text: World Concerns. By serving students, Duquesne University teaches them the value of service by example and challenges them to go into the world willing and able to serve others, especially the less fortunate. Duquesne's Spiritan charism continues to call the University to encourage its students to come to understand themselves as world citizens who are intimately linked to, and ultimately called to work for, a more peaceful and just world.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding World Concerns and Developing Global Citizenship Skills

## Introduction

In today's interconnected world, it is essential to understand global issues and develop skills to contribute positively to society. This lesson will explore the concept of world concerns and how they affect our lives. We will also learn about the importance of being a global citizen and ways to develop these skills.

## Section 1: Understanding World Concerns

### Topic 1: What are world concerns?

World concerns refer to global issues that affect people's lives around the world. These issues include poverty, climate change, human rights violations, and economic inequality. Understanding these concerns helps us appreciate the interconnectedness of our world and the need to work together towards a better future.

### Topic 2: Why are world concerns important?

World concerns are essential because they affect our daily lives directly or indirectly. For example, climate change can lead to natural disasters like hurricanes and droughts that displace people and cause food shortages. Economic inequality can lead to social unrest and political instability. By understanding these concerns, we can take steps to address them and promote a more sustainable and just world.

### Topic 3: How do world concerns impact our lives?

World concerns can impact our lives in various ways. For instance, if there is a food shortage in another country due to climate change, it may lead to higher food prices globally. Additionally, conflicts in other parts of the world can lead to increased security measures and restrictions on travel. By understanding these connections, we can better appreciate the need for global cooperation and action.

## Section 2: Developing Global Citizenship Skills

### Topic 1: What is a global citizen?

A global citizen is someone who is aware of and engaged with global issues and has a sense of responsibility towards the world. They understand their role in promoting peace, justice, and sustainability. Being a global citizen means going beyond national borders and working towards a better future for all.

### Topic 2: Why is it essential to be a global citizen?

Being a global citizen is crucial because we live in an interconnected world where events in one part of the globe can impact people in other parts. By developing global citizenship skills, we can contribute positively to society and work towards a more peaceful, just, and sustainable world.

### Topic 3: How can we develop global citizenship skills?

Developing global citizenship skills involves learning about different cultures, languages, and perspectives. It also means being informed about global issues and taking action to address them. Some ways to develop these skills include:

- Traveling and experiencing different cultures firsthand
- Learning a second language
- Engaging in volunteer work or community service
- Participating in global awareness events and campaigns
- Staying informed about current events through news and media

## Section 3: Applying Global Citizenship Skills

### Topic 1: How can we apply global citizenship skills in our daily lives?

We can apply global citizenship skills in our daily lives by being mindful of our actions and their impact on others. For example, we can reduce our carbon footprint by using public transportation or reducing energy consumption. We can also support local businesses and fair trade products to promote sustainability and economic equality.

### Topic 2: How can we use global citizenship skills to make a difference?

By developing global citizenship skills, we can make a difference in the world by contributing positively to society. We can work towards promoting peace, justice, and sustainability in various ways, such as:

- Advocating for policies that promote social and environmental justice
- Supporting organizations that work towards a more sustainable and just world
- Raising awareness about global issues through social media and other platforms
- Voting in elections and holding elected officials accountable for their actions

## Conclusion

Understanding world concerns and developing global citizenship skills is essential in today's interconnected world. By learning about these issues and taking action to address them, we can contribute positively to society and work towards a more peaceful, just, and sustainable world. By applying the skills learned in this lesson, we can make a difference in our communities and the world at large.

Glossary:
- World concerns: Global issues that affect people's lives around the world.
- Global citizen: Someone who is aware of and engaged with global issues and has a sense of responsibility towards the world.
- Global citizenship skills: Abilities and knowledge needed to be an informed and active global citizen.


text: NEW YORK — Like the city it serves, Grand Central Terminal has had its ups and downs.. In recent decades, with the glory days of train travel long gone, the sumptuously appointed building fell into a protracted decline, suffering the benign neglect of a city preoccupied with crime and near-bankruptcy. By the late 1980s, Grand Central was a dirty, dark, malodorous place, garishly lit with huge advertising signs and haunted at night by the homeless.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
**Title:** The History of Grand Central Terminal

**Introduction:** Grand Central Terminal is one of the most iconic landmarks in New York City. It has been serving the city and its residents for over a century. In this lesson, we will learn about the history of Grand Central Terminal, from its construction to its decline and restoration.

**Section 1: The Construction of Grand Central Terminal**

Grand Central Terminal was built in the early 20th century, between 1902 and 1913. It was designed by architects Reed and Stem, who were also responsible for the construction of the nearby Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. The terminal was built as a replacement for the original Grand Central Depot, which had become too small to handle the growing number of passengers.

**Questions and Answers:**

Q: Why was Grand Central Terminal built?
A: Grand Central Terminal was built to replace the original Grand Central Depot, which had become too small to handle the growing number of passengers.

Q: Who designed Grand Central Terminal?
A: Grand Central Terminal was designed by architects Reed and Stem.

**Definition of Purpose:** Grand Central Terminal was built to provide a more modern and efficient transportation hub for the growing city of New York.

**Practical Example:** To understand the purpose of Grand Central Terminal, imagine that you are a resident of New York City in the early 20th century. You would need to travel to another city for business or pleasure. Before the construction of Grand Central Terminal, you would have had to use the original Grand Central Depot, which was becoming too small and outdated to handle the growing number of passengers. With the construction of Grand Central Terminal, you would now have a much more modern and efficient transportation hub to use for your travels.

**Section 2: The Decline of Grand Central Terminal**

In recent decades, with the glory days of train travel long gone, the sumptuously appointed building fell into a protracted decline, suffering the benign neglect of a city preoccupied with crime and near-bankruptcy. By the late 1980s, Grand Central was a dirty, dark, malodorous place, garishly lit with huge advertising signs and haunted at night by the homeless.

**Questions and Answers:**

Q: Why did Grand Central Terminal decline?
A: Grand Central Terminal declined because the glory days of train travel were long gone, and the city was preoccupied with crime and near-bankruptcy.

Q: What was wrong with Grand Central Terminal during its decline?
A: During its decline, Grand Central Terminal was dirty, dark, malodorous, garishly lit with huge advertising signs, and haunted at night by the homeless.

**Definition of Purpose:** The decline of Grand Central Terminal was due to the changing times and the city's preoccupation with other issues, such as crime and bankruptcy.

**Practical Example:** Imagine that you are a resident of New York City in the late 1980s. You would have seen Grand Central Terminal in a state of disrepair, with advertising signs everywhere and homeless people haunting the building at night. This was a far cry from the glory days of train travel, when Grand Central Terminal was a sumptuous and elegant building.

**Section 3: The Restoration of Grand Central Terminal**

In 1975, the city's Landmarks Preservation Commission designated Grand Central Terminal as an official landmark, which helped protect it from demolition or significant alteration. In 1996, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority completed a $212 million restoration project that returned the terminal to its original glory. Today, Grand Central Terminal is once again a beautiful and functional transportation hub for the city of New York.

**Questions and Answers:**

Q: How was Grand Central Terminal restored?
A: Grand Central Terminal was restored through a $212 million restoration project completed by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1996.

Q: What is Grand Central Terminal like today?
A: Today, Grand Central Terminal is once again a beautiful and functional transportation hub for the city of New York.

**Definition of Purpose:** The restoration of Grand Central Terminal was important because it preserved the historical significance of the building and made it functional and beautiful once again.

**Practical Example:** Nowadays, if you visit Grand Central Terminal, you will see a beautiful and functional transportation hub that is a far cry from its state in the late 1980s. The restoration project completed in 1996 brought back the elegance and charm of the building, making it a popular destination for tourists and locals alike.

**Conclusion:** The history of Grand Central Terminal is a fascinating story of decline and restoration. From its construction in the early 20th century to its decline in the late 20th century, to its restoration in the 1990s, Grand Central Terminal has played an important role in the history of New York City. By studying the history of Grand Central Terminal, we can learn about the importance of preserving historical buildings and the power of restoration.

**Glossary:**
- Landmarks Preservation Commission: A New York City governmental commission that protects and preserves historically and culturally significant buildings and neighborhoods.
- Metropolitan Transportation Authority: A governmental agency responsible for public transportation in the state of New York.
- Sumptuously appointed: Elegant and luxurious in appearance and style.
- Malodorous: Having an unpleasant smell.
- Garishly lit: Brightly lit in a way that is considered unattractive or unpleasant.
- Haunted: Often frequented by ghosts or spirits.
- Homeless: Without a permanent home or residence.


text: 10 – 16 May 2017. UNISON Office, Brighton. This course is aimed at new UNISON stewards and combines the previous New Stewards course and Grievance & Disciplinary Handling (ERA Accreditation will only be received on completion of the 5 day course. Please note this course takes place on 10th-12th May and then 15th-16th May Outcome

textbook:
**Lesson: Introduction to UNISON Steward Training**

### Section 1: Overview of UNISON Steward Training
In this lesson, we will introduce you to the role of a UNISON steward and the training that is required to become an effective one. We will cover the following topics:

1. What is a UNISON steward?
2. Why is steward training important?
3. What are the responsibilities of a UNISON steward?
4. What skills are required to be an effective UNISON steward?

### Section 2: What is a UNISON Steward?
A UNISON steward is a union member who has been elected or appointed to represent their fellow workers in the workplace. They are the first point of contact for union members who have concerns or issues related to their employment. Stewards are responsible for helping members understand their rights and responsibilities under the collective bargaining agreement, representing members in grievance and disciplinary proceedings, and organizing coworkers to improve working conditions.

### Section 3: Why is Steward Training Important?
Steward training is essential because it equips union members with the knowledge and skills necessary to effectively represent their fellow workers. Without proper training, stewards may not know how to navigate the complexities of labor law or how to effectively communicate with management. Additionally, stewards who are not well-trained may not be able to effectively organize their coworkers or advocate for their interests.

### Section 4: Responsibilities of a UNISON Steward
As a UNISON steward, you will be responsible for:

1. Representing members in grievance and disciplinary proceedings.
2. Helping members understand their rights and responsibilities under the collective bargaining agreement.
3. Organizing coworkers to improve working conditions.
4. Communicating regularly with members and management.
5. Attending regular union meetings and staying informed about union activities.

### Section 5: Skills Required to be an Effective UNISON Steward
To be an effective UNISON steward, you will need to possess the following skills:

1. Strong communication skills: You must be able to clearly and effectively communicate with members, management, and other stakeholders.
2. Good listening skills: As a steward, you will need to listen carefully to members' concerns and respond appropriately.
3. Knowledge of labor law: You should have a solid understanding of labor law and how it applies to your workplace.
4. Organizational skills: You will need to be able to organize and prioritize tasks effectively.
5. Problem-solving skills: You should be able to analyze situations, identify potential solutions, and implement them effectively.

### Section 6: Conclusion
In conclusion, being a UNISON steward is a challenging but rewarding role that requires specialized training. By completing this course, you will be well-equipped to represent your fellow workers effectively and help improve working conditions for all. Remember, as a steward, you are a vital link between the union and its members, and your actions can make a significant difference in the lives of your fellow workers.


text:
Q:

Apache: use `foo.html` in preference to `foo/` when both exist

How to get Apache 2.2 to use foo.html in preference to foo/ when both exist?
I'm moving a site from dynamic php to static html, while retaining the domain name. I've created a temporary mirror using httrack. The mirror site works well, except that pages which used to be foo/about are now foo/about.html. When I replace the live site with the mirror all incoming links and bookmarks will be broken, something I want to avoid.
I've discovered using Options +MultiViews in my .htaccess file achieves most of the above, except when file and directory names collide: if the url is http://example.org/how_to apache tries to load how_to/index.* instead of how_to.html when the latter exists.
I've tried a few mod_rewrite rule sets but only succeeded in duplicating the multiviews behaviour at the expense of a more complicated .htaccess file:
# Add .html internally (but remove externally):
RewriteEngine   on
RewriteBase   /

# Skip the next 2 rules (the .html stripping redirections)
# if the current URL doesn't end with .html
# or the requested file doesn't exist:
RewriteCond %{THE_REQUEST} !\.html\    [OR]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteRule .? - [S=2]

# Redirect /dir/index.html to /dir/:
RewriteRule ^(.*/|)index\.html$   $1 [R=301,L]
# Redirect /dir/file.html to /dir/file:
RewriteRule ^(.+)\.html$   $1 [R=301,L]

# Internally, treat request for /dir/file as /dir/file.html
# (but only if /dir/file.html exists):
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME}.html -f
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ $1.html   [L]

As you've likely surmised by now. I'm on a shared host and can only use .htaccess directives. This is static html, php, cgi, etc. are not available.
Hat tip to cjm and pne on the nearlyfreespeech.net forum who got me this far.

A:

mod_dir appears to be thwarting your efforts. Give this a try instead:
DirectorySlash off

RewriteEngine on

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME}\.html   -f
RewriteRule .* %{REQUEST_FILENAME}.html [L,QSA]

source: minipile

textbook:
To get Apache 2.2 to use foo.html in preference to foo/ when both exist, you can use the following steps:
1. Create an .htaccess file in your document root directory and add the following code:
```
Options -MultiViews
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteRule ^(.*)/$ $1 [R=301,L]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^(.*)/$ $1 [R=301,L]
```
This code tells Apache to redirect any requests that end in a slash to the equivalent request without a slash. For example, if someone requests `http://example.com/about`, Apache will redirect them to `http://example.com/about`.
2. Create a symbolic link from the `about` directory to the `about.html` file. This can be done using the `ln` command in Linux or the `mklink` command in Windows. For example:
```
ln -s about.html about
```
This creates a symbolic link from the `about` directory to the `about.html` file, so that when someone requests `http://example.com/about`, Apache will serve the contents of `about.html`.
3. Test your site to make sure everything is working correctly. You can use tools like Xenu Link Sleuth to check for broken links.
By following these steps, you can get Apache 2.2 to use `foo.html` in preference to `foo/` when both exist.


text: SAFE. |. State Agencies |. Online Services. Find more.... Each year districts report their transportation service levels to ODE on the annual T-1 report. We have compiled that data into state maps to provide a visual tool to view the differences between transportation services in different areas of the state.. Last Modified: 4/12/2013 1:26:48 PM

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read a Map

Introduction:
Maps are visual representations of the world around us. They help us navigate our surroundings and find our way to different places. In this lesson, we will learn how to read a map and understand the information it contains.

Section 1: Understanding the Map Key

The map key is a legend that explains the symbols used on the map. It tells us what each color, shape, or symbol represents. For example, on a topographic map, blue lines represent rivers, while green areas represent forests.

Question: What is the purpose of the map key?
Answer: The purpose of the map key is to help us interpret the symbols and colors on the map, so we can understand the features of the area being represented.

Section 2: Reading the Map

Once we understand the map key, we can start reading the map. We should look for landmarks, such as mountains, rivers, and cities, and identify where they are located. We can also use the map to find directions and distances between different locations.

Question: How do we read the map?
Answer: To read the map, we should follow these steps: 1) Identify the map key and understand the symbols used; 2) Look for landmarks and familiarize yourself with the area being represented; 3) Use the map to find directions and distances between different locations.

Section 3: Using Maps in Real Life

Maps are not just useful for navigation; they also provide valuable information about the world around us. We can use maps to study geography, climate, and population density. We can also use them to plan trips and explore new places.

Question: How can we use maps in real life?
Answer: We can use maps to study geography, climate, and population density; to plan trips and explore new places; and to understand the physical and human features of different areas.

Conclusion:
Maps are essential tools for understanding the world around us. By learning how to read a map, we can navigate our surroundings, find our way to different places, and gain valuable insights into the physical and human features of different areas.

Glossary:
- Map: A visual representation of the world around us
- Map key: A legend that explains the symbols used on the map
- Symbol: A shape, color, or image used on the map to represent a feature
- Landmark: A natural or man-made feature that stands out on the map
- Direction: The angle, measured in degrees, between a reference direction and a certain point on the map
- Distance: The length of a path between two points on the map
- Geography: The study of the physical and human features of the Earth's surface
- Climate: The average weather conditions of a region over a long period of time
- Population density: The number of people living in a given area per unit of land
- Topographic map: A map that shows the elevation and contours of the land, as well as natural and man-made features
- Physical features: Natural features such as mountains, rivers, and forests
- Human features: Man-made features such as cities, roads, and buildings.


text: Open method of coordination. The open method of coordination (OMC) is implemented in several policy in areas which fall within the competence of the Member States, including research (it was initially created as part of employment policy and the Luxembourg process and has been defined as an instrument of the Lisbon strategy).. The OMC provides a process is based on:. - jointly identifying and defining objectives to be achieved (adopted by the Council);. - jointly established measuring instruments (statistics, indicators, guidelines);. - benchmarking, i.e. comparison of the Member States' performance and exchange of best practices (monitored by the Commission).

textbook:
Lesson: Open Method of Coordination

Introduction:
The Open Method of Coordination (OMC) is a European Union policy tool that aims to improve cooperation between member states in areas such as research, employment, and economic development. In this lesson, we will explore the principles of the OMC, its benefits, and how it works in practice.

Section 1: What is the Open Method of Coordination?

The OMC is a policy instrument that promotes cooperation between EU member states in areas that fall within their competence. It is based on the principle of voluntary participation and mutual agreement between member states. The OMC is implemented through a process that involves the following steps:

1. Jointly identifying and defining objectives to be achieved: Member states work together to establish common goals and objectives for a particular policy area.

2. Jointly established measuring instruments: Member states agree on metrics and indicators to measure progress towards achieving the agreed-upon objectives.

3. Benchmarking: Member states compare their performance against the agreed-upon objectives and share best practices with each other.

Section 2: Benefits of the Open Method of Coordination

The OMC offers several benefits to EU member states, including:

1. Improved cooperation and coordination: The OMC encourages member states to work together towards common goals, leading to better cooperation and coordination in policy areas.

2. Enhanced policy effectiveness: By sharing best practices and comparing performance, member states can learn from each other and improve the effectiveness of their policies.

3. Increased flexibility: The OMC allows member states to participate in the policy areas that they find most relevant, while also allowing them to maintain their sovereignty in other areas.

Section 3: How the Open Method of Coordination Works in Practice

The OMC is implemented through a series of steps, including:

1. Identifying and defining objectives: Member states work together to establish common goals and objectives for a particular policy area, such as research and development or employment.

2. Establishing measuring instruments: Member states agree on metrics and indicators to measure progress towards achieving the agreed-upon objectives. For example, in the area of research and development, member states might agree on a set of indicators such as the number of research publications or the percentage of GDP spent on research.

3. Benchmarking and sharing best practices: Member states compare their performance against the agreed-upon objectives and share best practices with each other. This allows them to learn from each other's successes and failures and to identify areas where they can improve.

Conclusion:

The Open Method of Coordination is a powerful tool for improving cooperation and coordination among EU member states in areas that fall within their competence. By working together to establish common goals, agree on measuring instruments, and compare performance, member states can improve the effectiveness of their policies and learn from each other's best practices. This approach to policy-making is flexible and voluntary, allowing member states to participate in the areas that they find most relevant while maintaining their sovereignty in other areas.


text: New Release: Life of Riley Classic TV Shows - Vol. 2.. Here is the original Life of Riley collection. Many of these episodes have been uploaded to streaming video services like VEOH, YouTube, and others, without our permission. However, we are the original source of these rare episodes. We are very proud of our Life of Riley collection. You'll love the quality.. Volume One is also still available.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Copyright Law

**Section 1: What is Copyright Law?**
Copyright law is a set of legal rules that govern the use of creative works such as literature, music, art, and software. It gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution. This means that only the copyright holder has the right to make copies, distribute, perform or display the work publicly.

**Section 2: Why do we need Copyright Law?**
Copyright law is necessary to protect the rights of creators and ensure that they are fairly compensated for their work. It also encourages the creation of new works by giving creators an incentive to produce original content. Without copyright law, anyone could take someone else's work and pass it off as their own, depriving the original creator of recognition and revenue.

**Section 3: What types of works are protected by Copyright Law?**
Copyright law protects original works of authorship including literary works, music, dramatic works, and visual arts. It also covers sound recordings, motion pictures, and other audiovisual works. In addition, it protects architectural works, computer software, and databases.

**Section 4: How long does Copyright Protection Last?**
In general, copyright protection lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years. For works created by corporations or other entities, it lasts for 95 years from the date of publication or 120 years from the date of creation, whichever is shorter.

**Section 5: What are the exceptions to Copyright Infringement?**
There are several exceptions to copyright infringement, including fair use, which allows the use of copyrighted material for certain purposes such as criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research. Other exceptions include use by libraries and archives, use by the government, and use of works in the public domain.

**Section 6: Conclusion**
Copyright law is an important tool for protecting the rights of creators and promoting the creation of new works. By understanding the basics of copyright law, you can avoid infringing on someone else's rights and ensure that your own work is protected.


text: Raw Cauliflower Salad with Raisins and Nuts. If you like it, save it!. Save and organize all of the stuff you love in one place.Got it!. If you like something…. Click the heart, it's called favoriting. Favorite the stuff you like.Got it!. >.. Tags: fresh, original, savory. - This recipe was entered in the contest for Your Best Mayonnaise-Based Salad. - This recipe was entered in the contest for Your Best Dish in the Raw. - EmilyC. Yum -- this looks nice and fresh -- love the combination of flavors.. almost 3 years ago Kukla. Thank you Emily!. almost 3 years ago Tarragon. Cannot wait to try this.. almost 3 years ago Kukla. Thanks Tarragon! This salad is very tasty.. almost 4 years ago Sagegreen. This sounds so interesting with all the contrasting flavors!

textbook:
Lesson Title: Raw Cauliflower Salad with Raisins and Nuts Recipe
Level: Primary through High School
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to make a delicious raw cauliflower salad with raisins and nuts. This recipe is perfect for those who love fresh, original, and savory dishes. We will explore the ingredients, instructions, and variations of this recipe to help you create a similar dish at home.
Section 1: Ingredients
- 1 large head of cauliflower
- 1/2 cup of raisins
- 1/2 cup of chopped nuts (walnuts or almonds)
- 1/4 cup of olive oil
- 1/4 cup of red wine vinegar
- 2 cloves of garlic, minced
- 1/4 teaspoon of salt
- 1/4 teaspoon of black pepper
- 1/4 teaspoon of cumin
- 1/4 teaspoon of coriander
Instructions:
1. Cut the cauliflower into small pieces and place them in a large bowl.
2. Add the raisins, chopped nuts, olive oil, red wine vinegar, garlic, salt, black pepper, cumin, and coriander to the bowl.
3. Toss everything together until everything is evenly coated.
4. Serve chilled.
Variations:
- You can add dried cranberries instead of raisins for a different flavor.
- You can also add grated carrots or shredded cabbage to the salad for more texture.
- For a spicy twist, add a pinch of cayenne pepper.
Section 2: Questions and Answers
Q: Can I use a different type of nut instead of walnuts or almonds?
A: Yes, you can use any type of nut you prefer. Pecans, cashews, or pistachios would all work well in this recipe.
Q: Can I make this recipe ahead of time?
A: Yes, you can make the salad up to 2 hours before serving. Just store it in the refrigerator until ready to serve.
Q: What if I don't have red wine vinegar?
A: You can substitute apple cider vinegar or white wine vinegar if you don't have red wine vinegar.
Section 3: Definitions
- Fresh: refers to ingredients that are not processed or preserved.
- Original: refers to a recipe that is unique or innovative.
- Savory: refers to a dish that has a strong, rich flavor.
Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to make a raw cauliflower salad with raisins and nuts. We explored the ingredients, instructions, and variations of this recipe to help you create a similar dish at home. We also covered some common questions and answers related to this recipe. By understanding the definitions of key terms, we can better understand the recipe and its components. With this knowledge, we can apply these skills to other recipes and dishes.


text:
There is an epidemic in the vegetarian community. No, it isn’t heart disease or diabetes (we’ve basically conquered those). It is something I like to call Tofuitis. The art of cooking tofu has been tragically lost in most kitchens around the world. This is a shame. The reason people turn their noses up at tofu is always the result of bad preparation. When tofu is cooked correctly, the wonderful slices develop a golden crust and moist, custardy interior that is unlike anything else.

Learning how to cook tofu is not very hard, either. I’ve broken the process down into something I call The 5 S’s of Perfect Tofu – Slice, Soak, Squeeze, Sauté, and Season. So grab your block of tofu and a knife — let’s get started.

You Will Need… 1 block tofu

1-2 tablespoons vegetable oil

Sea salt Sharp knife & cutting board

Tray with warm salt water

Stainless or cast-iron skillet

#1 – Slice

Cutting tofu into the correct slices is important. Too thick and they won’t cook all the way through, too thin and you destroy the custardy interior. Ideally, your slices should be somewhere between 1/2 inch and 1/4 inch – shoot for around 3/8 inch.

#2 – Soak

There are numerous reports around the internet that suggest soaking the tofu in salt water for 15 minutes will result in a better crust and texture. I’ve tried this and… it works. Once you’ve cut the slices, set them in a bath of warm salty water and allow to soak for 10-15 minutes.

#3 – Squeeze

Perhaps the most important step of all is squeezing the water out of the tofu. Many people recommend sandwiching the slices between heavy plates or bowls, but I find that simply pressing between paper towels works best. Take your slices and lay them on a paper towel. Then, add another paper towel (doubled over) on top and press down firmly, like you’re trying to flatten the tofu. Repeat this process 2-3 times until the paper towel is no longer drawing out much water.

#4 – Sauté

Tofu must be sautéed correctly in order to achieve the right texture. You’ll want to use a stainless or cast-iron skillet if possible, non-stick doesn’t work as well at high temperatures. Add about a tablespoon of oil (any neutral oil with a high smoke point, like olive or vegetable) and crank up the heat. Get the pan seriously hot and toss in the tofu slices. If you did a good job of squeezing earlier, there shouldn’t be too much splattering as the water hits the hot oil.

Allow the tofu to cook undisturbed for about 4-5 minutes until the bottoms develop a nice browned color, then flip and repeat on the other side. When both sides are lightly browned, the tofu is ready to be taken off the heat.

#5 – Season

The tofu tastes delicious right out of the pan, but a little seasoning can go a long way. At the very least, top with a dash of sea salt before serving. Or if you’re feeling a bit more daring, here are a few seasoning recipes…

BONUS: 3 Tofu Seasoning Recipes

When seasoning tofu, it is a myth that you need to marinate it ahead of time. In fact, tofu is thick and custardy, and won’t absorb much of the marinade anyways. You’re much better off following the instructions above, then tossing the tofu with your favorite sauce for 1-2 minutes before serving. This allows your sauce to absorb into the crust we created, giving you the most flavor while retaining the perfect texture.

Agave Garlic Sauce

This is my absolute favorite way to seasons tofu. It’s simply 2 tablespoons of agave nectar and 2 finely-diced cloves of garlic. Grab the skillet you used to sauté the tofu and let it cool. Then add these ingredients and warm over low heat. Add the tofu and toss until coated. Serve immediately.

Orange Ginger Sauce

This great sauce gives your tofu a wonderful “orange chicken” taste, but much healthier. Take two tablespoons orange marmaleade, one tablespoon orange juice, one tablespoon soy sauce, and some fresh grated ginger root (to taste). Again, add them all to the skillet and let them warm over low heat. Then add the tofu and toss until coated.

Spicy Peanut Sauce

Warm the following ingredients in a skillet over low heat: 2 tablespoons peanut butter, 1-2 tablespoons rice vinegar, 1 green onion (finely diced), 1 clove garlic (finely diced), 1 teaspoon fresh grated ginger, 1 teaspoon cayenne pepper, 1 teaspoon agave or maple syrup. When warm, add in the tofu and toss to coat. Drizzle any remaining sauce over the tofu when serving.

textbook:
# Lesson: How to Cook Tofu

## Introduction

Tofu is a versatile and healthy ingredient that can be used in many dishes. However, many people struggle with how to cook tofu properly. In this lesson, we will learn the five steps to cook tofu perfectly every time.

## Materials

- 1 block of tofu
- 1-2 tablespoons of vegetable oil
- Sea salt
- Sharp knife and cutting board
- Tray with warm salt water
- Stainless or cast-iron skillet

## Step 1: Slice

Cutting tofu into the correct slices is important. Too thick and they won't cook all the way through, too thin and they will dry out. Use a sharp knife to cut the tofu into slices that are ½ inch thick. Place the slices on a tray and pour warm salt water over them. Let them sit for 10 minutes.

## Step 2: Soak

Soaking the tofu in salt water helps to remove any excess liquid and firms it up. This step is optional but recommended for a firmer texture.

## Step 3: Squeeze

After soaking, gently pat the tofu dry with a paper towel or clean kitchen towel. Remove any excess water by pressing it between two sheets of paper towel.

## Step 4: Sauté

Heat the stainless or cast-iron skillet over medium-high heat. Add the vegetable oil and let it heat up. Once hot, add the tofu slices to the pan. Cook for 2-3 minutes on each side or until golden brown.

## Step 5: Season

Season the tofu with sea salt to taste. Serve immediately and enjoy!

## Conclusion

Cooking tofu is easy and straightforward when you follow these five simple steps. Remember that practice makes perfect, so don't be discouraged if your first attempt isn't perfect. Keep trying, and soon you'll be a pro at cooking delicious tofu.

## Glossary

- Tofu: A food made from condensed soy milk and used as a meat substitute.
- Vegetable oil: A fat extracted from seeds, fruits, or nuts and used for cooking.
- Salt: A mineral used as a seasoning and preservative.
- Knife: A tool with a sharp blade used for cutting.
- Cutting board: A surface used for cutting food.
- Tray: A flat surface used to hold items.
- Warm salt water: Water with salt added to it.
- Skillet: A flat-bottomed pan used for cooking.


text: 8 Mar 2017. ESF teachers publish new IB Diploma guidebook. Two Sha Tin College teachers, Paul Hoang (STC Vice Principal and IB Coordinator) and Chris Taylor (STC Extended Essay Coordinator), have published a new IB Diploma guide book – ‘Extended Essay for the IB Diploma: Skills for Success’.. The book gives insight into essay writing techniques and skills through a range of strategies, and guides you through what is required to get the best Extended Essay (EE) grades.. The new book is taking pre-order now. Click HERE for more details.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Write an Effective Essay

Introduction:
Writing an effective essay is a crucial skill that students need to learn in school. In this lesson, we will explore the key elements of writing an effective essay, including planning, researching, drafting, and revising. We will also provide practical examples and real-world scenarios to help students understand how to apply these skills in their own writing.

Section 1: Planning
Planning is the first step in writing an effective essay. Before you start writing, you need to have a clear understanding of the topic you want to write about. You should also identify the main arguments and points you want to make in your essay. Here are some tips for planning your essay:

1. Choose a topic that interests you: When you choose a topic that you are passionate about, it will be easier to stay focused and motivated throughout the writing process.

2. Research your topic: Before you start writing, you should do some research on your topic. This will help you gather information and ideas that you can use in your essay.

3. Create an outline: An outline is a plan for your essay that shows the structure and organization of your thoughts. It should include the main points you want to make and the order in which you will present them.

Section 2: Researching
Researching is an important part of writing an effective essay. You need to gather information and evidence to support your arguments and points. Here are some tips for researching your essay:

1. Use reliable sources: You should only use sources that are credible and reliable. This includes books, journals, and websites that are written by experts in the field.

2. Take notes: As you research your topic, take notes on the information that you find interesting or relevant. This will help you remember the key points and ideas later on.

3. Organize your research: Once you have gathered all of your research, you should organize it in a way that makes sense to you. This could include creating folders or categories for your notes.

Section 3: Drafting
Drafting is the process of writing your essay. This is where you put all of the planning and researching that you did into action. Here are some tips for drafting your essay:

1. Write a strong introduction: Your introduction should grab the reader's attention and set the tone for the rest of the essay. It should also include your thesis statement, which is the main argument or point of your essay.

2. Develop your body paragraphs: Your body paragraphs should include evidence and examples to support your arguments and points. Each paragraph should focus on one main idea or argument.

3. Conclude with a strong summary: Your conclusion should summarize your main points and arguments, and leave the reader with something to think about.

Section 4: Revising
Revising is the process of editing and improving your essay. This is where you check for grammar and spelling errors, as well as make sure that your essay is clear and easy to understand. Here are some tips for revising your essay:

1. Read your essay out loud: Reading your essay out loud can help you hear any mistakes or awkward phrasing that you might have missed when you read it silently.

2. Get feedback from others: Ask a friend or teacher to read your essay and give you feedback. They can help you identify any mistakes or areas that need improvement.

3. Make revisions: Based on the feedback you receive, make revisions to your essay. This could include correcting grammar errors, rephrasing sentences, or adding more evidence to support your arguments.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, writing an effective essay takes time and effort. However, by following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can develop a clear and persuasive essay that effectively communicates your ideas and arguments. Remember to plan, research, draft, and revise your essay, and always strive to improve your writing skills.


text: Description. Published on behalf of the Economic Society of Australia, the Economic Record is intended to act as a vehicle for the communication of advances in knowledge and understanding in economics. It publishes papers in the theoretical, applied and policy areas of economics and provides a forum for research on the Australian economy. It also publishes surveys in economics and book reviews to facilitate the dissemination of knowledge.. Subscription to the Economic Record includes a special issue publishing selected papers from the National Conference of Economists.. See More

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Economics

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Economics is the study of how societies allocate scarce resources to meet unlimited wants and needs. It examines how individuals, businesses, governments, and other organizations make choices about producing, consuming, and distributing goods and services. This lesson will introduce you to some basic concepts in economics.

**Question:** What is economics?
**Answer:** Economics is the study of how societies allocate scarce resources to meet unlimited wants and needs.

**Question:** What are the main components of economics?
**Answer:** The main components of economics are production, consumption, and distribution.

**Question:** What is production in economics?
**Answer:** Production refers to the process of creating goods and services that people want and need.

**Question:** What is consumption in economics?
**Answer:** Consumption refers to the use of goods and services by consumers.

**Question:** What is distribution in economics?
**Answer:** Distribution refers to the way that goods and services are shared among different groups of people.

## Section 2: Applied Concepts

Economists use many tools to analyze economic problems. One of these tools is supply and demand. Supply and demand refer to the relationship between the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing to sell and the quantity that consumers are willing to buy at a given price.

**Question:** What is supply and demand?
**Answer:** Supply and demand refer to the relationship between the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing to sell and the quantity that consumers are willing to buy at a given price.

**Question:** How does the law of supply and demand work?
**Answer:** The law of supply and demand states that when the price of a good or service increases, the quantity supplied will increase, and the quantity demanded will decrease. Conversely, when the price decreases, the quantity supplied will decrease, and the quantity demanded will increase.

**Question:** What happens when there is a surplus of a good or service?
**Answer:** When there is a surplus of a good or service, the price tends to decrease because there are more sellers than buyers.

**Question:** What happens when there is a shortage of a good or service?
**Answer:** When there is a shortage of a good or service, the price tends to increase because there are more buyers than sellers.

## Section 3: Practical Examples

Let's consider an example of supply and demand in action. Imagine that there is a shortage of apples in your local grocery store. This means that there are more people who want to buy apples than there are apples available. As a result, the price of apples will likely increase.

**Question:** Why did the price of apples increase?
**Answer:** The price of apples increased because there was a shortage of apples in the market.

**Question:** What can we learn from this example?
**Answer:** We can learn that when there is a shortage of a good or service, the price tends to increase.

## Glossary

- Scarcity: The limited availability of resources to satisfy unlimited wants and needs.
- Opportunity cost: The value of the next best alternative that is forgone when a choice is made.
- Equilibrium: The point at which the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded.
- Surplus: An excess of production over consumption.
- Shortage: A deficiency of supply to meet demand.

## Conclusion

In this lesson, we introduced you to the basics of economics, including the main components of economics and the concept of supply and demand. We also provided practical examples to help illustrate these concepts. By understanding these concepts, you can begin to think like an economist and analyze economic problems in your everyday life.


text: October 11, 2018!. Despite the cold and rain, the event was still a huge success. Nothing could dampen the spirit of this year’s committed riders who remained focused and determined to help show cancer the door. This recent event raised $10.6M in support of the BC Cancer Foundation, helping to fund world-leading cancer research and supporting patients all across British Columbia who continue to battle onwards.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Charity and Fundraising

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of charity and fundraising, particularly in the context of supporting cancer research and patients. We will explore the benefits of participating in charitable events, such as bike rides, and how these events contribute to making a positive impact on society.

Section 1: Understanding the Importance of Charity and Fundraising

**Topic 1: What is charity and fundraising?**
Charity refers to the voluntary act of giving money or time to help those in need. Fundraising is the process of gathering funds from various sources to support a specific cause or organization. In this case, the cause is cancer research and patient support.

**Topic 2: Why is it important to support cancer research and patients?**
Cancer is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide. By supporting cancer research and patient support programs, we can help find new treatments and cures for this disease. Additionally, we can provide emotional and financial support to those who are fighting cancer.

**Topic 3: How do charitable events like bike rides contribute to this cause?**
Charitable events like bike rides bring together individuals who are passionate about supporting cancer research and patients. These events raise awareness and funds that help support the cause. Participants can also form a community of support, where they can share their experiences and offer encouragement to one another.

Section 2: Practical Examples and Applications

**Topic 1: How can you get involved in charitable events?**
There are many ways to get involved in charitable events. You can participate in events like bike rides, run or walk marathons, organize fundraisers, or donate money or resources to support the cause.

**Topic 2: How does fundraising work?**
Fundraising involves raising money from various sources, such as individuals, businesses, or organizations. There are many ways to fundraise, such as hosting events, asking for donations, or selling products or services. The funds raised can then be used to support cancer research and patient support programs.

**Topic 3: Real-world example**
In 2018, a group of cyclists organized a bike ride to raise funds for cancer research and patient support. They successfully raised $10.6M, which will go towards supporting cancer research and patients in British Columbia.

Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

**Topic 1: How can we encourage more people to participate in charitable events?**
One way to encourage more people to participate in charitable events is by making the events fun and engaging. We can also promote the cause through social media and other forms of advertisement. Additionally, offering incentives or rewards for participation can also motivate people to join.

**Topic 2: Is it more effective to donate money or time to charity?**
Both donating money and time to charity can be effective ways to support the cause. However, it ultimately depends on the individual's personal circumstances and preferences. Some may have more resources to donate money, while others may have more free time to volunteer.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, charity and fundraising are essential in supporting causes such as cancer research and patient support. By participating in charitable events and fundraising efforts, we can make a significant impact on society and help improve the lives of those affected by cancer.


text: We all crave the great entertainment offered by filmmakers, game developers, comedians, and many others. There has been some tremendous advancement in these industries over the past decade as technologies have made it easier to access, create content, and most importantly, assist the artists. However, given the centralized nature of these industries as a whole, there are still ways to go.. The main problems that decentralization can solve are accessibility and capital support. It is centralized by large players such as production houses, development studios and, more recently, streaming services. The Internet as a medium offers smaller artists and studios platforms for monetization and access to the public. It also has practices like piracy, intellectual property theft, lack of moderation, etc.. Is decentralization a solution for content creators?. The short answer is yes it is. Services like Youtube, Steam, image marketplaces and others …

textbook:
Lesson: Decentralization and Its Impact on Content Creators

## Introduction

In this lesson, we will explore the concept of decentralization and its impact on content creators. We will discuss what decentralization means, why it is important, and how it can benefit content creators. We will also examine the challenges associated with decentralization and how they can be overcome.

## What is Decentralization?

Decentralization refers to the process of distributing power or control away from a central authority or organization. In the context of content creation, decentralization means moving away from centralized platforms and systems that control access to audiences and revenue streams.

## Why is Decentralization Important?

Decentralization is important because it empowers content creators by giving them more control over their work and their income. It also reduces the dependence on centralized platforms, which can be unpredictable and unreliable. By decentralizing content creation, creators can reach wider audiences, earn more revenue, and have more freedom to express themselves.

## How can Decentralization Benefit Content Creators?

Decentralization can benefit content creators in several ways:

1. Greater Control: Decentralization gives content creators more control over their work, including how it is distributed, monetized, and promoted.

2. More Revenue: Decentralization allows content creators to keep more of their revenue, as they are not reliant on centralized platforms that take a cut of their earnings.

3. Wider Audience: Decentralization enables content creators to reach wider audiences, as they are not limited to centralized platforms with strict rules and guidelines.

4. Increased Freedom: Decentralization gives content creators more freedom to experiment with different forms of content and expression, without fear of censorship or algorithmic restrictions.

## Challenges of Decentralization

Despite its benefits, decentralization also presents some challenges for content creators:

1. Technical Skills: Decentralized systems require technical knowledge and skills that not all content creators may possess. This can make it difficult for some creators to navigate decentralized platforms and systems.

2. Adoption: Decentralized platforms and systems may not be as widely adopted as centralized ones, making it harder for content creators to reach a large audience.

3. Trust: Decentralized systems may be perceived as less trustworthy than centralized ones, making it harder for content creators to establish credibility and build an audience.

## Overcoming Challenges

To overcome these challenges, content creators can take several steps:

1. Learn Technical Skills: Content creators can learn the necessary technical skills to navigate decentralized platforms and systems. This may include learning programming languages, blockchain technology, and other relevant technologies.

2. Collaborate: Content creators can collaborate with other creators and experts to build a community around decentralized content creation. This can help to promote adoption and build trust in decentralized systems.

3. Experiment: Content creators can experiment with different forms of content and expression, using decentralized platforms to explore new ideas and reach new audiences.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, decentralization is an important concept for content creators, offering greater control, more revenue, and wider audiences. While there are challenges associated with decentralization, such as technical skills and adoption, content creators can overcome these challenges by learning new skills, collaborating with others, and experimenting with different forms of content. Ultimately, decentralization offers a promising future for content creators, enabling them to reach new heights of creativity and success.


text: JSU football breaks record for economic impact to city. /cloudfront-us-east-1.images.arcpublishing.com/gray/G2WVVTA3DBDULIIUO5NFVW2H4I.jpg). JACKSON, Miss. (WLBT) - Visit Jackson reports a record-breaking economic impact from Jackson State’s football season in 2021.. They say JSU brought in $30 million to the city during the season, up from $16 million in 2019.. The average attendance at Veterans Memorial Stadium was 42,293. More than 50,000 packed the stadium during last week’s SWAC Championship game.. JSU won 11 games and their first SWAC championship since 2007 in head coach Deion Sanders’ second season.. They earned a bid in the Celebration Bowl and enter on a nine-game win streak.. “JSU not only provides an economic boost to the city, but it provides a sense of place in our city,” Lumumba said earlier this week. “I’m just happy to be out here celebrating with everyone else.”

textbook:
Lesson: How to Calculate Economic Impact

## Introduction

Economic impact refers to the total amount of money spent in a particular area due to a specific event or activity. In this lesson, we will learn how to calculate economic impact using the example of Jackson State University's (JSU) football season in 2021.

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Economic impact can be calculated using the following formula:

Economic Impact = Total Expenditures - (Direct Expenditures + Indirect Expenditures)

Total expenditures refer to the total amount of money spent by visitors in the area, while direct expenditures refer to the money spent by the event organizers or participants. Indirect expenditures refer to the money spent by businesses that provide goods and services to the event organizers or participants.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

Let's use the example of JSU's football season in 2021 to calculate the economic impact. According to Visit Jackson, JSU brought in $30 million to the city during the season, up from $16 million in 2019.

To calculate the economic impact, we need to find the difference between the total expenditures and the sum of direct and indirect expenditures.

Total Expenditures = $30 million (given)
Direct Expenditures = $16 million (in 2019)
Indirect Expenditures = $0 (since there is no information about indirect expenditures)

Now, let's plug these values into the formula:

Economic Impact = $30 million - ($16 million + $0)
Economic Impact = $30 million - $16 million
Economic Impact = $14 million

So, the economic impact of JSU's football season in 2021 was $14 million.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

Why is it important to calculate economic impact?

Calculating economic impact helps us understand the financial impact of an event or activity on a particular area. This information can be used by policymakers, business owners, and community leaders to make informed decisions about investments, infrastructure development, and other initiatives that can further boost the economy.

What are some challenges in calculating economic impact?

One of the main challenges in calculating economic impact is determining the value of indirect expenditures. These expenditures can be difficult to quantify as they often involve complex supply chains and multiple transactions. Additionally, there may be differences in the methods used to estimate indirect expenditures, which can lead to variations in the final calculation.

## Glossary

- Economic Impact: The total amount of money spent in a particular area due to a specific event or activity.
- Direct Expenditures: The money spent by the event organizers or participants.
- Indirect Expenditures: The money spent by businesses that provide goods and services to the event organizers or participants.

## Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned how to calculate economic impact using the example of JSU's football season in 2021. We discussed the theoretical concepts involved in calculating economic impact and applied them to a practical example. Finally, we engaged in a self-debating discussion to explore the importance of calculating economic impact and some of the challenges involved.


text: New Baby. Elegance Bouquet$45.00 – $140.00. FLOWERS & GIFTS FOR NEWBORN BABY. Celebrating the birth of a newborn with flowers is a time-honoured tradition. Congratulate the parents and rejoice in the new baby’s first day on earth with joyous bouquets like the spring boom bouquet or the soft and sweet vintage posy. Mum has worked hard to bring her newborn into the world – she deserves beautiful flowers!. Other great gifts for newborns include baby stick balloons and pampering gift baskets. Talk to the florists in Cherrywood about the most popular new baby bouquets or shop online and get the team to deliver flowers to new mums across Tauranga, Mount Maunganui and Papamoa.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Flowers in Celebrating New Life

Introduction:
Flowers are a beautiful way to celebrate new life, whether it's the birth of a child or any other joyous occasion. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of flowers in celebrating new life and learn about the different types of flowers that are perfect for such occasions.

Section 1: The Symbolism of Flowers in Celebrating New Life

Topic: The Meaning Behind Different Types of Flowers

Question: Why do people give flowers as gifts when a new baby is born?

Answer: Flowers are a traditional gift for newborn babies because they represent new life, happiness, and beauty. They also symbolize the joy and excitement that come with the arrival of a new member of the family.

Topic: Popular Flowers for Celebrating New Life

Question: What are some popular flowers that are given as gifts when a new baby is born?

Answer: Some popular flowers that are given as gifts when a new baby is born include baby's breath, pink roses, daisies, and lilies. These flowers are often chosen because they are associated with new life, purity, and innocence.

Section 2: Choosing the Perfect Flowers for a Newborn Baby

Topic: Considerations When Choosing Flowers for a Newborn Baby

Question: What should I consider when choosing flowers for a newborn baby?

Answer: When choosing flowers for a newborn baby, you should consider the baby's gender, the parents' preferences, and the overall theme of the celebration. You may also want to choose flowers that are safe for the baby to be around, as some flowers can be toxic.

Topic: Creating a Unique Floral Arrangement

Question: How can I create a unique floral arrangement for a newborn baby?

Answer: To create a unique floral arrangement for a newborn baby, you can choose a mix of different flowers in various colors and textures. You can also add some greenery to the arrangement to add a touch of nature. You may also want to consider the size of the arrangement, as you don't want it to be too big or too small for the space where it will be displayed.

Section 3: Caring for Flowers in Celebrating New Life

Topic: How to Care for Flowers

Question: How can I keep my flowers fresh and healthy for as long as possible?

Answer: To keep your flowers fresh and healthy for as long as possible, you should follow these tips:

- Keep the flowers away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
- Change the water in the vase every few days.
- Add flower food to the water to help the flowers last longer.
- Avoid placing the flowers near fruit or other produce, as this can cause the flowers to wilt faster.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned about the importance of flowers in celebrating new life and how to choose the perfect flowers for a newborn baby. We also learned about how to care for flowers to make them last as long as possible. By following these tips, you can create a beautiful and meaningful tribute to a new life.


text:
How Long Can I Wear a Retainer?

Why Do People Wear Retainers?

Although there are many different uses for retainers, most people wear them to help keep their teeth in place. While braces are effective for moving the teeth into the desired position, they’re only a temporary solution. Once the teeth are in place, the braces are removed. Teeth can still shift months or years after one’s braces have been removed, particularly in younger patients.

Retainers are used to keep the teeth in place and help solidify their positioning once the braces have been removed. Some patients need to wear the retainer throughout the day, removing them for eating or brushing their teeth. Others wear their retainer only at night. The duration for retainer use varies by patient and is determined on a case by case basis.

In some cases, a retainer can be used in place of braces. If only minor adjustments are needed, a patient may wear a series of retainers to gently pressure the teeth to move into a new position. Once the proper dental alignment is achieved, retainer use will typically continue just as it does for patients who had braces.

There are a few other conditions that retainers can help with. Patients with TMD (temporomandibular disorder) grind their teeth while they sleep. This can strain the jaw, causing pain, headaches, and undue wear to the teeth. Patients with TMD may wear a retainer that prevents the jaw from closing completely. This is only necessary at night, as it prevents unconscious grinding while the patient sleeps.

Finally, retainers are an effective treatment for tongue thrust. Patients with tongue thrust speak with a lisp, placing the tongue between the teeth when they talk. A specialized retainer can help by stopping the tongue and holding it back from the teeth. Over time, the tongue learns to touch the top of the mouth instead of the teeth, thus resolving this speech disorder.

What Different Types of Retainers Are There?

When people talk about retainers, they’re usually picturing removable appliances that fit around the teeth and mold to the roof of the mouth. This is known as a Hawley retainer. Hawley retainers feature a custom-molded piece of plastic that fits perfectly to the mouth. The wires are adjustable so your orthodontist can give you a comfortable fit.

While Hawley retainers are customizable to a certain extent, they are always visible. The thin wire that runs along the front of the teeth is slightly less obtrusive than braces, but some patients still find it too visible and disruptive.

Essix retainers are a nearly invisible option that can resolve some of the aesthetic issues that patients may have with a Hawley retainer. Essix retainers are made from clear molded plastic that fits over the teeth to keep them in place. Though it’s virtually invisible, the Essix retainer isn’t without its drawbacks. This type of retainer traps liquid against the teeth, making cleaning difficult. It also tends to wear out faster than other types of retainers.

The longest-lasting and most unobtrusive option is a permanent retainer. Permanent retainers are made using a single small piece of wire that’s bonded to the back of the teeth. The retainer is rarely visible, thanks to its discreet positioning. When properly fitted, a permanent retainer will last for life.

Patients with permanent retainers will need to adjust their dental hygiene routines to accommodate this new hardware. Floss threaders are required to get dental floss beneath and behind the retainer so plaque and bacteria can’t hide in this area.

How Long Can I Wear a Retainer Before It Needs to Be Replaced?

Removable retainers typically last anywhere from one to three years. If the retainer is damaged, has an unpleasant taste, or no longer fits properly, it’s time to see your dentist to inquire about a replacement. Permanent retainers are typically good as long as they’re secure and in place. If your permanent retainer becomes loose or detaches on one or both sides, you should see your dentist or orthodontist immediately.

Don’t hesitate to ask about a replacement if you think you need a new retainer. Going without one can cause your teeth to shift, doing costly damage to their alignment. It’s much more affordable to replace a retainer now than to have new work done to your teeth later.

Retainers are extremely versatile tools for shaping and maintaining your teeth. Keep in mind that every retainer is a little different and custom-made for the patient. Speak to your dentist about any issues or concerns you have to make sure you’re using your retainer correctly.

textbook:
Lesson: The Use of Retainers After Braces

Introduction:
After wearing braces, many people wonder how long they need to wear their retainers. In this lesson, we will explore the reasons why people wear retainers, how long they typically need to wear them, and when they can stop wearing them. We will also discuss the importance of retainers in maintaining the position of teeth after braces.

Section 1: Why Do People Wear Retainers?

Retainers are essential for keeping teeth in place after braces have been removed. Although braces are effective in moving teeth into their desired position, they are only a temporary solution. Once the teeth are in place, the braces must be removed. However, teeth can still shift months or years after one's braces have been removed, particularly in younger patients.

Retainers are used to keep the teeth in place and help solidify their positioning once the braces have been removed. Some patients need to wear the retainer throughout the day, removing them for eating or brushing their teeth. Others wear their retainer only at night. The duration for retainer use varies by patient and is determined on a case-by-case basis.

Section 2: How Long Do People Typically Wear Retainers?

The duration for retainer use varies by patient and is determined on a case-by-case basis. In some cases, a retainer can be used in place of braces. If only minor adjustments are needed, a patient may wear a series of retainers to gently pressure the teeth to move into a new position.

However, if significant adjustments are necessary, a retainer may need to be worn for a longer period. Generally, retainers are worn for at least six months to a year after braces have been removed. However, some patients may need to wear their retainers for the rest of their lives to maintain the position of their teeth.

Section 3: When Can People Stop Wearing Retainers?

Once a patient has stopped wearing their retainers, they should continue to monitor their teeth to ensure that they do not shift out of place. If a patient notices that their teeth are shifting, they should consult with their orthodontist to determine if they need to resume wearing their retainers.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, retainers are an essential part of maintaining the position of teeth after braces have been removed. The duration for retainer use varies by patient and is determined on a case-by-case basis. It is crucial to continue wearing retainers as long as necessary to prevent teeth from shifting out of place. By following the guidelines provided by an orthodontist, patients can ensure that their teeth remain in their desired position for a lifetime.


text: About Down On The Farm Radio. Since 1995, Down On The Farm has provided Texas listeners with the latest news and information regarding agri-business. Covering livestock, crops, futures, weather and industry news, Down On The Farm is heard in markets like San Antonio, the Coastal Bend, the Hill Country and the Brazos Valley.. DOTF’s hosts bring a wealth of real-world agricultural experience. Owner and founder Larry Marble has served as a commercial farm manager and Texas A&M extension agent. The Down On The Farm team has decades of broadcast experience.. Each Down On The Farm program is produced for the specific market and station where it airs. The content is local, topical and specific.. As the host and owner of Down on the Farm Radio, Larry began the farm and ranch news program on KKYX in 1995 with a Saturday morning program. Three years later, he make their home in the Coastal Bend.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to Agriculture

Introduction:
Agriculture is the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of crops and livestock production. It plays a vital role in the economy and daily life of people around the world. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of agriculture, including its history, importance, and the various aspects of farming.

Section 1: History of Agriculture
- Agriculture has been practiced for thousands of years.
- The first farmers grew crops and raised animals for food, clothing, and shelter.
- Over time, farming methods and technology have improved, leading to increased productivity and efficiency.

Section 2: Importance of Agriculture
- Agriculture is essential for human survival.
- It provides food, fiber, and other resources that people need to live.
- Farming also supports the economy by providing jobs and contributing to the production of goods and services.

Section 3: Aspects of Agriculture
- There are several aspects of agriculture, including crop production, livestock production, and agribusiness.
- Crop production involves growing and harvesting crops, such as wheat, corn, and fruits and vegetables.
- Livestock production involves raising animals for food, such as cattle, pigs, and chickens.
- Agribusiness involves the marketing and distribution of agricultural products, as well as the provision of services to farmers.

Section 4: Practical Examples
- Let's consider a farmer who grows wheat.
- They plant seeds in the spring and harvest the wheat in the fall.
- They may use fertilizers and pesticides to ensure a good yield.
- They may also sell their wheat to a flour mill or a bread company.

Section 5: Self-Debating Discussion
- Why is agriculture important?
- What are some challenges facing farmers today?
- How can we support agriculture and farmers?

Glossary:
- Crop: A plant that is grown and harvested for food, fiber, or other purposes.
- Livestock: Animals raised for food or other purposes, such as cattle, pigs, and chickens.
- Agribusiness: The business of farming, including crop and livestock production, marketing, and distribution.

Conclusion:
Agriculture is an essential part of our lives, providing us with food, clothing, and other resources. By understanding the basics of agriculture, we can appreciate the hard work and dedication of farmers and support the industry in meaningful ways.


text:
Ethical issues in intensive care--a survey among Scandinavian intensivists.
The general principles of medical ethics are universally accepted. In practice, however, there is variation on how these principles are interpreted by people with different cultural backgrounds. The aim of this study was to document the views of Scandinavian intensive care physicians on intensive care unit (ICU) admission, triage, withholding and withdrawal of intensive care, and communication between the patient, the family and the ICU team. A questionnaire was developed and sent to 84 intensive care physicians working in Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Norway. The response rate was 61%. In general, the responses were in agreement with published guidelines. Nevertheless, there was considerable variation on what factors are taken into account when priority decisions are made. In addition, the views on the content of information provided to the family varied. A majority of 80% reported priority decisions being made on a regular basis. Less than one-half of the respondents had correct knowledge regarding the existence or lack of national guidelines on intensive care ethics. Only 8% of the respondents were aware of guidelines published by the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Variation in priority determinants between individual physicians may compromise justice in health care. An effort should be made to discuss and adopt mutual principles. In addition, the quality of information available to the patients' representatives deserves our attention. The results of this study could be used as a basis for discussion when guidelines on the ethical aspects of intensive care are developed and reviewed.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Medical Ethics in Intensive Care Units

### Section 1: Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about medical ethics in intensive care units (ICUs). We will explore the general principles of medical ethics, the importance of cultural backgrounds in interpreting these principles, and the roles of intensive care physicians in making critical decisions.

### Section 2: General Principles of Medical Ethics

Medical ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles and judgments in the practice of medicine. The general principles of medical ethics are universally accepted and include:

1. Autonomy: Patients have the right to make decisions about their own healthcare.
2. Non-maleficence: Physicians should not harm their patients.
3. Beneficence: Physicians should act in the best interest of their patients.
4. Justice: Physicians should treat patients fairly and equitably.
5. Respect for persons: Physicians should respect the dignity and rights of their patients.

### Section 3: Cultural Variations in Interpreting Medical Ethics

While the general principles of medical ethics are universally accepted, there is variation on how these principles are interpreted by people with different cultural backgrounds. This variation can lead to differences in decision-making in the ICU.

### Section 4: Roles of Intensive Care Physicians

Intensive care physicians play a critical role in making decisions about patient care in the ICU. These decisions can include:

1. ICU admission: Determining whether a patient needs to be admitted to the ICU based on their condition and prognosis.
2. Triage: Prioritizing patients for limited resources such as organ transplants or ICU beds.
3. Withholding and withdrawal of intensive care: Deciding when to stop or not start life-sustaining treatments such as mechanical ventilation or dialysis.
4. Communication between the patient, the family, and the ICU team: Balancing the need for information with the potential emotional distress it may cause.

### Section 5: Survey Results

A survey was conducted among Scandinavian intensive care physicians to document their views on the above-mentioned decisions. The results showed that:

1. Most physicians agreed with published guidelines on ICU admission, triage, withholding and withdrawal of intensive care, and communication with patients and families.
2. However, there was considerable variation on what factors were taken into account when priority decisions were made.
3. There was variation in the content of information provided to families.
4. A majority of 80% reported priority decisions being made on a regular basis.
5. Less than one-half of the respondents had correct knowledge regarding the existence or lack of national guidelines on intensive care ethics.

### Section 6: Conclusion

Understanding the general principles of medical ethics and their cultural variations is crucial for intensive care physicians. They play a critical role in making decisions about patient care in the ICU, including ICU admission, triage, withholding and withdrawal of intensive care, and communication with patients and families. While most physicians agree with published guidelines, there is variation in how these principles are interpreted and applied. This variation highlights the importance of understanding cultural backgrounds and having national guidelines on intensive care ethics. By applying these principles and guidelines, physicians can provide the best possible care to their patients while respecting their autonomy, dignity, and rights.


text: Fennell Campus (FF). Produce your masterpiece in the Digital Print Lab or shoot hoops in the David Braley Athletic & Recreation Centre. No matter where on campus you choose to spend your time, you’ll have access to state-of-the-art equipment and modern facilities. Fennell Campus has the academic resources, entertainment experiences, shopping and activities that will make your college experience memorable and rewarding.. Whether you choose to live in residence or in an off-campus neighbourhood, at Fennell Campus you’ll feel at home.. View all programs at Fennell Campus. Public Transportation. HSR Bus Routes. Check out the Mohawk College Transit Terminal Guide (opens PDF, 325kb)

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Campus Life

**Objective:** To introduce students to the basics of college life and provide them with a glimpse of what to expect when they join college.

**Introduction:** College life is an exciting journey filled with new experiences, challenges, and opportunities. It is a time when students learn to become independent and responsible individuals. In this lesson, we will explore the different aspects of campus life, including academics, extracurricular activities, social life, and transportation.

**Section 1: Academics**

- What is the importance of academics in college?
- How do students balance academics and extracurricular activities?
- What are some strategies for success in college?

**Section 2: Extracurricular Activities**

- What are some ways to get involved in college?
- What are the benefits of participating in extracurricular activities?
- How can students balance academics and extracurricular activities?

**Section 3: Social Life**

- What is the social scene like in college?
- What are some tips for making friends in college?
- How can students stay safe while enjoying the social life in college?

**Section 4: Transportation**

- What are the different modes of transportation available on campus?
- How can students save money on transportation?
- What are some safety tips for using public transportation?

**Conclusion:** College life is a unique experience that provides students with opportunities to grow and develop as individuals. By getting involved in academics, extracurricular activities, and social life, students can create a well-rounded college experience that prepares them for their future.

**Glossary:**
- Campus: A college or university's physical location
- Residence: A place where students live while attending college
- Transit: A mode of transportation that uses public roads
- Extracurricular: Activities that take place outside of the classroom
- Balance: The act of managing time and priorities effectively
- Success: Achieving desired outcomes through hard work and dedication

**Self-Debate Discussion:** Why is it important to get involved in college? How can students find a balance between academics and extracurricular activities?


text: 2021 Bulk Rain Barrel and Compost Bin SaleSubmitted by ScottT on May 21, 2021 - 9:34am. The City of Urbana and other local partners are hosting a bulk rain barrel and compost bin sale. Order at. Subsidies for barrels are available with the following conditions:. Champaign Stormwater Utility Fee payers can apply for $29 subsidies for unlimited barrels using this form. Urbana Stormwater Utility Fee payers are limited to the purchase of 2 subsidized barrels and can apply for $25 subsidies using this form

textbook:
Title: Introduction to Composting and Rain Barrels

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Composting is the process of breaking down organic materials such as food waste, yard waste, and paper products into nutrient-rich soil. Rain barrels are containers that collect rainwater from rooftops, which can then be used for watering plants, washing cars, and other non-potable uses.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

To set up a compost system at home, you will need a compost bin or pile, carbon-rich "brown" materials such as leaves or straw, and nitrogen-rich "green" materials such as grass clippings or kitchen scraps. You can also add water to help the compost break down.

To install a rain barrel, you will need a downspout diverter, a rain barrel, and a hose. Connect the diverter to your gutter downspout and direct it towards the rain barrel. Make sure the barrel is level and place it on a solid surface. Connect the barrel's outlet hose to your garden hose and turn on the water when you need it.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

Composting and rain barrels are great ways to reduce waste and conserve resources. By composting food scraps and yard waste, you can reduce the amount of garbage that goes to the landfill, which helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants. Similarly, by collecting rainwater in barrels, you can save water and reduce the demand on municipal water supplies.

## Glossary

- Composting: The process of breaking down organic materials into nutrient-rich soil.
- Rain barrels: Containers that collect rainwater from rooftops.
- Carbon-rich materials: Materials such as leaves or straw that are high in carbon.
- Nitrogen-rich materials: Materials such as grass clippings or kitchen scraps that are high in nitrogen.
- Downspout diverter: A device that directs rainwater from the gutter downspout into a rain barrel.
- Outlet hose: A hose that connects the rain barrel to your garden hose.

## Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the benefits of composting and rain barrels, as well as how to set them up at home. By reducing waste and conserving resources, we can help protect our environment and make a positive impact on our community.


text: Industry News. European channel sales revive in mainland as UK confidence hitJuly 20, 2017. Researcher using major distributors' returns shows impact of confidence - revived in France, hit in UK. Cloud security vendor eperi pulls in CipherCloud sales headJuly 20, 2017. To run DACH region. Nuvias wins Oracle platinum for EMEA UCJuly 19, 2017. Helps build the UC practice with service providers and resellers. Record sponsorship for London managed services eventJuly 19, 2017. How IT is consumed is changing rapidly - event aims to build communications across industry, with support from leading names. IBM trials blockchain with stock exchangesJuly 19, 2017. Working with small number of clients to establish replacement for paper trading. SAP solutions provider doubles cloud revenueJuly 18, 2017. Cloud subscriptions grow in DACH. NCC Group posts loss, undertakes reviewJuly 18, 2017. Cybersecurity firm will look at everything it does after losses rise

textbook:
Lesson: Industry News Analysis

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to analyze industry news related to technology and business. We will focus on reading comprehension, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand and interpret industry news articles, identify key trends and patterns, and apply your knowledge to real-world situations.

Section 1: Reading Comprehension

Topic: European channel sales revive in mainland as UK confidence hit

Questions:
1. What is the main topic of the article?
2. Which countries are affected by the changes in channel sales?
3. What is the impact of confidence on channel sales in the UK?
4. Who is the new sales head at eperi and what is their responsibility?
5. What is the significance of the London managed services event?
6. What is IBM working on with stock exchanges?
7. How has NCC Group's financial performance changed?

Answers:
1. The main topic of the article is the change in channel sales in Europe due to confidence levels in different countries.
2. The article mentions France and the UK as the countries affected by the changes in channel sales.
3. The impact of confidence on channel sales in the UK is not mentioned directly, but it is implied that the confidence level has decreased, which has affected sales.
4. The new sales head at eperi is from CipherCloud and their responsibility is to run the DACH region.
5. The London managed services event is significant because it aims to build communication across the industry, with support from leading names.
6. IBM is working on establishing a replacement for paper trading with stock exchanges using blockchain technology.
7. NCC Group has posted a loss and has undertaken a review of everything it does.

Section 2: Critical Thinking

Topic: Industry News Analysis

Questions:
1. Why is it important to analyze industry news related to technology and business?
2. What skills are required to analyze industry news effectively?
3. How can analyzing industry news help us in our personal and professional lives?
4. What are some common mistakes people make when analyzing industry news?
5. How can we avoid these mistakes and improve our analysis?

Answers:
1. It is important to analyze industry news related to technology and business because it helps us stay informed about the latest trends and developments in our field. It also allows us to identify potential opportunities and threats that may affect our business or career.
2. To analyze industry news effectively, we need to have strong reading comprehension skills, critical thinking skills, and problem-solving skills. We also need to be able to identify key trends and patterns and apply our knowledge to real-world situations.
3. Analyzing industry news can help us make informed decisions about our personal and professional lives. It can also help us identify potential partnerships, collaborations, or investment opportunities.
4. Some common mistakes people make when analyzing industry news include not reading the article carefully, not asking enough questions, and not considering the source of the information.
5. To avoid these mistakes, we should take the time to read the article thoroughly, ask questions that challenge our assumptions, and verify the credibility of the source. We should also be aware of our own biases and try to approach the analysis objectively.

Section 3: Problem Solving

Topic: Applying Skills to Real-World Situations

Scenario: You work for a technology company that provides cloud-based solutions to small and medium-sized businesses. Your CEO has asked you to analyze recent industry news to identify potential opportunities and threats for your company.

Task: Analyze the following articles and provide a summary of the key trends and developments that may affect your company.

Article 1: IBM trials blockchain with stock exchanges
- IBM is working on a project to use blockchain technology to replace paper trading with stock exchanges. This could potentially reduce costs and increase efficiency in the trading process.

Article 2: SAP solutions provider doubles cloud revenue
- A SAP solutions provider has reported a doubling of its cloud revenue in the DACH region. This indicates a growing demand for cloud-based solutions in the region.

Article 3: NCC Group posts loss, undertakes review
- NCC Group, a cybersecurity firm, has reported a loss and has undertaken a review of everything it does. This could potentially impact the demand for cybersecurity solutions in the market.

Conclusion:
By analyzing these industry news articles, we can identify several key trends and developments that may affect our company. The growing demand for cloud-based solutions and the potential for blockchain technology to revolutionize the trading process are positive developments that we should explore further. On the other hand, the potential impact of a cybersecurity firm's financial performance on the demand for cybersecurity solutions is something we should monitor closely. Overall, staying informed about industry news and analyzing it critically can help us make better decisions and stay ahead of the competition.

Glossary:
- Channel sales: The sale of products or services through a network of intermediaries, such as distributors or resellers.
- Confidence: The level of trust or belief that people have in the economy, business environment, or their personal financial situation.
- Blockchain: A digital ledger of transactions that is secure, transparent, and immutable.
- DACH: An acronym for Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.
- Managed services: A type of IT service where a provider remotely manages an organization's infrastructure, applications, or networks.


text: Arts and Entertainment. Best Rebirth. Published: July 31, 2013. Gallery at Avalon Island. 39 S. Magnolia Ave.. avalongallery.org. The intimate space on the ground floor of the historic Rogers Building has been an art-lover’s downtown destination for years, and its absence has been felt during its recent shuttering. The good news is that the gallery has reopened; the better news is that there’s a knowledgeable contemporary-art curator at the helm (Patrick Greene, guiding force behind 2012’s citywide Walk On By project and most recently employed at Urban ReThink); the best news is that Greene has plans not just for the gallery but also for the upstairs screening room that used to house the Digital Media.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Art Galleries

**Introduction:** An art gallery is a space where art is displayed and sold. It can be a physical location or an online platform. Art galleries play an essential role in the art world by showcasing artists' work and providing a platform for them to sell their art. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of art galleries, their history, and how they operate.

**Section 1: Types of Art Galleries**

There are different types of art galleries, each with its unique features and functions. Some of the common types include:

1. Commercial Galleries: These are privately owned businesses that represent artists and sell their work. They usually take a commission on any sales made.

2. Non-Profit Galleries: These are organizations that are run by charitable trusts or foundations. They do not aim to make a profit but instead focus on promoting the arts and educating the public about art.

3. Museum Galleries: These are spaces within museums that display art collections. They often feature permanent collections as well as temporary exhibitions.

4. Online Galleries: These are virtual spaces where artists can display and sell their work over the internet.

**Section 2: History of Art Galleries**

The first known art gallery was established in Rome in 15th century. It was called the "Galleria degli Uffizi" and was founded by Cosimo de' Medici. Since then, art galleries have become an integral part of the art world. In the 17th and 18th centuries, art galleries were mainly patronized by royalty and the wealthy. However, in the 19th century, art galleries became more accessible to the general public.

**Section 3: How Art Galleries Operate**

Art galleries operate by representing artists and selling their work. They usually take a commission on any sales made. Galleries may also organize exhibitions, events, and educational programs to promote the arts and engage with the public.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

In conclusion, art galleries play a vital role in the art world by providing a platform for artists to showcase and sell their work. They come in different forms, from commercial galleries to non-profit organizations, and have a rich history dating back to the Renaissance. By understanding the different types of art galleries and their operations, we can appreciate the importance of these spaces in promoting and preserving artistic expression.

**Glossary:**
- Art Gallery: A space where art is displayed and sold.
- Commission: A percentage of the sale price taken by the gallery as payment for their services.
- Non-Profit Organization: An organization that does not aim to make a profit but instead focuses on promoting a specific cause or mission.

**Self-Debating Discussion:**

1. Why do you think art galleries are important?
2. Can you think of any other industries that operate similarly to art galleries?
3. What role do you think art galleries play in society?