text:
The 50 biggest US companies have more money stashed offshore than the entire GDP of Spain, Mexico or Australia, collectively keeping about $1.3trn (£0.91trn) in territories where the money does not count towards US tax, according to a new report by Oxfam.

The revelations come after the European Commission announced plans to make big companies more transparent about where they pay tax.

The charity said the Commission's proposals are “almost useless” for identifying where tax avoidance may be happening. It urged the UK Government to push for stronger rules to ensure that companies pay tax in all countries where they do business.

Chart: Statista (Statista)

Robbie Silverman, Senior Tax Advisor at Oxfam, said that tax avoidance in the US will have a knock-on effect in countries around the world.

“The same tricks and tools used by multinational companies to dodge tax in the US are being used to cheat countries across the world out of their fair share of tax revenues, with devastating consequences,” he said.

“Poor countries are particularly hard hit, losing an estimated $100bn a year to corporate tax dodgers. This is enough to provide safe water and sanitation to more than 2.2 billion people,” he added.

PMQs: 'Unfair' to criticise British-controlled tax havens

In its investigation into the US tax system, Oxfam revealed some of the offshore accounting practices of the biggest companies in the US. Fifty companies including Coca-Cola, Walt Disney, Alphabet (Google) and Goldman Sachs keep a total of about $1.3trn in subsidiary companies registered all over the world, Oxfam says.

The Independent has contacted the companies named above for comment. Goldman Sachs declined to comment, the others did not respond.

The 50 companies are believed to have earned $4trn in profits globally from 2008-2014, but paid only 26.5 per cent of this in tax in the US, below the country’s statutory tax rate of 35 per cent. They rely on an opaque and secretive network of more than 1,600 disclosed subsidiaries in tax havens to stash about $1.3trn offshore, Oxfam said. It added that other offshore subsidiaries may be in use but under the radar of the Securities and Exchange Commission, because of weak reporting requirements.

10 of the biggest tax havens in the world Show all 10 1 /10 10 of the biggest tax havens in the world 10 of the biggest tax havens in the world Luxembourg There are an estimated £2.5 trillion shares of mutual funds registered in the Grand Duchy, £1 trillion of which cannot be traced to an owner 10 of the biggest tax havens in the world Cayman Islands The Cayman Islands contain 6% of the world's total banking assets, but just 0.000008% of its population 10 of the biggest tax havens in the world Isle of Man David Cameron has said the Isle of Man, where there is no corporation, capital gains or inheritance tax, should not be considered a tax haven 10 of the biggest tax havens in the world Jersey There are over £3.5 billion assets per square mile on the self-governing Channel Island 10 of the biggest tax havens in the world Ireland Ireland made headlines last year when it emerged Apple was registered in the country in order to dodge over £40bn in taxes 10 of the biggest tax havens in the world Mauritius The Mauritian government notionally charges corporation tax, but companies can easily make this back through generous tax credits for foreign businesses 10 of the biggest tax havens in the world Bermuda Google holds more than £30bn in offshore cash reserves, primarily via Bermuda 10 of the biggest tax havens in the world Monaco A popular domicile for super-rich private individuals, Monaco has the most expensive property in the world. £1 million will buy just 225 square feet 10 of the biggest tax havens in the world Switzerland Switzerland has such secretive banking laws that it took until the 1990s to secure the release of Nazi cash reserves 10 of the biggest tax havens in the world Bahamas David Cameron's father ran an offshore fund which hired Bahamas residents to complete paperwork, thus dodging British tax bills

These same 50 companies collectively received $27 in federal aid-like loans, loan guarantees and bailouts for every $1 they paid in federal taxes, amounting to a total of $11.2 trillion, Oxfam said.

Charities including Oxfam and Christian Aid have dismissed European Commission proposals to crack down on tax dodging as “close to pointless”. Christian Aid said new rules would allow “dodgy business as usual”.

Under EC proposals, companies would have to report profits and pay taxes in the EU and certain so-far undisclosed tax havens.While campaigners have lobbied for country-by-country reporting of taxes and profits, the proposed versions is so limited that it would not do the job, charities say.

“Unless companies have to report on their activities in all the countries where they operate, they could continue to dodge tax on a massive scale, using the places still hidden from view,” said Toby Quantrill, Chrisian Aid’s tax justice expert.

An protest by Oxfam outside the European Commission headquarters in Brussels earlier this week (Getty)

Campaigners have long asked for country-by-country reporting of tax affairs but the latest EC proposals are only a limited version of the rule. A previous tax haven blacklist put together by the European Commission in 2015 was withdrawn after it failed to include key countries like Luxembourg.

The latest European Commission proposals come in the wake of a huge data leak from a law firm in Panama that provided evidence of the true scale of offshore banking by the world’s super rich, including many current and former world leaders. Oxfam described the exploitation of tax loopholes as an “integral component” of the profit-making strategies of many multinational corporations.

Tax avoidance comes in many forms. Companies have reported up to $2 trillion of profits as “permanently reinvested” abroad, meaning it is not accountable for tax in the US. Some of the companies The Independent spoke to said that they still pay high taxes in the countries where the subsidiaries are registered. This practice can help them reduce their US tax bill because companies receive a dollar-for-dollar credit for any amount of tax they pay to other countries.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Tax Avoidance

**Objective:** To understand the concept of tax avoidance, its impact on economies, and how it can be prevented.

**Overview:** Tax avoidance is the practice of reducing one's tax liability by making use of legal loopholes and strategies. This practice is widespread among multinational corporations, who use it to avoid paying taxes in countries where they operate. In this lesson, we will learn about the impact of tax avoidance on economies, how it is done, and what can be done to prevent it.

**Section 1: What is Tax Avoidance?**

Tax avoidance is the practice of reducing one's tax liability by making use of legal loopholes and strategies. It is different from tax evasion, which is the practice of not paying taxes that are due. Tax avoidance is legal, but it is often criticized for being unfair and depriving governments of much-needed revenue.

**Section 2: Impact of Tax Avoidance**

Tax avoidance has a significant impact on economies. When multinational corporations avoid paying taxes, it means that the government loses revenue that could have been used for public services like education, healthcare, and infrastructure. This can lead to a lack of funding for these services, which can have a negative impact on society.

Furthermore, tax avoidance can also contribute to income inequality. When corporations avoid paying taxes, they increase their profits, which can lead to higher salaries for executives and shareholders. This can widen the gap between the rich and the poor.

**Section 3: How is Tax Avoidance Done?**

Tax avoidance is done by making use of legal loopholes and strategies. For example, a company might set up subsidiaries in tax havens, where they can park their profits and avoid paying taxes. They might also use transfer pricing, which involves shifting profits from one country to another to avoid taxes.

Another strategy is to use tax credits and deductions to reduce their tax liability. For instance, a company might invest in renewable energy sources to qualify for tax credits, or they might deduct the cost of advertising as a business expense.

**Section 4: Preventing Tax Avoidance**

There are several ways to prevent tax avoidance. One way is to close legal loopholes that are used by corporations to avoid paying taxes. Another way is to increase transparency and require companies to disclose their tax practices. This can help to identify cases of tax avoidance and hold companies accountable.

Governments can also work together to share information and coordinate efforts to combat tax avoidance. International organizations like the OECD and the EU play an important role in this regard.

**Conclusion:** Tax avoidance is a significant issue that affects economies and societies around the world. By understanding the concept of tax avoidance and its impact, we can work towards finding solutions to prevent it. By closing legal loopholes, increasing transparency, and working together internationally, we can ensure that corporations pay their fair share of taxes and contribute to the development of our societies.


text:
Sociology Honors, BA

About the Program

The objectives of the Sociology Honors Program are to recognize outstanding majors in this discipline and provide them with a unique opportunity to engage in sociological research. Participation in the Honors Program involves enrolling in SOC 497H (Senior Honors Seminar) in the spring semester of one’s junior year and SOC 498H (Senior Honors Paper) the following fall semester of one’s senior year. Those successfully completing the two courses will be awarded Departmental Honors in Sociology which will be noted on their official Purdue University transcript.

SOC 497H is a small seminar in which students actively discuss theory and research dealing with a current sociological issue. Recent topics have included the courts, sociology of family relations, society and modern technologies, race and ethnicity, and media and politics.

Summary of Program Requirements

The Summary of Program Requirements for Sociology Honors is a comprehensive list of those categories which a student must fulfill in order to earn their degree. Unlike the full Detailed Program Requirements listed below, complete lists of selectives for any given category are not shown. These summaries are intended to be printer-friendly and less expansive in detail.

Detailed Program Requirements

Please see below for detailed program requirements and possible selective fulfillments.

SOC-BA
SOCH
120 Credits

Students must earn a “C-“or better in all major courses. Double majors in Law & Society and Sociology are NOT allowed.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Critical Thinking and Sociological Research

Introduction:

Critical thinking is an essential skill in sociology, as it helps us analyze and understand social phenomena. This lesson will teach you how to develop your critical thinking skills and apply them to sociological research.

Section 1: What is Critical Thinking?

Critical thinking is the process of evaluating information and arguments to determine their validity. It involves analyzing evidence, assessing arguments, and drawing conclusions based on reasoned judgment.

Section 2: How to Develop Critical Thinking Skills

To develop critical thinking skills, you need to practice analyzing information and arguments. Here are some strategies to help you do this:

1. Read widely and critically: Read books, articles, and other sources of information that challenge your assumptions and beliefs.

2. Ask questions: Ask questions about the information you read or hear. What is the evidence for this claim? Who made this argument, and why?

3. Evaluate arguments: Look for evidence that supports or refutes the argument. Consider the credibility of the source and the reliability of the evidence.

4. Draw conclusions: Based on the evidence and arguments you have evaluated, draw your own conclusions.

Section 3: Applying Critical Thinking to Sociological Research

Critical thinking is also essential in sociological research. Here are some ways to apply critical thinking skills in sociological research:

1. Identify the research question: What is the main question being investigated in the study?

2. Analyze the methodology: How was the study conducted? Was it reliable and valid?

3. Evaluate the evidence: What evidence supports the claims made in the study? Is it reliable and valid?

4. Assess the conclusions: Are the conclusions supported by the evidence? Are they reasonable and justified?

Section 4: Conclusion

Critical thinking is an essential skill in sociology and in life. By practicing critical thinking, you can improve your understanding of social phenomena and make more informed decisions. Remember to ask questions, evaluate evidence, and draw your own conclusions based on reasoned judgment.


text: Carbonite Info is a small addin for Carbonite which allows you to create 2 informational windows.. These windows can be customized to show the information you want to see, when you want to see it.. Set them up with simple xml style parameters and they will update to display the information within a small easy to view window.. You have just downloaded by the author . If you like this AddOn why not consider supporting the author? This author has set up a donation account. Donations ensure that authors can continue to develop useful tools for everyone.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Carbonite Info Addin

**Objective:** Understand the basic features of Carbonite Info Addin and how to use it to create informational windows.

**Section 1: Overview**

Carbonite Info Addin is a small add-in for Carbonite which allows you to create two informational windows. These windows can be customized to show the information you want to see, when you want to see it. The add-in can be used to display various types of information, such as weather updates, news headlines, or stock prices.

**Section 2: Installation and Setup**

To install Carbonite Info Addin, follow these steps:

1. Open Carbonite and go to the "Add-Ins" tab.
2. Click on "Manage Add-Ins" and then select "Browse Add-Ins."
3. In the search box, type "Carbonite Info Addin" and press Enter.
4. Select the add-in and click on "Install."
5. Restart Carbonite.

Once installed, you can access the add-in by clicking on the "Carbonite Info" button in the top right corner of the Carbonite window. You can customize the two informational windows by selecting the type of information you want to display and the location of the windows.

**Section 3: Customization**

To customize the informational windows, follow these steps:

1. Click on the "Customize" button in the "Carbonite Info" window.
2. Select the type of information you want to display in each window.
3. Choose the location of the windows on the screen.
4. Click on "OK" to save your changes.

You can also change the size and position of the windows by dragging the edges of the windows.

**Section 4: Usage**

Once you have customized the informational windows, you can use the add-in to display the information you want to see. The windows will update automatically to display the latest information.

For example, if you have selected "Weather Update" as the information to display in one window and "Stock Prices" in the other window, the windows will display the current weather conditions and stock prices whenever you open Carbonite.

**Glossary:**
- Add-in: A software component that adds specific functionality to a larger software application.
- Customize: To modify something to suit one's own needs or preferences.
- Informational: Providing information or knowledge.

**Conclusion:**

Carbonite Info Addin is a useful tool for displaying informational windows within Carbonite. By following the steps in this lesson, you can install and customize the add-in to display the information you want to see. With this add-in, you can stay informed and up-to-date with the latest news and weather conditions.


text:
We are gaining on cancer: Killing cancer like the common cold

This is the future of medicine. Personalizing treatment will be one key aspect of how to conquer many diseases. Beautiful about this treatment is the fact, that it was able to cure cancer in most of the study participants. From 21 patients who received the treatment, 18(!) went into complete remission. Side effects were minimal.

Does anyone remember when we talked about CRISPR for gene therapy in CFS a few weeks ago? Well, the treatment principle here is not that much different: "In the therapy, doctors first remove the patient's T-cells, which play a crucial role in the immune system. They then reprogram the cells by transferring in new genes."

A few months later, Nick traveled from his home in Virginia to Philadelphia to become a part of the experiment.

This new therapy was decidedly different from the treatments he'd received before: Instead of attacking his cancer with poisons like chemotherapy and radiation, the Philadelphia doctors taught Nick's own immune cells to become more adept at killing the cancer.

Two months later, he emerged cancer-free. It's been six months since Nick, now 15, received the personalized cell therapy, and doctors still can find no trace of leukemia in his system.

Twenty-one other young people received the same treatment at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and 18 of them, like Nick, went into complete remission -- one of them has been disease-free for 20 months. The Penn doctors released their findings this weekend at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

"It gives us hope that this is a cure," Nick's father says. "They're really close. I think they're really onto something."

'A whole new realm of medicine '

At the conference, two other cancer centers -- Memorial Sloan-Kettering in New York and the National Cancer Institute -- will be announcing results with immunotherapies like the one Nick received. The results are promising, especially considering that the patients had no success with practically every other therapy.

"This is absolutely one of the more exciting advances I've seen in cancer therapy in the last 20 years," said Dr. David Porter, a hematologist and oncologist at Penn. "We've entered into a whole new realm of medicine."

In the therapy, doctors first remove the patient's T-cells, which play a crucial role in the immune system. They then reprogram the cells by transferring in new genes. Once infused back into the body, each modified cell multiplies to 10,000 cells. These "hunter" cells then track down and kill the cancer in a patient's body.

Essentially, researchers are trying to train Nick's body to fight off cancer in much the same way our bodies fight off the common cold.

In addition to the pediatric patients, Penn scientists tried the therapy out in 37 adults with leukemia, and 12 went into complete remission. Eight more patients went into partial remission and saw some improvements in their disease.

The treatment does make patients have flulike symptoms for a short period of time -- Nick got so sick he ended up in the intensive care unit for a day -- but patients are spared some of the more severe and long-lasting side effects of extensive chemotherapy.

Penn will now work with other medical centers to test the therapy in more patients, and they plan to try the therapy out in other types of blood cancers and later in solid tumors.

A university press release says it has a licensing relationship with the pharmaceutical company Novartis and "received significant financial benefit" from the trial, and Porter and other inventors of the technology "have benefited financially and/or may benefit financially in the future."

One of the best aspects of this new treatment is that it won't be terribly difficult to reproduce at other medical centers, Porter said, and one day, instead of being used only experimentally, it could be available to anyone who needed it.

"Our hope is that this can progress really quite quickly," he said. "It won't be available to everyone next year, but I don't think it would take a decade, either."

Right now patients can only get this therapy if they're in a study, but Dr. Renier Brentjens, director for cellular therapeutics at Memorial Sloan-Kettering, says he thinks it could become available to all patients in just three to five years.

"When you have three centers all with a substantial number of patients seeing the same thing -- that these cells work in this disease - you know it's not a fluke," he said.

Two days ago, Brentjens became the co-founder of Juno Therapeutics, a for-profit biotech start-up company that's working on immunotherapies.

"Fifteen years ago I was in the lab looking at these cells kill tumor cells in a petri dish and then I saw them kill tumor cells in mice, and then finally in humans," Brentjens said.

He says he'll never forget the first patient he treated, who initially had an enormous amount of cancer cells in his bone marrow. Then after the therapy, Brentjens looked under the microscope and, in awe, realized he couldn't find a single cancer cell.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Gene Therapy

Gene therapy is a medical technique that modifies the genetic material of cells to treat or prevent diseases. It has shown great potential in treating various diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and viral infections. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of gene therapy, its applications, and its limitations.

Section 1: What is Gene Therapy?

Gene therapy is a technique that involves the introduction, removal, or modification of genetic material within cells to treat or prevent diseases. This can be done using viral vectors or non-viral methods. Viral vectors are modified viruses that carry the desired genetic material into the target cells, while non-viral methods involve the use of physical or chemical agents to deliver the genetic material.

Section 2: Applications of Gene Therapy

Gene therapy has several applications in medicine, including:

1. Cancer treatment: Gene therapy can be used to introduce genes that make cancer cells more susceptible to treatment or to prevent the formation of new tumors.

2. Genetic disorders: Gene therapy can be used to correct genetic mutations that cause diseases such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's disease.

3. Viral infections: Gene therapy can be used to treat viral infections by introducing genes that help the immune system fight off the virus or by modifying the target cells to make them resistant to infection.

4. Inherited disorders: Gene therapy can be used to replace defective genes with healthy ones, allowing the body to produce functional proteins and enzymes.

Section 3: Limitations of Gene Therapy

Despite its potential, gene therapy has several limitations, including:

1. Immune response: The body's immune system may recognize the viral vector as foreign and attack it, reducing the effectiveness of the therapy.

2. Off-target effects: The introduced genetic material may have unintended consequences, such as causing the production of abnormal proteins or disrupting other cellular processes.

3. Difficulty in delivery: It can be challenging to deliver the genetic material to the target cells without damaging nearby healthy cells.

Section 4: Conclusion

Gene therapy is a promising technique that has the potential to revolutionize medicine. By modifying the genetic material of cells, it can treat or prevent a wide range of diseases. However, there are still several limitations that need to be addressed before it becomes a widely used treatment. As research continues, we can expect to see further advancements in this field.


text:
The holiday season is a time for families to gather together, open presents, share meals and … discuss the end of our lives.

Discuss the end of our lives?

If discussing The End seems out of place to you, you may need to rethink your priorities. There is no good time to discuss planning for the end of our lives. As a result, far too many people never discuss the topic with their loved ones.

In fact, a recent study noted that only one-third of U.S. adults have advanced directives for their end-of-life care. This lack of planning means loved ones are often left with no guidance when something goes wrong. Instead of having a plan in place, decision-makers are left to grapple with tough choices at times when they’re already under tremendous stress and emotional fatigue.

Rather than ignoring the topic any longer, here are four excellent reasons why the holidays are the best time to have this admittedly tough conversation. Ultimately it provides the gift of peace of mind for you and your family.

A spoonful of sugar

At a time when family gatherings seem to be few and far between, the holidays represent one of the rare times when many folks are gathered in one place. It’s a very personal discussion, and doing it in person can ensure wishes are conveyed clearly. Many will probably say they don’t want to bring down the rest of the festivities, but the festive mood is just the spoonful of sugar needed to help the medicine go down.

Make your wishes known – and learn others’ wishes as well

Knowing what to do ahead of time makes a difficult time easier. Having the conversation now while everyone is able to speak for themselves means everyone will be able to voice their own wishes and learn the wishes of their loved ones.

The key things to discuss are whether everyone has a living will, durable power of attorney and any specific wishes.

It’s vital that the person who has power of attorney fully understands what a loved one means when he or she says: “I don’t want to be hooked up to a machine” or “I don’t want to go into a nursing home.” It’s good for all family members to be aware of everyone’s wishes.

Everyone can participate

The more the merrier. Younger family members can benefit from seeing adults model a healthy conversation about end-of-life planning. Hearing their adult relatives have a frank discussion normalizes the conversation and demonstrates the importance of being open with one’s wishes. For minors who are old enough to participate in the conversation but don’t yet need to fill out formal paperwork this is still a great opportunity to make their wishes known. This enables everyone to talk about their feelings and wishes in a nonthreatening way.

Peace of mind is a wonderful thing

As hard as it is to start this conversation, starting it is the key. Even if no one fills out formalized paperwork (blank copies of living wills are available online), having the conversation is a major step toward peace of mind.

This doesn’t have to be a heavy conversation; humor is critical in dealing with these things. You have to laugh at life. This is not a conversation just about death – it’s about what’s most important to you in life.

If you’re not sure how to facilitate this critical conversation with your family this holiday season, I’ll leave you with some tips on getting started:

Let folks know ahead of the big gathering that you want to discuss end-of-life issues. This notification can be as formal or informal as suits your family. This gives people time to think ahead of time about why they want to say.

Broach end-of-life issues as something you’re concerned about. Say that you’d like to take just half an hour to talk about these things and learn what everyone’s wishes are. Note that it’s better to talk about it now than in a crisis situation.

Be intuitive toward the feelings of others and understand that not everyone will be ready or willing to have this conversation.

When someone states their wishes, repeat them back to make sure you truly understand.

Give the Five Wishes booklets as presents and have other documents available for everyone to take home.

textbook:
## Lesson: The Importance of Planning for the End of Our Lives

### Introduction

Planning for the end of our lives is an essential part of preparing for the future. It is a topic that can be difficult to discuss, but it is necessary to ensure that our wishes are respected and that our loved ones are not left with the burden of making difficult decisions without our guidance. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of planning for the end of our lives and why the holiday season is an ideal time to have this conversation.

### Main Topics

1. The Importance of Advance Directives
2. The Benefits of Having the Conversation During the Holidays
3. How to Have the Conversation

### Subtopics

1.1. The Purpose of Advance Directives
1.2. Types of Advance Directives
1.3. The Role of Healthcare Proxies
2.1. Why the Holidays are a Good Time
2.2. Creating a Peaceful Atmosphere
2.3. Including All Family Members
3.1. Starting the Conversation
3.2. Using Open-Ended Questions
3.3. Listening Actively

### Conclusion

Planning for the end of our lives is an essential part of preparing for the future. By having the conversation during the holidays, we can create a peaceful atmosphere and include all family members in the discussion. It is crucial to have advance directives in place to ensure that our wishes are respected, and that our loved ones are not left with the burden of making difficult decisions without our guidance. By taking the time to have this conversation now, we can provide the gift of peace of mind for ourselves and our loved ones.


text: In addition to adding units through affordable housing development, efforts are needed to preserve existing rental and ownership housing for low-income persons. Through the federal CDBG program, Eugene operates a low interest Rental Rehabilitation Revolving Loan Program with CDBG funds for rental rehabilitation and owner rehabilitation units.. This program provides grants for acquisition or rehabilitation of facilities for nonprofit organizations that provide serves for low-income persons. Such facilities include emergency and transitional housing for people who are homeless or at risk of homelessness. These Human Service Capital Facility Improvement grants are offered through a Request for Proposals when funds are available.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Housing Preservation

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of housing preservation and its importance in providing affordable housing options for low-income individuals.

**Section 1: Theoretical Concepts**

- Define housing preservation
- Explain the importance of affordable housing for low-income individuals
- Discuss the role of government programs in providing affordable housing

**Section 2: Practical Examples**

- Provide an example of a government program that provides affordable housing (CDBG program)
- Explain how the Rental Rehabilitation Revolving Loan Program works
- Discuss the types of facilities that can receive grants through the Human Service Capital Facility Improvement program

**Section 3: Real-World Scenarios**

- Ask students to think of reasons why affordable housing is important for low-income individuals
- Discuss the impact of lack of affordable housing on communities
- Ask students to imagine they are a low-income individual and explain how housing preservation programs would benefit them

**Glossary:**
- Affordable housing: Housing that is considered affordable to low-income individuals
- CDBG program: Community Development Block Grant program
- Low-income individuals: People whose income is below the poverty line
- Rental Rehabilitation Revolving Loan Program: A program that provides low-interest loans for rental property rehabilitation
- Human Service Capital Facility Improvement grants: Grants provided by the government for the improvement of facilities that provide services to low-income individuals

**Conclusion:**

Housing preservation is an important concept that helps provide affordable housing options for low-income individuals. Through government programs like the CDBG program, low-interest loans can be obtained for rental property rehabilitation. Additionally, grants can be provided for the improvement of facilities that provide services to low-income individuals. By understanding the importance of housing preservation and the role of government programs, we can work towards creating more affordable housing options for those in need.


text: Curtis has been selling Real Estate in Powell River since 2006 and has earned his Re/max Hall of Fame in 2016. Curtis was born and raised in Powell River which gives him the knowledge of life in this great town. Curtis and his wife Cheryl have raised 4 boys here and have 2 beautiful granddaughters that get the same opportunity to grow up in such a great place.. Curtis worked 21 years in retail with Canada Safeway and feels it gave him the skills to enjoy working with the public and being a true people person. Curtis enjoys spending time fishing, hiking the many trails with his lab named Champ, and spending time at the cabin on Powell Lake with friends and family.. To contact Curtis, please email membershippr@camrabc.ca

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Real Estate

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Real estate refers to the land and any buildings or other improvements on it. It is a type of property that can be bought, sold, or rented. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of real estate, including what it is and how it works.

### Section 2: Practical Examples and Mathematical Abstractions
Let's say you want to buy a house. You find a house that you like and agree on a price with the seller. The seller signs a contract agreeing to sell the house to you for that price. This contract is called a purchase agreement. Once both parties sign the contract, it becomes a legally binding agreement.

Now let's say you need to get a loan to buy the house. You go to a bank and they look at your income, credit score, and other factors to determine whether or not they will give you a loan. If they decide to give you a loan, they will charge you interest on the money they lend you. The interest rate is usually expressed as an annual percentage rate (APR).

Once you have the loan, you use the money to buy the house. The seller gives you the title to the house, which is a document that proves you own the house. You then make monthly payments on the loan until it is paid off.

Now let's say you want to sell your house. You list it with a real estate agent who helps you find a buyer. The agent shows the house to potential buyers and negotiates with them to get the best price. Once you agree on a price with a buyer, you sign a contract agreeing to sell the house to them for that price. This contract is called a listing agreement.

The real estate agent takes a percentage of the sale price as their commission for helping you sell the house. The rest of the money goes to you.

### Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions
Why do you think people buy and sell real estate?
What are some factors that affect the value of a piece of real estate?
How does the interest rate on a loan affect the monthly payments?

### Glossary
- Real Estate: Land and any buildings or other improvements on it.
- Purchase Agreement: A contract between a buyer and a seller agreeing to sell a piece of real estate for a certain price.
- Listing Agreement: A contract between a seller and a real estate agent agreeing to help the seller sell their house for a certain percentage of the sale price.
- Title: A document that proves ownership of a piece of real estate.
- Interest Rate: The percentage of the loan amount that the borrower pays to the lender in addition to the principal amount.
- APR: The annual percentage rate of a loan, which includes the interest rate plus other fees.

### Conclusion
In conclusion, real estate is a type of property that can be bought, sold, or rented. It involves a complex process of negotiation, financing, and legal agreements. By understanding the basics of real estate, you can make informed decisions when buying or selling a house.


text:
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Aliphatic Dearomatized Solvents

Our experienced team can help you choose the right Aliphatic Dearomatized solvents

These are traditional solvents that are also known as mineral spirits or white spirits. These fluids have been widely used in industry for decades, developed to replace kerosene in solvent applications.

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textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Aliphatic Dearomatized Solvents

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Aliphatic Dearomatized Solvents (ADS) are traditional solvents that have been widely used in industry for decades. They are also known as mineral spirits or white spirits. These fluids were developed to replace kerosene in solvent applications. ADS are hydrocarbon solvents that provide several advantages over kerosene products.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

One of the main advantages of ADS is their controlled narrow boiling ranges. This means that they have a more consistent quality compared to kerosene products, which have a wider boiling range. Additionally, ADS do not contain significant amounts of sulfur compounds, leading to an improved quality consistency and predictable process performance.

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

In recent years, there have been stricter regulations regarding solvents, leading to the replacement of mineral spirits with ADS. This is because ADS have similar properties to mineral spirits but are also environmentally friendly. For example, they can be used in cleaning and degreasing applications without leaving a residue or causing harm to the environment.

### Glossary

- Aliphatic Dearomatized Solvents (ADS): Traditional solvents that are also known as mineral spirits or white spirits.
- Hydrocarbon solvents: Solvents that are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
- Boiling range: The range of temperatures at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas or vice versa.
- Sulfur compounds: Chemical compounds that contain sulfur atoms.

### Conclusion

Aliphatic Dearomatized Solvents are traditional solvents that have been widely used in industry for decades. They offer several advantages over kerosene products, such as a controlled narrow boiling range and the absence of sulfur compounds. This leads to an improved quality consistency and predictable process performance. By understanding the theoretical concepts, practical examples, and real-world scenarios of ADS, we can apply these skills to new problems and make informed decisions about solvent choices.


text: Oil surges to $84 for first time. There is much debate over whether the oil price will rise or fall.. This time, oil prices have reached another record - surging past $84 a barrel for the first time. US sweet, light crude jumped as much as 97 cents to trade briefly at $84.05 a barrel in New York on supply fears before falling back to $83.69. What are these fears? Fears that world energy supplies will reach critical levels this winter rose on low US crude stockpiles and fears that supply from Iraq could be hit.. The whole world is dependent on oil (or gas, petrol). Without it, mankind cannot survive, it seems. This season of high oil prices, will be a good time to reflect on how to save gas or petrol in our driving. Better still, install a measure of fuel saving device for your vehicles to help reduce gas consumption on an individual basis.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Saving Gas or Petrol

Introduction:
Gas or petrol is a precious commodity that we often take for granted. It is essential to our daily lives, powering our vehicles and providing us with energy. However, as the world's population continues to grow and energy demands increase, it is crucial to learn how to conserve gas or petrol. In this lesson, we will explore various ways to save gas or petrol, from simple changes in driving habits to installing fuel-saving devices.

Section 1: Understanding Gas or Petrol Consumption

Topic 1: How Gas or Petrol is Measured
Gas or petrol is measured in gallons or liters. A gallon contains about 3.7 liters, and a liter contains about 0.26 gallons. The amount of gas or petrol used depends on several factors, including the size of the vehicle, the weight of the load, the speed at which the vehicle is driven, and the condition of the engine.

Topic 2: Factors That Affect Gas or Petrol Consumption
Several factors can affect how much gas or petrol a vehicle consumes. These include:
- Vehicle weight: Heavier vehicles tend to consume more gas or petrol than lighter ones.
- Speed: Driving at higher speeds increases gas or petrol consumption because of air resistance.
- Engine condition: A well-maintained engine will consume less gas or petrol than one that needs repair.
- Tire pressure: Underinflated tires can increase gas or petrol consumption by up to 3%.

Section 2: Changing Driving Habits to Save Gas or Petrol

Topic 1: Accelerating Slowly
Accelerating slowly allows the engine to use its full power without wasting gas or petrol. When you accelerate quickly, the engine has to work harder, which increases fuel consumption. To save gas or petrol, accelerate smoothly and gradually.

Topic 2: Keeping Up with Traffic
Many drivers unknowingly waste gas or petrol by constantly speeding up and slowing down to keep up with traffic. Instead of accelerating and braking frequently, try to maintain a steady speed and avoid sudden stops. This will help you save gas or petrol without sacrificing safety.

Topic 3: Reducing Idling Time
Idling is when the engine is running but the vehicle is not moving. Although modern engines are designed to be fuel-efficient while idling, it is still a significant source of gas or petrol waste. To reduce idling time, avoid unnecessary warm-ups and try to combine trips whenever possible.

Section 3: Installing Fuel-Saving Devices

Topic 1: Gas or Petrol Cap
A gas or petrol cap helps prevent gas or petrol fumes from entering the vehicle's interior. This can improve fuel efficiency by reducing the amount of gas or petrol that evaporates.

Topic 2: Tire Pressure Monitoring System
A tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) alerts drivers when their tires need air. Underinflated tires can increase gas or petrol consumption by up to 3%. By keeping tires properly inflated, you can save money on gas or petrol and extend the life of your tires.

Topic 3: Thermostat
A thermostat helps regulate the temperature inside the vehicle. By keeping the engine warm, it reduces fuel consumption. A well-designed thermostat can improve fuel efficiency by up to 5%.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, saving gas or petrol is essential for both environmental and economic reasons. By understanding how gas or petrol consumption works and changing our driving habits, we can significantly reduce our fuel consumption. Additionally, installing fuel-saving devices can further improve fuel efficiency. Remember that every little bit counts, and small changes can make a big difference in the long run.

Glossary:
- Gallon: A unit of measurement for gas or petrol, containing about 3.7 liters.
- Liter: A unit of measurement for gas or petrol, containing about 0.26 gallons.
- Air resistance: The force that opposes motion through the air.
- Engine: The part of a vehicle that converts fuel into motion.
- Tire pressure: The amount of air inside the tire, measured in pounds per square inch (PSI).
- TPMS: An electronic system that monitors tire pressure and alerts drivers when tires need air.


text: 50+ years experience. Who We Are. An industry leading real estate investment firm with the ability—and agility—to expertly execute transactions in various real estate markets.. Hidden Value Realized. Over 50 Years of Expertise. Strategic Properties of North America (SPNA) has the unique ability to envision potential in assets often overlooked by other real estate investment firms. With over 50 years of cumulative experience, we acquire, own and add value to quality multifamily properties with intrinsic value in choice markets—seamlessly and successfully.. A Decidedly Different Real Estate Investment Firm. Strategic Growth Plan. We continually add quality assets and impressive talent to our roster—a strategic plan that has served us well since inception, and positions us for exceptional growth moving forward.

textbook:
**Lesson: Real Estate Investment Basics**

**Introduction**
Real estate investment is the process of buying, selling, or renting out property to generate income or capital gains. It is a popular form of investment because it can provide a steady stream of income, appreciate in value over time, and offer tax benefits. In this lesson, we will cover the basics of real estate investment, including the different types of investments, how to evaluate properties, and the risks involved.

**Section 1: Types of Real Estate Investments**
There are several types of real estate investments, including:

1. Residential: This includes single-family homes, condos, townhouses, and apartment buildings.
2. Commercial: This includes office buildings, retail spaces, industrial buildings, and hotels.
3. Land: This includes vacant land, farmland, and raw land.
4. REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts): These are companies that own and operate income-producing real estate and distribute the majority of their taxable income as dividends.

Each type of investment has its own set of risks and rewards. For example, residential properties can provide a steady stream of rental income, but they can also be more difficult to sell if the market changes. Commercial properties can generate higher rental income, but they may require more maintenance and management.

**Section 2: Evaluating Properties**
When evaluating a potential real estate investment, there are several factors to consider, including:

1. Location: The location of the property is a key factor in its value. Properties in desirable areas with good schools, shopping, and transportation tend to appreciate faster than those in less desirable areas.
2. Market Conditions: The current state of the real estate market can impact the value of a property. If the market is slow, it may be harder to sell a property quickly.
3. Rent Potential: If you are investing in a rental property, you need to ensure that the rent you can charge covers your expenses and provides a profit.
4. Condition: The condition of the property can affect its value. Properties that need repairs or upgrades may require more money to bring them up to standard.
5. Financing: The cost of financing a property can impact its return on investment. You may want to consider the interest rate, down payment requirements, and loan terms when evaluating a property.

**Section 3: Risks of Real Estate Investment**
Like any investment, real estate investment comes with risks. Some of the risks associated with real estate investment include:

1. Market Risk: The value of real estate can fluctuate based on market conditions, such as interest rates, employment rates, and consumer confidence.
2. Property Management Risk: If you are investing in a rental property, you will need to manage the property, which can be time-consuming and costly.
3. Vacancy Risk: Properties can sit vacant for longer periods, leading to a loss of income and potential devaluation of the property.
4. Maintenance and Repair Risk: Properties require maintenance and repair, which can be costly and time-consuming.
5. Legal Risk: Real estate investment involves legal contracts and agreements, which can be complex and subject to interpretation.

**Conclusion**
Real estate investment can be a lucrative and stable form of investment, but it does come with risks. By understanding the different types of investments, evaluating properties carefully, and being aware of the risks involved, you can make informed decisions about your real estate investments.

**Glossary**
- Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT): A company that owns and operates income-producing real estate and distributes the majority of its taxable income as dividends.
- Rent Potential: The amount of rent a property can generate.
- Market Conditions: The state of the real estate market, including factors such as interest rates, employment rates, and consumer confidence.
- Vacancy Risk: The risk of a property sitting vacant for an extended period, leading to a loss of income and potential devaluation of the property.
- Maintenance and Repair Risk: The risk of incurring costs for maintenance and repair of a property.


text: Something went wrong. Please refresh the page and try again.. Something went wrong. Please refresh the page and try again.. Generally delivered by 5 days. American diamond jewellery has always been a favourite for women. As we all know, jewellery is an indispensable accessory for women. A beautiful combination of contemporary styling and traditional elegance in this necklace set from Goldenra. This set consists of a necklace and a pair of matching earrings. Alloy serves as the base for this set with American diamond embellishments to add to their appeal. Team them with your choicest outfits to sport a stunning look. This perfect balance of elegance and beauty is sure to make heads turn towards you.. The images represent actual product though color of the image and product may slightly differ.. Pretty Green Traditional Kundan Necklace and Set by GoldNera. Rs. 329

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Diamonds

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Diamonds are one of the most popular gemstones in the world. They are known for their hardness, which measures at 10 on the Mohs scale, making them the hardest natural material known to mankind. Diamonds are made up of carbon atoms arranged in a crystal lattice structure. The word "diamond" comes from the Greek word "adamas," meaning "unbreakable."

## Section 2: Questions and Answers
1. What is a diamond?
2. How is a diamond formed?
3. What is the hardness of a diamond?
4. What is the Mohs scale?
5. What is the difference between a diamond and a cubic zirconia?

## Section 3: Definitions and Examples
Hardness: The resistance of a material to scratching or abrasion. Diamonds are the hardest natural material known to mankind, measuring at 10 on the Mohs scale.

Mohs scale: A scale used to measure the hardness of a mineral, with diamonds being the highest at 10 and talc being the lowest at 1.

Crystal lattice structure: A repeating pattern of atoms or molecules that form a crystal. Diamonds are made up of carbon atoms arranged in a crystal lattice structure.

Real-world example: Diamonds are used in many industries, including jewelry, electronics, and cutting tools. They are also used in scientific research to study materials at high pressures and temperatures.

## Section 4: Practical Examples and Real-World Scenarios
1. Jewelry: Diamonds are often used in jewelry because of their beauty and durability. They can be cut into different shapes, such as round, princess, or cushion, to create stunning pieces of jewelry.

2. Electronics: Diamonds are used in some electronic devices because of their ability to conduct heat and electricity. They are used in sensors, transistors, and other components that require high precision and durability.

3. Cutting tools: Diamonds are used in cutting tools because of their hardness and ability to stay sharp for a long time. They are used in industries such as construction, mining, and manufacturing.

## Glossary
Diamond: A gemstone made up of carbon atoms arranged in a crystal lattice structure. It is known for its hardness, which measures at 10 on the Mohs scale.

Mohs scale: A scale used to measure the hardness of a mineral, with diamonds being the highest at 10 and talc being the lowest at 1.

Crystal lattice structure: A repeating pattern of atoms or molecules that form a crystal.

## Conclusion
Diamonds are fascinating gemstones that have many practical applications in addition to their beauty. By understanding their properties and how they are formed, we can appreciate their value and importance in our world.


text:
Different Response of Carbonyl Carotenoids to Solvent Proticity Helps To Estimate Structure of the Unknown Carotenoid from Chromera velia.
In order to estimate the possible structure of the unknown carbonyl carotenoid related to isofucoxanthin from Chromera velia denoted as isofucoxanthin-like carotenoid (Ifx-l), we employed steady-state and ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopic techniques to investigate spectroscopic properties of Ifx-l in various solvents. The results were compared with those measured for related carotenoids with known structure: fucoxanthin (Fx) and isofucoxanthin (Ifx). The experimental data were complemented by quantum chemistry calculations and molecular modeling. The data show that Ifx-l must have longer effective conjugation length than Ifx. Yet, the magnitude of polarity-dependent changes in Ifx-l is larger than for Ifx, suggesting significant differences in structure of these two carotenoids. The most interesting spectroscopic feature of Ifx-l is its response to solvent proticity. The transient absorption data show that (1) the magnitude of the ICT-like band of Ifx-l in acetonitrile is larger than in methanol and (2) the S1/ICT lifetime of Ifx-l in acetonitrile, 4 ps, is markedly shorter than in methanol (10 ps). This is opposite behavior than for Fx and Ifx whose S1/ICT lifetimes are always shorter in protic solvent methanol (20 and 13 ps) than in aprotic acetonitrile (30 and 17 ps). Comparison with other carbonyl carotenoids reported earlier showed that proticity response of Ifx-l is consistent with presence of a conjugated lactone ring. Combining the experimental data and quantum chemistry calculations, we estimated a possible structure of Ifx-l.

textbook:
Lesson: Spectroscopy and Structure Determination of Carotenoids

Introduction:
Carotenoids are a class of organic pigments that are found in many plants, algae, and some bacteria. They play an important role in photosynthesis and have various biological functions such as photoprotection and signaling. In this lesson, we will learn about spectroscopic techniques used to determine the structure of carotenoids, specifically focusing on the isofucoxanthin-like carotenoid (Ifx-l) from Chromera velia.

Section 1: Steady-State and Ultrafast Time-Resolved Spectroscopy

Steady-state and ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy are two common techniques used to study the electronic properties of carotenoids. In steady-state spectroscopy, the absorption of light by a molecule is measured at a constant wavelength. This can provide information about the energy levels of the molecule and its electronic transitions. On the other hand, ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy measures the changes in absorption over time, allowing us to study the dynamics of electronic transitions.

Section 2: Polarity-Dependent Changes in Carotenoids

When studying the absorption spectra of carotenoids in different solvents, we can observe polarity-dependent changes. This means that the absorption properties of a carotenoid can change depending on the polarity of the solvent. For example, if a carotenoid absorbs light more strongly in a polar solvent than in a nonpolar solvent, we can infer that the molecule has a more extended conjugated system in the polar solvent.

Section 3: Quantum Chemistry Calculations and Molecular Modeling

Quantum chemistry calculations and molecular modeling are powerful tools used to predict the electronic properties of molecules. By comparing the calculated spectra of different carotenoids with their experimental spectra, we can gain insights into their structures. For example, if we find that the calculated spectrum of Ifx-l matches well with the experimental spectrum, we can conclude that our proposed structure is likely correct.

Section 4: Conclusion

In this lesson, we have learned about the use of spectroscopic techniques to study the structure of carotenoids. We have seen that by comparing the absorption spectra of different carotenoids in various solvents, we can gain valuable information about their structures. Additionally, we have explored the use of quantum chemistry calculations and molecular modeling to further refine our understanding of these complex molecules. By applying these techniques, we can continue to unravel the mysteries of carotenoids and their roles in nature.


text: .. 2 thoughts. Beautiful.. The potential of every living thing changes with each external–and internal–force that comes. And with each cloudy day, with each fire, with each scythe, even–the living things come back harder, fiercer.. With each cloudy day, each devastating fire, or torrent that douses, with each cutting word or barrier, what lives inside of us–that yearning, the “reaching”–it comes. Harder, fiercer and indeed, with more and more resiliency. A wonderful way to begin the week.. Peace–. J.A.. Thank you, Tricia, for this beautiful, woodsy, cycle-of-life gem.

textbook:
Lesson: The Power of Resilience
Introduction:
Resilience is the ability to bounce back from difficult situations and continue moving forward. It's an essential life skill that can help us overcome challenges and achieve our goals. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of resilience and learn how to develop it in ourselves.
Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is the power of resilience. We will learn how to use resilience to overcome obstacles and achieve our goals.
Section 1: Understanding Resilience
Topic 1: What is resilience?
Resilience is the ability to bounce back from difficult situations and continue moving forward. It's a critical life skill that can help us overcome challenges and achieve our goals.
Topic 2: Why is resilience important?
Resilience is important because it helps us cope with stress and adversity. It allows us to bounce back from setbacks and continue moving forward. Resilience also helps us develop a growth mindset, which can lead to greater success and fulfillment in life.
Section 2: Developing Resilience
Topic 1: How can we develop resilience?
There are several ways to develop resilience, including:
- Building a support network of friends and family
- Practicing positive self-talk and mindfulness
- Developing coping strategies for stress and adversity
- Learning from past experiences and applying those lessons to future challenges
Topic 2: Examples of resilience
Resilience can look different for different people. Here are some examples of resilience in action:
- A person who loses their job but uses the experience to start their own business
- A student who fails a test but studies harder and earns an A on the next one
- A person who overcomes a traumatic experience and becomes a advocate for others going through similar struggles
Section 3: Applying Resilience to Real-World Scenarios
Topic 1: Overcoming failure
Resilience can help us overcome failure and use it as a learning opportunity. For example, if we fail at a project, we can use that experience to identify areas for improvement and do better next time.
Topic 2: Coping with stress
Resilience can help us cope with stress by providing us with coping strategies and a positive mindset. For example, if we're feeling overwhelmed, we can practice deep breathing or meditation to calm our minds and refocus our energy.
Conclusion:
Resilience is a powerful tool that can help us overcome challenges and achieve our goals. By developing resilience, we can become stronger, more confident individuals who are better equipped to handle life's ups and downs.


text: Today’s Photo: The Caboose. I had the same likes and fascinations as many children growing up. I enjoyed trains and even had a miniature HO scale set. My goal was to one day take a 4′ x 8′ piece of plywood and make an entire railroad and village. That, like many other adventures, never came about but it was not from lack of desire and effort. I would have liked to have made a life size model railroad and used this caboose which I found in downtown Acworth. I don’t think the city would appreciate me using it for a model railroad though.

textbook:
Lesson: Model Railroading

Introduction:
Model railroading is a hobby that involves building and operating model trains and railways. It can be a fun and educational activity for people of all ages. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of model railroading, including the history of the hobby, the different types of models, and how to create your own model railway.

Section 1: History of Model Railroading

The first section of our lesson will focus on the history of model railroading. Model railroading has been around for over a century, with the first known model train being created in 1896 by a man named Callister. Since then, the hobby has grown tremendously, with millions of people worldwide participating in it today.

Question: What year was the first known model train created?
Answer: 1896

Section 2: Types of Model Trains

The second section of our lesson will focus on the different types of model trains available. There are several different types of model trains, including electric, diesel, and steam engines. Each type has its own unique features and benefits.

Question: What are some of the different types of model trains?
Answer: Electric, diesel, and steam engines

Section 3: Creating Your Own Model Railway

The final section of our lesson will focus on how to create your own model railway. This can be a fun and rewarding experience, but it does require some planning and preparation. We will cover the basics of designing and building a model railway, including choosing a theme, selecting the right materials, and creating a layout.

Question: What are some tips for designing and building a model railway?
Answer: Choose a theme, select the right materials, and create a layout

Conclusion:
In conclusion, model railroading is a fun and educational hobby that can be enjoyed by people of all ages. By learning about the history of the hobby, understanding the different types of model trains, and creating your own model railway, you can develop a deeper appreciation for this fascinating pastime.

Glossary:
- Model railroading: A hobby that involves building and operating model trains and railways
- Theme: A specific topic or idea for a model railway
- Materials: Supplies needed to create a model railway
- Layout: The design and plan for a model railway

Self-Debate Discussion:
Should you start a model railroading hobby? Why or why not?


text: niconeco x Ryoko Ishii Collabration Rubber Stamp - Reading Time. $ 12.00. We are beyond excited and honored to finally have the opportunity to create this unique collaboration with Japanese illustrator and soft doll maker Ryoko Ishii.. She has stolen my heart with her one-of-a-kind art works. Her drawings are colorful yet whimsical. They're sweet yet have a little quirkiness that causes you to look twice!. Dimension: 1.6"x2". Made In Japan

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read a Rubber Stamp

Introduction:
A rubber stamp is a tool used to imprint an image or text onto a surface. It is commonly used in offices, schools, and other organizations to create official documents or labels. In this lesson, we will learn how to read a rubber stamp, including its dimensions, materials, and design.

Section 1: Understanding Rubber Stamps

Topic 1: Types of Rubber Stamps
- There are different types of rubber stamps available in the market, such as self-inking stamps, pre-inked stamps, and wooden handle stamps.
- Self-inking stamps have an internal reservoir that stores ink, while pre-inked stamps come pre-filled with ink. Wooden handle stamps require an external ink pad to transfer ink onto the stamp.

Topic 2: Rubber Stamp Dimensions
- Rubber stamps come in various sizes, shapes, and dimensions. The most common size is 1.6 inches by 2 inches, but they can range from small enough to fit on your fingertip to large enough to cover an entire page.
- The dimensions of a rubber stamp determine how much text or image it can hold, as well as how easily it can be used.

Topic 3: Materials Used in Rubber Stamps
- Rubber stamps are made from different materials, including rubber, plastic, and wood.
- Rubber is the most common material used in making rubber stamps because it can hold more ink and create sharper images than other materials.
- Plastic stamps are usually used for lighter duties, such as labeling files or envelopes.

Section 2: Reading a Rubber Stamp

Topic 1: Understanding the Design
- A rubber stamp consists of an image or text that is carved into a piece of rubber or other materials.
- The design on a rubber stamp can be anything from a simple logo to a complex image or text.
- To read a rubber stamp, you need to understand the design and what information it contains.

Topic 2: Reading the Dimensions
- The dimensions of a rubber stamp determine how much text or image it can hold.
- If you need to stamp a large amount of text, you may need a larger stamp than if you only need to stamp a few words.
- The dimensions of a rubber stamp also affect its price, with larger stamps generally being more expensive than smaller ones.

Topic 3: Reading the Materials
- Rubber stamps are made from different materials, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
- Rubber stamps are usually more durable and can hold more ink than plastic stamps.
- Plastic stamps are lighter and easier to use, but they may not last as long as rubber stamps.

Section 3: Practicing with Rubber Stamps

Topic 1: Using Rubber Stamps
- Once you have chosen the right rubber stamp for your needs, you can start using it to create official documents or labels.
- To use a rubber stamp, you need to apply ink to the stamp and then press it onto the surface you want to stamp.
- You may need to practice a few times before you get the hang of using the stamp correctly.

Topic 2: Reading Examples
- Let's say you need to stamp your name on a document. You would choose a rubber stamp with your name in a clear, legible font.
- Once you have chosen the right stamp, you would apply ink to the stamp and press it onto the document.
- You may need to adjust the pressure or angle of the stamp to get the best result.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to read a rubber stamp by understanding its dimensions, materials, and design. We also practiced using a rubber stamp to create official documents or labels. By following these steps, you can choose the right rubber stamp for your needs and use it effectively.

Glossary:
- Rubber stamp: A tool used to imprint an image or text onto a surface.
- Dimensions: Measurements of length, width, and height.
- Materials: Substances used to make something.
- Design: The plan or pattern for something.
- Ink: A liquid used to color paper or other surfaces.
- Press: To apply force to something.
- Surface: The outer layer or outermost part of an object.

Self-Debating Discussion:
What factors should you consider when choosing a rubber stamp? Why are these factors important?


text: Governor Signs Sanctuary Cities Law. Hal Goodtree. /. Flickr Creative Commons. Governor Pat McCrory signed a bill into law last week that restricts policies of so-called sanctuary cities and requires local law enforcement to work with immigration officials. The law also bans the use of non-governmental identification by police and other governmental agencies.. Protestors say the measure is racist and unnecessary. The legislation also includes a provision to limit extension of food stamp benefits beyond 90 days in a three-year period for certain recipients.. Host Frank Stasio talks with WUNC reporter Jorge Valencia about the latest.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Sanctuary Cities

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Sanctuary cities are municipalities that have policies in place to protect undocumented immigrants from being deported. These policies can include refusing to cooperate with federal immigration officials or limiting the use of local resources to enforce immigration laws.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

In North Carolina, the governor signed a law that restricts sanctuary city policies and requires local law enforcement to work with immigration officials. This means that if an undocumented immigrant is arrested for a crime, they could be turned over to immigration officials for deportation. Additionally, the law bans the use of non-governmental identification by police and other governmental agencies, which could make it harder for undocumented immigrants to access services or open bank accounts.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

Some people argue that sanctuary city policies are necessary to protect vulnerable populations from being targeted by immigration officials. Others argue that these policies encourage illegal immigration and make it harder for legal immigrants to integrate into society.

## Glossary

- Sanctuary city: A municipality that has policies in place to protect undocumented immigrants from being deported.
- Immigration officials: Government employees who enforce immigration laws.
- Undocumented immigrant: A person who is living in a country without proper legal documentation.
- Deportation: The process of removing someone from a country because they are not a citizen or do not have proper legal documentation.

## Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about sanctuary cities and the policies that protect undocumented immigrants. We also discussed the recent law in North Carolina that restricts these policies and requires local law enforcement to work with immigration officials. Finally, we debated the pros and cons of sanctuary city policies and defined key terms. By understanding these concepts, we can better understand the complex issue of immigration and its impact on our communities.


text: Project SHINE offers Hamilton students the opportunity to help local refugees & immigrants. Student participants work one-on-one or in small groups with adult learners in English or citizenship classes at the Utica BOCES ACCESS Site and the Adult Learning Center at MVRCR. While Hamilton students provide a much needed service to the Utica area, many find that they learn just as much as they teach. Students generally participate in Project SHINE through an academic course, though students who have participated in project SHINE through a course are allowed to volunteer in subsequent semesters. In 2004 Project SHINE was brought to Hamilton through the efforts of the Arthur Levitt Public Affairs Center with support provided by a grant from Temple University's Center for Intergenerational Learning and Learn & Serve America. Here at Hamilton, Project SHINE continues to engage students in the local community, as students, and immigrants & refugees build intercultural and intergenerational relationships.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Project SHINE: Helping Refugees and Immigrants in the Utica Area

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about Project SHINE, a program that offers Hamilton students the opportunity to help local refugees and immigrants learn English and prepare for citizenship. We will explore the benefits of this program for both the students who participate and the refugees and immigrants who receive assistance.

Section 1: What is Project SHINE?
- Project SHINE is a program that pairs Hamilton students with adult learners in English or citizenship classes at the Utica BOCES ACCESS Site and the Adult Learning Center at MVRCR.
- The goal of Project SHINE is to provide a much-needed service to the Utica area while also providing valuable learning experiences for the students who participate.

Section 2: Benefits of Project SHINE
- For the students who participate in Project SHINE, they gain valuable experience working one-on-one or in small groups with adult learners.
- They also have the opportunity to learn about other cultures and build intercultural and intergenerational relationships.
- For the refugees and immigrants who receive assistance, Project SHINE provides them with access to English language classes and citizenship preparation courses.

Section 3: How does Project SHINE work?
- Students generally participate in Project SHINE through an academic course, though students who have participated in project SHINE through a course are allowed to volunteer in subsequent semesters.
- In 2004 Project SHINE was brought to Hamilton through the efforts of the Arthur Levitt Public Affairs Center with support provided by a grant from Temple University's Center for Intergenerational Learning and Learn & Serve America.
- Here at Hamilton, Project SHINE continues to engage students in the local community, as students and immigrants & refugees build intercultural and intergenerational relationships.

Conclusion:
Project SHINE is a valuable program that provides both the students who participate and the refugees and immigrants who receive assistance with meaningful learning experiences. By engaging in Project SHINE, students can develop important skills such as communication, problem-solving, and empathy while also gaining a deeper understanding of other cultures. Additionally, refugees and immigrants receive essential support in their pursuit of learning English and preparing for citizenship. Overall, Project SHINE is an excellent example of how we can all work together to create positive change in our communities.

Glossary:
- Refugees: Individuals who have been forced to flee their country due to persecution, war, or violence.
- Immigrants: Individuals who move permanently from one country to another.
- Citizenship: The status of being a legally recognized member of a particular country.


text:
The present invention relates to an information processing apparatus and method, and more particularly, to an information processing apparatus and method for quickly compressing data such as an image.
According to a compression method complying with JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), compression is performed in unit of square blocks each consisting of plural pixels. Hereinafter such compression method will be referred to as xe2x80x9cblock compression.xe2x80x9d Depending on the type of block compression, there are conditions or limitations in the block size or size of compressed data. Even if there are no logical conditions or limitations in the block compression, the specification of a decoder may add limitations to the block compression. Therefore, to perform compression with top priority on the block compression (hereinafter referred to as xe2x80x9cblock compression is prioritizedxe2x80x9d), original data is read in a specified size and block compression is tested. If the conditions or limitations are fulfilled, the block compression is performed, but if the conditions or limitations are not fulfilled and block compression cannot be performed, block compression is performed by another method, or the block is left uncompressed and processing proceeds to the next block, or data compression is performed by a method other than block compression.
In such case where block compression is prioritized, since another compression method is employed or block compression is skipped for some blocks, the compression rate decreases. Also, the following problems arise.
(1) Determining whether or not block compression is possible is time consuming.
(2) If block compression cannot be performed consecutively for a number of blocks, the time required for determination of block compression is wasted.
(3) Because block compression is prioritized, data portion other than the portion subjected to block compression must be processed in unit of predetermined size (specified block size).
The present invention is made in consideration of the above situation and has as its object to perform high-speed compression processing without deteriorating compression efficiency.
To achieve the above object, the present invention provides an information processing method comprising the steps of: dividing inputted image data into blocks each having a predetermined pixel size; determining whether or not block compression is effective with respect to at least one of the blocks; performing block compression on the block if it is determined that block compression is effective; and performing processing, other than block compression, on the block and at least a predetermined number of blocks subsequent to said block, if it is determined that block compression is not effective.
Furthermore, to achieve the aforementioned object, the present invention provides an information processing apparatus comprising: division means for dividing inputted image data into blocks each having a predetermined pixel size; determination means for determining whether or not block compression is effective with respect to at least one of the blocks; and processing means for performing block compression on the block if it is determined that block compression is effective, or performing processing, other than block compression, on the block and at least a predetermined number of blocks subsequent to said block if it is determined that block compression is not effective.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout the figures thereof.

textbook:
Lesson: Compression Algorithms

Introduction:
In today's digital age, data compression is an essential technique used to reduce the size of large files without losing their integrity. This lesson will introduce you to various compression algorithms and their applications.

Section 1: Block Compression
Block compression is a method of compressing data by dividing it into fixed-size blocks and applying a specific compression algorithm to each block. The JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) standard is an example of block compression, which compresses image data in square blocks consisting of multiple pixels.

Section 2: Run-length encoding
Run-length encoding is another compression algorithm that reduces data size by counting the number of consecutive identical characters or symbols and replacing them with a single symbol followed by the count. For example, the string "aaaaa" can be compressed to "4a" using run-length encoding.

Section 3: Huffman Coding
Huffman coding is a lossless data compression algorithm that assigns variable-length codes to the input data based on its frequency. It works by creating a tree structure where each leaf node represents a character or symbol, and each internal node represents a combination of characters. The most frequent characters are assigned shorter codes, while the least frequent ones get longer codes.

Section 4: Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) Algorithm
LZW is a lossless data compression algorithm that works by creating a dictionary of all the strings encountered in the input data. When a new string is encountered, it is added to the dictionary if it does not already exist. The algorithm then replaces each string with its corresponding dictionary entry, reducing the size of the data.

Conclusion:
Compression algorithms are essential tools for reducing the size of large files without losing their integrity. By understanding the different types of compression algorithms and their applications, you can choose the best method for compressing your data.


text: The first Ring on SACD format comes to us from Australia, with a local cast and the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra conducted by Asher Fisch. This Rheingold recording is a great achievement. With broad tempi that allow the musical discourse to develop and breathe, Fisch’s direction unfolds the drama with a vision both fluid and energetic. The action then oscillates between the feverish and the meditative, which the soloists transcend with their continuous presence.. The cast deserves a tribute, in particular John Bröcheler as Wotan, Christopher Doig as Loge, Elizabeth Campbell as Fricka and Liane Keegan as Erda. John Wegner's Alberich deserves first prize, with a rare expressive force, giving the drama a truth that one thought was lost in today's Wagnerian singing.. With a fairly large sound, respecting the perspective of the action - and with remarkable editing - these Super Audio CDs are made for multi-channel hearing.. Read the original web review (in French)

textbook:
Lesson: How to Analyze a Musical Performance

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to analyze a musical performance by examining a review of a recording of Richard Wagner's opera "Rheingold." We will focus on the elements that make up a great musical performance, such as the cast, orchestra, and conductor. We will also explore how to evaluate the quality of a musical performance and how to apply these skills to other recordings and live performances.

Section 1: Understanding the Elements of a Musical Performance

Topic 1: The Cast
The cast of a musical performance refers to the singers and actors who perform on stage. In our example, the reviewer praises the cast of "Rheingold," specifically mentioning John Bröcheler as Wotan, Christopher Doig as Loge, Elizabeth Campbell as Fricka, and Liane Keegan as Erda.

Topic 2: The Orchestra
The orchestra is the group of musicians who play the instruments in a musical performance. In our example, the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra is conducted by Asher Fisch, who provides a fluid and energetic vision of the drama.

Topic 3: The Conductor
The conductor is the person who leads the orchestra and choir during a musical performance. In our example, Asher Fisch conducts the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra and provides a vision of the drama that is both fluid and energetic.

Section 2: Evaluating the Quality of a Musical Performance

Topic 1: Tempo
Tempo refers to the speed at which a piece of music is performed. In our example, the reviewer notes that the tempi allow the musical discourse to develop and breathe, indicating that the performance is well-paced and not too fast or slow.

Topic 2: Drama
Drama refers to the emotional and narrative aspects of a musical performance. In our example, the reviewer notes that the performance oscillates between the feverish and the meditative, indicating that the performance effectively conveys a range of emotions.

Topic 3: Expressive Force
Expressive force refers to the ability of a singer or instrumentalist to convey emotion through their performance. In our example, the reviewer praises John Wegner's Alberich for his remarkable expressive force, indicating that his performance is particularly effective in conveying the drama of the story.

Section 3: Applying Skills to Other Recordings and Live Performances

Topic 1: Listening for Tempo
When evaluating other recordings or live performances, listen for tempo changes that may affect the pacing of the music. A well-paced performance will allow the music to develop and breathe.

Topic 2: Analyzing Drama
When analyzing other recordings or live performances, look for a range of emotions that are effectively conveyed through the music. A performance that oscillates between the feverish and the meditative is likely to be particularly effective in conveying the drama of the story.

Topic 3: Assessing Expressive Force
When evaluating other recordings or live performances, listen for singers and instrumentalists who convey emotion effectively through their performance. A performer with remarkable expressive force is likely to be particularly effective in conveying the drama of the story.

Conclusion:
By analyzing a musical performance, we can develop a deeper appreciation for the elements that make up a great performance. By applying these skills to other recordings and live performances, we can become more discerning listeners and better able to evaluate the quality of a musical performance.

Glossary:
- Cast: The singers and actors who perform in a musical performance
- Orchestra: The group of musicians who play the instruments in a musical performance
- Conductor: The person who leads the orchestra and choir during a musical performance
- Tempo: The speed at which a piece of music is performed
- Drama: The emotional and narrative aspects of a musical performance
- Expressive force: The ability of a singer or instrumentalist to convey emotion through their performance


text: New IRB Chair. For students, faculty, and staff whose research involves human participants, I call your attention to a transition in leadership on the College’s Institutional Review Board (IRB). In preparation for new duties in the administration, James Davis completed his term as chair of the IRB in December. Beginning in January, Michael Sheridan (Sociology/Anthropology) will serve as chair of the committee.. I want to thank James for his many years of excellent service on the IRB and offer publicly my gratitude to Michael for assuming new duties in the middle of the academic year.. All applications and inquiries can be directed toward the new chair or to Alison Darrow, who continues in her role as IRB staff support. The email address for the IRB remains irb@middlebury.edu<mailto:irb@middlebury.edu>.. Sincerely,. Jim. James Ralph. Dean of the Faculty. Rehnquist Chair of American History and Culture. Old Chapel 106. 443-5908

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

Overview:
In this lesson, we will learn about Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), their purpose, and how they protect human participants in research. We will cover the core concept of informed consent and how it is obtained, the importance of risk assessment, and the role of the IRB in ensuring the safety and well-being of research participants.

Section 1: What is an IRB?

An IRB is a committee that reviews research proposals involving human participants to ensure that the research is conducted in an ethical manner. The committee is made up of members from various disciplines, including science, medicine, social sciences, and humanities.

Why do we need IRBs?

IRBs are necessary to protect the rights and welfare of human participants in research. They ensure that the research is conducted in a way that minimizes risks and maximizes benefits.

What does an IRB do?

The IRB reviews research proposals to ensure that they meet federal and institutional guidelines for the protection of human participants. They also ensure that the researchers have obtained informed consent from the participants and that the risks associated with the research are minimized.

Section 2: Informed Consent

Informed consent is a process in which participants in a research study are given information about the study, its risks, and benefits, so they can make an informed decision about whether or not to participate.

What is the purpose of informed consent?

The purpose of informed consent is to protect the rights and welfare of research participants by ensuring that they have all the necessary information to make an informed decision about participating in the study.

How is informed consent obtained?

Informed consent is typically obtained through a written document that participants sign before participating in the study. However, in some cases, verbal consent may be obtained.

Section 3: Risk Assessment

Risk assessment is the process of identifying and evaluating potential risks associated with a research study.

Why is risk assessment important?

Risk assessment is important because it helps to ensure that the risks associated with a research study are minimized. This is important for protecting the rights and welfare of research participants.

How is risk assessed?

Risk assessment involves evaluating the potential risks associated with a research study and determining how to minimize those risks. This may involve modifying the study design, reducing the number of participants, or providing additional training to researchers.

Section 4: Conclusion

In this lesson, we have learned about the importance of IRBs, informed consent, and risk assessment in protecting human participants in research. By understanding these concepts, we can ensure that research is conducted in an ethical manner that minimizes risks and maximizes benefits.

Glossary:
- IRB: Institutional Review Board
- Human Participants: Individuals who take part in a research study
- Informed Consent: A process in which participants are given information about a study and its risks and benefits
- Risk Assessment: The process of identifying and evaluating potential risks associated with a research study

Self-Debating Discussion:

1. How does obtaining informed consent benefit both the researcher and the participant?
2. In what ways can risk be minimized during a research study?
3. How does an IRB ensure that risks are minimized and benefits are maximized in a research study?


text:
Maternal olfaction differentially modulates oxytocin and prolactin release during suckling in goats.
In postparturient goats, olfactory recognition of the young allows the establishment of a selective bond between the mother and her kids. Once this bond is formed, the mother rejects alien young that attempt to suckle. We tested whether the development of the maternal selective bond in goats modulates prolactin (PRL) and oxytocin (OT) release in response to suckling. On day 37 of lactation, serial blood samples were taken during nursing of the mother's own or alien kid(s) in 10 intact/selective goats and in 10 goats rendered anosmic/nonselective through prepartum peripheral ZnSO(4) irrigation. Spontaneous nursing behavior was also studied weekly from day 7 to 30 of lactation, at which time milk production was measured. Maternal selectivity had no effect on PRL release, in contrast to OT release, which was significantly affected by this factor. Intact mothers released OT only when nursing their own kids, but not with aliens, while anosmic/nonselective dams showed an increase in OT levels regardless of the identity of the kids. In addition to these effects on maternal selectivity, the amplitude of the response of both hormones was lower in anosmic mothers than in intact mothers. Finally, nursing behavior and milk production were not significantly affected by anosmia. We conclude that maternal selective behavior in goats, which relies on the individual olfactory signature of the kid, modulates the OT, but not the PRL, response to suckling. In addition, perception of the smell of the young appears to have a general facilitatory effect, independent of the kid's identity, on the release of both hormones.

textbook:
Lesson: How does maternal olfaction differentially modulate oxytocin and prolactin release during suckling in goats?
Introduction:
Maternal olfaction is the ability of a mother to recognize her offspring through smell. This ability is crucial for the establishment of a selective bond between the mother and her kids. Once this bond is formed, the mother rejects alien young that attempt to suckle. In this lesson, we will explore how maternal olfaction modulates the release of oxytocin and prolactin during suckling in goats.
Theoretical Concepts:
- Olfactory recognition: The ability of an organism to recognize and differentiate between different smells.
- Selective bond: A strong emotional bond between a mother and her offspring, which allows the mother to reject alien young.
- Oxytocin: A hormone released by the pituitary gland that plays a role in childbirth, lactation, and social bonding.
- Prolactin: A hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands.
- Anosmia: The inability to detect odors.
Practical Examples:
- A study was conducted on postparturient goats to test whether the development of the maternal selective bond modulates prolactin (PRL) and oxytocin (OT) release in response to suckling.
- Ten intact/selective goats were used, as well as ten goats rendered anosmic/nonselective through prepartum peripheral ZnSO(4) irrigation.
- Serial blood samples were taken during nursing of the mother's own or alien kid(s).
- Spontaneous nursing behavior was also studied weekly from day 7 to 30 of lactation, at which time milk production was measured.
Questions and Answers:
1. What is olfactory recognition?
2. What is the selective bond?
3. What is oxytocin?
4. What is prolactin?
5. What is anosmia?
6. How does maternal olfaction differentially modulate oxytocin and prolactin release during suckling in goats?
7. Why is this study important?
8. What are the practical applications of this study?
Conclusion:
In conclusion, this study has shown that maternal olfaction differentially modulates oxytocin and prolactin release during suckling in goats. Intact mothers released OT only when nursing their own kids, while anosmic mothers did not release OT. This suggests that the development of the maternal selective bond modulates OT release during suckling. However, PRL release was not affected by maternal selectivity. This study has important implications for our understanding of the role of olfaction in the formation of the maternal-offspring bond and the regulation of lactation.
Glossary:
- Olfactory recognition: The ability of an organism to recognize and differentiate between different smells.
- Selective bond: A strong emotional bond between a mother and her offspring, which allows the mother to reject alien young.
- Oxytocin: A hormone released by the pituitary gland that plays a role in childbirth, lactation, and social bonding.
- Prolactin: A hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands.
- Anosmia: The inability to detect odors.


text: With the recent purchase of Heroku by salesforce made me think about the future of the "SysAdmin".. As I was writing this I saw a recent talk given by Jacob Kaplan-Moss at Django Boston Meetup titled DevOps.. The job of a SysAdmin is changing, frameworks like Django and Ruby on Rails along with services providers like Google Apps, Heroku, VMForce, and Djangy give developers everything they need. The role of a SysAdmin is going to become very specialized, unless your talking about Windows systems ;)

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to DevOps

## Section 1: What is DevOps?
DevOps is a software development practice that emphasizes collaboration and communication between development and operations teams. It is a cultural shift that aims to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of software delivery processes.

## Section 2: Why is DevOps important?
DevOps is important because it helps organizations deliver high-quality software faster and more efficiently. By breaking down silos between development and operations teams, DevOps promotes collaboration and communication, leading to faster problem resolution and more effective use of resources.

## Section 3: How does DevOps work?
DevOps works by implementing a continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipeline. This pipeline automates the process of building, testing, and deploying software, allowing teams to release new features quickly and reliably.

## Section 4: What are the benefits of DevOps?
The benefits of DevOps include faster time-to-market, improved software quality, increased efficiency, and better collaboration between teams. By automating the software delivery process, DevOps reduces the risk of human error and speeds up the release of new features.

## Conclusion:
In conclusion, DevOps is a powerful tool for organizations looking to improve their software delivery processes. By emphasizing collaboration and communication between development and operations teams, DevOps promotes a culture of continuous improvement and faster time-to-market. Whether you're a developer, sysadmin, or any other role in the software delivery process, DevOps can help you work more efficiently and effectively.

Glossary:
- DevOps: A software development practice that emphasizes collaboration and communication between development and operations teams.
- CI/CD: Continuous integration and continuous deployment, a process that automates the building, testing, and deploying of software.
- SysAdmin: A system administrator responsible for the upkeep, configuration, and smooth, reliable operation of computer systems, particularly multi-user computers, such as servers.
- Frameworks: A software framework is a standard way of doing something, built of many small parts that you can put together in different ways to do different things.
- Services Providers: An organization that provides services to individuals or other businesses.