text:
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The Czech National Bank acknowledged that forged banknotes are circulating in Brno and other cities in Moravia. They gave detailed information about how to detect them so people are not caught out. Photo credit: ČNB.

Brno, Jul 4 (updated) (BD) – The notes to watch out for are the 2009 version of the CZK 500 banknote and the 2008 version of the CZK 1,000 banknote (see photos).

So what should you check?

1) The counterfeit banknotes have a windowed thread (appearing as metallic dashes) which is made of glued-on fragments from lower value notes.

Detail of the windowed thread on a genuine CZK 1,000 banknote (microtext “ČNB 1000 Kč”) and on a counterfeit.

2) The bank also says that the notes have been produced by four colour (cyan, magenta, yellow and black.) inkjet printing, whereas genuine notes have direct colour printing. On close examination, you can see the printing dots on the forgeries.

Three details of different sizes of the print pattern of a genuine banknote and a counterfeit. It also shows the difference in print quality.

3) The key protective elements are either missing and not imitated in any way (watermark, latent image, iridescent strip), or are printed simultaneously with the pattern of the banknote and lack their characteristic features (the optically variable element does not change its colour, the front-to-back register does not match when viewed against the light). Microtexts are illegible and UV and infra-red protective elements are not imitated either.

4) The bank is also warning of CZK 100 with the windowed strip damaged or missing. They say this may be connected to the forgeries.

Genuine CZK 100 banknotes with a partly and fully removed protective strip.

CZK 100 banknotes glued together using the left- and right-hand parts without the middle part containing the windowed thread. Due to the natural fluctuation of the windowed thread, the individual banknotes were cut and glued together in different places (see the red arrows).

So, check your change and don’t get tricked by the forgers.

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textbook:
## Lesson: How to Detect Forged Banknotes

### Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn how to detect forged banknotes. This is an important skill to have because forged banknotes are fake money that is designed to look like real money. If you accept or use forged banknotes, you could lose money or get into trouble with the law.

### Section 1: What are forged banknotes?

Forged banknotes are fake banknotes that are made to look like real banknotes. They are created by people who want to make money by tricking others into accepting them as real currency. These banknotes are usually made using high-quality paper and ink, making them difficult to spot.

### Section 2: How to detect forged banknotes

There are several ways to detect forged banknotes. Here are some tips:

1. Look at the color: Genuine banknotes have a specific color that is unique to them. For example, a $100 bill has a green tint, while a €50 bill has a purple tint. Forged banknotes may have a slightly different color that stands out when compared to the genuine article.

2. Examine the paper: Genuine banknotes are made from a specific type of paper that is used exclusively for printing money. Forged banknotes may be made from a different type of paper that feels thicker or thinner than the genuine article.

3. Check the watermark: Many banknotes have a watermark that is visible when held up to the light. If you don't see a watermark on the banknote you are examining, it may be fake.

4. Look at the printing: Genuine banknotes are printed using a special technique that creates small dots in the design. Forged banknotes may not have these dots or may have larger, more noticeable dots.

5. Feel the texture: Genuine banknotes have a specific texture that is unique to them. Forged banknotes may feel smoother or rougher than the genuine article.

### Section 3: Practical examples

Let's take a look at some practical examples of how to detect forged banknotes using the tips we learned earlier.

Example 1: You are given a $100 bill that you suspect is forged. When you hold it up to the light, you don't see a watermark. This could be an indication that the banknote is fake.

Example 2: You are given a €50 bill that you suspect is forged. When you examine the paper, you notice that it feels thicker than the genuine article. This could also be an indication that the banknote is fake.

Example 3: You are given a CZK 1,000 banknote that you suspect is forged. When you look at the printing, you notice that the dots are larger and more noticeable than on the genuine article. This could be another indication that the banknote is fake.

### Conclusion

In conclusion, detecting forged banknotes requires careful examination and attention to detail. By following the tips we learned in this lesson, you can protect yourself from falling victim to forged banknotes. Remember, if you suspect a banknote is fake, don't accept it and report it to the authorities.


text: Our overall aim is to support children's emotional wellbeing and maximise their learning opportunities throughout the day. We provide a structured environment that balances the need for child-led and adult initiated activities to support all areas of the Early Years Foundation Curriculum.. We have high expectations of our preschool children and it is our aim to ensure we fully understand each and every child's interests and development needs. To do this we provide activities that are planned, purposeful and challenging.. When it comes to children being ready for school, we base our approach on the importance of children being confident, independent and inquisitive to learn. As such, we have embedded within our routines and practices opportunities for children to develop in these areas.. For example, we encourage children to share their experiences during circle time, support children to serve their own snack, recognise their own name, dress themselves as well as asking open questions throughout the day.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson Title: Emotional Wellbeing and Learning Opportunities in Preschool

Introduction:
Emotional wellbeing is an important aspect of a child's development. It is essential for children to feel happy, safe, and secure in order to learn effectively. In this lesson, we will explore how emotional wellbeing and learning opportunities are intertwined in preschool education.

Section 1: Emotional Wellbeing in Preschool

Topic 1: Importance of Emotional Wellbeing in Preschool
- Why is emotional wellbeing important for young children?
- What are the benefits of emotional wellbeing in preschool education?

Topic 2: Creating a Structured Environment
- How does a structured environment promote emotional wellbeing and learning opportunities?
- What activities can be planned to balance child-led and adult-initiated activities?

Section 2: Learning Opportunities in Preschool

Topic 1: Balancing Child-Led and Adult-Initiated Activities
- How can we balance child-led and adult-initiated activities to support all areas of the Early Years Foundation Curriculum?
- What are the benefits of both types of activities for children's learning?

Topic 2: High Expectations and Challenging Activities
- Why is it important to have high expectations for preschool children?
- How can we provide activities that are planned, purposeful, and challenging to support all areas of the Early Years Foundation Curriculum?

Section 3: Developing Confidence, Independence, and Inquisitiveness

Topic 1: Encouraging Children to be Confident, Independent, and Inquisitive
- Why is it important for children to be confident, independent, and inquisitive?
- How can we encourage children to develop these skills in the preschool setting?

Topic 2: Practical Examples
- What are some practical examples of activities that can be used to develop confidence, independence, and inquisitiveness?
- How can we incorporate these activities into our daily routines and practices?

Glossary:
- Emotional Wellbeing: The state of being happy, healthy, and resilient in terms of one's emotional health.
- Learning Opportunities: Chances for children to acquire new knowledge and skills.
- Early Years Foundation Curriculum: A framework for teaching and learning in preschool education in the United Kingdom.
- High Expectations: Believing in children's abilities and setting goals that challenge them to reach their full potential.
- Challenging Activities: Tasks that are designed to be difficult but not impossible, encouraging children to think critically and solve problems.
- Confidence: Self-assurance and belief in one's abilities.
- Independence: The ability to think and act for oneself.
- Inquisitiveness: A natural curiosity and desire to learn and explore new things.

Conclusion:
Emotional wellbeing and learning opportunities are essential for young children to thrive in the preschool setting. By providing a structured environment that balances child-led and adult-initiated activities, we can promote emotional wellbeing and learning opportunities. Additionally, by encouraging children to be confident, independent, and inquisitive, we can help them develop the skills they need to succeed in school and beyond. By applying the strategies learned in this lesson, you can help children reach their full potential in the preschool setting.


text: CLINTON: I've always been familiar with poverty, and I've always done what I could to alleviate it and to help people. The rich are getting a whole lot richer, the middle is stagnating, and the poor are getting poorer. Now that is not good news for the American democracy. This country needs to give dignity to work, to make sure that women and men who work full-time earn a wage that lifts them out of poverty. Corporate executives have profited personally so much when the average worker in America have seen their wages and benefits basically stagnate. A new beginning that makes Wall Street shoulder its responsibility for this crisis. One that makes the most well-off among us pay our fair share. We all want an economy with more opportunity and less inequality. Where Wall Street can never wreck Main Street again. We need to make sure our economy works for everyone, not just those at the top. I'm Hillary Clinton, and I've always approved this message.. Hillary Rodham Clinton

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Poverty and Inequality

Introduction:
Poverty and inequality are two of the most pressing issues facing society today. In this lesson, we will explore the causes and consequences of poverty and inequality, and discuss ways to address these issues.

Section 1: Understanding Poverty

Topic 1: Definition of Poverty
Poverty refers to the state of being unable to afford basic necessities such as food, shelter, and clothing. It is a complex issue that affects millions of people around the world.

Topic 2: Causes of Poverty
There are many causes of poverty, including lack of education, unemployment, lack of access to healthcare, and social injustice. These factors can interact in complex ways, making it difficult for individuals to break the cycle of poverty.

Topic 3: Consequences of Poverty
Poverty has many negative consequences, including malnutrition, illness, homelessness, and lack of access to education and job opportunities. These consequences can perpetuate the cycle of poverty and make it difficult for individuals to improve their situation.

Section 2: Understanding Inequality

Topic 1: Definition of Inequality
Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and power. It can take many forms, including income inequality, gender inequality, and racial inequality.

Topic 2: Causes of Inequality
There are many causes of inequality, including systemic barriers to opportunity, lack of access to education and job training, and discrimination based on race, gender, and other factors. These factors can create a cycle of disadvantage that is difficult to break.

Topic 3: Consequences of Inequality
Inequality has many negative consequences, including lower levels of economic growth, higher rates of crime and violence, and decreased social cohesion. These consequences can perpetuate the cycle of inequality and make it difficult for individuals to improve their situation.

Section 3: Addressing Poverty and Inequality

Topic 1: Strategies for Addressing Poverty
There are many strategies for addressing poverty, including increasing access to education and job training, providing affordable housing and healthcare, and ensuring a living wage for all workers. These strategies can help individuals and families break the cycle of poverty and improve their situation.

Topic 2: Strategies for Addressing Inequality
There are many strategies for addressing inequality, including promoting equal pay for equal work, increasing access to education and job training, and addressing systemic barriers to opportunity. These strategies can help level the playing field and ensure that all individuals have an equal opportunity to succeed.

Conclusion:
Understanding poverty and inequality is essential for addressing these complex issues. By increasing awareness and taking action to promote equality and opportunity, we can create a more just and equitable society.

Glossary:
Poverty: The state of being unable to afford basic necessities such as food, shelter, and clothing.
Inequality: The unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and power.
Systemic barriers: Structural obstacles that prevent individuals from achieving their potential, such as lack of access to education and job training.


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textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Probability

## Section 1: What is Probability?
Probability is the branch of mathematics that deals with the study of chance or uncertainty. It is used to determine the likelihood of an event occurring. The probability of an event is expressed as a number between 0 and 1, where 0 means that the event will never happen, and 1 means that the event is certain to occur.

## Section 2: Understanding Probability
To understand probability, we need to know the following concepts:

1. Sample Space: The sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment. For example, if we toss a coin, the sample space would be {H, T}.

2. Event: An event is a subset of the sample space. For example, if we toss a coin, the event "getting heads" would be {H}.

3. Expected Value: The expected value is the average value of a random variable after many trials. For example, if we toss a coin, the expected value of getting heads would be 0.5.

4. Independent Events: Two events are independent if the occurrence of one event does not affect the probability of the other event. For example, if we roll two dice, the events "getting a 3 on the first die" and "getting a 6 on the second die" are independent.

5. Dependent Events: Two events are dependent if the occurrence of one event affects the probability of the other event. For example, if we roll two dice, the events "getting a 3 on the first die" and "getting a 6 on the second die" are dependent.

## Section 3: Applying Probability
We can use probability to make decisions based on uncertainty. For example, if we are playing a game of chance, we can calculate the probability of winning and use that information to make a decision. We can also use probability to make decisions in real-life situations, such as investing in the stock market or playing poker.

## Conclusion:
In conclusion, probability is a valuable tool for making decisions in uncertain situations. By understanding the concepts of sample space, event, expected value, independent and dependent events, we can apply probability to a wide range of scenarios. As we continue to explore probability, we will learn more about its applications and how to use it effectively.


text:
The present invention relates to a novel production method of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane using pentafluorobenzene as a raw material. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane obtainable according to the invention is a very useful substance as a cocatalyst for the cationic complex polymerization or an intermediate of N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate etc., which is useful similarly as a cocatalyst for the cationic complex polymerization.
In recent years, scientific literatures or patents dealing with the polymerization reaction using these compounds and organometallic complexes have increased remarkably. For example, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 3626 (1991), Macromol. Chem. Rapid Commun., 2, p. p. 663-667 (1991) and the like are available. However, for the production of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, relatively expensive pentafluorobromobenzene has been used conventionally as a starting substance for the source of pentafluorophenyl group.
The method was that pentafluorobromobenzene was submitted to the bromine-metal exchange reaction at low temperature of -70.degree. C. using organometallic compounds such as butyllithium to generate pentafluorophenyllithium (J. Org. Chem., 29, 2385 (1964), J. Org. Chem., 31, 4229 (1966) and Synthesis of Fluoroorganic Compounds, p. 190, Springer-Verlag (1985)), which was then reacted with boron trichloride, boron trifluoride, or the like as a starting raw material of the source of boron, or that pentafluorobromobenzene was reacted with magnesium to generate a Grignard reagent like pentafluorophenylmagnesium bromide (J. Chem. Soc., 166 (1959), Z. Naturforschg., 20b, 5 (1965), Synthesis of Fluoroorganic Compounds, p. 141, Springer-Verlag (1985), which was then reacted with boron trichloride similarly as a starting raw material of the source of boron, thereby performing the production of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (J. Organometallic Chem., 2, 245-250 (1964).
Pentafluorobromobenzene is obtained by brominating pentafluorobenzene. If it is possible to directly produce tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane from pentafluorobenzene, then the production processes can be reduced by one process, leading to easy availability and also decreased price of a starting raw material.
In view of the said situation, the inventors investigated extensively on a synthetic method without using relatively expensive bromopentafluorobenzene as a starting raw material by changing the use of bromopentafluorobenzene to that of pentafluorobenzene as a starting substance for the production of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and eliminating the brominating process of pentafluorobenzene, leading to the invention.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Polymerization Reactions

Polymerization reactions are essential chemical processes that involve the formation of large molecules called polymers from smaller molecules called monomers. These reactions play a crucial role in the development of various materials, including plastics, fibers, and elastomers. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of polymerization reactions, their applications, and the role of catalysts in these reactions.

Section 1: What are Polymerization Reactions?

Polymerization reactions are chemical processes in which monomers combine to form polymers. These reactions can occur through various mechanisms, such as step-growth polymerization, chain-growth polymerization, and condensation polymerization.

Section 2: Applications of Polymerization Reactions

Polymerization reactions have a wide range of applications in various industries. Some of the most common applications include the production of plastics, fibers, and elastomers. These materials are used in various products, such as automotive parts, electronics, clothing, and medical devices.

Section 3: Catalysts in Polymerization Reactions

Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. In polymerization reactions, catalysts help to lower the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, thus increasing the reaction rate. Some common catalysts used in polymerization reactions include transition metal complexes, organic compounds, and enzymes.

Section 4: Example of a Polymerization Reaction

One example of a polymerization reaction is the formation of polyethylene from ethylene monomers. In this reaction, ethylene monomers combine to form a long chain of polyethylene polymer. The reaction is catalyzed by a transition metal complex, such as a zirconium or titanium complex.

Conclusion:

In summary, polymerization reactions are essential chemical processes that involve the formation of polymers from monomers. These reactions have a wide range of applications in various industries, including the production of plastics, fibers, and elastomers. Catalysts play a crucial role in these reactions by increasing the reaction rate and lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Understanding the basics of polymerization reactions and their applications can help us develop new materials and technologies that can improve our lives.


text:
In the design of reactor core and fuel assemblies for most types of nuclear power reactors, it is important to conduct tests to characterize the thermal-hydraulic condition at which the departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) phenomenon occurs in the fuel assembly. The tests require identification of both lateral and longitudinal locations of the DNB events in a fuel assembly. The DNB phenomenon, sometimes referred to as Boiling Crisis, limits the operation margins of a particular reactor fuel design and must be well studied.
For decades, reactor component designers have used electrically heated rods as simulated nuclear fuel. The coolant for the simulated fuel bundles is water and large amounts of electricity are consumed. Other low boiling point refrigerants such as freon may be used as the simulated coolant to minimize the electrical consumption, while retaining the basic physical phenomenon. Each electrically heated rod consists of a thin wall tube of high resistivity metal, such as inconel or monel, as the heated section, an unheated upstream section, and an unheated downstream section for flow development. The unheated sections are made of a low resistivity metal, such as nickel. The rod diameter and inter-rod spacing are set to be the same as those in an actual fuel rod assembly.
In order to achieve a realistic thermal-hydraulic condition in the reactor fuel rod assembly, electrically heated rods are arranged into a configuration such as a 3.times.3, 4.times.4, 5.times.5, 6.times.6, 7.times.7 square, or other hexagonal bundles. A 5.times.5 square bundle requires a total of 25 rods. All 25 rods are commonly bused (or electrically tied together) at two electrodes, a cathode on one end and an anode on the other, to allow electric current to pass through the rod bundle. In addition to DNB studies, electrically heated rod bundles may also be used to investigate other thermal-hydraulic phenomena of a reactor core, such as multiphase instability and post-accident reflood heat transfer.
Due to longitudinal thermal expansion and potential buckling, the individual heater rods cannot be rigidly anchored to both electrodes at the same time. Normally, one end of all heater rods may be rigidly tied to a common electrode which is made of a highly conductive metal, such as nickel. The opposite ends of all rods are left free to enable expanding or sliding. As a consequence, the free expanding ends of the heater rods need to be individually connected to a braided/flexible cable. All braided cables are then joined to the other common electrode.
This approach, as traditionally practiced in most DNB or other rod bundle heat transfer test facilities to counter the buckling problem, suffers from the tedious electrical connection (and disconnection) procedure and crowded cabling, particularly when the number of rods is large. In addition, the consistency and reliability of electrical contact in this type of connection may be compromised, which can result in undesirable arcing and local fusing.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved flexible electrical connection that exhibits a low resistance.
It is another object of this invention to provide an improved flexible electrical interconection that is easily configured and exhibits a consistent low resistance interconnection.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Nuclear Reactor Design and Testing

Introduction:
Nuclear reactors are complex machines that generate electricity by harnessing the energy released during nuclear fission. The design and testing of these reactors involve several factors, including the thermal-hydraulic conditions and the departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) phenomenon. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of DNB testing in reactor design and the methods used to identify the location of DNB events in a fuel assembly.

Section 1: Thermal-Hydraulic Conditions and DNB Phenomenon

Topic 1: Introduction to Thermal-Hydraulic Conditions
- Definition of Thermal-Hydraulic Conditions
- Importance of Studying Thermal-Hydraulic Conditions in Nuclear Reactors

Topic 2: Departure from Nucleate Boiling (DNB) Phenomenon
- Definition of DNB Phenomenon
- Importance of Studying DNB in Nuclear Reactors
- Factors Affecting DNB in Fuel Assemblies

Section 2: Identifying DNB Events in Fuel Assemblies

Topic 3: Methods for Identifying DNB Events
- Electrically Heated Rods
- Freon as Simulated Coolant
- High Resistivity Metal Tubes
- Unheated Upstream and Downstream Sections

Topic 4: Lateral and Longitudinal Locations of DNB Events
- Definition of Lateral and Longitudinal Locations
- Techniques for Identifying Lateral and Longitudinal Locations
- Examples of DNB Event Locations

Section 3: Applications and Future Research

Topic 5: Applications of DNB Testing in Nuclear Reactor Design
- Limitations of DNB Testing
- Improvements in Fuel Assembly Design Based on DNB Testing Results
- Impact of DNB Testing on Reactor Safety and Efficiency

Topic 6: Future Research in DNB Phenomenon
- Areas of Potential Research
- Advances in Simulation Technology
- Collaboration with Other Fields of Study

Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding the DNB phenomenon and its impact on reactor design is crucial for ensuring the safety and efficiency of nuclear reactors. Through electrically heated rods, freon as simulated coolant, and high resistivity metal tubes, researchers can identify the lateral and longitudinal locations of DNB events in fuel assemblies. This information can be used to improve fuel assembly design and enhance reactor performance. Future research in this area has the potential to lead to significant advancements in nuclear reactor technology.


text: MEDIA ADVISORY: Business and Policy Groups Announce Coalition for Local Pension Reform. MEDIA ADVISORY:. Business and Policy Groups Announce Coalition for Local Pension Reform. TALLAHASSEE, Fla. – Florida’s most influential business advocates and policy groups will announce the formation of a coalition focused on municipal pension reform efforts on Tuesday, August 12.. What: Announcement of municipal pension reform coalition. Who: Florida TaxWatch, Florida Chamber of Commerce, Associated Industries of Florida, National Federation of Independent Business, R. Street Institute, Americans For Prosperity – Florida, and the Florida League of Cities.. When: Tuesday, August 12th, 11:30 a.m.. Where: Florida Press Center, Tallahassee, Fla.. It’s Research that Gets Results!. Florida TaxWatch is a statewide, nonprofit, nonpartisan.. Morgan McCord. Communications Coordinator. 850.212.5052

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Municipal Pension Reform

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about municipal pension reform and why it is important. We will cover the basics of pensions, the issues surrounding municipal pensions, and the benefits of reform. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the importance of pension reform and its impact on local communities.

**Section 1: What are Pensions?**

A pension is a retirement plan that provides employees with a steady income after they stop working. Pensions are usually provided by employers to their employees as a way of rewarding them for their years of service.

**Section 2: Issues Surrounding Municipal Pensions**

Municipal pensions are pensions provided to employees of local governments. These pensions have become a major issue in recent years because they are underfunded and unsustainable. This means that there is not enough money set aside to pay for the benefits that employees have been promised.

The main reasons for this problem are:

- Increasing life expectancy: As people are living longer, the cost of providing pensions is going up.
- Investment losses: During the 2008 financial crisis, many pension funds lost a lot of money.
- Unrealistic return assumptions: Many pension plans assume that their investments will earn a certain rate of return, but this may not always be the case.

These issues have led to large pension debts that are putting a strain on local budgets. This means that money that could be used for schools, roads, and other important services is being diverted to pay for pensions.

**Section 3: Benefits of Pension Reform**

Pension reform is important because it can help to address the issues surrounding municipal pensions. By making changes to the pension system, local governments can:

- Reduce their pension debt: This will free up money for other important services.
- Ensure that current and future employees have a sustainable retirement benefit: This means that they will be able to count on receiving the pension benefits they have been promised.
- Increase transparency and accountability: By making changes to the pension system, local governments can be more open about how pension funds are being managed.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

In summary, pension reform is important because it can help to address the issues surrounding municipal pensions. By making changes to the pension system, local governments can reduce their pension debt, ensure that current and future employees have a sustainable retirement benefit, and increase transparency and accountability.

**Glossary:**
- Pension: A retirement plan provided by an employer
- Underfunded: Not having enough money to pay for the benefits that employees have been promised
- Sustainable: Able to be maintained over time
- Transparency: Being open and honest about how things are being managed
- Accountability: Being responsible for your actions and decisions

**Self-Debate Questions:**
1. Why is pension reform important?
2. What are some of the issues surrounding municipal pensions?
3. How can pension reform benefit local governments and employees?
4. What is the definition of a pension?


text:
This invention relates to a rectification process by which an aqueous organic solvent is recovered in at least two fractions having different concentrations and the soluble component is recovered from the solution as an aqueous solution free of the organic component. More particularly, this invention is concerned with the recovery of aqueous alcohol solutions of at least two different alcohol concentrations, from a solution or miscella made by extracting carbohydrates and other components from soybeans or other oil seeds.
There is increasing commercial interest in the production of food products from soybeans that are suitable for human consumption. In conventional extraction of oil seeds, such as soybeans, with hexane for the production of animal feed the soybeans are flaked, extracted with hexane and the spent flakes cooked with moist heat (toasted). It has been long recognized that such a toasted product is not well suited for human consumption. The spent flakes prior to toasting are called white flakes, which when ground become the present soy flour of commerce. This too is not a product well suited for human consumption because it has an unpleasant beany taste and causes flatulence.
The major ingredients of hulled soybeans are protein, carbohydrates and sugars, glyceride oils, and numerous non-oil lipids, such as phosphatides. In present commercial practice in the manufacture of toasted meal and soy flour, only the oil and some of the phosphatides are extracted with hexane. The beany flavor of hexane extracted meal and flour is attributed to unextracted non-oil lipids. Flatulence is attributed to unextracted carbohydrates.
It is known that aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, and isopropranol in concentrations between 50 and 70% dissolve a substantial portion of the carbohydrates including those that cause flatulence. It is also known that soybean oil has a limited, but useful, solubility in strong alcohols, i.e., hot 95 volume percent ethanol, and that non-oil lipids are very soluble in aqueous alcohol solutions. When carbohydrates are extracted from full-fat flakes with 50 to 70% aqueous alcohol, we have found that almost all of the non-oil lipids are also extracted. We expect that these solubilities will become the basis for the commercial production of soybean products for human consumption.
There are numerous instances in the literature where relatively strong alcohol solutions used for extraction of soybeans are diluted in the process and need to be rectified for recovery of the strong alcohol for reuse. One of us in several applications assigned to the same assignee of the present invention has shown several cases where miscellas resulting from extraction of carbohydrates and other components have to be rectified for reuse.
In U.S. Letters Pat. No. 3,970,764, an alcohol vapor stronger in alcohol than the solvent used for extraction is used to increase the concentration of alcohol in the vapor recirculating in a vapor or flash desolventizer. As disclosed in co-pending application Ser. No. 549,434, now abandoned strong alcohol is advantageously used to displace relatively weak alcohol, prior to desolventizing, from spent flakes which have been extracted with weak alcohol. In the processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,144,229 and 4,129,470, full-fat soybean flakes are treated successively with dilute and strong alcohols. These processes produce bland soy products which may be essentially free of glyceride oil, deleterious carbohydrates and non-oil lipids.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,533, assigned to the same assignee, discloses a distillation process suitable for recovering weak and strong alcohol solvents from a miscella containing whey (the extract containing carbohydrates and non-oil lipids and a minor amount of protein) while recovering whey as a concentrated aqueous solution stripped free of alcohol. In said process, the miscella flows through a series of rectification and stripping steps to obtain the desired result. Although said process meets the claims that by its practice the distillation can be carried out with the least expenditure of heat, it has been our experience that whey solutions often foam to the extent that they cannot be distilled in conventional distillation equipment. Herein is disclosed a new distillation process by which, with minimum additional heat as compared with the said process, the same result is accomplished and the foaming managed.

textbook:
Lesson: Rectification Process for Recovery of Aqueous Organic Solvent

Introduction:
Rectification is a process used to separate mixtures based on their different boiling points. This process is commonly used in the chemical industry to recover valuable components from a mixture. In this lesson, we will learn about a rectification process that involves the recovery of an aqueous organic solvent in at least two fractions having different concentrations and the soluble component's recovery from the solution as an aqueous solution free of the organic component.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
- What is rectification?
- What is an aqueous organic solvent?
- What is a soluble component?

Section 2: Practical Examples
- How can the rectification process be applied in the recovery of aqueous alcohol solutions of at least two different alcohol concentrations from a solution or miscella made by extracting carbohydrates and other components from soybeans or other oil seeds?
- What are the advantages of using the rectification process in the recovery of aqueous alcohol solutions?

Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
- How can the rectification process be used in the food industry to produce human-consumable products from soybeans?
- What are some challenges associated with using the rectification process in the recovery of aqueous alcohol solutions?

Glossary:
- Rectification: A process used to separate mixtures based on their different boiling points.
- Aqueous organic solvent: A solvent that is both water-miscible and has a boiling point below 100°C.
- Soluble component: A substance that is dissolved in a solvent.

Conclusion:
The rectification process is a valuable tool in the recovery of aqueous organic solvents and soluble components from mixtures. By understanding the theoretical concepts, practical examples, and real-world scenarios associated with this process, we can apply these skills to new problems and develop innovative solutions in the fields of chemistry, food production, and other industries.


text: Thursday, September 12, 2019. Residents who may be considering adopting a cat or kitten are encouraged to take advantage of the current promotion at the Atlantic County Animal Shelter. Beginning Sunday, September 15 through Monday, September 30, the regular $85 adoption fee will be reduced to $25 to help increase pet adoptions.. The shelter offers felines of various ages and temperaments, many of which are already neutered or spayed and available for immediate release to eligible adoptees. Shelter adoptions include age appropriate vaccinations, diagnostic testing, a microchip and a free veterinary consultation.. The shelter is open to the public seven days a week, 1-4 PM with the exception of Tuesday when it closes at 3 PM. It is located at 240 Old Turnpike Road in Pleasantville.. For more information about the Atlantic county Animal Shelter please visit or call (609) 485-2345.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand a News Release

Introduction:
A news release is a written statement issued by an organization or individual to communicate information to the public. These releases are often used to announce new products, services, events, or other important information. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand a news release.

Section 1: Understanding the Structure of a News Release

A typical news release follows a standard structure that includes several key elements:

1. Headline: This is the main title of the release and should be attention-grabbing and informative.
2. Dateline: This is the date and location of the release.
3. Lead: This is the first paragraph of the release, which provides the most important information and answers the who, what, when, where, and why questions.
4. Body: This section provides additional details and background information to support the lead.
5. Quotes: This section includes quotes from relevant sources, such as a company spokesperson or event organizer.
6. Boilerplate: This is a brief summary of the organization or individual issuing the release.
7. Contact Information: This includes the name, phone number, email address, and/or website of the contact person for further information.

Section 2: Analyzing the Content of a News Release

Once you have identified the key elements of a news release, you can begin to analyze the content to determine its significance. Ask yourself the following questions:

1. What is the main message or purpose of the release?
2. Who is the target audience, and how will they benefit from the information provided?
3. Is there any new or interesting information presented, and how does it compare to previous releases or announcements?
4. Are there any potential risks or challenges associated with the information presented, and how are they addressed?
5. What actions or responses are expected from the target audience, and how can they get involved or provide feedback?

Section 3: Applying Critical Thinking Skills to News Releases

Critical thinking is the process of evaluating information and ideas to determine their validity and relevance. When reading news releases, you can use critical thinking skills to assess the credibility of the information presented and make informed decisions based on the content. Ask yourself the following questions:

1. What evidence supports the claims made in the release?
2. Who is the source of the information, and what is their expertise or authority on the subject matter?
3. Are there any conflicting or contradictory statements or opinions, and how are they addressed?
4. What biases or assumptions might be influencing the presentation of the information, and how can they be identified and challenged?
5. How does the information presented fit into the broader context of the organization or individual issuing the release, and what are their motivations or goals?

Conclusion:

By understanding the structure and analyzing the content of news releases, you can develop critical thinking skills and make informed decisions based on the information presented. As you continue to read and interpret news releases, you will become more skilled at identifying key information, evaluating credibility, and applying your knowledge to new situations.


text: I once entered an oatmeal stout into NHC and was told the beer didn't taste like an oatmeal cookie and I should toast the oats first. (When I entered a beer that tasted exactly like an oatmeal cookie--using spices--the judges told me it tasted too much like an oatmeal cookie.)FWIW, I always toast my oats. It does add a slight nuttiness that I like.. Jamil says you'll get some creaminess from untoasted oats, but no flavor. i thought i read somewhere that after toasting or roasting etc, you should let the grain sit for several weeks?. Quote from: mtnrockhopper on August 17, 2011, 07:54:46 amJamil says you'll get some creaminess from untoasted oats, but no flavorI'd agree with that. As for what judges want, I'm frequently surprised. I've had some really off-the-wall judges comments.. In what percentage? Try 20% oats. You can certainly taste them. Quaker Old-Fashioned Oats. Yup.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Brew the Perfect Oatmeal Stout
Introduction:
Oatmeal stout is a popular beer style that originated in England in the 19th century. It is known for its rich, creamy texture and roasted flavor. In this lesson, we will learn about the history of oatmeal stout, the ingredients and equipment needed to brew it, and the brewing process.
History:
Oatmeal stout was first brewed by the Guinness Brewery in Ireland in the early 1900s. The original recipe called for oats to be added to the mash to create a creamy texture. Today, oatmeal stout is a popular beer style that is brewed by many craft breweries around the world.
Ingredients:
To brew oatmeal stout, you will need the following ingredients:
- 6 pounds of pale malt
- 1 pound of roasted barley
- 1 pound of flaked oats
- 0.5 pounds of chocolate malt
- 0.5 pounds of black patent malt
- 1 ounce of Fuggle hops (60 minutes)
- 1 ounce of East Kent Goldings hops (10 minutes)
- 1 package of brewer's yeast
- 5 gallons of water
Equipment:
To brew oatmeal stout, you will need the following equipment:
- A brew kettle
- A false bottom
- A mash tun
- A heat source (such as a stovetop or electric burner)
- A wort chiller
- A fermentation vessel (such as a carboy or bucket)
- Airlock and bung
Brewing Process:
1. Heat 3 gallons of water to 160°F in your brew kettle. Add the pale malt and roasted barley and stir until the malt is fully converted.
2. Transfer the mash to your mash tun and add the flaked oats. Stir well to ensure that the oats are fully mixed in.
3. Heat 2 gallons of water to 170°F in your brew kettle. Sparge the mash with the hot water until you have collected 5 gallons of wort.
4. Boil the wort for 60 minutes, adding the Fuggle hops at the beginning of the boil and the East Kent Goldings hops at the end of the boil.
5. Chill the wort to 68°F using a wort chiller.
6. Transfer the wort to your fermentation vessel and pitch the brewer's yeast.
7. Ferment the beer at 68°F for 7-10 days, or until the fermentation has slowed down.
8. Transfer the beer to a keg or bottling bucket and carbonate to 2.5 volumes of CO2.
Conclusion:
Brewing oatmeal stout is a fun and rewarding experience. With the right ingredients and equipment, you can create a delicious beer that is perfect for enjoying on a cold winter night. Remember to experiment with different hop varieties and malt combinations to find the perfect flavor profile for your taste.


text:
Q:

Markdown or HTML

I have a requirement for users to create, modify and delete their own articles.  I plan on using the WMD editor that SO uses to create the articles.
From what I can gather SO stores the markdown and the HTML.  Why does it do this - what is the benefit?
I can't decide whether to store the markdown, HTML or both.  If I store both which one do I retrieve and convert to display to the user.
UPDATE:
Ok, I think from the answers so far, i should be storing both the markdown and HTML.  That seems cool.  I have also been reading a blog post from Jeff regarding XSS exploits.  Because the WMD editor allows you to input any HTML this could cause me some headaches.
The blog post in question is here. I am guessing that I will have to follow the same approach as SO - and sanitize the input on the server side.
Is the sanitize code that SO uses available as Open Source or will I have to start this from scratch?
Any help would be much appreciated.
Thanks

A:

Storing both is extremely useful/helpful in terms of performance and compatiblity (and eventually also social control).
If you store only Markdown (or whatever non-HTML markup), then there's a performance cost by parsing it into HTML flavor everytime. This is not always noticeably cheap.
If you store only HTML, then you'll risk that bugs are silently creeping in the generated HTML. This would lead to lot of maintenance and bugfixing headache. You'll also lose social control because you don't know anymore what the user has actually filled in. You'd for example as being an admin also like to know which users are trying to do XSS using <script> and so on. Also, the enduser won't be able to edit the data in Markdown format. You'd need to convert it back from HTML.
To update the HTML on every change of Markdown version, you just add one extra field representing the Markdown version being used for generating the HTML output. Whenever this has been changed in the server side at the moment you retrieve the row, re-parse the data using the new version and update the row in the DB. This is only an one-time extra cost.

A:

By storing both you only have to process the markdown once (when it is posted). You would then retrieve the HTML so that you can load your pages faster.

textbook:
Markdown or HTML

Markdown and HTML are two different ways of representing the same content. Markdown is a lightweight markup language that uses simple symbols to format text, while HTML is a more complex language that uses tags and attributes to structure and style content.

Storing both markdown and HTML has several benefits. First, it allows users to edit their articles using the WMD editor, which simplifies the process of creating and formatting content. Second, it provides flexibility in how the content is displayed. For example, users can choose to display their article in markdown format, which is useful for those who prefer a clean, text-based view, or in HTML format, which is useful for those who want to see how their content will look on a webpage.

When retrieving and converting content to display to the user, you should retrieve the stored HTML and convert it to markdown format if the user prefers that format. Alternatively, you can retrieve the stored markdown and convert it to HTML format if the user prefers that format. This conversion process can be done using a markdown-to-HTML converter or an HTML-to-markdown converter, depending on the user's preference.

To prevent XSS exploits, you should sanitize user input on the server side, just like Stack Overflow does. The sanitize code used by SO is not available as open source, but you can implement a similar solution using existing libraries or writing your own custom function. It's important to remember that sanitizing input is only one part of the solution; you also need to validate and escape user input to prevent malicious attacks.

In summary, storing both markdown and HTML provides flexibility and simplicity for users, while sanitizing user input is crucial for security reasons. Implementing a sanitization solution is an important step in preventing XSS exploits, and can be done using existing libraries or by writing your own custom function.


text: Turnbull must explain why Home Affairs is necessary: Barrie Cassidy. Updated. Insiders host Barrie Cassidy says Malcolm Turnbull must explain why it is necessary to create a super-ministry covering immigration and national security, when ministers and agencies say the current system works extremely well.. Source: ABC News | Duration: 2min 40sec. Topics: federal-government, defence-and-national-security, security-intelligence, immigration, turnbull-malcolm, australia

textbook:
## Lesson: Introduction to Federal Government and National Security
### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
In this lesson, we will learn about the federal government and national security. We will cover the following topics:
- What is the federal government?
- What is national security?
- What is the role of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)?
### Section 2: Practical Examples
Let's consider a real-world scenario to understand the importance of national security. Suppose there is an increase in terrorist activities in a country. The government needs to take measures to prevent further attacks and protect its citizens. In this situation, the DHS plays a crucial role in coordinating with other agencies to gather intelligence, analyze data, and develop strategies to prevent future attacks.
### Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions
- Why is national security important?
- What are some examples of national security threats?
- How does the DHS work with other agencies to ensure national security?
### Glossary
- Federal Government: A government in which power is centralized and divided among different levels
- National Security: Protecting a country from threats to its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and citizens
- Department of Homeland Security (DHS): A department of the United States government that was created in response to the September 11 attacks to coordinate and prepare for domestic emergencies and natural disasters
### Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about the federal government and national security. We also explored the role of the DHS in ensuring national security. By understanding these concepts, we can better appreciate the importance of protecting our country and its citizens.


text:
# Using GPUs with Kubernetes

If you created a Kubernetes cluster with one or multiple Ubuntu node pools whose VM size is `Standard_NC*` or `Standard_NV*` you can schedule GPU workloads on your cluster.

The NVIDIA drivers are automatically installed on every GPU agent in your cluster, so you don't need to do that manually, unless you require a specific version of the drivers. Currently, the installed driver is version 418.40.04.

Note: You will get version 450.51.06 of the drivers if you are using Ubuntu 18.04-LTS, and version 418.40.04 drivers if you are using 16.04-LTS.

To make sure everything is fine, run `kubectl describe node <name-of-a-gpu-node>`. You should see the correct number of GPU reported (in this example shows 2 GPU for a NC12 VM):

For Kubernetes v1.10+ clusters (using NVIDIA Device Plugin):

```
[...]
Capacity:
 nvidia.com/gpu:  2
 cpu:            12
[...]
```

If `nvidia.com/gpu` is `0` and you just created the cluster, you might have to wait a little bit. The driver installation can add a few minutes to the cluster deployment time compared to non-GPU agent pool scenarios, and the node might join the cluster before the installation is completed. After a few minutes the node should restart, and report the correct number of GPUs.

## Running a GPU-enabled container

When running a GPU container, you will need to specify how many GPU you want to use. If you don't specify a GPU count, kubernetes will asumme you don't require any, and will not map the device into the container.
You will also need to mount the drivers from the host (the kubernetes agent) into the container.

On the host, the drivers are installed under `/usr/local/nvidia`.

Here is an example template running TensorFlow:

```yaml
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  labels:
    app: tensorflow
  name: tensorflow
spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: tensorflow
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: tensorflow
        image: <SOME_IMAGE>
        command: <SOME_COMMAND>
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        resources:
          limits:
            nvidia.com/gpu: 1
```

We specify `nvidia.com/gpu: 1` in the resources limits.

textbook:
# Lesson: Using GPUs with Kubernetes

Introduction:
Kubernetes is a popular open-source container orchestration system used to manage and automate the deployment, scaling, and management of applications. With the rise of machine learning and deep learning, there has been an increasing demand for using GPUs in Kubernetes clusters to accelerate computations. In this lesson, we will learn how to use GPUs with Kubernetes, including how to set up a cluster, install drivers, and schedule GPU workloads.

Prerequisites:
- Basic knowledge of Kubernetes
- Familiarity with GPU computing

Lesson Outline:
1. Setting up a Kubernetes cluster with GPU support
2. Installing NVIDIA drivers
3. Scheduling GPU workloads

1. Setting up a Kubernetes cluster with GPU support:

Step 1: Choose a cloud provider or on-premise solution to set up a Kubernetes cluster. Some popular options include Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and on-premise solutions like VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Integrated Edition (TKGI) or Red Hat OpenShift.

Step 2: Create a Kubernetes cluster with one or multiple Ubuntu node pools whose VM size is `Standard_NC*` or `Standard_NV*`. These VM sizes come with NVIDIA GPUs already installed.

Step 3: Verify that the NVIDIA drivers are automatically installed on every GPU agent in your cluster. If you require a specific version of the drivers, install them manually using the instructions provided by your cloud provider or on-premise solution.

2. Installing NVIDIA drivers:

Step 1: Check the version of the NVIDIA drivers installed on your GPU agents using `kubectl describe node <name-of-a-gpu-node>`. You should see the correct number of GPU reported.

Step 2: If the version of the drivers is not what you want, follow the instructions provided by your cloud provider or on-premise solution to install the desired version.

3. Scheduling GPU workloads:

Step 1: Create a Kubernetes service account with the necessary permissions to access the GPU devices.

Step 2: Create a Kubernetes deployment or stateful set with the appropriate resources and pod template to run your GPU workload.

Step 3: Use the NVIDIA Device Plugin for Kubernetes v1.10+ clusters to schedule your GPU workloads. The plugin automatically detects available GPU devices and schedules your pods onto nodes with GPUs.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to use GPUs with Kubernetes, including how to set up a cluster, install drivers, and schedule GPU workloads. By following these steps, we can take advantage of the power of GPUs to accelerate our computations and improve the performance of our applications.


text: Internal. Münster is known as the “city of services” of North Rhine-Westphalia. The city's history of over 1200 years has shaped its identity up to this day: it is a bishop’s see and lures visitors with its historical old town. Münster is also a university town. Rödl & Partner's office is located in the port of Münster. We assist our clients in all matters related to Microsoft Dynamics AX. The extensive knowledge and experience of our consultants, some who participated in the software development process during its first stages, translates into a clear advantage for our clients.. Rödl Dynamics GmbH. Branch office:Hafenweg 1848155 Muenster. Andreas Palsbröker. Send inquiry

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Microsoft Dynamics AX

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn about Microsoft Dynamics AX, an enterprise resource planning (ERP) software solution that helps businesses automate their processes and manage their resources efficiently.

**Section 1: Overview of Microsoft Dynamics AX**

Microsoft Dynamics AX is an ERP software solution that provides a comprehensive set of tools for managing financial, supply chain, and customer relationship management processes. It is designed to help businesses streamline their operations, improve productivity, and reduce costs.

**Section 2: Key Features of Microsoft Dynamics AX**

Some of the key features of Microsoft Dynamics AX include:

- Financial management: This feature allows businesses to manage their finances effectively by providing tools for accounting, budgeting, and financial analysis.
- Supply chain management: This feature helps businesses manage their supply chain processes, including procurement, inventory management, and production planning.
- Customer relationship management: This feature enables businesses to manage their customer relationships effectively by providing tools for sales, marketing, and customer service.
- Human resources management: This feature helps businesses manage their human resources effectively by providing tools for recruitment, payroll, and training.
- Project management: This feature provides tools for managing projects effectively, including project planning, scheduling, and tracking.

**Section 3: Practical Examples**

Let's consider a hypothetical example of a company that manufactures and sells furniture. Using Microsoft Dynamics AX, the company can manage its entire operations, from production to sales. For instance, the software can help the company to:

- Manage its inventory: The software can help the company to track its inventory levels, monitor stock movements, and generate reports on inventory usage.
- Plan production: The software can help the company to plan its production processes effectively, taking into account factors such as material availability, machine capacity, and production deadlines.
- Manage customer orders: The software can help the company to manage customer orders effectively, from order entry to delivery.
- Generate financial reports: The software can help the company to generate financial reports, such as income statements and balance sheets, to monitor its financial performance and make informed decisions.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

In conclusion, Microsoft Dynamics AX is a powerful ERP software solution that can help businesses to manage their resources effectively and improve their productivity. By implementing this software, businesses can streamline their operations, reduce costs, and improve their bottom line.


text: "Seeing the launch of a project you’ve worked on is awesome. You can point and say, 'I made that happen!'”Laurenz, Design Intern. Tasks. - Use your interaction design and UX skills to create user journeys, HMI designs, and interaction wireframes.. - Collaborate with researchers, designers, technologists, project managers, and clients. Deeply involving yourself in real projects for global brands.. - Support the connected products and services team throughout entire projects.. - Bring unique ideas to the table, and bring them to life.. Skills. - Availability for six months. An open mind and the drive to challenge the status quo.. - To be a design student, or recent graduate. Ideally with a product design background or specialisation in interaction design and UX.. - An understanding of the technology behind ideas, as well as the opportunities and challenges it presents in user experiences.. -.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Create User Journeys, HMI Designs, and Interaction Wireframes
Introduction:
Interaction design and UX skills are essential for creating successful products and services. In this lesson, we will learn how to create user journeys, HMI designs, and interaction wireframes. We will also learn about the importance of collaboration and how to work with different teams to bring unique ideas to life.
Section 1: Understanding User Needs
- What is a user journey?
- Why is it important to understand user needs?
- How do you gather information about user needs?
- What tools can you use to create user journeys?
Section 2: Creating HMI Designs
- What is HMI design?
- Why is it important in interaction design?
- How do you create HMI designs?
- What tools can you use to create HMI designs?
Section 3: Creating Interaction Wireframes
- What is an interaction wireframe?
- Why is it important in interaction design?
- How do you create interaction wireframes?
- What tools can you use to create interaction wireframes?
Section 4: Collaboration and Communication
- Why is collaboration important in interaction design?
- How do you collaborate with different teams?
- What is the role of communication in interaction design?
Section 5: Bringing Ideas to Life
- How do you turn ideas into reality?
- What is the role of prototyping in interaction design?
- How do you test and iterate your designs?
Conclusion:
In conclusion, creating user journeys, HMI designs, and interaction wireframes is essential in interaction design and UX. By understanding user needs, gathering information, collaborating with different teams, and communicating effectively, we can bring unique ideas to life. By applying these skills, we can create successful products and services that meet user needs and exceed expectations.


text: Easter Lily. LIGHT: Place in a bright location. Near a sunny window is ideal, but tolerates a wide range of light levels.. TEMPERATURE: Moderate home temperatures are ideal (65-70° F daytimes and 60-65° F nights). Avoid excessively hot or cold areas.. WATER: Allow soil to dry between thorough watering. Remove wrap or decorative pot before watering. Allow all excess water to drain. Do not allow plant to stand in water.. CONTINUED CARE: Bulbs may be planted in the garden in mid-spring after foliage and flowers fade. Reblooming is dependent on local climate.. WARNING: This plant is not for human or animal consumption.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Care for an Easter Lily

**Introduction**

Easter lilies are beautiful plants that bloom during the springtime. They are often given as gifts during Easter, but they can also be found in many gardens. In this lesson, we will learn how to care for an Easter lily so that it can thrive and bloom again next year.

**Light**

Easter lilies prefer bright, indirect light. Place your plant near a sunny window, but avoid direct sunlight as it can burn the leaves. If you don't have a sunny window, you can use a sheer curtain to filter the light.

**Temperature**

Easter lilies prefer moderate home temperatures, which means they like it cool. Keep your plant away from heat sources, such as radiators or fireplaces. The ideal temperature range is between 65-70° F during the day and 60-65° F at night.

**Water**

Easter lilies need to be watered thoroughly, allowing the soil to dry out between waterings. Remove any wrap or decorative pot before watering, and make sure to remove any excess water from the saucer after a few minutes. Do not allow your plant to stand in water, as this can cause root rot.

**Continued Care**

After the foliage and flowers have faded, you can plant the bulbs in your garden. This will help the plant rebloom next year. Make sure to plant them in a well-draining soil and in a location that receives plenty of sunlight.

**Warning**

Easter lilies are poisonous to humans and animals if ingested. Keep your plant out of reach of children and pets.

**Conclusion**

By following these simple steps, you can care for your Easter lily and enjoy its beauty for years to come. Remember to provide it with the right amount of light, temperature, and water, and to plant the bulbs in your garden for continued care. With proper care, your Easter lily will bloom again next year, bringing joy and beauty to your home.

**Glossary**

- Light: The energy source that plants use to create food through photosynthesis.
- Temperature: The degree of hotness or coldness of an object or environment.
- Water: A clear, colorless, odorless liquid that forms the basis of all life on Earth.
- Bulbs: A short, thick, underground stem that stores food and grows into a new plant.
- Rebloom: To bloom again after the first flowering period has passed.


text: New etching line. ANDUS install a new etching line. In February, ANDUS put a new etching line into operation.. Besides the increase in capacity, this investment focuses on improvement of quality, especially for technologically complex printed circuit boards with fine structures.. The new plant completes the high-resolution AOI and the Laser Direct Imaging process for micro structures which has already installed last year..

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Business News

### Introduction

Reading and understanding business news is an essential skill for anyone interested in the world of business, finance, and economics. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand business news by breaking down an article and analyzing its key components.

### Section 1: Understanding the Structure of a Business News Article

A typical business news article follows a specific structure that includes several key components. These components are:

1. Headline: This is the title of the article, which summarizes the main idea or message of the story.
2. Lead: This is the opening sentence of the article, which introduces the topic and provides the reader with important background information.
3. Body: This section contains the bulk of the article, where the reporter presents facts, quotes sources, and analyzes the topic at hand.
4. Conclusion: This is the final paragraph of the article, where the reporter wraps up the story and provides a summary of the key points.

### Section 2: Analyzing the Content of a Business News Article

Once you understand the structure of a business news article, you can begin to analyze the content. Here are some key elements to look for:

1. Who: Identify the key players or individuals involved in the story. This could include companies, CEOs, investors, or other stakeholders.
2. What: Determine the main action or event that is the focus of the story. This could be a new product launch, a merger, or a change in government policy.
3. When: Look for the date or time frame when the event occurred or will occur. This is important for understanding the timeliness of the story and its potential impact.
4. Where: Identify the location or context in which the story takes place. This could be a specific country, city, or industry.
5. Why: Determine the reason behind the event or action. This could involve understanding the motivations of the parties involved or the broader economic or social context.
6. How: Analyze the methods or processes used to achieve the event or action. This could involve understanding the technology, strategies, or policies involved.

### Section 3: Practicing Critical Thinking Skills

Now that you know how to read and understand business news articles, it's time to practice your critical thinking skills. Here are some questions to consider:

1. Does the article present all sides of the story, or does it seem to favor one perspective over another?
2. Are there any conflicting opinions or data that contradict the main message of the article?
3. How might the events described in the article impact different industries or sectors of the economy?
4. Are there any potential risks or challenges that the article does not address?
5. How might the events described in the article affect the broader global economy or geopolitical landscape?

### Glossary

- Headline: The title of the article
- Lead: The opening sentence of the article
- Body: The section containing the bulk of the article
- Conclusion: The final paragraph of the article
- Who: The key individuals or parties involved in the story
- What: The main action or event
- When: The date or time frame of the event
- Where: The location or context of the event
- Why: The reason behind the event
- How: The methods or processes used to achieve the event

### Conclusion

By following the structure of a business news article and analyzing its content, you can develop the critical thinking skills necessary to understand and evaluate complex economic and financial issues. By practicing these skills, you will be well on your way to becoming a savvy reader of business news.


text: Isabella Buber-Ennser. Research Group: Demography of Austria. Phone: +43 1 313 36 - 7726. About. Isabella Buber-Ennser joined the Vienna Institute of Demography in 1996. Her current research focuses on panel attrition, fertility intentions, the realisation of fertility intentions teams for the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), and thus involved in the preparation of surveys at the country level. Besides her current focus on fertility as well as forced migration she has published on different aspects of ageing, like mental health, cognitive functioning and intergenerational transfers of older persons.. Areas of Expertise. - Fertility in Austria. - Fertility intentions and realisation. - Fertility of highly educated women. - Panel attrition. - Intergenerational transfers. - Mental health of older persons. - PERSONAS. - Forced migration. - Human capital of asylum seekers. - Social surveys among displaced persons. Research Areas. Curriculum Vitae

textbook:
Lesson: How to Conduct Research in Demography

Introduction:
Demography is the study of populations and their changes over time. It involves analyzing data on births, deaths, migration, and other factors that affect population size and composition. In this lesson, we will learn about the process of conducting research in demography, including how to design surveys, collect data, and analyze results.

Section 1: Designing Surveys

Topic 1: Defining the Research Question
The first step in conducting research in demography is to identify a research question. This question should be specific and measurable, such as "What is the current fertility rate in Austria?" or "How does education level affect fertility intentions among women in Austria?" Once the research question is defined, it is easier to design a survey that will gather relevant data.

Topic 2: Selecting Samples
After defining the research question, the next step is to select a sample. A sample is a group of people who represent the larger population being studied. The sample should be large enough to produce statistically valid results but not so large that it becomes impractical or expensive to administer the survey. Common sampling methods include random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.

Topic 3: Developing Survey Instruments
Once the sample is selected, the next step is to develop survey instruments. These instruments can take many forms, such as questionnaires, interviews, or focus groups. The instruments should be designed to collect data that will answer the research question. They should also be easy to understand, clear, and concise.

Section 2: Collecting Data

Topic 1: Administering Surveys
Survey instruments should be administered to the selected sample. This can be done through mail, phone, or in-person interviews. The instruments should be administered in a consistent and systematic manner to ensure that the data collected is reliable and valid.

Topic 2: Handling Missing Data
Sometimes, respondents may not answer all the questions on the survey instrument. This missing data can affect the accuracy of the results. There are several ways to handle missing data, such as imputing values, deleting cases with missing data, or using statistical techniques to estimate missing values.

Section 3: Analyzing Results

Topic 1: Descriptive Statistics
After collecting the data, the next step is to analyze the results. Descriptive statistics, such as means, medians, and standard deviations, can be used to summarize the data. These statistics provide information about the central tendency, variability, and shape of the distribution of the data.

Topic 2: Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics, such as chi-square tests, t-tests, and ANOVA, can be used to test hypotheses about the data. These statistics allow researchers to make inferences about the larger population based on the sample data.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, conducting research in demography involves designing surveys, collecting data, and analyzing results. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, researchers can conduct rigorous and meaningful studies that contribute to our understanding of population dynamics.

Glossary:
- Sample: A group of people who represent the larger population being studied.
- Statistical significance: The probability that the results of a study are due to chance rather than a true effect.
- Regression analysis: A statistical method used to examine the relationship between two or more variables.
- Cross-tabulation: A statistical technique used to categorize and summarize data.
- Confidence interval: A range of values that is likely to contain the true population parameter.

[1] Buber-Ennser, I. (2021). Personal Website. Retrieved from http://www.isabella-buber-ennser.at/


text: Using the Non-Project Mode gives you the greatest control over the Vivado® Design Suite, and gives you access to advanced features that may not be available in Project Mode. However, Non-Project Mode also requires manually managing source files, updating the design when source files have changed, and manually planning and running synthesis and implementation strategies. Specific areas covered in this lab are:. - Reading in Verilog source files and reading IP sources.. - Generating required IP output products for synthesis and implementation, and disabling them as needed.. - Querying the upgradability of an IP, and updating to a newer version when appropriate.. - Creating synthesis design checkpoints (DCPs) for IP.. - Manually running synthesis and individual steps of implementation.. - Generating custom reports.

textbook:
Lesson: Using Vivado Design Suite in Non-Project Mode

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about using the Vivado Design Suite in Non-Project Mode. We will cover the following topics:

1. Reading in Verilog source files and reading IP sources
2. Generating required IP output products for synthesis and implementation, and disabling them as needed
3. Querying the upgradability of an IP, and updating to a newer version when appropriate
4. Creating synthesis design checkpoints (DCPs) for IP
5. Manually running synthesis and individual steps of implementation
6. Generating custom reports

1. Reading in Verilog source files and reading IP sources:
In Non-Project Mode, you can read in Verilog source files and IP sources just like you would in Project Mode. However, you will need to manually manage your source files and update your design when source files have changed.

2. Generating required IP output products for synthesis and implementation, and disabling them as needed:
In Non-Project Mode, you can generate the required IP output products for synthesis and implementation by clicking on the "Generate IP Core" button in the IP Catalog. You can also disable IP outputs as needed by unchecking the box next to the IP in the IP Catalog.

3. Querying the upgradability of an IP, and updating to a newer version when appropriate:
To query the upgradability of an IP, you can click on the "Check for Updates" button in the IP Catalog. If there is a newer version available, you will be prompted to update to that version.

4. Creating synthesis design checkpoints (DCPs) for IP:
To create a synthesis design checkpoint (DCP) for IP, you can click on the "Create DCP" button in the IP Catalog. This will create a new DCP for the selected IP, which you can use to track changes to the IP over time.

5. Manually running synthesis and individual steps of implementation:
In Non-Project Mode, you can manually run synthesis and individual steps of implementation by clicking on the "Run" button in the command window. You can also select specific steps to run by clicking on the "Select All" or "Select None" buttons.

6. Generating custom reports:
To generate custom reports, you can click on the "Report" button in the command window. You can select from a variety of report types, such as timing analysis or power analysis, and customize the report to suit your needs.

Conclusion:
Using the Vivado Design Suite in Non-Project Mode gives you greater control over your design and access to advanced features. However, you will need to manually manage your source files and update your design when source files have changed. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can successfully use the Vivado Design Suite in Non-Project Mode to create and manage your design.


text:
The hosts of an evangelical Christian talk show don’t just think theoretical physicist Lawrence Krauss is a fool, they think he is similar to Adolf Hitler.

Last week on creationist Ray Comfort’s show, The Comfort Zone, the hosts attacked Krauss for saying that religion could disappear in the span of a generation.

“Atheists usually hide the fact that they believe nothing created everything,” Comfort opined. “Lawrence Krauss wrote a book called the ‘Origin of Nothing.'”

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He said the thesis of Krauss’s book was scientifically impossible and “foolish,” while co-host Emeal Zwayne wondered whether nothing was actually something.

“I’ll tell you what about Krauss,” Zwayne added. “Just the glee that he got from the thought of eradicating religion — and it’s not religion, he hates Christianity. He hates Christ. But the way he said that, ‘In a generation — that’s what we should do, plant those seeds of doubt, it’s our responsibility.'”

“Hitler said some similar things,” Comfort interjected. “Hitler’s Youth.”

“And that’s exactly what I was going to say it was reminiscent of,” Zwayne said. “Very, very terrifying, friends.”

Watch video below:

textbook:
Lesson: How to Debate Critically and Think Logically

Introduction:
Debating and thinking logically are essential skills for students to learn. In this lesson, we will explore how to debate critically and think logically by analyzing an example of a debate on the topic of religion.

Section 1: Understanding the Debate
In the debate between Lawrence Krauss and Ray Comfort, the hosts of an evangelical Christian talk show criticized Krauss's belief that religion could disappear in a generation. They argued that his ideas were scientifically impossible and "foolish."

Questions:
1. What are the main points of the debate?
2. What evidence does each side present to support their argument?
3. How do the debaters use logic to support their claims?

Section 2: Analyzing the Arguments
Krauss argues that religion could disappear in a generation, but Comfort and Zwayne argue that this is scientifically impossible. They also claim that Krauss hates Christianity and Christ, and that his ideas are similar to those of Adolf Hitler.

Questions:
1. Are the arguments presented by both sides based on evidence or personal beliefs?
2. How do the debaters use logical fallacies to support their claims?
3. Can we trust the sources cited by each side?

Section 3: Applying Logical Thinking
To think logically, we need to analyze the arguments presented by both sides and determine which ones are based on evidence and reason. We can use logical fallacies to identify when debaters are using faulty reasoning.

Questions:
1. How can we identify logical fallacies in the debate?
2. Which arguments are more compelling, and why?
3. What role does emotional appeal play in the debate?

Glossary:
- Logical Fallacy: A mistake in reasoning that leads to an incorrect conclusion.
- Emotional Appeal: A technique used to persuade someone by appealing to their emotions rather than their logic.

Conclusion:
By analyzing the debate between Lawrence Krauss and Ray Comfort, we can learn how to think logically and critically evaluate arguments. By identifying logical fallacies and emotional appeals, we can determine which arguments are more compelling. This skill is applicable to many areas of life, from politics to science to everyday conversations.


text:
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method for switching light signals in an optical wave-guide on or off at speeds faster than 101−11′ seconds using light to trigger the switch.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As technology advances communication of three-dimensional drawings, video, and software applications require more information to be communicated faster than ever. Fiber optical channels can handle much more information than wires can. The slowest part of a fiber optic communication channel at present are the fiber optic switching devices. At present fiber optic signals are switched using various methods that are actuated by transistors. One device pictured in trade journals is based on an array of mirrors. U.S. Pat. No. 6,178,033 issued Jan. 23, 2001, which teaches MICROMECHANICAL MEMBRANE TILT-MIRROR SWITCH, and is issued to Joseph Ford et al. is an example of this kind of device. The mirrors are tilted to switch the optical signal from on to off or off to on. The tilting of the switch is actuated by circuits that use transistors, and so are bound to 10−9 seconds speeds at the best. The U.S. Pat. No. 6,594,411, which teaches OPTICAL SWITCH, and is issued to Yueh Liang Chung et al. on Jul. 15 of 2003, makes mention of a piezoelectric element. The piezoelectric element is actuated by an electrical signal, which is again bound to the 10−9 seconds speeds that transistors can accomplish. The U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,975 that teaches INTERFEROMETRIC SWITCH patented by William Miller etal. on Dec. 30, 1997 might be faster, but they are physically long for the present need for miniaturized components. The components are more than a centimeter in length in William Miller's device. To meet the demands that technical advances require optical switches need to be a few micrometers in length.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Optical Switching Devices

Introduction:
Optical switching devices are essential components in modern communication systems. They enable the transmission of data and signals at high speeds across optical fibers. In this lesson, we will learn about the principles behind optical switching devices and their applications in various fields.

Section 1: What are Optical Switching Devices?
Optical switching devices are devices that control the flow of light in an optical fiber. They are used to switch light signals on and off at high speeds, allowing for faster communication of data and signals. Optical switching devices are essential components in modern communication systems, including the internet, telecommunications, and data centers.

Section 2: How do Optical Switching Devices work?
Optical switching devices work by controlling the flow of light in an optical fiber. They use various mechanisms to switch light signals on and off, such as mechanical or electrical means. One common mechanism is the use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to control the movement of mirrors or other reflective surfaces. These mirrors can be tilted to reflect or absorb light, effectively switching the optical signal on or off.

Section 3: Applications of Optical Switching Devices
Optical switching devices have many applications in various fields. They are used in telecommunications to route signals between different networks, in data centers to manage the flow of data, and in scientific research to study the behavior of light. They are also used in medical devices, such as endoscopes, to transmit images from inside the body.

Section 4: Conclusion
In conclusion, optical switching devices are essential components in modern communication systems. They enable the transmission of data and signals at high speeds across optical fibers. By understanding the principles behind optical switching devices, we can appreciate their importance in various fields and applications.

Glossary:
- Optical switching devices: Devices that control the flow of light in an optical fiber.
- Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS): Small devices that combine mechanical and electrical components.
- Telecommunications: The transmission of data and signals over long distances.
- Data centers: Facilities that store and manage large amounts of data.
- Endoscopes: Medical devices used to examine internal organs and tissues.

### Output:


text: NAMWOLF believes the most effective way to promote diversity and inclusion in the legal profession is for companies to increase their retention of minority and women owned law firms, and NAMWOLF helps both law firms and corporations achieve that goal and build prosperous and long-lasting relationships..

textbook:
Lesson: Building Diverse and Inclusive Law Firms
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the importance of building diverse and inclusive law firms and the benefits of retaining minority and women-owned law firms. We will learn about the role of NAMWOLF in promoting diversity and inclusion in the legal profession and how both law firms and corporations can achieve this goal.
Section 1: The Importance of Diverse and Inclusive Law Firms
Topic 1: Why is it important to have diverse and inclusive law firms?
- Diverse law firms provide different perspectives and experiences that can help solve complex legal problems.
- Inclusive law firms create a supportive and welcoming environment for all individuals, regardless of their background or identity.
- Diverse and inclusive law firms can better represent their clients and understand their needs.
Topic 2: What are some examples of diverse and inclusive law firms?
- Law firms with a mix of different genders, races, ethnicities, and cultures.
- Law firms that actively seek out and retain minority and women-owned law firms.
- Law firms that prioritize work-life balance and flexible schedules for employees.
Section 2: The Role of NAMWOLF in Promoting Diversity and Inclusion
Topic 1: What is NAMWOLF and what is its mission?
- NAMWOLF is a non-profit organization that promotes diversity and inclusion in the legal profession.
- Its mission is to increase the retention of minority and women-owned law firms by both law firms and corporations.
Topic 2: How does NAMWOLF achieve its mission?
- NAMWOLF provides resources and support for minority and women-owned law firms to help them succeed in the legal industry.
- NAMWOLF also works with law firms and corporations to help them build prosperous and long-lasting relationships with minority and women-owned law firms.
Section 3: Building Prosperous and Long-Lasting Relationships
Topic 1: How can law firms and corporations build prosperous and long-lasting relationships with minority and women-owned law firms?
- Law firms and corporations should actively seek out and retain minority and women-owned law firms for their legal needs.
- They should also provide opportunities for these law firms to showcase their skills and expertise.
Topic 2: What are the benefits of building these relationships?
- Law firms and corporations can benefit from the diverse perspectives and experiences that minority and women-owned law firms bring to the table.
- These relationships can also lead to more innovative and creative solutions to legal problems.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, building diverse and inclusive law firms is essential for promoting diversity and inclusion in the legal profession. NAMWOLF plays an important role in achieving this goal by helping both law firms and corporations retain minority and women-owned law firms. By building prosperous and long-lasting relationships with these law firms, law firms and corporations can benefit from their unique perspectives and experiences while promoting a more inclusive and equitable legal industry.
Glossary:
- Diverse: Representing a wide range of different groups or identities.
- Inclusive: Welcoming and supportive of all individuals, regardless of their background or identity.
- Minority: A group that is smaller in number or power compared to the majority.
- Women-owned: A business that is owned and operated by one or more women.


text:
Mosaic amplification of multiple receptor tyrosine kinase genes in glioblastoma.
Tumor heterogeneity has been implicated in tumor growth and progression as well as resistance to therapy. We present an example of genetic heterogeneity in human malignant brain tumors in which multiple closely related driver genes are amplified and activated simultaneously in adjacent intermingled cells. We have observed up to three different receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR, MET, PDGFRA) amplified in single tumors in different cells in a mutually exclusive fashion. Each subpopulation was actively dividing, and the genetic changes resulted in protein production, and coexisting subpopulations shared common early genetic mutations indicating their derivation from a single precursor cell. The stable coexistence of different clones within the same tumor will have important clinical implications for tumor resistance to targeted therapies.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Genetic Heterogeneity in Cancer

Introduction:
Cancer is a complex disease that arises from the mutation and amplification of genes that control cell growth and division. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of genetic heterogeneity in cancer, specifically in glioblastoma, a type of brain tumor. We will learn about the role of multiple receptor tyrosine kinase genes in tumor growth and progression and how their amplification can lead to resistance to therapy.

Section 1: What is Genetic Heterogeneity?
Genetic heterogeneity refers to the presence of different genetic changes in a single tumor. This means that a tumor may contain cells with different mutations or amplifications that contribute to its growth and progression. In some cases, these changes may occur simultaneously in different cells within the same tumor.

Section 2: The Role of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Genes in Cancer
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling and growth. They are often involved in the development and progression of cancer. In glioblastoma, several RTK genes, such as EGFR, MET, and PDGFRA, have been found to be amplified, meaning that their copies are increased in number. This amplification leads to the overproduction of the RTK proteins, which in turn promotes tumor growth and survival.

Section 3: Coexisting Clones in Glioblastoma
In some cases of glioblastoma, multiple RTK genes may be amplified in different cells within the same tumor. This is known as genetic heterogeneity. In such cases, the tumor contains subpopulations of cells with distinct genetic changes, but all of them are actively dividing and sharing common early genetic mutations. This suggests that a single precursor cell may give rise to different clones with different genetic alterations.

Section 4: Clinical Implications of Genetic Heterogeneity
The presence of multiple amplified RTK genes in a single tumor can have important clinical implications. For example, it may make the tumor resistant to targeted therapies that specifically target one of the amplified genes. This is because the other amplified genes may still be driving tumor growth and survival. Additionally, the coexistence of different clones within the same tumor may make it more difficult to treat, as each clone may require a different therapeutic approach.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored the concept of genetic heterogeneity in cancer, specifically in glioblastoma. We have learned about the role of multiple receptor tyrosine kinase genes in tumor growth and progression and how their amplification can lead to resistance to therapy. We have also discussed the presence of coexisting clones in some glioblastomas and the clinical implications of this genetic heterogeneity. By understanding these concepts, we can better appreciate the complexity of cancer and the challenges faced by researchers and clinicians in developing effective treatments.


text: Computerized Physician Order Entry: Accomplishments And Remaining Challenges. April 6th, 2010. A few weeks ago I toured a hospital that had recently adopted computerized physician order entry (CPOE). We visited a patient room on the Med-Surge floor, where a nurse explained what happens in an emergency. Before they adopted CPOE, nurses would run 300 feet down the hall to find the patient’s paper record during a... Read the rest of this entry »

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE)

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) and its benefits and challenges.

**Section 1: Introduction to CPOE**

- What is CPOE?
- Why is CPOE important in healthcare?
- How does CPOE work?

**Section 2: Benefits of CPOE**

- Improved patient safety
- Increased efficiency and accuracy
- Better communication between healthcare providers
- Reduced medication errors

**Section 3: Challenges of CPOE**

- Cost and implementation issues
- Resistance to change from healthcare providers
- Potential for unintended consequences
- Need for ongoing maintenance and updates

**Section 4: Real-World Examples**

- A case study of a hospital that implemented CPOE and saw a reduction in medication errors
- How CPOE has improved patient safety at other hospitals
- The challenges faced by a healthcare system when implementing CPOE

**Glossary:**
- CPOE: Computerized Physician Order Entry
- EHR: Electronic Health Record
- HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

**Conclusion:**

In conclusion, CPOE is an important tool in modern healthcare that can improve patient safety, increase efficiency, and reduce errors. However, it also presents challenges such as cost, resistance to change, and potential unintended consequences. By understanding these benefits and challenges, students can begin to appreciate the importance of CPOE in today's healthcare system.


text: With a new (and hopefully final) "Planet of the Apes" movie about to open across the USA in 2017, we thought it would be interesting to take a fresh look at the theory subscribed to by Carl Sagan and the astronomers involved with SETI,.. The big question is: "is human-like intelligence a convergent feature of evolution? Should we expect to find extraterrestrials with human-like intelligence?". In the “Great Drake Equation Debate” (an equation created by Frank Drake to estimate the number of civilizations in the Milky Way with whom we might communicate via radio telescopes) most experts assumed that once life got started it would get smarter and smarter until one day, it would hit upon the idea of building a radio telescope. "A stupid things get smarter” model of animal evolution and believed it to be a universal trend. Lineweaver calls this idea the "Planet of the Apes" hypothesis.To read more, click here.

textbook:
Title: The "Planet of the Apes" Hypothesis: Is Human-Like Intelligence a Convergent Feature of Evolution?

#### Introduction
In this lesson, we will explore the "Planet of the Apes" hypothesis, which suggests that human-like intelligence is a universal trend in evolution. We will examine the evidence supporting this hypothesis and discuss its implications for our understanding of extraterrestrial life.

#### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
- What is the "Planet of the Apes" hypothesis?
- Why do scientists believe that human-like intelligence might be a convergent feature of evolution?
- What is the Great Drake Equation Debate?

#### Section 2: Practical Examples
- How does the "Planet of the Apes" hypothesis explain the evolution of human-like intelligence on Earth?
- What evidence supports the idea that human-like intelligence is a universal trend in evolution?
- How might we detect extraterrestrial civilizations with human-like intelligence?

#### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
- What are some potential consequences of discovering extraterrestrial civilizations with human-like intelligence?
- How might our understanding of evolution and the universe change if we discover evidence of other intelligent life?
- What challenges might we face in communicating with extraterrestrial civilizations?

#### Conclusion
The "Planet of the Apes" hypothesis suggests that human-like intelligence is a universal trend in evolution. While there is no definitive evidence to support this hypothesis, it raises important questions about our place in the universe and the possibility of other intelligent life. By exploring the theoretical concepts and practical examples surrounding this hypothesis, we can deepen our understanding of the universe and the evolution of intelligence.

#### Glossary
- Great Drake Equation Debate: a discussion among scientists about the likelihood of finding extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way
- SETI: the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
- Convergent feature: a trait that evolves independently in different species or lineages
- Intelligent life: organisms capable of complex cognition and problem-solving

#### Self-Debating Discussion
- If we discovered evidence of extraterrestrial civilizations, how might it change our understanding of our place in the universe?
- What challenges might we face in communicating with extraterrestrial civilizations, and how might we overcome them?