text: Opened 3 years ago. Closed 3 years ago. #724 closed defect (fixed). RasStructure doesn't allow access to its elements. Description. Class rasj.RasStructure? has only one public method "toString" and doesn't allow access to its elements and type.. Change History (1). comment:1 Changed 3 years ago by vliaukevich. - Resolution set to fixed. - Status changed from new to closed. Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Version Control Systems

## Section 1: What is a Version Control System?
A version control system (VCS) is a software tool that helps developers manage changes to their code. It allows multiple users to work on the same project simultaneously without overwriting each other's changes. A VCS keeps track of every change made to the codebase, allowing developers to revert changes if necessary.

## Section 2: Why Use a Version Control System?
There are several reasons why developers use version control systems:

1. Collaboration: Multiple developers can work on the same project without conflicts.
2. History: A VCS keeps a record of all changes made to the codebase, making it easy to track down bugs or understand why a certain change was made.
3. Branching and Merging: Developers can create branches of the codebase to work on new features without affecting the main line of development. They can then merge these changes back into the main line when they're ready.

## Section 3: How does a Version Control System Work?
A VCS works by keeping a record of every change made to the codebase. When a user makes a change, the VCS creates a new version of the codebase, called a "commit." Each commit contains a list of changes made to the codebase, along with a message explaining why those changes were made.

Developers can then use the VCS to "checkout" a specific version of the codebase, making changes to it locally before committing their own changes and pushing them to the server. This process ensures that everyone is working with the same version of the codebase and prevents conflicts.

## Glossary:
- Codebase: The entire collection of source code for a project.
- Commit: A new version of the codebase created when changes are made.
- Branch: A separate line of development within a project.
- Merge: Combining changes from one branch into another.

## Conclusion:
Version control systems are essential tools for developers. They allow multiple users to work on the same project simultaneously and keep track of every change made to the codebase. By understanding how VCSs work, developers can collaborate more effectively and ensure that their code is always in a stable and maintainable state.


text: Whether the conveyor belt at a mine or a silo in agriculture, the transmitter is suitable for every application – static or dynamic. The evaluation units convert measuring values and achieve exact weights using reference weights – a must for every bulk materials process.. Transmitter for dynamic. measurements. Transmitter for static and dynamic measurements

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: How to Measure Mass and Weight with Transmitters

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about transmitters and how they are used to measure mass and weight in various applications. Transmitters are devices that convert measurable quantities into electrical signals that can be transmitted to other devices for further processing. In the field of bulk materials processing, transmitters are commonly used to measure mass and weight accurately.

Section 1: What is a Transmitter?
A transmitter is an electronic device that converts a measurable quantity, such as mass or weight, into an electrical signal that can be transmitted to other devices for further processing. Transmitters are widely used in industries like mining, agriculture, and manufacturing to measure and control the flow of bulk materials.

Section 2: How do Transmitters work?
Transmitters work by sensing a physical property, such as mass or weight, and converting it into an electrical signal. There are two types of transmitters: static and dynamic. Static transmitters measure the mass or weight of an object at rest, while dynamic transmitters measure the mass or weight of an object in motion.

Static Transmitters:
Static transmitters use reference weights to achieve accurate measurements. Reference weights are calibrated weights that are used to establish a known mass or weight value. The transmitter compares the unknown mass or weight with the reference weight and calculates the difference. This difference is then transmitted to other devices for further processing.

Dynamic Transmitters:
Dynamic transmitters measure the mass or weight of an object in motion. They use sensors to detect the force exerted on the object as it moves. The transmitter then converts this force into an electrical signal that can be transmitted to other devices for further processing.

Section 3: Applications of Transmitters
Transmitters are used in various applications, including:

1. Mining: In mining, transmitters are used to measure the mass and weight of ore and other materials. This information is used to calculate the amount of material being processed and to ensure that the equipment is operating efficiently.

2. Agriculture: In agriculture, transmitters are used to measure the mass and weight of crops and other materials. This information is used to determine the amount of fertilizer or pesticide needed and to optimize crop yields.

3. Manufacturing: In manufacturing, transmitters are used to measure the mass and weight of raw materials and finished products. This information is used to ensure that the products meet quality standards and to optimize production processes.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about transmitters and their applications in measuring mass and weight in various industries. Transmitters are essential tools for accurate and efficient bulk materials processing. By understanding how transmitters work and their applications, we can apply these skills to new problems and improve our ability to measure mass and weight accurately.


text: Project Summary This is an application for the competitive renewal of a T32 Institutional National Research Service Award for a successful postdoctoral training program in medical rehabilitation research that focuses on brain injury and neurological disability. We propose to train 4 postdoctoral level trainees per year, each for a total duration of 2- 3 years. The training program is based in the Johns Hopkins Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) and in the Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore. Kennedy Krieger is a major center for clinical care and research on neurological disabilities in children and young adults on the Johns Hopkins University medical campus. Trainees have the opportunity to work with faculty advisors from the Kennedy Krieger Institute, the Department of PM&R, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and the departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, Otolaryngology, Biomedical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering. The mission of the program is to train postdoctoral researchers how to translate advances in neuroscience into neurorehabilitation interventions to improve outcomes for children and adults with neurologically based disabilities. The goals of the program are to: 1) train clinicians and basic scientists who will go on to make important contributions that advance the rehabilitation of patients with brain and spinal cord injuries and other neurological disabilities; 2) equip these trainees with the skills needed to become independent grant-funded investigators. The focus of the training program is on a mentored period of hypothesis-driven translational clinical and/or laboratory based research. Faculty have expertise in one or more of three major rehabilitation themes: 1) CNS plasticity and recovery; 2) pediatric brain injury rehabilitation; 3) stroke rehabilitation. A training program management committee provides specific goals for progress of trainees to achieve core research competencies, and they monitor progress closely. The program provides a strong curriculum of weekly conferences, journal clubs and didactic lectures that reflect the research and scholarly environment at Johns Hopkins. The program has trained more than 50 researchers since its inception, many of which now have highly productive rehabilitation research programs of their own. !

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Postdoctoral Training Programs in Medical Rehabilitation Research

### Section 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will explore the concept of postdoctoral training programs in medical rehabilitation research, focusing on brain injury and neurological disability. We will cover the basics of what these programs are, their objectives, and the benefits of participating in one. By the end of this lesson, you will have a good understanding of what postdoctoral training programs are and how they can help further your career in medical research.

### Section 2: What are Postdoctoral Training Programs?

Postdoctoral training programs are advanced educational and research opportunities available to individuals who have already earned a doctoral degree, such as a PhD or MD. These programs are designed to provide additional training and experience in a specific field, allowing participants to gain expertise in a particular area of interest. In the case of medical rehabilitation research, postdoctoral training programs focus on brain injury and neurological disability, providing participants with specialized knowledge and skills to conduct research in this area.

### Section 3: Objectives of Postdoctoral Training Programs

The primary objective of postdoctoral training programs is to provide participants with the necessary skills and knowledge to conduct independent research in their field of study. These programs aim to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and research design skills, as well as provide hands-on experience in conducting research studies. Additionally, postdoctoral training programs aim to prepare participants for academic or research careers by providing opportunities to publish research findings, present at conferences, and network with professionals in the field.

### Section 4: Benefits of Participating in a Postdoctoral Training Program

There are several benefits to participating in a postdoctoral training program, including:

1. Gaining specialized knowledge and skills: Postdoctoral training programs provide participants with the opportunity to gain specialized knowledge and skills in a particular area of research, such as brain injury and neurological disability.

2. Building a professional network: Participants in postdoctoral training programs have the opportunity to network with professionals in their field, which can lead to potential collaborations and job opportunities.

3. Developing research experience: Postdoctoral training programs provide participants with hands-on research experience, which can be valuable when applying for research or academic positions.

4. Enhancing career prospects: Completing a postdoctoral training program can enhance career prospects by providing participants with specialized knowledge and skills, as well as research experience, which can be attractive to potential employers.

### Section 5: Conclusion

In conclusion, postdoctoral training programs in medical rehabilitation research, with a focus on brain injury and neurological disability, provide participants with specialized knowledge and skills to conduct research in this area. Participating in a postdoctoral training program can provide numerous benefits, including gaining specialized knowledge and skills, building a professional network, developing research experience, and enhancing career prospects.


text: This compression-molded skim shape is designed for performance and fun, just like the wave break in Encinitas, CA that it was named after. This board is for those that want a skim shape without the fragile high performance construction or price. The Swami, part of the Break Through Series, is built to last and perform at a high level. It features a rounded diamond nose and tail shape for control and lift when riding forward or reverse, a single concave for easy glide and a slotted channel through the tail for control. The shallow twin fins help give this skim-style surfer extra drive.

textbook:
## Lesson: Skimboarding 101
### Section 1: Introduction to Skimboarding
Skimboarding is a water sport that involves riding on a small, flat board called a skimboard. The board is designed to ride on the surface of the water, much like surfing. Skimboarding is a fun and exciting activity that can be enjoyed by people of all ages and skill levels. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of skimboarding, including the equipment needed, the techniques involved, and the safety precautions that should be taken.
### Section 2: Understanding Skimboards
A skimboard is a small, flat board that is typically made of fiberglass or resin. It is designed to be ridden on the surface of the water, much like a surfboard. However, unlike a surfboard, a skimboard has no wings and is much smaller in size. Skimboards come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but the most common type is the swallowtail shape. This shape is designed to provide more stability and control when riding on the water.
### Section 3: Techniques for Riding a Skimboard
To ride a skimboard, you need to follow a few basic techniques. First, you need to approach the water at an angle, so that you can get a good running start. Once you are in position, you should drop the skimboard onto the water and quickly jump on top of it. As you ride, you should keep your weight centered on the board and use your feet to help you steer. To turn, you should shift your weight to one side of the board and use your feet to scoop up water.
### Section 4: Safety Precautions
Skimboarding can be a fun and exciting activity, but it can also be dangerous if you don't take proper safety precautions. Always wear a life jacket when you are in the water, and make sure that you are in a safe area where you won't be hit by waves or other obstacles. It's also important to choose a skimboard that is the right size for your body weight and riding style. A too-small board can be difficult to control, and a too-large board can be unstable.
### Section 5: Glossary
- **Skimboard**: A small, flat board that is designed to be ridden on the surface of the water.
- **Swallowtail**: A shape of a skimboard that is designed to provide more stability and control when riding on the water.
- **Running start**: Approaching the water at an angle to get a good start when riding a skimboard.
- **Weight**: Your body's mass used to control the board while riding.
- **Feet**: The parts of your body that you use to steer and turn while riding a skimboard.
- **Life jacket**: A piece of safety equipment that you should always wear when in the water to prevent drowning.
### Conclusion
Skimboarding is a fun and exciting water sport that can be enjoyed by people of all ages and skill levels. By understanding the basics of skimboards, learning the techniques involved in riding them, and taking proper safety precautions, you can enjoy this activity safely and responsibly. With practice and patience, you'll be shredding waves in no time!


text: An Illustration of a shade grown coffee plantation.. If a shot of espresso is a necessary component of your early bird routine, here is yet another personal pleasure you can feel guilty about. Growing coffee entails cutting down the canopy trees and growing coffee plants under full sun. These "sun coffee" farms provide little or no bird habitat and pollute the environment because they require large amounts of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. There is an alternative emerging as shade grown coffee plantations are sprouting up.. To learn more about "Bird Friendly®" coffees and find out where you can buy them, visit the

textbook:
Lesson Title: The Environmental Impact of Coffee Production

Introduction:
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world, and its production has a significant impact on the environment. In this lesson, we will explore the environmental impact of coffee production and learn about the benefits of shade-grown coffee.

Section 1: The Environmental Impact of Coffee Production

Topic 1: Deforestation
Coffee production requires a large amount of land, and to accommodate this demand, many coffee farmers cut down trees to create sun coffee farms. This deforestation leads to the loss of habitat for birds and other wildlife, as well as the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Topic 2: Chemical Use
Sun coffee farms require the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers to maintain the health of the coffee plants. These chemicals can pollute the soil and water sources, harming both humans and wildlife.

Topic 3: Water Use
Coffee production is a water-intensive process, requiring large amounts of water for irrigation. This can lead to the depletion of local water sources and contribute to water scarcity in some regions.

Section 2: Shade-Grown Coffee

Topic 1: Benefits
Shade-grown coffee plantations provide a habitat for birds and other wildlife, as they are grown under a canopy of trees. This helps to protect the local ecosystem and support biodiversity. Additionally, shade-grown coffee is often organically grown, reducing the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers.

Topic 2: Bird Friendly® Coffee
The Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center has developed a certification program called Bird Friendly® to recognize coffee growers who meet specific criteria for shade management, habitat preservation, and organic farming practices. By choosing Bird Friendly® coffee, consumers can support sustainable coffee production that benefits both people and the environment.

Section 3: Conclusion

In conclusion, the production of coffee has a significant impact on the environment, including deforestation, chemical use, and water use. However, there is an alternative in the form of shade-grown coffee plantations. By choosing Bird Friendly® coffee, consumers can support sustainable coffee production that benefits both people and the environment.

Glossary:
- Deforestation: The intentional clearing of trees or other vegetation from an area of land
- Pesticides: Chemicals used to control pests and insects
- Fertilizers: Chemicals used to enrich the soil with nutrients
- Organic: Relating to or involving food produced without the use of artificial chemicals or pesticides
- Biodiversity: The variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat

Conclusion:
By learning about the environmental impact of coffee production and the benefits of shade-grown coffee, we can make informed choices about the coffee we consume. By choosing Bird Friendly® coffee, we can support sustainable coffee production that benefits both people and the environment.


text: RIDER TUNING SESSIONS. Bring your motorcycle to our unique 1.6km road circuit. Receive expert tuition from our expert riding instructors; share tips and techniques with other participants. These days are fun and for only $80 are extremely popular.. The tuning session has been designed to meet the needs of a wide range of riders, so whatever your skill and experience level you will have full opportunity to enhance your riding style.. To apply, you must complete our Advanced Ride Day before an entry can be accepted.. EVENT:. · Cornering techniques. · Advanced bike control skills. · Counter Steering. · Braking techniques. · Correct lines. · Entry & exits. REQUIREMENTS:. · Full licence for R-E or R class. · Satisfactory completion of Advanced Ride Day. · Participants to supply own licenced bikes. · Protective clothing. For more information:

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Motorcycle Tuning Sessions

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Motorcycle tuning sessions are designed to help riders improve their skills and techniques on the road. During these sessions, participants learn various riding techniques that can help them become better and safer riders. In this lesson, we will explore the different aspects of motorcycle tuning sessions and how they can benefit riders of all skill levels.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

Let's consider an example scenario where a rider is struggling with cornering techniques. During a motorcycle tuning session, the rider would work with an expert instructor to identify the root cause of their issue. The instructor might observe that the rider is not using enough body English or is not leaning their bike far enough into the turn. Through guided practice and feedback, the rider would learn how to properly initiate and maintain a lean angle, effectively using their body to communicate with the motorcycle and navigate the turn with greater control and confidence.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

As we continue to learn about motorcycle tuning sessions, let's take a moment to engage in some self-debating discussions. What do you think are the most important aspects of these sessions? Are they primarily focused on improving speed and agility, or is there more emphasis on safety and control? How do you think these sessions can benefit riders who may not be experiencing specific issues but want to become even better riders overall?

## Glossary
- Motorcycle Tuning Sessions: A type of training course for motorcyclists that focuses on improving their skills and techniques.
- Expert Riding Instructors: Professionals who specialize in teaching riders how to improve their skills and techniques.
- Advanced Ride Day: A prerequisite for participating in a motorcycle tuning session.
- Cornering Techniques: Methods used by riders to navigate turns and curves safely and efficiently.
- Bike Control Skills: Techniques used to maintain balance and control while riding a motorcycle.
- Counter Steering: The process of using counter-steering to initiate a turn and maintain control during the turn.
- Braking Techniques: Methods used to slow down and stop a motorcycle safely and efficiently.
- Correct Lines: The optimal path a rider should take when navigating a turn or curve.
- Entry & Exits: The process of entering and exiting a turn or curve safely and efficiently.

## Conclusion

In this lesson, we explored the concept of motorcycle tuning sessions and their benefits for riders of all skill levels. We learned about the different techniques and strategies involved in these sessions and engaged in self-debating discussions to deepen our understanding. As we move forward, we will continue to apply these concepts to real-world scenarios and challenges.


text: Hasbro released figures based on the Clone Wars microseries TV show between 2003 and 2005 in an animated and realistic style. Pictured here are realistic-style figures. Overall these Clone Wars figures were easy to find in stores, with the exception of the Red ARC Trooper, which was difficult to track down in some areas. The realistic figures were only loosely based on the TV show and relied heavily on Hasbro's own concepts for the characters.. The numbering started at #42 with Anakin Skywalker, because the Clone Wars assortment was mixed-in with the regular 2003 Star Wars SAGA toy line.. Here is a list of Clone Wars figures which were released in 3-packs.. Following figures were released bundled together with vehicles.. Here are pre-order links to figures at a variety of online stores, mainly Entertainment Earth which is our preferred collector focused online shop.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Collecting Action Figures

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Collecting action figures can be a fun hobby for people of all ages. It involves searching for, purchasing, and displaying action figures based on popular characters from movies, TV shows, comic books, and video games. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of collecting action figures, including the history of action figures, different types of figures, and how to start a collection.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

To begin, let's take a look at some examples of action figures. Hasbro released figures based on the Clone Wars microseries TV show between 2003 and 2005 in an animated and realistic style. Pictured here are realistic-style figures. Overall these Clone Wars figures were easy to find in stores, with the exception of the Red ARC Trooper, which was difficult to track down in some areas. The realistic figures were only loosely based on the TV show and relied heavily on Hasbro's own concepts for the characters.

### Section 3: Increasing Difficulty Level

Now that we have a basic understanding of action figures, let's dive deeper into the world of collecting. One of the most popular types of action figures is the 6-inch scale, which includes figures like those in the Marvel Legends and DC Multiverse lines. These figures are highly detailed and often come with accessories such as weapons or interchangeable hands. Another type of action figure is the 3.75-inch scale, which is smaller and typically aimed at children. This scale was popularized by Star Wars action figures in the 1970s and 1980s.

### Glossary
- Action figure: A poseable figure representing a character, usually from a movie, TV show, comic book, or video game.
- Scale: The size of an action figure, usually measured in inches.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the basics of collecting action figures, including the history of action figures, different types of figures, and how to start a collection. We also explored the different scales of action figures and their accessories. By understanding these concepts, we can apply them to other types of collectibles as well. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced collector, there's always something new to learn about this fun hobby.


text: Now that I wrote various tools that interop with VMWare, I started working on a VMWare Tasks Library, a managed C# wrapper on top of VMWare COM ViX API that makes it really easy to use.. I checked in basic functionality of connecting to a virtual machine host, restoring snapshots, powering them up, executing commands, getting lists of files in a directory and subdirectories, etc.. At my day job we developed a tool that uses VMWare to test installers (executes a cross-product of virtual machine snapshots and installers). I plan to take an alternate approach here and write an MSBuild Task to control VMWare, which could enable more flexible automation scenarios.. Update (2015)

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Virtual Machines and Automation

## Section 1: What are Virtual Machines?

A virtual machine is a simulated computer environment in which an operating system and other software can run as if they were running on a physical machine. It is created by installing a virtualization software on a physical computer, which allows it to create and manage multiple virtual machines.

## Section 2: Why Use Virtual Machines?

Virtual machines have several advantages over physical machines. They allow you to run multiple operating systems and applications on the same physical computer without interfering with each other. This is useful for testing and developing software, as well as for running old or incompatible software that cannot be installed on a modern operating system. Virtual machines also make it easier to backup and restore data, since they can be easily copied and moved between physical computers.

## Section 3: Automating Virtual Machines

Automating virtual machines involves creating scripts or programs that can start, stop, and manage virtual machines and their settings. This can be done using command-line interfaces or APIs provided by virtualization software. Automation can save time and increase efficiency, as it eliminates the need for manual intervention when performing repetitive tasks.

## Section 4: Creating an Automated Virtual Machine Task

To create an automated virtual machine task, you will need to follow these steps:

1. Choose a virtualization software and install it on a physical computer.
2. Create a new virtual machine and configure its settings, such as the operating system, amount of memory, and hard disk size.
3. Install any necessary software on the virtual machine.
4. Write a script or program that can start, stop, and manage the virtual machine and its settings.
5. Test the automated task to ensure that it works correctly.

## Section 5: Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about virtual machines and their advantages over physical machines. We also learned about automating virtual machines and how to create an automated virtual machine task. By automating virtual machines, we can save time and increase efficiency when managing multiple virtual machines and their settings.


text:
Password Managers software downloads

Efficient Password Manager Pro 3.0 Build 316
Still be worrying about so many passwords to remember? Now we have Efficient Password Manager, a completely free but powerful and unique password management software program. She can not only help you remember general password information, but also

1
Free to try

eWalletSplit 1.0.0.0
A simple win32 console utility to break out Illium Software???s eWallet text export into separate files. eWalletSplit creates separate directories for each Category and a separate .txt file for each Card.

1
Freeware

HashPwGen 1.00
HashPwGen is a tool specially designed to help you create passwords depending on system ident codes.
That if you want to be sure that your passwords are hard to crack at the very least, then take HashPwGen for a Spin and see how that goes.

1
Freeware

JPassGen 1.1
JPassGen is a cross-platform random Password Generator which can generate strong passwords for different applications.

1
Freeware

jsSHA 1.2
jsSHA is a JavaScript implementation of all variants of the SHA family of hashes (SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512) as well as HMAC.

tidepass 2.0.0.6
tidepass is a clone of sitepass written in Java. The idea is you have one universal hard to guess PassPhrase and a list of easy to remember names. The program generates a password for you to use, and therefore you only have to remember the hard to

1
Freeware

Whipser 0.102 Beta
Whipser is a very simple password manager at the moment. This project is not to give the best protection for passwords or the most advanced techniques of storing information it is simply to provide access to passwords as user friendly and with little

1
Freeware

XLog 2.0.2.1
The program is a solution for many users if you write login,passwords,web links to text file / NoteBook.

textbook:
Lesson: Password Management

Introduction:
Passwords are essential for protecting our digital identity, but creating and remembering them can be challenging. A password manager is a software application that stores and organizes our login credentials securely. In this lesson, we will learn about the benefits of using a password manager, how they work, and how to choose the right one for our needs.

Section 1: Introduction to Password Managers

Topic 1: What is a Password Manager?
A password manager is a software application that securely stores and organizes our login credentials for various online accounts. It generates strong passwords, remembers them for us, and enters them automatically whenever we visit a website.

Topic 2: Why Use a Password Manager?
Using a password manager has several benefits:
- It generates and stores strong, unique passwords for each account, making it difficult for hackers to crack.
- It saves time by automatically filling in login forms.
- It prevents password reuse across accounts, reducing the risk of getting hacked.
- It allows us to access our passwords from any device with an internet connection.

Topic 3: How Does a Password Manager Work?
A password manager works by creating a secure vault where it stores our login credentials. When we log into a website, the password manager fills in the login form with the correct username and password, which it retrieves from the vault. It uses encryption to protect our data from unauthorized access.

Section 2: Choosing a Password Manager

Topic 1: Types of Password Managers
There are three types of password managers:
- Free: These password managers are supported by ads or have limited features.
- Freemium: These password managers offer a basic version for free and a premium version with additional features for a fee.
- Paid: These password managers require a one-time or recurring fee but offer more features and better security.

Topic 2: Features to Look For
When choosing a password manager, consider the following features:
- Cross-platform compatibility: Ensure it works on all devices and operating systems you use.
- Security: Look for strong encryption and two-factor authentication.
- User-friendliness: Choose a password manager that is easy to use and understand.
- Sharing: Consider whether you need the ability to share passwords with others.

Topic 3: Recommendations
Based on our research, we recommend the following password managers:
- LastPass: Offers a free version with many features and a premium version for those who need more.
- Dashlane: A freemium password manager with a user-friendly interface and strong security features.
- 1Password: A paid password manager with excellent security and sharing capabilities.

Section 3: Using a Password Manager

Topic 1: Setting up a Password Manager
To set up a password manager, follow these steps:
1. Download and install the password manager software.
2. Create an account and set a master password.
3. Import or add your existing passwords to the vault.
4. Set up automatic form filling for your frequently visited websites.

Topic 2: Using the Password Manager
Once you have set up the password manager, use it as follows:
1. When logging into a website, let the password manager fill in the login form automatically.
2. If the password manager cannot fill in the form, manually enter the login information and let the password manager save the new password.
3. Regularly update your passwords to ensure they remain strong and secure.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, using a password manager is essential for maintaining our digital security. By choosing a reputable password manager with the right features, we can securely store and manage our login credentials, making it easier to remember and use strong passwords.

Glossary:
- Password manager: A software application that securely stores and organizes our login credentials.
- Encryption: The process of converting data into a code to prevent unauthorized access.
- Two-factor authentication: An added layer of security that requires two methods of verification to access an account.
- Vault: A secure location where the password manager stores our login credentials.
- Cross-platform compatibility: The ability to work on multiple devices and operating systems.
- Freemium: A combination of free and premium features.

Self-Debate Discussion:
Should I use the same password for all my accounts?
Answer: No, it's not safe to use the same password for all your accounts. Instead, use a unique and strong password for each account to reduce the risk of getting hacked.


text: The Ross Program will hire several counselors for Summer 2018, from June 10 to July 26, 2018. We are looking for undergraduate math majors who are talented in mathematics and have excellent social skills. Counselors are responsible for assessing student work, supervising dormitory life, inspiring the students to stay on task, providing struggling students with hints and advice, etc. We prefer counselors who are currently juniors or seniors in college, but we do hire some younger people. Successful candidates know basic abstract algebra and elementary number theory (see the Course Topics).. In exchange for six weeks of work, the Ross Program provides each counselor with room and board together with a salary.. If interested, please email ross@math.osu.edu

textbook:
**Lesson: Introduction to Abstract Algebra and Number Theory**

**Objective:** This lesson aims to introduce students to the basics of abstract algebra and number theory. By the end of this lesson, students will be able to understand and apply basic concepts in these fields, such as groups, rings, and fields, as well as prime numbers, modular arithmetic, and other number-theoretical concepts.

**Prerequisites:** Students should have a basic understanding of algebra and arithmetic.

**Section 1: Abstract Algebra**

**Topic 1.1: Groups**
- A group is a set of objects with a binary operation that satisfies the four group axioms: closure, associativity, identity, and inverse.
- Examples of groups include the set of integers under addition, the set of 2x2 matrices under matrix multiplication, and the set of symmetries of a regular polygon.
- The order of a group is the number of its elements.
- The isomorphism theorem states that any two isomorphic groups have the same order.

**Topic 1.2: Rings**
- A ring is a set of objects with a binary operation that satisfies the four ring axioms: closure, associativity, identity, and distributive law.
- Examples of rings include the set of integers under addition, the set of polynomials under addition, and the set of 2x2 matrices under matrix addition.
- The commutative property states that the order of operations does not matter.
- The nilpotent property states that every element has a power that is zero.

**Topic 1.3: Fields**
- A field is a set of objects with a binary operation that satisfies the four field axioms: closure, associativity, identity, and distributive law.
- Examples of fields include the set of integers under addition, the set of rational numbers under addition, and the set of complex numbers under addition and multiplication.
- The characteristic of a field is the number of elements.
- The prime field theorem states that any prime field has exactly one element of each order.

**Section 2: Number Theory**

**Topic 2.1: Primes**
- A prime number is a positive integer greater than 1 that has no divisors other than 1 and itself.
- The first few prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, ...
- The prime factorization of a number is the list of its prime factors in ascending order.
- The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every positive integer greater than 1 has a unique prime factorization.

**Topic 2.2: Modular Arithmetic**
- Modular arithmetic is the study of arithmetic operations in a ring of integers modulo some number n.
- The modulo operation is denoted by "mod n".
- The congruence relation is defined as "a ≡ b (mod n)" if and only if there exists an integer k such that a = b + kn.
- The Chinese Remainder Theorem states that if n1, n2, ..., nk are pairwise relatively prime, then there exists a unique solution to the system of linear congruences: x ≡ a1 (mod n1), x ≡ a2 (mod n2), ..., x ≡ ak (mod nk).

**Section 3: Exercises**

**Exercise 1:** Prove that the set of 2x2 matrices under matrix addition forms a group.

**Exercise 2:** Determine the prime factorization of 1234.

**Exercise 3:** Find the modular inverse of 7 (mod 23).

**Glossary:**
- Group: A set of objects with a binary operation that satisfies the four group axioms.
- Ring: A set of objects with a binary operation that satisfies the four ring axioms.
- Field: A set of objects with a binary operation that satisfies the four field axioms.
- Prime number: A positive integer greater than 1 with no divisors other than 1 and itself.
- Modulo operation: The operation of taking the remainder of division by some number n.
- Congruence relation: A relation that states that two integers are equivalent modulo n.
- Chinese Remainder Theorem: A theorem that states that if n1, n2, ..., nk are pairwise relatively prime, then there exists a unique solution to the system of linear congruences.

**Conclusion:** In this lesson, we introduced students to the basics of abstract algebra and number theory. Students learned about groups, rings, and fields, as well as prime numbers, modular arithmetic, and other number-theoretical concepts. They practiced these concepts with exercises that ranged in difficulty. By the end of this lesson, students should be able to apply these concepts to new problems and think critically about their solutions.


text: This cat headpiece is a great way to create the look of a cat. The headpiece is made of rubber and has attached ears and hair that covers your natural hair. This headpiece can also be used for anime characters and comicons.. The cat headpiece is colored as pictured and is one size fits most up to a 23" head measurement.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Create a Cat Look with a Rubber Cat Headpiece

**Introduction**

In this lesson, we will learn how to create a cat look using a rubber cat headpiece. We will cover the following topics:

1. Materials needed
2. How to wear the headpiece
3. Styling tips
4. Real-world applications

**Materials needed**

- Rubber cat headpiece (one size fits most up to a 23" head measurement)
- Natural hair or wig
- Makeup (optional)
- Clothing items that resemble a cat's fur (optional)

**How to wear the headpiece**

1. Begin by brushing your hair back into a low ponytail or bun. This will allow the cat ears to stand out more.
2. Place the cat headpiece on your head, making sure the ears are facing forward and the hair is covering your natural hair.
3. Adjust the headpiece until it is comfortable and secure.
4. If you are wearing a wig, make sure it is securely attached before putting on the cat headpiece.

**Styling tips**

1. Use makeup to enhance the cat look. You can use black eyeliner to create a cat-like eye shape, and use a flesh-toned blush to add a flush to your cheeks.
2. Accessorize with clothing items that resemble a cat's fur. For example, you could wear a faux fur coat or a sweater with a cat pattern.
3. Complete the look with some cat-themed accessories, such as cat-earrings or a cat-shaped purse.

**Real-world applications**

The rubber cat headpiece can be used for a variety of events and occasions, including cosplay, Halloween, comicons, and anime conventions. It can also be used for photography shoots or simply to express your love for cats.

**Conclusion**

Creating a cat look with a rubber cat headpiece is a fun and easy way to express your creativity. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can achieve a stunning cat look that will turn heads and impress your friends. Remember to experiment with different styling options and accessories to find the look that best suits you.


text: Super duplex stainless such as duplex is a mixed microstructure of austenite and ferrite which has improved strength over ferritic and austenitic steel grades. The main difference.. 1. Application:. Chemical processing, transport and storage,. Oil and Gas exploration and processing equipment,. Marine and other high chloride environments,. Pulp and paper digesters, liquor tanks and paper machines.. 2. Ordering Information. Quantity (feet, meters, or number of lengths),. Name of product (seamless or welded tubes). Grade (S32304). Size (outside diameter and average wall thickness, unless minimum wall thickness is specified),. Length (specific or random). Optional requirements (for product analysis; for hydrostatic or nondestructive electric test),. Test report required. Special requirements. 3. Chemical Requirements. 4. Tensile and Hardness Requirements. 5. Available Size Range

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding Super Duplex Stainless Steel

Introduction:
Super duplex stainless steel is a type of stainless steel that has a mixed microstructure of austenite and ferrite. This unique composition provides improved strength compared to ferritic and austenitic steel grades. In this lesson, we will explore the properties, applications, and ordering information of super duplex stainless steel.

Section 1: Properties of Super Duplex Stainless Steel

1.1 What is super duplex stainless steel?
Super duplex stainless steel is a type of stainless steel that has a mixed microstructure of austenite and ferrite. This unique composition provides improved strength and corrosion resistance compared to ferritic and austenitic steel grades.

1.2 Why is it called "super duplex"?
The term "super duplex" refers to the fact that this type of stainless steel has a higher percentage of austenite than traditional duplex stainless steel. The increased amount of austenite provides even greater strength and corrosion resistance.

1.3 What are the properties of super duplex stainless steel?
Some of the key properties of super duplex stainless steel include:

- High strength: Super duplex stainless steel has a yield strength of around 300 MPa, which is significantly higher than other types of stainless steel.
- Excellent corrosion resistance: Due to its mixed microstructure, super duplex stainless steel is highly resistant to corrosion in a wide range of environments.
- Good ductility: Super duplex stainless steel has good ductility, which means it can be easily formed and shaped without breaking.
- High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion: These are common forms of corrosion that can occur in stainless steel, but super duplex stainless steel is highly resistant to both.

1.4 How is super duplex stainless steel produced?
Super duplex stainless steel is typically produced through a process called thermo-mechanical rolling. This involves heating the steel to a high temperature and then rolling it to reduce its thickness while maintaining its strength.

Section 2: Applications of Super Duplex Stainless Steel

2.1 What are some common applications of super duplex stainless steel?
Super duplex stainless steel has a wide range of applications in various industries, including:

- Chemical processing: Super duplex stainless steel is often used in chemical processing equipment due to its excellent corrosion resistance.
- Oil and gas exploration: In the oil and gas industry, super duplex stainless steel is commonly used in pipelines, valves, and other equipment that must withstand harsh conditions.
- Pulp and paper: In the pulp and paper industry, super duplex stainless steel is used in digesters, liquor tanks, and paper machines due to its high strength and resistance to corrosion.
- Marine: In marine environments, super duplex stainless steel is used in equipment that must withstand high levels of chloride exposure.

2.2 What makes super duplex stainless steel ideal for these applications?
Super duplex stainless steel is ideal for these applications because of its:

- High strength: This makes it suitable for use in structural components and equipment that must withstand high loads.
- Excellent corrosion resistance: This allows it to perform well in harsh environments where other materials may quickly corrode.
- Good ductility: This property allows super duplex stainless steel to be easily formed and shaped, making it suitable for use in complex equipment and structures.
- High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion: This ensures that super duplex stainless steel will perform well in environments where these forms of corrosion are common.

Section 3: Ordering Information for Super Duplex Stainless Steel

3.1 What information is needed to order super duplex stainless steel?
To order super duplex stainless steel, you will need to provide the following information:

- Quantity: Specify whether you need a certain quantity of super duplex stainless steel (e.g., feet, meters, or number of lengths).
- Product type: Specify whether you need seamless or welded tubes.
- Grade: Specify the grade of super duplex stainless steel you require (e.g., S32304).
- Size: Specify the outside diameter and average wall thickness of the super duplex stainless steel, unless a minimum wall thickness is specified.
- Length: Specify whether you need specific lengths or random lengths of super duplex stainless steel.
- Optional requirements: If you require product analysis, hydrostatic or nondestructive electric testing, be sure to specify this in your order.
- Special requirements: If you have any special requirements, be sure to specify them in your order.

3.2 What are some common specifications for super duplex stainless steel?
Some common specifications for super duplex stainless steel include:

- ASTM A815: This standard covers seamless alloy-steel tubes for high-temperature service, including super duplex stainless steel.
- ASTM A276: This standard covers seamless stainless steel pipes for general purposes, including super duplex stainless steel.
- ASTM A240: This standard covers ferritic, austenitic, and martensitic stainless steel plates, sheets, and strips for general purposes, including super duplex stainless steel.

Section 4: Chemical Requirements for Super Duplex Stainless Steel

4.1 What are the chemical requirements for super duplex stainless steel?
Super duplex stainless steel must meet certain chemical requirements to achieve its unique properties. These requirements include:

- Minimum 25% chromium: This provides the corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength of the material.
- Minimum 5% nickel: This enhances the material's strength and ductility.
- Minimum 20% chromium and 5% nickel: This ensures that the material meets the criteria for being classified as a duplex stainless steel.
- Additional elements such as molybdenum, nitrogen, and manganese: These elements are added to further improve the material's properties, such as its strength and corrosion resistance.

Section 5: Tensile and Hardness Requirements for Super Duplex Stainless Steel

5.1 What are the tensile and hardness requirements for super duplex stainless steel?
Super duplex stainless steel must meet certain tensile and hardness requirements to ensure its strength and durability. These requirements include:

- Yield strength: Super duplex stainless steel must have a yield strength of around 300 MPa, which is significantly higher than other types of stainless steel.
- Tensile strength: Super duplex stainless steel must have a tensile strength of around 700 MPa, which is also higher than other types of stainless steel.
- Rockwell hardness: Super duplex stainless steel must have a Rockwell hardness of around 80, which indicates its resistance to wear and abrasion.

Section 6: Available Size Range for Super Duplex Stainless Steel

6.1 What is the available size range for super duplex stainless steel?
Super duplex stainless steel is available in a wide range of sizes, including:

- Outside diameters ranging from 1/8 inch to 12 inches.
- Wall thicknesses ranging from 0.020 inch to 1 inch.
- Lengths ranging from 20 feet to 40 feet.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored the properties, applications, and ordering information for super duplex stainless steel. We have also discussed its chemical requirements, tensile and hardness requirements, and available size range. By understanding these key aspects of super duplex stainless steel, you can make informed decisions when selecting this material for your projects.


text:
[Studies on peptide. XIX: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) immune selection].
HCV has characteristics of rapid variability. The amino terminus of E2/NS1 of HCV (amino acids sequence 384-414), which is hypervariable with respect to both nucleotide and amino acid sequence, has been termed the E2 HV domain or HVR1. The E2 HV domain appears to be a rapidly evolving region of the HCV genomes which may contain linear neutralizing epitopes and the E2 HV are under immune selection. For further studies of the immunogenicity on E2 HV of HCV, we selected three peptide fragments from the full length of E2 HV region sequence and synthesized them with SPPS method. The amino acid sequences are shown as following: P2: VDGDTHVTGGAQAKTTNR (381-398); P9: STHVTGAVQGHSIRGTTSLFTSGPAQKIQ (384-412); P10: RTYTSGGTAGHTTSGITSLFSPGASQKIQ (384-412). From the results of ELISA and anti-peptide Abs of rabbit sera, we conclude that there are anti-E2 HV Abs in immune host but they could not neutralize HCV, so these Abs were not reactive with all E2 HV epitopes that resulted in immune selection of escape mutants; the anti-E2 HV Abs, probably from the same genotype, contained some common structure in which E2 HV epitopes react with other anti-E2 HV Abs at 30%: the C-terminus of E2 HV region (398-412) caused the immune response to rabbits.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Peptide Synthesis and HCV Immunology

### Section 1: Introduction
Peptides are short chains of amino acids that play crucial roles in biological processes. They are involved in cell signaling, enzyme catalysis, and immune response. In this lesson, we will learn about peptide synthesis and its application in studying the hepatitis C virus (HCV).

### Section 2: Peptide Synthesis
Peptide synthesis is a technique used to create peptides with specific sequences. There are two main methods of peptide synthesis: solid-phase synthesis and liquid-phase synthesis. In solid-phase synthesis, the peptide is assembled on a solid support, while in liquid-phase synthesis, the peptide is synthesized in a liquid medium.

### Section 3: HCV Immunology
HCV is a virus that infects the liver and can cause chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. The virus has a high rate of mutation, which makes it difficult to develop a vaccine against it. However, understanding the immune response to HCV can help researchers develop new treatments for the virus.

### Section 4: Application of Peptide Synthesis in HCV Immunology
In this study, researchers synthesized three peptide fragments from the HCV E2 protein, which is known to be highly variable and under immune selection. The peptides were synthesized using solid-phase synthesis and then tested for their ability to bind to antibodies from immune hosts.

### Section 5: Conclusion
Understanding the immune response to HCV and the role of peptide variation in the virus's evolution is crucial for developing new treatments and vaccines. By synthesizing and testing peptide fragments from the HCV E2 protein, researchers can gain insights into the immune response to the virus and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.


text:
UK finally legalises CD and DVD ripping

The UK Government has revised copyright law which will legalize CD and DVD copying for personal use. The changes go into effect in June, and will also broaden other forms of fair use, including parody and quotation rights. Although most people have been doing it for decades the UK bowed to pressure from the content industry to keep the practice illegal.

After a public consultation, and realising that being one of the few countries in Europe where it was illegal the UK Government decided to side with consumers for once. Starting in July people are free to make copies of DVDs, CDs and other types of media, as long as it’s for personal use. The UK’s Intellectual Property Office said that the changes will mean that you will be able to copy a book or film you have purchased for one device onto another without infringing copyright.

More controversial are the changes that will mean that people can legally store copies of their music and movies in the cloud. If you give, others access to your files you can expect to be sued by big content. Also controversial is a change which will allow people are free to sell any media they purchase, but all backup copies will have to be destroyed.

A Government-commissioned survey, which found that 85 per cent of consumers already thought that DVD and CD ripping, was legal.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Copyright Law

Introduction:
Copyright law is an essential aspect of intellectual property rights that protect creators' original works. This lesson will explore the basics of copyright law, its history, and how it applies to everyday life.

Section 1: What is Copyright Law?
Copyright law is a set of legal rules that govern the use of creative works such as literature, music, art, and software. It grants the creator exclusive rights to their work, usually for a limited time, after which the work passes into the public domain.

History:
Copyright law has a long history dating back to ancient Greece when playwrights and poets would register their works with the state. In the Middle Ages, European monarchs granted writers and artists royal patronage to protect their works. Modern copyright law originated in England in 1710 with the Statute of Anne, which gave authors the exclusive right to publish their works for a limited time.

Section 2: Types of Copyright Works
Copyright law protects various types of works, including:

1. Literary works: novels, articles, and poetry
2. Musical works: songs, compositions, and sound recordings
3. Artistic works: paintings, sculptures, and architecture
4. Cinematographic works: films and videos
5. Sound recordings: audio recordings of music and other sounds
6. Broadcasts: radio and television programs
7. Software: computer programs and mobile apps
8. Databases: collections of information organized in a systematic way

Section 3: Rights Granted by Copyright Law
Copyright law grants creators several rights, including:

1. Reproduction right: the right to make copies of the work
2. Distribution right: the right to sell or distribute copies of the work
3. Performance right: the right to perform the work publicly
4. Display right: the right to show the work in public
5. Adaptation right: the right to make adaptations of the work, such as translations or film adaptations

Section 4: Fair Use Exception
Fair use is an exception to copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted works without permission from the copyright holder. Examples of fair use include:

1. Quotations in scholarly works
2. Parodies and satires
3. Criticism and commentary on copyrighted works

Section 5: Conclusion
Understanding copyright law is essential for anyone who creates, uses, or enjoys creative works. By learning about the history, types of works protected, rights granted, and exceptions, we can better appreciate the importance of protecting creators' rights while promoting access to knowledge and culture.

Glossary:
- Copyright: a legal right granted to creators of original works to protect them from unauthorized use or copying.
- Public domain: works that are no longer under copyright protection and are free for use by the public.
- Fair use: an exception to copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted works without permission from the copyright holder.

Self-Debate:
Should artists be compensated for their work even after the copyright expires? Why or why not?


text:
Elimination of beta-blockers in sewage treatment plants.
beta-Blockers are used to treat high blood pressure as well as patients recovering from heart attacks. In several studies, they were detected in surface water, thus indicating incomplete degradability of these substances in sewage treatment plants (STPs). In this study, we determined the sorption coefficients (K(D)) and degradation rates of the four beta-blockers sotalol, atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol in sludge from an STP operating with municipal wastewater. The sorption coefficients (K(D), standard deviations in brackets) were determined as 0.04(+/-0.035), 0.04(+/-0.033), 0.00(+/-0.023) and 0.32(+/-0.058) Lg(-1)(COD), and the pseudo-first-order degradation rate constants were estimated to be 0.29(+/-0.02), 0.69(+/-0.05), 0.58(+/-0.05) and 0.39(+/-0.07) Ld(-1)g(-1)(COD) for sotalol, atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol, respectively. These values translate into a typical elimination in STPs (sludge concentrations of 4g(COD)L(-1) and a hydraulic retention time of 6h) of 25%, 37%, 44% and 50% for sotalol, propranolol, metoprolol and atenolol, respectively. These results are also confirmed by measurements in two municipal STPs for atenolol, sotalol and propranolol. The estimated eliminations are slightly too high for metoprolol.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Elimination Reactions in Chemistry

### Overview
In this lesson, we will learn about elimination reactions in chemistry. Elimination reactions involve the removal of a molecule of hydrogen or another electron-donating group from a substrate, leading to the formation of a double bond. These reactions are important in organic chemistry and play a crucial role in the synthesis of complex organic molecules.

### Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Define what is meant by "elimination reaction" and give examples.
2. Identify the factors that influence the rate of elimination reactions.
3. Understand the mechanism of elimination reactions.
4. Apply the concept of elimination reactions to solve problems involving the synthesis of complex organic molecules.

### Section 1: What is an Elimination Reaction?
An elimination reaction is a type of chemical reaction where two adjacent atoms in a molecule are removed to form a double bond. This process is called "dehydrohalogenation" when it involves the removal of hydrogen and halogen atoms, and "Elimination" when it involves the removal of any other electron-donating groups.

Examples of elimination reactions include:

1. Hydrogenation: The addition of hydrogen across a double bond to form an alkane.
2. Halogenation: The addition of a halogen across a double bond to form a haloalkane.
3. Nucleophilic substitution: The replacement of a leaving group with a nucleophile.

### Section 2: Factors influencing the rate of Elimination Reactions
The rate of elimination reactions depends on several factors, including:

1. Temperature: Higher temperatures increase the rate of elimination reactions by providing more energy to break the bonds.
2. Catalysts: Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process. In elimination reactions, common catalysts include Lewis acids such as AlCl3 and BF3.
3. Substrate concentration: Higher substrate concentrations lead to a higher rate of elimination reactions.
4. Reaction conditions: The presence of a solvent or a suitable medium can also affect the rate of elimination reactions.

### Section 3: Mechanism of Elimination Reactions
The mechanism of elimination reactions typically involves the following steps:

1. Protonation: The substrate is protonated by a strong acid, which weakens the carbon-hydrogen bond and makes it more susceptible to cleavage.
2. Formation of carbocation: The carbon-hydrogen bond breaks, forming a carbocation intermediate.
3. Deprotonation: A base removes a proton from the carbocation, forming a double bond and yielding the product.

### Section 4: Applying Elimination Reactions in Synthesis
Elimination reactions are essential in organic synthesis, as they allow the formation of complex organic molecules from simpler precursors. For example, in the synthesis of a complex alcohol, an alkyl halide can be treated with a strong base to form an alkene, which can then be hydrogenated to yield the desired alcohol.

In summary, elimination reactions are essential in organic chemistry, and understanding their mechanisms and factors influencing their rate is crucial for designing efficient synthetic routes to complex organic molecules.


text: Cookies enable us to provide the best experience possible and help us understand how visitors use our website. By browsing Materials Today, you agree to our use of cookies.. Graphene oxide (GO) sheets have highly tunable electronic properties because of their unique 2D carbon structure, which allows extensive modification with surface functionalities. Photo-driven water splitting uses semiconducting materials that have electronic structures suitable for electron and hole injection for H2 and O2 evolution from water decomposition. GO is an ideal material to mediate photogenerated charges for water decomposition. This paper introduces strategies for tuning the electronic structure of GO and presents GO, alone and with other materials, as a mediator for photocatalytic water splitting.. DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2013.03.006. Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.. Junwang Tang hopes to help make our energy supply more sustainable through heterogeneous catalysis

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Graphene Oxide for Photocatalytic Water Splitting

Introduction:
Graphene oxide (GO) is a unique 2D carbon structure that has been widely studied for its potential applications in various fields, including energy storage, electronics, and environmental remediation. In recent years, GO has attracted considerable attention as a promising material for photocatalytic water splitting due to its highly tunable electronic properties.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is to introduce the fundamental concepts and strategies for tuning the electronic structure of GO and presenting it as a mediator for photocatalytic water splitting. By understanding the unique properties of GO, we can explore its potential applications in sustainable energy production and contribute to a greener environment.

Section 1: Tuning the Electronic Structure of GO

Topic 1.1: Introduction to Graphene Oxide
- Definition: Graphene oxide is a single or few-layered material derived from graphite oxide through a series of oxidation processes.
- Unique properties: GO has a 2D carbon structure with oxygen-containing functional groups, which makes it highly tunable for various applications.

Topic 1.2: Tuning the Electronic Properties of GO
- Methods: Chemical doping, functionalization, and defect engineering are some of the methods used to tune the electronic properties of GO.
- Examples: Doping GO with different elements or molecules can change its electronic structure, making it suitable for specific applications.

Section 2: GO as a Mediator for Photocatalytic Water Splitting

Topic 2.1: Photo-driven Water Splitting
- Definition: Photo-driven water splitting is a process where semiconducting materials are used to generate electrons and holes for hydrogen and oxygen evolution from water decomposition.
- Importance: This process is crucial for sustainable energy production and CO2 reduction.

Topic 2.2: GO as a Photocatalyst
- Advantages: GO's unique 2D carbon structure and tunable electronic properties make it an ideal material for mediating photogenerated charges for water decomposition.
- Examples: GO has been successfully used as a photocatalyst for water splitting in various studies.

Section 3: Applications of GO in Photocatalytic Water Splitting

Topic 3.1: Integration of GO with Other Materials
- Examples: GO can be combined with other materials, such as metal nanoparticles, to enhance its photocatalytic performance.
- Advantages: The combination of GO with other materials can lead to synergistic effects, improving the overall efficiency of the photocatalytic process.

Topic 3.2: Future Research Directions
- Challenges: Some challenges remain in optimizing the photocatalytic performance of GO, such as improving charge separation and reducing recombination rates.
- Potential: Future research could focus on developing novel strategies to overcome these challenges and further improve the efficiency of GO-based photocatalytic systems.

Conclusion:
By understanding the unique properties of GO and its potential applications in photocatalytic water splitting, we can contribute to sustainable energy production and a greener environment. This lesson has introduced the fundamental concepts and strategies for tuning the electronic structure of GO and presenting it as a mediator for photocatalytic water splitting. As we continue to explore the potential of GO in this field, we can expect to see advancements in sustainable energy technologies that will benefit our planet and future generations.


text:
New Radio and Performing Arts

New Radio and Performing Arts, Inc. (NRPA), and its satellite project Turbulence.org, ia an American organization that commissions and archives new and experimental Radio art, sound art, net art and mixed reality works.

New American Radio

Founded in New York City (1981), NRPA is well known for its "New American Radio" series, a weekly public radio program of its commissioned experimental sound art pieces from 1987 - 1998. Their archive, available online since 2002, includes "over 300 works by artists such as Helen Thorington, Hildegard Westerkamp, Jacki Apple, Pauline Oliveros, Christian Marclay, and Terry Allen"

Turbulence.org

With the launch of  Turbulence.org in 1996, NRPA expanded its mandate to "regularly commission net art from the US and abroad" and it now holds the largest archive of such work. Through open calls, competitions and awards, the group supports exhibitions "in real space, as well as on the Web," "from full-blown museum exhibitions to esoteric hacks," and acts as an "incubator" for "high-tech art."

Today NRPA’s main focus is on supporting established and emerging artists who create net art or networked hybrid art (art for both virtual and physical space) by: 1) commissioning work for Turbulence.org (over 195 commissions ranging from $1,500-$25,000); 2) providing exhibition venues on- and offline; 3) archiving the work. Notable commissioned artists include Martin Wattenberg, Brooke Singer, Golan Levin, Annie Abrahams, Mary Flanagan, Scott Kildall, Kate Armstrong, Michael Tippett, Nathaniel Stern, Cory Arcangel, Stephanie Rothenberg, R. Luke DuBois, Ursula Endlicher, MTAA, and Zoe Beloff.

The Turbulence.org collection is being archived at the Rose Goldsen Archive of New Media Art, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

References

External links
 Networked_Performance
 Networked_Music_Review

Category:Internet art

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Experimental Radio Art, Sound Art, Net Art, and Mixed Reality Works

Overview:

In this lesson, we will explore the world of experimental radio art, sound art, net art, and mixed reality works. We will learn about the history, techniques, and applications of these art forms. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand and appreciate the creativity and innovation behind these artistic expressions.

Section 1: Introduction to Experimental Radio Art, Sound Art, Net Art, and Mixed Reality Works

What are experimental radio art, sound art, net art, and mixed reality works?

Experimental radio art, sound art, net art, and mixed reality works are creative expressions that use sound, radio waves, the internet, and other technologies to convey messages, emotions, and ideas. These art forms often challenge traditional notions of art and push the boundaries of what is possible with technology.

History of Experimental Radio Art, Sound Art, Net Art, and Mixed Reality Works

The history of experimental radio art, sound art, net art, and mixed reality works can be traced back to the early 20th century. In the 1920s, artists such as Marcel Duchamp and John Cage began experimenting with sound and radio as artistic mediums. In the 1960s, artists like Nam June Paik and Fluxus started incorporating technology into their art, paving the way for future generations of artists to explore new forms of expression.

Techniques used in Experimental Radio Art, Sound Art, Net Art, and Mixed Reality Works

There are many techniques used in experimental radio art, sound art, net art, and mixed reality works. Some of these techniques include:

- Sound collage: A technique where artists create a new work by combining pre-existing sounds.
- Field recording: A technique where artists record sounds in the environment and use them in their work.
- Generative art: A technique where artists create algorithms that generate artwork based on specific parameters.
- Interactive art: A technique where artists create art that responds to the viewer's interaction.

Applications of Experimental Radio Art, Sound Art, Net Art, and Mixed Reality Works

Experimental radio art, sound art, net art, and mixed reality works have many applications. Some of these applications include:

- Installations: Artists create immersive environments that use sound, light, and other elements to convey a message or emotion.
- Performances: Artists perform live, often using technology to enhance their expression.
- Digital art: Artists create digital works that exist solely online, often using the internet as a medium.
- Social commentary: Artists use their work to raise awareness about social issues and spark conversation.

Section 2: Creating Experimental Radio Art, Sound Art, Net Art, and Mixed Reality Works

How can I create my own experimental radio art, sound art, net art, or mixed reality work?

Creating experimental radio art, sound art, net art, or mixed reality works requires creativity, technical skill, and knowledge of various artistic techniques. Here are some steps you can follow to create your own work:

1. Choose your medium: Decide whether you want to create a radio art piece, a sound art piece, a net art piece, or a mixed reality work.
2. Experiment with sound, radio waves, or technology: Once you have chosen your medium, start exploring the tools and techniques associated with it.
3. Develop your concept: Create a concept for your piece that reflects your message or emotion.
4. Execute your idea: Use the techniques you have learned to bring your concept to life.
5. Share your work: Once your piece is complete, share it with others through exhibitions, performances, or online platforms.

Section 3: Conclusion

In conclusion, experimental radio art, sound art, net art, and mixed reality works are creative expressions that use technology and other mediums to convey messages, emotions, and ideas. By understanding the history, techniques, and applications of these art forms, we can appreciate the innovation and creativity behind them. Whether you are an artist or a viewer, exploring experimental radio art, sound art, net art, and mixed reality works can broaden your perspective and inspire new forms of expression.


text: Argyle Elementary School. Public School | Grades PK-6 | Stephen-Argyle Central Schools. Argyle, MN 56713. (218) 437-6616. About This School. Argyle Elementary School is located in Argyle, MN and is in Stephen-argyle Central Schools School District. It is a public school that serves 186 students in grades PK-6. See Argyle Elementary School's test results to learn more about school performance.. In 2011, Argyle Elementary School had 12 students for every full-time equivalent teacher. The Minnesota average is 16 students per full-time equivalent teacher.. In 2011, Argyle Elementary School had 12 students for every full-time equivalent teacher. The Minnesota average is 16 students per full-time equivalent teacher.. Student Ethnicity (2011). Students (2011). 186. Students Per Teacher (2011). Female/Male (2011). 49% 51%. Subsidized Lunch (2011). 51.6%eligible. District Spending (2010). $11,124per student. See All Test Scores. Grade 3 Math Performance. Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments (MCA-II)

textbook:
Core Value: Education is essential for personal and societal growth.

Lesson: Introduction to Mathematics

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Mathematics is the study of numbers, shapes, and patterns. It is used in everyday life, such as calculating change at a store or measuring ingredients for a recipe.

Section 2: Questions and Answers
What are some examples of mathematical concepts?
- Numbers: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
- Shapes: circles, squares, triangles, rectangles
- Patterns: sequences, series, algebraic expressions

Why is mathematics important?
- Helps us understand and describe the world around us
- Used in many careers, such as engineering, finance, and science
- Develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills

Section 3: Practical Examples
Using mathematical abstractions, we can solve problems such as:
- If a pizza costs $10 and you want to split it evenly with three friends, how much does each person pay?
- A farmer has 12 apples and gives away 3 times as many apples to his neighbors. How many apples does he have left?

Using real-world scenarios, we can solve problems such as:
- A baseball player hits a home run that travels 400 feet. How long did it take him to hit the ball?
- A bookstore has 57 mystery books and 43 romance books. How many books do they have in total?

Section 4: Difficulty Level
Advanced: A train is traveling at 60 miles per hour. How many miles will it travel in 2 hours?
- First, convert 2 hours to minutes (120 minutes)
- Then, multiply the speed by the time (60 x 120 = 7200 miles)

Conclusion: Mathematics is an essential subject that helps us understand and describe the world around us. By mastering mathematical concepts, we can solve practical problems and develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Glossary:
- Mathematics: the study of numbers, shapes, and patterns
- Abstraction: a concept or idea that is abstracted from reality
- Algebraic expression: a mathematical expression involving variables and coefficients
- Sequence: a list of numbers in a specific order
- Series: a sum of terms that follow a specific pattern
- Pattern: a regularity in the occurrence or character of something


text: “With knowledge and experience cultivated across a century, Yokogawa foresees a bright and sustainable future.” Yokogawa’s Tokyo executive, Mr. Yuichiro Hara, noted during the ceremony that took place during UTS’s annual ADIPEC reception.. Mr. Omar Al Askari, Chairman of UTS, further noted in his speech that UTS is proud of its strategic partnership with Yokogawa that span for over 30 years in Abu Dhabi, and that we look forward to further growing our cooperation over the coming decades.. Raymond Joyce, Reginal General Manager of Yokogawa, expressed his appreciation for UTS’s role as the local partner in Abu Dhabi, which assisted and supported the growth of Yokogawa’s market share over the years.. The ceremony was attend by executives from both Yokogawa and UTS, among distinguished guests from the industry

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Strategic Partnerships in Business

**Introduction**

Strategic partnerships are essential in any business as they help in expanding the reach and growth of the company. In this lesson, we will learn about strategic partnerships, their benefits, and how they can be formed.

**Section 1: What is a Strategic Partnership?**

A strategic partnership is a business relationship where two or more companies work together to achieve common goals. These goals may include increasing market share, improving product quality, or reducing costs. The partnership usually involves sharing resources, knowledge, and expertise to create value for both parties.

**Section 2: Benefits of Strategic Partnerships**

There are several benefits of forming a strategic partnership with another company, including:

1. Increased market share: By combining resources and expertise, strategic partners can reach a wider audience and increase their market share.

2. Improved product quality: Partners can share knowledge and expertise to improve the quality of their products and services.

3. Cost savings: Partners can reduce costs by sharing resources and avoiding duplication of efforts.

4. Access to new markets: Partners can enter new markets that they may not have been able to enter on their own.

5. Increased innovation: Partners can collaborate on research and development to create new products and services.

**Section 3: How to Form a Strategic Partnership**

Forming a strategic partnership requires careful planning and consideration. Here are some steps to follow when forming a strategic partnership:

1. Identify potential partners: Research and identify companies that share similar values and goals as your company.

2. Evaluate compatibility: Assess whether the potential partner has complementary strengths and weaknesses that can benefit your company.

3. Establish clear objectives: Clearly define the objectives of the partnership and how each party will benefit.

4. Develop a plan: Create a detailed plan outlining the responsibilities of each party and the timeline for achieving the objectives.

5. Negotiate and sign a contract: Once the plan is agreed upon, negotiate and sign a contract that outlines the terms and conditions of the partnership.

**Section 4: Practical Examples**

Let's consider an example of a strategic partnership between two companies - Company A and Company B. Company A is a manufacturer of industrial equipment, while Company B is a distributor of industrial equipment. Both companies want to increase their market share in the Middle East region.

By forming a strategic partnership, Company A can benefit from Company B's local knowledge and distribution network, while Company B can benefit from Company A's high-quality products. Together, they can reach a wider audience and increase their market share in the region.

**Glossary**

- Strategic partnership: A business relationship where two or more companies work together to achieve common goals.
- Market share: The percentage of total sales within a market that a particular company holds.
- Product quality: The degree to which a product meets the needs and expectations of customers.
- Cost savings: The reduction of expenses or resources used in production.
- Access: The ability to enter or use something or someone.
- Innovation: The process of creating something new or improving an existing idea.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, strategic partnerships are crucial in business as they help companies to grow and expand their reach. By forming a strategic partnership, companies can benefit from shared resources, knowledge, and expertise to create value for both parties. This lesson has provided an introduction to strategic partnerships, their benefits, and how they can be formed.


text: A.. Phlashing. One thought on “Phlashing”. Honestly: I’m not seeing this as much of a threat. Could you not just firewall whatever port your equipment uses to do this? I don’t think any of my or my client’s equipment even has this functionality (like the article says – none of the consumer grade stuff does). Even when you get in a bit deeper, with say a Cisco Concentrator 3000, I’ve never heard of it having that feature.

textbook:
Lesson: Phlashing Attacks

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about Phlashing attacks, which are a type of cyber attack that involves modifying a device's firmware or software to cause damage or disrupt its normal operation.

Section 1: What is Phlashing?
Phlashing is a term used to describe a type of cyber attack where an attacker modifies the firmware or software of a device in order to disrupt its normal operation or cause damage. This can be done by exploiting vulnerabilities in the device's firmware or software, or by physically accessing the device and modifying its firmware.

Section 2: How does Phlashing work?
Phlashing attacks typically involve the use of specialized tools that allow the attacker to modify the firmware or software of a device. Once the attacker has gained access to the device's firmware, they can make changes that will cause the device to malfunction or crash. In some cases, the attacker may also be able to gain access to sensitive data stored on the device, such as passwords or other personal information.

Section 3: Why is Phlashing dangerous?
Phlashing attacks are particularly dangerous because they can be difficult to detect and prevent. Once the attacker has modified the firmware or software of a device, it can be challenging to determine what changes were made and how they will affect the device's normal operation. Additionally, many devices are not designed with security features that would prevent unauthorized modifications to their firmware or software.

Section 4: How can we protect against Phlashing attacks?
There are several steps that can be taken to protect against Phlashing attacks. These include:

1. Keeping devices up-to-date: Regularly updating the firmware and software of devices can help prevent Phlashing attacks by ensuring that known vulnerabilities are patched.

2. Using secure authentication methods: Implementing strong authentication methods, such as two-factor authentication, can help prevent unauthorized access to devices and their firmware.

3. Monitoring network traffic: Monitoring network traffic for signs of suspicious activity can help detect Phlashing attacks before they cause damage.

Section 5: Conclusion
Phlashing attacks are a serious threat to the security and integrity of our devices. By understanding how these attacks work and taking steps to prevent them, we can help protect ourselves and our devices from harm.


text:
A 138 million pound, nearly 900-foot-long hospital floated up the Columbia River and into Portland late Monday, landing at Swan Island's Vigor Industrial for drydock work. The USNS Mercy, a Navy hospital ship used in humanitarian efforts and disaster relief around the world, is in Portland for repairs that include hull and freeboard preservation, shaft work, tank coatings and steel overhauls.

The 1,000-bed floating hospital has 12 operating rooms and can treat up to 300 surgical patients a day.

In early February, the ship will be loaded onto The Vigorous, North America's largest floating drydock, purchased last year by Vigor Industrial for $50 million.

Departments and facilities when activated

Casualty reception

Radiological services

Main laboratory plus satellite lab

Central sterile receiving

Medical supply/pharmacy

Physical therapy and burn care

Dental services

Optometry/lens lab

Morgue

2 oxygen producing plants

Check out our earlier coverage:

The Blue Marlin carries Vigor's massive drydock into Portland (photos)

Hundreds show for unveiling of massive $40 million floating drydock at Swan Island (photo gallery)

North America's largest drydock floats first ship at Swan Island's Vigor Industrial (infographic and time lapse)

Source: www.msc.navy.mil

textbook:
Lesson: How to Convert Between Units of Length

Introduction:

Length is a fundamental concept in mathematics and science. It is used to measure the size or distance between two points. In this lesson, we will learn how to convert between different units of length, such as feet, meters, and kilometers.

Section 1: Understanding Length Conversions

Length conversions involve changing one unit of measurement into another. For example, if we want to convert 10 feet into meters, we would multiply it by 0.3048 (since there are approximately 0.3048 meters in one foot). Similarly, if we want to convert 10 kilometers into miles, we would divide it by 1.6093 (since there are approximately 1.6093 miles in one kilometer).

Section 2: Practice Problems

1. Convert 50 feet into meters.
2. Convert 20 kilometers into miles.
3. Convert 75 centimeters into inches.
4. Convert 120 milliliters into liters.

Section 3: Applying Length Conversions

Length conversions are useful in everyday life. For example, when buying fabric, we need to know how many yards or meters we need. We also need to know how far away a destination is when planning a trip. By understanding how to convert between units of length, we can make informed decisions and avoid confusion.

Glossary:
- Feet: A unit of length equal to 0.3048 meters or 1/3 yard.
- Meters: A unit of length equal to 1.0936 yards or 100 centimeters.
- Kilometers: A unit of length equal to 0.62137 miles or 1000 meters.
- Centimeters: A unit of length equal to 0.03937 inches or 1/100 meter.
- Milliliters: A unit of volume equal to 0.033814 fluid ounces or 0.000353 cubic feet.
- Liters: A unit of volume equal to 0.033814 fluid ounces or 0.000353 cubic feet.

Conclusion:

Understanding how to convert between units of length is an essential skill in mathematics and science. By mastering these conversions, we can make informed decisions and avoid confusion when dealing with measurements.


text:
Thursday, 30 November 2017

World’s First Smart Condom Detects STDs, Rates Men’s Performance

A British company has released the first pictures of a ‘smart condom’ which collects very intimate data about the sex life of anyone brave enough to wear it.

The device is called the i.Con and can detect sexually transmitted infections as well as sending data about a sex session straight to the wearer’s smartphone.

British Condoms said its ‘revolutionary wearable tech for the bedroom’ measures the number of calories burned during intercourse, the speed of a man’s thrusts, how long he lasts and even what positions are used.

The condom firm said its invention would help men see how they ‘stack up to other people from around the world.’

Adam Leverson, lead engineer for the i.Con Smart Condom, said: “It’s here and it’s beautiful. We wanted the i.Con to look refined, non-intrusive and lightweight – the finished article is nothing short of any of those things.

“There’s a lot of tech packed into the i.Con and for us to be able to deliver it in such a way that there is absolutely no hindrance to the user was our main goal – and I think we have gone above and beyond with the i.Con to make sure of this.

“I’m just so happy that we can now share the i.Con with the world!”

The smart condom is a small band which fits around the bottom of a man’s joystick, which means wearers will still need to strap on a normal condom to get full protection.

It is waterproof and features a band that’s “extraordinarily flexible to ensure maximum comfort for all sizes.”

Bizarrely, it even lights up to provide illumination for both partners’ private parts.

John Simmons, a spokesperson for British Condoms, added: “We’re extremely excited to share with the world the first glimpse of the i.Con Smart Condom Ring due to go on sale in the UK in January 2018.

“It’s truly the next step in wearable tech and we believe we have pioneered a product that will not only bring an extra element of fun into the bedroom, but will also help indicate potential STI’s present as well as prevent condom slippage, a leading cause of unplanned pregnancy in the UK.”

The condom company claimed 900,000 people have already written to express interest in the gadget.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Condoms

**Objective:** To provide an overview of condoms, their uses, and their importance in preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

**Introduction:** Condoms are thin pouches that are worn on the penis during sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy and the spread of STIs. They are made of latex, polyurethane, or lambskin and come in various sizes, shapes, and flavors.

**Main Topics:**

1. What are condoms?
2. How do condoms work?
3. Why use condoms?
4. Types of condoms
5. How to use condoms correctly
6. Common mistakes when using condoms
7. How effective are condoms in preventing STIs?
8. Where to buy condoms

**Section 1: What are condoms?**

Condoms are thin, flexible pouches that are designed to cover the penis during sexual intercourse. They are made of latex, polyurethane, or lambskin and come in various sizes, shapes, and flavors. Condoms are typically used to prevent pregnancy and the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

**Section 2: How do condoms work?**

Condoms work by creating a barrier between the penis and the vagina or anus, preventing sperm from entering the body and reducing the risk of pregnancy. They also protect against STIs by acting as a barrier to prevent the exchange of bodily fluids that may contain viruses or bacteria.

**Section 3: Why use condoms?**

Condoms are an effective method of contraception and can help reduce the risk of STIs. Using a condom every time you have sex can help protect you and your partner from unintended pregnancies and STIs, including HIV/AIDS.

**Section 4: Types of condoms**

There are three main types of condoms:

1. Latex condoms: These are the most common type of condom and are made from a thin layer of latex rubber. They are highly effective in preventing pregnancy and STIs.

2. Polyurethane condoms: These condoms are made from a type of plastic called polyurethane. They are thinner than latex condoms but may not be as effective in preventing STIs.

3. Lambskin condoms: These condoms are made from sheep intestines and are only effective in preventing pregnancy, not STIs.

**Section 5: How to use condoms correctly**

To use a condom correctly, follow these steps:

1. Check the expiration date on the condom package. Do not use expired condoms.

2. Open the condom packet carefully without tearing or damaging the condom.

3. Hold the tip of the condom between your thumb and index finger, leaving a little space at the tip.

4. Unroll the condom onto the penis, making sure it is fully unrolled and covers the entire shaft.

5. After ejaculation, hold the condom at the base of the penis and withdraw it gently.

6. Dispose of the condom in a safe manner, preferably in a bin.

**Section 6: Common mistakes when using condoms**

1. Not using a condom correctly
2. Using expired condoms
3. Using oil-based lubricants with condoms
4. Not checking the expiration date on the condom package

**Section 7: How effective are condoms in preventing STIs?**

Condoms are highly effective in preventing pregnancy when used correctly. However, their effectiveness in preventing STIs varies depending on the type of STI and the quality of the condom. Latex condoms are highly effective in preventing the spread of STIs such as HIV, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. However, they may not be as effective against STIs such as genital herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV) due to the nature of these infections.

**Section 8: Where to buy condoms**

Condoms are available at most drugstores, supermarkets, and convenience stores. You can also purchase them online or at specialty sex shops. Always choose a reputable retailer and check the expiration date before buying.

**Conclusion:**

In conclusion, condoms are an essential tool in preventing unintended pregnancies and the spread of STIs. By using them correctly and consistently, you can significantly reduce your risk of contracting an STI or becoming pregnant. Remember to always use condoms that are in good condition and check the expiration date before using them.


text:
Long term assessment of root coverage stability using connective tissue graft with or without an epithelial collar for gingival recession treatment. A 12-year follow-up from a randomized clinical trial.
To evaluate the long term root coverage outcomes of coronally advanced flap plus a connective tissue graft with (CAF + CTG) or without an epithelial collar (CAF + ECTG), and evaluate the adjacent treated sites included in the flap. Seventeen of the original 20 subjects included in the randomized clinical trial were available at 12 years (43 sites). Mean root coverage (mRC), keratinized tissue width (KTW), gingival thickness (GT) on the grafted and adjacent sites were evaluated and compared with baseline and 6 months. There was a reduction in the mRC at all sites: 16.52% in the CAF + CTG (p > .05), 19.42% in the CAF + ECTG (p < .05) and 34.12% in the CAF-alone (adjacent treated sites) group (p < .05). No significant differences were observed within the groups for changes in KTW, GT and clinical attachment level (CAL) (p > .05). Keratinized tissue width at baseline and at 6 months was found to be predictors for the stability of the gingival margin in the long term. CAF + CTG and CAF + ECTG were found equally efficacious in maintaining the levels of the gingival margin with a small amount of relapse over the period of 12 years while CAF-alone sites showed a greater gingival recession (GR) reoccurrence.

textbook:
Lesson: Root Coverage Stability Using Connective Tissue Graft
Introduction:
Root coverage is an essential aspect of periodontal therapy, especially in cases where gingival recession has occurred. Various techniques have been developed to achieve root coverage, one of which is the use of connective tissue grafts. This lesson will focus on the long-term assessment of root coverage stability using connective tissue grafts with or without an epithelial collar for gingival recession treatment.
Objectives:
1. To evaluate the long-term root coverage outcomes of coronally advanced flap plus a connective tissue graft with or without an epithelial collar.
2. To evaluate the adjacent treated sites included in the flap.
3. To determine the factors that contribute to the stability of the gingival margin in the long term.
Materials:
- Periodontal scalers
- Probe
- Ruler
- Gingival graft material
- Epithelial collar material
Procedure:
1. Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure and obtaining informed consent.
2. Perform a thorough examination of the patient's mouth, including a periodontal charting and radiographs if necessary.
3. Identify the areas of gingival recession and plan the treatment strategy accordingly.
4. Perform a coronally advanced flap and place the connective tissue graft with or without an epithelial collar, depending on the treatment strategy.
5. Suture the flap and provide post-operative instructions to the patient.
6. Follow up with the patient at regular intervals to monitor the root coverage and overall periodontal health.
Results:
The results of the study showed that there was a reduction in the mean root coverage at all sites. However, there were no significant differences observed within the groups for changes in keratinized tissue width, gingival thickness, and clinical attachment level. Keratinized tissue width at baseline and at 6 months was found to be predictors for the stability of the gingival margin in the long term.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the use of connective tissue grafts with or without an epithelial collar can achieve root coverage in cases of gingival recession. However, the stability of the gingival margin in the long term is influenced by the initial keratinized tissue width. Regular follow-ups are necessary to monitor the root coverage and overall periodontal health.
Glossary:
- Coronally advanced flap: A surgical technique used to expose the underlying tissues of the teeth, including the gingiva, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligament.
- Connective tissue graft: A graft material composed of connective tissue, usually obtained from the palate, that is used to cover exposed roots.
- Epithelial collar: A thin layer of epithelial tissue that is placed over the connective tissue graft to promote epithelialization and prevent the ingrowth of fibroblasts.
- Gingival recession: A condition in which the gum tissue surrounding the teeth recedes, exposing the roots and potentially causing sensitivity and root caries.
- Root coverage: The process of covering exposed roots with graft material to improve the esthetics and function of the teeth.