text:
Pre workout is a staple supplement in the industry, boasting higher intensity workouts that last longer provided usually within one or two small scoops of powder (powder form being the most popular method of consumption). The nature of a supplement such as this leaves a large window in which a product can be created and brought to the market, including which ingredients are used and in which doses of each, the final volume of the serving size, how many servings in a container and taste is also a very important feature it seems when it comes to the market and this is something that many companies focus on as one of the highest priorities at times.

Benefits that pre-workouts can provide and why;

-Caffeine is contained in most pre-workout supplements deliver an energy boost, helping workout intensity and workouts last longer.

-Ingredients such as beta-alanine help to improve the explosiveness of repetitions and overall increase in exercise performance

-Vascularity can be increased from improved blood flow granted from caffeine (faster heart beat) and also more directly from substances that have main roles of making the ‘pump’ greater (below). This is because altering the pumped up sensation when training is achieved by manipulating blood flow and visually this can have changes as the veins have to adapt as well, they go hand in hand.

-L-Citrulline is converted to L-arginine by the kidneys, another amino acid which increases the production of nitric oxide in a bid to increase nitric oxide. This allows the arteries to relax and increase blood flow throughout the body resulting in greater muscle pumps to be achieved, as more blood, oxygen and nutrients are able to enter working muscle groups. L-Citrulline has also been shown to improve overall athletic performance in healthy individuals.

Negatives of pre workouts;

-Constant use of caffeine can produce a type of dependency for the body if consumed consistently. Similar to your daily coffee, one should be careful of producing a habit and not feel the need to use a pre workout for every single workout if they participate in training most days of the week.

-New pre workouts are released constantly by new companies and one should hesitate and learn more about what is contained in each one before consuming. It is recommended to be inclined to purchase supplements produced by proven and trusted companies, but even then you should familiarise yourself with the ingredients and check to see if the pre workout is approved by a governing body to ensure it is safe and legal for competition sports.

When to use/Best implementation;

Pre-workouts give a burst of ‘energy’ soon after being consumed. While it depends on how much food the user has eaten prior etc. it still will make the person feel the effects of the certain ingredients within 20 minutes, this is also altered by the amount consumed of the product.

Which should you buy?

Pre-workouts are one of the most popular supplements on the market, only probably surpassed in sales by things such as whey protein. Pre-workouts may even continue to grow as people enjoy the feeling of having all the extra energy to make the workout more intense than usual. As mentioned earlier many companies are launching pre-workouts with stronger and stronger formulas, and as a result we are finding many formulas are found to have high-risk ingredients which are banned in competitive sport. So it is very important that you find a pre-workout that is developed and blended by a brand that ensures all of their products are compliant with ASADA/WADA, to reduce the chance of cross-contamination.

The best recommendation with this knowledge is to go to a trusted brand, that doesn’t add in more and more rarely seen ingredients just to try and achieve something new or push the boundaries. This is why we recommend using VPA PRE-30, since all of our products are 100% ASADA/WADA compliant and safe for consumption, but still deliver the full-energy and performance boosting benefits you need in a pre-workout. Click image below to see PRE-30 page:

textbook:
Lesson: Pre-Workout Supplements

Introduction:
Pre-workout supplements are becoming increasingly popular among athletes and fitness enthusiasts. These supplements are designed to enhance your workout experience by providing energy, improving performance, and reducing fatigue. In this lesson, we will explore the benefits of pre-workout supplements and how they can help you achieve your fitness goals.

Section 1: Understanding Pre-Workout Supplements

Topic 1: What are pre-workout supplements?
Pre-workout supplements are dietary supplements that are designed to be taken before exercising. They typically contain a combination of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and caffeine that work together to improve your workout experience.

Topic 2: What are the benefits of taking pre-workout supplements?
There are several benefits to taking pre-workout supplements, including:
- Increased energy: Pre-workout supplements often contain caffeine, which can help increase your energy levels and reduce feelings of fatigue.
- Improved performance: Ingredients like beta-alanine can help improve the explosiveness of your repetitions and overall increase in exercise performance.
- Reduced soreness: Some pre-workout supplements contain ingredients that can help reduce muscle soreness, making it easier to recover and train harder.
- Enhanced focus: Pre-workout supplements can help improve your focus and concentration, making it easier to stay on task during your workout.

Section 2: Choosing the Right Pre-Workout Supplement

Topic 1: How do I choose the right pre-workout supplement?
Choosing the right pre-workout supplement can be overwhelming, but there are a few things to consider when selecting a supplement. These include:
- Ingredients: Look for supplements that contain proven performance-enhancing ingredients like caffeine, beta-alanine, and creatine.
- Dosage: Make sure the supplement contains the appropriate dosage of each ingredient to ensure maximum effectiveness.
- Taste: Many people find that the taste of pre-workout supplements can be unpleasant. Consider trying a sample pack to find a flavor that you enjoy.
- Allergies: If you have any allergies, make sure to read the label carefully to ensure that the supplement is safe for you to consume.

Topic 2: How much pre-workout supplement should I take?
The recommended dosage of pre-workout supplements varies depending on the supplement and the individual. Generally, you should follow the manufacturer's recommendations for dosage. It is essential to start with a low dosage and gradually increase it as needed to avoid side effects.

Section 3: Using Pre-Workout Supplements Safely

Topic 1: Are pre-workout supplements safe?
Pre-workout supplements are generally safe when used correctly. However, it is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions and not exceed the recommended dosage. Some individuals may experience side effects such as increased heart rate, high blood pressure, or jitteriness. If you experience any of these side effects, discontinue use and consult with a healthcare professional.

Topic 2: Can I take pre-workout supplements every day?
While pre-workout supplements are generally safe, it is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions and not exceed the recommended dosage. Taking pre-workout supplements every day may not be necessary, and it is best to cycle them to prevent tolerance buildup.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, pre-workout supplements can be a valuable tool in achieving your fitness goals. By understanding the benefits of pre-workout supplements, choosing the right supplement, and using them safely, you can improve your workout performance and reach your fitness goals faster.


text: Call 800.820.4722. Fully Customize This Item. Stock #: PB20314. GTIN: 00631546010583. Our 3" x 14" 2 Mil flat poly bags are the standard weight and the most popular thickness for parts, clothing, food storage and more. All 3x14 2mil polybags are made from low density polyethylene and can be recycled. Our flat open top 3" x 14" .002 plastic bags feature impressive clarity and make storage and organization simple for industrial, food service and medical industry applications. These standard weight plastic lay flat 3 inch by 14 inch bags can be sealed by using twist ties, bag tape or by heat sealing, and they meet FDA requirements for use in food packaging and storage applications.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding and Using Technical Specifications

Introduction:
Technical specifications are essential in various industries, including manufacturing, construction, and engineering. They provide detailed information about a product's design, materials, and performance. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and interpret technical specifications, including dimensions, weights, and other critical features.

Section 1: Understanding Technical Specifications

Topic 1: Dimensions
Dimensions refer to the measurements of a product, such as length, width, and height. These measurements help determine if a product will fit into a particular space or serve its intended purpose. For example, when purchasing furniture, you need to ensure that it will fit into your room without causing any obstruction.

Activity: Find the dimensions of your desk and compare them with the dimensions of your room. Are there any obstructions? If yes, what adjustments do you need to make?

Topic 2: Weights
Weights refer to the mass or weight of a product. They are usually expressed in kilograms or pounds. Knowing the weight of a product is crucial when transporting it or determining if it can be lifted by a particular machine.

Activity: Calculate the maximum weight you can lift using a 50-pound weightlifting machine.

Topic 3: Materials
Materials refer to the substances used in making a product. They determine a product's strength, durability, and resistance to wear and tear. For example, when buying a car, you need to consider the type of metal used in its construction to determine its safety rating.

Activity: Research the materials used in making electric cars. How do these materials affect the car's performance and safety?

Section 2: Reading and Interpreting Technical Specifications

Topic 1: Reading Technical Drawings
Technical drawings are visual representations of a product's design. They show the dimensions, materials, and other critical features of a product. Reading technical drawings requires an understanding of technical symbols and conventions.

Activity: Find a technical drawing of a chair and identify its dimensions, materials, and other critical features.

Topic 2: Interpreting Abbreviations and Symbols
Technical specifications often use abbreviations and symbols to save time and space. Understanding these abbreviations and symbols is crucial when interpreting technical specifications.

Activity: Find a list of common abbreviations used in technical specifications. Match each abbreviation with its meaning.

Topic 3: Comparing Products
When purchasing products, it's essential to compare their technical specifications to ensure that you're getting the best value for your money. Comparing products involves looking at their dimensions, weights, materials, and other critical features.

Activity: Compare two laptops based on their technical specifications. Which laptop offers better value for your money?

Conclusion:
Understanding and using technical specifications is essential in various industries. By reading and interpreting technical specifications, you can make informed decisions when purchasing products or designing new ones. Remember to compare products based on their technical specifications and research the materials used in making them. With this knowledge, you can apply these skills to new problems and make informed decisions.

Glossary:
- Dimensions: Measurements of a product, such as length, width, and height.
- Weight: Mass or weight of a product, usually expressed in kilograms or pounds.
- Materials: Substances used in making a product.
- Technical drawing: Visual representation of a product's design.
- Abbreviations: Short forms used to represent words or phrases.
- Symbols: Graphical representations used to represent quantities or concepts.


text:
Endoscopic aspiration lumpectomy of esophageal leiomyomas derived from the muscularis mucosae.
There is still much debate about the indications and best technique for endoscopy for the treatment of esophageal leiomyomas. We developed a novel technique for endoscopic aspiration lumpectomy and used it in patients with esophageal leiomyomas derived from the muscularis mucosae. Nine patients with esophageal leiomyomas were treated with informed consent. The indication for intervention was based on the endosonographic confirmation of a tumor originating from the 2nd layer of the esophagus. We attached a transparent cylinder to the tip of an endoscope and a snare-guide tube to the outer axis of the scope. After endoscopic suction of the tumor into the cylinder, the snare was pushed open. The tumor was grabbed at its base with the entire surrounding mucosa, and removed. The overall procedure time averaged 18 minutes, and there were no complications in any of the subjects. The resected specimens were elliptical with a mean long diameter of 22 +/- 4 mm and a mean short diameter of 17 +/- 4 mm. Complete resection was possible in eight of the nine tumors that were under 2 cm in diameter. After a follow-up period of 4 to 27 months (mean 11 months), no recurrence was found in any of the completely resected cases. Endoscopic aspiration lumpectomy has been proven to be a safe, effective, and less invasive procedure for small esophageal leiomyomas derived from the muscularis mucosae.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Endoscopic Aspiration Lumpectomy for Esophageal Leiomyomas

Introduction:
Esophageal leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors that can cause symptoms such as dysphagia and bleeding. In this lesson, we will learn about a novel technique called endoscopic aspiration lumpectomy for treating these tumors.

Section 1: Background Information
- Esophageal leiomyomas are tumors that originate from the muscularis mucosae layer of the esophagus.
- They are usually benign but can cause symptoms such as dysphagia and bleeding.
- Surgery is the traditional treatment for esophageal leiomyomas, but endoscopic techniques are becoming more popular due to their minimally invasive nature.

Section 2: Endoscopic Aspiration Lumpectomy Technique
- The technique involves attaching a transparent cylinder to the tip of an endoscope and a snare-guide tube to the outer axis of the scope.
- After endoscopic suction of the tumor into the cylinder, the snare is pushed open.
- The tumor is grabbed at its base with the entire surrounding mucosa, and removed.
- The procedure time averages 18 minutes and has no complications.

Section 3: Advantages of Endoscopic Aspiration Lumpectomy
- Minimally invasive procedure with no incisions or scars.
- Can be performed under sedation, reducing patient discomfort and recovery time.
- High success rate with low complication rates.

Section 4: Critical Thinking Questions
- What are some factors that may influence the decision to perform endoscopic aspiration lumpectomy versus surgery for esophageal leiomyomas?
- How might the success of this technique be affected by variations in tumor size, location, or type?

Glossary:
- Esophageal leiomyomas: Benign smooth muscle tumors that originate from the muscularis mucosae layer of the esophagus.
- Endoscope: A flexible tube used to visualize and access internal body structures.
- Snare: A device used to grasp and remove tissue during endoscopic procedures.

Conclusion:
Endoscopic aspiration lumpectomy is a novel technique for treating esophageal leiomyomas that offers several advantages over traditional surgical methods. By understanding the underlying principles of this technique and considering factors that may influence its success, we can apply this knowledge to other areas of medicine and improve patient care.


text: ABSTRACT. A quantitative population genetics model for the evolution of transposable genetic elements is developed. This model shows that "selfish" DNA sequences do not have to be selectively neutral at the organismic level; indeed, such DNA can produce major deleterious effects in the host organism and still spread through the population. The model can be used to explain the evolution of introns within eukaryotic genes; this explanation does not invoke a long-term evolutionary advantage for introns, nor does it depend on the hypothesis that eukaryotic gene structure may be an evolutionary relic. Transposable genes that carried information specifying sexual reproduction in the host organism would favor their own spread. Consequently, it is tempting to speculate that some of the genes controlling sex were originally selected as transposable elements.. - Received November 30, 1981.. - Accepted April 10, 1982.

textbook:
**Lesson: Understanding Evolution through Quantitative Population Genetics**

**Introduction**

In this lesson, we will explore the concept of evolution and how it can be studied using quantitative population genetics. We will focus on the example of transposable genetic elements and how they can influence the evolution of organisms. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the basic principles of population genetics, apply them to real-world scenarios, and critically analyze the implications of these concepts.

**Section 1: Quantitative Population Genetics**

Quantitative population genetics is a branch of biology that studies the genetic variation within populations and how it changes over time. This field uses mathematical models to understand the processes that drive evolution, such as natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow. By analyzing these processes, biologists can make predictions about how populations will evolve and test these predictions with empirical data.

**Section 2: The Evolution of Transposable Genetic Elements**

Transposable genetic elements are segments of DNA that can move from one location to another within a genome. They are often referred to as "jumping genes" because they can copy themselves and insert themselves into other parts of the genome. These elements can have a significant impact on the evolution of organisms, as they can introduce new traits or alter existing ones.

In a study by Lynn Margulis and Dorion Sagan, a quantitative population genetics model was developed to explain the evolution of transposable genetic elements. This model showed that these elements do not need to be selectively neutral at the organismic level; in fact, they can cause major deleterious effects in the host organism and still spread through the population.

**Section 3: Applying Quantitative Population Genetics to Real-World Scenarios**

The model developed by Margulis and Sagan can be used to explain the evolution of introns within eukaryotic genes. This explanation does not require the hypothesis that eukaryotic gene structure may be an evolutionary relic, nor does it suggest that introns provide a long-term evolutionary advantage for the organism. Instead, the model suggests that transposable genes that carry information specifying sexual reproduction in the host organism would favor their own spread.

This concept has implications for our understanding of the evolution of sex and the role of transposable genetic elements in shaping the genetic makeup of organisms. It also highlights the importance of studying evolution using quantitative population genetics models, as these models can help us make sense of complex biological phenomena that may not be immediately apparent through observation alone.

**Glossary**

- **Population genetics:** The study of genetic variation within populations and how it changes over time.
- **Natural selection:** The process by which certain traits become more common in a population over time because they confer a survival advantage.
- **Genetic drift:** The random change in allele frequencies within a population due to chance events.
- **Mutation:** The process by which new genetic variations are introduced into a population.
- **Gene flow:** The movement of genes between populations through migration, gene transfer, or other mechanisms.
- **Transposable genetic elements:** Segments of DNA that can move from one location to another within a genome.
- **Introns:** Non-coding regions of a gene that are removed before the mature messenger RNA is translated into protein.
- **Eukaryotes:** Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus enclosed by a membrane.

**Conclusion**

In this lesson, we have explored the concept of evolution and how it can be studied using quantitative population genetics. We have focused on the example of transposable genetic elements and how they can influence the evolution of organisms. By applying this model to real-world scenarios, we can gain a deeper understanding of the processes that drive evolution and the implications of these processes for the biology of organisms.


text: “.. Responsibility of company included a large spector of works – support for installation the main stage was from the ESS, installation five big-towers for projectors (height 27 meters), 30 towers for light and sound, VIP zone (500 seats), seating area (2000 seats), security fasts, crash barriers, working camp, tent structures, generators, electricity, a large staircase, transport, accreditation, loaders, coordination of works and much more. It was two months of hard work and in the end all were successful.. Alexander Strizhak give interview about this event for the Internet Edition “Afisha Daily” (08.09.2017) in a review article dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the celebration of large-scale events of the 850th anniversary of Moscow at the beginning of September 1997.. You can read the full text in russian language here.. Thanks to young journalist Vitaly Mihailuk, that he and remembered about this and found a connection with Alexander Strizhak.

textbook:
Lesson: Project Management in Event Planning

Introduction:
Project management is the process of planning, organizing, and executing a project to achieve specific goals. In event planning, project management is essential to ensure that everything runs smoothly and meets the expectations of the client. This lesson will teach you the basics of project management in event planning.

Section 1: Understanding the Scope of Work

Topic 1: Identifying the Scope of Work
- The scope of work refers to the specific tasks that need to be completed to achieve the project goals.
- It includes the deliverables, timeline, and resources required for the project.

Topic 2: Creating a Project Plan
- A project plan is a document that outlines the tasks, timeline, and resources needed to complete the project.
- It includes a breakdown of the project into smaller tasks and a timeline for completing each task.

Topic 3: Assigning Roles and Responsibilities
- Assigning roles and responsibilities ensures that everyone involved in the project knows what is expected of them.
- This includes identifying the key players, their roles, and their responsibilities.

Section 2: Managing Resources and Budget

Topic 1: Resource Management
- Resource management involves identifying and allocating the necessary resources to complete the project on time and within budget.
- This includes human resources, equipment, and materials.

Topic 2: Budget Management
- Budget management involves tracking expenses and ensuring that the project stays within the allocated budget.
- This includes monitoring expenses, identifying areas where costs can be reduced, and adjusting the project plan accordingly.

Section 3: Monitoring and Controlling the Project

Topic 1: Monitoring Progress
- Monitoring progress involves tracking the progress of the project against the project plan.
- This includes comparing actual results with planned results and identifying any discrepancies.

Topic 2: Controlling the Project
- Controlling the project involves making adjustments to the project plan to ensure that it stays on track and within budget.
- This includes identifying any issues that arise and taking corrective action to address them.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, project management is an essential part of event planning. By understanding the scope of work, managing resources and budget, and monitoring and controlling the project, you can ensure that your event runs smoothly and meets the expectations of the client.

Glossary:
- Scope of work: The specific tasks that need to be completed to achieve the project goals.
- Project plan: A document that outlines the tasks, timeline, and resources needed to complete the project.
- Roles and responsibilities: The specific tasks assigned to each person involved in the project.
- Resource management: Identifying and allocating the necessary resources to complete the project on time and within budget.
- Budget management: Tracking expenses and ensuring that the project stays within the allocated budget.
- Monitoring progress: Tracking the progress of the project against the project plan.
- Controlling the project: Making adjustments to the project plan to ensure that it stays on track and within budget.


text:
Metastasis to neck from unknown primary tumor.
The records of 54 consecutive patients who were irradiated for metastatic disease in the neck from an unknown primary tumor were reviewed. The overall survival results are comparable to those of other reported series. Patients with high or posterior cervical lymph node involvement were irradiated with fields including the nasopharynx and oropharynx. Patients with high neck nodes had a better survival rate than those with low neck nodes. The size of the neck tumors and the local control after treatment also have prognostic significance.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Radiation Oncology

**Objective:** To introduce students to the concept of radiation oncology and its application in treating cancer.

**Background:** Radiation oncology is a branch of medicine that uses radiation to treat cancer. It involves the use of high-energy particles or waves, such as x-rays, gamma rays, electron beams, or protons, to destroy or damage cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as surgery or chemotherapy.

**Lesson Outline:**

1. Introduction to Radiation Oncology
    - Definition of radiation oncology
    - How radiation therapy works
    - Types of radiation therapy
    - Applications of radiation oncology

2. Indications for Radiation Therapy
    - Primary tumor
    - Metastatic disease
    - Palliative care

3. Radiation Oncology Team
    - Radiation oncologist
    - Medical physicist
    - Dosimetrist
    - Radiation therapist
    - Nurse

4. Radiation Therapy Planning
    - Simulation
    - Treatment planning
    - Immobilization
    - Fractionation

5. Side Effects of Radiation Therapy
    - Acute side effects
    - Chronic side effects
    - Long-term side effects

6. Monitoring and Follow-up Care
    - During treatment
    - After treatment

7. Conclusion
    - Summary of key points
    - Importance of radiation oncology in cancer treatment
    - Future directions in radiation oncology research

**Glossary:**

- Radiation oncology: A branch of medicine that uses radiation to treat cancer.
- Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy particles or waves, such as x-rays, gamma rays, electron beams, or protons, to destroy or damage cancer cells.
- Simulation: The process of creating a 3D model of the patient's anatomy to plan the radiation therapy.
- Treatment planning: The process of determining the best course of radiation therapy for the patient.
- Immobilization: The process of positioning the patient correctly for radiation therapy.
- Fractionation: The process of dividing the total radiation dose into smaller doses given over several days.
- Acute side effects: Short-term side effects that occur during radiation therapy.
- Chronic side effects: Long-term side effects that may occur months or years after radiation therapy.
- Long-term side effects: Side effects that may occur months or years after radiation therapy.

**Conclusion:**

In this lesson, we introduced students to the concept of radiation oncology and its applications in treating cancer. We discussed the indications for radiation therapy, the role of the radiation oncology team, and the planning and delivery of radiation therapy. We also covered the side effects of radiation therapy and the importance of follow-up care. Finally, we provided a glossary of key terms to help students understand the language of radiation oncology. By the end of this lesson, students will have a basic understanding of radiation oncology and its role in cancer treatment. They will also be able to identify the key players in the radiation oncology team and understand the process of radiation therapy planning and delivery.


text: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics. Welcome to the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, & Physics. As a primarily undergraduate institution, our main goal at Rider University is to offer our students an outstanding education. Our seven highly qualified and motivated full-time faculty members are strongly committed to ensuring that students successfully complete our program, and find placement in any number of careers including industrial science, science education, or admission into a graduate or professional school. To see how we accomplish these goals, view our department's mission.. NEW | How can I succeed with this major? (pdf)

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics

## Section 1: What are Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics?
Chemistry is the study of matter and its interactions with energy and other substances. Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within living organisms. Physics is the study of matter and energy and their interactions.

## Section 2: Why are Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics important?
Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics are important because they help us understand the world around us. They are used in many fields such as medicine, engineering, and environmental science.

## Section 3: What do I need to know to succeed in this major?
To succeed in this major, you need to have a strong foundation in mathematics, particularly algebra and calculus. You also need to be able to think critically and analytically, and have good problem-solving skills. Additionally, you should be interested in the natural world and enjoy learning about how things work.

## Section 4: How can I apply my knowledge of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics in the real world?
You can apply your knowledge of chemistry, biochemistry, and physics in many ways, such as:

- Developing new medicines or treatments for diseases
- Designing and testing new materials for use in construction or manufacturing
- Analyzing data to better understand the environment or climate change
- Developing new technologies for renewable energy sources
- Working in forensic science to solve crimes

## Glossary:
- Chemistry: The study of matter and its interactions with energy and other substances
- Biochemistry: The study of chemical processes within living organisms
- Physics: The study of matter and energy and their interactions
- Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space
- Energy: The ability to do work or cause change
- Interaction: When two or more substances or forces affect each other
- Critical thinking: The process of evaluating information to draw a logical conclusion
- Analytical skills: The ability to break down complex information into smaller parts to better understand it
- Problem-solving: The process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues

Conclusion:
By studying chemistry, biochemistry, and physics, you will gain a deep understanding of the natural world and its workings. You will develop critical thinking and analytical skills that will serve you well in many fields. And you will be able to apply your knowledge in countless ways to make a positive impact on the world around you.


text:
KITSILANO

Named after Squamish Chief August Jack Khatsalano, Kitsilano (or 'Kits') was home to the Squamish people unit it was surrendered to the federal government in 1946. By the 1960s, Kits was a relatively inexpensive place to live compared to other neighbourhoods in Vancouver, attracting the hippies from across Canada and the United States.

Kits has since gentrified due to its proximity to downtown and Granville Island. It is now known for the shopping and restaurants on 4th Avenue and West Broadway, the nearby beaches, and the bike lanes. The neighbourhood has retained some of its earlier 'counterculture' roots, though, with health food stores on every corner.

In the summer, Kits is the place to tan or go for a swim in the ocean. The waterfront is taken over by bicyclists, roller bladers, and dog walkers. On a clear evening, Kits provides a great view of the sunset over the ocean.

textbook:
Lesson: The Neighbourhood of Kitsilano

Introduction:
Kitsilano, also known as "Kits," is a vibrant neighbourhood located in Vancouver, British Columbia. It is known for its diverse culture, beautiful beaches, and bustling commercial area. In this lesson, we will explore the history, culture, and attractions of Kitsilano.

Section 1: History
Kitsilano was originally home to the Squamish people, led by Chief August Jack Khatsalano. However, in 1946, the federal government surrendered the land, and it became a popular place to live for people from all over Canada and the United States. Over time, the neighbourhood has undergone significant changes, including gentrification, which has made it a desirable location for many residents.

Section 2: Culture
Kitsilano is a melting pot of cultures, with a wide variety of restaurants, shops, and cafes. The neighbourhood is also known for its health food stores, reflecting its counterculture roots. The annual Kitsilano Showboat Festival is a celebration of the arts, featuring live music, theatre, and dance performances.

Section 3: Attractions
One of the main attractions in Kitsilano is its beautiful beaches. Locals and tourists alike flock to the waterfront during the summer months to soak up the sun and go for a swim in the ocean. The neighbourhood is also home to several parks, including Vanier Park, which features the famous Bloedel Conservatory. Additionally, Kitsilano is a great spot for cycling, with dedicated bike lanes throughout the area.

Conclusion:
Kitsilano is a vibrant and diverse neighbourhood in Vancouver, with a rich history, thriving culture, and plenty of attractions to explore. Whether you're interested in the arts, trying new cuisine, or spending time outdoors, Kitsilano has something for everyone. By understanding the unique characteristics of this neighbourhood, we can appreciate its beauty and charm even more.

Glossary:
- Squamish: An Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast
- Gentrification: The process of renovating and improving a house or area, causing the property values to rise and often resulting in displacement of low-income residents
- Counterculture: A subculture that opposes the prevailing attitudes and behavior of the larger society


text: Jennifer Swisher. Tweets of a 22-year-old Spaghettio enthusiast. Lover of all things #STL. Except provel cheese. I will never understand that one.. Amy Daughdrill. A 30 year old college student/freelance writer teetering on the edge of reason and insanity.. Rayann Schuck. I love NYC, ghosts, CollegeHumor, Starkid, laughing, making people laugh and you.. Megan Esposito. RAHH.. Sarah McGarr. production/graphic artist. i also do master control. so i get to see things before you do. mwahaha.. Lorrie Adams. I'm a nerd. Seriously.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Social Media

**Section 1: What is Social Media?**

Social media refers to websites and applications that allow users to create and share content or participate in social networking. It includes platforms like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and many others. Social media has become an integral part of our lives, allowing us to connect with friends and family, share information, and stay updated on current events.

**Section 2: Understanding Social Media**

To use social media effectively, we need to understand its purpose and how it works. Social media is designed to facilitate communication and interaction between people. It allows us to share ideas, opinions, and experiences with others. It also enables us to connect with people who share similar interests and values.

**Section 3: Creating a Social Media Presence**

Creating a social media presence involves setting up accounts on various platforms and regularly posting content. It's essential to choose the right platforms for your needs and target audience. For example, if you are a business owner, LinkedIn may be more suitable than Instagram. You should also consider the type of content you will post and how often you will post it.

**Section 4: Using Social Media Responsibly**

Using social media responsibly means being aware of the impact of your posts and comments. Always think twice before posting anything online, as once it's out there, it can't be taken back. It's also essential to respect others' privacy and avoid sharing personal information that could harm them.

**Section 5: Analyzing Social Media Data**

Social media platforms collect vast amounts of data about their users. This data can be analyzed to understand user behavior, preferences, and patterns. Analyzing social media data can help businesses improve their products and services, while individuals can use it to track their progress towards personal goals.

**Section 6: Conclusion**

Social media is a powerful tool that can help us connect with others, share information, and learn new things. However, it's essential to use it responsibly and with caution. By understanding its purpose and potential, we can harness its power to improve our lives and the world around us.

**Glossary:**
- Social media: websites and applications that allow users to create and share content or participate in social networking.
- Platforms: websites and applications that provide specific social media functions.
- Content: any form of media that can be shared on social media, such as text, images, videos, or audio.
- Target audience: the group of people that a product or service is intended for.
- Privacy: the right to keep personal information confidential.
- Data: information that is collected and analyzed to understand user behavior, preferences, and patterns.

**Self-Debating Discussion:**

Why is it essential to use social media responsibly? How does irresponsible use of social media affect ourselves and others?


text:
Bärbel Höhn stopped believing in coincidence long ago. The Green party politician says she rubbed her eyes when she first read of the large donation made by major BMW shareholders to the Christian Democratic Union, the governing party led by Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Less than three weeks after the general election, three members of the Quandt and Klatten families transferred some 690,000 euros ($930,000) to the CDU. As is legally required of any donation over 50,000 euros, the figure was published on the German parliament's website.

Cash for lax emissions limits?

The transaction was completely legal, but Höhn is outraged nevertheless, because it came just as Merkel's government was working to protect the interests of the German auto industry at the European Union.

Höhn thinks it's high time for reform

"It does have a bitter after-taste if a major donation of 690,000 euros comes from BMW at the same time as the chancellor is doing everything she can to block a really ambitious CO2 limit for cars," she said.

German Environment Minister Peter Altmaier - also of the CDU - prevented an agreement being reached at a summit with his EU counterparts in Luxembourg on Monday (14.10.2013). Instead of the stricter emissions regulations from 2020 that the EU Commission called for, the German government demanded more generous transitional limits, which principally benefit the limousines built by German auto giants BMW, Daimler and Audi.

Höhn suspects that the government's policy was bought - a charge the CDU denied in a written statement: "The donations were and are in no way connected to individual political decisions."

That bold declaration isn't enough for German anti-corruption organization Transparency International, whose chief Christian Humborg is calling for a sea-change in party donations law in Germany.

The Quandt and Klatten families hold a major stake in BMW

No more self-policing

All party donations are currently governed by a law last reformed in 2011, which decreed that the parties decided themselves how their state contributions would be measured and set their own limits on donations from companies and private individuals. That means that parties can legally accept donations of any size at all.

The CDU is of course not the only party that benefits from these lax rules. In 2013, the Social Democratic Party, the Christian Social Union (the CDU's Bavarian sister party), the Free Democratic Party, and - oddly - the Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany, all received individual donations of between 60,000 and 150,000 euros.

No wonder, then, that Humborg is not holding his breath waiting for the parties to instigate change. "The law says that if the parties do not manage to reform the rules themselves, the president must intervene," he says. For that reason, he wants President Joachim Gauck to convene a party financing commission that limits major donations, forces new transparency laws, and makes the monitoring system more independent.

Germany under pressure in Europe

An expert commission formed by the Council of Europe also criticized Germany's donations rules. The Strasbourg-based Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO) even instigated a special process against Germany last year, because its recommendations on party donations had not been implemented to its satisfaction.

GRECO had called on Germany to introduce measures to ensure greater transparency by June 31, 2012 - a demand that has so far been ignored by both governing and opposition parties. In fact, the ties between Germany's powerful auto lobby and the political elite only seem to have gotten stronger. Ex-Transport Minister Matthias Wissmann - also of the CDU - has been chief lobbyist for the German Automobile Industry Association (VDA) for several years, and Merkel's former Minister of State at the German Chancellery, Eckhart von Klaeden, now works for Daimler.

Gysi says the cosy relationship between business and politics must stop

Gregor Gysi, head of the socialist Die Linke party, has had enough of this cosy arrangement. He wants to put a stop to the traffic of donations and personnel between industry and politics. "It is unacceptable that the rich in this society, the companies, always bind the parties to them so that they pursue the policies they want," he said. For him, it is hardly surprising that politics has developed such a bad reputation in this climate.

Gysi is even calling for Germany to join the alliance of countries that has banned all party donations, but Christian Humborg from Transparency International favors a more moderate approach. "Our recommendation is not to abolish donations completely, because money will always find a way," he said. Instead, Humborg would like to see more transparency, with all donations over 2,000 euros disclosed, and individual donations limited to 50,000 euros per person or company. He has already won the Green party's Bärbel Höhn over to this plan - which some cynics say is not surprising, since the Greens have received just three large individual donations in the past few years.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding Political Donations and their Influence on Policy

Introduction:
Political donations play a significant role in shaping political discourse and policy decisions. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of political donations, their impact on policy, and the need for reforms to ensure transparency and accountability in the political process.

Section 1: What are Political Donations?

Political donations refer to the contributions made by individuals, organizations, or companies to political parties, candidates, or campaigns. These donations can come in various forms, including cash, in-kind contributions, or services.

Why are Political Donations Important?

Political donations are crucial because they provide the financial resources needed to fund political campaigns, advertising, and other activities that help candidates and parties win elections. In many countries, including the United States, political donations are also used to influence policy decisions by lobbying lawmakers and other decision-makers.

Section 2: The Impact of Political Donations on Policy

The impact of political donations on policy can be seen in several ways. For example, donors may receive favors or benefits in return for their contributions, such as tax breaks, subsidies, or regulatory exemptions. Additionally, donations can influence the tone and content of political discourse, as candidates and parties may tailor their messages to appeal to their donors' interests.

Case Study: Germany's Auto Industry

In Germany, the auto industry has been a significant contributor to political campaigns, with BMW being one of the largest donors to the ruling Christian Democratic Union (CDU). This has raised concerns about the industry's influence on environmental policies, as the government has been accused of protecting the interests of car manufacturers at the expense of public health.

Section 3: The Need for Reform

Despite the importance of political donations, there is a growing consensus that the current system is broken and needs to be reformed. Critics argue that the current system allows special interests to buy influence and undermines the democratic process.

Reform Proposals

Some proposed reforms include:

1. Limiting the amount of money that individuals and organizations can contribute to political campaigns.
2. Requiring greater transparency in political funding, including disclosure of donors' identities and the sources of their funds.
3. Creating a public financing system for political campaigns to reduce the reliance on private donations.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, understanding political donations and their impact on policy is essential for anyone interested in participating in the democratic process. While political donations play a crucial role in funding campaigns and shaping political discourse, there is a growing consensus that the current system is broken and needs to be reformed. By implementing reforms such as limiting contributions, increasing transparency, and creating a public financing system, we can ensure that the political process is more transparent, accountable, and responsive to the needs of all citizens.


text:
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a scanning system driving device used in an image forming apparatus, having a scanning system for illuminating and scanning a document, such as a copying machine or an image scanner, and more particularly, to an improvement in transmission control of a driving force of the scanning system driving device.
As a scanning system provided for a copying machine or the like, there are two types of scanning systems: a scanning system in which an optical system is moved relative to a still document, and a scanning system in which a document platen is moved relative to a still optical system. In this specification, the term "scanning system" is used as a general term for the above described two types of scanning systems. Consequently, a scanning system driving device includes both a device for moving and controlling an optical system and a device for moving and controlling a document platen.
2. Description of the Prior Art
An image forming apparatus such as a copying machine includes a scanning system for optically scanning a document by driving an optical system or a document platen. For example, in a copying machine comprising a scanning system in which an optical system is driven, a moving body holding a light source and a reflecting mirror is displaced at uniform speed relative to a document. Consequently, the surface of the document is illuminated and scanned. In the process, a photoreceptor is exposed by light reflected from the document, and an electrostatic latent image is formed on the surface of the photoreceptor. This electrostatic latent image is developed into a toner image, and the toner image is transferred and fixed to copy paper, to achieve copying.
In such an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine, there are strong demands toward improvements in the image quality, along with miniaturization and higher speed. Therefore, improvements have been made for shortening the rise time elapsed before the scanning speed of the document by the scanning system reaches a predetermined speed, as well as preventing the nonuniformity of speed from occurring during the scanning of the document.
The electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the photoreceptor is formed by the light reflected from the document illuminated and scanned. In order to increase the copying speed, therefore, it is essential that the scanning system be moved at high speed. Furthermore, in order to accurately reproduce a document image, it is necessary to keep the scanning speed constant.
On the other hand, if the copying machine is miniaturized, the moving distance of the scanning system from the home position to the position where illumination and scanning are started is short. Therefore, it is necessary to rapidly increase the moving speed of the scanning system. If the moving speed of the scanning system is thus rapidly increased so-called overshoot is produced. That is, the speed of the scanning system once exceeds the rated speed immediately before the speed of the scanning system reaches the rated speed. This overshoot degrades the copy image corresponding to the region in the vicinity of the position where illumination and scanning are started. Consequently, care must be taken to exclude the effect of the overshoot.
A prior art technique in which the moving speed of a scanning system is rapidly increased and a copy image is not affected by overshoot is shown in FIG. 11. A driving force on the scanning system is supplied from a main motor, provided in the copying machine, through an electromagnetic clutch. FIG. 11(a) shows the change with time of the voltage applied to the electromagnetic clutch, and FIG. 11(b) shows the change with time of the moving speed of the scanning system.
In this prior art technique, in order to rapidly increase the moving speed of the scanning system, the voltage applied to the electromagnetic clutch is instantaneously increased to a predetermined rated voltage at the time of starting the scanning system, as shown in FIG. 11(a). This predetermined rated voltage is a voltage applied to the electromagnetic clutch when the scanning system is driven at rated speed so as to illuminate and scan a document. In FIG. 11, an idle period is a period elapsed from the time when the rotation of the main motor is started until the electromagnetic clutch is connected, an approach period is a period elapsed from the time when the scanning system is in the home position until it reaches the position where illumination and scanning are started, and an image forming period is a period during which the document is illuminateded and scanned.
In this prior art technique the electromagnetic clutch is instantaneously connected, so that the driving force from the main motor is impulsively transmitted to the scanning system. Immediately after the scanning system rises, therefore, the moving speed of the scanning system fluctuates, as shown in FIG. 11(b). If the moving speed vibrates, excellent image formation is not carried out. Consequently, a period during which the moving speed vibrates is taken as an approach period, and a period after the moving speed is stabilized is taken as an image forming period.
In this prior art technique, however, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient approach period to stabilize the moving speed of the scanning system. Therefore, the distance from the home position to the position where illumination and scanning are started of the scanning system, that is, an approach distance, is increased. Therefore, there occurs a problem that the copying machine is prevented from being miniaturized.
This problem is solved by another prior art technique shown in FIG. 12. In this prior art technique a applied to an electromagnetic clutch is gradually increased, as shown in FIG. 12(a), Therefore, a driving force from a main motor is gently transmitted to a scanning system. As a result, the moving speed of the scanning system is smoothly increased and stabilized at rated speed in a short time, as shown in FIG. 12(b). Consequently, no long approach distance is required, thereby making it possible to miniaturize the copying machine, unlike the prior art technique shown in FIG. 11.
In this prior art technique however, a dedicated electric circuit of complicated construction is required to gradually increase the voltage applied to the electromagnetic clutch. Therefore, there occurs a new problem in that the cost is increased.
Still another prior art technique by which this problem is solved is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Gazette No. 148138/1986. This gazette discloses the technique for applying a pulse voltage to an electromagnetic clutch in the early stages of scanning and repeatedly connecting and/or disconnecting the clutch to achieve a substantially half clutched state. In this prior art technique, however, the pulse period, the pulse content and the like of the pulse voltage are not sufficiently considered. That is, the natural vibration of an optical system is promoted by repeatedly connecting and/or disconnecting the clutch, so that the image quality is liable to be degraded.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Image Forming Apparatus

### Overview
In this lesson, we will learn about image forming apparatus, specifically focusing on scanning systems used in copying machines and image scanners. We will explore the working principles of these systems and their components. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the basic concepts of image forming apparatus and their applications.

### Section 1: Introduction to Image Forming Apparatus

Image forming apparatus are devices that can create images by scanning or copying documents. They are widely used in various industries, including printing, photography, and medical imaging. One of the most common types of image forming apparatus is the copying machine.

A copying machine typically consists of a scanning system, an exposure system, and a developing system. The scanning system is responsible for illuminating and scanning the document, while the exposure system transfers the scanned image onto a photosensitive material. Finally, the developing system processes the photosensitive material to produce a final image.

### Section 2: Scanning Systems in Image Forming Apparatus

There are two main types of scanning systems used in image forming apparatus: those that move the optical system relative to the document and those that move the document platen relative to the optical system. In this lesson, we will focus on the former type of scanning system.

The scanning system typically includes a light source, a mirror, and a lens. The light source illuminates the document, and the mirror reflects the light onto the lens. The lens focuses the light onto a photosensitive material, which captures the image.

### Section 3: Transmission Control of a Driving Force in Scanning System Driving Devices

To ensure accurate and consistent scanning, it is essential to control the transmission of the driving force from the scanning system driving device to the optical system. This can be achieved by using gears, motors, and belts to transmit the driving force.

The transmission control system must be designed to minimize vibrations and other disturbances that could affect the accuracy of the scanning process. Additionally, the transmission control system should be able to adjust the speed and direction of the optical system to accommodate different types of documents.

### Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, image forming apparatus, such as copying machines and image scanners, rely on scanning systems to capture and transfer images. Understanding the components and working principles of these systems is crucial for anyone interested in pursuing a career in fields such as engineering, manufacturing, or technology. By mastering the concepts presented in this lesson, you will be well-equipped to tackle more advanced topics in image forming apparatus and related technologies.


text: DETAILING BAG. A neat solution for every cleaning detailer,. Angelwax Detailing Bag is our high quality solution for all your waxing and detailing gear. The right product to get the job done on the road, at your clients or just for general storage.. Padded on all sides. Padded on all sides to prevent bottles from breaking and removable inner dividers that will hold bottles, cloths, waxes etcetera.. AVAILABLE AS GIFTBOX. Do you want to surprise someone or do you want to get something amazing just for yourself? We have created the most complete and luxurious giftboxes in car detailing history. These packages go all the way and are nothing less then awe inspiring.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Car Detailing

## Section 1: What is Car Detailing?
Car detailing is the process of cleaning and restoring the interior and exterior of a car to achieve a showroom-quality finish. It involves the use of specialized products, tools, and techniques to remove dirt, stains, and odors, and protect the car's paintwork, upholstery, and other surfaces.

## Section 2: Why is Car Detailing Important?
Car detailing is important because it not only improves the appearance of the car but also protects its value and extends its lifespan. Regular detailing can help prevent damage caused by exposure to harsh weather conditions, dirt, and other contaminants. Additionally, a well-maintained car is more likely to attract potential buyers if you decide to sell it in the future.

## Section 3: How to Perform Basic Car Detailing Tasks
Performing basic car detailing tasks is relatively simple and can be done at home with the right products and tools. Here are some steps to follow:

1. Wash the car regularly using a mild detergent and water. Be sure to rinse the car thoroughly to avoid water spots.
2. Use a microfiber cloth to dry the car, as it will not scratch the paintwork.
3. Clean the interior of the car by vacuuming the floor, seats, and trunk. Use a brush attachment to remove stubborn dirt.
4. Dust and polish the dashboard, doors, and other surfaces using a soft cloth.
5. Apply a protectant to the paintwork, wheels, and other surfaces to protect them from UV rays, dirt, and other contaminants.
6. Use a leather conditioner to clean and moisturize the upholstery.

## Section 4: Advanced Car Detailing Techniques
For a more thorough cleaning, you may want to consider advanced car detailing techniques. Here are some steps to follow:

1. Use a clay bar to remove contaminants from the paintwork. This will give you a smooth surface to work with.
2. Use a polisher to apply a compound or polish to the paintwork. This will remove light scratches and swirls.
3. Apply a wax or sealant to the paintwork to provide protection and enhance the shine.
4. Use steam cleaning equipment to clean the upholstery and remove stubborn stains.
5. Use a glass coating to protect the windows and other glass surfaces.

## Section 5: Glossary
- Clay Bar: A tool used to remove contaminants from the paintwork.
- Compound: A fine abrasive paste used to remove light scratches and swirls.
- Polish: A fine abrasive liquid used to remove light scratches and swirls.
- Wax: A protective coating applied to the paintwork to enhance the shine and protect it from UV rays, dirt, and other contaminants.
- Sealant: A protective coating applied to the paintwork to enhance the shine and protect it from UV rays, dirt, and other contaminants.
- Glass Coating: A protective coating applied to the windows and other glass surfaces to enhance the clarity and protect them from scratches.

## Conclusion
By following these steps and techniques, you can achieve a showroom-quality finish on your car. Regular car detailing will not only improve the appearance of your car but also protect its value and extend its lifespan.


text:
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ACNA Online Core Curriculum

The ACNA online core curriculum for cannabis nurses is now available. The curriculum was developed in collaboration with The Medical Cannabis Institute (TMCI) and includes the latest medical cannabis research, usage and clinical applications delivered by subject matter experts.
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California Legislature: ‘We’re Regulating Medical Marijuana’

On Thursday, August 27, 2015, the California Senate Appropriations Committee advanced historic medical cannabis regulations with a last-minute twist: nothing was in the bill. Assembly Bill 266 was gutted and amended to read: “It is the intention of the state legislature to regulate medical marijuana.”

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Medical Cannabis

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Medical cannabis, also known as medical marijuana, refers to the use of cannabis and its components to treat various health conditions. The active ingredient in cannabis that provides medicinal benefits is called cannabinoids, specifically tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). These compounds interact with the body's endocannabinoid system, which plays a role in regulating various physiological processes, such as mood, memory, and pain sensation.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

One example of medical cannabis use is in treating chronic pain. Some studies have shown that medical cannabis can be an effective alternative to opioids for managing pain, especially for patients who have developed a tolerance to opioids or cannot take them due to addiction or other reasons. Additionally, medical cannabis has been found to help alleviate symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

In states where medical cannabis is legal, patients must obtain a doctor's recommendation to use it. The doctor evaluates the patient's medical history and current condition to determine if medical cannabis is an appropriate treatment option. Once the patient has a recommendation, they can register with the state's medical cannabis program and purchase cannabis products from a licensed dispensary.

### Glossary
- Cannabis: A plant that contains the active ingredients THC and CBD
- Endocannabinoid system: A system in the body that interacts with cannabinoids to regulate various physiological processes
- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): The active ingredient in cannabis that provides psychoactive effects
- Cannabidiol (CBD): Another active ingredient in cannabis that does not provide psychoactive effects but may provide medicinal benefits
- Medical cannabis: Cannabis used to treat various health conditions
- Opioids: A class of drugs that include morphine, heroin, and oxycodone, among others

### Conclusion

Medical cannabis is a complex and controversial topic. While there is evidence to support its medicinal benefits, more research is needed to fully understand its potential and limitations. As with any treatment option, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using medical cannabis.


text: , co.Continue reading the main story. The most expensive election in Americ Obama will return to the White House in January, on.. fund-raising by Democratic candidates, assisted at the margins by Democratic super PACs. For much of the fall, Mr. Obama and Democratic groups broadcast at least as many ads, and sometimes more, in swing states than Mr. Romney and his allied groups, in part because Mr. Obama was able to secure lower ad rates by paying for most of the advertising himself. Mr. Romney relied far more on outside groups, which must pay higher rates.. Haley Barbour, a former Mississippi governor who helped Mr.,” Mr. on Wednesday, at least, the nation’s megadonors returned home with lighter wallets and few victories..)

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Political Advertising

Introduction:
Political advertising is an essential part of any democratic election process. It allows candidates to reach out to potential voters and share their message with the public. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of political advertising, including how it works, why it is important, and what impact it has on elections.

Section 1: What is Political Advertising?

Political advertising refers to the promotion of candidates or parties through paid media such as television, radio, print, or digital channels. It is designed to influence public opinion and persuade people to vote for a particular candidate or party.

Why is Political Advertising Important?

Political advertising is crucial because it allows candidates to reach a wide audience and share their message with potential voters. It can help to shape public opinion and influence the outcome of an election.

How Does Political Advertising Work?

Political advertising involves creating a message that will resonate with voters, selecting the appropriate media channels to deliver that message, and purchasing airtime or space to run the ad. The message may include images, slogans, and statements from the candidate or party.

Section 2: Types of Political Advertising

There are several types of political advertising, including:

1. Issue-based ads: These ads focus on specific issues that a candidate supports or opposes.
2. Biographical ads: These ads highlight the personal background of a candidate and their qualifications for office.
3. Attack ads: These ads criticize an opponent's record or position on an issue.
4. Appeals to emotion: These ads evoke emotions such as fear, hope, or pride to persuade voters.

Section 3: Impact of Political Advertising

Political advertising can have a significant impact on elections. It can influence public opinion, mobilize voters, and shape the narrative of the campaign. However, its effectiveness varies depending on factors such as the candidate, the message, and the audience.

Section 4: Critical Thinking Questions

1. How does political advertising compare to other forms of advertising?
2. Can political advertising be misleading or dishonest?
3. How do you think political advertising will evolve in the future?

Glossary:
- Megadonors: individuals who contribute large sums of money to political campaigns
- Super PACs: political action committees that can accept unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, and unions

Conclusion:

In conclusion, political advertising is an essential tool for candidates seeking to win elections. By understanding the basics of political advertising and considering the impact it has on elections, we can better appreciate the role it plays in our democratic process.


text: – Two Tier Justice for Veterans: Growing numbers of Foreign & Commonwealth service personnel are being denied citizenship or leave to remain in the UK – despite years of honourable service. This film highlights two cases where the discretion that should have been exercised in their favour, was not. Since the charity Veterans Aid went public with the number of cases it was dealing with there has been public outcry. It has dealt with 70 since January and more are coming to its attention every week. Fiji-born L/Cpl Isimeli Baleiwai, who has five medals, 13 years service and operational tours of Iraq and Afghanistan behind him is still fighting to avoid deportation. Sapper Poloko Hire faces deportation to Botswana (where he will be jailed for joining the British Army) – for a speeding offence. (*This campaign by Veterans Aid effected a change in the law. Isimeli Baleiwai was allowed to stay in the UK. Poloko Hiri was granted UK Citizenship and has now gained a law degree).

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Importance of Citizenship and Immigration Rights for Veterans

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of citizenship and immigration rights for veterans. We will explore the challenges faced by foreign and Commonwealth service personnel who have honorably served in the British Armed Forces but are denied citizenship or leave to remain in the UK. We will also discuss the case of L/Cpl Isimeli Baleiwai and Sapper Poloko Hire, who were facing deportation despite their long-term service to the country.

Section 1: Understanding Citizenship and Immigration Rights for Veterans

Topic 1: What is citizenship and why is it important?
Citizenship refers to the legal status of a person who is a legally recognized member of a particular country or nation. It grants individuals certain rights and responsibilities, including the right to vote, travel freely, access education and healthcare, and receive financial support from the government. Citizenship is important because it provides a sense of belonging and identity, and it allows individuals to fully participate in the social, economic, and political life of their community.

Topic 2: What are the challenges faced by foreign and Commonwealth service personnel in obtaining citizenship or leave to remain in the UK?
Foreign and Commonwealth service personnel who have honorably served in the British Armed Forces may face challenges in obtaining citizenship or leave to remain in the UK. These challenges may include strict eligibility criteria, limited access to legal aid, and a lack of awareness about the available options. Additionally, some individuals may face discrimination or prejudice based on their race, ethnicity, or national origin.

Section 2: The Case of L/Cpl Isimeli Baleiwai and Sapper Poloko Hire

Topic 1: Who are L/Cpl Isimeli Baleiwai and Sapper Poloko Hire?
L/Cpl Isimeli Baleiwai is a Fiji-born soldier who has served in the British Army for 13 years and has five medals for his service in Iraq and Afghanistan. Sapper Poloko Hiri is a Botswana-born soldier who has also served in the British Army for 13 years and has a law degree. Both men have honorably served in the British Armed Forces and face deportation despite their long-term service to the country.

Topic 2: What are the challenges they faced in obtaining citizenship or leave to remain in the UK?
L/Cpl Isimeli Baleiwai and Sapper Poloko Hire both faced challenges in obtaining citizenship or leave to remain in the UK. They were denied the discretion that should have been exercised in their favor, despite their years of honourable service. This denial is based on strict eligibility criteria and a lack of awareness about the available options.

Section 3: Conclusion and Glossary

Conclusion:
In conclusion, we have learned about the importance of citizenship and immigration rights for veterans. We have explored the challenges faced by foreign and Commonwealth service personnel in obtaining citizenship or leave to remain in the UK. We have also discussed the case of L/Cpl Isimeli Baleiwai and Sapper Poloko Hire, who were facing deportation despite their long-term service to the country. Through this lesson, we have gained an understanding of the importance of citizenship and immigration rights for veterans and the challenges they may face in obtaining them.

Glossary:
- Citizenship: The legal status of a person who is a legally recognized member of a particular country or nation.
- Immigration rights: The rights granted to individuals who enter a country as immigrants, including the right to work, study, and access public services.
- Eligibility criteria: A set of requirements that must be met in order to be considered for something, such as citizenship or leave to remain in the UK.
- Legal aid: Financial assistance provided to individuals who cannot afford legal representation.
- Discrimination: Treating someone unfairly because of their race, ethnicity, or national origin.
- Prejudice: A preconceived opinion or judgment about someone or something.


text: When the biggest ringing endorsement for a movie you can muster is that it’s from the director of the Cameron Diaz and Ashton Kutcher vehicle “What Happens In Vegas,” you might want to rethink your approach. At any rate “How To Make Love To An Englishman” (known domestically as “Some Kind Of Beautiful“—both titles are sort of terrible) has that factoid and the charm of its leads trying to make their way through this material to ride on and the first international trailer has arrived.. Pierce Brosnan, Jessica Alba, and Salma Hayek star in the movie about lothario poet who settles down with a hot, much younger woman, all the while pining for her older sister. Yep, it’s beautiful people having hardly relatable and very contrived problems. Here’s the.. “Some Kind Of Beautiful” hits DirecTV on July 23rd and opens in limited release on August 21st. Watch below.. Sign Up: Stay on top of the latest breaking film and TV news! Sign up for our Email Newsletters here.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Read and Understand Movie Reviews
Introduction:
Movie reviews are an essential part of the movie-watching experience. They help us understand whether a movie is worth watching or not. However, reading movie reviews can be challenging if you don't know how to read them correctly. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and understand movie reviews.
Section 1: Understanding the Language of Movie Reviews
Movie reviews use specific language to describe a movie's quality. Here are some common terms used in movie reviews:
- Positive: This means that the reviewer liked the movie and recommends it to others.
- Negative: This means that the reviewer did not like the movie and advises people to avoid it.
- Neutral: This means that the reviewer had a mixed opinion of the movie.
- Critical: This means that the reviewer analyzed the movie in detail and provided a detailed critique.
- Thought-provoking: This means that the movie makes the audience think deeply about a particular subject.
- Engaging: This means that the movie keeps the audience interested and involved throughout.
- Boring: This means that the movie is slow-paced and uninteresting.
- Overrated: This means that the movie is not as good as people say it is.
Questions:
1. What do positive, negative, neutral, critical, thought-provoking, engaging, boring, and overrated mean in the context of movie reviews?
2. Can you give an example of each term?
Section 2: Analyzing the Review Structure
Movie reviews usually follow a specific structure. Here are the common parts of a movie review:
- Introduction: This is where the reviewer introduces the movie and provides basic information about it.
- Plot summary: This is where the reviewer summarizes the plot of the movie without giving away any spoilers.
- Analysis: This is where the reviewer analyzes the movie's strengths and weaknesses.
- Conclusion: This is where the reviewer gives their final opinion on the movie and whether they recommend it or not.
Questions:
1. What are the common parts of a movie review?
2. Why is it important to provide a plot summary without spoilers?
Section 3: Reading Between the Lines
Movie reviews can be subjective, and what one person likes, another person may dislike. Therefore, it is essential to read between the lines when reading movie reviews. Here are some things to look for:
- The reviewer's tone: Are they positive or negative?
- Specific examples: Do they provide specific examples to support their opinions?
- Comparisons: Do they compare the movie to other movies in the same genre?
- Personal preferences: Are their opinions influenced by personal preferences?
Questions:
1. How can you tell if a reviewer's opinion is influenced by personal preferences?
2. Why is it essential to look for specific examples in a movie review?
Conclusion:
In conclusion, reading and understanding movie reviews can be challenging. However, by understanding the language used in movie reviews, analyzing the review structure, and reading between the lines, you can get a better understanding of whether a movie is worth watching or not. By applying these techniques, you can become a more informed movie viewer.
Glossary:
- Positive: This means that the reviewer liked the movie and recommends it to others.
- Negative: This means that the reviewer did not like the movie and advises people to avoid it.
- Neutral: This means that the reviewer had a mixed opinion of the movie.
- Critical: This means that the reviewer analyzed the movie in detail and provided a detailed critique.
- Thought-provoking: This means that the movie makes the audience think deeply about a particular subject.
- Engaging: This means that the movie keeps the audience interested and involved throughout.
- Boring: This means that the movie is slow-paced and uninteresting.
- Overrated: This means that the movie is not as good as people say it is.


text: Soufi Esmaeilzadeh is a Product Manager for Google Maps Street View. Her primary focus is Business View, a product that helps businesses showcase their presence online through panoramic photography.. Soufi joined Google in 2011, expanding the company’s partnerships in the Geo Imagery space. Prior to Google, she ran her own business in the tech space focused on SMBs and also advised fortune 500 companies as a management consultant.. She has an MBA from Harvard Business School and a BSc. degree in Electrical Engineering from Brown University where she conducted research and co-authored papers on conformable displays.. Soufi is an avid traveler and skier!. She lives in Palo Alto, California.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Entrepreneurship

**Introduction**
Entrepreneurship is the process of creating, managing, and expanding a business venture. It involves identifying a need in the market, developing a product or service to meet that need, and bringing it to the market. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of entrepreneurship and how it can lead to innovation and economic growth.

**Main Topics**
1. What is entrepreneurship?
2. Types of entrepreneurs
3. The role of entrepreneurship in the economy
4. How to identify a business opportunity
5. Developing a business plan
6. Raising capital for your business
7. Managing and growing your business

**Subtopics**
1.1 Definition of entrepreneurship
2.1 Different types of entrepreneurs
3.1 How entrepreneurship contributes to economic growth
4.1 Identifying trends and opportunities
5.1 Creating a solid business plan
6.1 Sources of funding for your business
7.1 Strategies for managing and growing your business

**Examples**
1.2. Example of a successful entrepreneur: Elon Musk
2.2. Example of a social entrepreneur: Muhammad Yunus
3.2. Example of how entrepreneurship can drive innovation: Uber
4.2. Example of identifying a business opportunity: Airbnb
5.2. Example of a well-written business plan: Amazon
6.2. Example of raising capital through crowdfunding: Kickstarter
7.2. Example of a company that successfully managed growth: Apple

**Conclusion**
Entrepreneurship is a vital component of any economy, driving innovation and job creation. By understanding the basics of entrepreneurship, you can develop the skills needed to identify a business opportunity, create a solid business plan, and manage your business successfully. Whether you are interested in starting your own business or working for a startup, the skills learned in this lesson will be valuable throughout your career.


text: Letter: President should bring country together. The election is over for another four years.. If our new/old President is wise and sincere in his desire to bring our fractured country together, I would suggest that he bring in Governor Romney to work on a bi-partisan committee to tackle our country's very serious financial problems. (Paul Ryan might be glad to assist!). Producing the long-delayed budget required by our constitution would also be a plus.. It would go such a long way toward improving the legacy left behind when he leaves office! Perhaps I am being naïve?. Mary Larsen. Park Rapids

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Bipartisanship

Introduction:
Bipartisanship refers to the cooperation between political parties to achieve a common goal. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of bipartisanship and how it can help bring a country together.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
- What is bipartisanship?
- Why is it important in politics?
- How does it help in achieving common goals?

Section 2: Questions and Answers
- Can you give an example of bipartisanship in action?
- What are some benefits of bipartisanship?
- Are there any challenges associated with bipartisanship?

Section 3: Definitions and Examples
- What is a bi-partisan committee?
- How does producing a budget help improve a country's finances?
- What is the importance of cooperation between political parties?

Glossary:
- Bipartisanship: Cooperation between political parties to achieve a common goal.
- Bi-partisan committee: A group of politicians from different parties who work together to solve a problem.
- Budget: A plan that outlines how a government will spend its money.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, bipartisanship is an important tool that can help bring a country together. By working together, political parties can achieve common goals and improve the lives of their citizens. Whether it's through producing a budget or forming a bi-partisan committee, bipartisanship is a crucial part of politics. By applying the skills learned in this lesson, students can better understand the importance of cooperation and compromise in achieving common goals.


text: Master of Communication in Language Practice. The main purpose of this qualification is to develop research competence in students so that they can make a significant academic contribution in their disciplines or fields, that is, Language Practice. A great deal of emphasis is placed on self-directed reading and scientific enquiry. This is a research-based qualification and students are required to write a dissertation.. Should you be interested in pursuing your doctorate, contact the department to discuss.. For more information, contact: Department of Communication Sciences

textbook:
Lesson 1: Introduction to Master of Communication in Language Practice

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

In this lesson, we will introduce you to the Master of Communication in Language Practice program. We will cover the main purpose of this qualification, which is to develop research competence in students so that they can make a significant academic contribution in their disciplines or fields, specifically in Language Practice.

**Question:** What is the main purpose of the Master of Communication in Language Practice program?
**Answer:** The main purpose of this qualification is to develop research competence in students so that they can make a significant academic contribution in their disciplines or fields, specifically in Language Practice.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

We will also discuss the requirements for this program, which include self-directed reading and scientific enquiry. This means that students are expected to read widely and critically evaluate sources to develop their own ideas, as well as conduct their own research to contribute to the field of Language Practice.

**Question:** What are the requirements for the Master of Communication in Language Practice program?
**Answer:** The requirements for this program include self-directed reading and scientific enquiry. This means that students are expected to read widely and critically evaluate sources to develop their own ideas, as well as conduct their own research to contribute to the field of Language Practice.

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

Finally, we will discuss the benefits of obtaining a Master of Communication in Language Practice. This qualification can open up many doors for students, including the opportunity to continue their education at the doctoral level.

**Question:** What are the benefits of obtaining a Master of Communication in Language Practice?
**Answer:** The benefits of obtaining a Master of Communication in Language Practice include the opportunity to continue your education at the doctoral level, which can open up many doors for students.

## Glossary
- Master of Communication in Language Practice: A postgraduate degree that focuses on the study of language use and communication in practical contexts.
- Dissertation: A lengthy written piece, such as a thesis, on a particular subject, often submitted as part of a graduate degree program.
- Research: The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
- Self-directed reading: Reading that is not assigned or recommended by a teacher or professor, but rather chosen by the individual reader based on personal interest or need.
- Scientific enquiry: The process of investigating a phenomenon, experimenting, and testing hypotheses to uncover new knowledge.
- Doctorate: The highest academic degree that one can earn, typically taking several years of full-time study beyond the master's degree.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we introduced the Master of Communication in Language Practice program, its purpose, and the requirements for obtaining this qualification. We also discussed the benefits of obtaining this degree and how it can open up opportunities for further education and career advancement. By understanding the theoretical concepts, practical examples, and real-world scenarios related to this program, students can gain valuable skills and knowledge that can be applied to a variety of academic and professional settings.


text: Since I never have been to the oil fields I found this to be a nice love story, with a look at the 'wild catter's' lives. I was in the base theater in Naples, Italy in 1983 when I saw it with my 5 y/o son, we were there in Naples for a medical trip. The music was easy to listen to and there was enough action in the movie to not only hold my attention, even with an earthquake happening about half way through the movie, but also kept the attention of my son. Some of the things shown, such as the hose being wrestled by one man, did not seem realistic, but apparently they took 'poetic license' with some of the things shown, however the general public would not know that.

textbook:
**Lesson: Understanding the Oil Industry**

**Introduction**

The oil industry is a vital part of the global economy, providing energy and raw materials for various industries. It is also a complex and challenging field, requiring knowledge of geology, engineering, and finance. In this lesson, we will explore the basics of the oil industry, including its history, how it works, and the challenges it faces.

**Section 1: History of the Oil Industry**

The first oil well was drilled in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania, USA. This event marked the beginning of the modern oil industry. Since then, oil has become an essential part of our lives, powering our cars, homes, and factories. The oil industry has grown rapidly, and today, it is a multi-billion dollar business.

**Section 2: How the Oil Industry Works**

The oil industry involves several stages, from exploration and production to refining and distribution. Here is a brief overview of each stage:

1. Exploration: Geologists and geophysicists use advanced technologies to find potential oil reserves beneath the Earth's surface. They analyze seismic data, drill core samples, and study the structure of the Earth's crust to identify areas where oil might be found.

2. Production: Once an oil reserve is discovered, companies drill wells to extract the oil. This process can be expensive and dangerous, requiring specialized equipment and skilled workers.

3. Refining: After the oil is extracted, it is transported to a refinery, where it is processed into various products, such as gasoline, diesel, and kerosene. This process involves several steps, including distillation, cracking, and reforming.

4. Distribution: The refined products are then transported to distributors, who sell them to consumers. This can involve pipelines, tankers, and trucks.

**Section 3: Challenges in the Oil Industry**

The oil industry faces several challenges, including environmental concerns, political instability, and changing market conditions. Here are some examples:

1. Environmental Concerns: The extraction and use of oil can have negative environmental impacts, such as air and water pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change. Companies must balance their need to produce oil with their responsibility to protect the environment.

2. Political Instability: Many countries that produce oil rely on their oil revenues to support their economies. However, political instability can disrupt production and distribution, leading to price volatility and supply shortages.

3. Changing Market Conditions: The demand for oil can vary depending on factors such as economic growth, technological advancements, and government policies. Companies must adapt to these changes to remain competitive.

**Conclusion**

Understanding the oil industry is essential for anyone interested in business, economics, or environmental studies. By learning about its history, how it works, and the challenges it faces, you can gain valuable insights into this complex and influential industry.

**Glossary**

- Oil: A fossil fuel derived from the remains of dead plants and animals.
- Petroleum: Another term for oil.
- Crude oil: Unrefined oil that is extracted from the ground.
- Refining: The process of turning crude oil into usable products.
- Distillation: A method of separating different components of crude oil based on their boiling points.
- Cracking: A chemical process used to break down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones.
- Reforming: A process used to convert heavy hydrocarbons into lighter ones.
- Refinery: A facility where crude oil is processed into usable products.
- Distribution: The process of transporting and selling oil and oil products to consumers.
- Pipelines: Long tubes used to transport oil and other fluids over long distances.
- Tankers: Large ships used to transport oil and other fluids by sea.
- Trucks: Vehicles used to transport oil and other fluids over land.


text: BATB193_Win at life through making mistakes!. Free worldwide delivery today!. The Foundation. The FoundationShop now. Wow, have I made some mistakes! 🤦♀. But, over the years, I've changed my mindset about mistakes.. Watch my video above👆 and discover what I've learnt about making mistakes.... ...and how this mindset could help you too! 🌈💗. I hope, after trying these tips, that I’ve helped you feel like a better version of you!💕. If you haven't already, be sure to watch my video above for all of my lifestyle tips! 🎬. Plus, scroll down to discover even more tips that I think you'll love below! 👇

textbook:
Lesson: How to Embrace Mistakes and Learn from Them
Introduction:
Making mistakes is an inevitable part of life. However, instead of seeing them as negative experiences, we can learn to embrace them as opportunities for growth and improvement. In this lesson, we will explore the benefits of embracing mistakes and how to use them to become a better version of ourselves.
Section 1: Understanding the Benefits of Embracing Mistakes
Topic 1: Mistakes Help Us Grow and Learn
- Mistakes are a natural part of the learning process. They help us identify areas where we need to improve and make changes.
- When we make mistakes, we gain valuable insights into our strengths and weaknesses. This knowledge helps us grow and develop new skills.
- By embracing mistakes, we open ourselves up to new experiences and challenges that can help us become better versions of ourselves.
Topic 2: Mistakes Help Us Build Resilience
- Resilience is the ability to bounce back from setbacks and challenges.
- When we make mistakes, we experience setbacks and challenges. However, by facing these challenges head-on and learning from them, we build resilience.
- Resilience is an essential skill for success in all areas of life.
Section 2: Practical Tips for Embracing Mistakes
Topic 1: Reframe Your Mindset
- Instead of seeing mistakes as negative experiences, reframe your mindset to see them as opportunities for growth and improvement.
- Use positive affirmations to remind yourself that mistakes are a natural part of the learning process.
- Surround yourself with people who embrace mistakes and see them as opportunities for growth.
Topic 2: Take Action to Improve
- When you make a mistake, take action to improve in that area.
- Identify what went wrong and make a plan to prevent similar mistakes in the future.
- Be proactive in seeking out feedback and advice from others to help you improve.
Topic 3: Celebrate Small Wins
- Celebrating small wins is an excellent way to stay motivated and focused on your goals.
- When you make a mistake, take a moment to celebrate the fact that you are learning and growing.
- Use positive self-talk to remind yourself of your progress and accomplishments.
Section 3: Real-World Examples of Embracing Mistakes
Topic 1: Entrepreneurship
- Many successful entrepreneurs have made numerous mistakes along their journey.
- For example, Oprah Winfrey was fired from her job as a news anchor before becoming a media mogul.
- By embracing her mistakes and learning from them, Oprah was able to grow and become one of the most successful entrepreneurs of all time.
Topic 2: Sports
- Athletes make mistakes all the time. However, they use these mistakes as opportunities to learn and improve.
- For example, Michael Jordan is famous for his relentless work ethic and dedication to improving his game.
- By embracing mistakes and using them to fuel his growth, Michael Jordan became one of the greatest basketball players of all time.
Conclusion:
Embracing mistakes is an essential skill for personal growth and development. By reframing our mindset and taking action to improve, we can use mistakes as opportunities for growth and improvement. By celebrating small wins and learning from our mistakes, we can become better versions of ourselves.