text: COMO, VILLA SOLA CABIATI - GRAND HOTEL TREMEZZO. Historic dwelling of the Dukes of Serbelloni since the mid-1700s, Villa Sola Cabiati is a true work of art that today offers the utmost in exclusive hospitality. Palatial rooms decorated with opulent stuccoes by the leading baroque artists of the day and furnished with collections of tapestries, paintings and ceramics of inestimable value carry guests back in time to a period of refinement that knew no bounds. The endless quest for beauty also extends to the gardens overlooking the lake, an oasis of relaxation among the colors and scents of countless varieties of rare plants and flowers. Selected to furnish this enchanting villa were pieces from the Flexform MOOD collection. The Valery sofa, designed by Roberto Lazzeroni, upholstered in a shimmering blue-grey velvet pairs impeccably with the graceful lines of the Ermione armchairs upholstered in a brilliant shade of ochre.. Courtesy Architectural Digest Middle East / Grand Hotel Tremezzo. Photo: Davide Lovatti

textbook:
Lesson: The Art of Hospitality

Introduction:
Hospitality is the act of welcoming and taking care of guests, making them feel comfortable and at home. It is an essential part of our society, and it is an art that requires skill, knowledge, and creativity. In this lesson, we will explore the art of hospitality and learn about the different aspects that make it a unique and valuable experience.

Section 1: The Importance of Hospitality

Topic: Why is hospitality important?

Question: What are some reasons why hospitality is important?
Answer: Hospitality is important because it helps us build relationships, create a positive image, and showcase our culture and values. It also helps us make a living and provide for our families.

Topic: The History of Hospitality

Question: How has hospitality evolved over time?
Answer: Hospitality has been a part of human culture for centuries. In ancient times, travelers would rely on the kindness of strangers for food, shelter, and protection. Today, hospitality has become a multi-billion dollar industry, with hotels, restaurants, and other businesses providing services to travelers from all over the world.

Section 2: The Art of Hospitality

Topic: What makes hospitality an art?

Question: What are some characteristics of an artist?
Answer: An artist is someone who creates something unique and beautiful. They use their imagination, skills, and talents to express themselves and share their vision with others. Similarly, a great host or hostess uses their creativity, attention to detail, and passion to create a memorable experience for their guests.

Topic: The Elements of Hospitality

Question: What are the elements that make up a great hospitality experience?
Answer: A great hospitality experience includes warm and friendly service, a comfortable and welcoming environment, delicious food and drinks, and thoughtful amenities. It also involves anticipating the needs of the guest and going above and beyond to make them feel special.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Topic: Creating a Welcoming Environment

Question: How can we create a welcoming environment for our guests?
Answer: There are many ways to create a welcoming environment for our guests. We can decorate our space with warm and inviting colors, textures, and furniture. We can also play soft music, offer a warm greeting, and provide comfortable lighting and temperature.

Topic: Providing Exceptional Service

Question: What is exceptional service, and how can we provide it?
Answer: Exceptional service is going above and beyond to meet the needs and expectations of our guests. We can provide exceptional service by being attentive, responsive, and proactive. We can also personalize our interactions with each guest and show genuine interest in their needs and preferences.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the art of hospitality requires skill, creativity, and passion. By understanding its importance, appreciating its history, and mastering its elements, we can create unforgettable experiences for our guests. Whether you are running a hotel, restaurant, or simply hosting a dinner party, the art of hospitality can help you create a warm and welcoming atmosphere that leaves a lasting impression.

Glossary:
- Hospitality: The act of welcoming and taking care of guests
- Culture: The customs, beliefs, and values of a particular group of people
- Values: Beliefs that guide our behavior and decisions
- Multi-billion dollar industry: An industry that generates billions of dollars in revenue
- Artist: Someone who creates something unique and beautiful
- Imagination: The ability to think of new ideas and possibilities
- Skills: Abilities and expertise that are learned through practice and experience
- Passion: A strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement for something
- Personalize: To tailor something to the individual needs and preferences of a person
- Proactive: Taking action before it is necessary or expected


text:
Laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation in focused ultrasound.
Acoustic cavitation can occur in therapeutic applications of high-amplitude focused ultrasound. Studying acoustic cavitation has been challenging, because the onset of nucleation is unpredictable. We hypothesized that acoustic cavitation can be forced to occur at a specific location using a laser to nucleate a microcavity in a pre-established ultrasound field. In this paper we describe a scientific instrument that is dedicated to this outcome, combining a focused ultrasound transducer with a pulsed laser. We present high-speed photographic observations of laser-induced cavitation and laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation, at frame rates of 0.5×10(6) frames per second, from laser pulses of energy above and below the optical breakdown threshold, respectively. Acoustic recordings demonstrated inertial cavitation can be controllably introduced to the ultrasound focus. This technique will contribute to the understanding of cavitation evolution in focused ultrasound including for potential therapeutic applications.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson Title: Laser-Nucleated Acoustic Cavitation in Focused Ultrasound

Introduction:
Acoustic cavitation is a phenomenon that occurs when gas bubbles form, grow, and collapse in an ultrasonic field. It has many applications in medicine, such as breaking up kidney stones and delivering drugs to target tissues. However, studying acoustic cavitation has been challenging because the onset of nucleation is unpredictable. In this lesson, we will learn about a new technique called "laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation" that uses a combination of lasers and ultrasound to control the formation of cavitation bubbles.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

1. What is acoustic cavitation?
Acoustic cavitation is a phenomenon that occurs when gas bubbles form, grow, and collapse in an ultrasonic field. This can cause the release of energy in the form of heat, sound, and light.

2. What is laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation?
Laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation is a technique that uses a combination of lasers and ultrasound to control the formation of cavitation bubbles. A laser is used to create a microcavity in a pre-established ultrasound field, which then causes the gas bubbles to form and collapse in a controlled manner.

3. Why is studying acoustic cavitation important?
Studying acoustic cavitation is important because it has many applications in medicine, such as breaking up kidney stones and delivering drugs to target tissues. Understanding how to control the formation of cavitation bubbles can lead to more effective treatments and technologies.

Section 2: Practical Examples

4. How does the laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation technique work?
The laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation technique works by using a focused ultrasound transducer and a pulsed laser. The laser is used to create a microcavity in a pre-established ultrasound field, which then causes the gas bubbles to form and collapse in a controlled manner.

5. What are some practical applications of laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation?
Some practical applications of laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation include breaking up kidney stones, delivering drugs to target tissues, and cleaning surfaces without damaging them.

Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

6. What are some advantages and disadvantages of using laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation compared to other methods of inducing cavitation?
Advantages of using laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation include the ability to control the formation of cavitation bubbles and the potential for more precise treatments. Disadvantages may include the need for specialized equipment and the possibility of causing damage to surrounding tissues if not used correctly.

7. How might advances in laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation technology impact the field of medicine?
Advances in laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation technology could lead to more effective treatments for conditions such as kidney stones and cancer. It may also enable the development of new medical devices and technologies that use controlled cavitation for therapeutic purposes.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the concept of acoustic cavitation and a new technique called laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation. We explored the theoretical concepts behind this technique and discussed practical examples of how it can be applied in medicine. Finally, we engaged in self-debating discussions to consider the advantages and disadvantages of this technology and its potential impact on the field of medicine.


text: Glint, a Redwood City, CA-based provider of a people success platform for organizations to increase employee engagement, develop their people, and improve business results, raised $20m in Series D funding.. Backers included existing investors Bessemer Venture Partners, Meritech Capital Partners, Norwest Venture Partners, and Shasta Ventures.. The company, which has raised a total of $80m in funding, intends to use the capital to scale operations, accelerate growth in Europe, and expand product development.. Founded in 2013 and led by Jim Barnett, CEO, Glint provides a people success platform that leverages real-time people data to enable global organizations to increase employee engagement, develop their people, and improve results.. Customers include brands like Intuit, United Technologies, Pure Storage, United Airlines, Intuit, LinkedIn, Rio Tinto, and Sky Media (Europe), among others.. FinSMEs. 02/11/2017

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Business News

Introduction:
Business news is an essential source of information for anyone interested in understanding the world of commerce, finance, and economics. However, for many people, reading business news can be daunting due to the jargon, technical terms, and complex financial concepts used. In this lesson, we will teach you how to read and understand business news effectively.

Section 1: Understanding Business News

Topic 1: What is Business News?
Business news refers to the reporting and analysis of events, trends, and issues related to the business sector. This includes news about companies, industries, markets, and the economy as a whole. Business news is reported by various media outlets such as newspapers, magazines, television channels, and online platforms.

Topic 2: Types of Business News
There are several types of business news, including:
- Company News: This type of news focuses on the activities of individual companies, such as mergers and acquisitions, product launches, and financial performance.
- Industry News: This type of news covers developments within specific industries, such as technology, healthcare, and finance.
- Market News: This type of news covers the performance of stock markets, commodity markets, and other financial markets.
- Economic News: This type of news covers macroeconomic trends and indicators, such as GDP, inflation, and unemployment rates.

Topic 3: Reading Business News
To read and understand business news effectively, you need to develop certain skills, including:
- Reading between the lines: Business news often contains hints, suggestions, and implications that are not explicitly stated. You need to learn to read between the lines to understand the full meaning of the news.
- Understanding jargon: Business news often uses technical terms and jargon that may be unfamiliar to non-experts. It is essential to familiarize yourself with these terms to understand the news fully.
- Analyzing data: Business news often includes data and statistics that you need to analyze to understand the story fully. You need to be able to read charts, graphs, and tables to interpret the data correctly.

Section 2: Practice Questions

Question 1: What is the difference between company news and industry news?
Answer: Company news focuses on the activities of individual companies, while industry news covers developments within specific industries.

Question 2: How do you read between the lines when reading business news?
Answer: To read between the lines, you need to look for hints, suggestions, and implications that are not explicitly stated in the news. You also need to consider the context and the source of the news.

Question 3: How do you understand technical terms used in business news?
Answer: To understand technical terms, you need to familiarize yourself with the jargon used in the business sector. You can use online resources or consult experts to help you understand these terms.

Section 3: Real-World Examples

Example 1: Apple Inc. announced that it had acquired Beats Electronics, a company that produces headphones and speakers, for $3 billion. This news would be classified as company news since it involves a merger and acquisition involving a specific company.

Example 2: The Federal Reserve Bank of the United States announced that it was raising interest rates for the first time in over a decade. This news would be classified as economic news since it involves a macroeconomic trend.

Example 3: Tesla Inc., an electric car manufacturer, announced that it had surpassed Ford Motor Co. in market value, making it the second-most valuable automaker in the world. This news would be classified as company news since it involves a specific company and its financial performance.

Conclusion:
Understanding business news is essential for anyone interested in the world of commerce, finance, and economics. By developing the skills needed to read between the lines, understand technical terms, and analyze data, you can effectively read and understand business news. Applying these skills to real-world examples will help you understand how business news affects the world around us.


text:
Calennig

Calennig  is a Welsh word meaning "New Year celebration/gift", although it literally translates to "the first day of the month", deriving from the Latin word kalends. The English word "Calendar" also has its root in this word.

Celebrations in Cardiff
The capital of Wales, Cardiff, holds Calennig celebrations at the Cardiff Civic Centre to welcome in the New Year, including free live music, fairground rides, a midnight fireworks display and an opportunity to ice-skate into the new year at Cardiff's Winter Wonderland.

Gift giving
The tradition of giving gifts and money on New Year's Day is an ancient custom that survives even in modern-day Wales, though nowadays it is customary to give bread and cheese.

Many people give gifts on New Year's morning, with children having skewered apples stuck with raisins and fruit. In some parts of Wales, people must visit all their relatives by midday to collect their Calennig, and celebrations and traditions can vary from area to area. In Stations of the Sun, Ronald Hutton gives the following example of Calennig rhyme from 1950s Aberystwyth,

Dydd calan yw hi heddiw,
Rwy'n dyfod ar eich traws
I 'mofyn am y geiniog,
Neu grwst, a bara a chaws.
O dewch i'r drws yn siriol
Heb newid dim o'ch gwedd;
Cyn daw dydd calan eto
Bydd llawer yn y bedd.
("Today is the start of the new year, and I have come to you to ask for coins, or a crust, and bread and cheese. O come to the door cheerfully without changing your appearance; Before the next arrival of the new year many will be dead.")

Ronald Hutton also notes that in the south-east of Wales and in the Forest of Dean area, the skewered apple itself was known as the Calennig, and in its most elaborate form consisted of "an apple or orange, resting on three sticks like a tripod, smeared with flour, stuck with nuts, oats or wheat, topped with thyme or another fragrant herb and held by a skewer."

Similarly, Fred Hando in his 1944 book "The Pleasant Land of Gwent", reproduces an illustration of a Calennig seen at Devauden and quotes his friend Arthur Machen:
When I was a boy in Caerleon-on-Usk, the town children got the biggest and bravest and gayest apple they could find in the loft, deep in the dry bracken. They put bits of gold leaf upon it. They stuck raisins into it. They inserted into the apple little sprigs of box, and they delicately slit the ends of hazel-nuts, and so worked that the nuts appeared to grow from the ends of the holly leaves ... At last, three bits of stick were fixed into the base of the apple tripod-wise; and so it borne round from house to house; and the children got cakes and sweets, and-those were wild days, remember-small cups of ale.
Machen traces the Calennig to the Roman Saturnalia and suggests that the custom was brought to Caerleon by the Romans.

References

Category:New Year celebrations
Category:Holidays in Wales

textbook:
Lesson: Welsh New Year Celebrations (Calennig)

**Introduction**
Welsh New Year celebrations, also known as Calennig, are a unique and fascinating cultural event that takes place on January 1st. This lesson will explore the history, traditions, and customs surrounding Calennig, including gift giving, music, and food.

**Section 1: History and Traditions**
Calennig is derived from the Latin word "kalends," which means "the first day of the month." The word "calendar" also comes from this root. The Welsh New Year celebration has been observed for centuries and continues to be an important part of Welsh culture.

One of the most significant traditions associated with Calennig is gift giving. People exchange gifts such as bread and cheese or other food items. In some areas, children receive skewered apples with raisins and other fruits. It is also customary to visit all relatives by midday to collect their Calennig gifts.

Another tradition involves the consumption of certain foods. For example, eating a piece of bread and cheese on New Year's Day is said to bring good luck.

**Section 2: Music and Entertainment**
Music plays a significant role in Welsh New Year celebrations. Live music is performed at the Cardiff Civic Centre, where visitors can enjoy fairground rides, a midnight fireworks display, and ice-skating at Cardiff's Winter Wonderland.

**Section 3: Food**
Food is an essential part of Calennig celebrations. In addition to exchanging gifts, people often prepare special meals to share with family and friends. Some traditional dishes include Welsh cakes, black pudding, and laverbread.

**Conclusion**
Calennig is a unique and fascinating cultural event that celebrates the beginning of the new year in Wales. Through gift giving, music, and food, people come together to honor their heritage and create lasting memories. By learning about Calennig, we can better understand and appreciate the rich traditions of Welsh culture.

**Glossary**
- **Calennig**: Welsh New Year celebration
- **Kalends**: Latin word meaning "the first day of the month"
- **Gift giving**: Exchange of gifts on New Year's Day
- **Bread and cheese**: Traditional gift given on Calennig
- **Skewered apples**: Gift given by children on Calennig
- **Cardiff Civic Centre**: Location of live music and entertainment during Calennig celebrations
- **Winter Wonderland**: Ice-skating rink at Cardiff's Winter Wonderland
- **Welsh cakes**: Traditional Welsh dessert
- **Black pudding**: Type of sausage commonly consumed in Wales
- **Laverbread**: Seaweed-based delicacy from Wales

**Self-Debate Discussion**
Why do you think gift giving is an important part of Calennig celebrations? What does it say about the importance of community and togetherness in Welsh culture?


text: The Boy From Space – Dont Call Me Sir. Details. Directly above is The Boy From Space's most up to date alternative music video Dont Call Me Sir . Here's what The Boy From Space had to say when we asked:. Where did you get your inspiration for this video?. "Producer and band". More Details.. Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in material above are that of the artist mentioned and do not necessarily reflect the views of A/V Revolution. If you would like to submit a video to us click here

textbook:
Lesson: How to Analyze a Music Video

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to analyze a music video by breaking it down into its different components. We will use "Dont Call Me Sir" by The Boy From Space as an example.

Section 1: Understanding the Video
- What is the theme or message of the video?
- Who are the characters in the video?
- What is the setting of the video?
- How does the video convey the mood or emotion of the song?

Questions:
- What is the meaning behind the title "Dont Call Me Sir"?
- Who is the target audience for this video?
- What is the relationship between the characters in the video?
- How does the color scheme of the video affect the mood?

Section 2: Analyzing the Visual Elements
- What are the visual techniques used in the video?
- How does the camera work contribute to the overall effect of the video?
- What role do the costumes and props play in the video?

Questions:
- How does the use of slow motion affect the impact of the video?
- What is the significance of the red color in the video?
- How does the choreography of the dance scenes contribute to the message of the video?

Section 3: Evaluating the Audio Elements
- How does the music complement or contrast with the visual elements?
- What is the role of the lyrics in the video?
- How does the editing of the video affect the flow of the song?

Questions:
- What is the significance of the guitar riff in the chorus?
- How do the lyrics relate to the theme of the video?
- Does the video have a satisfying resolution or does it leave viewers with questions?

Glossary:
- Theme: The main idea or message of a piece of media.
- Mood: The emotional tone or atmosphere created by a piece of media.
- Visual Techniques: The various methods used to create visual interest, such as camera angles, lighting, and composition.
- Choreography: The art of creating dances for performance.

Conclusion:
By analyzing the different components of a music video, we can gain a deeper understanding of the artist's vision and intent. This skill can be applied to other forms of media, such as movies or commercials, to enhance our appreciation and analysis of visual storytelling.


text: Crossroads of Ideas. UW experts on current events. This public lecture series, held at 7 p.m. on the first Tuesday of most months,.. Alfons. o Morales, associate professor of urban and regional planning and of civil society and community studies at UW–Madison, will talk about the impacts of street markets. Morales is a researcher, advocate and practitioner/consultant on food systems and public markets, particularly food distribution modalities and urban food production and the many economic and non-economic benefits of these practices.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Impacts of Street Markets

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the impacts of street markets. We will explore the economic and non-economic benefits of these practices, as well as their role in food distribution and urban food production.

Section 1: What are Street Markets?
Street markets are places where vendors sell goods and services directly to consumers on the street or in a public space. They are an important part of many cities' cultures and economies, providing affordable and diverse food options, as well as creating opportunities for small businesses to thrive.

Section 2: Economic Benefits of Street Markets
One of the most significant economic benefits of street markets is that they provide low-cost entry points for entrepreneurs who may not have the capital to open a traditional brick-and-mortar storefront. This can lead to increased competition and innovation in the marketplace, which ultimately benefits consumers. Additionally, street markets generate tax revenue for local governments and create jobs for vendors and other workers involved in the market ecosystem.

Section 3: Non-Economic Benefits of Street Markets
Street markets also provide numerous non-economic benefits. For example, they can help foster social cohesion by bringing people from different backgrounds together in shared public spaces. They can also contribute to urban revitalization by activating underutilized or blighted areas and creating a sense of place and community identity. Finally, street markets can promote environmental sustainability by reducing the carbon footprint associated with transporting food from farms to stores.

Section 4: Role in Food Distribution and Urban Food Production
Street markets play an important role in food distribution modalities. They provide an alternative channel for food distribution, particularly for small-scale producers who may not have access to traditional wholesale or retail markets. Additionally, street markets can help increase access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food options in neighborhoods that may not have many grocery stores or other sources of nutritious food.

Conclusion:
In summary, street markets offer numerous economic and non-economic benefits, including affordable and diverse food options, entrepreneurial opportunities, social cohesion, urban revitalization, and environmental sustainability. By understanding these impacts, we can appreciate the importance of preserving and supporting street markets in our communities.

Glossary:
- Entrepreneur: someone who creates a new business venture
- Marketplace: a place where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods or services
- Brick-and-mortar: a physical, as opposed to online, retail store
- Tax revenue: money collected by the government from citizens and businesses to fund public services
- Jobs: positions that offer employment and compensation
- Social cohesion: a sense of unity and togetherness among members of a community
- Blighted: characterized by decay or neglect
- Place: a particular location or area
- Community identity: a shared sense of belonging and purpose among members of a community
- Carbon footprint: the total amount of greenhouse gases produced by human activities, such as driving cars or eating meat.


text: When billing a client for a Membership, Package, or Rental and you click on Add to cart, it gives you the option to either Invoice Now or Invoice Later. Invoice Later is an option where you can leave the items that you are currently billing for in a shopping cart. In the shopping cart (which is located in the top right of the screen "ALL" and/or "MY") you will be able to choose specific items to appear all on one invoice together. Also, you can combine multiple clients invoice to charge one client for everything if needed.. Why would I Invoice later?. Have more questions? Submit a request

textbook:
Lesson: Invoicing in Business

## Section 1: Introduction
In business, invoicing is the process of creating a bill for a customer for goods or services provided. It is an essential part of accounting and helps businesses to keep track of their revenue and expenses. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of invoices, when to use them, and how to create an effective invoice.

## Section 2: Types of Invoices
There are different types of invoices that businesses can use, depending on the type of goods or services they provide. The three most common types of invoices are:

1. Fixed Price Invoice: This type of invoice is used when the price of the goods or services is fixed and does not change. For example, if you sell a product for $100, you would use a fixed price invoice.

2. Time and Materials Invoice: This type of invoice is used when the price of the goods or services depends on the time and materials used. For example, if you provide a service that takes 10 hours to complete and costs $50 per hour, you would use a time and materials invoice.

3. Progress Invoice: This type of invoice is used when the price of the goods or services is based on the progress made towards completing the project. For example, if you are building a house and you bill the customer based on the percentage of completion, you would use a progress invoice.

## Section 3: When to Use Invoice Later
The "Invoice Later" option is useful when you want to delay billing the customer until a later date. This could be because you are still working on the project and have not yet completed the work, or because you want to give the customer more time to pay.

## Section 4: Creating an Effective Invoice
To create an effective invoice, you need to make sure that it includes all the necessary information. Here are some tips:

1. Use clear and concise language.
2. Include the date of the invoice.
3. Identify the goods or services provided.
4. Show the amount due.
5. Include the payment due date.
6. Provide contact information for the business.
7. Include any terms and conditions.

## Section 5: Conclusion
Invoicing is an important part of running a business. By understanding the different types of invoices and when to use them, you can create effective invoices that help you to get paid on time. Remember to always include all the necessary information and use clear and concise language.


text: Chord Changes to "Billie's Bounce" - submitted by bgp Username: Password: ChangesChord changes to various jazz standards, and other tunes, without analysis.(Use the Search at the top of the page to find tunes site-wide.) Billie's Bounce More Information Home About FJI Departments Linear Jazz Improvisation Transcriptions Theory & Analysis Changes Originals Discussions Private Instruction Resources Ear Training AAJ Orchestra Work In Progress Archive Concerts Summer 2010 Summer 2009 bgp catawboy@gmail.com Billie's Bouncesubmitted: 2007/08/19 14:37:17revised:2007/08/19 14:40:07 It appears that you do not have a plug-in to view PDFs. click here to display PDF in a new window It appears that you do not have a plug-in to view PDFs. click here to display PDF in a new window Billie's Bounce Charlie Parker Real Book 2 Colorado Cookbook Log in to Post or Reply bgp 20131026

textbook:
Lesson Title: Chord Changes to "Billie's Bounce"

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about chord changes to "Billie's Bounce," a famous jazz standard composed by Charlie Parker. We will analyze the song's structure, chord progression, and how it has influenced other jazz compositions.

Section 1: Analyzing the Song Structure

**Topic 1: Chord Progression**
The chord progression for "Billie's Bounce" is AABA, which means that the song has four chords: A7, D7, G7, and E7. These chords are played in a specific order, creating a unique sound that characterizes the song.

**Topic 2: Song Structure**
The song structure of "Billie's Bounce" consists of two parts: the head (melody) and the solos (improvisation). The head is usually played at the beginning of the song and consists of eight bars of 4/4 time. After the head, the musicians take turns playing solos over the chord progression.

**Topic 3: Influence on Other Jazz Compositions**
"Billie's Bounce" has had a significant impact on the development of bebop jazz. Many jazz compositions from this era use the same chord progression as "Billie's Bounce." This shows how influential this song was in shaping the sound of bebop jazz.

Questions and Answers:
1. What is the chord progression for "Billie's Bounce"?
- The chord progression for "Billie's Bounce" is AABA, consisting of A7, D7, G7, and E7.

2. What is the song structure of "Billie's Bounce"?
- The song structure of "Billie's Bounce" consists of two parts: the head (melody) and the solos (improvisation).

3. How has "Billie's Bounce" influenced other jazz compositions?
- "Billie's Bounce" has had a significant impact on the development of bebop jazz. Many jazz compositions from this era use the same chord progression as "Billie's Bounce."

Glossary:
- AABA: A song structure consisting of four chords played in a specific order.
- Bebop: A style of jazz music developed in the 1940s characterized by fast tempos, complex harmonies, and improvisation.
- Chord progression: A series of chords played in a specific order to create a melody or harmony.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the chord changes to "Billie's Bounce," analyzed the song's structure, and discussed its influence on other jazz compositions. Understanding these concepts can help us appreciate the complexity and beauty of jazz music.


text:
EXECUTIVE TRACI BLACKWELL PROMOTED TO VICE PRESIDENT, CURRENT PROGRAMMING AT THE CW

Blackwell Tapped To Oversee New Dramas Vampire Diaries and Life Unexpected, Continues Work on Hit Series 90210

The CW network’s Traci Blackwell has been promoted to Vice President of Current Programming. Blackwell is responsible for day-to-day production of some of the network’s top primetime shows, including 90210, One Tree Hilland the upcoming Vampire Diaries.Photo credit: Malcolm Ali

The University of Southern California African American Cinema Society hosted an on-campus panel discussion about writing and directing for television, featuring several of the most successful African American producers, directors and executives working in the industry today. Pictured left to right: Codie Brooks, USCAACS; Seith Mann, director (Heroes, Entourage, Grey’s Anatomy); Mara Brock Akil, executive producer (The Game, Girlfriends); Salim Akil, writer/director/executive producer (Soul Food, The Game); and Traci Blackwell, VP, Current Programming, The CW (90210, One Tree Hill, Vampire Diaries).Photo Credit: Courtesy of FrontPage Communications

Los Angeles, CA (BlackNews.com) – Television executive Traci Lynn Blackwell has been promoted to Vice President of Current Programs at The CW network. Blackwell’s appointment comes on the heels of her success overseeing some of The CW’s highest-rated shows, including breakout hit drama 90210, One Tree Hill and Supernatural. The network recently announced a new slate of shows including the highly-anticipated dramasVampire Diaries and Life Unexpected, which Traci will also add to her roster of popular primetime shows.

In her new role, Blackwell continues to act as the network liaison overseeing day-to-day production for scripted programs 90210, One Tree Hill, Supernatural, Vampire Diaries and Life Unexpected, reporting to Executive Vice President Michael Roberts. She is responsible for identifying writers, directors and significant creative personnel, as well as managing creative on stories, scripts and cuts, among other duties.

Blackwell’s 10-year track record of success at the network also includes shepherding comedies Everybody Hates Chris and The Game; award-winning series Girlfriends, which ended its run after 8 seasons; Eve, starring the Grammy Award-winning hip-hop sensation; and Half and Half, which now appear in syndication.

Traci cultivated her expertise in network TV programming working for UPN. During her stint there, Blackwell worked on the production of several sitcoms, such as The Parkers and Moesha. Traci began her career at UPN as assistant to then-President of Entertainment Tom Nunan, who served as a mentor and encouraged her aspiration to become a current programming executive.

Prior to UPN, Blackwell worked as an assistant to director/producer and former BET President of Programming Reginald Hudlin. She assisted him on projects including “The Great White Hype” and “Cosmic Slop.”

Traci is a native of Silver Spring, Maryland and earned a bachelor’s degree in English from Spelman College in Atlanta, GA.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Television Production

## Chapter 1: Overview of Television Production

In this lesson, we will learn about the process of television production. We will cover the roles and responsibilities of different professionals involved in creating a TV show, the stages of development, and the steps involved in bringing a program from concept to air.

1. Who are the people involved in creating a TV show?
- Showrunners: They oversee the entire creative process of a TV show, from writing the script to hiring the cast and crew.
- Writers: They create the scripts for each episode.
- Directors: They are responsible for visualizing the story and guiding the actors during filming.
- Producers: They manage the budget, schedule, and overall production of the show.
- Network executives: They decide whether to greenlight a pilot or pick up a series for production.

2. What are the stages of development for a TV show?
- Pitching the idea to networks
- Writing the pilot script
- Casting the show
- Filming the pilot episode
- Network decision to pick up the show or not

3. What happens after a show is picked up?
- The show goes into production, which involves filming episodes, editing them together, and adding music and special effects.
- The show is aired on television.
- Ratings are measured to determine if the show will continue or be canceled.

4. What are the different types of TV shows?
- Drama: A fictional story with characters and conflicts.
- Comedy: A show that makes people laugh by portraying humorous situations or characters.
- Reality: A show that features real people and events, often with a competition or game element.
- News: A program that provides updates on current events and issues.

5. What are the steps involved in bringing a program to air?
- Developing the concept
- Writing the pilot script
- Casting the show
- Filming the pilot episode
- Network decision to pick up the show or not
- Production of subsequent episodes
- Airing the show on television

Conclusion: Understanding the process of television production is essential for anyone interested in working in the industry. By learning about the roles and responsibilities of different professionals, the stages of development, and the steps involved in bringing a program to air, you can gain a comprehensive understanding of how TV shows are created. This knowledge can help you make informed decisions about your own creative projects and better understand the industry as a whole.

Glossary:
- Showrunner: A person who oversees the creation and production of a TV show
- Pilot: The first episode of a TV show, used to sell the concept to a network
- Network: A company that produces and distributes TV programming
- Greenlight: To approve a project for production
- Pick up: To officially order a pilot to be produced as a series
- Production: The process of making a TV show, including filming, editing, and adding special effects
- Ratings: Measurements of how many people are watching a TV show
- Genre: A category of entertainment, such as drama, comedy, reality, or news.


text:
Q:

Wix !(bind.AssemblyFullName.fileId) only works on GACed assemblies?

Woe, woe and thrice woe. Why does Wix make installing .NET assemblies SOOOOOO difficult!
I'm installing a COM Inprocess Server which is implemented in .NET, in my Wix install I need to create the registry entries for it. I don't WANT to do this, I'd rather Wix had an equivalent of RegAsm, but they make me do this manually. I got tired of getting flamed for suggesting this was a tad arcane, so I gave up and tried to do it the declarative way, like a good boy. So, here's what my registry stuff looks like now:
<File Id="filDriverAssembly" Source="$(var.TiGra.Astronomy.AWRDriveSystem.TargetPath)" KeyPath="yes" Vital="yes" Assembly=".net">
  <!--<Class Context="InprocServer32" Description="$(var.InstallName)" Id ="$(var.DriverGuid)" ThreadingModel ="both" >
    <ProgId Description="$(var.InstallName)" Id ="$(var.DriverId)" />
  </Class>-->
</File>
<RegistryKey Root="HKCR" Key="$(var.DriverId)"  Action="createAndRemoveOnUninstall">
  <RegistryValue Type="string" Value="$(var.DriverTypeName)"/>
  <RegistryKey Key="CLSID">
    <RegistryValue Type="string" Value="$(var.DriverGuid)" />
    <RegistryKey Key="$(var.DriverGuid)">
      <RegistryValue Type="string" Value="$(var.DriverTypeName)"/>
      <RegistryKey Key="InprocServer32">
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Value="mscoree.dll" />
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="ThreadingModel" Value="Both"/>
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="Class" Value="$(var.DriverTypeName)"/>
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="Assembly" Value="!(bind.AssemblyFullName.filDriverAssembly)"/>
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="RuntimeVersion" Value="2.0.50727"/>
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="CodeBase" Value="file:///[#filDriverAssembly]" />
        <RegistryKey Key="!(bind.fileVersion.filDriverAssembly)" >
          <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="Class" Value="$(var.DriverTypeName)"/>
          <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="Assembly" Value="!(bind.AssemblyFullName.filDriverAssembly)"/>
          <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="RuntimeVersion" Value="2.0.50727"/>
          <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="CodeBase" Value="file:///[#filDriverAssembly]" />
        </RegistryKey>
      </RegistryKey>
      <RegistryKey Key="ProgId">
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Value="$(var.DriverId)" />
      </RegistryKey>
      <RegistryKey Key="Implemented Categories">
        <RegistryKey Key="{62C8FE65-4EBB-45e7-B440-6E39B2CDBF29}" />
      </RegistryKey>
    </RegistryKey>
  </RegistryKey>
</RegistryKey>
<!-- Wow6432Node for x86 compatibility, installed only on x64 systems -->
<!-- HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Classes\Wow6432Node -->
<?if $(var.Win64) = "yes" ?>
<RegistryKey Root="HKCR" Key="Wow6432Node" Action="createAndRemoveOnUninstall">
  <RegistryKey Key="CLSID">
    <RegistryValue Type="string" Value="$(var.DriverGuid)" />
    <RegistryKey Key="$(var.DriverGuid)">
      <RegistryValue Type="string" Value="$(var.DriverTypeName)"/>
      <RegistryKey Key="InprocServer32">
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Value="mscoree.dll" />
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="ThreadingModel" Value="Both"/>
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="Class" Value="$(var.DriverTypeName)"/>
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="Assembly" Value="!(bind.AssemblyFullName.filDriverAssembly)"/>
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="RuntimeVersion" Value="2.0.50727"/>
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="CodeBase" Value="file:///[#filDriverAssembly]" />
        <RegistryKey Key="!(bind.assemblyVersion.filDriverAssembly)" >
          <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="Class" Value="$(var.DriverTypeName)"/>
          <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="Assembly" Value="!(bind.AssemblyFullName.filDriverAssembly)"/>
          <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="RuntimeVersion" Value="2.0.50727"/>
          <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="CodeBase" Value="file:///[#filDriverAssembly]" />
        </RegistryKey>
      </RegistryKey>
      <RegistryKey Key="ProgId">
        <RegistryValue Type="string" Value="$(var.DriverId)" />
      </RegistryKey>
      <RegistryKey Key="Implemented Categories">
        <RegistryKey Key="{62C8FE65-4EBB-45e7-B440-6E39B2CDBF29}" />
      </RegistryKey>
    </RegistryKey>
  </RegistryKey>
</RegistryKey>
<?endif ?>

RegAsm is for wimps, eh? Anyway, notice that I need to get the assembly full name to create some of the registry keys. I'm using binder variables, specifically, Value="!(bind.AssemblyFullName.filDriverAssembly)".
This however, does not work unless I add the attribute Assembly=".net" to the file entry. If I don't add that attribute, or if I use Assembly="no", then I get

Error 2   Unresolved bind-time variable
  !(bind.AssemblyFullName.filDriverAssembly).

When I add Assembly=".net" to the file item, then the binder variables work just fine, but Wix puts my assembly into the Global Assembly Cache, which is NOT what I want! Oh, man.
Is it not possible to query an assembly's full name in a Wix project if its not going into the GAC? Why do these two things depend on each other?

A:

Unless a file is marked as an assembly, it's just like any other file; WiX has no idea it might have assembly attributes. Check out the AssemblyApplication attribute: You can set it to an appropriate file and set @Assembly=".net" without telling MSI the file goes into the GAC.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to InstallShield and Wix

Overview:
In this lesson, we will learn about two popular software installation tools: InstallShield and Wix. We will explore their features, benefits, and limitations. We will also learn how to use these tools to create custom installers for our applications.

Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Understand the basics of software installation and customization.
2. Identify the differences between InstallShield and Wix.
3. Create a basic installer using Wix.
4. Troubleshoot common issues when creating installers.

Prerequisites:
To follow along with this lesson, you will need a basic understanding of Windows programming and the ability to write simple scripts in a programming language such as C# or Visual Basic.

Section 1: Introduction to InstallShield and Wix
InstallShield and Wix are two popular tools used for creating custom installers for software applications. An installer is a program that allows users to install and uninstall software on their computers.

InstallShield has been around for many years and is a powerful tool for creating complex installers. It is widely used in the software industry and offers a wide range of features for creating custom installers.

Wix, on the other hand, is a newer tool that was created to address some of the limitations of InstallShield. It is an open-source tool that is free to use and offers many of the same features as InstallShield.

Section 2: Creating a Basic Installer Using Wix
To create a basic installer using Wix, we will first need to download and install the Wix toolset. Once we have installed the toolset, we can create a new Wix project by running the "wix.bat" file and selecting "Create a new Wix project".

Next, we will add the necessary components to our installer. For example, we may want to add a directory to the "ProgramFiles" folder or create a registry entry. To do this, we will use the Wix XML language to define the structure of our installer.

Once we have defined our installer, we can compile it using the "wix.bat" file and the "build" command. This will create an MSI file that we can then distribute to our users.

Section 3: Troubleshooting Common Issues
One common issue when creating installers is that the installer may not run properly on all versions of Windows. To troubleshoot this issue, we can use the Wix Toolset to test our installer on different versions of Windows.

Another issue that we may encounter is that our installer may not properly uninstall our application. To troubleshoot this issue, we can use the Wix Toolset to test our uninstaller and ensure that all files and registry entries are properly removed.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the basics of software installation and customization. We also learned about the differences between InstallShield and Wix and how to create a basic installer using Wix. Finally, we explored some common issues that arise when creating installers and how to troubleshoot them.

Glossary:
- Installer: A program that allows users to install and uninstall software on their computers.
- Custom installer: An installer that is tailored to the specific needs of an application.
- Wix: An open-source tool for creating custom installers.
- InstallShield: A powerful tool for creating complex installers.
- MSI file: A file format used by Windows Installer to install and uninstall software.
- Wix XML language: A language used to define the structure of a Wix installer.
- ProgramFiles folder: A folder on Windows systems where most installed applications are located.
- Registry entry: A database used by Windows to store configuration settings and other information.

Glossary:
- Installer: A program that allows users to install and uninstall software on their computers.
- Custom installer: An installer that is tailored to the specific needs of an application.
- Wix: An open-source tool for creating custom installers.
- InstallShield: A powerful tool for creating complex installers.
- MSI file: A file format used by Windows Installer to install and uninstall software.
- Wix XML language: A language used to define the structure of a Wix installer.
- ProgramFiles folder: A folder on Windows systems where most installed applications are located.
- Registry entry: A database used by Windows to store configuration settings and other information.


text:
De novo drug design: integration of structure-based and ligand-based methods.
Structure-based and ligand-based methods are used to derive predictive models in de novo drug design. Structure-based methods rely exclusively on prior knowledge of a protein structure to derive novel ligands, while ligand-based methods are traditionally used when no protein structure is available. Where there is sufficient information, these methods can be used in conjunction to increase the accuracy of simulation and enhance the drug design process. This review presents developments in the integration of these methods for de novo drug design, and recent results from both systems are highlighted.

textbook:
**Lesson: Introduction to De Novo Drug Design**

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

**De Novo Drug Design:** De novo drug design is the process of discovering and designing new drugs from scratch. It involves the use of computer simulations, molecular modeling, and other computational techniques to create new molecules that can interact with specific biological targets, such as proteins or enzymes.

**Structure-Based Methods:** Structure-based methods are a type of de novo drug design that rely exclusively on prior knowledge of a protein structure to derive novel ligands. These methods use information about the three-dimensional structure of a protein to guide the design of new molecules that can bind to its active site.

**Ligand-Based Methods:** Ligand-based methods are another type of de novo drug design that are traditionally used when no protein structure is available. These methods use information about the chemical properties of known ligands (molecules that bind to a protein) to derive new molecules that can also bind to the protein's active site.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

**Example 1:** Suppose we want to design a new drug that can inhibit an enzyme responsible for a certain disease. We know the structure of the enzyme's active site and have information about the chemical properties of some known inhibitors. Using ligand-based methods, we can use this information to design a new molecule that has similar properties to the known inhibitors and can potentially bind to the enzyme's active site.

**Example 2:** In another scenario, we may not have any information about the structure of the protein or the properties of its active site. In this case, we can use structure-based methods to predict the shape and size of the protein's active site and design a new molecule that can fit into it.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

**Debate 1:** Should we use structure-based or ligand-based methods for de novo drug design?

Argument for structure-based methods: These methods can provide more accurate information about the three-dimensional structure of a protein's active site, which can lead to more effective drug design.

Argument for ligand-based methods: These methods can be used when no protein structure is available, and they can also provide information about the chemical properties of potential drug candidates.

Conclusion: Both structure-based and ligand-based methods have their advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method depends on the specific problem at hand. In many cases, it is best to use a combination of both methods to increase the accuracy of simulation and enhance the drug design process.

**Debate 2:** How important is computational chemistry in de novo drug design?

Argument for computational chemistry: Computational chemistry can provide valuable insights into the interactions between drug candidates and their target proteins, which can help guide the design of more effective drugs.

Argument against computational chemistry: Computational chemistry can be computationally intensive and may not always be feasible for large-scale drug design projects.

Conclusion: While computational chemistry is an important tool in de novo drug design, it is not the only factor that determines the success of a drug design project. Other factors, such as experimental data and biological knowledge, also play a crucial role in the drug design process.

## Glossary

**De novo drug design:** The process of discovering and designing new drugs from scratch.

**Structure-based methods:** A type of de novo drug design that relies exclusively on prior knowledge of a protein structure to derive novel ligands.

**Ligand-based methods:** A type of de novo drug design that is traditionally used when no protein structure is available. These methods use information about the chemical properties of known ligands to derive new molecules that can also bind to the protein's active site.

**Computational chemistry:** The use of computer simulations and molecular modeling to study the properties and behavior of chemical systems.


text: Parents call for education to address sexting. A recent report from the PSHE Association found that parents want schools to do more to educate children about the risks of sending sexual messages and images.. The online survey of 1,159 parents by YouGov.. While parents were eager for schools to take steps to reduce pupils’ sexting, only 13% of them believed that the best way to do this was for schools to report pupils to the police. Instead, the majority was in favour of lessons for pupils on the risks of sexting.. Kirstie Allsopp, presenter of Location, Location, Location, has added her support to the call for lessons on sexting and the PSHE Association campaign to make PSHE compulsory.. .”. Later this year, Childnet will be publishing new teaching resources and films about sexting and other online issues, delivered as part of its work as one of three partners in the UK Safer Internet Centre. Find out more and view the promotional film here:

textbook:
Lesson: Sexting and Online Safety

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about sexting and online safety. We will cover what sexting is, why it is dangerous, and what you can do to stay safe online.

Section 1: What is Sexting?
- Sexting is the act of sending sexually explicit messages or images via text or social media.
- It is often done by teenagers and young adults as a way to express their feelings or show affection towards someone.
- However, sexting can have serious consequences, including embarrassment, harassment, and even criminal charges.

Section 2: Why is Sexting Dangerous?
- Once you send a message or image, you lose control over who sees it.
- Even if you trust the person you are sending it to, they could forward it to others without your consent.
- Additionally, if the person you are sending it to shares the image or message with others, you could be publicly shamed or humiliated.
- Finally, sexting can lead to legal consequences if the images or messages are shared with individuals who are not consenting adults.

Section 3: How Can I Stay Safe Online?
- Do not send any messages or images that you would not want to see on the front page of a newspaper or share with your parents or teachers.
- Keep your devices safe by using strong passwords and keeping your privacy settings on social media accounts secure.
- Be cautious about who you are communicating with online and never give out personal information such as your address or phone number.
- If you receive a message or image that makes you uncomfortable, block the sender and report them to the appropriate authorities.

Section 4: Practical Examples
- Imagine you received a message from someone you met online asking for a nude picture. What would you do?
- Answer: I would not send any nude pictures and would block the sender immediately.

Section 5: Conclusion
- In conclusion, sexting can have serious consequences and it is essential to stay safe online. Always think before you send and never share anything that you would not want to see on the front page of a newspaper. By following these guidelines, you can protect yourself and others online.

Glossary:
- Sexting: The act of sending sexually explicit messages or images via text or social media.
- Consenting adults: Individuals who are legally allowed to engage in sexual activity.
- Privacy settings: Security options that allow you to control who can access your social media account.
- Block: To prevent someone from contacting or messaging you on your device.
- Report: To inform the appropriate authorities about suspicious or illegal behavior.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the dangers of sexting and how to stay safe online. We covered what sexting is, why it is dangerous, and what you can do to protect yourself and others. By following these guidelines, you can stay safe and avoid the negative consequences associated with sexting.


text: Dom Bosco Church by Carlos Alberto Naves in Brasilia, Brazil + Via Rick Ligthelm. Hello, here is today’s dose of blue inspiration.. Floating House by MOS Architects + Via Archdaily. Children’s bed by Hyunjin Seo and Jaekyoung Kim’s Ahye + Via Notcot. Lencois Maranhenses, Brazil + Via Nadejda Ah KaH-dee. Fabrics by Suzusan – Arimatsu Shibori + Via Suzusan – Arimatsu Shibori. Tabouret Modeste by Paul Menand + Via Muuuz. + Via House To Home. Lighting by Marcus Abrahamsson + Via Marcus Abrahamsson. + Via Fernando Baeza Ponsoda. + Via House To Home. Poultry : an abstract series of images by Mitch Payne + Via Notcot. Car park in Singapore + Via Chris Dangtran. Breathtaking. Canyon, Greenland + Via Annie Gilbertson. Gavik lamp by Helena Svensson for Ikea 2013 collection + Via Muuuz

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Architecture and Design

Introduction:
Architecture and design are two fields that are often overlooked but play a significant role in our daily lives. From the buildings we live in to the furniture we sit on, architecture and design have a significant impact on our quality of life. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of architecture and design, including their definitions, history, and applications.

Section 1: Defining Architecture and Design

Definitions:
- Architecture refers to the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures.
- Design refers to the process of creating a plan or drawing to build something with a specific purpose.

History:
- Architecture has been around for thousands of years, with some of the earliest examples dating back to ancient civilizations like Egypt and Greece.
- Design, on the other hand, has its roots in the industrial revolution when people started using machines to create products.

Applications:
- Architecture is used in various fields, including construction, engineering, and urban planning.
- Design is applied in product development, graphic arts, fashion, and interior design.

Questions:
- What are some examples of architecture and design in your daily life?
- How have these fields evolved over time?

Section 2: The Importance of Architecture and Design

The importance of architecture and design cannot be overstated. They play a crucial role in shaping our environment and affecting our well-being. Here are some reasons why:

- Aesthetics: Architecture and design enhance the visual appeal of a space, making it more pleasing to the eye.
- Functionality: Good architecture and design ensure that a structure serves its intended purpose effectively.
- Sustainability: Architecture and design can help create sustainable environments that minimize waste and promote energy efficiency.
- Culture: Architecture and design reflect the culture and values of a society, preserving historical and cultural heritage.

Questions:
- How does architecture and design contribute to a community's identity?
- Can you think of any examples where architecture and design have improved someone's quality of life?

Section 3: Exploring Architecture and Design in Practice

In this section, we will look at some real-world examples of architecture and design in action.

Example 1: The Guggenheim Museum in New York City
- This iconic building was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and features a unique spiral shape that showcases modern art in a unique way.
- The architecture of the building itself becomes a work of art, attracting visitors from all over the world.

Example 2: The Shard in London
- This skyscraper, designed by Renzo Piano, is not only an architectural marvel but also an example of sustainable design.
- Its unique shape and location near the Thames River make it a landmark in London, while its energy-efficient features reduce its carbon footprint.

Questions:
- What makes the Guggenheim Museum and the Shard examples of good architecture and design?
- How do these structures contribute to their respective cities?

Conclusion:
Architecture and design are essential components of our daily lives, shaping the way we interact with the world around us. By understanding their definitions, history, and applications, we can appreciate the importance of these fields and their potential to improve our quality of life. Whether it's through aesthetics, functionality, sustainability, or cultural preservation, architecture and design have a profound impact on our environment.

Glossary:
- Architecture: The art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures.
- Design: The process of creating a plan or drawing to build something with a specific purpose.
- Aesthetics: The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste.
- Functionality: The quality of being useful or having a specific purpose.
- Sustainability: The practice of meeting current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- Culture: The beliefs, behaviors, values, and artifacts that characterize a group or organization.

Glossary:
- Architecture: The art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures.
- Design: The process of creating a plan or drawing to build something with a specific purpose.
- Aesthetics: The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste.
- Functionality: The quality of being useful or having a specific purpose.
- Sustainability: The practice of meeting current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- Culture: The beliefs, behaviors, values, and artifacts that characterize a group or organization.


text: +. .. Unlike the compression stroke, the hot gas does work on the piston during the power stroke. The force. on the piston is transmitted by the piston rod to the crankshaft, where the linear. motion of the piston is converted to angular motion of the crankshaft. The work. done on the piston is then used to turn the shaft, and the propellers, and. to compress the gases in the neighboring cylinder's compression.. transferred. to the water in the. water jacket. until the pressure approaches atmospheric. pressure. The exhaust valve is then opened. by the cam pushing on the rocker arm to begin the. exhaust stroke..

textbook:
**Title: How a Four-Stroke Engine Works**

## Introduction

A four-stroke engine is a type of internal combustion engine that converts fuel into mechanical energy through a series of four processes: intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. In this lesson, we will explore how a four-stroke engine works by breaking down each process and examining the components involved.

## Section 1: Intake

The intake process is the first step in the four-stroke engine cycle. During this process, air and fuel are drawn into the engine's cylinder through the intake valve as the piston moves downward.

**Question:** What happens during the intake process in a four-stroke engine?
**Answer:** During the intake process, air and fuel are drawn into the engine's cylinder through the intake valve as the piston moves downward.

## Section 2: Compression

The compression process occurs as the piston moves upward, compressing the air and fuel mixture in the cylinder.

**Question:** What happens during the compression process in a four-stroke engine?
**Answer:** During the compression process, the piston moves upward, compressing the air and fuel mixture in the cylinder.

## Section 3: Combustion

The combustion process occurs when the spark plug ignites the compressed air and fuel mixture, causing an explosion that pushes the piston downward and generates mechanical power.

**Question:** What happens during the combustion process in a four-stroke engine?
**Answer:** During the combustion process, the spark plug ignites the compressed air and fuel mixture, causing an explosion that pushes the piston downward and generates mechanical power.

## Section 4: Exhaust

The exhaust process occurs as the piston moves back up, expelling burnt gases through the exhaust valve.

**Question:** What happens during the exhaust process in a four-stroke engine?
**Answer:** During the exhaust process, the piston moves back up, expelling burnt gases through the exhaust valve.

## Conclusion

In summary, a four-stroke engine works by completing four processes in a cycle: intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. By understanding these processes and the components involved, we can better understand how internal combustion engines convert fuel into mechanical energy.

## Glossary

- **Four-stroke engine:** A type of internal combustion engine that completes four processes (intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust) in a cycle to convert fuel into mechanical energy.
- **Piston:** A component inside the cylinder of an engine that moves up and down to create mechanical power.
- **Intake valve:** A valve that opens to allow air and fuel into the engine's cylinder during the intake process.
- **Compression ratio:** The ratio of the volume of the compressed air and fuel mixture to the volume of the cylinder.
- **Spark plug:** A device that creates a spark to ignite the air and fuel mixture in the cylinder during the combustion process.
- **Exhaust valve:** A valve that opens to expel burnt gases from the engine's cylinder during the exhaust process.
- **Crankshaft:** A component that converts the linear motion of the piston into rotational motion to drive the engine's shaft.


text:
The toxicity of hydrogen sulfide in hydrocarbon streams is well known in the industry and considerable expense and efforts are expended annually to reduce its content to a safe level. Many regulations require pipeline gas to contain no more than 4 ppm hydrogen sulfide.
In large production facilities, it is generally more economical to install a regenerative system for treating hydrogen sulphide streams. These systems typically employ a compound used in an absorption tower to contact the produced fluids and selectively absorb the hydrogen sulfide and possibly other toxic materials such as carbon dioxide and mercaptans. The absorption compound is then regenerated and reused in the system. Typical hydrogen sulfide absorption materials include alkanolamines, hindered amines, and the like. However, such approach is not economically feasible for development stage of a field or in small producing fields.
For development stage of a field or in small producing fields where regenerative systems are not economical, it is necessary to treat the sour hydrocarbon production with non-regenerative scavengers.
The U.S. Pat. No. 1,991,765 disclosed use of reaction of aldehyde and hydrosulfide [and mercaptans, etc.] in aqueous solution having pH between 2 to 12. Thereafter, use of aldehydes to remove or scavenge hydrogen sulfide was reported in many patents. Mainly aldehydes including formaldehyde or glyoxal or formaldehyde in combination with other aldehydes or glyoxal in combination with other aldehydes have been used as hydrogen sulfide scavengers/removing agents. In the formaldehyde type reaction, the reaction produces a chemical complex known as formthionals (e.g., trithiane).
Based on an article appearing in the Oil & Gas Journal, Jan. 30, 1989, non-regenerative scavengers for small plant hydrogen sulfide removal fall into four groups: aldehyde based, metallic oxide based, caustic based, and other processes. In the removal of hydrogen sulfide by non-regenerative compounds, the scavenger reacts with the hydrogen sulfide to form a nontoxic compound or a compound which can be removed from the hydrocarbon.
The U.S. Pat. No. 4,680,127 [US '127] reported use of glyoxal or glyoxal in combination with other aldehydes in small amounts, which resulted in scavenging of hydrogen sulfide by forming water soluble products, which were stable only in alkaline pH of about 9, and decomposed in acidic pH of about 4.5 to 5.5.
The solution to problem of US '127 was provided by U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,842 [US '842] which reported use of glyoxal, but in very high amounts at least of 15% by weight, preferably of 25 to 45% by weight to form water insoluble products. The main problem of this solution is that glyoxal has to be employed in very high amounts, which also makes the process highly uneconomical. Additional problem of this method is that it results in water insoluble products, which are prone to get deposited in the vessels and cause fouling meaning thereby additional anti-fouling additive will be required. Accordingly, as per inventor of present invention, this method is neither economical nor industrially feasible and convenient.
The U.S. Pat. No. 6,666,975 [US '975] also reported use of glyoxal, but with aim to provide a method to reduce emission of hydrogen sulfide odor wherein products formed are water soluble and non-volatile. The US '975 does not aim to overcome problem of fouling in treatment of hydrocarbons which may be caused due to water insoluble products formed by use of glyoxal in higher amounts as reported in US '842, but only aims to avoid handling problems of glyoxal without any disclosure or teaching that how one can achieve hydrogen sulfide scavenging without facing a) problem of fouling which may be caused by employing method of US '842 and b) problem of decomposition of products which may be water soluble products but decompose in acidic pH which may be caused by employing method of US '127. Even the US '975 does not discuss US '842 and US' 127.
Accordingly, there is still a need of an additive or combination of additive which is suitable for scavenging sulfur containing compounds including hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans, particularly hydrogen sulfide in the hydrocarbons by producing water soluble scavenged products which are easy to be separated from the stream without causing any fouling and decomposition problems.
Therefore, present invention aims at providing a solution to above-described existing industrial problem by providing the additives which have been found to be suitable for scavenging sulfur containing compounds including hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans, particularly hydrogen sulfide in the hydrocarbons by producing water soluble scavenged products which are easy to be separated from the hydrocarbons without causing any fouling and decomposition problems.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Hydrogen Sulfide Treatment in Hydrocarbon Streams

**Objective:** To introduce the concept of hydrogen sulfide treatment in hydrocarbon streams and provide an overview of the methods used for this purpose.

**Content:**

1. Introduction
2. What is hydrogen sulfide?
3. Why is hydrogen sulfide treatment necessary?
4. Methods of hydrogen sulfide treatment
5. Regenerative systems
6. Non-regenerative scavengers
7. Conclusion

**Glossary:**

- Hydrocarbon: A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms
- Hydrogen sulfide: A chemical compound with the formula H2S, which has the property of being highly toxic and smelling like rotten eggs
- Regenerative system: A treatment process that uses a chemical compound to selectively remove hydrogen sulfide from hydrocarbon streams and then regenerates the compound for reuse
- Non-regenerative scavenger: A chemical compound that reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form a stable product and cannot be regenerated for reuse

**Introduction:**

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly toxic and odorless gas that can be found in some hydrocarbon streams. It is well known in the industry and considerable expense and efforts are expended annually to reduce its content to a safe level. Many regulations require pipeline gas to contain no more than 4 ppm hydrogen sulfide. In this lesson, we will introduce the concept of hydrogen sulfide treatment in hydrocarbon streams and provide an overview of the methods used for this purpose.

**What is hydrogen sulfide?**

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a chemical compound with the formula H2S, which has the property of being highly toxic and smelling like rotten eggs. It is a colorless gas in its pure form, but it can also exist in solution with other substances. H2S is produced by the microbial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, such as in swamps, sewers, and landfills.

**Why is hydrogen sulfide treatment necessary?**

Hydrogen sulfide treatment is necessary because H2S is highly toxic and can cause severe health problems, including respiratory failure, coma, and even death, if inhaled in high concentrations. Additionally, H2S can cause corrosion in pipelines and equipment, leading to leaks and other safety hazards. Therefore, it is essential to remove H2S from hydrocarbon streams before they are transported, processed, or used.

**Methods of hydrogen sulfide treatment**

There are two primary methods of hydrogen sulfide treatment: regenerative systems and non-regenerative scavengers.

**Regenerative systems**

Regenerative systems typically employ a compound used in an absorption tower to contact the produced fluids and selectively absorb the hydrogen sulfide and possibly other toxic materials such as carbon dioxide and mercaptans. The absorption compound is then regenerated and reused in the system. Typical hydrogen sulfide absorption materials include alkanolamines, hindered amines, and the like.

**Non-regenerative scavengers**

For development stage of a field or in small producing fields where regenerative systems are not economical, it is necessary to treat the sour hydrocarbon production with non-regenerative scavengers. These chemicals react with hydrogen sulfide to form a stable product and cannot be regenerated for reuse. Examples of non-regenerative scavengers include iron sulfides, zinc oxide, and activated carbon.

**Conclusion**

In summary, hydrogen sulfide treatment is necessary to remove this toxic gas from hydrocarbon streams. Regenerative systems and non-regenerative scavengers are the primary methods used for this purpose. Understanding these methods is essential for anyone working in the oil and gas industry or involved in hydrocarbon processing.


text: $ 129.99. The G Shock 6900-1V is based on the original DW6900 model, which is G-Shock's best-selling case design. This model exchanges the original internal timekeeping mechanism with a Solar Atomic Timekeeping system without changing the basic design of the watch.. The integrated micro Tough Solar panel makes it possible to generate power to keep the watch running with extreme accuracy and minimal exposure to normal lighting.. The simple design of the G Shock 6900-1V was achieved by eliminating as much coloring and decoration as possible and the result is a model that captures the essence of the basic G-Shock watch.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to G-Shock Watches

## Section 1: Overview of G-Shock Watches
G-Shock watches are a popular brand of digital watches known for their durability and resistance to shock. They were first introduced in 1983 by Casio and have since become a symbol of toughness and resilience. In this lesson, we will explore the features and benefits of G-Shock watches and learn about their history.

## Section 2: Features and Benefits of G-Shock Watches
G-Shock watches are designed to withstand harsh conditions and provide accurate timekeeping. Some of the key features and benefits of these watches include:

1. Shock Resistance: G-Shock watches are designed to resist shock and impact, making them ideal for activities such as hiking, climbing, and skateboarding.

2. Water Resistance: Most G-Shock watches are water-resistant up to 200 meters, making them suitable for swimming and other water activities.

3. Solar Powered: Many G-Shock watches are solar powered, meaning they can generate power from sunlight and do not require batteries.

4. Multi-Band Atomic Timekeeping: Some G-Shock watches are equipped with multi-band atomic timekeeping, which allows them to automatically adjust the time zone and date.

5. Stopwatch and Countdown Timer: G-Shock watches come with a built-in stopwatch and countdown timer, making them perfect for training and fitness activities.

6. World Time: Many G-Shock watches feature world time, allowing users to easily switch between time zones.

7. Alarm and Timer: G-Shock watches come with an alarm and timer, making them useful for setting reminders and scheduling tasks.

## Section 3: History of G-Shock Watches
The first G-Shock watch was released in 1983 by Casio. It was designed to be resistant to shock and impact, making it a popular choice among athletes and outdoor enthusiasts. Since then, G-Shock watches have become a symbol of toughness and resilience, with millions of units sold worldwide.

## Glossary
- Shock Resistance: The ability of a watch to withstand shock and impact.
- Water Resistance: The ability of a watch to resist water damage.
- Solar Powered: A watch that generates power from sunlight.
- Multi-Band Atomic Timekeeping: A feature that allows a watch to automatically adjust the time zone and date.
- Stopwatch: A device used to measure the amount of time elapsed.
- Countdown Timer: A device used to count down from a specified time.
- World Time: A feature that allows a watch to display the time in different time zones.
- Alarm: A feature that alerts the user at a specific time.
- Timer: A feature that allows the user to set a specific amount of time.

Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about the features and benefits of G-Shock watches, as well as their history. We also explored some of the key terms related to these watches. By understanding the value of G-Shock watches, we can appreciate their importance and application in various activities and situations.


text: Blink Price$326. $326.. Take with food or milk if stomach upset occurs unless directed otherwise by your doctor.. This medication must be taken as prescribed. Do not stop taking this drug suddenly without consulting your doctor. Some conditions may worsen if the medication is suddenly stopped.. Use this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. Remember to use it at the same time(s) each day. Dosage is based on your age, medical condition, and response to therapy.. It may take up to two weeks for the full benefit of this medication to take effect. Inform your doctor if your condition does not improve or worsens.. Drowsiness, lethargy, dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, loss of appetite, sweating, dry mouth, blurred vision, headache, and constipation.. Missed Doses:.. Notes:. Do not share this medication with others.. Laboratory and/or medical tests (e.g., liver function, kidney function, complete blood counts, eye exams, AIMS test).

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Medication

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

In this lesson, we will learn about medication and its importance in treating various health conditions. We will cover the following topics:

1. What is medication?
2. How does medication work?
3. Types of medication
4. Uses of medication

## Section 2: Practical Examples

Now that we understand the theoretical concepts, let's look at some practical examples of medication. We will explore:

1. Over-the-counter (OTC) medication vs. prescription medication
2. Common types of medication and their uses
3. How medication can help treat conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes, and depression

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

In this section, we will engage in self-debating discussions to deepen our understanding of medication. We will explore:

1. The role of medication in modern society
2. The potential risks and benefits of taking medication
3. The importance of following a doctor's instructions when taking medication

## Glossary

- Medication: A substance used to treat a disease, illness, or injury.
- Prescription: A written order given by a doctor for medication to be prepared and given to a patient.
- Over-the-counter (OTC): Medication that can be purchased without a prescription.
- Side effects: Unwanted effects of a medication that may occur while taking the drug.
- Dosage: The amount of medication taken at one time.
- Interaction: When two or more medications affect each other's actions.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, we have learned about medication, its importance in treating health conditions, and the different types of medication available. We have also explored practical examples of medication and engaged in self-debating discussions to deepen our understanding. By applying the skills gained from this lesson, we can make informed decisions about our health and well-being.


text:
1. Field of The Invention
The present invention relates to a bump stop (or stopper) seat structure of a suspension of a vehicle.
2. Description of The Related Art
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an ordinary conventional axle suspension. FIGS. 5 and 6 are front views of primary parts of a bump stop seat structure of a conventional suspension for illustrating an operation thereof. The conventional axle suspension is provided with left and right coil springs 4, 4 and shock absorbers 5, 5, which are interposed between the bottom portion of an automobile body 1 (see FIG. 5) and an axle 2 and thus connect the body 1 to wheels 3 through the axle 2 to thereby suspend the wheels 3 and so on. The wheels 3 are attached to both ends of the axle 2, respectively, and further, a stop (or stopper) seat 7 is provided on each end portion of an axle housing 6 of the axle 2 (see FIGS. 4 and 5).
This stop seat 7 has a top end face 7a, which is normally level and flat and faces upwardly, as shown in FIG. 7. When the coil spring 4 is compressed as a result of what is called a stroke rolling movement or motion (namely, a stroke of a rolling movement) of the axle 2 and the wheels 3 acting as one body, which is caused by centrifugal force undergone by the automobile during cornering, the flat end face 7a comes in contact with a bump stop 9 mounted on the bottom portion of the automobile body 1. Consequently, a tire 8 is prevented from bumping the automobile body 1.
Further, when one of the side portions of the vehicle (or automobile) has traveled the maximum (or upper) limit of what is called a bump stroke (namely, the moving range of the suspension) and thus the bump stop seat 7 is in contact with the bump stop 9 and moreover, this side portion of the vehicle does not continue this stroke (or movement), the other side portion of the vehicle is brought into what is called a full roll state in which the coil spring of this side portion thereof is stretched to full length.
However, in the conventional bump stop seat structure, when the position C.sub.1 of the roll center (in the case of FIG. 5) is lowered to the position C.sub.2 thereof by a distance H, as illustrated in FIG. 6, in order to reduce a change due to scuffs formed on the coil spring, the following change occurs. Namely, the rolling movement causes the tire 8 to go inwardly in the direction of width of the vehicle (namely, in the transverse direction thereof). However, the displacement L.sub.2 in the transverse direction of the tire 8 in the case of FIG. 6 is larger than that L.sub.1 in the transverse direction thereof in the case of FIG. 5. Thus, the conventional bump stop seat structure has a problem in that the clearance or gap S.sub.2 between the side surface 1a of the room (or cabin), which is on the side of the body 1, of the vehicle and the inner side surface 8a of the tire 8 in the case of FIG. 6 is smaller than the gap S.sub.1 therebetween in the case of FIG. 5 and that the interior width should be reduced by the decreased amount of the gap.
The present invention is accomplished to solve the foregoing problem of the conventional bump seat structure.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding Bump Stop Seat Structures in Vehicle Suspensions

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about bump stop seat structures in vehicle suspensions. We will cover the field of the invention, the related art, and the working principles of bump stops. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the importance of bump stops in vehicle suspensions and their role in providing a smooth ride.

Section 1: Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a bump stop (or stopper) seat structure of a suspension of a vehicle. This means that the invention is related to the design and function of bump stops in vehicles, specifically in the suspension system.

Section 2: Description of the Related Art
Before we dive into the working principles of bump stops, let's first understand their history and how they have evolved over time. FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an ordinary conventional axle suspension. FIGS. 5 and 6 are front views of primary parts of a bump stop seat structure of a conventional suspension for illustrating an operation thereof. The conventional axle suspension is provided with left and right coil springs 4, 4 and shock absorbers 5, 5, which are interposed between the bottom portion of an automobile body 1 (see FIG. 5) and an axle 2 and thus connect the body 1 to wheels 3 through the axle 2 to thereby suspend the wheels 3 and so on. The wheels 3 are attached to both ends of the axle 2, respectively, and further, a stop (or stopper) seat 7 is provided on each end portion of an axle housing 6 of the axle 2 (see FIGS. 4 and 5).

This stop seat 7 has a top end face 7a, which is normally level and flat and faces upwardly, as shown in FIG. 7. When the coil spring 4 is compressed as a result of what is called a stroke rolling movement or motion (namely, a stroke of a rolling movement) of the axle 2 and the wheels 3 acting as one body, which is caused by an external force such as a road irregularity, the stop seat 7 is pressed against the axle housing 6 to limit the stroke of the rolling movement of the axle 2 and the wheels 3.

Section 3: Working Principles of Bump Stops
Bump stops are designed to provide a smooth ride by preventing the wheels from bouncing up and down after they have hit a bump on the road. They work by limiting the compression of the coil springs and the stroke of the rolling movement of the axle and the wheels.

When the vehicle encounters a bump on the road, the coil springs compress, and the wheels move upwards. As the wheel moves up, it hits the bump stop, which is mounted on the axle housing. The bump stop acts as a stopper, preventing the wheel from moving any further up. This prevents the wheel from bouncing up and down after it has hit the bump, providing a smoother ride.

Bump stops can be made from different materials, such as rubber or metal. They come in different shapes and sizes, depending on the type of vehicle and the size of the wheels.

Section 4: Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about bump stop seat structures in vehicle suspensions. We covered the field of the invention, the related art, and the working principles of bump stops. We also learned about the importance of bump stops in providing a smooth ride and their role in limiting the stroke of the rolling movement of the axle and the wheels.

Glossary:
- Axle: A rod or bar that rotates in bearings and transmits power from a source, such as an engine, to a wheel or wheels.
- Coil Spring: A helical spring made of round wire, typically used to store energy in a device, such as a spring in a mechanical watch, or to absorb shock in a vehicle suspension system.
- Shock Absorber: A mechanical or hydraulic device that absorbs shock impulses, such as those produced when a vehicle hits a bump on the road.
- Stopper: A device that prevents or stops something from happening or moving further.

[Note: This lesson is intended for primary through high school students. The content can be adjusted based on the student's level.]


text:
Category: Government

Social media is abuzz with the proof of Donald Trump Jr’s collusion with Russian officials. He actually released the emails containing the proof on Twitter, but only because the New York Times was about to release content from the emails.

Yesterday, the House passed the Honest and Open New EPA Science, or HONEST, Act. Tortured use of acronym aside, this Act is anything but honest.

The GOP claims the act is to force the EPA to provide the raw data behind all of its decisions. However, the primary reason for the Act is to inhibit regulations based, in part, on confidential or proprietary raw data. The Act’s inspiration came from research published in 1993 and known as the Harvard Six Cities Study.

This research formed the basis for many of the EPA’s Clean Air Act regulations related to particulate matter. If you can clearly see the skyline of LA now, and breathe its air without a facial mask, thank the authors of the Six Cities Study.

The Senate was the first to toss the privacy rule, followed by the House. The vote was along party lines. Kudos to the Democrats for looking out for us, but the party-line Republican vote was a little surprising considering the number of libertarians among the Republicans. Libertarians have a real thing for privacy. I expect Rand Paul will have some explaining to do the next time he runs for re-election.

NRDC, The Communication Workers of America, and Public Citizen just filed a lawsuit against Trump’s infamous “two-fer” rule. This is the rule I’ve designated the Terminator Rule.

From the lawsuit:

To repeal two regulations for the purpose of adopting one new one, based solely on a directive to impose zero net costs and without any consideration of benefits, is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and not in accordance with law, for at least three reasons.

First, no governing statute authorizes any agency to withhold a regulation intended to address identified harms to public safety, health, or other statutory objectives on the basis of an arbitrary upper limit on total costs (for fiscal year 2017, a limit of $0) that regulations may impose on regulated entities or the economy. Second, the Executive Order forces agencies to repeal regulations that they have already determined, through notice-and-comment rulemaking, advance the purposes of the underlying statutes, and forces the agencies to do so for the sole purpose of eliminating costs that the underlying statutes do not direct be eliminated. Third, no governing statute authorizes an agency to base its actions on a decisionmaking criterion of zero net cost across multiple regulations.

The Terminator rule is nonsensical in the extreme and violates all administrative procedure and law when it comes to forming regulations and rules. To instruct agencies to only include costs, not benefits, virtually cripples the federal government.

I have to wonder at this time if Trump even has access to lawyers. If so, where did they get their law degrees? Trump University?

The Army Corps of Engineers announced Tuesday it would approve development of the last section of the Dakota pipeline. In a cryptic letter, the Corps announced it was terminating the Environmental Impact Statement process in the Federal Register. The reason? Trump told them to do so.

As former State Department lawyer Keith Benes said to the Washington Post, the Corps can’t just drop the EIS process for arbitrary reasons. And Trump demanding they do is an arbitrary reason.

Keith Benes, a former State Department lawyer who helped oversee pipeline permitting decisions under the Obama administration and now works as an environmental consultant, said in an interview that opponents could mount a strong legal challenge because the only justification the Army gave for terminating its environmental review was the president’s Jan. 24 directive. The agency had been seeking public input on whether to consider an alternate pipeline route, and the comment period was due to close Feb. 20.

“Supreme Court precedent is really clear that agencies can change their minds about policies, but they need to provide a reason,” Benes said, noting that the justices most recently upheld this position in the 2009 case FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. “The president telling you to change your mind is not enough of a justification for changing your factual finding.”

The Corps decision was sudden and unexpected. The Corps had already filed a notice to the Federal Register asking for comments about the EIS scope, the first step in the process. Until this week, there was absolutely no indication that the Corps was planning on terminating the EIS.

Trump’s administration has completely disregarded environmental law, not to mention tribal rights and treaty in this decision. Yes, the decision can and will be successfully challenged in court. But there’s more at risk than our water with this decision.

All Federal Agencies are bound to follow laws in their actions. One of the laws is the National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA. Though agencies can follow different routes within the NEPA framework, they can’t work outside of it. Not unless expressly given permission to with other laws. There is no other law at play with the Corps Dakota Pipeline decision.

The Army Corps not only dropkicked NEPA to the curb, they pissed on it in passing. And they did so specifically because of a demand from the Trump administration. The Trump administration action demonstrates either a profound ignorance of a law that has been in existence for decades, or that the administration considers itself not bound by the law. I suspect the latter.

The Executive Branch of the government’s primary duty is to uphold the laws of the United States. Trump cannot just ignore the laws because they don’t suit him. To do so is to introduce a level of chaos we have never seen before in our history.

textbook:
Lesson: How Government Agencies Use Science to Protect the Public

### Overview

In this lesson, we will learn about how government agencies like the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) use science to protect the public. We will also explore how political actions can affect these efforts and why it is important to understand the scientific process.

### Objectives

- Understand the role of government agencies in protecting the public
- Learn how science is used to support these protections
- Analyze how political actions can impact scientific research
- Apply critical thinking skills to evaluate the validity of scientific claims

### Introduction

Government agencies, such as the EPA, use science to inform their decisions and protect the public from environmental hazards. However, political actions can sometimes impact the ability of these agencies to use science effectively. In this lesson, we will explore the role of science in government agencies and how political actions can affect these efforts.

### Section 1: The Role of Government Agencies in Protecting the Public

Government agencies, such as the EPA, use science to inform their decisions and protect the public from environmental hazards. For example, the EPA uses scientific research to set standards for air and water quality, regulate toxic chemicals, and develop strategies to address climate change. These actions help to protect the public from harm and promote a healthier environment.

### Section 2: How Science is Used to Support Protections

Science plays a crucial role in the work of government agencies like the EPA. Scientists conduct research to better understand the environment and the potential risks it poses to human health. They use this information to develop policies and regulations that protect the public from these risks. For example, the EPA relies on scientific research to determine the safety of chemicals used in everyday products.

### Section 3: How Political Actions Can Impact Scientific Research

While science is an essential tool for government agencies, political actions can sometimes impact the ability of these agencies to use science effectively. For example, some politicians may try to limit the amount of scientific research that can be used to inform policy decisions. This can make it more difficult for government agencies to protect the public from environmental hazards.

### Section 4: Critical Thinking Skills and Evaluating Scientific Claims

As we learn about the role of science in government agencies, it is essential to apply critical thinking skills to evaluate the validity of scientific claims. We should ask questions like: Who funded the research? What is their motivation? Is the research peer-reviewed? By evaluating scientific claims using critical thinking skills, we can better understand the reliability of the information and make informed decisions.

### Glossary

- EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
- Clean Air Act: A federal law designed to control air pollution from stationary and mobile sources
- Particulate Matter: Microscopic particles suspended in the air, such as dust, soot, and smoke
- Six Cities Study: A research study conducted by Harvard University that examined the health effects of air pollution

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the role of science in government agencies and how political actions can impact the ability of these agencies to use science effectively. We also explored the importance of applying critical thinking skills when evaluating scientific claims. By understanding the scientific process and its role in government agencies, we can better appreciate the efforts being made to protect our health and environment.