text:
By April Beisaw

Another Christmas has passed without a personal visit from the ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, or Yet to Come? Same here. In Dickens’ A Christmas Carol, these ghosts provide a grumpy old man with recollections of the past and hope for the future. That is what I want archaeology to do for people, bring the present into focus at a time of action.

Like Bob Cratchit, I have spent years toiling away at my archaeological work and have been rewarded with a level of prosperity somewhere between Cratchit and Scrooge. But while other archaeologists seemed pleased with the work I’ve done, friends and family still thought my work was about dinosaurs or treasure or pirates or pyramids. The fact that I worked in small towns of Maryland, Michigan, New York, and Ohio, and often excavated with local archaeological and historical societies, was deemed irrelevant to my true nature as a scholar of pirate dinosaurs who stored their treasure in pyramids.

The truth is that I spent a decade investigating how local history is embodied in selectively remembered and forgotten places; one-room schools, historic house museums, and unnamed ruins deep in the woods. To historical archaeologists, this is cool stuff. Trust me. To everyone else, I was wasting time because I was not wandering through jungles and deserts in search of treasure. I was a crappy archaeologist.

Let’s summon the Ghost of Archaeology Present to reveal what I was failing to see.

Archaeology has always been where non-archaeologists turn for stories about adventure and the unexplainable. The domain of everyday peoples and places and what happened there is not archaeology but history (or common knowledge). If my community forgot someone or something, or invented a tale to explain something, they did so for a reason. As a colleague once said to me, maybe I should “let them have their stories.”

With Scrooge-like stubbornness, I decided that the answer was to keep doing local archaeology while reorienting my work towards the stories of the unexplainable. No, I have not gone off the deep end. I’ve stepped back from the abyss of irrelevance to see that someone else had cornered the market on the mysteries of local history… ghost hunters.

Think about it—ghost hunting television shows feature people wandering around relatively unknown historic sites in the dark and viewers tune in for episode after episode. Meanwhile, archaeology television shows constantly fall back on the old tropes of aliens, monsters, and treasures to stay afloat. Archaeology TV sits somewhere between ridiculous and boring while ghost hunting TV has dedicated followers despite mainly inconclusive results. Most episodes don’t feature anything clearly paranormal, but they do offer tales of local history.

Beyond television, ghost hunts and ghost tours have become standard fare for major cities, minor historical societies, and various museums and historic sites. People show up for these events to be told about the past and with hopes of experiencing some connection to it. Ghost stories have a lot to offer. They provide a sense of place when they tell about what happened here, right where you stand. They provide a short but suspenseful tale that is as easy to remember as it is entertaining. They allow space for wondering about the truthfulness of the storyteller as well as considering how the past is relevant to the present and the future.

Archaeologists can learn a lot from ghost hunters about how to speak about the past. Ghost hunters don’t go into a new community and explain their past to them—they listen to what the community has to say about a place and then explore their stories. Ghost hunters bring others along to participate at every level of that exploration. They show their methods and their results and ask the audience to help draw conclusions. Ghost hunters leave questions unanswered so that wondering can continue.

Onto the Ghost of Archaeology Yet to Come, for it shows us what may be.

Archaeology must acknowledge that ours is a misunderstood field because we are failing to capture an audience in ways that seem relevant to their lives. We can continue to toil away in relative obscurity, seeking out validation from others like us or simply enjoying what prosperity our work brings us. Or archaeologists can learn how to become more relevant to the wider public. Fling open the windows of our stale yet comfortable houses. Open our ears to the criticism inherent in misunderstanding of who we are and what we do. Spend time with those we think our work is relevant to. Find their mysteries but don’t spoil them. Encourage participatory exploration of the past but leave room for continued speculation.

I have now spent almost a decade studying ghost hunting and ghost stories. These endeavors have not replaced my academic research but rather enhanced it. As I investigate how the creation and maintenance of the New York City water system erased communities from landscapes up to 100-miles from the City-center, I create space for local narratives about church steeples visible when reservoir water levels drop. In the physical sense, there are no church steeples in the water. But they are there in the symbolic sense. Stories of what lies beneath the water represents a form of remembering that does not need to be debunked. Maybe one day the archaeological data I have compiled about these places will replace mythical church steeples as a way to remember what has been lost, but only if I have created an archaeological story that is easy to remember and fun to retell.

Head Image via Ines Vuckovic/Dose.

textbook:
Lesson: Historical Archaeology for Kids

Introduction:
Historical archaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the past by looking at the things people left behind. These things can tell us about what life was like long ago. In this lesson, we will learn about some of the cool things that historical archaeologists find and how they use them to learn about history.

Section 1: What is Historical Archaeology?

**Question:** What is historical archaeology?
**Answer:** Historical archaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the past by looking at the things people left behind. These things can tell us about what life was like long ago.

Section 2: Cool Things Historical Archaeologists Find

**Question:** What are some cool things that historical archaeologists find?
**Answer:** Some cool things that historical archaeologists find include old tools, pottery, and buildings. They also find things like coins, bottles, and toys. These things can help us learn about what people did in the past.

Section 3: How Historical Archaeologists Use What They Find

**Question:** How do historical archaeologists use what they find?
**Answer:** Historical archaeologists use what they find to learn about the past. They look at the things people left behind to figure out what life was like long ago. For example, they might look at old pottery to see what kind of food people ate or look at old buildings to see how people lived.

Section 4: Applying Historical Archaeology to Real Life

**Question:** How can we apply what we learned about historical archaeology to our everyday lives?
**Answer:** Historical archaeology can help us understand how people in the past lived, which can help us appreciate our own history and culture. We can also use what we learn from historical archaeology to make better decisions about preserving our own history and culture for future generations.

Glossary:
- Archaeology: The study of the past through the excavation of artifacts and other physical remains of cultures.
- Artifact: An object made or modified by a human being, such as a tool or piece of pottery.
- Culture: The customs, practices, and beliefs of a particular group of people.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about historical archaeology and some of the cool things that archaeologists find. We also learned how they use these things to learn about history. By understanding how people in the past lived, we can appreciate our own history and culture and make better decisions about preserving it for future generations.


text: GCE History of Art. Get the full picture. 3 good reasons to choose our qualification:. - New content on Visual Analysis and Interpretation. - Increased flexibility and opportunity to design your own course from updated historical sections. - Pathways include architecture, archaeology, curation, as well as creative and cultural industries. This specification is for first teaching from September 2016.. History of art explores some of the most significant developments in western art, architecture and design from classical Greek and Roman times to the end of the twentieth century. It brings to life, in visual form, aspects of human history such as society, religion, philosophy, politics, science and technology. It ranges from learning about whole societies to understanding the enduring impact of individual innovators and visionaries. For today's increasingly visual society, it develops skills in interpretation, analysis, critical appraisal and communication.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to History of Art

Overview:
This lesson introduces students to the field of history of art, its significance, and the skills required to study it. Students will learn about the importance of visual analysis and interpretation, the historical context of artworks, and the various pathways available in this field.

Objectives:
- Understand the significance of history of art
- Learn about the skills required to study history of art
- Identify the historical context of artworks
- Recognize the various pathways available in history of art

Section 1: Introduction to History of Art
- What is history of art?
- Why study history of art?
- Who can study history of art?

Section 2: Skills Required to Study History of Art
- Visual analysis and interpretation
- Historical context
- Cultural and social analysis
- Critical appraisal
- Communication skills

Section 3: Pathways in History of Art
- Architecture
- Archaeology
- Curation
- Creative and cultural industries

Section 4: Conclusion
- Applying skills gained from history of art to new problems
- The importance of critical thinking in history of art
- The relevance of history of art in today's society

Glossary:
- Art: The creation of objects that are beautiful, thought-provoking, or interesting
- History: The study of past events and their effects on the present
- Artwork: A creation by an artist or a piece of art
- Context: The environment or surroundings in which something is placed or occurs
- Pathways: Different career options available in a field

Conclusion:
History of art is a fascinating subject that allows us to explore the visual culture of different societies and periods. By studying history of art, we can gain insights into the beliefs, values, and lifestyles of people from the past. Moreover, history of art helps us understand the impact of art on society and vice versa. The skills acquired in history of art, such as visual analysis and interpretation, critical appraisal, and communication, are transferable to various fields, making it a versatile and valuable subject to study.


text: Cracking start for Watton. Watton first team got off to a superb start in the summer squash league against Cromer in Division 1A.Vince Somers won 3-1 with Steve Rudd and Jonathan Pearson both winning 3-0.. Watton first team got off to a superb start in the summer squash league against Cromer in Division 1A.. Vince Somers won 3-1 with Steve Rudd and Jonathan Pearson both winning 3-0. Simon Howling came from 2-1 down to win 3-2 and seal a 16-3 victory.. Watton Two travelled to Division 1B opponents Barnham Broom Three, with Chris Haythorpe taking the first 9-7.. Chris lost the next two 9-5, 9-3, before taking the fourth 10-8 and comfortably took the decider 9-4 to win 3-2.. You may also want to watch:. Kevin Blake won 9-5, 9-7, 9-7.. Bobby Hunt lost the first 9-4 but took the next two 9-2, 9 lost the fourth 9-4 but cruised the fifth 9-2 to win 3-2.. First-string Paul Goodchild was ruthless, winning 9-1, 9-3, 9-2 in straight games, with Watton taking a 16-4 victory.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Squash

### Overview
In this lesson, we will learn about squash, a racket sport played by two players in a four-walled court. We will cover the rules, equipment, and strategies used in the game. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand and play a basic game of squash.

### Section 1: Introduction to Squash
- What is squash?
- How many players are involved in a game of squash?
- What are the rules of squash?
- What is the objective of the game?
- What equipment is used in squash?

### Section 2: Understanding the Court and Positions
- What are the dimensions of a squash court?
- How many squares are there on a squash court?
- What are the positions called in squash?
- What is the T?
- What is the kitchen line?
- What is the back corner?

### Section 3: Understanding the Rules of Squash
- How do you serve in squash?
- What is a let in squash?
- What is a stroke in squash?
- What is a fault in squash?
- What is a drop shot in squash?
- What is a nick in squash?

### Section 4: Strategies and Tactics
- How do you hit the ball in squash?
- What is the best way to return a serve?
- How do you move around the court in squash?
- What is the most important shot in squash?
- How do you hit a volley in squash?

### Section 5: Practice and Application
- How can you practice squash at home?
- What are some drills you can do to improve your squash game?
- How can you apply the strategies and tactics you have learned in a game of squash?
- What are some common mistakes beginners make when playing squash?
- How can you avoid making these mistakes?

### Glossary
- Squash: A racket sport played by two players in a four-walled court.
- Racket: A small, stringed instrument that is used to hit the ball in squash.
- Serve: The initial hit of the ball to start a point in squash.
- Let: A point replayed because of a fault by the server.
- Stroke: A hit of the ball with the racket.
- Fault: A mistake made by the player, such as hitting the ball out of bounds or hitting the ball twice.
- Drop shot: A shot where the player hits the ball softly and low to the ground to make it difficult for the opponent to return.
- Nick: A shot where the ball is hit off the side wall and then bounces on the floor before the opponent can return it.

### Conclusion
Squash is a fun and challenging sport that requires strategy, skill, and fitness. By understanding the rules, equipment, and strategies used in the game, you can improve your squash game and have more fun on the court. Remember to practice regularly and apply the techniques you have learned to become a better player.


text: March 14, 2016. In the newly released transcript of Sirhan Sirhan’s parole hearing on February 10, we discover why— at nearly 72 years of age — the convicted murderer of Bobby Kennedy “continues to pose an unreasonable risk of danger to society or a threat to public safety and is therefore not suitable for parole.”.” Read the rest at WhoWhatWhy.org

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Criminal Justice System

## Section 1: Overview of the Criminal Justice System

The criminal justice system is a set of agencies and processes established by governments to control crime and punish those who commit crimes. It includes law enforcement, courts, and corrections.

## Section 2: The Role of Law Enforcement

Law enforcement officers are responsible for investigating crimes, arresting suspects, and preventing crime. They work for local, state, or federal government agencies.

## Section 3: The Role of Courts

Courts are responsible for deciding guilt or innocence in criminal cases. They also determine sentences for those convicted of crimes.

## Section 4: The Role of Corrections

Corrections involve the punishment of offenders and the rehabilitation of those who have committed crimes. This can include imprisonment, probation, or community service.

## Section 5: The Importance of the Criminal Justice System

The criminal justice system plays a crucial role in maintaining public safety and ensuring that those who commit crimes are held accountable. It also provides opportunities for offenders to rehabilitate and reintegrate into society.

## Conclusion

Understanding the criminal justice system is essential for anyone interested in pursuing a career in law enforcement, the legal profession, or social work. By studying this system, you will gain valuable insights into how it operates and the challenges it faces.


text: Go back in time at this golf outing. Hosted by the Geneva Chamber of Commerce. Event tags: Golfing, Fundraisers. Description:. Jump on your hover board and take part in this year’s golf outing on June 1 starting at 10am. The theme is “Go back in time” and 2015 is the year that “Back to the Future 2” was set in. A shotgun start at 10am includes lunch. To close out the evening, golfers will enjoy a dinner, an awards ceremony and an auction. Proceeds from the outing will help Geneva festivals. Sign-up as a single golfer or in groups of four; reservations for dinner only are also available. This outing is open to the public. Sponsorships are available. 630-232-6060, Golfinvite.com/GenevaChamberVisit Event Website for More Info. Batavia, Geneva, North Aurora, St. Charles

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Time Travel

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Time travel is a concept that has been explored in various forms of media, including books, movies, and TV shows. It refers to the ability to move between different points in time, either by using advanced technology or by manipulating the fabric of space-time. While time travel is not currently possible, it is an interesting concept to explore in theory.

## Section 2: Practical Examples and Real-World Scenarios
One example of time travel in popular culture is the "Back to the Future" franchise. In this series, the main character, Marty McFly, uses a DeLorean car that can travel at speeds above the speed of light to go back in time. He then interacts with his teenage parents and must make sure that he doesn't disrupt the timeline too much.

Another example of time travel is the TV show "Timeless." In this show, a team of scientists travels through time to stop a mysterious organization from changing history. They use a time machine called the "Time Machine" to travel to different points in history.

## Section 3: Critical Thinking Questions
1. If you could travel back in time, what era would you visit? Why?
2. What would you do if you encountered your younger self?
3. How do you think time travel would affect the present day?

## Glossary
- Time travel: The ability to move between different points in time, either by using advanced technology or by manipulating the fabric of space-time.
- Space-time: The four dimensions of space and time that together form the framework of the universe.
- Manipulating: Changing something in a planned or intentional way.

## Conclusion
Time travel is an interesting concept that has captured our imaginations for centuries. While it is not currently possible, it is fun to explore the possibilities and implications of this concept in theory. By thinking critically about time travel, we can learn more about ourselves and our world.


text: There tonight.. I was quite surprised to find that if it couldn't find a 3.5" drive it would boot off the attached 5.25". I have a //gs that I can use to write 3.5"s on if I have to so the problem that slowed the adoption of this model, the smaller disk, isn't as much of a problem for me. ADTPro seems to like it so far.. More if anything at all interesting shows up.. One of the greatest things about the //c+ compared to the //c - No external power supply to lose and pay $40 on ebay.. Views: 88. Comment. © 2021 Created by James.. Badges | Report an Issue | Terms of Service. Fabulous! Are you going to retrobrite the case?. Fantastic acquisition!. Apple IIc Plus Owners Guide.pdf. ± 64 MB...

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Computer Storage Formats and Capacities

Introduction:
Computer storage is an essential part of any computer system. It is where data and programs are stored temporarily or permanently. In this lesson, we will learn about different storage formats and capacities, and how they impact our computing experience.

Section 1: Understanding Computer Storage Formats

Topic 1: Hard Disk Drive (HDD) vs Solid State Drive (SSD)
- HDDs store data on spinning disks, while SSDs use flash memory chips.
- HDDs are slower and more prone to failure than SSDs.
- SSDs are faster, lighter, and more energy-efficient than HDDs.
- SSDs are more expensive than HDDs.

Topic 2: File System
- A file system is a way of organizing and managing data on a storage device.
- There are two types of file systems: hierarchical and flat.
- Hierarchical file systems have a tree-like structure, while flat file systems have a single level of directories.
- Most modern operating systems use hierarchical file systems.

Topic 3: Storage Capacity
- Storage capacity refers to the amount of data that can be stored on a storage device.
- It is measured in bytes, kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB).
- The more capacity a storage device has, the more data it can store.

Section 2: Understanding Computer Storage Capacities

Topic 1: How Much Storage Do I Need?
- The amount of storage you need depends on what you plan to do with your computer.
- If you only use your computer for basic tasks like word processing and browsing the web, you can get away with a smaller storage capacity.
- If you plan to store a lot of media files, such as photos and videos, you will need a larger storage capacity.

Topic 2: Understanding Storage Sizes
- Storage sizes can be confusing, so it's essential to know how to interpret them.
- 1 KB = 1,024 bytes
- 1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes
- 1 GB = 1,073,741,824 bytes
- 1 TB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

Topic 3: Converting Storage Sizes
- To convert storage sizes, you need to know the conversion factors.
- For example, to convert from MB to GB, you divide by 1,024.
- To convert from KB to MB, you divide by 1,024.

Section 3: Real-World Examples

Topic 1: Upgrading Your Computer's Storage
- If you're running out of storage space on your computer, you may want to upgrade your storage capacity.
- You can add an external hard drive or SSD to your computer to increase its storage capacity.
- Make sure to choose a storage device that is compatible with your computer's file system.

Topic 2: Backing Up Your Data
- It's essential to back up your data regularly to prevent loss of important information.
- You can use an external hard drive or cloud storage service to back up your data.
- Make sure to encrypt your backups to protect your sensitive information.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about different computer storage formats and capacities and how they impact our computing experience. We also learned how to convert storage sizes and how to choose the right storage device for our needs. By understanding these concepts, we can make informed decisions when it comes to upgrading our computer's storage or backing up our data.

Glossary:
- HDD: Hard Disk Drive
- SSD: Solid State Drive
- FS: File System
- KB: Kilobyte
- MB: Megabyte
- GB: Gigabyte
- TB: Terabyte

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
- Explain the difference between HDD and SSD.
- Describe the benefits and drawbacks of each file system.
- Convert storage sizes accurately.
- Determine the appropriate storage capacity for their needs.
- Make informed decisions about upgrading their computer's storage or backing up their data.


text:
Can Hearing Aids Delay Time to Diagnosis of Dementia, Depression, or Falls in Older Adults?
To examine the association between hearing aids (HAs) and time to diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) or dementia, anxiety or depression, and injurious falls among adults, aged 66 years and older, within 3 years of hearing loss (HL) diagnosis. Retrospective cohort study. We used 2008 to 2016 national longitudinal claims data (based on office visit, inpatient, or outpatient healthcare encounters) from a large private payer. We used Kaplan-Meier curves to examine unadjusted disease-free survival and crude and adjusted Cox regression models to examine associations between HAs and time to diagnosis of three age-related/HL-associated conditions within 3 years of HL diagnosis. All models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, census divisions, and prior diagnosis of cardiovascular conditions, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and diabetes. The participants included 114 862 adults, aged 66 years and older, diagnosed with HL. Diagnosis of (1) AD or dementia; (2) depression or anxiety; and (3) injurious falls. Use of HAs. Large sex and racial/ethnic differences exist in HA use. Approximately 11.3% of women vs 13.3% of men used HAs (95% confidence interval [CI] difference = -0.024 to -0.016). Approximately 13.6% of whites (95% CI = 0.13-0.14) vs 9.8% of blacks (95% CI = 0.09-0.11) and 6.5% of Hispanics (95% CI = 0.06-0.07) used HAs. The risk-adjusted hazard ratios of being diagnosed with AD/dementia, anxiety/depression, and injurious falls within 3 years after HL diagnosis, for those who used HAs vs those who did not, were 0.82 (95% CI = 0.76-0.89), 0.89 (95% CI = 0.86-0.93), and 0.87 (95% CI = 0.80-0.95), respectively. Use of HAs is associated with delayed diagnosis of AD, dementia, depression, anxiety, and injurious falls among older adults with HL. Although we have shown an association between use of HAs and reduced risk of physical and mental decline, randomized trials are needed to determine whether, and to what extent, the relationship is causal. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2362-2369, 2019.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson Title: Can Hearing Aids Delay Time to Diagnosis of Dementia, Depression, or Falls in Older Adults?

Introduction:
This lesson will explore the association between hearing aids (HAs) and time to diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) or dementia, anxiety or depression, and injurious falls among adults, aged 66 years and older, within 3 years of hearing loss (HL) diagnosis.

Section 1: Background Information
- Definition of Hearing Loss (HL)
- Importance of Hearing Aids (HAs) in managing HL
- Age-related conditions associated with HL

Section 2: Research Question
- What is the association between HAs and time to diagnosis of AD or dementia, anxiety or depression, and injurious falls among older adults within 3 years of HL diagnosis?

Section 3: Study Design and Data Source
- Retrospective cohort study
- National longitudinal claims data from a large private payer
- Participants: 114,862 adults, aged 66 years and older, diagnosed with HL
- Outcomes: Diagnosis of (1) AD or dementia; (2) depression or anxiety; and (3) injurious falls
- Use of HAs

Section 4: Results
- Kaplan-Meier curves examined unadjusted disease-free survival
- Crude and adjusted Cox regression models examined associations between HAs and time to diagnosis of three age-related/HL-associated conditions within 3 years of HL diagnosis
- All models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, census divisions, and prior diagnosis of cardiovascular conditions, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and diabetes

Section 5: Discussion
- Large sex and racial/ethnic differences exist in HA use
- Implications for future research and clinical practice
- Limitations of the study

Section 6: Conclusion
- In conclusion, this study provides evidence that HAs may be associated with delayed time to diagnosis of AD or dementia, depression or anxiety, and injurious falls among older adults within 3 years of HL diagnosis. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and to explore the mechanisms underlying this association.

Glossary:
- Hearing Loss (HL): A common condition that affects the ability to hear sounds
- Hearing Aids (HAs): Devices designed to improve hearing by amplifying sound
- Alzheimer Disease (AD): A progressive neurological disorder that causes memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes
- Dementia: A general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life
- Anxiety: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or fear about something with an uncertain outcome
- Depression: A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness
- Injurious Falls: Accidents in which an individual slips, trips, or falls and suffers an injury

Self-Debate:
- Do you think that wearing HAs can increase the risk of developing age-related conditions such as AD or dementia, depression or anxiety, and injurious falls? Why or why not?

Application to New Problems:
- If you have a friend or family member who has been recently diagnosed with HL, would you recommend that they use HAs? Why or why not?


text: SUBSCRIBE FOR FREE Newsletter. Chinese rig exporters launch shale gas exploitation solution at this year’s OTC. Following news that India has opened bidding on its vast shale gas reserves by 2013, the country is now looking into the technical and environmental viabilities of exploration. French energy giant, GDF SUEZ appointed as strategic partner to develop a floating LNG import terminal in India. Much of China’s 25.08tr cubic meters of potentially recoverable shale gas reserves will be open to bidders within the year. Energy companies for the first time can start bidding to access India's vast shale gas reserves by 2013. Shell teams up with Chinese energy giant for first ever shale gas production sharing contract.. New investor guide assesses risks and rewards of shale gas development

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to Shale Gas Exploration

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Shale gas is a type of natural gas that is trapped within shale formations deep underground. It is a source of clean energy that has been gaining popularity in recent years due to its abundance and low environmental impact. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of shale gas exploration, including the methods used to extract it and the benefits it provides.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
To understand how shale gas is extracted, let's look at the process of hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking. Fracking involves injecting water, sand, and chemicals into the ground at high pressure to create cracks in the shale rock, allowing the gas to flow out. This process has been criticized for its potential environmental impact, but it is also responsible for the recent boom in natural gas production in the United States.

One example of how shale gas is being used is in power generation. Natural gas, including shale gas, is often used as a cleaner alternative to coal in power plants. This reduces greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, making it a more sustainable option for energy production.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
As countries like India and China begin to explore their own shale gas reserves, we can expect to see increased competition and innovation in the industry. This could lead to lower prices for natural gas, making it more accessible to consumers and businesses. However, there are also concerns about the environmental impact of shale gas extraction and transportation. Spills and leaks can contaminate water sources and release methane, a potent greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.

Glossary:
- Shale gas: Natural gas trapped within shale formations deep underground.
- Hydraulic fracturing (fracking): A process used to extract shale gas by injecting water, sand, and chemicals into the ground at high pressure.
- Greenhouse gases: Gases that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to climate change.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored the basics of shale gas exploration, including its methods and benefits. As countries around the world begin to tap into their own shale gas reserves, we can expect to see increased competition and innovation in the industry. However, there are also concerns about the environmental impact of shale gas extraction and transportation. By understanding the risks and rewards of shale gas development, we can make informed decisions about our energy future.


text: Political coinage. Last week we heard that the outcome of the last home game of the Washington Redskins before the election has correctly predicted the results in the Presidential election since 1936. When the Redskins lost, so the theory went, the incumbent party lost the White House.. The Redskins lost. Bush won.. Which leads me to coin my own political axiom:. Andersen's modifier to the Redskins rule. Any correlation between a certain political outcome and an event which is not political in nature will continue to demonstrate that correlation only so long as no one makes note of that correlation.. Ah, what the hell, here's another:. Andersen's addendum to Andersen's modifier. The degree to which that correlation will be broken is proportional to the extent that people take comfort in that correlation.. Links to this post:. Create a Link

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Political Coinage

### Section 1: What is Political Coinage?
Political coinage refers to the creation of political theories or axioms that attempt to explain or predict political events. These theories are often based on patterns or trends that are observed in historical data.

### Section 2: Understanding Political Coinage
To understand political coinage, we need to know how to identify patterns and trends in political data. We can use statistical methods such as regression analysis, correlation, and causation to analyze data and make predictions about future political events.

### Section 3: Applying Political Coinage
Once we have understood the principles of political coinage, we can apply them to real-world scenarios. For example, we could use political coinage to predict the outcome of an upcoming election based on past trends and patterns. We could also use it to analyze the impact of certain policies on voter behavior.

### Section 4: Evaluating Political Coinage
It is essential to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of political coinage. We can do this by comparing the predictions made by the coinage to the actual outcomes of political events. If the predictions are consistently accurate, then the coinage is likely to be reliable.

### Glossary:
- Regression analysis: A statistical method used to examine the relationship between variables.
- Correlation: A measure of how two variables are related to each other.
- Causation: The process of determining whether one variable causes another variable to change.
- Statistical significance: The extent to which a result is unlikely to have occurred by chance.

### Conclusion:
Political coinage can be a powerful tool for understanding and predicting political events. By applying the principles of statistical analysis, we can make informed predictions about future political events and evaluate the accuracy of our predictions. As with any form of prediction, however, we must always be aware of the limitations of our knowledge and the potential for unforeseen events to disrupt even the most reliable coinage.


text: Granular Compound Fertilizer has NPK ratio of 12+12+17+3 MgO + TE as Boron, Zinc, Iron, Mn, Copper. It has high content of Potassium and Magnesium and other active ingredients such as Phosporous and Nitrogent to help plants grow faster and healthier.. How to use:. Magic Granular Compound can be used once every 3 months. Spread Magic Granular Compound on soil and pour water on the ground.. For Potted Plants of Diamter 12" - Pour 5grams. For Grass and Lawn - 20g / m2. For Small Trees - 50 to 100g / Tree. Reviews Granular Compound Fertilizer Magic 12-12-17

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Fertilizers
Introduction:
Fertilizers are substances that are added to soil to promote plant growth. They provide essential nutrients that plants need to survive and thrive. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of fertilizers, their components, and how they can be used to improve plant health.
Section 1: Types of Fertilizers
There are two main types of fertilizers: organic and inorganic. Organic fertilizers come from natural sources such as animal manure, compost, and peat. Inorganic fertilizers are synthetic and contain chemicals that provide specific nutrients to plants.
Section 2: Components of Fertilizers
Fertilizers contain essential nutrients that plants need to grow. The three main nutrients are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). These nutrients are often listed on fertilizer bags in a ratio such as 10-10-10, which means the fertilizer contains 10% nitrogen, 10% phosphorus, and 10% potassium. Other nutrients that may be included in fertilizers are magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), and micronutrients such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu).
Section 3: Using Fertilizers
Fertilizers can be used in a variety of ways depending on the type of plant and the desired outcome. Organic fertilizers can be added to the soil or mixed with water and applied to the leaves. Inorganic fertilizers can be applied to the soil or foliage, depending on the type of plant. The amount of fertilizer needed varies based on the size of the plant and the desired effect.
Section 4: Examples of Fertilizers
One example of a fertilizer is Granular Compound Fertilizer Magic 12-12-17. This fertilizer contains high amounts of potassium and magnesium, as well as other active ingredients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. It can be used once every three months to help plants grow faster and healthier.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, fertilizers are an important part of plant care. By understanding the different types of fertilizers, their components, and how they can be used, we can improve the health and growth of our plants. With proper use, fertilizers can help us create beautiful and bountiful gardens.


text: Another Step in Izmir Transportation Master Plan. The final scenario and results of the sen Transportation Master Plan ları, which will carry Izmir to the year of 2030, is the 4. were discussed at the stakeholder meeting. Metropolitan Municipality officials, said they attach great importance to participation in the preparation of the plan. Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, within the framework of a participatory process [more…]

textbook:
Lesson: Participatory Planning in Urban Transportation

### Overview

In this lesson, we will learn about participatory planning in urban transportation. We will explore what it means to involve stakeholders in the planning process, why it is important, and how it can lead to better outcomes for cities.

### Section 1: Introduction

Participatory planning is a process where citizens, government officials, and other stakeholders work together to create and implement plans that shape the future of their communities. This approach is becoming increasingly popular in urban planning, particularly in the area of transportation.

### Section 2: Why is participatory planning important?

Participatory planning is important for several reasons:

1. It ensures that the voices of all stakeholders are heard. When people feel like they have a say in the planning process, they are more likely to support the final outcome.

2. It leads to better decisions. When planners consult with stakeholders, they gain valuable insights into local needs and concerns. This information can help them make more informed decisions about transportation projects.

3. It builds trust and community buy-in. When stakeholders feel like they have been heard and their concerns have been addressed, they are more likely to trust the planning process and support the resulting plans.

4. It can lead to more equitable outcomes. When planners involve all stakeholders, they are more likely to consider the needs of marginalized groups and ensure that transportation projects benefit everyone in the community.

### Section 3: How does participatory planning work in practice?

Participatory planning involves several steps:

1. Identifying stakeholders: Planners need to identify who the relevant stakeholders are and how to involve them in the process.

2. Gathering information: Planners gather data on existing transportation conditions, future growth projections, and other relevant factors.

3. Engaging stakeholders: Planners hold meetings, workshops, and other events to gather input from stakeholders. They may use surveys, focus groups, or other methods to collect feedback.

4. Analyzing input: Planners analyze the data they have gathered and use it to inform the development of the transportation master plan.

5. Developing the plan: Based on stakeholder input, planners develop a transportation master plan that outlines the city's goals, strategies, and projects.

6. Implementing the plan: Once the plan is approved, stakeholders work together to implement the projects and programs outlined in the plan.

### Section 4: Practical Examples

Here are some examples of how participatory planning has been used in real-world transportation projects:

1. In Portland, Oregon, planners worked with community members to develop a bike share program that addressed the needs of low-income residents.

2. In Bogotá, Colombia, the city's transportation department held a series of "participatory design" workshops to gather input from residents about proposed bus rapid transit projects.

3. In New York City, community boards played a key role in shaping the city's bike share program by providing input on where stations should be located and how they should be designed.

### Section 5: Conclusion

Participatory planning is an important approach to urban transportation planning. By involving stakeholders in the process, planners can ensure that transportation projects meet the needs of all members of the community and lead to more equitable outcomes. As we have seen in the examples above, participatory planning can take many forms, but the key is to engage stakeholders in a meaningful way and use their input to shape the final plan.


text: Read FLOURISH, the guide for graduate students by and for the Homewood URM graduate population.. Johns Hopkins Institutions.. Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and Whiting School of Engineering. To achieve this goal, the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Whiting School of Engineering recruits and retains graduate students from diverse populations. Diversity creates the best quality academic programs because it is a source of strength and creativity. Each graduate student’s perspective, background and life experience brings tremendous richness to our community.. Graduate Diversity Fellows Program. This program is designed to provide graduate students with an opportunity to engage in the life of the campus through leadership and service. Through an application process, Fellows are chosen to represent the Homewood campus in graduate admissions and affairs initiatives.. John.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Diverse Perspectives in Education

Introduction:
Diverse perspectives are essential in creating a robust and dynamic learning environment. In this lesson, we will explore why having students from different backgrounds, cultures, and experiences can enrich the educational experience. We will also discuss the benefits of having a diverse graduate population in academic institutions.

Main Topics:
1. The Importance of Diverse Perspectives in Education
2. Benefits of a Diverse Graduate Population
3. How to Create a Diverse Learning Environment

Subtopics:
1. The Importance of Diverse Perspectives in Education
   - Exposure to different viewpoints
   - Promotes critical thinking and problem-solving
   - Encourages empathy and understanding
   - Enhances creativity and innovation

2. Benefits of a Diverse Graduate Population
   - Brings unique insights and expertise
   - Enhances research and scholarship
   - Increases cultural competence
   - Improves collaboration and teamwork

3. How to Create a Diverse Learning Environment
   - Recruit and retain students from diverse backgrounds
   - Provide support and resources for students from underrepresented groups
   - Encourage cross-cultural communication and exchange
   - Promote inclusive teaching practices

Conclusion:
Having a diverse graduate population and creating a learning environment that values diverse perspectives can greatly enhance the educational experience. By exposing students to different viewpoints and experiences, we can foster critical thinking, empathy, and creativity. By retaining and supporting students from underrepresented groups, we can improve the quality of our academic programs and create a more equitable and inclusive community. By promoting inclusive teaching practices, we can ensure that all students feel valued and supported. As future leaders and scholars, it is our responsibility to create a world that is more connected, informed, and compassionate.

Glossary:
- Diverse: Referring to people of different races, ethnicities, genders, religions, or other backgrounds.
- Perspectives: The way someone sees or interprets something; their point of view.
- Inclusive: Able to include or accommodate people from a range of backgrounds or abilities.

Self-Debating Discussion:
What are some ways that we can promote a more diverse graduate population in academic institutions? What barriers might exist for students from underrepresented groups, and how can we address them?


text:
Childhood polyclonal T cell lymphocytosis with neutropenia: effects of antilymphocyte globulin and granulocyte colony stimulating factor in vitro and in vivo.
The pathogenesis of the neutropenia that occurs in some patients with chronic T cell lymphocytosis is not well understood. We have investigated a 15-year-old girl with this syndrome. Initial committed bone marrow progenitor numbers (CFUgm) were low but markedly increased in vitro following T cell depletion. Similarly a transient correction of neutropenia was observed following in vivo lymphocyte depletion with antilymphocyte globulin. A sustained neutrophil recovery was achieved with daily therapy using recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) despite persistence of the lymphocytosis; during successful therapy CFUgm numbers remained low, and were not increased by the in vitro addition of rhG-CSF. These observations suggest the possibility of an inhibitory regulatory mechanism specifically acting on neutrophil granulopoiesis.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Immunology

### Section 1: The Immune System

The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect our body from infections and diseases. It is made up of two main parts: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system.

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens. It includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as cells and proteins that can recognize and respond to foreign substances. The adaptive immune system, on the other hand, is more specific and can remember past infections to provide long-lasting immunity.

### Section 2: Lymphocytes and Neutrophils

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the adaptive immune system. They include B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. B cells produce antibodies that can recognize and neutralize pathogens, while T cells can directly kill infected cells or help other immune cells function better. NK cells are responsible for killing virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

Neutrophils, on the other hand, are a type of white blood cell that makes up most of the innate immune system. They are the most abundant type of granulocyte and are the first responders to most bacterial infections. They are also capable of producing antimicrobial proteins and enzymes to kill pathogens.

### Section 3: Childhood Polyclonal T Cell Lymphocytosis with Neutropenia

In some cases, children may have an excess of T cells in their blood, a condition known as polyclonal T cell lymphocytosis. This can lead to a decrease in the number of neutrophils, which are another type of white blood cell that helps fight infections.

Researchers have studied the effects of antilymphocyte globulin and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on this condition. Antilymphocyte globulin is a medication that can reduce the number of T cells in the blood, while G-CSF stimulates the production of neutrophils.

In vitro studies have shown that T cell depletion can increase the number of committed bone marrow progenitor cells, which can lead to a temporary increase in neutrophil counts. Similarly, in vivo administration of antilymphocyte globulin has been shown to temporarily correct the neutropenia associated with T cell lymphocytosis.

However, the use of G-CSF has been found to provide a sustained neutrophil recovery even when T cell lymphocytosis persists. This suggests that there may be an inhibitory regulatory mechanism specifically acting on neutrophil granulopoiesis.

### Section 4: Conclusion

Understanding the immune system and its components is essential for maintaining good health. In some cases, abnormalities in the number of certain types of white blood cells can occur, leading to an imbalance in the immune system. Research into these conditions can help us better understand the mechanisms behind the immune response and develop new treatments for various diseases.

Glossary:
- Immune system: the network of cells, tissues, and organs that protect the body from infections and diseases
- Innate immune system: the first line of defense against pathogens
- Adaptive immune system: the part of the immune system that provides long-lasting immunity
- Lymphocytes: a type of white blood cell involved in the adaptive immune response
- Neutrophils: a type of white blood cell that makes up most of the innate immune system
- Antilymphocyte globulin: a medication that can reduce the number of T cells in the blood
- Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF): a medication that stimulates the production of neutrophils
- Committed bone marrow progenitor cells: cells that have already decided to become a specific type of blood cell (e.g., neutrophils)
- T cell lymphocytosis: a condition where there is an excess of T cells in the blood
- Neutropenia: a decrease in the number of neutrophils in the blood
- Polyclonal: referring to a mixture of different types of cells or substances


text: Профессия: Writer, School Teacher. Опыт преподавания: I have 7 years of experience as a school teacher in the United States. I have worked with children and young adults of many different backgrounds.. Интересы: I enjoy learning about history and traveling to new places. I like to cook (and eat) foods from many countries and cultures. I also enjoy bicycling and sailing.. Образование: I have a Bachelor of Arts in Humanities from Ohio Wesleyan University and a Masters in Education from the University of Massachusetts.:

textbook:
Lesson: How to Write a Resume

Introduction:
A resume is a document that showcases your skills, experiences, and education to potential employers. It is an essential tool when searching for a job, as it provides a summary of your qualifications and achievements. In this lesson, we will learn how to write a resume that effectively highlights your strengths and makes you stand out from other applicants.

Section 1: Understanding the Purpose of a Resume

The purpose of a resume is to provide a concise overview of your qualifications and experiences that are relevant to the job you are applying for. A well-written resume can help you get an interview, so it is essential to make sure that it is accurate, organized, and easy to read.

Section 2: Formatting and Organization

A resume should be easy to read and visually appealing. Use a clear font, such as Times New Roman or Arial, and make sure the font size is large enough to be easily readable. Use bullet points to break up information and make it easier to read. Make sure your resume is no more than two pages long, and use headings and subheadings to organize your information.

Section 3: Writing Your Resume

Begin with a strong summary statement that highlights your most relevant skills and experiences. Use action verbs to describe your accomplishments, and avoid using vague or generic language. Be specific and provide examples of your achievements.

Include your work experience in reverse chronological order, starting with your current or most recent position. For each job, include the name of the company, the location, the dates of employment, and a brief description of your responsibilities and achievements.

List your education in reverse chronological order, starting with the highest degree earned. Include the name of the institution, the location, and the degree earned. If you have any relevant coursework or certifications, include those as well.

Section 4: Proofreading and Editing

Once you have written your resume, take the time to proofread and edit it carefully. Check for spelling and grammar errors, and make sure that all information is accurate and up-to-date. Have someone else read it over to catch any mistakes you may have missed.

Conclusion:

Writing a resume can be a challenging task, but by following these guidelines, you can create a document that effectively showcases your skills and experiences. Remember to tailor your resume to the specific job you are applying for, and always proofread and edit carefully. With a well-written resume, you can increase your chances of getting an interview and landing your dream job.


text: - Filed Under. One of my favorite cookbooks is Quail Ridge Press' "Best of the Best from Bell's Best Cookbook." I applied the same principle when compiling the best recipes from some of my favorite celebrity chefs.. My "best from the best" list contains Ina Garten's smoked salmon spread and chicken noodle soup; Martha Stewart's chicken tetrazzini, meatloaf 101 and lemon curd cake; Sandra Lee's pesto chicken panina, cherry pie and beef fried rice; Tyler Florence's smothered pork chops; Rachael Ray's chicken parmigiana; Guy Fieri's German spaetzle and Ree Drummond's chicken tortilla soup.. Last week, I ...

textbook:
Lesson: How to Compile a Cookbook

Introduction:
Cookbooks are a great way to learn new recipes and expand your culinary skills. In this lesson, we will explore how to compile a cookbook by selecting the best recipes from various sources.

Section 1: Selecting Recipes

The first step in compiling a cookbook is to select the recipes that you want to include. This can be done by browsing through cookbooks, magazines, and online resources to find recipes that appeal to you. Once you have found the recipes you like, you should try them out to ensure that they are delicious and easy to make.

Questions and Answers:
- What criteria should you use to select recipes for your cookbook?
- How many recipes should you include in your cookbook?

Section 2: Organizing the Cookbook

After selecting the recipes, you should organize them into a logical order. You may want to group similar recipes together or arrange them in order of complexity. It is also important to include an introduction, a table of contents, and a list of ingredients and equipment needed for each recipe.

Questions and Answers:
- How do you organize recipes in a cookbook?
- What information should you include in the introduction to your cookbook?

Section 3: Testing and Editing

Before publishing your cookbook, you should test each recipe at least once to ensure that it is accurate and easy to follow. You may also want to ask friends or family members to test the recipes for you. Once you have made any necessary changes, you can publish your cookbook.

Questions and Answers:
- How do you test recipes for accuracy?
- What should you do if a recipe does not turn out as expected?

Conclusion:
Compiling a cookbook is a fun and rewarding experience. By selecting the best recipes and organizing them in a logical order, you can create a cookbook that will inspire others to try new recipes and expand their culinary skills.

Glossary:
- Cookbook: A collection of recipes that can be used to prepare meals.
- Recipe: A set of instructions for preparing a dish.
- Ingredients: The substances used to make a dish.
- Equipment: The tools used to prepare a dish.

Final Thoughts:
In this lesson, we learned about the process of compiling a cookbook by selecting the best recipes, organizing them into a logical order, and testing and editing the recipes for accuracy. By following these steps, we can create a cookbook that is both delicious and easy to follow.


text: Hawaii Sea Camp. Teen Tour & Teen Travel Camp. Co-ed - Travel Camp. Religious Affiliation: None. Hilo, Hawaii, USA - (808) 443-7189. Hawaii Sea Camp is geared toward young people, teens through college students, who are interested in the marine environment, either for recreation or as a prospective career. At Hawaii Sea Camp students learn and participate in tropical marine science programs and in SCUBA training programs.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Marine Science

**Overview**

In this lesson, we will explore the exciting field of marine science. We will learn about the different aspects of marine life and the importance of preserving our oceans. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to identify different types of marine organisms, understand the role of the ocean in our ecosystem, and appreciate the beauty and fragility of our marine environment.

**Section 1: Introduction to Marine Science**

Marine science is the study of all aspects of marine life, from the smallest plankton to the largest whales. It involves studying the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the ocean and its inhabitants. Marine scientists work to understand how the ocean works, how it affects other parts of the planet, and how human activities impact marine ecosystems.

**Section 2: Types of Marine Organisms**

There are many different types of marine organisms, including mammals, fish, invertebrates, and plants. We will now take a closer look at each of these groups.

- Mammals: These are warm-blooded animals that give birth to live young and nurse them with milk. Examples of marine mammals include dolphins, whales, seals, and sea lions.
- Fish: These are cold-blooded animals that lay eggs and have gills to breathe underwater. There are over 30,000 species of fish, ranging from small minnows to large sharks.
- Invertebrates: These are animals without a backbone or spinal column. Examples of invertebrates include jellyfish, octopuses, and crabs.
- Plants: These are photosynthetic organisms that use sunlight to produce food. Examples of marine plants include seaweed, coral, and seagrasses.

**Section 3: The Role of the Ocean in Our Ecosystem**

The ocean plays a crucial role in our ecosystem, regulating the Earth's climate and providing food and resources for millions of people. It also helps to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing the impact of climate change. However, human activities such as pollution, overfishing, and coastal development are threatening the health of our oceans.

**Section 4: Preserving Our Marine Environment**

To ensure that future generations can enjoy the beauty and bounty of our oceans, it is essential that we take steps to protect them. This can be done by reducing our carbon footprint, supporting sustainable fishing practices, and avoiding single-use plastics. We can also get involved in local conservation efforts and educate others about the importance of preserving our marine environment.

**Glossary**

- Marine organism: Any living creature that lives in or near the ocean.
- Ecosystem: A complex community of living and non-living things that interact with each other in a specific environment.
- Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert sunlight into energy.

**Conclusion**

In this lesson, we have learned about the fascinating world of marine science and the importance of preserving our oceans. By understanding the different types of marine organisms, the role of the ocean in our ecosystem, and the threats facing our marine environment, we can take action to protect this vital resource for future generations.


text:
MOSCOW (RNS) Chechnya, the Russian republic believed to be connected to the two Boston Marathon bombing suspects, has been the scene of terrorism and related violence since the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union.

Militants from Chechnya and other restive regions in Russia's volatile North Caucasus have targeted Moscow and other areas with bombings and hostage-takings for more than 20 years. The allegations of ties to Monday's Boston bombings are the first connection of terror attacks in the United States.

Predominantly Muslim, Chechnya declared independence from Russia in November 1991. A full-scale separatist war broke out in 1994 and lasted through most of the 1990s. It was only after a second wave of Russian military action in the early part of the last decade that Chechnya fell under firmer Russian control.

A 2008 report by the Congressional Research Service said in 2007 Russian security forces ran 850 sweeps through Chechnya that involved surrounding entire villages and searching every house. "Critics of the operations allege that the troops frequently engage in pillaging and gratuitous violence and are responsible for kidnappings for ransom and 'disappearances' of civilians," the report said.

Of the region's almost 1.3 million residents, ethnic Chechens make up about 95 percent, according to Russian government statistics. The rest are a combination of ethnic Russians and other ethnic groups from nearby countries and regions.

Militants from Chechnya and neighboring provinces have launched a long series of terror attacks in Russia, including a 2002 hostage-taking raid in a Moscow theater, in which 129 hostages died, a 2004 hostage-taking in a school in Beslan that killed more than 330 people, and numerous bombings in Moscow and other cities.

textbook:
Lesson: Terrorism in Russia and the World

Introduction:
Terrorism is a global issue that has affected many countries, including Russia. In this lesson, we will learn about the history of terrorism in Russia, specifically in Chechnya, and how it has impacted the world.

Section 1: Understanding Terrorism

Question: What is terrorism?
Answer: Terrorism is the use of violence and intimidation to achieve political or social goals.

Question: Why do people use terrorism as a weapon?
Answer: People use terrorism to create fear and panic among their enemies, to gain attention and support for their cause, and to force governments to make concessions.

Question: What are some examples of terrorist groups?
Answer: Some examples of terrorist groups include Al Qaeda, ISIS, and the Taliban.

Section 2: The History of Terrorism in Chechnya

Question: When did terrorism begin in Chechnya?
Answer: Terrorism in Chechnya began in the early 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Question: What were the main causes of terrorism in Chechnya?
Answer: The main causes of terrorism in Chechnya were political and religious differences between the predominantly Muslim population and the Russian government.

Question: What were some of the major events in the history of terrorism in Chechnya?
Answer: Some of the major events in the history of terrorism in Chechnya include the First Chechen War (1994-1996), the Second Chechen War (1999-2000), and the Beslan school hostage crisis (2004).

Section 3: The Impact of Terrorism in Russia and the World

Question: How has terrorism affected Russia?
Answer: Terrorism has caused thousands of deaths and injuries in Russia, and has also led to increased government surveillance and crackdowns on civil liberties.

Question: How has terrorism affected the world?
Answer: Terrorism has affected the world by creating a climate of fear and uncertainty, and by leading to increased military spending and actions that may further destabilize regions.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, terrorism in Chechnya and other parts of Russia has had a significant impact on the world. By understanding the causes and effects of terrorism, we can better understand how to prevent and respond to this global issue.


text: Parking Our underground garage (for 240 vehicles) offers direct lift access to the Kursaal Bern & Hotel Allegro. Parking Seven days a week 19.00 - 24.00 hrs: CHF 2.40 per hour 24.00 - 07.00 hrs: CHF 2.00 per hour 07.00 - 19.00 hrs: CHF 3.60 per hour Hotel guests 24-hour special tariff: CHF 26 Event organizers and visitors Do you require a large number of parking spaces for a specific event? We can make a special reservation for you - at a special price. Email: sales@kursaal-bern.ch Tel: +41 31 339 53 13

textbook:
Title: How to Calculate Parking Rates

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to calculate parking rates using the information provided in the input text. We will cover the basics of calculating parking rates and then move on to more advanced concepts such as discounts and special tariffs. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to calculate parking rates for any given time period and location.

Section 1: Basics of Calculating Parking Rates

**Theoretical Concepts:**
- Parking rates are the fees charged for parking vehicles in a particular location.
- The rate may vary depending on the time of day, day of the week, or even season.

**Practical Examples:**
- Let's say the parking rate is CHF 2.40 per hour from 19.00 hrs to 24.00 hrs. This means that for every hour that you park your vehicle during this time, you will be charged CHF 2.40.
- If you park your vehicle from 24.00 hrs to 07.00 hrs, you will be charged CHF 2.00 per hour.
- From 07.00 hrs to 19.00 hrs, the parking rate increases to CHF 3.60 per hour.

**Questions and Answers:**
- What is the parking rate for the first hour of parking?
  - The parking rate for the first hour of parking depends on the time of day. If you park from 19.00 hrs to 24.00 hrs, you will be charged CHF 2.40 per hour. If you park from 24.00 hrs to 07.00 hrs, you will be charged CHF 2.00 per hour. From 07.00 hrs to 19.00 hrs, the parking rate increases to CHF 3.60 per hour.

Section 2: Discounts and Special Tariffs

**Theoretical Concepts:**
- Some locations offer discounts or special tariffs for certain groups of people, such as hotel guests or event organizers.
- These discounts may be offered as a way to attract customers or to accommodate specific needs.

**Practical Examples:**
- Hotel guests at the Kursaal Bern & Hotel Allegro can park for 24 hours at a special rate of CHF 26.
- Event organizers and visitors may be eligible for a special parking rate if they require a large number of parking spaces for a specific event.

**Questions and Answers:**
- What is the special tariff for hotel guests at the Kursaal Bern & Hotel Allegro?
  - The special tariff for hotel guests at the Kursaal Bern & Hotel Allegro is CHF 26 for 24 hours of parking.

Section 3: Applying Skills to New Problems

**Theoretical Concepts:**
- To apply skills learned in this lesson, you will need to know how to calculate parking rates based on the time of day, day of the week, and any discounts or special tariffs that may be offered.

**Practical Examples:**
- Let's say you are visiting the Kursaal Bern & Hotel Allegro and plan to park your vehicle for 3 hours. Using the information from the input text, you would pay:
  - CHF 2.40 per hour from 19.00 hrs to 24.00 hrs, so 3 hours would cost CHF 2.40 x 3 = CHF 7.20.
  - CHF 2.00 per hour from 24.00 hrs to 07.00 hrs, so 3 hours would cost CHF 2.00 x 3 = CHF 6.00.
  - CHF 3.60 per hour from 07.00 hrs to 19.00 hrs, so 3 hours would cost CHF 3.60 x 3 = CHF 10.80.
- However, if you are an event organizer and require a large number of parking spaces for a specific event, you can contact the Kursaal Bern & Hotel Allegro and negotiate a special parking rate.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have learned how to calculate parking rates using the information provided in the input text. We covered the basics of calculating parking rates and then moved on to more advanced concepts such as discounts and special tariffs. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to calculate parking rates for any given time period and location. You can apply these skills to new problems and make informed decisions when parking your vehicle in different locations.


text: Fiverr is currently one of the most popular online platforms where anybody can create a build businesses. Here are a few examples of services that can so, narrow down your search to certain kinds of gigs. A excellent example of a good procedure on fiverr is your graphic design gig search.. Many people have turned to Fiverr as a way you could become a gig. Another great process on fiverr would be to turn your creative services into a gig. As an example, if you!

textbook:
**Lesson: Introduction to Online Platforms**

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about online platforms like Fiverr and how they can help us create and grow our businesses. We will explore the different types of services available on these platforms and discuss how to narrow down our search to find the right gig for us. Finally, we will examine some examples of successful Fiverr gigs and discuss how they were created.

**Section 1: Introduction to Online Platforms**

An online platform is a website or application that enables people to connect, communicate, and transact with each other through the internet. One such platform is Fiverr, which was launched in 2010 and has since become one of the most popular platforms for freelancers and entrepreneurs.

**Section 2: Services Available on Fiverr**

Fiverr offers a wide range of services, including graphic design, writing and translation, video editing, programming, and many more. These services are provided by freelancers who offer their skills and expertise to clients worldwide.

**Section 3: Narrowing Down Your Search**

To find the right gig for your needs, you need to narrow down your search to certain kinds of services. You can do this by using the search bar on Fiverr and specifying the type of service you need. For example, if you need a logo designed for your business, you can search for "logo design" and filter your results by price, rating, and delivery time.

**Section 4: Examples of Successful Fiverr Gigs**

One excellent example of a good procedure on Fiverr is the graphic design gig search. Many people have turned to Fiverr as a way to find affordable and high-quality graphic design services. By searching for "graphic design" and filtering your results, you can find talented designers who can create stunning visuals for your business.

Another great process on Fiverr would be to turn your creative services into a gig. For example, if you are a writer, you can create a gig offering to write articles, blog posts, or even books for your clients. By showcasing your writing samples and setting up a clear pricing structure, you can attract clients who need content creation services.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

In conclusion, Fiverr is a powerful online platform that enables freelancers and entrepreneurs to connect and grow their businesses. By understanding the different types of services available on the platform and knowing how to narrow down your search, you can find the right gig for your needs. Finally, by examining successful Fiverr gigs, we can learn how to create our own gigs and tap into the potential of this platform.


text: Who's Going. San Francisco, California. London, United Kingdom. Florence, Italy. Event Details. managers, entreprneurs, job seekers and sales professionals. You only have 30 seconds to make a first impression. How do you come across? In this workshop-style presentation by executive speech coach Leo Novsky, you will learn how to overcome anziety or overconfidence and discover how to tell your story in 30 words or less, so you come across as confident, competent and interesting enough to do business with.. TAKEAWAYS:. Price: FREE. When & Where. Old Redmond Schoolhouse Community Center. 16600 Northeast 80th Street. #104. Redmond,. WA 98052. Thursday, September 26, 2013 from 6:30 PM to 8:00 PM (PDT). Add to my calendar. Organizer. Leo Novsky, MBA President of SPEAK with Power Consulting. >>IMAGE The Art of a Powerful Introduction: Networking secrets for professionalsShare Tweet

textbook:
Title: The Art of a Powerful Introduction: Networking Secrets for Professionals
Level: Intermediate
Overview: In today's fast-paced business world, making a good first impression is crucial. This lesson will teach you how to craft a powerful introduction that will leave a lasting impression on your audience. You will learn how to overcome anxiety or overconfidence and discover how to tell your story in 30 words or less, so you come across as confident, competent, and interesting enough to do business with.
Section 1: Introduction to Networking
- Definition of networking
- Importance of networking in professional life
- Types of networking events
Section 2: Crafting a Powerful Introduction
- The importance of a strong opening statement
- How to introduce yourself effectively
- Tips for overcoming anxiety or overconfidence
- The power of storytelling in a 30-second pitch
Section 3: Practical Examples
- Real-life examples of powerful introductions
- How to tailor your introduction to different audiences
- Case studies of successful networking experiences
Section 4: Self-Debating Discussions
- Debate: Is networking an art or a science?
- Discussion: How can you ensure that your introduction stands out?
- Debate: Is it better to be liked or respected in networking situations?
Section 5: Glossary
- Key terms related to networking and introductions
- Definitions of important concepts
- Explanation of common acronyms and abbreviations
Section 6: Conclusion
- Recap of key takeaways
- How to apply skills gained from this lesson to new problems
- Final thoughts on the importance of networking and crafting a powerful introduction.
Glossary:
- Networking: The process of building relationships and connections with other people for professional or personal benefit.
- Introduction: A formal or informal presentation of oneself to others.
- First impression: The initial opinion formed of someone or something.
- Anxiety: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome.
- Overconfidence: Excessive belief in one's abilities or powers.
- Storytelling: The art of telling a story so as to engage and entertain listeners or readers.
- Pitch: A brief, persuasive speech or presentation that promotes a product, idea, or service.
Conclusion:
Crafting a powerful introduction is a crucial skill for professionals in today's business world. By following the tips and techniques outlined in this lesson, you can make a lasting impression on your audience and establish yourself as a confident, competent, and interesting person to do business with. Remember to tailor your introduction to your audience and practice your storytelling skills to stand out from the crowd. With these skills, you will be well on your way to success in any networking situation.


text: Levodopa Medicines for Parkinson's Disease. Examples. How It Works:. - It allows more levodopa to get to the brain and thus increases the supply of dopamine in the brain.. - It decreases side effects caused by increased dopamine levels outside the brain by reducing the supply of "free" dopamine outside the brain. (Increased dopamine levels outside the brain can result in side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure.). - It enhances the effect of levodopa, so that less levodopa is needed to control symptoms.. Why It Is Used. Levodopa is a medicine used to control symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may be used at all stages of the disease.. How Well It Works.. - Diarrhea if taking combination medicine with entacapone.. - Dry mouth.. - Loss of appetite.. - Nightmares.. - Passing gas.. - Brownish orange urine if taking combination medicine with entacapone..

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Levodopa Medicines for Parkinson's Disease

Introduction:
Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder that affects the nervous system. It causes motor symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and slow movement. Levodopa is a medicine that is commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease. In this lesson, we will learn about how levodopa works, why it is used, and its side effects.

Section 1: How Levodopa Works

Levodopa is a medicine that is converted into dopamine in the brain. It allows more levodopa to get to the brain and thus increases the supply of dopamine in the brain. This helps to control the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Levodopa also decreases side effects caused by increased dopamine levels outside the brain by reducing the supply of "free" dopamine outside the brain. This helps to reduce side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure.

Section 2: Why Levodopa is Used

Levodopa is used to control symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may be used at all stages of the disease. It is often used when other medicines are not effective or cause too many side effects. Levodopa is a standard treatment for Parkinson's disease and is considered one of the most effective medicines for controlling symptoms.

Section 3: Side Effects of Levodopa

While levodopa is generally safe and effective, it can cause some side effects. Common side effects include diarrhea if taking combination medicine with entacapone, dry mouth, loss of appetite, nightmares, and passing gas. Some people may also experience brownish orange urine if taking combination medicine with entacapone. These side effects are usually mild and go away on their own. However, if they become severe or do not go away, you should talk to your doctor.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, levodopa is an important medicine for treating Parkinson's disease. It works by increasing the supply of dopamine in the brain and reducing side effects caused by increased dopamine levels outside the brain. It is used to control symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may be used at all stages of the disease. While it can cause some side effects, these are usually mild and go away on their own. By understanding how levodopa works and its side effects, you can make an informed decision about whether it is right for you or your loved one.

Glossary:
- Levodopa: A medicine used to treat Parkinson's disease.
- Dopamine: A chemical that helps control movement and emotions in the brain.
- Entacapone: A medicine that is sometimes taken with levodopa to reduce side effects.
- Motor symptoms: Symptoms that affect movement, such as tremors and stiffness.


text:
Q:

Delete all instances of "b" or "ac" from a string

A recent question, inspired me to think about how far we've come, and how much easier tasks are in current, modern languages like C# and Java, compared to the low-level languages we were stuck with years ago.
Based on that, I decided to post some code for doing the same task, but in a language that (at least in most people's estimation) has been obsolete for decades. In this case, I chose an ancient language named SNOBOL 4 for the implementation.
Warning: this really is an old language (this year is its 50th anniversary), so try not to be terribly surprised at the length and complexity of the code compared to modern languages like C# and Java.
    * read a string from standard input
    input_string = input

* find "b" or "ac" in s, replace with nothing, and repeat if successful:
del_loop input_string ("b" | "ac") =     : s(del_loop)

    * write out resulting string
    output = input_string

I don't think anybody's posted any SNOBOL 4 here before, so please be gentle...

A:

As best I can tell (with the limited info available on the language), it looks like you're violating just a couple language concerns.
First: all example SNOBOL4 code I've seen has the lines without labels indented past the horizontal extent of the longest label by at least 2 spaces. That is:

    input_string = input
del_loop input_string ("b" | "ac") =     : s(del_loop)
    output = input_string

Seems to be expected to be:
          input_string = input
del_loop  input_string ("b" | "ac") =     : s(del_loop)
          output = input_string

It also looks like SNOBOL4 labels are expected to be SHOUTYLABELS:
         input_string = input
DELLOOP  input_string ("b" | "ac") =     : s(DELLOOP)
         output = input_string

The next thing I seem to have seen is that output, input, and s are supposed to be SHOUTY.
         input_string = INPUT
DELLOOP  input_string ("b" | "ac") =     : S(DELLOOP)
         OUTPUT = input_string

The next comment is that it looks like SNOBOL4 code uses PascalCase subject (variable) names.
         InputString = INPUT
DELLOOP  InputString ("b" | "ac") =     : S(DELLOOP)
         OUTPUT = InputString

Next, it looks like the colons should line up vertically and be past the last horizontal character on any line. This doesn't apply to you, unless we include your comments:
         * read a string from standard input
         InputString = INPUT

* find "b" or "ac" in s, replace with nothing, and repeat if successful:
DELLOOP  InputString ("b" | "ac") =                                       : S(DELLOOP)

         * write out resulting string
         OUTPUT = InputString

Lastly, it looks like the transfer is supposed to directly follow the colon. (No spaces.)
         InputString = INPUT
DELLOOP  InputString ("b" | "ac") =     :S(DELLOOP)
         OUTPUT = InputString

Now, that looks like SNOBOL4. :) All-in-all, it looks quite good. Very nice to see an application of a very old language, that shows that sometimes the new ones just aren't the best suited for the task. (In fact, SNOBOL4 was designed to fulfill programmes with this in mind, it was designed to handle pattern-matching and string-processing very well.)

textbook:
Lesson: How to Delete All Instances of "b" or "ac" from a String in SNOBOL 4

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to delete all instances of "b" or "ac" from a string using SNOBOL 4. SNOBOL 4 is an ancient programming language that was popular in the 1960s and 1970s. It is still used today by some programmers who enjoy its unique features.

Section 1: Understanding the Problem
The problem we want to solve is to delete all instances of "b" or "ac" from a given string. For example, if we have the string "abcba", we want to remove all occurrences of "b" and "ac" to get "a".

Section 2: Solving the Problem in SNOBOL 4
Here is the code to solve the problem in SNOBOL 4:

```
input_string = input
del_loop input_string ("b" | "ac") = : s(del_loop)
output = input_string
```

Explanation:
- `input_string = input`: This line reads the input string from the standard input.
- `del_loop input_string ("b" | "ac") = : s(del_loop)`: This line uses the `del_loop` function to delete all occurrences of "b" or "ac" from the input string. The `del_loop` function works by repeatedly replacing any occurrences of "b" or "ac" with nothing until no more replacements are possible. The resulting string is stored in the `s` variable.
- `output = input_string`: This line writes the modified input string (now free of "b" and "ac") to the standard output.

Section 3: Practice Problems
1. Write a SNOBOL 4 program to delete all instances of "d" from the following string: "abcdabcd".
```
input = "abcdabcd"
del_loop input ("d") = : output
print output
```
Output: "abcd"

2. Write a SNOBOL 4 program to delete all instances of "e" from the following string: "abcdeabcde".
```
input = "abcdeabcde"
del_loop input ("e") = : output
print output
```
Output: "abcde"

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to delete all instances of "b" or "ac" from a string using SNOBOL 4. We covered the problem statement, the solution, and practice problems to test our understanding. By the end of this lesson, you should be able to apply these concepts to other similar problems.

Glossary:
- SNOBOL 4: A programming language that was popular in the 1960s and 1970s.
- del_loop: A function in SNOBOL 4 that deletes all occurrences of a given pattern.


text: An Instagram Affair with Body Language, by House of Hickey. Body Language Instagram Editorial Shoot with Los Angeles Fashion Photography Team James Hickey & Tatiana Junqueira. activewear brand known to be a favorite among celebrities like Jennifer Lopez, Naomi Watts, Miley Cyrus and Kelly Osbourne is upping it’s branding game and keeping it’s Instagram profile (@blsportswear) in top shape.. The Body Language Spring/Summer 2016 lineup is sleek, sexy and cool. Marked by feminine floral and tribal prints, along with shiny metallics and black or grey scale transparency panels, the collection is an ode to the modern, urban woman. Charging the downtown Los Angeles streets guerrilla style with the BLS team was a blast. We’re definitely up for more on location lifestyle photography and are excited to see how BLS is incorporating the final images into their Instagram account. Check out our favorite selections from the shoot, below.. By Tatiana Junqueira. Photography by James Hickey & Tatiana Junqueira (#houseofhickey)

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Body Language
Body language is a form of nonverbal communication that involves the use of gestures, posture, facial expressions, and eye movements to convey meaning. It is an essential part of human communication, as it helps us express ourselves and understand others without saying a word. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of body language and how it can be used to communicate effectively.
Section 1: Understanding Body Language
What is body language?
Body language is a type of nonverbal communication that uses physical movements and expressions to convey meaning. It is a way of communicating without speaking, and it can be used to express emotions, attitudes, and intentions.
Why is body language important?
Body language is important because it helps us understand what others are thinking and feeling. It can also help us communicate our own thoughts and feelings more effectively. By understanding body language, we can better interpret what others are saying and respond appropriately.
Section 2: Types of Body Language
What are some common types of body language?
Some common types of body language include:
- Facial expressions (e.g., smiling, frowning, raising eyebrows)
- Gestures (e.g., pointing, waving, nodding)
- Posture (e.g., standing tall, slouching, crossing arms)
- Eye contact (e.g., maintaining eye contact, avoiding eye contact)
- Proximity (e.g., standing close or far away from someone)
Section 3: Using Body Language Effectively
How can I use body language effectively?
To use body language effectively, you should:
- Be aware of your own body language and how it may be interpreted by others
- Use positive body language (e.g., smiling, maintaining eye contact) to convey confidence and openness
- Use negative body language (e.g., crossing arms, avoiding eye contact) sparingly and only when necessary
- Be aware of cultural differences in body language and adjust accordingly
Section 4: Practice Questions
What is an example of positive body language?
An example of positive body language would be maintaining eye contact while speaking to someone, as it shows that you are interested and engaged in the conversation.
What is an example of negative body language?
An example of negative body language would be crossing your arms while talking to someone, as it can convey defensiveness or disinterest.
Conclusion:
By learning about body language, we can improve our communication skills and better understand others. By being aware of our own body language and that of others, we can convey our thoughts and feelings more effectively and build stronger relationships.


text: touch of milk. A dish come true. Delight your cat with these creamy, dreamy versions of her favorite Fancy Feast entrées, gourmet cat food infused with real milk.. Fine paté with salmon and a touch of real milk... Tempting shredded selections with wild salmon accented with garden greens, in a savoury broth. Delectable taste your cat will love.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Nutrition

**Section 1: What is Nutrition?**
Nutrition is the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth. It involves consuming the right types and amounts of food to maintain good health, prevent disease, and support optimal bodily function.

**Section 2: Why is Nutrition Important?**
Good nutrition is essential for many reasons. It helps us grow and develop properly, maintain a healthy weight, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Eating a balanced diet also boosts our immune system and improves our overall quality of life.

**Section 3: The Importance of Balanced Diet**
A balanced diet means eating a variety of foods from all the food groups in the right amounts to get the nutrients we need for good health. This includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products. A balanced diet also includes limiting the amount of added sugars, saturated fats, and sodium.

**Section 4: How to Create a Balanced Diet**
To create a balanced diet, we need to pay attention to the types and amounts of food we eat. Here are some tips:
- Eat at least five servings of fruits and vegetables every day.
- Choose whole grains over refined grains whenever possible.
- Eat lean protein sources such as chicken, fish, beans, and nuts.
- Limit your intake of added sugars, saturated fats, and sodium.
- Drink plenty of water and limit sugary drinks.

**Section 5: Conclusion**
Nutrition is an important part of our daily lives. By eating a balanced diet, we can improve our overall health and well-being. Remember to pay attention to the types and amounts of food you eat and make healthy choices.


text: This guest post is the second in a series on planting design by Giacomo Guzzon, an Italian landscape architect working in central London for Gillespies, a large, international landscape design firm. Unlike most landscape architects, Giacomo has an extensive knowledge of plants not common in the profession. He believes landscape architects need to be much more knowledgeable in planting design so that they are able to create characterful, living landscapes that meet the needs of users and reflect existing ecological conditions and sense of place. He is a visiting tutor in planting design at Sheffield University and a visiting lecturer in planting design at Greenwich University School of Landscape Architecture in London. He travels widely to meet designers from all over the world, observe planting projects in different climates and environments and share his passion with other professionals.. Continue reading Fernando Martos: Experimental planting design in Spain by Giacomo Guzzon

textbook:
Title: Planting Design for Beginners

---

# Introduction

Planting design is an essential part of landscape architecture that involves selecting, arranging, and planting trees, shrubs, perennials, annuals, and bulbs to create visually appealing and functional outdoor spaces. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of planting design, including the principles, elements, and techniques involved in creating beautiful and sustainable landscapes.

# Principles of Planting Design

1. Contextual Design: Understand the site context, including its history, culture, and ecology, to create designs that reflect the local environment and user needs.
2. Balance: Achieve a balance between form, color, texture, and scale to create harmonious and aesthetically pleasing landscapes.
3. Functionality: Ensure that the planting design serves the intended purpose, such as providing shade, privacy, or visual interest.
4. Sustainability: Use plants that are adapted to the climate and require minimal maintenance to reduce water usage and chemical inputs.
5. Adaptability: Design for change and flexibility, allowing for future modifications and evolution of the landscape.

# Elements of Planting Design

1. Plants: Select appropriate plants based on their cultural requirements, size, form, color, and texture to achieve the desired visual and functional effects.
2. Spaces: Create spaces of different sizes and shapes to accommodate various activities and provide visual interest.
3. Lines: Use lines and edges to direct movement and create focal points.
4. Forms: Use geometric forms, such as circles, squares, and triangles, to create visual interest and contrast.
5. Textures: Use different textures, such as smooth, rough, prickly, and fuzzy, to create tactile and visual variety.
6. Colors: Use colors to create visual impact, mood, and contrast.

# Techniques of Planting Design

1. Mass Planting: Use groups of plants to create a unified visual effect and a sense of enclosure.
2. Drifts: Use groups of plants arranged in irregular patterns to create a natural and casual feel.
3. Formal Planting: Use plants in straight lines, geometric shapes, and symmetrical arrangements to create a sense of order and structure.
4. Informal Planting: Use plants in irregular patterns and groupings to create a relaxed and casual atmosphere.
5. Layering: Use different layers of plants, such as ground covers, shrubs, and trees, to create depth and visual interest.
6. Contrast: Use plants with contrasting forms, colors, and textures to create visual interest and contrast.

# Practice Exercises

1. Choose a site and analyze its context, such as the climate, culture, and ecology, to determine the appropriate plant palette and design approach.
2. Create a sketch of the site layout, indicating the location of different spaces, forms, and planting areas.
3. Select appropriate plants for each planting area, considering their cultural requirements, size, form, color, and texture.
4. Develop a planting plan that shows the arrangement of plants, spacing, and planting details.
5. Evaluate the design for functionality, sustainability, and adaptability, making necessary adjustments to ensure the design meets the intended purpose.

# Conclusion

Planting design is a critical component of landscape architecture that requires a deep understanding of plants, site context, and design principles. By following the principles and techniques outlined in this lesson, you can create beautiful and functional landscapes that reflect the local environment and user needs while promoting sustainability and adaptability.