text: Addiction hurts everyone. Families are torn apart, communities are wrecked, and bystanders are left wondering: what happened?. It’s simple, really: addiction attacks the very roots of our lives, disrupting all of the classic activities we enjoy. From raising a family to holding down steady employment and even going out with friends, there are few areas of society that aren’t impacted by drug addiction on some level.. Our Mission. We want to take the stigma out of drug addiction and abuse by talking about it publicly. By making this information available to everyone, we aim to untangle the many issues surrounding substance abuse. We also want to discuss those topics without being too critical of the millions of people struggling with addictions every day.. To those suffering currently…and those that have overcome their battle…we support you, along with the people and communities that helped you reach your goals!

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Drug Addiction

## Section 1: Introduction to Drug Addiction
Drug addiction is a serious problem that affects many people around the world. It can cause physical, emotional, and social harm to individuals and their families. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of drug addiction, including its causes, effects, and treatment options.

## Section 2: What is Drug Addiction?
Drug addiction is a chronic disease that affects the brain's reward system. When a person takes drugs, the brain releases dopamine, which makes them feel good. Over time, the brain becomes dependent on the drug to produce this feeling, leading to cravings and withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not taken. This cycle of addiction can be difficult to break, but with treatment and support, it is possible to recover.

## Section 3: Causes of Drug Addiction
There are many factors that can contribute to drug addiction. Some people may start taking drugs to cope with stress or to fit in with a certain group of people. Others may have a genetic predisposition to addiction. Environmental factors, such as growing up in a household where drug use is common, can also play a role. Ultimately, any combination of these factors can lead to drug addiction.

## Section 4: Effects of Drug Addiction
Drug addiction can have serious consequences for an individual's health, relationships, and overall well-being. Physically, drug addiction can lead to organ damage, overdose, and other health problems. Emotionally, it can cause depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. Socially, it can strain relationships with family and friends, and lead to legal troubles.

## Section 5: Treatment Options for Drug Addiction
There are many effective treatments for drug addiction, including medication, therapy, and support groups. These treatments can help individuals manage their cravings, stay sober, and rebuild their lives. It is important for anyone struggling with drug addiction to seek professional help as soon as possible.

## Section 6: Conclusion
Understanding drug addiction is an important step towards addressing this complex issue. By educating ourselves and others about the causes, effects, and treatments of drug addiction, we can work towards reducing its impact on individuals and communities. Remember, recovery is possible with the right support and resources.

## Glossary
- Drug addiction: A chronic disease that affects the brain's reward system, leading to cravings and withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not taken.
- Dependence: A state in which an individual relies on a substance (in this case, drugs) to function normally.
- Withdrawal: The physical and emotional symptoms that occur when an individual stops taking a drug they are dependent on.
- Treatment: Medical or psychological interventions that help individuals recover from drug addiction.
- Support: People, groups, or resources that help individuals recover from drug addiction.
- Recovery: The process of regaining control over one's life after recovering from drug addiction.


text: .“My dad had to hold the rod, because it felt like a snag, but it was a fish,” Hanson said about his big catch, which has since been mounted where he can proudly display it in his home in Marshall. “I was really excited when my dad yelled that it was a fish.”The big catch — a 29 1/2-inch, 10-pound walleye — was part of the 10-year-old’s victory that day. It seems when the family gets together up north, they like to break up into teams and go head-to-head to see who can bring in the most fish. And Kyle’s put them over the top.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: How to Catch a Fish

### Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about the different techniques and strategies involved in catching a fish. We will cover the following topics:

1. Types of fishing gear
2. Techniques for catching different types of fish
3. Importance of patience and perseverance
4. Safety precautions while fishing

### Section 1: Types of Fishing Gear
Fishing is a popular recreational activity that involves catching fish using various types of gear. There are several types of fishing gear available, including:

1. Rods and reels - These are used to cast a line into the water and retrieve the lure or bait.
2. Nets - These are used to scoop up fish from the water.
3. Traps - These are used to capture fish by trapping them in a cage or net.
4. Spears - These are used to stab fish underwater.

Each type of gear has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of gear depends on the type of fish you want to catch and the conditions of the water body.

### Section 2: Techniques for Catching Different Types of Fish
There are different techniques for catching different types of fish. Some common techniques include:

1. Bait casting - This involves casting a weighted line with bait attached to it into the water and retrieving it slowly to mimic a swimming fish.
2. Jigging - This involves using a jig, which is a small lure that is attached to the end of the line, and jerking it up and down to mimic the movement of a fleeing prey.
3. Trolling - This involves dragging a baited line behind a boat at a steady speed to attract fish that are swimming near the surface.
4. Fly fishing - This involves casting a fly, which is a small artificial lure, into the water and retrieving it to mimic the movement of an insect.

The technique you use will depend on the type of fish you are trying to catch and the conditions of the water body.

### Section 3: Importance of Patience and Perseverance
Fishing can be a challenging and frustrating activity, especially for beginners. It requires patience and perseverance to wait for the right moment to strike and to keep trying even if you don't catch anything right away.

Here are some tips for being patient and persevering while fishing:

1. Choose a good spot - Look for areas where fish are likely to congregate, such as near underwater structures or areas with lots of vegetation.
2. Use the right bait - Experiment with different types of bait to find what works best in your area.
3. Be patient - It can take time to get a bite, so be prepared to wait.
4. Keep trying - If you don't catch anything right away, keep trying different spots and techniques until you find what works.

### Section 4: Safety Precautions While Fishing
Fishing can be a fun and rewarding activity, but it's important to take safety precautions to ensure everyone has a good time. Here are some safety tips to follow:

1. Wear appropriate clothing - Wear shoes that won't slip on wet surfaces and clothing that will protect you from the sun and bugs.
2. Use caution around boats - Always wear a life jacket when boating and be aware of your surroundings.
3. Stay hydrated - Bring plenty of water and snacks to stay hydrated and energized.
4. Follow fishing regulations - Know the rules and regulations for the area you're fishing in and abide by them.

### Conclusion
In conclusion, fishing is a fun and challenging activity that requires patience and perseverance. By using the right gear and techniques, and following safety precautions, you can enjoy a successful and safe fishing experience.


text: June 2013. Road Pricing. On my travels recently I Read an interesting article in the St John's newspaper. The article was on road pricing in Stockholm and how the government there had managed to convince the commuters that paying a toll for road use was a good idea. The article was applying the context to Montreal. But it made me wonder if thinking outside the square might be a solution worth thinking about. If charging for the use of a particular section of road can gain 70% support after a trial then is it worth a try? The aim being to keep commuter traffic on South Road and Glen Osmond Rd we ( probably state government) could charge to use Unley Rd, Goodwood Rd, etc for all but local traffic and make everyone happy. This reduced the use of tolled roads by 20% so people were happy to pay to use them. To make this work , of course, the government must have a good public transport system that is a viable alternative. Any thoughts!

textbook:
Lesson: Thinking Outside the Box for Traffic Solutions

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the concept of "thinking outside the box" when it comes to solving traffic problems. We will look at a real-world example of how road pricing was implemented in Stockholm and how it has impacted the city. Then, we will discuss the potential benefits of implementing a similar system in other cities, including the challenges that may arise. Finally, we will consider alternative solutions for improving traffic flow and reducing congestion.

Section 1: The Case of Stockholm

Stockholm, the capital city of Sweden, has a population of over 2 million people. In 2006, the city introduced a congestion charge, also known as road pricing, to reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality. The charge applies to cars driving into the central city area between 6:30 am and 6:30 pm, Monday to Friday. Drivers are required to pay a fee, which varies depending on the time of day and the type of vehicle.

Results:
The results of the road pricing scheme in Stockholm have been positive. After the first year, the number of cars entering the central city area reduced by 20%. This reduction has continued over the years, with a 70% reduction in traffic volumes during peak hours. The city has also seen improvements in air quality, reduced travel times, and increased safety for pedestrians and cyclists.

Section 2: The Potential Benefits of Road Pricing

If implemented correctly, road pricing can have several benefits for cities. These include:

1. Reduced traffic congestion: By charging drivers for using certain roads, the number of vehicles on those roads will decrease, leading to less congestion.

2. Improved air quality: With fewer cars on the road, there will be less pollution from exhaust fumes.

3. Increased safety: With fewer cars on the road, there will be fewer accidents involving vehicles.

4. Encouragement of public transportation: People who no longer want to pay to drive into the city center may choose to take public transportation instead.

5. Revenue generation: Cities can generate revenue from the fees charged to drivers, which can be used for infrastructure improvements or other city projects.

Section 3: Challenges and Alternative Solutions

While road pricing has several potential benefits, there are also challenges that need to be considered. For example, not all residents of a city may be able to afford the fees associated with driving into the central area. Additionally, some people may feel that their freedom to drive wherever they want is being restricted.

Alternative solutions for improving traffic flow and reducing congestion include:

1. Improving public transportation: Cities can invest in better public transportation options, such as buses, trains, or trams, to encourage people to use those methods of transportation instead of driving.

2. Implementing carpooling programs: Cities can encourage people to share rides with others by offering incentives or discounts for carpooling.

3. Creating bike-friendly cities: Cities can invest in bike lanes and other infrastructure to make it easier and safer for people to ride bikes.

4. Encouraging telecommuting: Employers can allow employees to work from home, reducing the number of people who need to commute into the city center.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, thinking outside the box when it comes to solving traffic problems can lead to innovative solutions like road pricing. While there are challenges to implementing such a system, the potential benefits make it worth considering. Alternative solutions, such as improving public transportation, implementing carpooling programs, creating bike-friendly cities, and encouraging telecommuting, can also help reduce congestion and improve traffic flow.


text: Prize Recipient. Manuel:. Manuel Peimbert received his BA in physics from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, in 1962 and his PhD in Astronomy from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1967. He has been a Professor at the Institute of Astronomy, UNAM, since 1968.. Peimbert has been working on the study of physical conditions in gaseous nebulae. In particular on the chemical composition of H II regions and planetary nebulae in our Galaxy and other galaxies, the study of the chemical evolution of galaxies and together with Silvia Torres-Peimbert on the determination of the primordial helium abundance based on very metal poor extragalactic H II regions.. Selection Committee:. Gail McLaughlin, Chair; M. Israel; C.J. Pethick; V. Trimble; J.A. Carlson

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding the Work of Manuel Peimbert

Overview:
In this lesson, we will learn about the work of Manuel Peimbert, a renowned astronomer who has made significant contributions to the field of astrophysics. We will explore his research on the physical conditions in gaseous nebulae and his work on the chemical composition of H II regions and planetary nebulae. Additionally, we will examine his studies on the chemical evolution of galaxies and his collaboration with Silvia Torres-Peimbert on the determination of the primordial helium abundance.

Section 1: Introduction to Manuel Peimbert
- Manuel Peimbert is a Mexican astronomer who has made significant contributions to the field of astrophysics.
- He received his BA in physics from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, in 1962 and his PhD in Astronomy from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1967.
- He has been a Professor at the Institute of Astronomy, UNAM, since 1968.

Section 2: Research Areas
- Manuel Peimbert's research focuses on the physical conditions in gaseous nebulae.
- He has studied the chemical composition of H II regions and planetary nebulae in our Galaxy and other galaxies.
- He has also worked on the chemical evolution of galaxies.
- Peimbert's collaboration with Silvia Torres-Peimbert has led to the determination of the primordial helium abundance based on very metal poor extragalactic H II regions.

Section 3: Significance of Peimbert's Work
- Peimbert's research has provided valuable insights into the physical and chemical properties of gaseous nebulae.
- His work on the chemical composition of H II regions and planetary nebulae has helped us understand the processes that govern the formation and evolution of these structures.
- His studies on the chemical evolution of galaxies have shed light on the processes that govern the formation and evolution of galaxies.
- Peimbert's collaboration with Silvia Torres-Peimbert on the determination of the primordial helium abundance has provided crucial information on the early universe's composition.

Section 4: Conclusion
- Manuel Peimbert's work has significantly contributed to our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of gaseous nebulae and the processes that govern their formation and evolution.
- His research has provided valuable insights into the chemical evolution of galaxies and the primordial helium abundance.
- Peimbert's work has played a crucial role in advancing our knowledge of astrophysics and has paved the way for future research in the field.

Glossary:
- Gaseous nebulae: A cloud of gas and dust in space.
- H II regions: Regions of ionized hydrogen gas surrounding young stars.
- Planetary nebulae: A type of nebula ejected from a star's outer layers.
- Chemical evolution: The changes in the abundance of elements and isotopes in a galaxy over time.
- Primordial helium: Helium that was formed in the first few minutes after the Big Bang.

[Conclusion]
In conclusion, Manuel Peimbert's work has significantly contributed to our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of gaseous nebulae and the processes that govern their formation and evolution. His research has provided valuable insights into the chemical evolution of galaxies and the primordial helium abundance. Peimbert's work has played a crucial role in advancing our knowledge of astrophysics and has paved the way for future research in the field.


text:
Thyssagetae

The Thyssagetae () were an ancient tribe described by Herodotus as occupying a district to the north-east of Scythia, separated from the Budini by a "desert" that took seven days to cross.  The Thyssagetae therefore seem to have occupied the southern end of the Ural Mountains, north of the Caspian Sea.

According to the 19th Century archaeologist Sir Ellis Minns, the form of their name suggests that the Thyssagetae spoke an Iranian language, such as  Scythian or Sarmatian, like the neighbouring Massagetae (on the north-east shores of the Caspian).

The 15th Century chronicler Giacomo Filippo Foresti (a.k.a. Jacobus Philippus Foresti da Bergamo) mentioned a river in the area named the Thisageta, and Minns suggested that the name of the Chusovaya (or Chussovaja) River in the Urals may be linked to the Thyssagetae.

While Herodotus claimed that four rivers from the land of the Thyssagetae flowed into the Maeotis (Sea of Azov), he appears to have been mistaken. He may have confused the Caspian Sea with the Maeotis, as one of the rivers, named the "Oarus", was almost certainly the Volga.

See also
 Getae
 Massagetae
 Tyragetae

Footnotes

Sources

Category:Ancient peoples of Russia
Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
Category:Tribes described primarily by Herodotus
Category:Iranian_nomads
Category:Scythian tribes

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Ancient Tribes

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn about the ancient tribe known as the Thyssagetae. We will explore their location, language, and culture.

**Section 1: Introduction**

The Thyssagetae were an ancient tribe that lived in what is now modern-day Russia. They were located to the north-east of Scythia, which was a region in Eastern Europe. The tribe was separated from the Budini by a desert that took seven days to cross.

**Section 2: Language and Culture**

The name Thyssagetae suggests that they spoke an Iranian language, such as Scythian or Sarmatian. This is because the form of their name indicates that they spoke a language related to the neighbouring Massagetae, who also spoke an Iranian language.

The Thyssagetae were known for their unique culture, which included their own language and customs. They were skilled horsemen and were known for their archery abilities. They also had a strong warrior culture and were feared by their enemies.

**Section 3: Location and Geography**

The Thyssagetae lived in an area that is now part of modern-day Russia. They were located north of the Caspian Sea and south of the Ural Mountains. The area was mostly flat with some hills and forests.

Four rivers from the land of the Thyssagetae flowed into the Maeotis (Sea of Azov). However, Herodotus appears to have been mistaken about this geographic fact.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

In this lesson, we learned about the ancient tribe known as the Thyssagetae. We explored their language, culture, and location. We also learned about their unique customs and their fearsome reputation as warriors. By studying ancient tribes like the Thyssagetae, we can gain a better understanding of the rich history of our world.


text: Elgin Brown Cream Beige Border Tiles. Try a sample today!. Classy, sophisticated and stylish are just a few of the words that can be used to describe these brown marble effect Elgin ceramic tiles. These tiles have emphatic cream veins that will enhance the look of walls in both residential and commercial projects. For stunning home decors, homeowners and interior designers combine these tiles with light colours in bathrooms, kitchens, hallways and living and dining areas.. These tiles are guaranteed to wow your guests who will be amazed by your spectacular home decor. They are also popular among architects who recommend these tiles for a range of commercial projects, in cinemas, hotels, restaurants and shopping centres.

textbook:
Title: Introduction to Ceramic Tiles

## Section 1: What are Ceramic Tiles?
Ceramic tiles are thin, rectangular pieces of material that are used to cover and protect surfaces such as walls, floors, and countertops. They are made from a variety of materials, including clay, glass, and natural stones like marble and granite.

## Section 2: Types of Ceramic Tiles
There are several types of ceramic tiles available on the market today, each with its own unique characteristics and uses. Some of the most common types include:

1. Porcelain tiles - These tiles are made from a type of clay that is fired at very high temperatures, making them extremely hard and durable. They are often used in areas where moisture is present, such as bathrooms and kitchens.

2. Glass tiles - These tiles are made from glass and are often used to create intricate mosaics or accent pieces. They can be used indoors or outdoors and come in a wide range of colors and patterns.

3. Natural stone tiles - These tiles are made from natural stones such as marble, granite, and slate. They are highly durable and can be used in a variety of settings, including residential and commercial spaces.

4. Saltillo tiles - These tiles are made from a type of clay that is commonly used in Mexico. They are typically used in outdoor areas and have a rustic, handmade appearance.

## Section 3: How to Choose the Right Ceramic Tiles
When choosing ceramic tiles, there are several factors to consider, including:

1. Durability - Make sure the tiles you choose are durable enough to withstand the wear and tear they will experience in their intended setting.

2. Style - Consider the overall style of the space in which the tiles will be installed. For example, a modern kitchen might benefit from sleek, minimalist tiles, while a traditional living room could be enhanced by more ornate, patterned tiles.

3. Color and Pattern - Choose tiles that complement the existing colors and patterns in the space, or select a contrasting color or pattern to create a focal point.

4. Installation - Consider the method of installation (e.g., DIY or professional installation) and make sure the tiles you choose are appropriate for the method you plan to use.

## Glossary:
- Ceramic: A class of materials that are made from non-metallic minerals, such as clay, and are usually fired at high temperatures to create a hard, durable material.
- Porcelain: A type of ceramic that is made from a specific type of clay that is fired at very high temperatures, making it extremely hard and durable.
- Mosaic: A decorative art form that uses small tiles or pieces of glass, stone, or other materials to create intricate patterns or designs.
- Natural stone: A type of rock that is formed naturally in the earth's crust, such as marble, granite, or slate.
- Saltillo: A type of clay tile that is commonly used in Mexico and has a rustic, handmade appearance.

## Conclusion:
Ceramic tiles are a versatile and durable option for covering walls, floors, and countertops. By considering factors such as durability, style, color, and pattern, you can choose the right tiles for any space. With the information provided in this lesson, you can make an informed decision about which type of ceramic tile is best for your needs.


text: OUR Center provides northern Nevada’s LGBTQ community with access to advocacy, support, educational programs, services and resources. Members, allies and those confronted with sexual orientation and gender identity issues are also welcome with open arms and minds.. OUR Center is a 501(C)(3) nonprofit that relies solely on the support of private donations and the generosity of individuals, businesses and foundations.. It started as a dream in 2009, when the need for a safe, empowering and supportive LGBTQ-specific community center was identified, and an action plan to create one was formed by a small group of individuals in northern Nevada. Since then, countless volunteer hours and monetary donations have been donated by a multitude of extraordinarily generous individuals and businesses, bringing this dream to fruition in April 2016.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Community Centers for LGBTQ+ People

Introduction:
Community centers play a crucial role in providing a safe space for people who identify as LGBTQ+. These centers offer support, education, and resources to help individuals navigate the challenges they may face due to their sexual orientation or gender identity. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of community centers for LGBTQ+ people and discuss the benefits they provide.

Section 1: Why Community Centers are Important

Topic 1: Providing a Safe Space
One of the most significant benefits of community centers for LGBTQ+ people is that they provide a safe space where individuals can feel comfortable being themselves. Many LGBTQ+ people face discrimination, harassment, or even violence due to their sexual orientation or gender identity. Community centers offer a place where these individuals can gather, socialize, and support each other without fear of judgment or harm.

Topic 2: Education and Resources
Community centers also provide education and resources to help LGBTQ+ people better understand their identities and navigate the challenges they may face. This can include workshops, support groups, and counseling services. Additionally, community centers often have resources such as literature, videos, and online materials that can help individuals learn more about LGBTQ+ issues and topics.

Topic 3: Building Community
Community centers are essential in building a sense of community among LGBTQ+ people. They provide opportunities for individuals to connect with others who share similar experiences and challenges. This sense of community can be incredibly powerful and empowering, helping people to feel less alone and more supported in their journey.

Section 2: The Benefits of Community Centers

Topic 1: Socialization and Support
Community centers offer a variety of socialization and support opportunities for LGBTQ+ people. This can include group activities, events, and gatherings where individuals can meet others, form friendships, and find common ground. Additionally, many community centers offer support groups where individuals can share their experiences, feelings, and challenges with others who understand what they are going through.

Topic 2: Access to Resources
Community centers often have access to resources that may not be readily available elsewhere. This can include literature, videos, and online materials that can help individuals learn more about LGBTQ+ issues and topics. Additionally, many community centers offer counseling services or referrals to other resources, such as mental health professionals or legal aid organizations, that can provide additional support.

Topic 3: Advocacy and Activism
Community centers often serve as hubs for advocacy and activism efforts related to LGBTQ+ issues. They can provide a platform for individuals to get involved in local, national, or global efforts to promote equality and justice for LGBTQ+ people. This can include organizing events, participating in protests or marches, and engaging in political advocacy.

Section 3: Conclusion
In conclusion, community centers play a vital role in supporting LGBTQ+ people by providing a safe space, education and resources, and opportunities for socialization and advocacy. These centers are essential in promoting a sense of community and empowering individuals to navigate the challenges they may face due to their sexual orientation or gender identity. By understanding the importance of community centers, we can appreciate the value they bring to our society and work towards ensuring that they remain accessible and supportive for all who need them.

Glossary:
- LGBTQ+: Acronym for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning, Plus (plus refers to people who identify with more than one of the above categories)
- Sexual orientation: The attraction a person feels toward other people, often categorized as heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, or asexuality
- Gender identity: A person's internal sense of being male, female, neither, both, or something else entirely
- Harassment: The act of bothering or annoying someone intentionally through repeated and unwanted behavior
- Discrimination: The unjust or prejudicial treatment of an individual or group based on their characteristics
- Activism: The practice of using direct action, advocacy, or protest as tools to bring about social or political change
- Advocacy: Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy.

Conclusion:
The skills gained from this lesson can be applied to new problems by recognizing the importance of community centers for LGBTQ+ people and understanding the benefits they provide. By appreciating the value of these centers, we can work towards ensuring that they remain accessible and supportive for all who need them.


text: Letha Wilson US, 1976. Valley of Fire Steel Fold, 2016. Impression UV sur métal, tuyau en acier. 61 x 122 x 640 cm. 24 x 48 x 252 in. 24 x 48 x 252 in. LW042. This website uses cookies. This site uses cookies to help make it more useful to you. Please contact us to find out more about our Cookie Policy.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Art

Introduction:
Art is a form of expression that can be found in many different forms, such as painting, sculpture, photography, and film. It is a way for artists to communicate their ideas, emotions, and experiences to others. However, not everyone can understand art, and it can be challenging to know where to start when looking at a piece of artwork. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand art by analyzing different elements and techniques used by artists.

Section 1: Elements of Art
The first step in understanding art is to learn about the basic elements of art, which include line, shape, color, texture, and space. These elements are the building blocks of any work of art and can be used to create different visual effects.

Question: What is the difference between a line and a shape in art?
Answer: A line is a continuous mark on a surface, while a shape is an area enclosed by lines or edges.

Question: Can you give an example of how an artist might use color to create a specific mood?
Answer: An artist might use cool colors like blue and green to create a calming effect, while warm colors like red and orange can evoke feelings of excitement or danger.

Definition: Texture refers to the surface quality of an artwork, while space refers to the area around and between objects in a composition.

Practical Example: Let's take a look at the artwork "Valley of Fire Steel Fold" by Letha Wilson. We can see that the artist has used lines to create a sense of movement and direction, while the use of color and texture adds depth and dimension to the piece.

Section 2: Techniques and Styles
Understanding the techniques and styles used by artists can also help us better understand their work. Some common techniques include:

1. Realism - the depiction of objects and scenes as they appear in reality, without idealization or exaggeration.
2. Abstract - the use of shapes, colors, and forms to create a composition that exists independently of visual references.
3. Expressionism - the use of bold colors, exaggerated forms, and strong brushstrokes to convey emotion and feeling.

Question: How does the style of artwork affect its meaning?
Answer: The style of an artwork can greatly influence its meaning, as different styles convey different messages and emotions. For example, a realistic painting may evoke a sense of nostalgia, while an abstract one may leave room for interpretation.

Practical Example: Let's take a look at "Number 1, 1950" by Jackson Pollock. This abstract expressionist painting uses drip technique, where paint is dripped onto the canvas, creating a unique and unpredictable pattern. The use of this technique adds to the overall mood and feeling of the piece.

Section 3: Critical Analysis
Finally, we will learn how to analyze an artwork critically by considering its content, context, and composition.

Question: What is content in art?
Answer: Content refers to the subject matter or message of an artwork.

Question: Why is it important to consider the context of an artwork when analyzing it?
Answer: The context of an artwork, such as the time and place it was created, can provide important clues about its meaning and significance.

Question: What is composition in art?
Answer: Composition refers to the arrangement of elements within a work of art, such as the placement of lines, shapes, colors, and textures.

Practical Example: Let's take a look at "Guernica" by Pablo Picasso. This powerful anti-war painting uses bold colors and exaggerated forms to convey the horrors of war. By analyzing its content, context, and composition, we can better understand the message and impact of this iconic work of art.

Conclusion:
By learning about the elements of art, techniques and styles, and how to critically analyze an artwork, we can develop a deeper understanding and appreciation for this form of expression. As we continue to explore different works of art, we will be able to apply these skills to new scenarios and gain a richer appreciation for the creative process.

Glossary:
- Line: A continuous mark on a surface
- Shape: An area enclosed by lines or edges
- Texture: The surface quality of an artwork
- Space: The area around and between objects in a composition
- Realism: The depiction of objects and scenes as they appear in reality
- Abstract: The use of shapes, colors, and forms to create a composition that exists independently of visual references
- Expressionism: The use of bold colors, exaggerated forms, and strong brushstrokes to convey emotion and feeling
- Content: The subject matter or message of an artwork
- Context: The time and place an artwork was created
- Composition: The arrangement of elements within a work of art


text: . We Specialize in All iPhone Repairs. Today the majority of customers that come in needing any sort of smartphone repair are owning an Apple device. This includes all models and styles such as iPods, iPads, iPhones and MacBooks. We have extensive experience in handling and fixing all issues related to iPhone repairs and other apple devices.. One of the biggest issues we see when it comes to iPhone repairs are damaged and cracked screens. Having a damaged screen can be dangerous to the device and user if left untreated. They can lead to further issues with the hardware as well as leave areas within the device exposed to the elements.. Stop By Today for a Free Diagnostic Check and Estimate. With our skilled staff of iPhone repair specialists we are confident that we will be able to fix any issue and get your your device in no time.. Our iPhone repair services include:. -.. iPhone Repair Las Vegas. iFix LV. 3909 W Sahara Ave #6. Las Vegas, NV 89102. Phone: (702) 388-4349. CALL NOW FOR FREE QUOTE (702) 388 – iFix (4349)

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to iPhone Repairs
## Section 1: Understanding iPhone Repairs
In this section, we will learn about what iPhone repairs are and why they are important. We will also explore the most common issues that require iPhone repairs and the benefits of getting them fixed.
### Topic 1: What are iPhone Repairs?
iPhone repairs refer to the process of fixing any technical or physical damage to an iPhone. These repairs can range from simple fixes like replacing a battery to more complex ones like repairing a cracked screen or fixing water damage.
### Topic 2: Why are iPhone Repairs Important?
iPhone repairs are important because they keep your device running smoothly and prevent further damage. A damaged iPhone can pose a risk to the user and the device itself. It can also lead to hardware issues and expose the device to the elements.
### Topic 3: What are the Most Common iPhone Repair Issues?
The most common iPhone repair issues include cracked screens, battery issues, water damage, and software problems.
## Section 2: Understanding the Benefits of iPhone Repairs
In this section, we will learn about the benefits of getting iPhone repairs. We will explore how repairing an iPhone can improve its performance and extend its lifespan.
### Topic 1: Improved Performance
Getting an iPhone repair can improve its performance by fixing any technical issues that may be slowing it down. This can result in faster processing speeds and smoother operation.
### Topic 2: Extended Lifespan
Repairing an iPhone can also extend its lifespan by fixing any physical damage that may be causing further harm to the device. This can prevent further damage and prolong the life of your iPhone.
## Section 3: Practical Examples of iPhone Repairs
In this section, we will explore practical examples of iPhone repairs and how they can be fixed. We will also discuss the costs and timelines involved in these repairs.
### Topic 1: Cracked Screens
Cracked screens are one of the most common iPhone repair issues. This can be fixed by replacing the damaged screen with a new one. The cost of this repair varies depending on the type of iPhone and the severity of the damage.
### Topic 2: Battery Issues
Battery issues can also be a common problem with iPhones. This can be fixed by replacing the battery with a new one. The cost of this repair is usually relatively low, and it can be done quickly.
### Topic 3: Water Damage
Water damage is another common iPhone repair issue. This can be fixed by drying out the device and replacing any damaged components. The cost of this repair varies depending on the extent of the damage.
## Conclusion
In conclusion, iPhone repairs are an important part of maintaining the performance and longevity of your device. By understanding the benefits and practical examples of iPhone repairs, you can make informed decisions about when and why to get your iPhone fixed.


text: For those of us who are passionate about living our 'optimum life' and being healthy, happy and successful in all the different areas of our lives we all know that that takes energy and focus. Often what hinders us from really keeping on top of our personal goals is simple energy shortage. So, if you could make some changes which can ramp up your energy levels to make you feel more healthy, energetic, and with greater mental clarity-would you be interested? Here Thomas Frank spills some knowledge on what causes this lack of energy and the simple changes we can implement into our daily routine that can make all the difference. Hope you enjoy!. Simon Anderzon. -The Life Abundant Network

textbook:
Title: Boost Your Energy Levels and Live Your Optimum Life

## Chapter 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will explore the reasons behind lack of energy and simple changes you can make to your daily routine to boost your energy levels. By increasing your energy levels, you can live your optimum life, achieving your goals and feeling healthy, happy, and successful.

## Chapter 2: Causes of Lack of Energy

Lack of energy can be caused by several factors, including poor sleep, stress, dehydration, and an unhealthy diet. These factors can lead to fatigue, brain fog, and a lack of motivation, making it difficult to focus on your goals.

## Chapter 3: Simple Changes to Boost Your Energy Levels

1. Improve your sleep: Aim for at least 7-8 hours of quality sleep each night. Create a relaxing bedtime routine and avoid screens and caffeine before bedtime.

2. Manage stress: Incorporate relaxation techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises into your daily routine. Practice mindfulness and prioritize self-care activities.

3. Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day. Avoid sugary drinks and alcohol, which can dehydrate you.

4. Eat a healthy diet: Focus on whole, unprocessed foods such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Avoid sugar and processed foods, which can cause energy crashes.

5. Exercise regularly: Incorporate physical activity into your daily routine. Exercise can improve your mood, increase your energy levels, and help you sleep better.

## Chapter 4: Conclusion

By making simple changes to your daily routine, you can boost your energy levels and live your optimum life. Improve your sleep, manage stress, stay hydrated, eat a healthy diet, and exercise regularly. These changes can help you feel more healthy, energetic, and with greater mental clarity, allowing you to achieve your goals and live your best life.


text: Shenzhen HJYLEDDISPLAY Co., Ltd specializes in producing high quality indoor led poster display. Years of experience and entrepreneurial expertise make us well-known in this industry. The Fixed led display is one of the main products of HJYLEDDISPLAY. Haojingyuan mobile led display is produced based on various theories. It adopts the heat management theory to check and make sure the optimized working temperature for the battery cells. Its rugged structure enables it to resist deformation and damage. Shenzhen HJYLEDDISPLAY Co., Ltd is also skilled at manufacturing high quality High resolution led display. By the bright colors and lifelike images, it creates a strong visual impact that helps attract the audience's attention.. Shenzhen our team Co., Ltd's pioneering thinking will pave the way for customers to achieve their goals. Please contact us!

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Indoor LED Poster Display

## Section 1: Theory
In this section, we will cover the basics of indoor LED poster displays, including what they are, how they work, and why they are used.

**What is an indoor LED poster display?**
An indoor LED poster display is a type of digital signage that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to display images and videos. These displays are typically used in indoor settings, such as retail stores, malls, and offices, to attract attention and communicate information to customers or employees.

**How does an indoor LED poster display work?**
An indoor LED poster display works by using a series of LED modules that contain multiple LEDs. These modules are arranged in a specific pattern to create the desired image or video. When a voltage is applied to the LEDs, they emit light, which is then combined to form the final image or video displayed on the screen.

**Why are indoor LED poster displays used?**
Indoor LED poster displays are used because they offer several advantages over traditional poster displays. For example, they can be easily updated with new content, they are energy-efficient, and they can be customized to fit any indoor environment. Additionally, LED displays can be used to create dynamic and engaging visual experiences that capture the attention of viewers.

## Section 2: Practice
In this section, we will explore some real-world applications of indoor LED poster displays and practice problem-solving skills.

**Example 1: A clothing store wants to use an indoor LED poster display to showcase their new fall collection. What factors should they consider when choosing the right display for their needs?**
Factors to consider include:
- Size of the display: The display should be large enough to showcase the collection effectively but not so large that it becomes impractical or expensive.
- Resolution: A higher resolution will result in sharper images and smoother videos, which can help draw attention to the collection.
- Brightness: The display should be bright enough to be seen in the store's lighting conditions but not so bright that it causes glare or discomfort for customers.
- Content creation: The store may need to create or source high-quality images and videos to showcase their collection effectively.

**Example 2: A restaurant wants to use an indoor LED poster display to showcase their menu items. How can they create an engaging and effective display?**
To create an engaging and effective display, the restaurant could:
- Use high-quality images of their dishes to showcase the food in an appetizing way.
- Add motion graphics or animations to draw attention to the display and make it more engaging.
- Use a dynamic layout that changes periodically to keep customers interested and encourage them to return to see new content.
- Incorporate customer reviews or ratings to add social proof and increase trust in the restaurant.

## Section 3: Glossary
Here are some key terms related to indoor LED poster displays:
- LED (light-emitting diode): A semiconductor device that emits light when a current is passed through it.
- Digital signage: A subcategory of signage that uses electronic displays to show information, advertising, and other messages.
- Resolution: The number of pixels in an image or display, which determines the level of detail and sharpness.
- Brightness: The intensity of light emitted by the display, measured in nits.
- Dynamic: Changing or able to change rapidly and adaptably.

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about indoor LED poster displays, including their theory, practice, and applications. We also explored problem-solving skills and defined key terms related to the topic. By understanding the benefits and considerations of using LED displays, we can apply these skills to new problems and challenges in the future.


text:
Measurements of environmental terrestrial gamma radiation dose rate in three mountainous locations in the western region of Saudi Arabia.
This paper describes measurements of external gamma radiation dose rate from terrestrial gamma-rays 1m above the ground in three different mountainous locations in the western region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These locations are At-Taif city, Al-Hada village, and Ash-Shafa village. CaSO4:Dy (TLD-900) thermoluminescent dosimeters were used for the detection of terrestrial gamma radiation at 40 different places in the three locations. The values of terrestrial gamma radiation dose rate measured ranged between 14 and 279 nGy h(-1) for the time interval from June 2001 to June 2002. The measured dose rate varied with the season of the year. The average gamma radiation dose rates were 468, 541, and 781 microGy y(-1) for At-Taif city, Al-Hada village, and Ash-Shafa village, respectively. The corresponding average absorbed doses to the population of the three locations were 328, 379, and 547 microSv y(-1), respectively. The quality factor of 0.7 SvG y(-1) was applied in the calculations of the absorbed dose to humans.

textbook:
Lesson: Measuring Environmental Radiation

### Section 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about measuring environmental radiation, specifically gamma radiation. Gamma radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by certain radioactive materials. It can be dangerous if it is present in high levels, so it is important to measure and monitor it. We will use a case study to understand how gamma radiation measurements are done in the real world.

### Section 2: Theoretical Concepts

1. What is gamma radiation?
Gamma radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by certain radioactive materials. It has a high energy and can be dangerous if it is present in high levels.

2. How is gamma radiation measured?
Gamma radiation is measured using a device called a Geiger-Muller counter or a dosimeter. These devices detect the number of gamma rays that pass through them and count them.

3. Why is it important to measure gamma radiation?
It is important to measure gamma radiation because it can be dangerous if it is present in high levels. By measuring the amount of gamma radiation in an area, we can determine whether it is safe for people to be there or not.

### Section 3: Practical Examples

Let's look at the case study we mentioned earlier. A group of scientists wanted to measure the amount of gamma radiation in three different mountainous locations in Saudi Arabia. They used a device called a CaSO4:Dy (TLD-900) thermoluminescent dosimeter to measure the gamma radiation dose rate.

1. What did the scientists measure?
The scientists measured the gamma radiation dose rate, which is the number of gamma rays that pass through a unit of air per unit of time. They measured this at 40 different places in the three locations.

2. What were the results of their measurements?
The values of terrestrial gamma radiation dose rate measured ranged between 14 and 279 nGy h(-1) for the time interval from June 2001 to June 2002. The measured dose rate varied with the season of the year. The average gamma radiation dose rates were 468, 541, and 781 microGy y(-1) for At-Taif city, Al-Hada village, and Ash-Shafa village, respectively.

3. What does this mean?
The results of the measurements show that the amount of gamma radiation varies depending on the location and the time of year. This information can be used to determine whether it is safe for people to be in certain areas or not.

### Section 4: Self-Debating Discussions

1. Why do you think it is important to measure gamma radiation in different locations?
It is important to measure gamma radiation in different locations because it can be dangerous if it is present in high levels. By measuring the amount of gamma radiation in an area, we can determine whether it is safe for people to be there or not.

2. How does the measurement of gamma radiation relate to other types of radiation?
Gamma radiation is one type of radiation, but there are others, such as alpha and beta radiation. All types of radiation have different properties and can be measured in different ways. However, they all have the potential to be dangerous if they are present in high levels.

### Glossary:
- Gamma radiation: A type of electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by certain radioactive materials.
- Geiger-Muller counter: A device that detects and counts gamma rays.
- Dosimeter: A device that measures the amount of radiation that is present in an area.
- Thermoluminescent dosimeter: A type of dosimeter that uses the thermoluminescent property of certain materials to measure radiation.
- Electromagnetic radiation: A type of radiation that travels through space and is made up of particles that have electric and magnetic fields.

### Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about measuring environmental radiation, specifically gamma radiation. We learned about the theoretical concepts involved in measuring gamma radiation and saw examples of how it is done in practice. We also engaged in self-debating discussions to further our understanding of the topic. By applying the skills gained from this lesson, we can better understand how to measure and monitor radiation in different environments.


text:
CCMA Greenbrief November 28: Cannabis Dispensaries to Pay Taxes Before Getting Seller’s Permit… Sacramento City Council to Make Easier for Minority Business Owners to Claim a Stake in Cannabis Industry… SF Confront Its Drug Enforcement History…

Home/Green Brief/CCMA Greenbrief November 28: Cannabis Dispensaries to Pay Taxes Before Getting Seller’s Permit… Sacramento City Council to Make Easier for Minority Business Owners to Claim a Stake in Cannabis Industry… SF Confront Its Drug Enforcement History…

CCMA Greenbrief November 28: Cannabis Dispensaries to Pay Taxes Before Getting Seller’s Permit… Sacramento City Council to Make Easier for Minority Business Owners to Claim a Stake in Cannabis Industry… SF Confront Its Drug Enforcement History…

“For decades, the war on drugs has had consequential impacts on communities of color in San Francisco, the impacts of this disproportionality are acutely felt today: poverty, education gaps and criminal records are the vestiges of explicitly and implicitly racist drug enforcement policies.”Report By The Office Of Cannabis In Partnership With The Human Rights Commission And The City Controller’s Office

“Part of it is we want to compete with, and/or eliminate the black market, and if you drive people to ground by excluding them or creating too many barriers to entry, you can actually hurt yourself as the state when it comes to that kind of policy decision.”Hilary Bricken, Whose Los Angeles Legal Practice Centers Around The Pot Business

Marin Belies Laid-Back Image, Looks Down On Pot Shops (CA – Cannabis Industry)
SF Gate (November 26, 2017) There was a time when Marin County was a capital of cannabis hipsterism, a New Age outpost of ganja in a weed-hostile world, but when recreational sales of marijuana become legal Jan. 1, the county that rarely abstains will be sitting out. County officials recently rejected all 10 applications for licenses to operate medical marijuana dispensaries.
http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Marin-belies-laid-back-image-looks-down-its-nose-12384960.php?t=3a809c7066#photo-14592155

California Asks Pot Dispensaries To Pay Taxes Before Getting Seller’s Permit (CA – Cannabis Dispensaries)
Capital Public Radio (November 27, 2017) Taxes on California’s cannabis industry could top a billion dollars a few years from now. But along the way, the state is looking to bring in gray-area operators who haven’t been paying taxes, and get them to square up. Whether your business is growing weed for adult use or running a storefront selling it, the Department of Tax and Fee Administration says you’ll need a seller’s permit. To get one, you can’t have years of unpaid taxes.
http://www.capradio.org/articles/2017/11/27/california-asks-pot-dispensaries-to-pay-taxes-before-getting-sellers-permit/

How California Is Leading The Way On Marijuana Criminal Justice Reform (CA – Cannabis Industry)
Pacific Standard (November 27, 2017) Eddy, a burly 65-year-old professional musician, walked into a free legal clinic in Los Angeles County one July morning hoping to clear his record. More than three decades ago, he served two years probation for attempting to sell a few gram bags of marijuana, a felony that put the immigrant, a legal United States resident with a green card, at greater risk of deportation.
https://psmag.com/social-justice/how-california-is-leading-the-way-on-marijuana-criminal-justice-reform

The Drug War Destroyed Black Neighborhoods. This Sacramento Weed Policy Could Help (CA – Cannabis Industry)
The Sacramento Bee (November 27, 2017) With sales of recreational cannabis becoming legal in a few weeks, many Californians have been asking questions about where they’ll be able to buy it, where they’ll be able to smoke it and why on God’s green, weed-filled Earth they still have to use cash to get it.
http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/erika-d-smith/article186423323.html

How About A ‘Cannibis Equity Program’ For Minorities, The Homeless And Ex-Cons? (CA – Cannabis Industry)
GOP USA (November 27, 2017) African Americans are nearly four times as likely to be arrested on marijuana charges as white people in Sacramento, a disparity black leaders cite as they argue that their community should receive special treatment when it comes to the city’s legal weed market next year.
http://www.gopusa.com/how-about-a-cannibis-equity-program-for-minorities-the-homeless-and-ex-cons/

SF Confronts ‘Disastrous Impacts’ Of War On Drugs (CA – Cannabis Industry)
San Francisco Examiner (November 27, 2017) The nation’s war on drugs has had “disastrous impacts” for residents of color even in cities with famously liberal reputations like San Francisco. As the era of legal cannabis begins in California on Jan. 1, The City has an opportunity to begin repairing some of the damage from decades of drug arrests by giving residents impacted by the drug war a priority to obtain a permit to sell cannabis through an equity program.
http://www.sfexaminer.com/sf-confronts-disastrous-impacts-war-drugs/

California Today: How Progressive Is The Golden State? (CA – Cannabis Industry)
The New York Times (November 27, 2017) Is the Golden State really a progressive utopia? Hardly, according to new research from the Advancement Project California, a Los Angeles-based civil rights group. In studying seven key quality of life issues: crime and justice, democracy, economic opportunity, education, healthy built environment, health care access and housing, researchers found significant markets of disparity in counties throughout the state.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/27/us/california-today-how-progressive-is-the-golden-state.html

How Do You Clear A Pot Conviction From Your Record? (CA – Cannabis Conviction)
The Marshall Project (November 27, 2017) Eddy, a burly 65-year-old professional musician, walked into a free legal clinic in Los Angeles County one July morning hoping to clear his record. More than three decades ago, he served two years probation for attempting to sell a few gram bags of marijuana, a felony that put the immigrant, a legal U.S. resident with a green card, at greater risk of deportation.
https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/11/27/how-do-you-clear-a-pot-conviction-from-your-record

Nearly 65 Pounds Of Cannabis Found In Suitcases On Amtrak Train In Galesburg (CA – Cannabis Conviction)
WQAD (November 27, 2017) About 65 pounds of marijuana that was found inside suitcases on an Amtrak train has landed two men in jail facing drug charges. On Thanksgiving Day, the Knox County Sheriff’s Department got word that there was suspicious activity on a train coming into the station in Galesburg, according to a statement from the department. When the California Zephyr train arrived, deputies boarded and found three suitcases with no names attached.
http://wqad.com/2017/11/27/nearly-65-pounds-of-cannabis-found-in-suitcases-on-amtrak-train-in-galesburg/

Texas To Roll Out First CBD Sales By End Of Year (TX – Medical Cannabis)
Marijuana (November 27, 2017) In compliance with the Texas Compassionate Use Act, by Dec. 31, Knox Medical is expected to begin delivering its CBD oil throughout the Lone Star State. Considered overly restrictive by many, the passage of Senate Bill 339 opened the door for a limited medical marijuana program in the Lone Star State nearly two years ago.
https://www.marijuana.com/news/2017/11/texas-to-roll-out-first-cbd-sales-by-end-of-year/

Colorado Budget Committee Anticipating Less Cannabis Tax Money Following Sales Tax Changes (CO – Cannabis Money)
Ganjapreneur (November 27, 2017) According to a report by the Colorado Legislature’s Joint Budget Committee, cannabis tax revenues in Colorado are expected to be about $9 million less in the coming fiscal year, due partly to lawmakers eliminating the 2.9 percent sales tax on retail sales.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Taxation in the Cannabis Industry

## Chapter 1: What is taxation?
Taxation is the process by which governments collect money from individuals and businesses to fund public services and programs. In the cannabis industry, taxation plays a crucial role in regulating the production, distribution, and sale of cannabis products.

## Chapter 2: Why do we need taxation in the cannabis industry?
Taxation in the cannabis industry serves several purposes. Firstly, it helps to generate revenue for the government, which can be used to fund public services and programs. Secondly, it helps to regulate the industry by ensuring that only licensed businesses operate within the market. Finally, taxation helps to reduce the illicit cannabis market by making legal cannabis more affordable and accessible.

## Chapter 3: How does taxation work in the cannabis industry?
In the cannabis industry, taxation is typically levied at multiple stages of production and distribution. For example, growers may be taxed on the cultivation of cannabis plants, while distributors may be taxed on the transportation of cannabis products. Additionally, retailers may be taxed on the sale of cannabis products to consumers. The specific tax rates and structures vary by jurisdiction.

## Chapter 4: Who pays taxes in the cannabis industry?
In the cannabis industry, taxes are typically paid by businesses that engage in the production, distribution, or sale of cannabis products. However, some jurisdictions also impose taxes on consumers, who may be required to pay a tax on the purchase of cannabis products.

## Chapter 5: What are the consequences of not paying taxes in the cannabis industry?
Failure to pay taxes in the cannabis industry can result in significant penalties and fines, as well as loss of licensure. In some cases, businesses that fail to pay taxes may also face criminal charges.

## Chapter 6: How can I stay up-to-date on taxation in the cannabis industry?
To stay up-to-date on taxation in the cannabis industry, it is recommended to regularly review relevant laws and regulations, as well as to consult with legal and financial experts. Additionally, staying informed about industry news and trends can help businesses stay ahead of changes in tax policy.

## Glossary:
- Cannabis: A plant that contains the psychoactive compound THC, which is used to produce marijuana, hashish, and other drugs.
- Tax: A mandatory financial contribution imposed by a government on individuals or corporations.
- Revenue: The income that is generated by taxation.
- Regulation: The process of controlling and directing an activity or business.
- License: A permit that allows an individual or business to engage in a particular activity or profession.
- Penalty: A punishment or sanction imposed for failure to comply with a law or rule.
- Fine: A monetary penalty imposed by a court or other authority for violating a law or rule.
- Criminal: Relating to crime or punishable by law.
- Loss of licensure: The revocation of a license to engage in a particular activity or profession.

Conclusion:
Understanding taxation in the cannabis industry is essential for businesses that operate within this market. By staying up-to-date on relevant laws and regulations, businesses can ensure compliance and avoid penalties and fines. Additionally, businesses that understand the importance of taxation in regulating the cannabis industry can contribute to the reduction of the illicit market and the generation of revenue for public services and programs.


text: Stars and Strikes MMA Facebook Group. Once you become a member of Stars and Strikes MMA, you’ll have the ability to be added to the gym’s Facebook group. This is the most up-to-the-minute way to keep track of when the gym will be open or closed, special classes, special events and messages from our owner and head coach James “Striker” Beneteau.. Schedule of classes and activity at Stars and Strikes MMA in Westland MI. Call (734) 272-6646 or email info@starsandstrikesmma

textbook:
Lesson: Social Media and Communication

Introduction: In today's world, social media is an essential tool for communication. It allows us to share information, ideas, and updates with others quickly and easily. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of social media in communication and how to use it effectively.

Section 1: Importance of Social Media in Communication

Topic 1: Social media is a powerful tool for communication
- Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram allow us to share information with a large audience quickly and easily.
- We can use social media to share news, updates, and promotions with our followers, which can help increase brand awareness and engagement.
- Social media also allows us to connect with others who share similar interests and values, which can lead to new friendships and collaborations.

Topic 2: Social media is essential for building relationships
- Social media provides a platform for us to interact with our followers and build relationships with them.
- By responding to comments and messages, we can show our followers that we value their opinions and feedback.
- Social media also allows us to stay connected with friends, family, and colleagues, even if we are not able to see them in person.

Section 2: How to Use Social Media Effectively

Topic 1: Posting regularly and consistently
- To keep our followers engaged, we need to post regularly and consistently.
- However, we also need to make sure that we are not overwhelming our followers with too many posts.
- A good rule of thumb is to post once or twice a day on social media platforms.

Topic 2: Using hashtags and keywords
- Hashtags and keywords are essential for increasing the visibility of our posts.
- When we use hashtags and keywords, our posts are more likely to appear in search results and on the explore page.
- However, we need to make sure that we are using relevant and popular hashtags and keywords.

Topic 3: Engaging with our followers
- Engaging with our followers is essential for building relationships and increasing engagement.
- We can do this by responding to comments and messages, asking questions, and sharing user-generated content.
- By engaging with our followers, we show that we value their opinions and feedback.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Example 1: A business uses social media to promote its products and services
- A business can use social media to share news, updates, and promotions with its followers.
- For example, a clothing brand can share pictures of its latest collection on Instagram and offer discounts to its followers.
- By doing so, the brand can increase brand awareness and engagement.

Example 2: A community group uses social media to organize events
- A community group can use social media to organize events and gatherings.
- For example, a local park can use Facebook to organize a clean-up event and invite volunteers.
- By doing so, the group can bring together people who share similar interests and values.

Conclusion: In conclusion, social media is an essential tool for communication and relationship building. By using social media effectively, we can increase engagement, build relationships, and share information with others. By applying the principles we have learned in this lesson, we can use social media to achieve our goals and objectives.


text: Publication Date. 1983. Recommended Citation. Bailes, Cecily S., A tutorial introduction to the Unix to Univac communiation system, Department of Computing Science, University of Wollongong, Working Paper 83-8, 1983, 13p.. Abstract. ThIs tutorIal describes the use of the UNIX to Univac 1100 communications software. The following facilities are provided: a -transparent link- to the Univac so that a UNIX terminal may be used asa Univac termInal; the submission of batch jobs to the Univac; and file transfers between the UNIX and Univac systems.

textbook:
Title: Introduction to Unix to Univac Communication System
Level: Primary School

## Section 1: Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about the Unix to Univac communication system. This system allows computers to communicate with each other and share information. We will learn about the different parts of the system and how they work together.

## Section 2: What is Unix to Univac Communication System?
The Unix to Univac communication system is a way for computers to talk to each other. It uses a special program called a "communication software" to help the computers understand each other. This system allows people to use a UNIX computer as if it were a Univac computer, and vice versa.

## Section 3: How does it work?
The Unix to Univac communication system works by using a special program that connects the two computers together. This program is called a "communication software." Once the two computers are connected, people can use a UNIX computer as if it were a Univac computer, and vice versa. This means that people can use programs and files on either computer, just like they would on their own computer.

## Section 4: Why do we need Unix to Univac Communication System?
We need the Unix to Univac communication system because it allows computers to work together. Sometimes, people need to use more than one kind of computer to get their work done. With the Unix to Univac communication system, people can use programs and files from any computer they want, just like they would on their own computer.

## Section 5: Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about the Unix to Univac communication system. We learned that it is a way for computers to talk to each other and share information. We also learned that it uses a special program called a "communication software" to help the computers understand each other. Finally, we learned that this system allows people to use programs and files on either computer, just like they would on their own computer.


text: Started in 2004, the Portland Jazz Orchestra is Maine's premier concert jazz ensemble. Under the direction of Dr. Chris Oberholtzer, this 18-piece jazz ensemble performs a variety of traditional and contemporary big band literature. The PJO enjoys playing works written by members such as Craig Skeffington, Willie Johnson, Chris Humphrey and Terry White in addition to literature composed by a variety of jazz artists including Tom Kubis, Matt Harris, Bob Mintzer, Bill Holman and Maria Schneider. The PJO also enjoys playing classic works from the big band libraries of Count Basie, Woody Herman and Stan Kenton.. The PJO is made up of professional musicians, many of whom are both performers and educators in New England. Members of the PJO have performed, recorded and toured with numerous artists including: Natalie Cole, Tony Bennett, Bob Mintzer, Marvin Stamm, Barry Manilow, Roberta Flack, the Temptations, the Artie Shaw Orchestra and the Glenn Miller Orchestra., contact:

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Big Band Jazz

## Section 1: What is Big Band Jazz?
Big Band Jazz is a type of jazz music that originated in the 1920s and 1930s. It features a large ensemble of musicians playing together to create a full, rich sound. The instruments used in big band jazz include saxophones, trumpets, trombones, piano, bass, and drums.

## Section 2: What are the characteristics of Big Band Jazz?
Big Band Jazz has several characteristics that set it apart from other types of jazz music. These include:

1. Arrangements - Big Band Jazz often features complex arrangements that involve multiple parts for each instrument.
2. Riffs - Big Band Jazz often includes short melodic phrases called riffs that are played by different instruments.
3. Swing - Big Band Jazz often has a strong rhythmic feel called swing, which creates a sense of motion and momentum.
4. Harmony - Big Band Jazz often uses advanced harmonic structures, such as chord substitutions and altered chords.
5. Solos - Big Band Jazz often features solos by individual musicians, who improvise melodies over the chord progression.

## Section 3: How do I learn more about Big Band Jazz?
To learn more about Big Band Jazz, you can:

1. Listen to recordings - Listen to recordings of big band jazz ensembles, such as the Portland Jazz Orchestra, to hear the music and appreciate its complexity.
2. Read books - Read books about big band jazz, such as "The Big Band Reader" by Brian Morton and Greg Kampe, to learn more about the history and characteristics of the genre.
3. Attend concerts - Attend live concerts of big band jazz ensembles to experience the music in person and meet other enthusiasts.
4. Take lessons - Take lessons from a qualified teacher who specializes in big band jazz to develop your skills and understanding of the genre.

## Glossary:
- Big Band Jazz: A type of jazz music featuring a large ensemble of musicians.
- Arrangements: Complex musical compositions for a big band ensemble.
- Riffs: Short melodic phrases played by different instruments in big band jazz.
- Swing: The rhythmic feel of big band jazz that creates a sense of motion and momentum.
- Harmony: The study of chords and their relationships in music.
- Solos: Improvised melodies played by individual musicians in big band jazz.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about big band jazz, its characteristics, and how to learn more about the genre. By listening to recordings, reading books, attending concerts, and taking lessons, we can deepen our understanding and appreciation of this unique form of jazz music.


text: Find the sum of this series of surds.. Simple additions can lead to intriguing results.... Watch the video to see how to sum the sequence. Can you adapt the method to sum other sequences?. How can visual patterns be used to prove sums of series?. Can you see how this picture illustrates the formula for the sum of the first six cube numbers?. A story for students about adding powers of integers - with a festive twist.. Square numbers can be represented as the sum of consecutive odd numbers. What is the sum of 1 + 3 + ..... + 149 + 151 + 153?. Discover a way to sum square numbers by building cuboids from small cubes. Can you picture how the sequence will grow?. Watch the video to see how Charlie works out the sum. Can you adapt his method?. Which of these pocket money systems would you rather have?

textbook:
**Lesson: How to Sum Series of Surds**

**Introduction:**
In this lesson, we will learn how to sum series of surds. Surds are irrational numbers that can be expressed as the square root of a rational number. Simple additions can lead to intriguing results when dealing with series of surds.

**Theoretical Concepts:**
- A surd is an irrational number that can be expressed as the square root of a rational number.
- A series is a set of numbers that are added together.
- The sum of a series is the result of adding all the numbers in the series together.

**Practical Examples:**
Let's consider the following series of surds:

√2 + √3 + √5 + ... + √16

We can use the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series to find the sum of this series:

S = a / (1 - r)

where S is the sum of the series, a is the first term, and r is the common ratio.

In this case, the first term is √2 and the common ratio is √2 / √3. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

S = (√2) / (1 - (√2 / √3))

S = (√2) / (1 - √6 / √3)

S = (√2) / (2√3 / 3)

S = (√2) / (2√3)

S = √2 / √3

S = √6 / √3

S = 2√2 / 3

So, the sum of the series of surds is 2√2 / 3.

**Self-Debating Discussions:**
- Why is it important to understand how to sum series of surds?
- What are some other examples of series of surds that we can sum?
- How does the method for summing series of surds differ from the method for summing other types of series?

**Conclusion:**
In this lesson, we learned how to sum series of surds using the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series. We also saw some practical examples and had some self-debating discussions. This skill can be applied to other types of series as well, and it is an important tool for understanding and solving mathematical problems.


text: AI Solutions. We believe in the power of AI. Unearthing information in raw data and text by using advanced techniques and artificial intelligence to answer difficult questions for business and society in general.. Application Development. We build high-end enterprise solutions. Empower your business with cloud-based applications with high quality standards at a fair price.. Internet of Things (IoT). Advances in technology, platforms, sensors, connectivity, solutions for storing and processing big data, and high-speed networks bring more opportunities to companies at a lower cost.. IoT can transform your business, turning your company into a proactive organisation, enabling you to fine-tune products and services depending on customer behaviour and lifestyle, eliminate fraud, reduce the loss ratio, connect formerly distinct production units, predict and fix potentially dangerous issues.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

## Section 1: What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and act like humans. It involves creating algorithms and computer programs that can perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, decision-making, and perception. AI has become an essential part of our daily lives, from virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa to self-driving cars and online shopping recommendations.

## Section 2: How does AI work?
AI works by using advanced techniques such as machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing to analyze and interpret large amounts of data. These techniques allow machines to learn from experience, recognize patterns, and make decisions based on the data they process. AI systems can also improve their performance over time by adapting to new situations and refining their algorithms.

## Section 3: Applications of AI
AI has many practical applications across various industries, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and manufacturing. Some examples include:
- Healthcare: AI can help doctors diagnose diseases, develop treatment plans, and monitor patient health.
- Finance: AI can help banks detect fraud, manage risk, and automate financial transactions.
- Transportation: AI can help self-driving cars navigate roads, avoid accidents, and optimize routes.
- Manufacturing: AI can help factories optimize production processes, reduce waste, and improve product quality.

## Section 4: Conclusion
AI is a powerful tool that can help us solve complex problems and make better decisions. By understanding how AI works and its potential applications, we can harness its power to improve our lives and the world around us. Whether you're interested in developing AI applications or just want to understand how AI is changing the world, this lesson provides a solid foundation for exploring the exciting world of artificial intelligence.


text: The sloppiness of today's practice — the seventh of organized team activities — was apparent from the botched snaps to the miscues on routes. There's going to be a little bit of that with how Texans coach Gary Kubiak is structuring things right now, he explained.. Continue Reading on Chron.com »

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Practice and Preparation

Introduction:
Practice and preparation are essential components of any successful endeavor. Whether it's sports, music, or academics, dedicating time and effort to refine one's skills can make all the difference in achieving excellence. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of practice and preparation in various scenarios and learn how to apply these principles to our own lives.

Section 1: Understanding the Value of Practice and Preparation

Topic 1: Sports
In sports, practice and preparation are crucial for improving performance and achieving victory. Athletes who spend hours perfecting their skills and strategies are more likely to excel in competition. For example, Michael Jordan, one of the greatest basketball players of all time, famously said, "I've always believed that if you put in the work, the results will come. I don't do it for the praise or the glory. I do it because it makes me feel whole."

Topic 2: Music
Similarly, in music, practice and preparation are essential for mastering an instrument or improving vocal skills. Musicians who dedicate themselves to their craft can create beautiful and moving compositions that resonate with audiences. For instance, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, one of the most famous composers in history, began learning music at a young age and spent countless hours practicing and honing his skills.

Section 2: Applying Practice and Preparation to Everyday Life

Topic 3: Academics
Practice and preparation aren't just important for sports and music; they're also vital for academic success. Students who study regularly and review material consistently perform better on exams and assignments. For example, when preparing for a test on historical events, one might create flashcards and practice answering questions about specific dates and details.

Topic 4: Career Development
In the workplace, practice and preparation are necessary for advancing in one's career. Professionals who continually learn and improve their skills are more likely to receive promotions and recognition. For example, a software developer might spend time each week learning a new programming language or practicing coding challenges to improve their skills.

Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

Question: How much time should I dedicate to practice and preparation?
Answer: The amount of time dedicated to practice and preparation varies depending on the individual and their goals. However, consistent effort and dedication are essential for achieving excellence. It's better to practice for a short period daily than to cram before a big event.

Question: What if I don't enjoy practicing?
Answer: Practice doesn't have to be enjoyable to be effective. Sometimes, it can be challenging or frustrating, but pushing through those moments can lead to significant improvements. Finding ways to make practice enjoyable, such as working with a partner or setting small goals, can help make the process more bearable.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, practice and preparation are essential components of achieving excellence in various fields. By dedicating time and effort to refining our skills, we can improve our performance and achieve our goals. Whether it's sports, music, academics, or career development, the principles of practice and preparation apply across the board. By applying these principles to our own lives, we can achieve greatness and success in whatever we pursue.


text: Octet, in chemistry, the eight-electron arrangement in the outer electron shell of the noble-gas atoms. This structure is held responsible for the relative inertness of the noble gases and the chemical behaviour of certain other elements. The chemical elements with atomic numbers close to those of the noble-gas elements tend to combine with other such elements by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons; as a result of these processes their atoms attain the eight-outer-electron configuration of the noble-gas atoms. This observation, published in separate papers (1916) by the German chemist Walther Kossel and the American chemist Gilbert Newton Lewis, is known as the rule of eight, or octet rule, and is used to determine the valence, or combining capacity, of several chemical elements.. Learn More in these related articles:.

textbook:
Lesson Title: The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonding

Introduction:
The octet rule is a fundamental concept in chemistry that explains how atoms bond with each other to achieve a stable electronic configuration. In this lesson, we will learn about the octet rule, its significance, and how it helps us understand chemical bonding.

Section 1: The Octet Rule

The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve an electronic configuration similar to that of a noble gas. This configuration has eight electrons in the outermost shell. The noble gases are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. These elements are very stable and do not readily form compounds with other elements.

The octet rule can be applied to all elements except for the noble gases themselves. When elements combine, they try to achieve the noble gas configuration by filling their outermost shells with eight electrons. This is why elements with fewer than eight electrons in their outermost shell tend to lose, gain, or share electrons with other elements to reach this stable configuration.

Section 2: Significance of the Octet Rule

The octet rule is significant because it helps us understand why elements bond with each other. It also helps us predict the properties of compounds based on the electronic configurations of the elements involved. For example, elements with similar electronic configurations tend to bond similarly.

The octet rule also helps us understand the reactivity of elements. Elements with fewer than eight electrons in their outermost shell tend to be more reactive because they need to gain or lose electrons to achieve the stable noble gas configuration.

Section 3: Practical Examples

Let's consider the example of oxygen, which has six electrons in its outermost shell. Oxygen needs two more electrons to achieve the stable noble gas configuration. It can achieve this by gaining two electrons from another atom, forming a covalent bond. This bond is formed by sharing electrons between two atoms.

Another example is sodium, which has one electron in its outermost shell. Sodium loses this electron to achieve the stable noble gas configuration. This results in a positively charged ion (Na+) and a negatively charged ion (O-). These ions are attracted to each other due to electrostatic forces, forming an ionic bond.

Section 4: Self-Debating Discussion

Why do you think the noble gases are so stable and unreactive?

Answer: The noble gases are stable and unreactive because they have a full outer electron shell, making them reluctant to form bonds with other elements.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned about the octet rule, its significance in understanding chemical bonding, and how it applies to different elements and compounds. By understanding the octet rule, we can predict the properties of compounds and reactivity of elements. This knowledge is essential for understanding chemistry and its applications in everyday life.


text: Figure 1: The 150 ft telephone pole bridge across the Ausable River This #seismicsaturday we feature a 150ft long bridge over the Ausable River in the Adirondacks Mountains of New York. 1. The bridge foundation is built from stones piled on top of one another, with cement in between (pic 2). The foundation is built in a […]Can you make a bridge out of telephone poles? — Seismic Saturday. Here’s a new concept: How to make a bridge by reusing telephone poles that are over a half century old and are still useful. 😉. ..

textbook:
Lesson: Building Bridges with Telephone Poles

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about building bridges using telephone poles. We will explore the materials needed, the process of building a bridge, and the benefits of using telephone poles as building materials. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the importance of bridges in our daily lives and how they are constructed.

Materials:
- Telephone poles
- Cement
- Stones
- Wooden planks
- Nails or screws

Process:
1. Choose a location for the bridge. Make sure the location is safe and stable.
2. Clear the area of any debris or obstacles.
3. Dig a foundation for the bridge. This can be done by digging a hole and filling it with stones, then pouring cement over the stones.
4. Place the telephone poles in the foundation. Make sure they are evenly spaced and aligned.
5. Attach wooden planks to the telephone poles using nails or screws. The planks should be strong enough to support the weight of people and vehicles crossing the bridge.
6. Check the stability of the bridge by walking on it. Make any necessary adjustments to ensure safety.
7. Repeat the process until the entire bridge is complete.

Benefits:
- Telephone poles are sturdy and durable, making them ideal for building bridges.
- They are also readily available, as many communities have old telephone poles that are no longer in use.
- Using telephone poles as building materials reduces waste and promotes recycling.

Conclusion:
Building bridges with telephone poles is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to create structures that are safe and functional. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can build your own bridge using materials that are readily available. Remember to always prioritize safety when constructing any type of structure.


text:
Identification of the glutathione conjugate of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide formed in the reaction catalyzed by murine glutathione transferases.
The product of the enzyme-catalyzed conjugation of glutathione and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide was isolated and its structure determined by MS and NMR. The results indicate that the cysteine sulfur of glutathione replaces the nitro group of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide in the reaction with the formation of 4-(glutathion-S-yl)-quinoline 1-oxide. No evidence was found for the binding of glutathione to any other position of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide or through any group other than the cysteine sulfur.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about chemical reactions and enzymes. We will focus on the identification of the glutathione conjugate of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide formed in the reaction catalyzed by murine glutathione transferases.

**Objectives:**
- Understand the concept of chemical reactions and enzymes
- Identify the glutathione conjugate of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide
- Understand the role of enzymes in chemical reactions

**Section 1: Introduction to Chemical Reactions**

A chemical reaction is a process in which substances interact and change to form new substances with different properties. These reactions involve the breaking and forming of chemical bonds between atoms.

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. They can lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, making it easier for the reaction to proceed.

**Section 2: Identification of the Glutathione Conjugate of 4-Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide**

The product of the enzyme-catalyzed conjugation of glutathione and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide was isolated and its structure determined by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results indicate that the cysteine sulfur of glutathione replaces the nitro group of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide in the reaction with the formation of 4-(glutathion-S-yl)-quinoline 1-oxide.

No evidence was found for the binding of glutathione to any other position of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide or through any group other than the cysteine sulfur. This indicates that the glutathione conjugate of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide forms specifically at the cysteine sulfur.

**Section 3: Role of Enzymes in Chemical Reactions**

Enzymes play a crucial role in chemical reactions by acting as catalysts to speed up the reaction rate. They do this by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed, making it easier for the reaction to occur. This is important in living organisms because it allows for complex biochemical pathways to occur efficiently and accurately.

In the case of the glutathione conjugate of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, the enzyme murine glutathione transferases catalyzes the formation of the conjugate. This reaction is essential for the proper functioning of the organism and the detoxification of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide.

**Conclusion:**

In this lesson, we learned about chemical reactions and enzymes, specifically focusing on the identification of the glutathione conjugate of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide formed in the reaction catalyzed by murine glutathione transferases. We learned that enzymes play a crucial role in chemical reactions by acting as catalysts to speed up the reaction rate and that the glutathione conjugate of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide forms specifically at the cysteine sulfur.

**Glossary:**
- Chemical reaction: A process in which substances interact and change to form new substances with different properties.
- Enzyme: A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
- Catalyst: A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
- Activation energy: The minimum energy required for a reaction to proceed.
- Conjugation: The process of attaching a molecule to another molecule.
- Glutathione: A small peptide made up of three amino acids that plays a vital role in protecting cells from oxidative damage.
- 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide: A toxic compound that can cause DNA damage and mutations.
- Murine glutathione transferases: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the glutathione conjugate of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide in the body.


text:
Toward general methods of targeted library design: topomer shape similarity searching with diverse structures as queries.
A promising strategy for selecting synthetic targets is similarity-based searching of very large "virtual libraries", which comprise all structures accessible by linking two or three commercially available building blocks with combinatorial syntheses. To assess the general applicability of this strategy, leading structures taken from each of 34 recent medicinal chemistry publications were used as queries to search a virtual library containing 2.6 x 10(13) products from seven reactions, using a topomer shape similarity metric. Eighty-five percent of these searches succeeded, by yielding, with a search radius no greater than 120 topomer shape units, either at least 400 hits or hits from at least six sublibraries. From these 34 sets of search results, 122 representative structures were selected, illustrating potential "lead hops", or otherwise novel structures. Overall shape similarity to the query structure was confirmed for up to 95% of these representative structures, according to FLEXS, an algorithmically distinct program. Experimentally, there were 28 structures among those reported in the 34 query publications that were identified within the virtual library. Among these, the frequency of high activity was 87% for the 16 structures whose similarity to their query was 90 topomer units or less, compared to a frequency of 50% for the other 12 structures.

textbook:
Lesson: Targeted Library Design in Medicinal Chemistry

Introduction:
Targeted library design is an essential tool in medicinal chemistry, allowing researchers to efficiently identify and select synthetic targets for drug discovery. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of topomer shape similarity searching, a promising strategy for selecting synthetic targets based on their shape and structure.

Core Value:
The core value of this method is its ability to efficiently search through vast virtual libraries of synthetic structures, identifying those that are most similar in shape to a given target structure. This allows researchers to quickly narrow down the number of potential targets, saving time and resources in the drug discovery process.

Lesson:
I. Topomer Shape Similarity Searching

A. What is topomer shape similarity searching?
Topomer shape similarity searching is a computational method used to identify structures within a virtual library that are similar in shape to a given target structure. This method is based on the concept of topomer shape, which represents the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

B. How does topomer shape similarity searching work?
To perform a topomer shape similarity search, researchers first generate a virtual library of all possible structures that can be formed by linking two or three commercially available building blocks with combinatorial syntheses. They then use a shape similarity metric to compare the target structure with each structure in the library, identifying those that have a similar shape.

C. Why is topomer shape similarity searching useful in medicinal chemistry?
Topomer shape similarity searching is a powerful tool for targeted library design in medicinal chemistry because it allows researchers to quickly identify potential synthetic targets that have a similar shape to a known active compound. This can help to guide the design of new drug candidates with improved potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties.

II. Applying Topomer Shape Similarity Searching in Medicinal Chemistry

A. Case Study: Leading Structures from Recent Medicinal Chemistry Publications
To assess the general applicability of topomer shape similarity searching, researchers performed a series of searches using leading structures taken from each of 34 recent medicinal chemistry publications as queries. They searched a virtual library containing 2.6 x 10(13) products from seven reactions, using a topomer shape similarity metric.

B. Results of the Searches
Eighty-five percent of these searches succeeded, by yielding, with a search radius no greater than 120 topomer shape units, either at least 400 hits or hits from at least six sublibraries. From these 34 sets of search results, 122 representative structures were selected, illustrating potential "lead hops", or otherwise novel structures.

C. Implications for Drug Discovery
The success of these searches demonstrates the potential of topomer shape similarity searching as a powerful tool for targeted library design in medicinal chemistry. By quickly identifying structures with similar shapes to known active compounds, researchers can focus their efforts on synthesizing and testing these structures, potentially accelerating the drug discovery process.

III. Conclusion
In conclusion, topomer shape similarity searching is a promising strategy for selecting synthetic targets in medicinal chemistry. By allowing researchers to efficiently search through vast virtual libraries of synthetic structures, this method can help to identify potential drug candidates with improved potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties. As more research is conducted in this area, we can expect to see continued advances in the field of drug discovery.