in colour and highly reflective. Upon this visual is etched some textual excerpt, like textured text (my photo atempts can't capture it). The first framed photo here cited Kafka.. This section spells out "by the light of the axe / in my secret life / I am with him.". I really appreciated how difficult it was to decipher the text, both the photos and the initials, and their juxtaposition creates a puzzling but engaging tension. More than anything, though, I'm inspired to read Kafka's letter.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Poetry

Introduction:
Poetry is a form of literature that uses language and structure to convey meaning and create emotional or mental images. It is often associated with beauty, creativity, and complexity. Reading poetry can be challenging, but it is also a rewarding experience. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand poetry by analyzing different elements of a poem.

Section 1: Understanding the Basics

- What is poetry?
Poetry is a form of literature that uses language and structure to convey meaning and create emotional or mental images. It is often associated with beauty, creativity, and complexity.

- Why is reading poetry challenging?
Reading poetry can be challenging because it often uses figurative language, such as metaphors, similes, and personification, which require interpretation to understand their meaning. Additionally, poetry often has a rhythm and structure that can be difficult to follow.

- How do you read poetry?
To read poetry, start by reading the title and any epigraphs or quotes at the beginning of the poem. Then, read the poem aloud to yourself or out loud to someone else. Pay attention to the rhythm, sound, and structure of the poem. As you read, try to identify any figures of speech or other literary devices used by the poet.

Section 2: Analyzing the Elements of a Poem

- Imagery: Imagery is the use of vivid and descriptive language to create mental images or pictures in the reader's mind. It is one of the most important elements of poetry. To identify imagery, look for descriptive words and phrases that create a sensory experience.

Example: "The sun had been hiding its face behind the clouds all day, but at last, as I sat on a bench near the Museum of Natural History, it came out, shyly, and promptly took up its position as if it were a newly installed god" (from "Anecdote of the Jar" by Wallace Stevens).

- Symbolism: Symbolism is the use of objects, people, or events to represent abstract ideas or concepts. To identify symbolism, look for objects or people that are used repeatedly throughout the poem or that have multiple meanings.

Example: "I saw in the waiting room of the Graybar Electric Co. / A man who looked like / Death" (from "Anecdote of the Jar" by Wallace Stevens).

- Metaphor: Metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two things without using the words "like" or "as." To identify metaphor, look for comparisons between two things that are not usually compared.

Example: "Hope" is the thing with feathers - Emily Dickinson.

- Theme: Theme is the underlying message or meaning of a poem. To identify theme, look for recurring ideas or messages that are expressed throughout the poem.

Example: The theme of "Anecdote of the Jar" by Wallace Stevens is the tension between nature and culture.

Section 3: Practice

Exercise 1: Read the following poem by Emily Dickinson and identify the imagery, symbolism, and metaphor used by the poet.

Hope is the thing with feathers -
That perches in the soul -
And sings the tune without the words -
And never stops - at all -

And sweetest - in the Gale - is heard -
And sore must be the storm -
That could abash the Little Bird
That asked a crumb - of Bread -

And we - too - may perchance derive
Some comfort - from the Bird -
If it should chance to sing -
In sight - of - Death -

Exercise 2: Write your own poem using imagery, symbolism, and metaphor to convey a theme.

Conclusion:
Reading and understanding poetry can be challenging, but it is also a rewarding experience. By analyzing the different elements of a poem, such as imagery, symbolism, metaphor, and theme, we can deepen our appreciation for poetry and gain a greater understanding of the human experience.

Glossary:
- Imagery: The use of vivid and descriptive language to create mental images or pictures in the reader's mind.
- Symbolism: The use of objects, people, or events to represent abstract ideas or concepts.
- Metaphor: A figure of speech that compares two things without using the words "like" or "as."
- Theme: The underlying message or meaning of a poem.


text: The Lottery and Other Stories. were you surprised by the ending of the story. I am trying to do my work. Asked by wyesha c #528371Last updated by jill d #170087. I am trying to do my work. I hope you've read the story and can answer this for yourself! The first time I read this short story, I will admit to be far more shocked and appalled than surprised. The ending is so very violent and unexpected, it's difficult to comprehend the forst time around. None-the-less, it is a fabulous example of mob mentality, and the need to occasionally rethink the more violent traditions in old societies. Unfortunately, some societies continue to adhere to violent tradition.

textbook:
**Lesson:**

**Title:** The Lottery and Other Stories

**Grade Level:** 6-12

**Duration:** 1 week

**Objective:** In this lesson, students will analyze the short story "The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson to understand the theme of violence in society and its consequences. Students will also learn about the importance of critical thinking and questioning traditions.

**Introduction:**

Shirley Jackson's short story "The Lottery" was first published in 1948. The story is set in a small town where an annual lottery is held to determine which resident will be stoned to death. The story explores the theme of violence in society and its consequences. In this lesson, students will analyze the story to understand the theme and its relevance to today's society.

**Section 1: Introduction to the Story**

**Topic A:** Summary of the Story

- Introduce the story to the students by providing a brief summary of the plot.
- Explain that the story is set in a small town where an annual lottery is held to determine which resident will be stoned to death.
- Discuss the significance of the title "The Lottery" and how it relates to the theme of the story.

**Topic B:** Theme of the Story

- Discuss the theme of the story, which is the violence in society and its consequences.
- Ask students to brainstorm examples of violence in society and how they relate to the story.
- Encourage students to think critically about the story and its relevance to today's society.

**Section 2: Analysis of the Story**

**Topic A:** Characters and Setting

- Discuss the characters and setting of the story.
- Ask students to analyze the characters and their actions in the story.
- Discuss the importance of character development in understanding the theme of the story.

**Topic B:** Symbolism in the Story

- Discuss the symbolism in the story, such as the black box and the stones.
- Ask students to analyze the symbols and their significance in the story.
- Discuss the importance of symbolism in understanding the theme of the story.

**Topic C:** Foreshadowing and Suspense

- Discuss the use of foreshadowing and suspense in the story.
- Ask students to analyze the techniques used by the author to create suspense.
- Discuss the importance of literary techniques in creating a effective story.

**Section 3: Critical Thinking and Discussion**

**Topic A:** Questioning Traditions

- Discuss the idea of questioning traditions in the story.
- Ask students to analyze the consequences of blindly following traditions.
- Encourage students to think critically about the story and its relevance to today's society.

**Topic B:** Violence in Society

- Discuss the issue of violence in society and its consequences.
- Ask students to analyze the causes of violence in society.
- Encourage students to think critically about the story and its relevance to today's society.

**Conclusion:**

- Summarize the main points of the lesson.
- Discuss the importance of critical thinking and questioning traditions.
- Encourage students to apply the skills learned from the story to new problems.

**Glossary:**

- Theme: The underlying message or moral of a story.
- Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.
- Foreshadowing: The use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story.
- Suspense: The feeling of tension and excitement created by uncertainty about the outcome of a story.
- Critical thinking: The process of analyzing information and arguments to reach a logical conclusion.

**Glossary:**

- Theme: The underlying message or moral of a story.
- Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.
- Foreshadowing: The use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story.
- Suspense: The feeling of tension and excitement created by uncertainty about the outcome of a story.
- Critical thinking: The process of analyzing information and arguments to reach a logical conclusion.


text: Open sellerportal.deliverr.com/billing and you can see everything you need to know about how Deliverr bills your account.. - View and update your billing address.. - View, update, and add payment methods.. - View the total amount due.. - This is a sum of all invoices in 'Payment Due' or 'Not Paid' status.. - View when your next invoice will be billed.. - View your current credits balance and a history of past credits for your account.. - View all of your past invoices.. - The invoice list is sorted by unpaid invoices first.. - Adjustments include any credits applied to this invoice.. - Download your invoices.. - PDF file — A summary of all charges in the last billing period.. - CSV file — A line-by-line list of all charges in the last billing period. Learn more about this CSV file..

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Invoicing and Billing
Introduction:
Invoicing and billing are essential aspects of running a business. They involve creating a record of the goods or services provided, the price charged, and the payment due date. In this lesson, we will learn about the different aspects of invoicing and billing, including their importance, how they work, and how to read an invoice.
Section 1: Importance of Invoicing and Billing
Topic 1: Why do we need invoicing and billing?
- Invoicing and billing are necessary for businesses to keep track of their income and expenses.
- They help businesses to ensure that they are paid for the goods or services they provide.
- Invoicing and billing also help businesses to manage their cash flow and budget effectively.
Topic 2: What information is included in an invoice?
- An invoice typically includes the name of the business, the name of the customer, the date of the invoice, a description of the goods or services provided, the price charged, and the payment due date.
- Some invoices may also include additional information such as taxes, discounts, and late fees.
Section 2: How Invoicing and Billing Work
Topic 1: How does invoicing and billing work?
- When a business provides goods or services to a customer, they create an invoice that includes all the necessary information.
- The customer receives the invoice and is expected to pay the amount due by the payment due date.
- If the customer does not pay by the due date, the business may send a reminder or charge a late fee.
- If the customer still does not pay, the business may take legal action to collect the debt.
Topic 2: How do businesses bill their customers?
- Businesses can bill their customers in different ways, such as monthly, quarterly, or annually.
- Some businesses may also offer the option of paying by credit card or automatic payment.
Section 3: Reading an Invoice
Topic 1: What information should be included in an invoice?
- An invoice should include the name of the business, the name of the customer, the date of the invoice, a description of the goods or services provided, the price charged, and the payment due date.
- Some invoices may also include additional information such as taxes, discounts, and late fees.
Topic 2: How do I read an invoice?
- To read an invoice, start by checking the name of the business and the name of the customer.
- Look for the date of the invoice and the description of the goods or services provided.
- Check the price charged and the payment due date.
- If there are any additional charges or discounts, look for them on the invoice.
Conclusion:
Invoicing and billing are essential aspects of running a business. By understanding the importance of invoicing and billing and how they work, businesses can ensure that they are paid for the goods or services they provide. By reading an invoice carefully, businesses can identify any discrepancies or issues and take appropriate action.


text: Telecommunication. A raft of agritech startups are set to change the face of Indian agriculture. A string of agritech startups are set to play a dominant role in disseminating information to farmers. Tech Mahindra wins $1B contract from AT&T. In 2013, the company had signed a five-year contract with British telecom provider BT, which was estimated at more than $1 billion.. Flex resumes shipments for ‘majority’ of Huawei products. Singapore-based electronics contract manufacturer Flex has resumed shipments to Huawei, whose business has been disrupted after the United States put it on a blacklist over national security concerns.. people. WhatsApp now looking to hire India legal head. “We can say that this position is equivalent to that of a legal head for WhatsApp in India,” a person familiar with the development told ET.. internet. Let's start greening the Internet. Today, the Internet may be consuming more energy than it saves. But it holds within itself the solutions for a greener future

textbook:
Lesson: Telecommunication and its impact on agriculture and technology

Introduction:
Telecommunication refers to the transmission of information between devices over long distances. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, do business, and access information. In recent years, telecommunication has also had a significant impact on agriculture, leading to the emergence of agritech startups. These startups are leveraging technology to improve farming practices, increase productivity, and reduce costs. In this lesson, we will explore the role of telecommunication in agriculture, the benefits of agritech startups, and the challenges they face.

Section 1: The Role of Telecommunication in Agriculture

Topic 1: Information Dissemination
Agritech startups are playing a dominant role in disseminating information to farmers. This information ranges from weather updates, crop prices, and market demand to best farming practices and techniques. Telecommunication technologies such as mobile phones, the internet, and satellite imagery have made it possible for agritech startups to provide farmers with real-time information that can help them make informed decisions.

Topic 2: Benefits of Agritech Startups
Agritech startups are leveraging telecommunication technologies to improve farming practices, increase productivity, and reduce costs. Some of the benefits of agritech startups include:

- Precision agriculture: Agritech startups use sensors, drones, and satellite imagery to collect data on soil quality, crop health, and weather conditions. This data is then analyzed to provide farmers with personalized recommendations on when to plant, irrigate, and apply fertilizers.

- Supply chain management: Agritech startups are developing platforms that connect farmers directly to buyers, reducing the middleman's share and increasing farmers' income. These platforms also provide real-time information on crop prices, demand, and supply, enabling farmers to make informed decisions on when to sell their produce.

- Access to credit: Agritech startups are partnering with financial institutions to provide farmers with access to credit. By using data analytics, these startups can assess a farmer's creditworthiness and match them with appropriate lenders.

Section 2: Challenges Faced by Agritech Startups

Topic 1: Limited Internet Connectivity
One of the significant challenges faced by agritech startups is limited internet connectivity in rural areas. Farmers often lack access to reliable internet, making it difficult for agritech startups to provide real-time information. However, some startups are developing offline solutions that can be used even in areas with limited internet connectivity.

Topic 2: Resistance to Change
Farmers are often resistant to change, particularly when it comes to adopting new farming practices and technologies. Agritech startups must therefore invest in educating farmers on the benefits of their products and services and addressing their concerns.

Topic 3: High Costs
Agritech startups often face high costs associated with developing and deploying their products and services. For example, sensors and drones require significant investment in research and development, and satellite imagery can be expensive. Additionally, farmers may not have the resources to purchase expensive equipment or pay for subscription-based services.

Section 3: Conclusion

In conclusion, telecommunication has had a significant impact on agriculture, leading to the emergence of agritech startups. These startups are leveraging technology to improve farming practices, increase productivity, and reduce costs. However, they face several challenges, including limited internet connectivity, resistance to change, and high costs. Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of agritech startups make them a promising solution to some of the most pressing issues facing agriculture today.

Glossary:
- Agritech startups: Companies that use technology to improve farming practices and increase productivity.
- Precision agriculture: A farming practice that uses sensors, drones, and satellite imagery to collect data on soil quality, crop health, and weather conditions.
- Supply chain management: The process of managing the flow of goods and services from production to consumption.
- Creditworthiness: The ability of a borrower to repay debt.

[Note: This is just an example of what a lesson could look like. The content, structure, and format can be adjusted based on the target audience and learning objectives.]


text: I Made This For You. Director: Cristian Solimeno. Country: UK. Running Time: 90′. Year: 2018. Screening in collaboration with suicide prevention charity Campaign Against Living Miserably (CALM), I Made This For You is a uniquely told tale of friendship and love wherein a man (played by Gary Grant) receives a documentary made about his life by his worried friend (played by writer and director Cristian Solimeno). The film within a film is uniquely framed and the hybrid format mixes reality with fiction.. ~Kaleem Aftab. DJ Eddy Temple-Morris will lead a discussion following the screening..

textbook:
Lesson: How to Analyze a Film Review

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to analyze a film review. We will start by understanding the basic structure of a film review and then move on to analyzing different elements of the review, such as the plot summary, character analysis, thematic analysis, and critical evaluation. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to read and analyze film reviews like a professional critic.

Section 1: Understanding the Structure of a Film Review

A film review typically follows a specific structure that includes the following elements:

1. Title of the film
2. Director's name
3. Country of production
4. Running time
5. Year of release
6. Screening information (if applicable)
7. Synopsis or plot summary
8. Analysis of the film's themes, characters, and style
9. Critical evaluation of the film's strengths and weaknesses
10. Conclusion

Glossary:
- Synopsis: A brief summary of the storyline of a film.
- Themes: Recurring elements or ideas in a film that convey a message or meaning.
- Characters: The people or animals who interact with the protagonist(s) and drive the story forward.
- Style: The visual and aural elements of a film, including cinematography, lighting, sound design, and editing.
- Critical evaluation: An assessment of the film's quality, based on its technical aspects, storytelling, and thematic relevance.

Section 2: Analyzing the Plot Summary

The plot summary is a brief overview of the events that occur in the film. To analyze a plot summary, you should look for:

1. The setting: Where and when does the film take place?
2. The conflict: What problem does the protagonist face, and what obstacles do they encounter along the way?
3. The resolution: How is the conflict resolved, and what happens to the characters at the end of the film?

Example: In "I Made This For You," a man receives a documentary made about his life by his worried friend. The film within a film is uniquely framed and the hybrid format mixes reality with fiction.

Section 3: Analyzing the Characters

To analyze the characters in a film review, you should look for:

1. Characterization: How are the characters developed throughout the film?
2. Motivations: Why do the characters behave the way they do?
3. Relationships: How do the characters interact with each other, and what conflicts arise as a result?

Example: In "I Made This For You," the main character receives a documentary made about his life by his worried friend. This creates a tension between the two characters, as the friend is trying to help the main character while also causing him distress.

Section 4: Analyzing the Themes

To analyze the themes in a film review, you should look for:

1. Recurring motifs: Are there any symbols or images that appear throughout the film?
2. Social commentary: Does the film have something to say about society or culture?
3. Philosophical questions: Does the film raise deeper questions about life, death, or the human condition?

Example: In "I Made This For You," the theme of reality vs. fiction is explored through the use of a documentary within a fiction film. This creates a sense of ambiguity about what is real and what is not, forcing the audience to question their own perception of reality.

Section 5: Analyzing the Critical Evaluation

To analyze the critical evaluation in a film review, you should look for:

1. Strengths: What does the reviewer like about the film?
2. Weaknesses: What does the reviewer dislike about the film?
3. Comparison: How does the reviewer compare the film to other similar works?

Example: In the review of "I Made This For You," the reviewer praises the unique structure of the film and its ability to blend reality with fiction. However, the reviewer also notes that the film's pacing is slow at times and that some viewers may find it difficult to follow.

Conclusion:
By analyzing a film review, you can gain a deeper understanding of the film's themes, characters, and style. This skill is useful not only for film critics but also for anyone who wants to engage with films on a more critical level. By learning how to analyze a film review, you can become a more informed viewer and thinker.


text: This event has passed.. Yoga on the Beach. June 23, 2018 @ 11:30 am - 2:00 pm. AWIS and GWIS members gathered in Venice for a fun and relaxing yoga session followed by a picnic on the beach.. Elevate LA creates community-based wellness events for the purpose of elevating individuals and organizations dedicated to finding solutions for homelessness, supporting environmental conservation, and promoting cutting-edge health and wellness education. Feel free to check out Elevate LA Events which are held on the 1st Sunday of every month.

textbook:
Lesson: Event Planning and Management

Introduction:
Event planning and management is the process of organizing and executing events such as conferences, meetings, weddings, and fundraisers. This lesson will cover the core value of event planning and management, including the steps involved in planning an event, how to manage an event, and the importance of evaluating an event's success.

Section 1: Steps Involved in Planning an Event
1. Define the Purpose and Goals of the Event
The first step in planning an event is to define its purpose and goals. This includes identifying the target audience, setting a budget, and determining the event's format.
2. Create a Plan
Once the purpose and goals of the event have been defined, the next step is to create a plan. This includes determining the event's timeline, identifying the necessary resources, and assigning responsibilities to team members.
3. Promote the Event
Promotion is essential to ensure that the event is successful. This includes creating a marketing plan, utilizing social media, and sending invitations to the target audience.
4. Manage the Event
On the day of the event, it is essential to manage it effectively. This includes ensuring that all equipment is in place, coordinating with vendors, and managing the event's schedule.
5. Evaluate the Event's Success
After the event, it is crucial to evaluate its success. This includes gathering feedback from attendees, analyzing financial records, and identifying areas for improvement.

Section 2: Managing an Event
Managing an event involves overseeing all aspects of the event, including planning, coordination, and execution. This includes ensuring that the event runs smoothly, managing finances, and coordinating with vendors and volunteers.

Section 3: Importance of Evaluating an Event's Success
Evaluating an event's success is essential to ensure that future events are successful. This includes gathering feedback from attendees, analyzing financial records, and identifying areas for improvement.

Conclusion:
Event planning and management is a critical skill that can be applied to various industries, including hospitality, tourism, and non-profit organizations. By following the steps involved in planning an event, managing an event, and evaluating an event's success, individuals can create memorable experiences that leave a lasting impact on attendees.


text:
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to improved ester compositions, and more particularly to benzoic acid esters of C.sub.9 through C.sub.19 alcohols.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Alcohols in the C.sub.9 through C.sub.19 range and mixtures of alcohols within the C.sub.12 through C.sub.15 range are well-known in the art. Particularly unique alcohols are the C.sub.12 through C.sub.15 primary alcohols sold under the trademark NEODOL by Shell Chemical Company, Industrial Chemicals Division. These alcohols are generally mixtures of linear primary alcohols which are produced in a substantially pure condition. These alcohols have been made into derivatives such as ethoxylates, ethoxysulfates and sulfates. The NEODOL alcohols and the aforementioned derivatives are generally used in the detergent industry, for textile and oil processing, specialty cleaners and personal care products.
The NEODOL alcohols are characterized in that they are mixtures of linear primary alcohols having even and odd numbered carbon atoms in the C.sub.12 to C.sub.15 detergent range. Previously, alcohols derived from natural substances were only even numbered. The NEODOL alcohols are unique in that they contain both odd and even numbered carbon atoms. The odd numbered alcohol contributes significantly to the performance of certain derivatives of these alcohols.
As previously mentioned, there are known derivatives of such C.sub.12 through C.sub.15 alcohols, for example, the ethoxylates, ethoxysulfates, and sulfates. To applicant's knowledge however, there are no known benzoic acid ester derivatives of the C.sub.12 through C.sub.15 NEODOL alcohols, nor are there any references which teach or suggest that such derivatives can be used as emollient carriers in cosmetic compositions.
Applicant in all of the aforementioned applications, filed previous to this application, describes and claims these benzoic acid esters of the C.sub.12 through C.sub.15 NEODOL alcohols, i.e. mixtures of alcohols and their uses. Applicant in the present application describes and claims specific benzoic acid esters of individual alcohols which appear to have substantially the same properties and uses as these aforedescribed and claimed benzoic acid esters of mixtures of alcohols.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,506,704 to Miller et al describes a process for the production of organic esters produced in a liquid phase reaction of 1-hydrocarbyl bromides with hydrocarbonic acids. Such reaction yields esters and hydrogen bromide. Thus in the preferred embodiment of Miller et al, benzoic acid and n-dodecyl bromide (C.sub.12) are reacted at an elevated temperature in the presence of lithium benzoate. Hydrogen bromide is evolved in the course of the reaction and attempts are made to remove the hydrogen bromide from the reaction zone. Miller et al states that such hydrogen bromide is well-known to cause extensive discoloration and deleterious effects. In Table III, Run 25 of Miller et al, benzoic acid is reacted with what is apparently a mixture of bromides in the C.sub.11 to C.sub.15 range. These mixtures are obtained from cracked wax alpha olefins which originate from petroleum, and thus are highly contaminated impure products. The Miller et al esters, as mentioned, are formed by a severe acid-bromide reaction and result in products which are invariably contaminated or discolored by hydrogen bromide. There is no disclosure in Miller et al of any particular branching characteristic or mixture of odd and even (C.sub.n) benzoic acid esters, much less is there any disclosure relating to specific proportions of such odd and even (C.sub.n) benzoic acid esters.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to Esterification Reactions

Overview:
Esterification reactions involve the formation of esters from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. In this lesson, we will learn about the basic principles of esterification reactions, including the types of reactants involved, the products formed, and the mechanisms behind these reactions. We will also explore the practical applications of esterification reactions in the field of organic chemistry.

Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
- Define esterification reactions and identify the reactants involved
- Describe the products formed in esterification reactions
- Explain the mechanisms behind esterification reactions
- Apply the concepts learned in this lesson to solve problems involving esterification reactions

Section 1: Introduction to Esterification Reactions

Topic 1: Definition and Reactants
- Esterification is a chemical reaction in which an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid to form an ester and water.
- The general formula for an ester is RCOOR', where R and R' represent alkyl or aryl groups.
- Carboxylic acids can be classified as either acidic or non-acidic, depending on whether they have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group.

Topic 2: Products Formed in Esterification Reactions
- The major product of an esterification reaction is an ester, but other side products may also be formed, such as alkenes or carboxylic acids.
- The position of the double bond in the ester molecule can vary, depending on the structure of the starting materials.

Section 2: Mechanisms of Esterification Reactions

Topic 1: Acid-Catalyzed Esterification
- The most common mechanism for esterification involves the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or hydrochloric acid (HCl).
- The carboxylic acid donates a proton (H+) to the alcohol, which then attacks the carbonyl carbon of the carboxylic acid, forming a tetrahedral intermediate.
- The tetrahedral intermediate collapses, releasing a molecule of water and forming the ester product.

Topic 2: Base-Catalyzed Esterification
- Another mechanism for esterification involves the use of a base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH), to deprotonate the carboxylic acid before it reacts with the alcohol.
- The deprotonated carboxylic acid then reacts with the alcohol, forming an enolate ion intermediate.
- The enolate ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of another carboxylic acid, forming an ester product.

Section 3: Practical Applications of Esterification Reactions

Topic 1: Synthesis of Natural Products
- Esterification reactions play a crucial role in the synthesis of natural products, such as steroids and terpenes.
- For example, the synthesis of cholesterol involves the esterification of a steroid nucleus with a fatty acid.

Topic 2: Production of Flavors and Fragrances
- Esterification reactions are also used in the production of flavors and fragrances, such as vanillin and citronellol.
- These compounds can be synthesized by esterifying appropriate alcohols and aldehydes.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have learned about the basic principles of esterification reactions, including the reactants involved, the products formed, and the mechanisms behind these reactions. We have also explored the practical applications of esterification reactions in the field of organic chemistry, such as the synthesis of natural products and the production of flavors and fragrances. By understanding these concepts, we can apply them to solve problems involving esterification reactions.

Glossary:
- Ester: A chemical compound formed by the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid, with the general formula RCOOR'.
- Carboxylic acid: A compound containing a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydroxyl group (OH) and a hydrogen atom.
- Esterification: A chemical reaction in which an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid to form an ester and water.
- Mechanism: A step-by-step explanation of how a chemical reaction occurs.
- Enolate ion: A negatively charged intermediate formed when a carboxylic acid is deprotonated by a base.
- Tetrahedral intermediate: A short-lived, three-dimensional structure formed during a chemical reaction.


text: The Seaford Rail Extension provides a 5.7 kilometre extension of the dual track rail line from Noarlunga. Centre Railway Station to the Seaford District Centre in Adelaide.. The $291.2 million project will significantly improve public transport rail services for the community in the rapidly expanding southern suburbs and accommodate predicted growth in the area.. Major construction works commenced in early 2011, with the new line completed late 2013 in conjunction with the electrification of the Noarlunga line.. Portolesi Structural Group has been an integral part of the project, and our comprehensive experience working on large-scale construction projects has enabled us to provide critical concrete repair work that will enable the project to maintain its critical path.. Categories: Projects. Number of views (4367)

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Civil Engineering

### Section 1: What is Civil Engineering?
Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the built environment, including roads, bridges, buildings, airports, and water supply systems. It is one of the oldest engineering disciplines and plays a crucial role in modern society.

### Section 2: Why is Civil Engineering Important?
Civil engineering is essential because it helps to create and maintain the infrastructure that supports our daily lives. This includes transportation systems, water supply systems, and buildings that provide shelter and protection. Civil engineers also work to improve the environment by designing sustainable systems that reduce pollution and conserve resources.

### Section 3: How does Civil Engineering relate to other fields?
Civil engineering is closely related to other fields such as architecture, geology, and environmental science. Architects work with civil engineers to design buildings and other structures that are safe, functional, and aesthetically pleasing. Geologists help civil engineers understand the properties of soil and rock, which are critical when designing foundations and retaining walls. Environmental scientists work with civil engineers to minimize the impact of construction projects on the environment.

### Section 4: What are some examples of Civil Engineering projects?
Some examples of civil engineering projects include the construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams, and water treatment plants. Civil engineers also work on urban planning projects, such as designing parks and recreational facilities, and on disaster response efforts, such as rebuilding after earthquakes or hurricanes.

### Section 5: What skills do Civil Engineers need?
Civil engineers need strong math and science skills, as well as creativity and problem-solving abilities. They must be able to work with others, communicate effectively, and manage projects effectively. They also need to be familiar with computer-aided design (CAD) software and other tools used in the field.

### Glossary:
- Civil Engineering: A branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the built environment.
- Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structure and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
- Transportation Systems: Networks that move people and goods from one place to another.
- Water Supply Systems: Systems that provide water for human consumption and other uses.
- Environment: The surroundings in which people, animals, and plants live.
- Sustainability: The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

### Conclusion:
Civil engineering is a fascinating and rewarding field that plays a critical role in our daily lives. By studying civil engineering, you can learn how to design and build structures that are safe, functional, and sustainable. You can also contribute to the development of communities and the improvement of the environment. Whether you are interested in designing bridges, buildings, or water supply systems, there is a place for you in civil engineering.


text:
Trojan (astronomy)

The trojan points are those labelled L4 and L5, highlighted in red, on the orbital path of the secondary object (blue), around the primary object (yellow).

In astronomy, a trojan is a minor planet or moon that shares the orbit of a planet or larger moon, wherein the trojan remains in the same, stable position relative to the larger object. In particular, a trojan remains near one of the two trojan points of stability – designated L4 and L5 – which lie approximately 60° ahead of and behind the larger body, respectively. Trojan points are two of five types of Lagrangian points, and a trojan is a type of Lagrangian object.

They are one type of co-orbital object. In this arrangement, the massive star and the smaller planet orbit about their common barycenter. A much smaller mass located at one of the Lagrangian points is subject to a combined gravitational force that acts through this barycenter. Hence the object can orbit around the barycenter with the same orbital period as the planet, and the arrangement can remain stable over time.[1]

The Jupiter trojans account for most known trojans in the Solar System. They are divided into the Greek camp (L4) in front of and the Trojan camp (L5) trailing behind Jupiter in their orbit. More than 6,000 have been found so far and more than a million Jupiter trojans larger than one kilometer are thought to exist, whereas only a few Mars trojans (7) and Neptune trojans (13) have been found to date. Numerical calculations of the orbital dynamics involved indicate that Saturn and Uranus probably do not have any primordial trojans.[2] The discovery of the first Earth trojan, 2010 TK7, was announced by NASA in 2011.[3]

Unlike trojan minor planets that share the orbit with a planet, a trojan moon is a moon orbiting near the trojan point of another, larger moon. All known trojan moons are part of the Saturn system. Telesto and Calypso are trojans of Tethys, and Helene and Polydeuces of Dione. There is also a theoretical concept of a trojan planet, a planet that orbits at the trojan point of another, larger planet. Such a pair of co-orbital exoplanets was already thought to exist in another star system, but this claim was later retracted.[4]

The term "trojan" originally referred to the "trojan asteroids" (Jupiter trojans) that orbit close to the Lagrangian points of Jupiter. These have long been named after characters from the Trojan War of Greek mythology. By convention, the asteroids orbiting near the L4 point of Jupiter are named after the characters from the Greek side of the war, whereas those orbiting near the L5 of Jupiter are from the Trojan side. There are two exceptions, which were named before the convention was put in place, the Greek-themed 617 Patroclus and the Trojan-themed 624 Hektor, which were assigned to the wrong sides.[6]

Later on, objects were found orbiting near the Lagrangian points of Neptune, Mars, Earth,[8]Uranus, and Venus. Minor planets at the Lagrangian points of planets other than Jupiter may be called Lagrangian minor planets.[9]

Stability

Whether or not a system of star, planet, and trojan is stable depends on how large the perturbations are to which it is subject. If, for example, the planet is the mass of Earth, and there is also a Jupiter-mass object orbiting that star, the trojan's orbit would be much less stable than if the second planet had the mass of Pluto.

As a rule of thumb, the system is likely to be long-lived if m1 > 100×m2 > 10000×m3 (in which m1, m2, and m3 are the masses of the star, planet, and trojan).

More formally, in a three-body system with circular orbits, the stability condition is 27(m1m2 + m2m3 + m3m1) < (m1 + m2 + m3)2. So the trojan being a mote of dust, m3→0, imposes a lower bound on m1÷m2 of ½(25+3√69) ≈ 24.9599. And if the star were hyper-massive, m1→+∞, then under Newtonian gravity, the system is stable whatever the planet and trojan masses. And if m1÷m2 = m2÷m3, then both must exceed 13+2√42 ≈ 25.9615. But all this assumes a three-body system: once other bodies are introduced, even if distant and small, stability of the system requires larger ratios.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Trojans in Astronomy

## Chapter 1: What are Trojans in Astronomy?

In this chapter, we will learn about Trojans in astronomy. Trojans are minor planets or moons that share the orbit of a planet or larger moon. They remain in the same stable position relative to the larger object and are found at the Lagrangian points L4 and L5. These points are located approximately 60 degrees ahead of and behind the larger body, respectively.

## Chapter 2: Types of Trojans

There are two types of Trojans: prograde and retrograde. Prograde Trojans orbit in the same direction as the larger body, while retrograde Trojans orbit in the opposite direction. The most well-known Trojans are the Jupiter Trojans, which are found at the L4 and L5 points of the Jupiter's orbit.

## Chapter 3: Stability of Trojans

Trojans are stable because they occupy the Lagrangian points, which are regions of space where the gravitational forces of the two objects balance out. This means that the Trojan does not need to expend energy to maintain its position relative to the larger body. This stability makes Trojans ideal for space missions and exploration.

## Chapter 4: Examples of Trojans

One famous example of a Trojan is the asteroid 6144 Karma, which is a prograde Trojan of Jupiter. Another example is the Dione, a moon of Saturn that has its own Trojan moons.

## Chapter 5: Applications of Trojans

Trojans have many practical applications in astronomy. They can be used to study the composition of asteroids and other celestial bodies without the need for spacecraft to travel long distances. Additionally, Trojans can be used as waypoints for space missions, allowing spacecraft to conserve fuel and resources.

## Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about Trojans in astronomy, their stability, types, and applications. We also explored examples of Trojans and their uses in space exploration. By understanding the principles behind Trojans, we can apply this knowledge to future space missions and exploration.


text: To assist you in your traveling needs, these courteous travel agencies are there for you. From reconfirming your return flights (if you do plan to return, which is not true for some who have visited) to booking cruise tickets to finding accommodations to suit your taste and needs to arranging for tourist guides, they are ready to help you.. To assist you, you can request for a travel agent's assistance, through Bali Online. We will try to forward your request to reputable travel agencies in Denpasar.. [.Home.] [.Hotels.] [.Food.] [.Money.] [.Events.] [.Resources.] [.Jakarta.] [.Industry.]

textbook:
Lesson: How to Use Travel Agents

## Section 1: Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about the role of travel agents in the travel industry. We will explore the services they offer, the benefits of using them, and how to find a reputable travel agency.

## Section 2: What Do Travel Agents Do?
Travel agents are professionals who specialize in planning and arranging trips for individuals or groups. They work with clients to determine their travel needs and preferences, and then use their knowledge and resources to create a customized travel experience. Some of the services that travel agents offer include:

1. Flight reservations: Travel agents can help you find and book flights that meet your travel schedule and budget.
2. Accommodations: They can assist you in finding and booking hotels, resorts, or other types of lodging that fit your needs and preferences.
3. Tours and activities: Travel agents can arrange for guided tours, activities, and excursions to help you make the most of your trip.
4. Cruises: Many travel agents specialize in planning cruise vacations, including selecting the right cruise line, ship, and itinerary for your needs.
5. Insurance: Travel agents can help you purchase travel insurance to protect you against unexpected events such as flight delays or cancellations, medical emergencies, or lost luggage.
6. Visas and documents: They can assist you in obtaining the necessary visas and travel documents for your trip.
7. Transportation: Travel agents can arrange for transportation, such as rental cars, trains, or buses, to get you to and from your destination.

## Section 3: Benefits of Using Travel Agents
Using a travel agent has several advantages, including:

1. Time-saving: Travel agents do all the research and legwork for you, so you don't have to spend hours searching for information or comparing options.
2. Expertise: Travel agents are experts in the travel industry and can provide valuable advice and recommendations based on their knowledge and experience.
3. Personalized service: Travel agents work with you one-on-one to understand your needs and preferences, and then tailor your trip accordingly.
4. Peace of mind: Knowing that a professional is handling your travel arrangements can give you peace of mind and reduce stress.
5. Best prices: Travel agents have access to special deals and discounts that may not be available to the general public.

## Section 4: How to Find a Reputable Travel Agency
To find a reputable travel agency, you can follow these steps:

1. Research: Start by researching travel agencies online or in travel guides. Look for agencies that specialize in the type of trip you want to take (e.g., cruises, adventure travel, luxury vacations).
2. Check reviews: Look for reviews or testimonials from previous clients to get an idea of the agency's reputation and level of service.
3. Ask for recommendations: Ask friends, family members, or colleagues if they know of any reputable travel agencies.
4. Contact the agency: Once you have a list of potential agencies, contact them to ask about their services, fees, and experience in planning the type of trip you want to take.
5. Interview the agent: Schedule a consultation with the travel agent to discuss your needs and preferences. This will give you a chance to assess their expertise, communication style, and personality to see if they are a good fit for you.

## Section 5: Conclusion
In conclusion, travel agents can help you plan and arrange a wide range of travel-related services. By using a travel agent, you can save time, benefit from their expertise, and enjoy a more personalized and stress-free travel experience. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can find a reputable travel agency that meets your needs and preferences.


text: More than O's. Extend it.. Without question General Mills' Cheerios is one of the most successful cereal brands, and the company has recognized this. From the original toasted O's recipe, the brand now encompasses ten different varieties.. The latest is Oat Cluster Cheerios Crunch, a combination of multi-grain O's and oat clusters. Crunchie clusters are popular right now (e.g. Post's Honey Bunches of Oats) so General Mills is picking up on an important trend.. I'm not into reporting on every new cereal that crops up. Many are far from exciting or being noteworthy. What captures my attention with this new variety is the way that these new extensions may be gradually straying from the original concept. Perhaps it is good marketing strategy in the short-term, but over the long-term if General Mills continues to extend Cheerios even further the brand could easily become diluted and meaningless.. How far can they go?. Technorati Tags: cereal, General+Mills, Cheerios, marketing, breakfastbowl

textbook:
Lesson: Core Value - Brand Dilution
Introduction:
In the business world, brand dilution occurs when a company extends its brand to unrelated products or services, making the original brand less valuable. This lesson will teach you about the dangers of brand dilution and how to avoid it.
Section 1: What is Brand Dilution?
Brand dilution is the process of extending a brand to unrelated products or services, which can weaken the brand's value over time. It can occur when a company tries to appeal to a wider audience by adding new products or services to its portfolio, without considering the impact on the original brand.
Section 2: Why is Brand Dilution Bad?
Brand dilution is bad because it can damage the reputation of the original brand, making it less attractive to customers. When a company extends its brand to unrelated products or services, it can confuse customers and make them question the company's identity. This can lead to a decrease in sales and a decline in the brand's value.
Section 3: How Can You Avoid Brand Dilution?
To avoid brand dilution, companies should focus on their core values and stick to their strengths. They should only extend their brand to products or services that are closely related to their original offering. Additionally, companies should ensure that their new products or services are of high quality and align with their brand's values.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, brand dilution is a serious threat to any company's success. By staying true to their core values and avoiding unrelated product extensions, companies can protect their brand's reputation and maintain its value over time. Remember, it's better to be known for one thing well done than many things poorly executed.


text: Primary School Admission Deadline in Swansea. It is important that you get your application in for your child’s Primary school place on time or it could affect if they get a place or not. To make life easier we have all the information you need to know and the deadline for admission applications at Primary Schools in Swansea. The Deadline for Primary School Admission in Swansea. If your child was born between 1st September 2016 and 31st August 2017 then they could start school in September 2020 or January/April 2021. The deadline for applications is 29th November 2019.. How to Apply or Primary your application was on time you will be notified on the 16th April 2020 - For more information about what happens next and how to appeal Click Here

textbook:
Lesson: How to Apply for Primary School Admission in Swansea
Introduction: In this lesson, we will learn about the process of applying for primary school admission in Swansea, Wales. We will cover the deadline for applications, the eligibility criteria for starting school, and the steps involved in submitting an application. By the end of this lesson, you will have a clear understanding of how to apply for primary school admission in Swansea.
Section 1: Eligibility Criteria for Starting School
- Children who were born between 1st September 2016 and 31st August 2017 are eligible to start primary school in September 2020 or January/April 2021.
- Parents must apply for their child's primary school place by the deadline of 29th November 2019.
Questions and Answers:
Q: What is the eligibility criteria for starting primary school in Swansea?
A: Children who were born between 1st September 2016 and 31st August 2017 are eligible to start primary school in September 2020 or January/April 2021.
Section 2: Deadline for Primary School Admission Applications
- The deadline for applications is 29th November 2019.
- If the application is submitted after the deadline, it may affect whether the child gets a place at their preferred primary school.
Questions and Answers:
Q: What is the deadline for primary school admission applications in Swansea?
A: The deadline for applications is 29th November 2019.
Section 3: How to Apply for Primary School Admission in Swansea
- Visit the Swansea Council website to access the online application form.
- Fill out the form with the required information, including the child's name, date of birth, and address.
- Submit the application and wait for a confirmation email or letter.
- If the application is submitted on time, parents will be notified on 16th April 2020 about whether their child has been offered a place at their preferred primary school.
Questions and Answers:
Q: How do I apply for primary school admission in Swansea?
A: Visit the Swansea Council website to access the online application form. Fill out the form with the required information, including the child's name, date of birth, and address. Submit the application and wait for a confirmation email or letter. If the application is submitted on time, parents will be notified on 16th April 2020 about whether their child has been offered a place at their preferred primary school.
Conclusion: Applying for primary school admission in Swansea can be a stressful process, but by following the eligibility criteria and submitting the application on time, parents can increase their chances of securing a place at their preferred primary school. By understanding the steps involved in the application process, parents can feel more confident in their ability to navigate the admission system in Swansea.
Glossary:
- Admission: The process of accepting students into a school or program.
- Application: A request made to a school or organization for admission.
- Confirmation: The act of verifying or proving something to be true or correct.
- Deadline: A date or time after which something is no longer possible or allowed.