text: Duke of York to visit Young Enterprise at Great Marlow. Great Marlow School is due to receive a royal visit from Prince Andrew on Thursday.. The Duke of York will be attending a special day at the school in Bobmore Lane to observe a Learn to Earn Programme.. This is delivered by Young Enterprise managers and volunteers and aims to encourage students to think more carefully about their lifestyle choices.. The Prince, who is an active supporter of student enterprise, will then meet with pupils who have set up their own businesses as part of a programme which encourages teenagers aged between 15 and 19 to run a company for a year.. Michael Mercieca, Young Enterprise CEO, said: “His Royal Highness is a strong supporter of student enterprise and he has worked tirelessly to encourage young people to aspire to be better than they thought they could be.” Read full story

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Financial Literacy

Introduction:
Financial literacy is the ability to understand and manage money effectively. It is an essential life skill that enables individuals to make informed decisions about budgeting, saving, investing, and managing debt. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of financial literacy and how it can help us achieve our goals and dreams.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

1. What is financial literacy?
Financial literacy refers to the knowledge, skills, and attitude required to make informed decisions about financial matters. It includes understanding basic financial concepts such as budgeting, saving, investing, and managing debt.

2. Why is financial literacy important?
Financial literacy is important because it empowers individuals to take control of their finances and make informed decisions about their money. It helps people avoid common financial pitfalls, such as overspending, accumulating debt, and failing to save for the future.

3. What are the benefits of financial literacy?
The benefits of financial literacy include improved financial well-being, increased confidence in managing money, and the ability to achieve financial goals such as buying a home, saving for retirement, and funding education.

Section 2: Practical Examples

4. How can I develop good financial habits?
To develop good financial habits, start by creating a budget that reflects your income and expenses. Set goals for saving and investing, and stick to them. Use tools such as budgeting apps and online calculators to help you track your spending and plan for the future.

5. How can I avoid debt?
To avoid debt, live within your means and avoid using credit cards to finance purchases you cannot afford. Consider alternatives such as saving for large purchases or using cashback rewards programs to get money back on your purchases.

6. How can I invest my money wisely?
To invest your money wisely, consider your risk tolerance, investment goals, and time horizon. Diversify your portfolio by investing in a mix of stocks, bonds, and other assets. Research companies and funds before investing, and monitor your investments regularly to ensure they are performing well.

Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

7. Is financial literacy more important for some people than others?
No, financial literacy is important for everyone, regardless of income level or financial status. However, those with higher incomes and more complex financial situations may need more advanced financial knowledge.

8. Can financial literacy be taught in schools?
Yes, financial literacy can be taught in schools as part of a comprehensive financial education program. Such programs can include classroom instruction, hands-on activities, and real-world simulations that help students develop the skills and knowledge needed to make informed financial decisions.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, financial literacy is an essential life skill that can help us achieve our goals and dreams. By developing good financial habits, avoiding debt, and investing wisely, we can take control of our finances and secure a brighter future for ourselves and our families.


text: Chmod 3073. Chmod 3073 (chmod a+rwx,u-rwx,o-r,ug+s,+t,u-s) sets permissions so that, (U)ser / owner can't read, can't write and can't execute. (G)roup can read, can write and can execute. (O)thers can't read, can write and can execute.. Extra chmod command options. Use the octal CHMOD Command:. chmod 3073 folder_name. chmod 3073 folder_name. OR use the symbolic CHMOD Command:. chmod a+rwx,u-rwx,o-r,ug+s,+t,u-s folder_name. chmod a+rwx,u-rwx,o-r,ug+s,+t,u-s folder_name. Chmod Permissions for chmod 3073. Chmod owner. - Owner can't read. - Owner can't write. - Owner can't execute. Chmod group. - Group can read. - Group can write. - Group can execute. Chmod other. - Others can't read. - Others can write. - Others can execute. How chmod 3073 looks in file listing. For files. After changing a file's mode to 3073 the file's mode will be displayed in Unix style file lsting as: ----rws-wt. For folders. After changing a directory's mode to 3073 the folder's mode will be displayed in Unix style file lsting as: d---rws-wt

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Title: Understanding Chmod Permissions

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about chmod permissions and how to use them to control access to files and directories on a Unix-based operating system. We will cover the basics of chmod commands, how to set and modify file permissions, and explore real-world scenarios where chmod permissions are used.

Section 1: What are Chmod Permissions?
Permissions are a set of rules that determine who can access a file or directory and what actions they can perform on it. These rules are set using chmod commands, which allow you to modify the permissions of a file or directory.

Section 2: Types of Permissions
There are three types of permissions: user, group, and others. User permissions refer to the owner of the file or directory, group permissions refer to the group that owns the file or directory, and others permissions refer to everyone else.

Section 3: Chmod Commands
There are two types of chmod commands: symbolic and octal. Symbolic chmod commands use letters to represent permissions, while octal chmod commands use numbers to represent permissions.

Section 4: Using Chmod Commands
To set or modify file or directory permissions, you can use the chmod command with either symbolic or octal notation. Here are some examples of how to use chmod commands:

- To make a file readable, writable, and executable for the owner only: chmod 600 file.
- To make a directory readable, writable, and executable for the owner and group only: chmod 700 directory.
- To make a file readable, writable, and executable for everyone: chmod 755 file.

Section 5: Real-World Scenarios
Chmod permissions are commonly used in real-world scenarios to control access to files and directories. For example, a system administrator might use chmod commands to prevent unauthorized users from accessing sensitive files or directories.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about chmod permissions and how to use them to control access to files and directories on a Unix-based operating system. We covered the basics of chmod commands, how to set and modify file permissions, and explored real-world scenarios where chmod permissions are used. By understanding chmod permissions, we can better protect our files and directories from unauthorized access.

Glossary:
- Chmod: A command used to modify file or directory permissions.
- Permissions: Rules that determine who can access a file or directory and what actions they can perform on it.
- User: The owner of a file or directory.
- Group: The group that owns a file or directory.
- Others: Everyone else.
- Symbolic chmod commands: Chmod commands that use letters to represent permissions.
- Octal chmod commands: Chmod commands that use numbers to represent permissions.

[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chmod


text:
Northwest Voices | Letters to the Editor

Welcome to The Seattle Times' online letters to the editor, a sampling of readers' opinions. Join the conversation by commenting on these letters or send your own letter of up to 200 words letters@seattletimes.com.

Initiative 1240 draws questions, criticism

The Aug. 29 article on Initiative 1240, the Washington public charter-schools initiative on the November statewide ballot, contained several false claims made by opponents of the measure. I-1240 will allow up to 40 public charter schools to be authorized in Washington over five years.

Here are the facts: First, charter schools are public schools, they provide another enrollment option within the public-school system (already available to parents in 41 other states), free and open to all students, with funding based on student enrollment just like traditional public schools.

Second, under I-1240, charter schools will be overseen by either a local school board or a state commission whose members are required to have strong education experience. Under Section 208 (3) of I-1240, members “shall collectively possess strong experience and expertise,” in “public school leadership, assessment, curriculum, and instruction; and public education law.”

Third, there is no parent or teacher “trigger” in I-1240. Under I-1240, it’s possible for a traditional public school to convert to a charter school only if the school meets rigorous application requirements, and demonstrates community need and parent and community support. One additional requirement before that conversion could happen is that either a majority of the parents or a majority of the teachers would have to sign a petition supporting the conversion. However, this is an additional requirement to demonstrate support for the school — a petition alone would mean nothing.

Finally, I-1240 is very clear that public charter schools may only be operated by qualified nonprofit organizations. Further, they may only contract for services with for-profit groups to the same extent as existing public schools may already do so under current law.

— Jana Carlisle, Ed.D., Seattle

Why do they need our money?

Bill Gates and other well-heeled philanthro-capitalists think they have a better way of providing education than the current public-school system. Maybe they’re right, but why do they need our money for charter schools to try out their ideas?

For a fraction of the money the Gates Foundation grants each year, they could fund their own independent schools, hire teachers, avoid unions, try out their evaluation schemes, offer preferred, tuition-free admission to students from “failing” public schools and be free of the cumbersome regulations that they believe hold back public schools. If their goal really is to innovate and improve education, why are they waiting for our permission and money to do it?

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Public Education

Introduction:
Public education is a fundamental right of every child in America. It is a system that provides free education to all children, regardless of their background or socioeconomic status. This lesson will explore the importance of public education, its history, and how it has evolved over time.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is the significance of public education in shaping society and preparing individuals for success.

Section 1: History of Public Education in America

Topic 1: The Beginning of Public Education in America
- What was the first public school in America?
- When was the first public school law passed in America?
- Who were the founders of the common school movement?
- What was the purpose of the common school movement?

Topic 2: Evolution of Public Education in America
- How has public education changed since the 1800s?
- What were the major events that shaped public education in America?
- What were the major court cases that impacted public education in America?
- How has technology changed the way public education is delivered?

Section 2: The Importance of Public Education

Topic 1: Socialization
- Why is socialization important in public education?
- What are the benefits of socialization in public education?
- How does socialization prepare individuals for success in society?

Topic 2: Academic Achievement
- Why is academic achievement important in public education?
- What are the benefits of academic achievement in public education?
- How does academic achievement prepare individuals for success in society?

Topic 3: Civic Engagement
- Why is civic engagement important in public education?
- What are the benefits of civic engagement in public education?
- How does civic engagement prepare individuals for success in society?

Section 3: Critical Thinking

Topic 1: Analyzing Arguments
- How do we analyze arguments in public education?
- What are some common fallacies in arguments about public education?
- How can we identify and debunk these fallacies?

Topic 2: Understanding Perspectives
- Why is understanding perspectives important in public education?
- How can we understand perspectives that differ from our own?
- What are some strategies for understanding perspectives in public education?

Conclusion:
Public education is a cornerstone of American society. It provides a foundation for socialization, academic achievement, and civic engagement. By understanding the importance of public education, we can appreciate its role in shaping our future. As citizens, we must advocate for quality public education for all children, regardless of their background or socioeconomic status.

Glossary:
- Common school movement: A reform movement in the early 1800s that aimed to provide free public education to all children.
- Public education: A system of education that is funded by the government and provided free of charge to all children.
- Socialization: The process of learning to interact and communicate with others in society.
- Academic achievement: The process of achieving success in school through good grades, test scores, and academic performance.
- Civic engagement: The process of participating in activities that promote the common good of society.

Self-Debating Discussion:
- What are some challenges facing public education today?
- How can we address these challenges to ensure that all children have access to quality public education?
- What role do parents and communities play in improving public education?
- How can we measure the success of public education in America?


text: Here are a few of the places and people where I have found inspiration and practical help.. My own shop is here: folksy.com/shops/PressGenepy. Groups and Societies:. English Civil War Society – UK-based re-enactment group. British Printing Society – UK-based society founded for mutual support in letterpress printing. International Playing Card Society – Studying the history of cards and card games throughout the world.. Museums and Institutions:. English Broadside Ballad Archive, UCSB, USA – Fantastic online resource with text, facsimile and audio of early modern ballads.. Plantin-Moretus Museum, Antwerp, Belgium – World heritage site with a complete intact historic print shop with numerous historic presses dating back to the sixteenth century.. Suppliers:. Cornelissen(Historic Pigments). Shepherds Bookbinders(Paper and bookbinding tools). Intaglio Printmaker(High quality printmaking equipment). Harry Rochat (Printers’ engineers and new Albion hand presses). NB:Press Genepy has no control over these external sites.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Letterpress Printing

## Section 1: What is Letterpress Printing?
Letterpress printing is an ancient technique used to create texts and images by pressing inked type onto paper or other materials. This method was widely used before the advent of modern printing methods like offset lithography.

## Section 2: How does Letterpress Printing Work?
In letterpress printing, the type is set by hand or mechanically into a frame called a chase. Ink is rolled onto the type, which then transfers onto the paper when pressed down with a platen press. The ink is absorbed into the paper, creating a permanent impression.

## Section 3: Types of Letterpress Printing
There are two main types of letterpress printing: relief and intaglio. Relief printing uses raised type that presses ink onto the paper, while intaglio printing uses engraved or etched plates that hold ink in recessed areas, which transfer onto the paper when pressed.

## Section 4: Materials and Tools Used in Letterpress Printing
To create letterpress prints, you will need several materials and tools, including:
- Type: Metal or wooden letters used to form words and sentences
- Chase: A frame that holds the type in place
- Matrix: A negative impression of the type, usually made of metal or wood
- Platen press: A machine used to press the type onto paper
- Ink: A pigmented substance used to color the type
- Paper: A thin material used to absorb the ink impression

## Section 5: Applications of Letterpress Printing
Letterpress printing can be used for various applications, such as:
- Creating artwork
- Producing books and pamphlets
- Designing greeting cards
- Making posters and flyers

## Section 6: Conclusion
Letterpress printing is an ancient technique that has evolved over time. It requires careful attention to detail and precision to achieve the desired result. By understanding the basics of letterpress printing, you can appreciate the beauty and craftsmanship behind this timeless art form.


text:
Case management for the self-insured hospital.
It is rare for employers who self insure to have on-site case management. Generally, self-insured employers rely on the third-party-plan administrators to control health care costs, provide enrollees with health care benefit management services, and maintain customer satisfaction. In this article, the author discusses the internal workings of an employee case management program implemented in a self-insured hospital in Northwest Indiana. Information is presented on the goals and role of the case manager, scope of practice, barriers to the program, and resources involved to deliver health care services to its enrollees. Also presented is pertinent information to track and trend data for administrative reports. In addition, customer satisfaction and the value of an on-site case manager for self-insured organizations will be addressed. The results demonstrate a reduction in the volume of inpatient admissions, length of stay, and, therefore, an improved use of the health plan.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Case Management
## I. Overview
In this lesson, we will learn about case management and its importance in healthcare. We will cover the following topics:
- What is case management?
- Why is case management important?
- Who are the stakeholders involved in case management?
## II. What is case management?
Case management is a process that helps individuals and families navigate the healthcare system. It involves assessing a patient's needs, developing a plan of care, and coordinating services to achieve the best possible outcomes.
## III. Why is case management important?
Case management is important because it helps to improve the quality of care, reduce costs, and enhance patient satisfaction. By coordinating care and managing resources effectively, case managers can help to ensure that patients receive the right care at the right time.
## IV. Who are the stakeholders involved in case management?
The stakeholders involved in case management include patients, healthcare providers, insurers, and employers. Patients benefit from case management by receiving personalized care plans that meet their unique needs. Healthcare providers benefit by having access to additional resources and support. Insurers benefit by reducing costs and improving outcomes. Employers benefit by having healthier, more productive employees.
## V. Conclusion
In conclusion, case management is an essential component of healthcare delivery. By coordinating care and managing resources effectively, case managers can help to ensure that patients receive the right care at the right time. This leads to improved outcomes, reduced costs, and higher levels of patient satisfaction.


text: The existing raised inlet works structure was fitted with open mesh decking which was not odour tight. Odour containment covers were required to reduce odour omissions from the site as part of a large housing development in the area.. Covers supplied:. Inlet Chamber A concrete chamber 5m x 3m. Screens Area Various channels and chambers around screens. Channels Approximately 50m total length. Detritors 2 no. 7m x 7m. Outlet Chamber A concrete chamber 3m x 3m

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding and Controlling Odor Emissions in Environmental Engineering

Introduction:
Odor emissions are a common problem in environmental engineering, particularly in wastewater treatment plants, landfills, and industrial processes. These emissions can cause discomfort, health issues, and negative impacts on the environment. In this lesson, we will learn about the principles of odor control, the types of odor containment covers, and the factors to consider when designing an effective odor control system.

Section 1: Principles of Odor Control

1.1 What is odor?
Odor is the perception of smell caused by molecules in the air that enter our noses. These molecules are called odorants, and they can be composed of various chemical compounds.

1.2 How do odorants travel?
Odorants travel through the air, and their movement depends on several factors such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed. When odorants reach our noses, they bind to olfactory receptors, which send signals to the brain, allowing us to perceive the smell.

1.3 Why control odor emissions?
Controlling odor emissions is essential for several reasons:
- To protect public health and safety: Strong odors can cause discomfort, headaches, and respiratory problems.
- To prevent negative impacts on the environment: Odor emissions can harm plants, animals, and ecosystems.
- To maintain a good reputation: Companies and organizations want to avoid negative public perceptions caused by unpleasant odors.

Section 2: Types of Odor Containment Covers

2.1 What are odor containment covers?
Odor containment covers are structures designed to trap and contain odor-causing molecules, preventing them from escaping into the atmosphere. They can be made of various materials, such as polyethylene, PVC, or fiberglass, depending on the application and the type of odorant.

2.2 Types of odor containment covers
There are several types of odor containment covers, including:
- Inlet covers: These covers are placed at the entrance of a treatment facility to capture odor-causing molecules before they enter the system.
- Screen area covers: These covers are used in areas where screens are installed to prevent the passage of solid materials. They help contain odors generated by these screens.
- Channel covers: These covers are used to cover channels or pipes that carry odor-causing materials.
- Detritor covers: These covers are designed to contain odors generated by detritors, which are devices used to remove solids from wastewater.

Section 3: Factors to Consider When Designing an Effective Odor Control System

3.1 Location and layout: The location and layout of the treatment facility must be considered when designing an odor control system. Factors such as wind direction, topography, and nearby residential areas should be taken into account.

3.2 Material selection: The choice of materials for the odor containment covers is crucial. The material must be resistant to the chemical composition of the odor-causing molecules and durable enough to withstand the environmental conditions.

3.3 Maintenance and cleaning: Regular maintenance and cleaning of the odor containment covers are essential to ensure their effectiveness over time. Blocked vents or damaged materials can lead to reduced odor control performance.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the principles of odor control, the types of odor containment covers, and the factors to consider when designing an effective odor control system. Understanding these concepts is essential for environmental engineers, wastewater treatment plant operators, and anyone involved in the management of odor emissions in various industries. By applying these principles, we can create safer and more comfortable environments for people and the environment.

Glossary:
- Odorant: A molecule in the air that causes a smell perception.
- Olfactory receptors: Specialized sensory cells responsible for detecting odorants.
- Odor control: The process of reducing or eliminating unpleasant odors in the environment.
- Odor containment covers: Structures designed to trap and contain odor-causing molecules.
- Detritor: A device used to remove solids from wastewater.


text: Sandwith began his career as a trainee at Carlisle United and made his League debut in October 1997. He then joined Barrow in May the following year, where he made fourteen appearances, scoring three goals.. Doncaster Rovers was his next stop, in 2001.. In November 2002, Sandwith moved to Halifax Town. Impressing a watching Lincoln City scout during his time at The Shay, he secured a £10,000 transfer to Sincil Bank in 2004. Moves to Macclesfield Town and Chester City followed before he signed for Weymouth in July 2008, moving onto Oxford United in the February of the following year.. He signed for Mansfield Town in the summer of 2010 and the versatile defender made thirty-three appearances last term but was released in June after missing the end of the season through injury.. Sandwith has been training with Trinity`s league rivals Eastwood Town in pre-season and has impressed the Badgers bosses with some assured performances.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Perseverance in Sports

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of perseverance in sports. We will explore the life of a professional football player named Sandwith who faced many challenges in his career but never gave up. Through his story, we will discover the qualities that make a successful athlete and how perseverance can help us achieve our goals.

Section 1: Background Information

Sandwith is a professional football player who started his career as a trainee at Carlisle United. He made his League debut in October 1997 and then joined Barrow in May the following year. He played for several other teams before signing for Weymouth in July 2008. In this section, we will learn about Sandwith's career and the challenges he faced.

Questions:
1. What team did Sandwith start his career with?
2. How many goals did he score for Barrow?
3. Which team did he join after Barrow?

Section 2: The Importance of Perseverance

Perseverance is the quality that allows someone to continue trying to do something even though it is difficult. In sports, perseverance is essential because athletes face many challenges such as injuries, losses, and setbacks. In this section, we will learn about the qualities that make a successful athlete and how perseverance can help us achieve our goals.

Questions:
1. What is perseverance?
2. Why is perseverance important in sports?
3. What are the qualities that make a successful athlete?

Section 3: Sandwith's Journey

Sandwith's journey is an inspiring story of a player who faced many challenges in his career but never gave up. In this section, we will learn about the challenges he faced and how he overcame them.

Questions:
1. What were some of the challenges Sandwith faced in his career?
2. How did he overcome these challenges?
3. What can we learn from Sandwith's journey?

Glossary:
- Trainee: A person who is learning a skill or trade while working for low pay.
- League: An organized association of teams that compete against each other in a sport.
- Debut: The first appearance or performance of someone or something.
- Versatile: Having or able to perform several different roles or tasks.
- Pre-season: The period before the regular season of a sport when teams practice and prepare.
- Impress: To create a strong and favorable impression on someone.
- Assured: Showing confidence and certainty.
- Rivals: A person or thing competing with another for the same goal or prize.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Sandwith's journey is a great example of how perseverance can help us achieve our goals. By facing challenges head-on and never giving up, he was able to succeed in his career as a professional football player. We can apply this lesson to our own lives and strive to be the best version of ourselves.

Self-Debate:
- Do you think perseverance is more important than talent in sports? Why or why not?
- Can you think of any other athletes who have demonstrated perseverance in their careers?
- How can we encourage perseverance in young athletes?


text: GBHGSERVICES, LLC is a consulting services firm founded on sound principles of confidentiality, trust, professionalism, and experience.. Real Property. Real property refers to land and the improvements thereof (home, building, etc.) made by human effort, buildings, machinery, acquisition of various property rights and the like. Sale, Buy, Lease, Management, Investment.. Oriental Rugs. Oriental Rugs being proberly used in decorating which can be a significant part of the total Real Property investment and appreciation strategy. Authentic oriental rugs are handmade, one of a kind, art, an investment.. Federal Contracting. The federal contracting market spends billions of dollars annually and provides many opportunities for independent consultants, small and large business to provide goods and services to the federal government.

textbook:
**Lesson: Introduction to Real Property**

**Section 1: Theoretical Concepts**

Real property refers to land and the improvements thereof made by human effort. This includes buildings, machinery, acquisition of various property rights, and the like. Real property is a significant investment that can appreciate over time.

**Section 2: Practical Examples**

Let's consider a real estate investor who buys a piece of land for $100,000 and builds a house worth $300,000 on it. The total value of the property would be $400,000 ($100,000 + $300,000). The improvements made to the land increase its value.

**Section 3: Self-Debating Discussion**

Why do you think real property is an important investment? How does it appreciate over time? Can you think of any other investments that work similarly?

**Glossary:**

- Real Property: Land and the improvements thereof made by human effort, including buildings, machinery, acquisition of various property rights, and the like.
- Appreciation: An increase in the value of an asset or investment.
- Improvements: Additions or enhancements made to land or property to increase its value.

**Conclusion:**

Real property is a valuable investment that can appreciate over time. By understanding the theoretical concepts, practical examples, and engaging in self-debating discussions, we can learn more about this important topic.


text: We finally have a release date for the Nintendo Switch version of Dark Souls Remastered, after a disappointing delay from it’s initial May 2018 release window. As announced via From Software’s official Twitter page, the critically acclaimed action RPG is coming to Nintendo’s portable system on October 19, 2018, alongside the Solaire Of Astoria amiibo figure.. We have kept you waiting long enough, and now are pleased to announce. that the Nintendo Switch version of DARK SOULS REMASTERED will be. released on the 19th October, 2018.. Finally we hope you can look forward to playing Dark Souls wherever, whenever you wish. pic.twitter.com/F8z8AjUIPA. — FROMSOFTWARE (@fromsoftware_pr) August 14, 2018. Besides the main game, it will include the DLC content, Artorias Of The Abyss and run at 1080p when docked and 720p when portable; however, the game targets 30 FPS in both modes over 60 FPS of the PS4 & XB1 versions. Are you looking forward to praising the sun on the go?

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Programming with Python

**Overview:**
In this lesson, we will introduce you to the basics of programming with Python. Python is a powerful programming language that is widely used in various fields such as web development, data analysis, and machine learning. It is easy to learn and has a simple syntax that makes it ideal for beginners.

**Objectives:**
- Understand the basics of programming with Python
- Learn how to write a simple program in Python
- Understand the importance of variables, loops, and functions in programming

**Section 1: Introduction to Python**
Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum and was first released in 1991. Python is known for its readability and simplicity, which makes it a popular choice for beginners.

**Section 2: Installing Python**
Before we start writing programs in Python, we need to install it on our computer. Python is available for free on the official Python website. Once you have installed Python, you can verify that it is installed by running the command `python` in your terminal or command prompt.

**Section 3: Writing a Simple Program**
Now that we have installed Python, let's write our first program. Here's an example program that prints "Hello, World!" to the screen:

```python
print("Hello, World!")
```

To run this program, open your terminal or command prompt and navigate to the directory where the program is saved. Then, type `python` followed by the name of the file containing the program (without the `.py` extension). For example, if you saved the program as `my_program.py`, you would type `python my_program` in the terminal.

**Section 4: Variables, Loops, and Functions**
In programming, variables are used to store values that can be used later in the program. Loops are used to repeat a set of instructions multiple times. Functions are reusable blocks of code that can be called from other parts of the program. Let's take a closer look at each of these concepts.

**Variables**
Variables are used to store values that can be used later in the program. In Python, you can declare a variable by assigning a value to a variable name. For example:

```python
name = "John"
age = 30
```

You can then use these variables in your program by referencing them by their name. For example:

```python
print("My name is", name)
print("I am", age, "years old.")
```

**Loops**
Loops are used to repeat a set of instructions multiple times. Python provides two types of loops: the `for` loop and the `while` loop.

The `for` loop is used to iterate over a sequence (such as a list or a range of numbers). Here's an example of a `for` loop that prints the numbers from 1 to 10:

```python
for i in range(1, 11):
    print(i)
```

The `while` loop is used to repeat a set of instructions until a certain condition is met. Here's an example of a `while` loop that prints the numbers from 1 to 10:

```python
i = 1
while i <= 10:
    print(i)
    i += 1
```

**Functions**
Functions are reusable blocks of code that can be called from other parts of the program. Here's an example of a function that calculates the sum of two numbers:

```python
def add(a, b):
    return a + b
```

You can call this function by passing two numbers as arguments. For example:

```python
result = add(3, 5)
print(result) # Output: 8
```

**Section 5: Practice**
Now that you have learned the basics of programming with Python, let's practice what you have learned by creating your own programs. You can find many tutorials and exercises online to help you practice your skills.

**Conclusion**
Programming with Python is a valuable skill that can be applied in many fields. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can learn the basics of programming with Python and create your own programs. As you continue to practice and learn, you will become more proficient in this powerful programming language.


text: Can Domingo will be open starting from the 1st of April 2015. Can Domingo will be open for season 2015 starting from the 1st of April till the 7th of April every night at 19.30 and Sunday the 5th will be open also for Easter lunch starting from 13.00.. From Friday the 10th of April the restaurant will be open at 19.30 every Friday, Satuday and Sunday.. Starting from Wednesday the 29th of April Can Domingo will open at 19.30 from Wednesday to Monday.. Opening days in April:. 1st of April 2015 - 7th of April 2015. Easter Day 5th of April open also for lunch. 10th of April 2015 - 12th of April 2015. 17th of April 2015 - 19th of April 2015. 24th of April 2015 - 26th of April 2015. 29th of Abril 2015 - 30th of Abril 2015

textbook:
Lesson: Basic Operations with Dates in Python

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to perform basic operations with dates in Python. We will cover the following topics:

1. Importing the datetime module
2. Creating a date object
3. Adding and subtracting days from a date
4. Finding the difference between two dates
5. Formatting a date string

Instructions:

1. Open your Python IDE or text editor and create a new file.
2. Import the datetime module by typing `import datetime` in the console.
3. Create a variable called `date1` by calling the `date()` method of the datetime module, like this: `date1 = datetime.date(2021, 12, 25)`. This will create a date object representing December 25, 2021.
4. Create another variable called `date2` by calling the `datetime.date()` method with different arguments, like this: `date2 = datetime.date(2021, 1, 1)`. This will create a date object representing January 1, 2021.
5. Calculate the difference between the two dates by subtracting `date1` from `date2` and storing the result in a variable called `difference`. You can do this by calling the `days` attribute of the Timedelta object returned by the `timedelta()` method, like this: `difference = datetime.timedelta(days=date2 - date1)`.
6. Format the output string of the `str()` method of the `timedelta()` object to show the difference in days, like this: `print(f"The difference between {date1} and {date2} is {difference.days} days.")`.

Examples:

```python
import datetime

date1 = datetime.date(2021, 12, 25)
date2 = datetime.date(2021, 1, 1)
difference = datetime.timedelta(days=date2 - date1)
print(f"The difference between {date1} and {date2} is {difference.days} days.")
```

Output:
```
The difference between 2021-12-25 and 2021-01-01 is 365 days.
```

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to perform basic operations with dates in Python. We imported the datetime module, created date objects, added and subtracted days from dates, found the difference between two dates, and formatted date strings. By following the instructions in this lesson, you can practice these operations and become more comfortable working with dates in Python.


text: The SPOT (from French "Satellite pour l'Observation de la Terre") constellation has been supplying high-resolution, wide-area optical imagery since 1986. The last satellites, SPOT 6 and SPOT 7, will assure data continuity through to 2024. All of the SPOT satellites provide imagery in Panchromatic and Multispectral bands with a swath of 60km.. The HRV(IR) sensor on board SPOT 1-4 provides data at 10 m spatial resolution Panchromatic mode and 20 m (Multispectral mode).. The HRG sensor on board SPOT-5 provides spatial resolution from 2.5 m in the panchromatic band to 10 m in the multispectral mode. The SWIR band imagery remains at 20 m.. The NAOMI sensor on board of SPOT 6&7 provides data up to 1.5 m spatial resolution Panchromatic and Multispectral. is pleased to announce that an improved access to the collections distributed online by ESA through the Third Party Missions programme has been deployed.. Two enhanced features have been set up to ease access to these collections:

textbook:
Lesson: Satellite Imagery Analysis

Introduction:
Satellite imagery analysis is the process of interpreting and analyzing images captured by satellites orbiting the Earth. These images are used in various fields such as agriculture, geology, urban planning, and environmental monitoring. In this lesson, we will learn about satellite imagery analysis, its applications, and how to interpret satellite images.

Section 1: Introduction to Satellite Imagery Analysis

Topic 1: What is Satellite Imagery Analysis?
- Definition of Satellite Imagery Analysis
- Importance of Satellite Imagery Analysis
- Types of Satellite Imagery

Topic 2: Applications of Satellite Imagery Analysis
- Agriculture
- Geology
- Urban Planning
- Environmental Monitoring
- Disaster Management

Section 2: Interpreting Satellite Images

Topic 1: Understanding Satellite Images
- Types of Satellite Images
- How Satellite Images are Captured
- Resolution of Satellite Images

Topic 2: Analyzing Satellite Images
- Identifying Objects on Satellite Images
- Measuring Distances on Satellite Images
- Identifying Landmarks on Satellite Images

Section 3: Practical Examples of Satellite Imagery Analysis

Topic 1: Agriculture
- Crop Monitoring
- Soil Analysis
- Crop Yield Estimation

Topic 2: Geology
- Geological Mapping
- Mineral Exploration
- Landslide Detection

Topic 3: Urban Planning
- City Planning
- Infrastructure Management
- Traffic Analysis

Section 4: Self-Debating Discussions

Topic 1: Critical Thinking in Satellite Imagery Analysis
- Evaluating Sources of Information
- Identifying Bias in Data
- Analyzing Alternative Hypotheses

Topic 2: Future Applications of Satellite Imagery Analysis
- Climate Change Monitoring
- Wildlife Conservation
- Natural Disaster Prediction

Glossary:
- Satellite Imagery: Photographs of the Earth's surface taken from satellites orbiting the planet.
- Remote Sensing: The process of collecting information about objects or areas from a distance, without physical contact.
- Multispectral: A type of image that captures data in multiple wavelengths of light beyond the visible spectrum.
- Panchromatic: A type of image that captures data in the visible light spectrum, similar to black and white photography.

Conclusion:
Satellite imagery analysis is a powerful tool that can be used in various fields to improve decision-making and understanding of our environment. By learning how to interpret satellite images and analyze them, we can gain valuable insights into the Earth's natural processes and human activities.


text:
For example, exhaust gases and ammonia gas coming from automobiles are harmful to human bodies. Atmospheric release of such gases as they are causes pollution problems. Thus, various gas decomposition devices have been developed in order to decompose these gases.
For example, a gas decomposition device for decomposing a gas by the application of thermal energy in the presence of a catalyst, for example, platinum (Pt) or rhodium (Rh), has been known. The catalyst, however, is very expensive. It is thus difficult to use the catalyst for a gas decomposition device for treating exhaust gases from automobiles and so forth.
A gas decomposition device may be provided on the basis of the principle of a solid oxide fuel cell (hereinafter, referred to as a “SOFC”). The gas decomposition device based on the principle of the solid oxide fuel cell includes a membrane electrode assembly in which a solid electrolyte layer, an anode layer, and a cathode layer are integrally stacked. The gas decomposition device electrochemically decomposes gases by the conduction of ions to the solid electrolyte layer.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Gas Decomposition Devices

**Introduction**

Gas decomposition devices are used to break down hazardous gases into harmless substances. These devices are essential in reducing air pollution caused by automobiles and other sources. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of gas decomposition devices, their working principles, and their applications.

**Section 1: Types of Gas Decomposition Devices**

There are several types of gas decomposition devices, including:

1. Catalytic converters: These devices use a catalyst to convert pollutants into less harmful substances. They are commonly used in automobiles to reduce carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions.

2. Electrochemical cells: These devices use an electric current to decompose gases. They are often used in industrial processes to remove impurities from gases.

3. Plasma generators: These devices use high-energy electrons to break down gases. They are used in various applications, including air purification and waste treatment.

**Section 2: Working Principles of Gas Decomposition Devices**

The working principle of each type of gas decomposition device differs. Let's take a closer look at each type:

1. Catalytic converters: These devices contain a catalyst that speeds up the chemical reaction between the pollutant and the exhaust stream. The catalyst lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, making it more efficient.

2. Electrochemical cells: These devices use an electric current to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The resulting hydrogen gas can then react with other pollutants to form less harmful substances.

3. Plasma generators: These devices use high-energy electrons to ionize the gas molecules, breaking them apart into their constituent atoms. This process creates a plasma, which can then be used to treat various types of waste.

**Section 3: Applications of Gas Decomposition Devices**

Gas decomposition devices have many applications, including:

1. Air pollution control: Gas decomposition devices are used to reduce air pollution caused by automobiles, factories, and other sources.

2. Waste treatment: Gas decomposition devices can be used to treat waste materials, such as organic waste and hazardous chemicals.

3. Industrial processes: Gas decomposition devices are used in various industrial processes, such as the production of semiconductors and the refining of petroleum products.

**Conclusion**

In this lesson, we learned about the different types of gas decomposition devices, their working principles, and their applications. By understanding these devices, we can work towards reducing air pollution and improving the quality of our environment.


text: Cobolt AB, Swedish manufacturer of high performance lasers, proudly introduces the Cobolt Skyra™, a revolutionary multi-line laser platform. Offering up to 4 laser lines in a box that can fit into the palm of your hand (70 x 134 x 38 mm) and requiring no external electronics, the Cobolt Skyra™ will enable the next generation of compact and easy-to-use analytical instrumentation for the life science market. All Cobolt lasers are manufactured using proprietary HTCure™ technology and the resulting compact hermetically sealed package provides a very high level of immunity to varying environmental conditions along with exceptional reliability. Cobolt lasers have proven to deliver unmatched reliability and performance both in the lab and industrial environments with demonstrated lifetime capability of >60 000 hours and several thousand units installed in the field.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Lasers

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Lasers are a form of light that is created when electrons in a material are excited and then return to their ground state. This process releases energy in the form of photons, which are packets of light. Lasers can be used to create highly accurate measurements, cut through materials, and transmit information over long distances.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
One practical example of a laser is a barcode scanner. Barcodes are made up of lines of different widths and spacings that represent numbers. When a laser beam is shone at a barcode, it reflects off the black lines and not the white spaces. The scanner measures the time it takes for the light to bounce back and then translates that into a number. This number is then used to identify the product being scanned.

Another practical example is a laser level. A laser level projects a red line onto a wall or floor, allowing you to see if something is level or plumb. This is useful when hanging pictures or installing shelves.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
Lasers are used in many industries, including manufacturing, medicine, and communication. In manufacturing, lasers are used to cut and weld materials. In medicine, lasers are used to perform surgeries and treat conditions such as acne. In communication, lasers are used to transmit data over long distances through fiber optic cables.

## Glossary
- Laser: A device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
- Photon: A particle of light, or more generally, of electromagnetic radiation, and the basic physical entity involved in the transmission of light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
- Hermetically Sealed: A container that is airtight and has no openings or connections to the outside world.
- Optical Amplification: The process by which the intensity of an optical signal is increased as it passes through a medium, such as a laser.

## Conclusion
Lasers are an important tool in many fields, from manufacturing to medicine. By understanding the theoretical concepts and practical applications of lasers, we can apply this knowledge to new problems and continue to innovate in the field of laser technology.


text: The Eumenides. Is Orestes justified in killing his mother? Why or why not. orestes. Asked by reti k #196071Last updated by Aslan. orestes. The Chorus of Furies interrogate Orestes about his crime. They assert that the killing of a blood relative, his mother of all people, is much worse than Clytemnestra’s murder of his father. Orestes's defence pretty much consists of calling Apollo for his defence Apollo says, "This (the murder of Clytemnestra) is justice." He goes on to tell the jury that the murder was Zeus's will and nobody should question Zeus. Orestes was merely doing what Zeus and himself encouraged him to do. This, of course, angers the Furies; it makes their arguments seem weak when it is at odds with such powerful Gods.. The Eumenides

textbook:
Lesson Title: The Eumenides - Is Orestes Justified in Killing His Mother?

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the play The Eumenides by Aeschylus. We will examine the question of whether Orestes is justified in killing his mother, Clytemnestra. We will analyze the arguments presented by both Orestes and the Furies, and determine if Orestes' actions were justified or not.

Section 1: The Play's Background

The Eumenides is the third play in Aeschylus' Oresteia trilogy. In this play, Orestes has killed his mother, Clytemnestra, and her lover, Aegisthus, in revenge for their murder of his father, Agamemnon. However, Orestes' actions have angered the gods, and he has been pursued by the Furies, who seek to punish him for his crime.

Section 2: The Arguments

The Chorus of Furies interrogate Orestes about his crime. They assert that the killing of a blood relative, his mother of all people, is much worse than Clytemnestra's murder of his father. Orestes' defense pretty much consists of calling Apollo for his defense. Apollo says, "This (the murder of Clytemnestra) is justice." He goes on to tell the jury that the murder was Zeus's will and nobody should question Zeus. Orestes was merely doing what Zeus and himself encouraged him to do. This, of course, angers the Furies; it makes their arguments seem weak when it is at odds with such powerful gods.

Section 3: Analysis

Orestes' defense is based on the idea of divine right, which asserts that the will of the gods takes precedence over human law. He argues that he was acting in accordance with the will of the gods when he killed his mother. The Furies, on the other hand, argue that the laws of the gods must be followed, but they also argue that the laws of man must be respected.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, we can see that the question of whether Orestes was justified in killing his mother is a complex one. On the one hand, Orestes was acting in accordance with the will of the gods when he killed his mother. However, the Furies argue that the laws of man must also be respected. Ultimately, it is up to the reader to decide whether Orestes' actions were justified or not.

Glossary:
- Oresteia: A trilogy of Greek tragedy plays written by Aeschylus
- Eumenides: The final play in Aeschylus' Oresteia trilogy
- Chorus: A group of performers who comment on the action of the play
- Furies: The goddesses of vengeance in Greek mythology
- Zeus: The king of the gods in Greek mythology

Self-Debate Discussion:

Is it ever justified to kill someone, even if it is your own mother? Use evidence from the play to support your argument.


text: Stitching Salon. Chicago Tourism Center. 72 E. Randolph. 312-744-2400 or winterdelights.com/stitchingsalon/. Now that it finally feels like winter's here, what better time to learn to make your own, warm and cozy woolens? Stitching Salon, part of the city's annual Winter Delights initiative, is a two-month series that includes informal knitting circles along with weekly workshops on specific knitting skills like using circular needles and pattern design; interactive demonstrations of weaving, quilting, and jewelry making; and even craft-inspired films. Materials are provided on-site and the programs are open to novices and experienced crafters alike. Reservations are required for some. The salon is open Sun-Fri 10 AM-6 PM and Sat 9 AM-5 PM.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make Warm and Cozy Woolens

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to make warm and cozy woolens using different crafting techniques. We will cover the basics of knitting, weaving, quilting, and jewelry making. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to create your own woolen items using various materials and tools.

Section 1: Knitting

Topic 1: Introduction to Knitting
- What is knitting?
- History of knitting
- Types of knitting stitches

Activity 1: Making a simple scarf
- Cast on stitches
- Knit and purl stitches
- Bind off stitches

Topic 2: Circular Needles
- What are circular needles?
- How to use circular needles
- Tips for using circular needles

Activity 2: Knitting with circular needles
- Cast on stitches using circular needles
- Knit and purl stitches using circular needles
- Bind off stitches using circular needles

Section 2: Weaving

Topic 1: Introduction to Weaving
- What is weaving?
- Types of weaving patterns
- Tools needed for weaving

Activity 1: Making a simple basket
- Warp and weft threads
- Over and under method
- Tie-off method

Topic 2: Loom Weaving
- What is loom weaving?
- Types of looms
- How to set up a loom

Activity 2: Weaving on a loom
- Thread the loom
- Weave a simple pattern
- Secure the end of the weaving

Section 3: Quilting

Topic 1: Introduction to Quilting
- What is quilting?
- Types of quilting patterns
- Tools needed for quilting

Activity 1: Making a simple quilt square
- Cut fabric pieces
- Sew the pieces together
- Press the seams

Topic 2: Quilting Machines
- What are quilting machines?
- How to use quilting machines
- Tips for using quilting machines

Activity 2: Quilting on a machine
- Load the fabric onto the machine
- Operate the quilting machine
- Finish the quilt square

Section 4: Jewelry Making

Topic 1: Introduction to Jewelry Making
- What is jewelry making?
- Types of jewelry materials
- Tools needed for jewelry making

Activity 1: Making a simple bracelet
- Choose the materials
- Cut the materials
- Assemble the bracelet
- Add clasps or charms

Topic 2: Polymer Clay
- What is polymer clay?
- How to use polymer clay
- Tips for using polymer clay

Activity 2: Sculpting with polymer clay
- Roll out the clay
- Create shapes
- Bake the clay
- Add to the jewelry piece

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about different crafting techniques such as knitting, weaving, quilting, and jewelry making. We covered the basics of each technique and practiced making simple items such as scarves, baskets, quilt squares, and bracelets. These skills can be applied to create warm and cozy woolens for yourself or as gifts for others. By practicing and honing these skills, you can become an expert crafter and create beautiful and functional items.


text: Currency Displayed in. ARB Aluminum Awning 2500mm x 2500mm. ARB Part # 814102A. ARB has added a new awning to their line up featuring a sleek aluminum travel case design. The aluminum encased awning offers a contemporary, more streamlined alternative to their traditional awning covers while adding improved functionality. The three quick release bungee cords remove the need for zippers and the flip-up lid provides unmatched simplicity.. The awning is supported by heavy duty 1.2mm gauge x 25mm diameter expandable aluminum poles.. This product hasn't received any reviews yet. Be the first to review this product!. All prices are in USD.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Currency Display

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Currency display refers to the representation of numerical values in a specific format. In this context, we will focus on currency symbols, digits, and decimal points.

**Questions and Answers:**

1. What is a currency symbol?
Answer: A currency symbol is a graphic representation of a currency used as a shorthand for the currency's name. For example, the dollar sign ($) represents the US dollar.

2. What are digits?
Answer: Digits are the numbers 0-9 that represent numerical values.

3. What is a decimal point?
Answer: A decimal point is a small dot used to separate the whole number part of a number from its fractional part. For example, in the number 5.75, the decimal point is located between the 5 and the 7.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

Let's use the following example to demonstrate how currency display works in real-world scenarios.

**Example:** A company sells its products in different countries, and they need to display the prices in each country's currency.

**Solution:** To display the prices in each country's currency, they would need to know the currency symbol, digits, and decimal point for each country's currency. For instance, if the company is selling products in the US, Japan, and Germany, they would need to display the prices as follows:

- US Dollars (USD): $12.50
- Japanese Yen (JPY): ¥1,250
- Euros (EUR): €10.25

In this example, we can see how the currency symbol, digits, and decimal point vary across different currencies.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

Now let's apply the theoretical concepts and practical examples to real-world scenarios.

**Scenario 1:** A traveler is visiting a foreign country and needs to exchange money. They want to know how much their currency is worth in the local currency.

**Solution:** To determine the exchange rate, they would need to know the currency symbol, digits, and decimal point for both currencies. For example, if the traveler is exchanging US dollars (USD) for Euros (EUR), they would need to know the exchange rate between the two currencies.

**Scenario 2:** A business owner is importing goods from a foreign country and needs to calculate the total cost. They need to convert the price from the foreign currency to their local currency.

**Solution:** To calculate the total cost, they would need to know the currency symbol, digits, and decimal point for both currencies. For example, if the business owner is importing goods from Japan and paying in Japanese Yen (JPY), they would need to convert the price to US dollars (USD) to determine the total cost.

## Glossary

- Currency Symbol: A graphic representation of a currency used as a shorthand for the currency's name.
- Digits: Numbers 0-9 that represent numerical values.
- Decimal Point: A small dot used to separate the whole number part of a number from its fractional part.
- Exchange Rate: The rate at which one currency may be converted into another.

## Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about currency display and how it applies to real-world scenarios such as exchanging money and calculating costs. By understanding the theoretical concepts and practical examples, we can apply these skills to new problems and make informed decisions when dealing with currencies from different countries.


text:
(Bloomberg) --Former Intel Corp. President Renee James has created a new chipmaker that is producing server computer processors aimed at the most lucrative business of the world’s second-largest chipmaker.

Ampere Computing, backed by Carlyle Group Inc., has sent samples of its first model to prospective customers and has even better ones in the works, James said. It’s targeting cloud-service providers such as Alphabet Inc.’s Google, Amazon.com Inc.’s web services unit and the other members of the “super seven” that account for an increasing amount of industry sales. The processors, which Ampere is designing in house, use technology from ARM Holdings Plc.

James, who spent 28 years at Intel rising to become the second-highest ranking executive before leaving in 2016, believes the time is ripe to compete in a market her former company has dominated for more than a decade. The move to outsource computing over the internet is gathering pace and causing sweeping changes in the industry. Companies such as AWS and Google build their own hardware and control their own software -- meaning they have specific needs for processors that can be better met by companies taking a fresh approach.

“The future isn’t going to be like the past,” she said. “The cloud is totally different. What customers want is different.”

The past and present have rewarded Intel very well. The company has more than 99 percent of the market for server chips. Its data-center unit had revenue of $19 billion last year and that business’s sales surged 20 percent in the fourth quarter. For 2017, it produced operating income of $8.4 billion. Sales to companies such as Google rallied 35 percent in the fourth quarter.

James said her products will target the cloud area where most of the growth expansion is coming from, and will not be aimed at general corporate servers, where Intel excels. Companies are buying fewer servers as they outsource their computing needs to cloud providers.

Ampere’s first product is a chip that has 32 processing cores capable of running at up to 3.3 gigahertz. They cost $950 each and are manufactured by Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. using 16-nanometer process technology. It will compare favorably to Intel because it requires much less electricity, she said.

As a former employee of what was the world’s largest chipmaker for more than 20 years until Samsung Electronics Co. took Intel’s title in 2017, James knows that scale is important in determining success in chips. She acquired a team that had already started designing a chip and is continuing to add to her more than 300-person headcount. Rather than raising cash from venture capitalists who wouldn’t typically offer the amount of money needed for such an undertaking, she won the support of private equity firm Carlyle Group where she had been working as an adviser.

While at Intel, James was the most successful female executive in a $390 billion industry dominated by men. She sought the advice of her mentor, Intel co-founder Andy Grove, before making the decision to start her own company. He told her the industry needs more chip startups to keep it healthy, though there are a lot of easier jobs in the world.

To succeed, James will have to make an impression on Intel dominance that’s only increased even as challengers and customers alike have said the market was ripe for alternatives. She harks back to when Intel itself first tried to get into the server business in the 1990s and companies such as Sun Microsystems Inc. publicly ridiculed it. Sun no longer exists.

“Nothing lasts forever in this business,” she said.

textbook:
Lesson: The Market for Cloud-based Services

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the market for cloud-based services and the role of server computer processors in providing these services. We will also explore the challenges and opportunities in creating a new chipmaker that can compete with the industry leader.

Section 1: The Market for Cloud-based Services

Topic 1: What are cloud-based services?
Cloud-based services refer to applications and resources that are provided over the internet through remote servers. These services include storage, software, and computing power, among others.

Topic 2: Why are cloud-based services popular?
Cloud-based services are popular because they provide users with access to advanced technologies without the need for expensive hardware or specialized expertise. They also enable companies to scale their operations quickly and efficiently.

Topic 3: Who are the major players in the cloud-based service market?
The major players in the cloud-based service market are Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud. These companies provide a range of services, including storage, databases, analytics, and machine learning.

Section 2: The Role of Server Computer Processors in Cloud-based Services

Topic 1: What are server computer processors?
Server computer processors are chips that power server computers, which are specialized machines designed to provide computing resources to other devices over a network. These processors are responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.

Topic 2: How do server computer processors impact cloud-based services?
Server computer processors play a critical role in cloud-based services because they determine the speed, efficiency, and reliability of these services. The faster and more powerful the processor, the more resources it can provide to users.

Topic 3: What are some common types of server computer processors?
Some common types of server computer processors include x86, ARM, and Power. Each type has its own strengths and weaknesses, and different cloud-based services may require different types of processors depending on their specific needs.

Section 3: Challenges and Opportunities in Creating a New Chipmaker

Topic 1: Why is it difficult to compete with the industry leader?
It is difficult to compete with the industry leader because the leader has established relationships with customers, a dominant market share, and significant economies of scale. Additionally, the leader may have proprietary technology or patents that make it difficult for new entrants to compete.

Topic 2: What are some opportunities for a new chipmaker?
One opportunity for a new chipmaker is to focus on a niche market that is not being served by the industry leader. For example, the new chipmaker could target a specific type of application or customer segment that is not being addressed by the incumbent.

Topic 3: How can a new chipmaker differentiate itself from the industry leader?
A new chipmaker can differentiate itself from the industry leader by offering unique features or capabilities that are not available from the incumbent. For example, the new chipmaker could focus on energy efficiency or security, which are important concerns for many customers.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have learned about the market for cloud-based services and the role of server computer processors in providing these services. We have also explored the challenges and opportunities in creating a new chipmaker that can compete with the industry leader. By understanding these concepts, we can apply our knowledge to new problems and develop innovative solutions.


text:
Languages

UK: Memo to the Bar Human Rights Committee

Source:

Act Together

We, the Iraqi Women’s Network in Iraq and Act Together: Women’s Action for Iraq, are grateful to you for organising tonight's meeting for Sundus Abass, Director of the 'Women in Leadership Institute' in Baghdad.

This organisation, along with 37 other women’s organisations in Iraq, has been campaigning, in increasingly dangerous environments, to have repealed the intensely discriminatory Article 41 in the new Iraqi Constitution.

Women in Iraq, as I know you are well aware, now face the threat of having all the rights they have enjoyed since 1959 taken away from them. The 1959 Personal Status Code (Family Law) was based on a progressive reading of Islamic Law. It codified all the existing laws relating to marriage, divorce, custody, inheritance etc, but uniquely it combined Sunni and Shi’a regulations and applied to all Iraqis, whether Kurds, Arabs, Sunnis, or Shi’i, thus giving a sense of unity to the Iraqi population as a whole. Amendments to this Code were made by the Ba’ath regime in 1978, widening the conditions under which a woman could seek a divorce, outlawing forced marriages, and requiring a judge’s permission for a man to marry a second wife. It also prescribed punishments for marriages contracted without legal authorisation.

From the 1950s, Iraqi women have been foremost in the region to enjoy equality and thus have been able access education and training and to enter many professions – law, medicine, engineering, academia – on an equal basis with men. Iraq was a secular society, and despite government repression largely without sectarian violence: Shi’i, Sunni and Kurds intermarried, lived and worked side by side.

Article 41, if retained in the Constitution, will change totally and irrevocably the lives of Iraqi women. The old Personal Status Family Code, which applied to everyone, will be replaced by family laws pertaining to specific religious and ethnic communities. Authority will reside in conservative religious leaders who can interpret the Shari’a according to their own beliefs. In some communities, the marriage of girls as young as 9 will be sanctioned; women may be forced into marriages, or remarried against their will, if widowed, to a dead husband’s male relative. Inheritance, custody of children, and divorce rights will be denied to women. The judiciary will not be independent, and women will be unprotected by any legal safeguards.

However, Article 41 does not merely erode the rights of women and deny them the rights they are entitled to under International Law (Iraq ratified the CEDAW, albeit with reservations). It will also fuel and increase sectarianism and ethnic cleansing inside the country. It will make new mixed marriages virtually impossible, will threaten existing ones, and will leave in extreme vulnerability those citizens of Iraq who belong to no religious group at all. It will further a sense of communalism as opposed to unified citizenship and condemn Iraq to continual sectarian violence, and chronic civil war.

What can be done? In addition to opposition to Article 41, there are other issues such as federalism and the status of Kirkuk that had to be resolved. It was agreed last year before the referendum on the constitution that there would be a three-month window of opportunity for a constitutional committee to amend the proposed new clauses once the new government was formed. However, so far no constitutional draft committee has even been established. The current security situation makes it impossible for any consultations, meetings, campaigns and debates to take place. And there is also the issue of the status of International Conventions, Treaties, and Laws in relation to Shari’a law. Which takes precedence?

Women’s groups throughout Iraq, even in the north, are being harassed if they attempt to mobilise and lobby for their rights in the constitution. In the south and other parts women are forced now to wear the hijab (headscarf) and adopt conservative dress. Millions of women and girls dare not leave their homes to go to school, to university, to work, or simply to go to market and support their families.

Women and women’s rights are being instrumentalized by the US and UK government who promised liberation but have not actually supported women’s rights. Women have also been instrumentalized by the new Islamist political parties who use women symbolically to break with the previous largely secular regime. And finally women are being used by the insurgents to express their resistance to western cultural impositions and occupation: they harass and threaten women verbally and physically, and even kill those who are involved in the struggle for women’s rights.

The increasing sectarian violence, fuelled by – and to some extent tolerated by the occupation forces – means many women identify with their communal/ethnic/religious group for protection from the 'men', rather than risk their lives by joining forces with 'women'.

We, the Iraqi women’s groups in the UK, are working closely with our sister groups in Iraq, and ask the UK government to use all means, diplomatic and political, as well as financial (aid), to persuade the Iraqi government to:

Extend the period for determining constitutional amendments from three months to one year.

Delete Article 41 in its entirety from the Constitution.

Insert as Article 1 that 'International Conventions, ratified by Iraq, take precedence over all interpretations of domestic law'.

We all know that unless International Laws are enshrined in the Constitution, there is no hope for democracy, peace, and respect for human rights, let alone the rights of women.

There is a cruel irony in the fact that the US, aided by the UK, told the world it was bringing 'democracy and liberation' to the people of Iraq, when what they have brought in is chaos, violence, and the social death of millions of women (and women now far outnumber men in the population, due to the series of wars and repression by the previous regime). Will the UK government now distance itself from the US ( which is one of only two countries never to have signed up to the CEDAW) and speak up for the human rights of over half the population?

Also, we would beg you to remind the UK Government of its responsibilities under Security Council Resolution 1325, which requires all actors engaged in conflict resolution, management and prevention to consider the impact of conflict upon women and ensure that women are engaged in peace processes and that the new constitutions and laws accommodate the principles enshrined in international conventions and laws.

To comply fully with 1325 (and I understand that the UK government has recently published its own Action Plan as a follow-up to the UN Action Plan on Implementation of 1325), we hope that the UK government will persuade the new Iraqi government to ensure that the constitutional drafting committee contains at least 25 per cent of women in its membership.

textbook:
Lesson: Languages

Introduction:

Languages are systems of communication used by humans to interact with each other. They can be spoken, written, or signed, and are used to convey meaning through the use of symbols, words, and grammar. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of languages, their structure, and how they are used in different cultures around the world.

Section 1: Importance of Languages

Why are languages important?

Languages are essential for human communication and interaction. They allow us to share ideas, express our feelings, and connect with others. Without languages, we would not be able to learn from one another, exchange information, or understand different cultures.

What are the benefits of learning multiple languages?

Learning multiple languages has many benefits. It can improve cognitive abilities, such as memory and problem-solving skills. It also allows us to communicate with more people and understand different perspectives. Additionally, knowing multiple languages can increase job opportunities and enhance travel experiences.

Section 2: Structure of Languages

How do languages structure meaning?

Languages structure meaning through the use of words, symbols, and grammar. Words represent objects, actions, or ideas, while symbols represent concepts or abstract ideas. Grammar is the set of rules that govern how words are arranged to create sentences. These elements work together to convey meaning and create coherent messages.

What are the different types of languages?

There are two main types of languages: analytic and synthetic. Analytic languages use words to convey meaning, while synthetic languages use words and grammar to convey meaning. Examples of analytic languages include Chinese and Vietnamese, while examples of synthetic languages include English and German.

Section 3: Use of Languages in Different Cultures

How do languages vary across cultures?

Languages vary across cultures in many ways, including vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. For example, some languages have many words for different shades of meaning, while others have fewer words that can be used in different contexts. Additionally, some languages have complex grammar rules, while others are simpler.

What role do languages play in cultural identity?

Languages play an important role in shaping cultural identity. They are often associated with specific cultures and can be used to express cultural values, beliefs, and traditions. Knowing a language can also help individuals connect with their heritage and feel a sense of belonging within their community.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, languages are essential for human communication and interaction. They have different structures and can vary greatly across cultures. Learning multiple languages can provide many benefits, such as improved cognitive abilities and increased job opportunities. Understanding the role of languages in cultural identity can also enhance our understanding of different cultures around the world.

Glossary:

- Language: A system of communication used by humans to interact with each other.
- Syntax: The set of rules that govern how words are arranged to create sentences in a language.
- Semantics: The study of meaning in language.
- Dialect: A variety of a language that is spoken in a particular region or social group.
- Pidgin: A simplified form of communication that develops between speakers of different languages.
- Creole: A language that has developed from a pidgin and is now used as a first language by some communities.


text: Water. Tools for the safe design of components, systems and environments. Simulation is a key part of understanding how safe and efficient water networks can be designed and operated. System simulation allows for utility network design, expansion and overhaul to be assessed before any work is done on the physical system, saving time and money... Products. Flowmaster. Fluid system CFD for engineers tasked with understanding pipeline fluid and heat flow problems in steady state and transient. Learn more

textbook:
**Lesson 1: Introduction to Water Network Simulation**

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn about water network simulation and its importance in designing and operating safe and efficient water systems.

**Section 1: Theoretical Concepts**

- Water network simulation is a process that uses computer models to simulate the behavior of water flowing through a network of pipes, pumps, and other components.
- The simulation helps engineers understand how water will move through the network and how different components will interact with each other.
- Simulation can be used to optimize the design of water networks, reduce operational costs, and improve overall system performance.

**Section 2: Practical Examples**

- Let's consider a water distribution network that supplies water to homes and businesses in a city.
- By simulating the network, engineers can identify areas where water pressure is too high or too low, which could lead to leaks or other problems.
- They can also determine the best locations to install new pumps or pipes to improve flow and efficiency.

**Section 3: Self-Debate Discussion**

- Why is water network simulation important?
- How does simulation help engineers design and operate safe and efficient water systems?
- What are some practical examples of how simulation has been used to improve water network design and operation?

**Glossary:**

- Water network: A system of pipes, pumps, and other components used to transport and distribute water.
- Simulation: A process that uses computer models to simulate the behavior of a system or process.
- CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics, a numerical method for solving problems involving fluid flows.

**Conclusion:**

Water network simulation is an important tool for engineers designing and operating safe and efficient water systems. By simulating the behavior of water flowing through a network of pipes, pumps, and other components, engineers can optimize the design of water networks, reduce operational costs, and improve overall system performance. This lesson has provided an introduction to water network simulation, including its theoretical concepts, practical examples, and self-debate discussion. Students should now have a better understanding of the importance of water network simulation and how it can be used to improve water network design and operation.


text: Mobile, Alabama. We are about to start with auto dealers license in Alabama, city Mobile. Mobile is the 3rd most populated city in the U.S. state of South Alabama and is the county seat of Mobile County. It is located on the Mobile River and central Gulf Coast of the United States. The population within the city was 195,111 at the 2010 census. It is the largest municipality in the Gulf Coast between New Orleans, Louisiana and St. Petersburg, Florida. Mobile is the main municipality of the Mobile Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), a region with 412,992 inhabitants, which is composed solely of Mobile County and is the second largest MSA in the state. Mobile is included in the Mobile-Daphne Fairhope Combined Statistical Area with a combined population of 591,599 is the second largest combined area of ??the state statistics behind Birmingham.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Mobile, Alabama

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Mobile, Alabama is a city located in the southern part of the United States. It is the third most populous city in the state of Alabama and serves as the county seat of Mobile County. The city is situated on the Mobile River and the central Gulf Coast, making it an important port city. In this lesson, we will explore the history, geography, and economy of Mobile, Alabama.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
Let's start by looking at the history of Mobile. The city was founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. It later became a part of British West Florida and was transferred to the United States in 1814. During the Civil War, Mobile was a Confederate stronghold and was one of the last cities to fall to Union forces. Today, Mobile is known for its rich history, beautiful architecture, and vibrant culture.

Now let's move on to the geography of Mobile. The city is located on the Mobile River, which empties into Mobile Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. The city is also home to several parks and green spaces, including Langan Park, which features a beautiful rose garden, and Cathedral Square, which is surrounded by historic buildings and monuments.

Finally, let's look at the economy of Mobile. The city is home to several major industries, including shipbuilding, steel production, and aerospace manufacturing. The Port of Mobile is also an important economic asset, handling millions of tons of cargo each year. Tourism is also a significant industry in Mobile, with visitors drawn to the city's beaches, museums, and festivals.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions
Now that we have explored the theoretical concepts and practical examples of Mobile, Alabama, let's engage in some self-debating discussions. What do you think makes Mobile unique compared to other cities in the United States? How has the city's history influenced its current culture and economy? What challenges does Mobile face in terms of economic development and tourism?

## Glossary
- Mobile, Alabama: A city located in the southern part of the United States
- Mobile County: The county in which Mobile is located
- Mobile River: A river on which Mobile is situated
- Gulf Coast: The coastal region where Mobile is located
- Port of Mobile: The port through which cargo is shipped in and out of Mobile

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we have explored the history, geography, and economy of Mobile, Alabama. We have also engaged in self-debating discussions to deepen our understanding of the city's unique characteristics and challenges. By applying the skills and knowledge gained from this lesson, we can better understand the complexities of other cities and regions around the world.


text:
When Apple CEO Tim Cook speaks, the world listens—even if he’s speaking to a room full of bankers and other finance bigwigs at the annual Goldman Sachs Technology and Internet Conference.

And he didn’t disappoint. Cook announced that Apple is partnering with First Solar to build an $850 million solar farm in Monterey County, Calif. The 1,300-acre farm will produce enough power for Apple’s new campus, currently under construction, along with the company’s data center, offices, and 52 retail stores in California.

“We’re doing this because it’s right to do,” said Cook, who has taken heat for considering more than just Apple’s bottom line when he makes decisions. “But it’s good financially to do it. We expect to have very significant savings because we have a fixed price for the renewable energy.”

Cook also spilled the beans on how he uses his Apple Watch, the surprising success of Apple Pay, and what he really thinks of Android. Read on for choice quotes from his keynote.

Apple didn’t make the first smartwatch, but it might just be the best.

On Apple Watch

Cook: We weren’t the first company to make an MP3 player. You may not be able to remember that, but there were lots of them out there. They were fundamentally too hard to use. The user interface was really bad, and you almost needed a Ph.D. to use these. They’re not memorable. They didn’t move the dial.

The tablet business was like that too. There were lots of tablets shipping when the iPad came out, but nothing earth-shattering. I see the smartwatch category very much like that. There are several things that are called smartwatches that are shipping. I’m not sure you could name any. There are none that have changed the way people live their lives. That’s our objective. We want to change the way you live your live.

One of the surprises people are going to have is the breadth of what it will do. Obviously it’s a precision timepiece. The look of this is the fantastic. You may look at this and want a different color band or type of band. The variety is incredible; the customizable nature is incredible. There’s also some new, innovative ways to communicate that you didn’t have before. I constantly use Siri with my watch. You can get notificiations across your watch. If you’re interested in with keeping up with sports scores, financial markets, or whatever it is, the watch knows you’re looking at it and turns on.

If I sit for too long, it’ll tap me on the wrist and tell me to move. A lot of doctors believe sitting is the new cancer. If you haven’t moved within the hour, it’ll tap you. You’ll be in a meeting, and we have a lot fo employees now that are using the watch, so about 10 minutes before the end of the hour, everybody starts standing up. There’s just an enormous number of things it will do. I think you’ll find it like, “Wow, I can’t live without this anymore.”

On Apple Pay

Cook: It’s gone faster than I thought it would, much faster actually. The reason that I thought it would be a bit slower is because when you’re going into the holiday season, most retailers don’t want to change anything around their point-of-sale. We found a significant reception to get it going quickly. By December, $2 of $3 spent with stores with contactless payment were with Apple Pay. There are so many retailers approaching us about getting signed up.

This was only possible because we could control and design the hardware, the software, and the service. You can imagine trying to do this with several different companies. You would be pulling your hair out doing it.

JetBlue plans to roll out Apple Pay on all of its flights by June.

On privacy

Cook: We believe that customers have a right to privacy. The vast majority of customers don’t want everyone knowing everything about them. You are not our product. That is our product. There’s no reason why we need to know where you’re buying, what you’re buying, how much you’re paying. It’s none of my business.

Apple Pay for us was about doing something simple. It had to be easier than pulling out your wallet and taking out a card. It had to be secure, because all of us are tired of people breaching your credit cards. It’s happened to me three times.

We have come up with something people love to use. Panera Bread told us that 80 percent of their mobile transactions in-store are on Apple Pay.

On Android

Cook: Our whole life as a company we’ve always fought against fierce competitors. In the PC world, it was the Microsoft monopoly. In the smartphone world, people thought we had no chance against BlackBerry and Nokia. In the tablet world, people questioned, why are you doing this product? Same kind of thing with the iPod in a way.

We’ve always had stiff competition. This makes us better. We think about doing a great product. We think if we do that well, other things will take care of themselves.

On China

Cook: First and foremost, our job in life is to make the best. We’ve never lost sight of that. We want to give people a good value, and if we can develop something that’s really great, that costs even less than what we’re offering today, then we would do that. What we won’t do is something that’s second rate, or that’s only a good product, not a great product. That’s not what Apple stands for.

People were advising us to do something different in China, that people wouldn’t pay for a great product there. It’s a bunch of bull. It’s not true. People want a great product. That doesn’t mean every single person in the world can afford one yet, but everyone wants one. There’s a pretty good business for us. We blocked out the noise of everybody saying you’ve got to do this or you’ve got to do that.

Apple hasn’t given up on the Mac—the opposite, in fact. The company introduced an impressive Retina iMac last year.

On the Mac

Cook: The Mac has gained share for 10 years straight. But we’ve moved up to 7 percent share. It’s not exactly like we’re close to a ceiling. We’ve moved from about $5 billion in the early 2000s to $25 billion last year. We’re up five times in revenue in an industry that most people look at as left for dead. [Editor's note: IDC's third-quarter report says the Mac has a 13 percent share of the PC market in the United States.]

We think we’ve got a bright future. We think we do something cool with Continuity features. We know people live with multiple devices. We know people want to take calls on their Mac. Even though one is OS X and one is iOS, they work together as one. It’s something that, frankly speaking, only Apple can do. We’re the only company that has a mainstream desktop operating system and a mainstream mobile operating system. One company has mainstream mobile and one has mainstream desktop, but nobody has both but us. We can give people an experience that’s kind of a jaw-dropper. And we’re going to continue to do that.

textbook:
Lesson: Sustainable Energy and Its Benefits

Introduction:

Sustainable energy refers to the use of renewable resources that can meet our energy needs without causing harm to the environment. This lesson will explore the benefits of sustainable energy and how it can be harnessed through solar power.

Section 1: Understanding Sustainable Energy

Topic 1: What is Sustainable Energy?

Sustainable energy is the use of energy sources that are replenishable and have minimal impact on the environment. These sources include solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass.

Topic 2: Why is Sustainable Energy Important?

Sustainable energy is important because it helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change. It also reduces our dependence on non-renewable resources such as oil, coal, and natural gas, which will eventually run out.

Section 2: Harnessing Solar Power

Topic 1: How is Solar Power Generated?

Solar power is generated by capturing the sun's energy using photovoltaic (PV) cells. These cells convert sunlight into electricity by absorbing photons and generating electrons.

Topic 2: How does Solar Power Work?

Solar power works by converting sunlight into electricity using PV cells. When sunlight hits the PV cells, it generates electrons that flow through wires and create an electrical current. This current can be used to power homes, businesses, and other applications.

Section 3: Benefits of Solar Power

Topic 1: What are the Benefits of Solar Power?

The benefits of solar power include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, lowering energy costs, and increasing energy independence. Solar power is also renewable and requires little maintenance once installed.

Topic 2: How does Solar Power Save Money?

Solar power saves money by reducing energy bills. Solar panels generate electricity from the sun, which can be used to power homes and businesses. This reduces the need for energy from the grid, which saves money on energy bills.

Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, sustainable energy is important because it helps reduce our impact on the environment and promotes energy independence. Solar power is one type of sustainable energy that has many benefits, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions and saving money on energy bills. By understanding the benefits of sustainable energy and how it can be harnessed through solar power, we can make informed decisions about our energy use and promote a cleaner, more sustainable future.

Glossary:
- Renewable: able to be used again or replaced naturally
- Greenhouse gases: gases that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming
- Photovoltaic (PV) cells: devices that convert sunlight into electricity
- Electrical current: the flow of electrons through a conductor
- Energy independence: the ability of a country to produce its own energy resources

Conclusion:

By learning about sustainable energy and how it can be harnessed through solar power, we can make informed decisions about our energy use and promote a cleaner, more sustainable future.


text: For most Conventional mortgages, you are considered self-employed if you own 25% or more of a business.. Ideally you should have a minimum 2-year history of self-employment for your income to be considered reliable and stable for mortgage qualification purposes.. If you plan to use business assets for your down payment or closings costs, the lender must perform additional analysis to ensure the use of these funds won’t negatively impact your business. This typically requires additional documentation.. It’s always best to consult a mortgage professional to assess your specific situation. One of our helpful humans at First Community Mortgage, the Human Mortgage company, is always here to answer any questions you may have.. Source: Fannie Mae

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Mortgage Eligibility for Self-Employed Individuals
Introduction:
Being self-employed has its advantages, but it can also make it more challenging to qualify for a mortgage. In this lesson, we will explore the requirements and processes involved in obtaining a mortgage when you are self-employed. We will cover the following topics:
1. Definition of self-employment
2. Minimum requirements for mortgage eligibility
3. Documentation required for self-employed individuals
4. Additional considerations for self-employed borrowers
5. Tips for improving mortgage eligibility
Section 1: Definition of Self-Employment
For mortgage purposes, you are considered self-employed if you own 25% or more of a business. This includes sole proprietors, partners in a partnership, and shareholders in an S corporation. It does not include W-2 employees who receive a salary from their employer.
Section 2: Minimum Requirements for Mortgage Eligibility
To be eligible for a mortgage as a self-employed individual, you should have a minimum 2-year history of self-employment. Lenders want to see that your income is reliable and stable, so they can accurately calculate your debt-to-income ratio.
Section 3: Documentation Required for Self-Employed Individuals
As a self-employed borrower, you will need to provide additional documentation to verify your income. This includes:
- Two years of federal tax returns
- Business financial statements (income statement and balance sheet)
- A current profit and loss statement
- A current personal financial statement
- Bank statements for the last three months
Section 4: Additional Considerations for Self-Employed Borrowers
If you plan to use business assets for your down payment or closing costs, the lender must perform additional analysis to ensure the use of these funds won’t negatively impact your business. This typically requires additional documentation.
Section 5: Tips for Improving Mortgage Eligibility
Here are some tips to improve your chances of qualifying for a mortgage as a self-employed individual:
- Maintain a separate business bank account to separate personal and business expenses.
- Keep accurate records of your business income and expenses.
- Use a reputable accountant to prepare your tax returns.
- Improve your credit score by paying off debts and avoiding new credit accounts.
Conclusion:
Being self-employed can make it more challenging to qualify for a mortgage, but it’s not impossible. By understanding the requirements and processes involved in obtaining a mortgage, you can improve your chances of success. Remember to consult with a mortgage professional to assess your specific situation and get personalized advice.
Glossary:
- Self-employed: An individual who owns 25% or more of a business, including sole proprietors, partners in a partnership, and shareholders in an S corporation.
- Debt-to-income ratio: A calculation used by lenders to determine a borrower’s ability to repay a loan. It compares monthly debt payments to monthly income.
- Profit and loss statement: A financial statement that shows a business’s revenues, expenses, and profit over a specific period of time.
- Personal financial statement: A statement that details an individual’s assets, liabilities, and net worth.