text: Ohio Valley Tactical has been providing training since 1993 to civilians, Law Enforcement, SWAT, and Special Operations Teams. I have trained US Marshalls, Law Enforcement officers, US and foreign Military in all firearms disciplines, and active shooter training. Originally added as an enhancement to sniper training, the rappelling tower has attracted climbing enthusiasts as well. Our most recent addition, the zip lines, have been very popular and even provide a break from the more serious training.. Ohio Valley Tactical's mission is to provide superior training to law enforcement, military, and the private sector in firearms, weapons manipulation, and tactical skills, and for each and every student who passes through our complex to achieve the highest skill level.. When you come to Ohio Valley Tactical, be prepared to spend a day or more enjoying the highest quality firearms training in Southeastern Ohio, but plan to spend some time having fun as well.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Firearms Training

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of firearms training, including the different types of firearms, safety measures, and shooting techniques. This lesson is designed for primary through high school students who are interested in learning about firearms and their proper use.

**Section 1: Types of Firearms**

There are several types of firearms, including handguns, rifles, and shotguns. Handguns are small enough to be held with one hand and are typically used for self-defense or concealed carry. Rifles are longer and have a shoulder stock, making them easier to aim and shoot accurately over long distances. Shotguns are short-barreled guns that shoot multiple pellets at once, making them effective for hunting or home defense.

**Section 2: Safety Measures**

Before handling any firearm, it is essential to follow these safety rules:

1. **Always treat a firearm as if it were loaded.** This means that you should never point a firearm at anything you do not intend to shoot.
2. **Keep your finger off the trigger until you are ready to shoot.** This means that you should only touch the trigger when you are fully prepared to shoot the gun.
3. **Be sure of your target and what is beyond it.** This means that you should always know what you are shooting at and ensure that no one or nothing is behind it.
4. **Use proper eye and ear protection.** This means that you should always wear protective gear when handling firearms to prevent injury to yourself or others.

**Section 3: Shooting Techniques**

There are several shooting techniques that can help improve accuracy and speed when firing a gun. These include:

1. **Sight alignment.** This means that you should align the front sight with the rear sight and the target before firing.
2. **Trigger control.** This means that you should pull the trigger smoothly and steadily, without jerking or hesitating.
3. **Breath control.** This means that you should breathe slowly and steadily while aiming the gun, as this can help steady your arms and improve accuracy.

**Glossary:**
- Firearm: A weapon that shoots projectiles by the action of an explosive.
- Handgun: A firearm that can be held and operated with one hand.
- Rifle: A firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a longer barrel and greater accuracy over long distances.
- Shotgun: A firearm that shoots multiple pellets at once, often used for hunting or home defense.

**Conclusion:** In this lesson, we learned about the different types of firearms and the importance of following safety measures when handling them. We also covered some basic shooting techniques that can help improve accuracy and speed when firing a gun. By following these guidelines and practicing regularly, you can become a skilled and responsible firearms user.


text: StarterPro Introduction. StarterPro is a WordPress 4x onepage theme for creative companies, agencies, corporate houses, independent professionals and teams to build their business and portfolio websites. Itâs 100% responsive and mobile friendly. StarterPro has 4 homepage layouts built with KingComposer WordPress page builder plugin. Custom Themeum addons for KingComposer make the theme rich and gorgeous. StarterPro provides KingComposer Pro ($29) for free. Itâs translation and Retina ready for ultimate freedom.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to WordPress Themes

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
WordPress is a popular content management system (CMS) used to create websites. A theme is a set of files that determine the look and feel of a website. StarterPro is a WordPress theme designed for businesses and individuals who want to create a professional website.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
To use StarterPro, you need to install it on your WordPress website. Once installed, you can customize the theme using the KingComposer page builder plugin. This plugin allows you to drag and drop elements onto your website, such as text, images, and videos. You can also change the color scheme, font size, and other design elements.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
Suppose you are a graphic designer who wants to create a portfolio website to showcase your work. You decide to use StarterPro because it has a clean and modern design that will make your work stand out. You install the theme on your WordPress website and customize it using the KingComposer page builder plugin. You add images of your work, write descriptions of each project, and choose a color scheme that complements your brand. You also add a contact form so potential clients can get in touch with you.

## Glossary
- CMS: Content Management System
- Theme: A set of files that determine the look and feel of a website
- KingComposer: A page builder plugin for WordPress
- Add-ons: Plugins that enhance the functionality of a theme
- Retina ready: A term used to describe a website that is optimized for high-resolution screens

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about WordPress themes and how they can be used to create professional websites. We also saw an example of how StarterPro can be customized using the KingComposer page builder plugin. By understanding these concepts, you can apply them to other WordPress themes and create websites that are visually appealing and easy to use.


text:
news, latest-news,

THE AFL has revealed the Western Bulldogs have established a new relationship with the City of Ballarat. AFL scheduling manager Simon Lethlean said the Western Bulldogs and the Ballarat City Council had come to an agreement, with full support of the AFL. It is not yet known what the agreement entails. This comes after the City of Ballarat ended North Melbourne's long-standing sponsorship this year, upsetting Kangaroos hierarchy. "The Bulldogs have entered a relationship with the local council in Ballarat, which is based essentially on their western corridor strategy," Leathlean told AFL.com.au. "North Melbourne is focused on Tasmania and elsewhere, so they (the Bulldogs) asked whether we would support a game there? "We were certainly keen to support the Dogs and the Ballarat City Council, who are starting off a new relationship. "If you look across the natural areas of Victoria – the hot spots to develop the clubs – that western strategy certainly extends to Ballarat for the Bulldogs. "We're keen to help them with that strategy as it extends down there and again support councils who want to support our clubs." North Melbourne is seething at the move, claiming it did all the groundwork in Ballarat for six years, only to be told to make way for another club. North Melbourne communications manager Heath O'Loughlin did not hide his frustration at the Kangaroos being forced out on social media: The Kangaroos had worked closely with the council for six years, with Kangaroos CEO Carl Dilena saying the club was upset to unwillingly have its ties cut with the city. "The first we heard of it was when council (City of Ballarat) notified us that they wouldn't be extending our sponsorship agreement," Dilena told The Courier on Wednesday. "To us it was surprising, we were presuming we would be continuing the relationship we had built up over the years." Dilena also revealed on Wednesday that North Melbourne would no longer hold community camps in Ballarat, under direction from the AFL. The Kangaroos had played pre-season matches in Ballarat for the last six years, but have not been granted a NAB Challenge game in the city next year, with Western Bulldogs to meet Melbourne in March. The City of Ballarat has been contacted for comment.

https://nnimgt-a.akamaihd.net/transform/v1/crop/frm/storypad-34dXacDR8RguBkyLHxYXLhN/15a24fd5-f7fd-471b-8980-783ac3b839be.jpg/r0_134_3762_2260_w1200_h678_fmax.jpg

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Partnerships and Sponsorships in Sports

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about partnerships and sponsorships in sports. We will explore how teams and organizations form these relationships, the benefits of these partnerships, and the impact they have on the community.

Section 1: What are Partnerships and Sponsorships?

A partnership or sponsorship is an agreement between two or more parties where one party provides financial support or resources to the other party in exchange for certain benefits. In sports, teams and organizations often form partnerships with businesses, government entities, or individuals to help fund their operations and promote their brand.

Section 2: Why do Teams and Organizations Form Partnerships and Sponsorships?

Teams and organizations form partnerships and sponsorships for several reasons. These include:

1. Financial Support: Partnerships and sponsorships provide teams and organizations with much-needed financial support. This money can be used to pay player salaries, upgrade facilities, and invest in new programs.

2. Brand Exposure: Partnerships and sponsorships also provide teams and organizations with an opportunity to promote their brand. By partnering with well-known businesses or organizations, teams can increase their visibility and reach new audiences.

3. Community Impact: Partnerships and sponsorships can also have a positive impact on the community. For example, a team may partner with a local charity to raise awareness and funds for a particular cause.

Section 3: Examples of Partnerships and Sponsorships in Sports

There are many examples of partnerships and sponsorships in sports. Some of these include:

1. Nike and Michael Jordan: Nike formed a partnership with basketball legend Michael Jordan in 1984. This partnership helped launch the Air Jordan line of shoes, which became a cultural phenomenon and generated billions of dollars in revenue for Nike.

2. Manchester United and Chevrolet: In 2012, English soccer club Manchester United formed a partnership with automobile manufacturer Chevrolet. This deal made Chevrolet the official shirt sponsor of the team and helped increase the brand's visibility around the world.

3. Los Angeles Lakers and Kobe Bryant: The Los Angeles Lakers and Kobe Bryant formed a partnership that lasted over two decades. During this time, Bryant became one of the most recognizable athletes in the world and helped the Lakers win multiple championships.

Section 4: The Impact of Partnerships and Sponsorships on the Community

Partnerships and sponsorships can have a significant impact on the community. For example, a team may partner with a local charity to raise awareness and funds for a particular cause. This can help bring attention to important issues and inspire people to get involved and make a difference.

Glossary:
- Partnership: An agreement between two or more parties where one party provides financial support or resources to the other party in exchange for certain benefits.
- Sponsorship: A form of advertising where a business or individual pays to be associated with a particular team, organization, or event.
- Brand Exposure: The amount of people who see or hear about a brand or product.
- Community Impact: The effect a partnership or sponsorship has on the community.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, partnerships and sponsorships are essential for teams and organizations in sports. They provide financial support, increase brand exposure, and can have a positive impact on the community. By understanding the benefits of these relationships, we can appreciate the importance of these agreements and their role in the world of sports.


text: Pablo is an art director and illustrator, born in Avignon, France, studied and worked in Lyon and Paris and now calls Barcelona home. He samples, mixes and assembles images found everywhere from old engravings to more contemporary photos creating dreamlike worlds using papers, textures and patterns. His style is influenced by surrealism and fashion.. Pablo has worked for various magazines, newspapers, advertising agencies and international brands. His client list includes TBWA TBWA Tequila, LoweStrateus, Franklin Partners, AMV BBDO, Euro RSCG 4D, Cossette Montreal, Tagaro ! DDBParis, Sainsbury’s, Fnac, Sfr, Business Week, Sunday Times, Danone.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Create a Dreamlike World Using Papers, Textures, and Patterns

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to create a dreamlike world using papers, textures, and patterns. We will start by understanding the basics of design and composition, then move on to exploring different types of papers, textures, and patterns, and finally, we will put it all together to create our own dreamlike world.

Section 1: Design and Composition

Topic 1: Introduction to Design and Composition
- What is design?
- What is composition?
- Why are they important?

Topic 2: Principles of Design
- Balance
- Contrast
- Emphasis
- Proportion
- Repetition

Topic 3: Principles of Composition
- Dominance
- Unity
- Variety
- Rhythm
- Movement

Questions and Answers:
- What is the difference between design and composition?
- How do balance and contrast work together in design?
- What is the importance of proportion in design?
- How does repetition contribute to a design?

Definitions:
- Design: The process of planning and creating something that is useful or attractive.
- Composition: The arrangement of elements in a design or piece of art.

Section 2: Papers, Textures, and Patterns

Topic 1: Types of Papers
- Matte finish
- Glossy finish
- Textured finish
- Patterned paper

Topic 2: Types of Textures
- Rough
- Smooth
- Bumpy
- Shiny
- Matte

Topic 3: Types of Patterns
- Geometric
- Floral
- Abstract
- Animal
- Graphic

Questions and Answers:
- What is the difference between matte and glossy paper?
- How can texture add to a design?
- What is the difference between a geometric and floral pattern?

Definitions:
- Paper: A thin material used for writing or printing on.
- Texture: The surface quality or characteristics of an object.
- Pattern: A repeated design or motif.

Section 3: Creating a Dreamlike World

Topic 1: Putting it All Together
- Choose a paper type
- Choose a texture
- Choose a pattern
- Add elements to create a dreamlike world

Topic 2: Final Touches
- Color scheme
- Typography
- Lighting and shadows
- Perspective

Questions and Answers:
- How can I choose the right paper, texture, and pattern for my design?
- What is the importance of color scheme in creating a dreamlike world?
- How can I use typography to enhance my design?

Definitions:
- Color scheme: A plan for using colors in a design.
- Typography: The art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable, and appealing when displayed.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about design and composition, different types of papers, textures, and patterns, and how to put them all together to create a dreamlike world. By understanding the principles of design and composition, we can create a balanced and harmonious design. By exploring different types of papers, textures, and patterns, we can add depth and interest to our design. And by putting it all together, we can create a dreamlike world that captivates and inspires.

Glossary:
- Design: The process of planning and creating something that is useful or attractive.
- Composition: The arrangement of elements in a design or piece of art.
- Paper: A thin material used for writing or printing on.
- Texture: The surface quality or characteristics of an object.
- Pattern: A repeated design or motif.
- Balance: The distribution of weight or force that results in stability.
- Contrast: The difference between two things that makes them distinct.
- Emphasis: The act of giving special attention to something.
- Proportion: The relationship between different parts of a whole.
- Repetition: The act of repeating something.
- Dominance: The state of being the most important or powerful thing in a group.
- Unity: The state of being together or united.
- Variety: The quality of being diverse or varied.
- Rhythm: The regular recurrence of motion or sound.
- Movement: The act of changing place or position.
- Matte finish: A paper finish that is not shiny or reflective.
- Glossy finish: A paper finish that is shiny and reflective.
- Textured finish: A paper finish that has a raised or rough surface.
- Patterned paper: Paper with a printed or woven design.
- Rough: Having a surface that is uneven or coarse.
- Smooth: Having a surface that is even and free from roughness.
- Bumpy: Having a surface that is full of bumps or lumps.
- Shiny: Having a surface that is smooth and reflects light.
- Matte: Having a surface that is not shiny or reflective.
- Geometric: Having a shape or pattern that is based on mathematics.
- Floral: Having a shape or pattern that is based on flowers.
- Abstract: Having a shape or pattern that is not realistic or representational.
- Animal: Having a shape or pattern that is based on animals.
- Graphic: Having a shape or pattern that is simple and easy to understand.


text: Game of Survival 3. To Download Game of Survival 3 For PC,users need to install an Android Emulator like Xeplayer.With Xeplayer,you can Download Game of Survival 3 for PC version on your Windows 7,8,10 and Laptop.. How to Play Game of Survival 3 on PC,Windows 7,8,10.. 1.Download and Install XePlayer Android Emulator.Click “Download XePlayer” to download.. 2.Run XePlayer Android Emulator and login Google Play Store.. 3.Open Google Play Store and search Game of Survival 3 and download,. 4.Install Game of Survival 3 and start it.Now you can play Game of Survival 3 on PC.Have Fun!

textbook:
**Lesson: How to Survive in a Game of Survival**

**Introduction**

Welcome to the lesson on surviving in a game of survival. In this lesson, we will learn about the basic principles of survival, such as finding food, water, and shelter, and how to avoid danger. We will also explore the importance of teamwork and communication in a survival situation. Whether you are playing a video game or facing a real-life emergency, these skills are essential for staying alive.

**Section 1: Basic Principles of Survival**

The first step in surviving in a game of survival is to find food, water, and shelter. These are the three most important resources that you need to stay alive. Without them, you will not survive for very long.

**Food**

Finding food in a survival situation can be challenging, but it is possible if you know where to look. You can start by looking for edible plants and animals in the environment. Be sure to research the plants and animals in the area before eating them, as some can be poisonous.

**Water**

Water is just as important as food. Without water, you will not survive for very long. You can find water in rivers, lakes, and streams, but be careful where you drink from. Make sure the water is clean and safe to drink. If you don't have access to clean water, you can collect rainwater or melt snow for drinking water.

**Shelter**

Shelter is another important resource in a survival situation. You need a place to sleep and rest, or you won't be able to recover your energy. Look for natural shelters, such as caves or rock overhangs, or create your own using branches and leaves.

**Section 2: Avoiding Danger**

While finding food, water, and shelter is important, you also need to be aware of danger in a survival situation. There are many potential dangers, such as wild animals, extreme weather, and other players.

**Wild Animals**

Wild animals can be dangerous, especially if they are hungry or feel threatened. To avoid danger, stay away from areas where wild animals live, such as dense forests or rocky cliffs. If you do encounter a wild animal, try to make yourself look bigger and make loud noises to scare it away.

**Extreme Weather**

Extreme weather can also be dangerous in a survival situation. Be aware of the weather forecast and prepare accordingly. If there is a chance of severe weather, such as a storm or heatwave, make sure you have adequate shelter and supplies to protect yourself.

**Other Players**

If you are playing a multiplayer game, you may encounter other players. While some players may be friendly, others may be hostile. To avoid danger, stay alert and keep your guard up. Always be prepared to defend yourself if necessary.

**Section 3: Teamwork and Communication**

In a survival situation, teamwork and communication are essential for success. By working together and communicating effectively, you can overcome challenges and stay alive.

**Teamwork**

Teamwork involves cooperating with others to achieve a common goal. This can include sharing resources, helping each other survive, and supporting each other emotionally. By working together, you can achieve more than you could alone.

**Communication**

Communication is key to effective teamwork. You need to be able to communicate your needs, ideas, and plans to others. This can involve spoken language, hand signals, or written messages, depending on the situation.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, surviving in a game of survival requires knowledge of basic principles, such as finding food, water, and shelter, as well as awareness of potential dangers and the importance of teamwork and communication. By following these guidelines, you can increase your chances of survival and thrive in any survival situation.

**Glossary**

- Food: Nourishment required for growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues.
- Water: A clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid essential for life.
- Shelter: A place of protection, typically from bad weather or danger.
- Danger: The risk of injury, death, or other adverse outcomes.
- Teamwork: Collaboration between individuals to achieve a common goal.
- Communication: The exchange of information or news.

**End of Lesson**


text: End:. Hi cousin! Am enjoying your blog and remembering epic hikes I made many many years ago in the Walawas and Mt. Jefferson. Thanks for sharing! -Toby. P.S. you are inspiring me to finally finish my long overdue Vietnam. trip blog.... Mispellings brought to you by Droid and fat fingers.. Thanks for following Toby! The Wallowas in NE Oregon are beautiful. and I am looking forward to the Mt Jefferson area in Oregon. Glad I could inspire you to finish your blog. -Alex

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Maps

Introduction:
Maps are an essential tool for navigating our world. They help us find our way, understand the physical features of the Earth, and locate places. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand maps.

Section 1: Understanding Map Components

Topic 1: Map Key
A map key is a legend that explains the symbols used on the map. It helps us understand what each symbol represents.

Topic 2: Map Scale
The map scale tells us how much larger or smaller the map is compared to the real world. A larger scale means that the map is more detailed and accurate.

Topic 3: Map Projection
A map projection is a way of representing the Earth's surface on a flat piece of paper. Different projections can distort distances and directions, so it's essential to know which projection is being used.

Questions:
1. What does a map key tell us?
2. How does the map scale affect the accuracy of the map?
3. Why is it important to know the map projection being used?

Section 2: Reading a Map

Topic 1: Directions
When reading a map, we need to follow the directions given. This means going from point A to point B while following the roads, trails, or paths shown on the map.

Topic 2: Distance and Direction
We can also use maps to calculate distance and direction. By measuring the distance between two points on the map and using the compass rose, we can determine the direction of travel.

Topic 3: Terrain Features
Maps show terrain features such as mountains, valleys, rivers, and forests. These features can affect our travel and navigation, so understanding them is crucial.

Questions:
1. How do we follow the directions on a map?
2. How can we use maps to calculate distance and direction?
3. What are some common terrain features shown on maps?

Section 3: Using Maps in Real Life

Topic 1: Navigation
Maps are essential tools for navigation. Whether we are driving, hiking, or flying, maps help us find our way.

Topic 2: Geography
Maps help us understand the geography of a place. We can learn about the physical features, climate, and natural resources of a region.

Topic 3: Planning
Maps can also help us plan our travels. By studying the map, we can find the best routes, accommodations, and attractions.

Questions:
1. How do maps help us navigate?
2. How do maps help us understand geography?
3. How can maps help us plan our travels?

Conclusion:
Maps are valuable tools that help us understand our world. By learning how to read and interpret maps, we can navigate, plan trips, and gain a deeper understanding of the geography around us.

Glossary:
- Map key: a legend that explains the symbols used on the map
- Map scale: the ratio of the size of the map to the size of the real world
- Map projection: a way of representing the Earth's surface on a flat piece of paper
- Directions: the route we take when following a map
- Distance: how far we travel on the map
- Direction: the angle at which we travel on the map
- Terrain features: physical features such as mountains, valleys, rivers, and forests
- Navigation: the process of finding our way
- Geography: the study of the physical features of the Earth
- Planning: the process of making decisions and arrangements for future events.


text:
Carlos López Reyes

Carlos Alberto López Reyes (born 4 March 1986 in Quillota, Chile) is a Chilean footballer who is currently playing for San Luis of the Primera División B in Chile.

Teams
 Everton 2006
 Universidad de Chile 2007
 Unión Quilpué 2008
 San Luis de Quillota 2009-2011
 Rangers 2012
 San Luis de Quillota 2013–present

Titles
 San Luis de Quillota 2009 (Torneo Clausura Chilean Primera B Championship)

External links
 Profile at BDFA

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chilean footballers
Category:Unión Quilpué footballers
Category:Universidad de Chile footballers
Category:Rangers de Talca footballers
Category:Everton de Viña del Mar footballers
Category:San Luis de Quillota footballers
Category:Chilean Primera División players
Category:Primera B de Chile players
Category:Association football midfielders

textbook:
Lesson:

# Introduction to Carlos López Reyes

In this lesson, we will learn about Carlos López Reyes, a Chilean footballer who has played for several teams throughout his career. We will explore his background, achievements, and contributions to the world of football. This lesson is suitable for primary through high school students who are interested in learning about the sport of football and its history.

# Section 1: Background

### Subsection 1.1: Early Life and Career

Carlos López Reyes was born on March 4, 1986, in Quillota, Chile. He began his professional football career in 2006 when he joined Everton. In 2007, he moved to Universidad de Chile, where he played for one season before joining Unión Quilpué in 2008. He spent two seasons at San Luis de Quillota before moving to Rangers in 2012. He later returned to San Luis de Quillota and has been playing for the team since then.

### Subsection 1.2: Achievements

During his time at San Luis de Quillota, Carlos López Reyes helped the team win the Torneo Clausura Chilean Primera B Championship in 2009. This was a significant achievement for the team and marked a turning point in their history.

# Section 2: Contributions to Football

### Subsection 2.1: The Importance of Midfielders

As a midfielder, Carlos López Reyes played a crucial role in his team's success. Midfielders are responsible for controlling the flow of the game and distributing the ball to other players. They must have excellent passing skills, be able to read the game, and have good vision. This allows them to make intelligent decisions about where to pass the ball and when to make a tackle.

### Subsection 2.2: The Role of Teamwork

Football is a team sport, and each player must work together to achieve success. Carlos López Reyes understood the importance of teamwork and contributed to his team's success by working closely with his teammates. He knew that each player had a specific role to play, and he worked hard to ensure that he and his teammates were well-coordinated on the field.

# Section 3: Conclusion

In conclusion, Carlos López Reyes is a Chilean footballer who has made significant contributions to the sport of football. He has played for several teams throughout his career and has won several championships. As a midfielder, he understood the importance of teamwork and contributed to his team's success by controlling the flow of the game and distributing the ball effectively. This lesson has taught us about the importance of teamwork, the role of midfielders in football, and the achievements of Carlos López Reyes.

# Glossary
- Midfielder: a player in a football team who plays in the midfield and is responsible for controlling the flow of the game and distributing the ball to other players.
- Championship: a competition or event in which a winner is chosen from among several contestants.
- Contribution: something that someone does or provides to help or support something.
- History: the events that happen or existed in the past.

# References
- "Carlos López Reyes." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_L%C3%B3pez_Reyes.


text: D7000 and AF Fine Tune. Started Jan 19, 2013 | Discussions thread. Shop cameras & lenses ▾. evan47 wrote:. TAM63 wrote:. I was told that lens is just soft at 300mm. I have one, and found that disappointing. If your lens is sharp through the rest of the range, fine tuning probably will not help.. my 70-300vr is pretty good up to 300mm, try stopping down a little or take a little more care re technique.. I did try stopping it down, not a lot of difference, maybe a little. I was trying to shoot something further away. My technique seems adequate until 300mm, and was probably pretty good on the tripod So I am not buying user error this time.. I am not saying it is horrendous. But not as sharp as I would have hoped for. And apparently, that is known, or so I was told.. Reply Reply with quote Complain. Keyboard shortcuts:. FForum PPrevious NNext WNext unread UUpvote SSubscribe RReply QQuote BBookmark post MMy threads. Color scheme? Blue / Yellow

textbook:
Title: Understanding the Basics of Photography

Introduction:
Photography is an art form that involves capturing light and turning it into an image. It is a popular hobby and profession that requires knowledge of various technical aspects. In this lesson, we will cover the basics of photography, including the exposure triangle, lenses, and camera settings.

Section 1: Exposure Triangle

Exposure refers to the amount of light that enters the camera and hits the sensor or film. The exposure triangle consists of three elements: shutter speed, aperture, and ISO. These three elements work together to determine the correct exposure for a photo.

Shutter speed: This refers to the length of time that the camera's shutter is open, allowing light to enter the camera. A slower shutter speed means that the shutter is open for a longer time, while a faster shutter speed means that the shutter is open for a shorter time.

Aperture: This refers to the size of the opening in the lens that allows light to enter the camera. A larger aperture means that the opening is wider, allowing more light to enter, while a smaller aperture means that the opening is narrower, allowing less light to enter.

ISO: This refers to the sensitivity of the camera's sensor or film to light. A higher ISO means that the sensor or film is more sensitive to light, while a lower ISO means that the sensor or film is less sensitive to light.

Questions and Answers:

Q: What is the exposure triangle?
A: The exposure triangle is a concept in photography that describes the relationship between shutter speed, aperture, and ISO. These three elements work together to determine the correct exposure for a photo.

Q: What does shutter speed control?
A: Shutter speed controls the length of time that the camera's shutter is open, allowing light to enter the camera. A slower shutter speed means that the shutter is open for a longer time, while a faster shutter speed means that the shutter is open for a shorter time.

Q: What does aperture control?
A: Aperture controls the size of the opening in the lens that allows light to enter the camera. A larger aperture means that the opening is wider, allowing more light to enter, while a smaller aperture means that the opening is narrower, allowing less light to enter.

Q: What does ISO control?
A: ISO controls the sensitivity of the camera's sensor or film to light. A higher ISO means that the sensor or film is more sensitive to light, while a lower ISO means that the sensor or film is less sensitive to light.

Section 2: Lenses

Lenses are an essential part of photography, as they determine the angle of view and the amount of light that enters the camera. There are several types of lenses, including prime lenses and zoom lenses.

Prime lenses: These lenses have a fixed focal length, meaning that they do not zoom in or out. They are generally sharper and have a wider maximum aperture than zoom lenses.

Zoom lenses: These lenses allow you to change the focal length, meaning that you can zoom in or out without changing lenses. They are generally less sharp than prime lenses and have a smaller maximum aperture.

Questions and Answers:

Q: What are prime lenses?
A: Prime lenses have a fixed focal length, meaning that they do not zoom in or out. They are generally sharper and have a wider maximum aperture than zoom lenses.

Q: What are zoom lenses?
A: Zoom lenses allow you to change the focal length, meaning that you can zoom in or out without changing lenses. They are generally less sharp than prime lenses and have a smaller maximum aperture.

Q: Which type of lens is better for me?
A: The best type of lens for you depends on your photography style and needs. If you prefer to have a wide angle of view and love to travel light, a prime lens might be the best choice for you. If you need the flexibility to zoom in or out and capture different types of scenes, a zoom lens might be a better option.

Section 3: Camera Settings

Camera settings refer to the various options that you can adjust on your camera to achieve the desired outcome. Some common camera settings include shutter speed, aperture, ISO, white balance, and focus mode.

Shutter speed: This refers to the length of time that the camera's shutter is open, allowing light to enter the camera. A slower shutter speed means that the shutter is open for a longer time, while a faster shutter speed means that the shutter is open for a shorter time.

Aperture: This refers to the size of the opening in the lens that allows light to enter the camera. A larger aperture means that the opening is wider, allowing more light to enter, while a smaller aperture means that the opening is narrower, allowing less light to enter.

ISO: This refers to the sensitivity of the camera's sensor or film to light. A higher ISO means that the sensor or film is more sensitive to light, while a lower ISO means that the sensor or film is less sensitive to light.

White balance: This refers to the color temperature of the photo, which affects the overall mood and feel of the image. You can adjust the white balance to make the photo warmer or cooler, depending on the scene.

Focus mode: This refers to the way that the camera focuses on the subject. You can choose from different focus modes, such as autofocus or manual focus, depending on your needs.

Questions and Answers:

Q: What is shutter speed?
A: Shutter speed refers to the length of time that the camera's shutter is open, allowing light to enter the camera. A slower shutter speed means that the shutter is open for a longer time, while a faster shutter speed means that the shutter is open for a shorter time.

Q: What is aperture?
A: Aperture refers to the size of the opening in the lens that allows light to enter the camera. A larger aperture means that the opening is wider, allowing more light to enter, while a smaller aperture means that the opening is narrower, allowing less light to enter.

Q: What is ISO?
A: ISO refers to the sensitivity of the camera's sensor or film to light. A higher ISO means that the sensor or film is more sensitive to light, while a lower ISO means that the sensor or film is less sensitive to light.

Q: What is white balance?
A: White balance refers to the color temperature of the photo, which affects the overall mood and feel of the image. You can adjust the white balance to make the photo warmer or cooler, depending on the scene.

Q: What is focus mode?
A: Focus mode refers to the way that the camera focuses on the subject. You can choose from different focus modes, such as autofocus or manual focus, depending on your needs.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we covered the basics of photography, including the exposure triangle, lenses, and camera settings. We learned about shutter speed, aperture, ISO, prime lenses, zoom lenses, and various camera settings. By understanding these concepts, we can take better photos and apply these skills to new problems.


text: Arbor View Arvada, CO. Offers Nursing Homes. Top Nearby Nursing Home. Reviews of Arbor View. Nursing Home Reviews for Arbor View. August 13, 2019. I am a friend or relative of a current/past resident. November 23, 2016. I visited this facility. January 21, 2015. I am a friend or relative of a resident. October 25, 2013. I visited this facility. September 26, 2013. I am a friend or relative of a resident. Services and Amenities of Arbor View. About Arbor View. At Arbor View we are dedicated to providing services designed to care for the "whole person” and enhancing the lives of those we serve. Whether the need is for short-term rehabilitation or for an extended period of time, it is our goal to exceed the expectations of our residents by providing quality care and exceptional service..Get Costs

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read Reviews of Nursing Homes

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to read reviews of nursing homes to make an informed decision about the best place for our loved ones. We will cover the following topics:

1. Understanding the different types of reviews
2. Identifying key information in reviews
3. Evaluating the credibility of review sources
4. Applying critical thinking skills to analyze reviews

Section 1: Understanding the different types of reviews
Reviews of nursing homes can come in many forms, including written testimonials, video tours, and online ratings. It's essential to understand the differences between these types of reviews to make an informed decision.

Written Testimonials: These are personal accounts of someone's experience with a nursing home. They can be found on the nursing home's website, social media pages, or other review websites.

Video Tours: These are virtual tours of the nursing home, usually conducted by staff members. They provide a visual representation of the facility and its amenities.

Online Ratings: These are numerical scores given by users based on their experience with the nursing home. They can be found on websites like Yelp or Google My Business.

Section 2: Identifying key information in reviews
Once you understand the different types of reviews, it's time to start analyzing them. Here are some key pieces of information to look for when reading reviews:

1. Specific details: Look for reviews that provide specific details about the nursing home, such as the cleanliness of the facility or the quality of care provided.

2. Positive and negative comments: Pay attention to both positive and negative comments, as they can provide valuable insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the nursing home.

3. Common themes: Look for common themes among reviews, such as complaints about the food or praise for the staff.

Section 3: Evaluating the credibility of review sources
Not all reviews are created equal. It's essential to evaluate the credibility of the reviewer to determine how much weight to give their opinion.

1. Recency: Look for reviews that are recent, as policies and procedures can change over time.

2. Firsthand experience: Prioritize reviews from individuals who have had firsthand experience with the nursing home, rather than those who are simply sharing secondhand information.

3. Profile completeness: Consider reviews from users with complete profiles, as they are more likely to be trustworthy.

Section 4: Applying critical thinking skills to analyze reviews
Once you have identified key pieces of information and evaluated the credibility of review sources, it's time to apply critical thinking skills to analyze the reviews.

1. Look for contradictory information: If one reviewer raves about the food while another complains about it, take note of the discrepancy and consider which opinion to trust.

2. Consider the source: If a review comes from a competitor nursing home or a disgruntled employee, take it with a grain of salt.

3. Look for patterns: If multiple reviews mention the same issue, such as poor communication from staff, it's worth investigating further.

Conclusion:
By understanding the different types of reviews, identifying key pieces of information, evaluating the credibility of review sources, and applying critical thinking skills, you can make an informed decision about the best nursing home for your loved one. Remember to consider the overall rating, specific details, common themes, and the credibility of the review sources. With these skills, you can confidently choose a nursing home that meets your needs and provides the best possible care for your loved one.

Glossary:
- Review: A critical assessment of something, such as a product, service, or experience.
- Credibility: The quality of being trustworthy or believable.
- Firsthand experience: Experience something directly, rather than hearing about it from someone else.
- Profile completeness: The extent to which a user's profile is filled out on a review website.


text: Northrop Grumman and Trex Enterprises to Introduce Celestial Navigation to Soldier Precision Targeting Laser Systems Northrop Grumman and Trex Enterprises introduce key performance improvement into production targeting systems. APOPKA, Fla., Jan. 6, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE: NOC) has announced an agreement to collaborate with Trex Enterprises Corporation to bring celestial navigation technology to the precision targeting capability provided to the U.S. military and allied forces.. (Logo:)..

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Celestial Navigation

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Celestial navigation is an ancient form of navigation techniques that use the position and movement of celestial bodies (such as stars, planets, and the sun) to determine one's location on Earth. This technique has been used by sailors, explorers, and navigators for centuries before modern technology was invented.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

To understand how celestial navigation works, let's consider a real-world scenario. Suppose you are lost in the wilderness with no access to modern technology like GPS or maps. You can use your knowledge of celestial navigation to find your way back home. All you need is a compass, a watch, and some basic knowledge about the position of the sun during the day or the stars at night.

For example, if you know that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, you can use this information to determine which direction you should go to find civilization. Similarly, if you know that Polaris (the North Star) is always directly above the North Pole, you can use it as a reference point to determine which way is north.

## Section 3: Increasing Difficulty Level

Now let's consider a more advanced scenario where you need to navigate across an ocean using celestial navigation techniques. To do this, you will need to know how to calculate your latitude and longitude using the position of the sun or stars. You will also need to know how to use the concept of "latitude lines" and "longitude lines" to plot your position on a map.

To calculate your latitude, you will need to measure the angle between the horizon and the highest point of the sun (or any other celestial body) using a sextant. Once you have this measurement, you can use trigonometry to calculate your latitude. To calculate your longitude, you will need to measure the difference in time between when the sun sets in your local time zone and when it sets at the prime meridian (the imaginary line that runs through Greenwich, England). This difference in time is called the "time difference" and can be used to calculate your longitude.

## Glossary

- Celestial navigation: A form of navigation that uses the position and movement of celestial bodies to determine one's location on Earth.
- Latitude: The angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator.
- Longitude: The angular distance of a place east or west of the prime meridian.
- Sextant: An instrument used to measure the angle between a celestial body and the horizon.
- Trigonometry: The branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships between the sides and angles of triangles.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, celestial navigation is an ancient and fascinating form of navigation that has been used by humans for centuries. By understanding the basic concepts and practical applications of this technique, you can navigate across different terrains and environments. With practice and patience, anyone can learn how to use celestial navigation to find their way back home or across an ocean.


text: Recent Posts. Featured Posts. LipSense® Lip Boss. September 24, 2018. I work full time in children and families social work, my first real job after 15 years of self employment. After selling my last business I looked for an outstanding product and after several years I found LipSense® and SeneGence®. I became a customer first and I was sceptical however once using LipSense® I decided to become a distributor and also try there cosmetics and skincare. I can safely say I loved it. My business is The Lippy Lassie and I am currently undertaking my MUA training as I have discovered I love learning about cosmetics and skincare. I want to build a business to enhance and grow women. #orderlipsenseonline #lipboss #thelippylassie #mondaymotivation #orderlipsense #trymelovemebuyme #addvaluetoothers

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Business Reports

Introduction:
Business reports are essential tools that companies use to analyze their performance and make informed decisions. As a student, understanding business reports can help you make informed investment decisions, evaluate a company's financial health, and identify potential career opportunities. In this lesson, we will cover the following sections:

Section 1: Understanding Business Reports

Topic 1: Types of Business Reports
There are four main types of business reports:

1. Financial Reports: These reports provide information about a company's financial performance, including income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements.
2. Marketing Reports: These reports analyze market trends, customer behavior, and competitor activities to help companies develop effective marketing strategies.
3. Operational Reports: These reports focus on a company's internal operations, including production, inventory management, and supply chain management.
4. Strategic Reports: These reports provide high-level analysis of a company's overall strategy, including its mission, vision, and goals.

Topic 2: Reading Business Reports
To read a business report, follow these steps:

1. Read the Executive Summary: This section provides a brief overview of the report's key findings and recommendations.
2. Analyze the Main Body: Look for specific data points, trends, and comparisons that support the report's conclusions.
3. Review the Conclusions and Recommendations: This section summarizes the report's main findings and suggests actions that should be taken based on those findings.
4. Examine the Appendices: If the report includes supporting documents or data tables, review them for additional insights.

Topic 3: Analyzing Business Reports
When analyzing a business report, consider the following:

1. Identify Trends: Look for patterns or trends in the data that may indicate future performance or opportunities for improvement.
2. Compare Data Points: Compare key metrics across different periods or segments to identify areas of strength or weakness.
3. Evaluate Assumptions: Determine whether the report's conclusions are supported by the data and whether any assumptions made during the analysis are valid.
4. Consider Alternative Scenarios: Think about how the report's findings might change if different assumptions were made or if different data were used.

Section 2: Analyzing Financial Reports

Topic 1: Income Statements
An income statement shows a company's revenues, expenses, and profit over a specific period of time. To analyze an income statement, look for:

1. Revenue: This is the money earned from selling products or services.
2. Expenses: These are the costs associated with producing and delivering products or services.
3. Net Income: This is the amount of profit left after all expenses have been paid.

Topic 2: Balance Sheets
A balance sheet shows a company's assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific point in time. To analyze a balance sheet, look for:

1. Assets: These are the things that the company owns, including cash, inventory, and property.
2. Liabilities: These are the debts or obligations that the company owes, such as loans or accounts payable.
3. Equity: This represents the difference between the company's assets and liabilities.

Topic 3: Cash Flow Statements
A cash flow statement shows how cash is flowing into and out of a company. To analyze a cash flow statement, look for:

1. Operating Activities: This section shows how cash is being generated or used by the company's core business activities.
2. Investing Activities: This section shows how cash is being used to invest in long-term assets, such as property or equipment.
3. Financing Activities: This section shows how cash is being used to fund the company's operations, such as through issuing stock or taking out loans.

Section 3: Applying Business Reports to Real-World Scenarios

Topic 1: Investment Decisions
Suppose you are considering investing in a company and want to evaluate its financial health. You look at the company's income statement and balance sheet and see that it has consistently increased its revenue and reduced its expenses over the past few years. Additionally, the company has a strong cash position and low debt levels. Based on this information, you decide that the company is financially stable and a good candidate for investment.

Topic 2: Career Opportunities
You are a recent college graduate looking for a job in marketing. While searching for job postings, you come across a company that has recently released a marketing report highlighting its success in reaching new customers through social media advertising. Intrigued by this success, you decide to apply for a position in the company's marketing department, hoping to contribute to its continued growth and success.

Conclusion:
Understanding business reports is a valuable skill that can help you make informed investment decisions, evaluate a company's financial health, and identify potential career opportunities. By mastering the different types of business reports and learning how to analyze them, you can gain valuable insights into a company's performance and potential.


text: Hi, Just thought I'd mention I am mirroring all the embedded stuff I am working on at I found my connection to the westcoast is really slow. I can hit Chicago at 22k/s but uploading to sourceforge is going at 3.2k/s at best. Hope this helps. Latest version is 0.16. The next few days I will be working on the products the embeded thing was started for. After Christmas I am hoping to get some documantation done and perhaps some scripts to buid different type systems (i.e. boot from HD, flash, CD, etc). > I'm thinking your connection is getting limited - best I could get on 3 different > downloads was about 2.8Kbps...maybe 56K is your upload speed ? Hmmmmm.... Well, if > you split it up, this won't be a problem... Regards, Adi To unsubscribe, send "unsubscribe mtd" to majordomo at infradead.org

textbook:
Lesson: How to Improve Your Internet Connection Speed
Introduction:
In today's digital age, having a fast and reliable internet connection is essential for work, entertainment, and communication. However, many users face slow connection speeds that affect their online experience. In this lesson, we will learn how to improve your internet connection speed and troubleshoot common issues.
Section 1: Understanding Internet Connection Speeds
Topic 1: What is Internet Connection Speed?
Internet connection speed refers to the rate at which data is transferred between your device and the internet. It is usually measured in bits per second (bps) or megabits per second (Mbps).
Topic 2: How to Check Your Current Internet Connection Speed
You can check your current internet connection speed using an online speed test tool. These tools measure the time it takes for data to travel between your device and a server on the internet.
Section 2: Troubleshooting Common Issues
Topic 1: Slow Connection Speeds
If your internet connection speed is slow, you can try the following solutions:
- Restart your modem and router
- Use a wired connection instead of Wi-Fi
- Clear your browser cache and cookies
- Disable any background processes or downloads
- Change your DNS servers
Topic 2: Poor Connection Quality
If your internet connection quality is poor, you can try the following solutions:
- Check for interference from other electronic devices
- Move closer to your router or modem
- Change your wireless channel
- Update your router's firmware
- Use a signal booster or extender
Section 3: Improving Your Internet Connection Speed
Topic 1: Optimize Your Home Network
To optimize your home network, you can:
- Use Ethernet cables instead of Wi-Fi
- Place your router in a central location
- Disable any unnecessary network devices
- Use a dedicated network for online gaming or streaming
Topic 2: Choose the Right Internet Plan
To choose the right internet plan, you should consider:
- Your monthly data usage
- The number of devices you want to connect
- Your online activities (e.g., streaming, gaming, browsing)
- The availability of high-speed internet providers in your area
Conclusion:
In conclusion, improving your internet connection speed requires a combination of understanding your current connection speed, troubleshooting common issues, and optimizing your home network. By following the tips provided in this lesson, you can enjoy a faster and more reliable internet experience.
Glossary:
- Bits per second (bps): A unit of measurement for data transfer speed, where 1 bit = 1 binary digit, typically 0 or 1.
- Megabits per second (Mbps): A unit of measurement for data transfer speed, where 1 Mbps = 1 million bits per second.
- DNS servers: Domain Name System servers translate domain names into IP addresses.
- Background processes: Programs running in the background that use your internet connection.


text: Giving Thanks. Happy Thanksgiving! For the next few days I will be posting some of my most favorite quotes on gratitude. Enjoy your family and the holiday. Catch up on your reading... D&C 66 on Monday.. The happiness of life is made up of little things–– A smile, a helping hand, a caring heart, a word of praise, a moment of shared laughter. We are most alive in those moments when our hearts are conscious of our treasures.. Thornton Wilder

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Gratitude

Introduction:
Gratitude is the emotion of being thankful and appreciative. It is an essential part of life that can bring joy and happiness to ourselves and others. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of gratitude, its impact on our lives, and how we can cultivate it in ourselves.

Section 1: Understanding Gratitude

Topic 1: Definition of Gratitude
Gratitude is a positive emotion that arises when we appreciate what we have. It involves recognizing the good things in our lives and being thankful for them.

Topic 2: Importance of Gratitude
Gratitude has many benefits, including improving our mental health, increasing our resilience, and strengthening our relationships. When we practice gratitude, we become more aware of the good things in our lives, which can help us focus on the present moment and reduce stress.

Topic 3: How to Cultivate Gratitude
There are several ways to cultivate gratitude in ourselves, including keeping a gratitude journal, practicing mindfulness, and expressing gratitude to others. By making gratitude a habit, we can reap the benefits of this powerful emotion.

Section 2: Examples of Gratitude

Topic 1: Personal Gratitude
One way to practice gratitude is by reflecting on the good things in our own lives. This could include being grateful for our health, our families, or our friends. By acknowledging these blessings, we can increase our overall sense of well-being.

Topic 2: Social Gratitude
Another way to practice gratitude is by expressing it to others. This could involve writing thank-you notes, saying thank you in person, or volunteering our time and resources to those in need. By showing gratitude towards others, we can strengthen our relationships and create a more positive world.

Section 3: Practical Examples of Gratitude

Topic 1: Gratitude in Everyday Life
We can practice gratitude in small ways throughout our day. For example, we can take a moment to appreciate the beauty of nature, the warmth of the sun, or the taste of our food. By doing so, we can increase our overall sense of happiness and well-being.

Topic 2: Gratitude in Challenging Times
Even during difficult times, we can find ways to practice gratitude. For example, we can be grateful for the support of our loved ones, the strength to face challenges, or the opportunity to learn and grow. By focusing on the positive, we can increase our resilience and cope with adversity more effectively.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, gratitude is an essential emotion that can bring joy and happiness to ourselves and others. By understanding the importance of gratitude, practicing it in our daily lives, and finding practical examples of gratitude, we can cultivate this powerful emotion and improve our overall well-being.

Glossary:
- Gratitude: the emotion of being thankful and appreciative
- Resilience: the ability to bounce back from challenges and difficulties
- Mindfulness: the practice of being present in the moment and aware of one's thoughts and feelings.

Self-Debate Discussion:
How can we incorporate gratitude into our daily routines? Are there any specific actions we can take to cultivate gratitude in ourselves and others?


text: Customer Story - Aluminium Bahrain. Aluminium Bahrain.. Solution. Alba was one of the first companies to adopt the CargoValue platform. the CargoValue platform in the spring of 2017. Today, Alba has managed to replace manual processes and spreadsheets with the CargoValue solution, streamlining their processes and improving the overall efficiency of their supply chain.. Ali Al Baqali, the deputy CEO and chief supply chain officer of Alba, said that they were looking for a product that would help them stay abreast of the live status of their inbound major raw material vessels for better inventory planning and reducing/avoiding demurrages.. “…information such as cargo value based on exact quantity loaded, vessel speed, course of voyage, etc. are also available. We stay alerted to vessel anchorage and any deviations in course real time.”. . The team.. Click here to sign up for a demo to learn more about how CargoValue can improve your scheduling and inventory management process.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Supply Chain Management and Logistics

Introduction:
Supply chain management and logistics are essential components of any business. They involve the coordination of various activities, including procurement, production, distribution, and delivery of goods and services. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of supply chain management and logistics, and how technology can help streamline these processes.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is that supply chain management and logistics are critical to the success of any business. By optimizing these processes, businesses can reduce costs, improve customer satisfaction, and increase profitability.

Section 1: Introduction to Supply Chain Management and Logistics

Topic 1: Definition and Importance
- Supply chain management and logistics refer to the processes involved in moving goods and services from suppliers to customers.
- These processes are critical to the success of any business, as they involve coordinating various activities, including procurement, production, distribution, and delivery.
- Effective supply chain management and logistics can lead to reduced costs, improved customer satisfaction, and increased profitability.

Topic 2: Components of Supply Chain Management and Logistics
- Procurement: The process of acquiring goods and services from suppliers.
- Production: The process of transforming raw materials into finished products.
- Distribution: The process of transporting goods from the production facility to the customer.
- Delivery: The process of delivering goods to the customer.

Section 2: Technology and Supply Chain Management

Topic 1: CargoValue Platform
- The CargoValue platform is a software solution that helps businesses manage their supply chain processes more efficiently.
- It provides real-time information about inbound raw material vessels, allowing businesses to plan inventory more effectively and avoid demurrage charges.
- The platform also offers features such as cargo value based on exact quantity loaded, vessel speed, and course of voyage, which help businesses stay informed about their supply chain.

Topic 2: Benefits of Technology in Supply Chain Management
- Technology can help automate manual processes and reduce errors.
- It can provide real-time information about the supply chain, allowing businesses to make informed decisions quickly.
- Technology can also help businesses optimize their supply chain processes, leading to reduced costs and improved customer satisfaction.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Topic 1: Aluminum Bahrain (Alba)
- Alba is a company that produces aluminum products.
- They adopted the CargoValue platform to streamline their supply chain processes and improve efficiency.
- By using the platform, Alba was able to replace manual processes and spreadsheets, leading to better inventory planning and reduced demurrage charges.

Topic 2: Real-World Scenarios
- A retail store that uses technology to track inventory levels can ensure that they always have enough stock to meet customer demand.
- A manufacturing company that uses technology to monitor the production process can identify bottlenecks and optimize the process, leading to increased efficiency and reduced costs.

Glossary:
- Supply chain management: The process of coordinating various activities involved in moving goods and services from suppliers to customers.
- Logistics: The process of transporting goods from the production facility to the customer.
- Demurrage: Charges imposed by shipping lines for delays in loading or unloading cargo at ports.
- CargoValue platform: A software solution that helps businesses manage their supply chain processes more efficiently.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, supply chain management and logistics are critical to the success of any business. By optimizing these processes, businesses can reduce costs, improve customer satisfaction, and increase profitability. Technology can play a significant role in streamlining these processes and providing real-time information about the supply chain. By applying the concepts learned in this lesson, students can develop a deeper understanding of supply chain management and logistics and their impact on business success.


text:
Blender community finally got its own first musical. Chris Burton published the short animated film “En Passant” (fr. “in passing”) made with Blender. The project had been for 2 years in works by a dedicated team of over 40 artists, musicians, and actors.

Blender 2.67 was released last week with a 3D printing toolbox. LGW spoke to Dolf Veenvliet, Bart Veldhuizen (Shapeways, Blendernation), and Rich Borrett (Ponoko) about the new tools and the future of 3D printing.

The Internet is buzzing with news from Adobe MAX 2013. How is the switch to subscriptions going to affect the industry and free software? And how does free software stand against upcoming creative cloud apps?

Is there such a thing as a roadshow for free graphic design software? In a way, there is: a “Crafting Type” workshop combines an introduction to type design with basics of using FontForge and Inkscape.

There's a can of worms we opened this year: the unfortunate situation with support for DWG files in free CAD software via LibreDWG. We feel, by now it ought to be closed. We have the final answer from FSF.

After so many years musicians still face the basic challenge: how much can you squeeze out of just free DAWs, synths and sample libraries on Linux? Insomnilund, a newly released album by Gabriel Nordeborn, is an interesting showcase here.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Open Source Software and Creative Commons

### Overview

Open source software and Creative Commons are two powerful tools that allow people to share, remix, and reuse creative works and software. In this lesson, we will explore what open source software and Creative Commons are, how they work, and why they are important.

### Section 1: What is Open Source Software?

Open source software is a type of computer software that is released under a license that allows users to access, use, modify, and distribute the software code. This means that anyone can see how the software works, make changes to it, and share those changes with others. Open source software is often developed collaboratively by a community of developers who contribute their time and expertise to improve the software.

### Section 2: What is Creative Commons?

Creative Commons is a nonprofit organization that provides free copyright licenses that allow creators to share their work while retaining some rights. These licenses allow others to use, remix, and reuse the work, as long as they give credit to the original creator and follow any conditions or restrictions specified in the license.

### Section 3: Why are Open Source Software and Creative Commons Important?

Open source software and Creative Commons are important because they promote collaboration, sharing, and innovation. By making software code and creative works available to everyone, developers and creators can benefit from the contributions of others, leading to faster development and improvement of the software or work. Additionally, Creative Commons licenses allow creators to share their work without fear of legal consequences, which can lead to more widespread distribution and use of their work.

### Section 4: How do Open Source Software and Creative Commons Work?

Open source software works by allowing users to access, modify, and distribute the software code. This means that anyone can contribute to the development of the software by fixing bugs, adding new features, or improving existing ones. Creative Commons licenses work by specifying the rights that the creator retains, such as attribution or commercial use, and the rights that users have, such as the ability to share or remix the work.

### Section 5: Practical Examples

Let's take a look at some practical examples of open source software and Creative Commons in action. For example, the popular web browser Firefox is open source software, which means that anyone can view and modify its source code. Additionally, many images and videos found on the internet are released under Creative Commons licenses, allowing users to share and remix them freely, as long as they give credit to the original creator.

### Glossary

- Open source software: Software that is released under a license that allows users to access, use, modify, and distribute the software code.
- Creative Commons: A nonprofit organization that provides free copyright licenses that allow creators to share their work while retaining some rights.
- Attribution: Giving credit to the original creator of a work.
- Commercial use: Using a work for commercial purposes, such as selling it or using it in a product or advertisement.
- Share: To distribute or make available a work to others.
- Remix: To create a new work by combining or modifying existing works.
- Reuse: To use a work in a new context or for a new purpose.

### Conclusion

Open source software and Creative Commons are powerful tools that promote collaboration, sharing, and innovation. By allowing users to access, modify, and distribute software code and creative works, these tools enable developers and creators to improve their work and reach a wider audience.


text: School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering. The University of Adelaide. Research Field: Hydrology and climate risk. Seth Westra is a senior lecturer at the University of Adelaide. Specialising in the link between catchment-scale hydrology and large-scale climate processes, Seth’s research interests include precipitation extremes, flood and drought risk, and the development of novel techniques to conduct climate impact assessments. Seth holds a PhD from the University of New South Wales, and in 2013 he received the Australian Institute of Policy and Science Tall Poppy Award. He has published over 20 international journal papers, and is currently supervising a small but highly talented group of PhD students and postdocs.. More information about his research and publications can be found here.. See Seth’s posts on this blog.. Listen to Seth discuss the Tall Poppy Campaign and his research on 3CR ‘Lost in Science’

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding Hydrology and Climate Risk

Introduction:
Hydrology is the scientific study of water movement throughout the earth's surface and near-surface subsurface. It deals with the distribution, circulation, and physical properties of water within and below the ground, as well as the interactions between water and the environment. In this lesson, we will explore the field of hydrology and its connection to climate risk.

Section 1: What is Hydrology?

Topic 1: Definition of Hydrology
- Hydrology is the study of water movement on and below the surface of the earth.
- It involves understanding the distribution, circulation, and properties of water.

Topic 2: Subfields of Hydrology
- Surface hydrology: study of water movement on the land surface
- Groundwater hydrology: study of water movement beneath the earth's surface
- Hydroclimatology: study of the relationship between climate and water resources

Section 2: Understanding Climate Risk

Topic 1: What is Climate Risk?
- Climate risk refers to the potential negative impacts of climate change on people, communities, and ecosystems.
- These impacts can include changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, sea level rise, and extreme weather events.

Topic 2: How does Hydrology relate to Climate Risk?
- Hydrology plays a crucial role in understanding and managing climate risk.
- As climate changes, so do the patterns of precipitation and evaporation, which can lead to changes in water availability and quality.
- By studying hydrology, we can better understand how these changes will affect our water resources and develop strategies to mitigate their impacts.

Section 3: Applying Hydrology to Climate Risk Assessment

Topic 1: Assessing Flood Risk
- Floods are one of the most common and costly natural disasters, causing significant damage to property and infrastructure.
- Hydrology plays a vital role in assessing flood risk by providing information on the likelihood and magnitude of flood events.
- This information can be used to develop flood maps, design flood-resistant structures, and implement early warning systems.

Topic 2: Managing Drought Risk
- Drought is another significant climate risk that can have severe impacts on agriculture, ecosystems, and human health.
- Hydrology helps us understand the factors contributing to drought, such as changes in precipitation patterns and soil moisture.
- By analyzing these factors, we can develop strategies to conserve water resources and minimize the impacts of drought.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding hydrology is essential for managing climate risk. By studying the movement and properties of water, we can better predict and prepare for the impacts of climate change on our water resources. This knowledge can help us develop effective strategies to reduce the risks associated with floods, droughts, and other extreme weather events.

Glossary:
- Hydrology: the scientific study of water movement throughout the earth's surface and near-surface subsurface.
- Climate risk: the potential negative impacts of climate change on people, communities, and ecosystems.
- Flood: an overflow of water that submerges land.
- Drought: a prolonged, abnormal dry period leading to a shortage of water.


text: Full-text links:. Download:. References & Citations. Bookmark(what is this?). High Energy Physics - Phenomenology. Title: B Meson Form Factors and Exclusive Decays. (Submitted on 14 Oct 1995). Abstract: We present results for the $B \rightarrow \pi$ and $D\rightarrow \pi$ form factors derived from QCD sum rules on the light-cone. Our predictions are compared with experiment and used to extract the quark mixing parameter $|V_{ub}|$ from a recent CLEO measurement of $B \ra \pi l^+ \nu$. Furthermore, we discuss the factorization approximation for exclusive nonleptonic matrix elements, and describe a first QCD estimate of the nonfactorizable contribution to the amplitude of $B \rightarrow J/\psi K $.. Submission historyFrom: A. Khodjamirian [view email]. [v1] Sat, 14 Oct 1995 20:10:29 GMT (36kb). Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Research Papers in High Energy Physics - Phenomenology

Introduction:

High Energy Physics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of particles and their interactions at high energies. Phenomenology is a subfield of High Energy Physics that focuses on the experimental observation and measurement of particle interactions. Research papers in this field are written to share new findings, theories, and methods with other physicists.

In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand research papers in High Energy Physics - Phenomenology. We will cover the following sections:

1. Reading the Paper
2. Understanding the Abstract
3. Key Concepts and Methods
4. Analyzing the Results
5. Conclusion

Reading the Paper:

Before you start reading a research paper, make sure you have a clear understanding of the topic. You can find the title, authors, and date of publication on the first page of the paper.

1. Introduction: This section provides an overview of the paper's topic, the purpose of the study, and the main hypothesis.

2. Related Work: This section discusses previous research on the same topic and how the current study contributes to the existing knowledge.

3. Methodology: This section describes the experimental setup, data collection, and analysis methods used in the study.

4. Results: This section presents the findings of the study, including graphs, charts, and tables to support the conclusions.

5. Discussion: This section interprets the results and discusses their implications for the field of study.

6. Conclusion: This section summarizes the main findings and their significance, and may also include suggestions for future research.

Understanding the Abstract:

The abstract is a brief summary of the paper's main points. It should provide enough information to give you an idea of the study's purpose, methods, and findings.

Key Concepts and Methods:

Throughout the paper, you will encounter many technical terms and complex equations. Make sure you understand the basic concepts before diving into the details.

1. Particles: These are the fundamental building blocks of matter. They come in two types: fermions and bosons.

2. Interactions: These occur when particles collide or exchange energy and momentum. There are four fundamental forces in nature: gravity, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force.

3. Quantum Mechanics: This is the theory that describes the behavior of particles at very small scales.

4. Relativity: This is the theory that describes the behavior of particles at very high speeds.

5. Standard Model: This is the current theoretical framework that describes the behavior of particles and their interactions.

Analyzing the Results:

Once you have a good understanding of the paper's methods and findings, you can begin to analyze the results. Look for patterns, trends, and anomalies in the data. Ask yourself if the results support the hypothesis and if they are statistically significant.

Conclusion:

In the conclusion, the authors summarize their findings and discuss their implications for the field of study. Think about how this research contributes to our understanding of High Energy Physics and Phenomenology.

Glossary:

Particle: A minute substructure of matter that has rest mass and charges.

Interaction: A physical process in which two or more bodies interact.

Quantum Mechanics: A theoretical framework that describes the behavior of particles at very small scales.

Relativity: A theoretical framework that describes the behavior of particles at very high speeds.

Standard Model: A theoretical framework that describes the behavior of particles and their interactions.

Conclusion:

By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can effectively read and understand research papers in High Energy Physics - Phenomenology. Remember to ask questions, look for patterns and anomalies, and think critically about the implications of the findings. With practice, you will become a skilled reader and analyst of scientific research.


text: Perfect for when you're ready to graduate from the coffee shop!. +8am-6pm access Monday-Friday. +125 prints/copies per month. +8h/month in meeting rooms. +shared desk/workspace. +month to month commitment. No setup fee!. 1 months. This plan renews automatically.. Plan start date: Jan 16. Prorated amount for January: 77.42 USD. Regular membership due: Feb 01 2019. We appreciate your interest in Epicenter's innovative coworking & office space solutions! The Hot Desk membership allows you the freedom to come in M-F 8am-6pm,.

textbook:
**Lesson:** Understanding Coworking and Office Space Solutions

**Introduction:** In today's fast-paced world, coworking spaces have become a popular choice for individuals and businesses looking for flexible and affordable workspaces. Coworking spaces offer a range of services that cater to different needs, from hot desks to private offices. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of coworking, its benefits, and the different types of office space solutions available.

**Section 1: What is Coworking?**

Coworking is a type of work environment where individuals from different organizations or industries share a common space to work independently or collaboratively on projects. Coworking spaces offer a range of services such as desks, chairs, internet connection, printers, and meeting rooms. These spaces are designed to promote collaboration, creativity, and productivity among members.

**Section 2: Benefits of Coworking**

There are several benefits of coworking, including:

1. Cost savings: Coworking spaces offer affordable workspaces without the need for long-term leases or expensive equipment.
2. Networking opportunities: Coworking spaces bring together individuals from different industries, providing opportunities to network and collaborate.
3. Flexibility: Coworking spaces offer flexible work arrangements, allowing members to work when and where they need to.
4. Community: Coworking spaces foster a sense of community, providing social interaction and support.
5. Professional development: Coworking spaces often offer workshops, seminars, and other events to help members develop their skills.

**Section 3: Types of Office Space Solutions**

Coworking spaces offer a variety of office space solutions to meet different needs:

1. Hot Desk: A shared workstation that is available on a first-come, first-served basis. Hot desks are ideal for individuals who need a place to work occasionally or those who prefer to work in different locations.
2. Dedicated Desk: A permanently assigned workstation that is exclusively used by one person. Dedicated desks offer a sense of privacy and personalization while still allowing access to shared resources.
3. Private Office: A fully enclosed workspace that is exclusively used by one person or team. Private offices offer complete privacy and control over the work environment.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

In conclusion, coworking spaces offer flexible and affordable workspaces that cater to different needs. By understanding the benefits of coworking and the different types of office space solutions available, individuals and businesses can find the perfect work environment to suit their needs. Whether you need a hot desk for occasional use or a private office for a team, there is a coworking space that can meet your needs.


text: This week on the podcast with Ryan Kennedy and Ken Campbell:- NHL and NHLPA – what is the deal? Are we going to get this season going or what?- The NWHL is heading right into a bubble for a concentrated season. What can we consider this?- Tampa Bay re-signs Mikhail Sergachev, however is now over the cap with Anthony Cirelli and Erik Cernak nonetheless unsigned. Is dealing Tyler Johnson going to be sufficient? And what is going to that price?- COVID-19 has shut down a number of native groups and leagues, however companies and colleges are nonetheless open to the general public almost in all places in North America. Is minor hockey getting a uncooked deal?And extra!The Hockey Information Podcast LinktreeDownload and subscribe on iTunes, and on Soundcloud

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Hockey

## Section 1: What is Hockey?
Hockey is a sport played on ice, where two teams of six players each try to score goals by hitting a puck into the other team's net using sticks and skates. It is a fast-paced game that requires skill, strategy, and physical fitness.

## Section 2: The Rules of Hockey
In hockey, there are several rules that players must follow. These include offsides, icing, and hooking. Offsides occurs when a player crosses the center line before the puck does. Icing occurs when a player shoots the puck into the opposing team's zone from behind their own goal line. Hooking occurs when a player uses their stick to trip or hold onto an opponent.

## Section 3: The Equipment Used in Hockey
To play hockey, players need several pieces of equipment. These include a helmet, gloves, shin guards, skates, a stick, and a jersey. The goalie, who guards the net, also wears special equipment such as a mask, pads, and a catcher's glove.

## Section 4: The Positions in Hockey
There are six positions in hockey: forwards, defensemen, centers, wingers, goaltenders, and the enforcer. Forwards usually play near the opponent's goal, while defensemen guard their own net. Centers are responsible for controlling the puck in the offensive zone, while wingers help them score goals. Goaltenders protect the net and try to stop the other team from scoring. Enforcers are tough players who fight to protect their teammates.

## Section 5: The Strategy of Hockey
Hockey is a strategic game that involves both offense and defense. Teams must work together to control the puck and score goals while also preventing the other team from doing so. This involves passing, shooting, checking, and skating quickly.

## Section 6: The History of Hockey
Hockey has been played for centuries, with its roots in ancient civilizations such as Greece and Rome. It was first played on ice in Canada in the early 1800s and became a popular sport in North America in the 20th century. Today, it is played professionally in the National Hockey League (NHL) and internationally in the Olympics.

## Glossary
- Ice: A slippery surface made of water frozen into a solid state.
- Puck: A small, hard rubber disk used as the ball in hockey.
- Stick: A long, wooden or composite rod used to hit the puck and pass it to teammates.
- Skates: Sharp-bladed shoes attached to the feet and worn under clothing.
- Goal: A net with a frame that sits on the ice, where players try to score points by shooting the puck into it.
- Penalty: A punishment given to a player who breaks one of the rules of the game.
- Power Play: A situation in which one team has an extra player on the ice because another player is serving a penalty.
- Shootout: A tie-breaking method used in professional hockey where each team selects three players to take turns trying to score on the goalie.
- Hat Trick: When a player scores three goals in a single game.

Conclusion
Hockey is a fun and exciting sport that requires skill, strategy, and physical fitness. By understanding the rules, equipment, positions, and history of hockey, you can appreciate this game even more.


text: What are some essay topics on the poem "Lady Of Shalott" Part I and II?. 1 Answer | Add Yours. - Analyze how Tennyson reveals mood and tone through imagery and diction in "The Lady of Shalott.". - How does Tennyson address the theme of desire through his use of figurative language in "The Lady of Shalott?". - Analyze the role of nature in the Lady's decision to leave her tower in "The Lady of Shalott.". - Compare and contrast the symbolism of the Lady's magic web to the role of the curse in "The Lady of Shalott.. - Compare the role of the Lady's mirror to that of Plato's cave.. - What do the the people viewed in the mirror represent to the Lady of Shalott? Why does Tennyson include these details?. We’ve answered 319,999 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to the Lady of Shalott
The Lady of Shalott is a Victorian ballad by the English poet Alfred Lord Tennyson. It tells the story of a woman who lives in a tower and weaves a magical web, but is cursed to live in isolation and never see the outside world. In this lesson, we will explore the themes and motifs of the poem, including its use of imagery and figurative language to convey mood and tone.
Section 1: Mood and Tone
Tennyson uses vivid imagery and powerful language to create a haunting and eerie mood in the poem. The Lady of Shalott is isolated in a tower, and her only connection to the outside world is through her mirror. The mirror reflects scenes from the world outside, but the Lady is not allowed to look directly at them. This creates a sense of tension and suspense, as the reader wonders what will happen when the Lady finally breaks the curse and leaves her tower.
Section 2: Desire
One of the main themes of the poem is the power of desire. The Lady is forbidden to look directly at the world outside, but she is constantly drawn to it. She longs to experience the freedom and joy of the outside world, but she knows that she must remain in her tower or face the consequences of the curse. Tennyson uses figurative language to convey the intensity of the Lady's desire, such as when he describes her as "the glassy tortoise / That drinks the sandy dust."
Section 3: Nature
Nature plays a significant role in the Lady's decision to leave her tower. When she sees Sir Lancelot in her mirror, she is so taken with his beauty and grace that she decides to leave her tower and go out into the world. Tennyson uses vivid imagery to describe the beauty of the natural world, such as when he writes, "The yellow


text:
Management of phenylketonuria for optimal outcome: a review of guidelines for phenylketonuria management and a report of surveys of parents, patients, and clinic directors.
The development of guidelines for phenylketonuria (PKU) management in the United Kingdom has resulted in much discussion in the community of parents and PKU clinics and parents have asked why the United States does not have such guidelines. The objective of this report is to discuss PKU management in the United States, the British guidelines on PKU management, and the feasibility, suitability, and mechanism of developing PKU management guidelines in the United States. Members of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Genetics (COG) reviewed the literature and conducted surveys of parents of children with PKU, young adults with PKU, and directors of PKU clinics in the United States. A meeting was held at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to review the AAP/COG efforts at reviewing the status of PKU management and guideline development in the United States. The British guidelines are more stringent than the PKU management practices in many parts of the United States. Evidence exists that stricter management improves developmental outcome. The parents who responded to the surveys indicated willingness to comply with more stringent dietary management if that would improve outcome. They also identified problems that make such management difficult. The clinic directors supported the timeliness of the review. Some had begun a trend toward more stringent control of blood phenylalanine concentrations, at least in the first 4 years of life. The AAP Committee on Genetics will complete its subject review of the management of PKU. Guidelines for care of PKU in the United States probably would look quite similar to the existing guidelines in other countries. The parents surveyed supported more stringent PKU management, but information from a broader distribution of parents would provide a more representative view. The status of the US health care system creates problems for improved PKU management in the United States that do not exist in the countries already following stricter guidelines.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Phenylketonuria Management
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). This deficiency leads to the accumulation of phenylalanine in the blood, which can cause intellectual disabilities, behavioral problems, and other health issues if left untreated. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of PKU management and the importance of following recommended guidelines.
Section 1: Understanding PKU Management
PKU management involves a combination of dietary restrictions, medical interventions, and regular monitoring to ensure that phenylalanine levels remain within a safe range. The goal of PKU management is to prevent the negative effects of high phenylalanine levels while ensuring that the individual receives adequate nutrition.
Dietary restrictions are a crucial part of PKU management. Individuals with PKU must follow a low-phenylalanine diet, which means avoiding or strictly limiting foods that are high in phenylalanine, such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, and some fruits and vegetables. Instead, they should consume a special PKU formula or foods that are low in phenylalanine.
Medical interventions may also be necessary to manage PKU. For example, individuals with PKU may need to take supplements containing PAH or other enzymes to help break down phenylalanine. They may also require regular blood tests to monitor their phenylalanine levels and adjust their diet or medication as needed.
Section 2: Importance of Following Guidelines
Following recommended guidelines for PKU management is essential for preventing the negative effects of high phenylalanine levels. If left untreated, PKU can lead to intellectual disabilities, behavioral problems, and other health issues. By following a strict low-phenylalanine diet and receiving regular medical care, individuals with PKU can maintain healthy phenylalanine levels and reduce their risk of these complications.
Additionally, adhering to PKU management guidelines can help individuals with PKU live longer, healthier lives. Studies have shown that individuals with PKU who follow recommended guidelines have a lower risk of developing certain health conditions, such as heart disease and certain types of cancer.
Section 3: Conclusion
In conclusion, understanding the basics of PKU management and the importance of following recommended guidelines is essential for individuals with PKU and their families. By following a strict low-phenylalanine diet and receiving regular medical care, individuals with PKU can maintain healthy phenylalanine levels and reduce their risk of developing serious health complications. As with any medical condition, it is essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to develop an individualized treatment plan that meets the specific needs of each person with PKU.


text:
Risks of carbamate and organophosphate pesticide mixtures to salmon in the Pacific Northwest.
Salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest are being affected by a variety of environmental stressors including intense fishing pressure, parasites and disease, climatic variability and change, land development, hatchery production, hydropower operations, stormwater runoff, and exposure to toxic contaminants. In recent years, there has been much concern that mixtures of pesticides are causing toxic effects to Pacific salmon. In this study, we compared measured stream water concentrations from 2 monitoring studies conducted in the Pacific Northwest with concentration-response curves derived for inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) for mixtures of organophosphate (OPs) and carbamate (CBs) pesticides. In the first monitoring study, samples were collected from 2003 to 2007 in salmonid-bearing waters of 5 urban or agricultural watersheds in Washington State. This study was targeted to areas of high pesticide use and generally involved weekly sampling during the pesticide use season. The second monitoring study was the United States Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment that included samples taken from 2003 to 2010 in California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. OPs and CBs were frequently detected in both studies. The available monitoring data collected since 2003, however, demonstrates that mixtures of OPs and CBs in surface waters rarely occur at levels capable of producing significant physiological and behavioral effects in Pacific salmon. The observed mixtures never reached concentrations capable of causing mortality. We conclude that mixtures of organophosphates and carbamates do not pose a significant direct risk to Pacific salmon.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Toxicology and Pesticides

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Toxicology is the scientific study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. It involves understanding how exposure to these chemicals can lead to injury, illness, or death in plants, animals, and humans. In this lesson, we will learn about the risks of carbamate and organophosphate pesticide mixtures to salmon in the Pacific Northwest.

Carbamate and organophosphate pesticides are chemicals used to control pests such as insects, rodents, and weeds. They work by affecting the nervous system of the target organism, leading to its death. However, these pesticides can also harm non-target organisms, including salmon in the Pacific Northwest.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

Let's consider a hypothetical scenario where a river in the Pacific Northwest is contaminated with carbamate and organophosphate pesticide mixtures. The concentration of these pesticides in the river water is high enough to cause toxic effects in the salmon population.

The salmon in this river are exposed to the pesticide mixtures through direct contact with the water, ingestion of contaminated food, or inhalation of contaminated dust particles. This exposure can lead to inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile coho salmon, which is a known toxic effect of these pesticides.

### Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

Why do you think the salmon population in the Pacific Northwest is affected by carbamate and organophosphate pesticide mixtures? How can these pesticides enter the salmon's body? What are the potential long-term effects of these pesticides on the salmon population?

### Glossary

- Carbamate: A type of pesticide that works by inhibiting the nervous system of target organisms.
- Organophosphate: Another type of pesticide that works by inhibiting the nervous system of target organisms.
- Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that breaks down a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine in the nervous system.
- Toxicity: The degree of damage or harm caused by a substance, such as a pesticide.
- Salmon: A type of fish found in the Pacific Northwest.
- Monitoring study: A research project that involves collecting data over time to understand a particular phenomenon.
- Concentration-response curve: A graph that shows the relationship between the concentration of a substance and its effect on a biological system.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the risks of carbamate and organophosphate pesticide mixtures to salmon in the Pacific Northwest. We explored the theoretical concepts of toxicology and pesticides, considered practical examples of how these pesticides can affect salmon, engaged in self-debating discussions to deepen our understanding, and defined key terms in a glossary. By understanding the potential dangers of these pesticides, we can work towards reducing their impact on the environment and wildlife.