text:
Various types of packaging systems have been designed to package articles, such as cans or bottles, into a unitary container, such as a paperboard carton. Typically, the articles are grouped in some manner to correspond with the approximate container dimensions, and the article group is then transferred into the container. Frequently an insert or partition is placed between the articles in the packaged group to maintain the integrity of the articles.
Many of the known packaging infeed assemblies or systems divide a nested mass of articles into separate lanes of articles prior to placing the articles within the container. The articles are divided into separate lanes for various reasons, such as to form article groups or to drop a partition between the articles. An example of a commonly used system for dividing the articles into separate lanes is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,795 to Cheney et al., which includes a centrally disposed lane divider for separating an unordered mass of articles being transported along a packaging machine into two separate groups of articles. The two separate groups of articles are then divided into individual lanes of articles using a plurality of lane dividers. The lane dividers form lanes with widths approximately equal to the width of an article.
A problem with many of the prior packaging systems, including the one disclosed in Cheney et al., is that the articles are not smoothly divided into the separate lanes. Instead, because the articles are in an unordered mass, the forward tips or ends of the lane dividers often impact the front side of the advancing articles near the center of the articles, thereby violently moving or jarring the articles into the lane. As a result, the articles may become damaged during the packaging process. This problem often is exacerbated when the packaging machine is being operated at higher speeds, thereby advancing the articles faster along their paths of travel. In order to reduce the amount of damage to the articles and to minimize the resulting interruptions to the process flow, the packaging systems must operate at lower speeds, thereby lowering the efficiency of the system.
Another type of packaging system is similar to the type disclosed in Cheney et al..in that it includes a lane divider, initially centrally disposed between the side rails. Additional lane dividers sometimes are positioned rearwardly from and to each side of the initial, central lane divider. The central lane divider is positioned near the points of contact between the articles to more smoothly divide the mass of articles into two groups. Additional lane dividers, however, are positioned to form lanes with widths essentially equal to that of the articles, and so impact the front side of the advancing articles near their centers, as in the first prior art embodiment discussed above. Thus, while the mass of articles can be divided more smoothly into the first two groups, the articles thereafter are violently jarred when being divided into the individual lanes, especially at higher machine speeds. Consequently, to reduce the amount of damage to the articles, the packaging system also preferably must operate at lower speeds. Further, since the initial lane divider in this system is centrally disposed, with additional dividers to each side and rearwardly, a phenomenon occurs in which spaces between articles at least the size of one article tend to remain as the articles are advanced downstream toward the initial divider. The existence of such spaces can interrupt or prevent smooth article group division. Obviously, however, in the case of cylindrical articles, a small void between nested articles will always occur, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.

textbook:
Lesson: Packaging System Design

Introduction:
Packaging systems are essential in the manufacturing and distribution industries. They help protect, transport, and store products safely and efficiently. In this lesson, we will learn about the design and function of various packaging systems, including their components and applications.

Section 1: Types of Packaging Systems

Topic 1: Containers
Containers are the most common type of packaging system. They are made from various materials such as glass, metal, or plastic. Containers can be designed in different shapes and sizes depending on the product they will hold. Some common container types include bottles, cans, jars, and boxes.

Topic 2: Inserts and Partitions
Inserts and partitions are used to keep products organized and secure within the container. They can be made from paper, foam, or other materials. Inserts and partitions can be customized to fit the specific shape and size of the container and the products being packaged.

Section 2: Packaging System Design

Topic 1: Container Dimensions
Container dimensions are crucial in packaging design because they determine how many products can fit inside the container and how much space is needed for inserts and partitions. Container dimensions must also be compatible with the packaging machinery used in the production line.

Topic 2: Article Grouping
Article grouping refers to organizing products within the container to optimize space and maintain product integrity. Products can be grouped by size, shape, color, or any other characteristic that makes sense for the specific product type.

Section 3: Packaging System Applications

Topic 1: Food and Beverage Industry
Packaging systems are essential in the food and beverage industry to preserve freshness, prevent contamination, and maintain product quality. Containers made from glass or metal are commonly used for beverages, while plastic containers are popular for dry foods.

Topic 2: Cosmetics and Personal Care Industry
Packaging systems in the cosmetics and personal care industry must protect delicate formulas from light, heat, and air exposure. Containers made from opaque or translucent materials are often used to prevent product degradation.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have learned about the different types of packaging systems, their design components, and their applications in various industries. Understanding the principles of packaging system design can help us create effective and efficient packaging solutions for a wide range of products.


text: Open Monday 4/23/12 5-9pm. Are we open on Monday, 4/23 because it’s Shakespeare’s birthday? No. But, as the bard would have said, “To eat or not to eat. That is the question.” Since we are opening for a special dinner party on Monday night, we thought we would open for anyone who would like to come in for dinner. We will have special dinner prices as well – all of our veal and fish entrees will be just $20, and our chicken and pasta entrees will be just $12. In summary, “by the pricking of my thumbs, something delicious this way comes”. Come in for an early dinner before the late Phillies game (we’re sure Shakespeare would have said that too, in a much more fancy way).

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Reading Comprehension - Understanding Text Messages

**Introduction:**
Reading comprehension is the ability to understand and interpret written text. It is an essential skill for students to develop, as it allows them to understand and engage with written material. In this lesson, we will focus on reading comprehension in the context of text messages.

**Section 1: Theoretical Concepts**
- Reading comprehension involves identifying the main idea, understanding the author's intent, and interpreting the text.
- Text messages are short written communications that use abbreviations, emojis, and other forms of shorthand to convey information quickly and efficiently.

**Section 2: Questions and Answers**
- Why do people use text messages? - People use text messages to communicate with others quickly and easily, without having to write out full sentences or paragraphs.
- How does reading comprehension apply to text messages? - Reading comprehension is still important when reading text messages, as it helps readers understand the meaning behind the abbreviated language and other forms of shorthand used in text messages.

**Section 3: Practical Examples**
- Example: "L8 nite" - This text message means "Late night". A reader who has good reading comprehension skills will be able to understand that the sender is referring to a late-night event.
- Example: "BRB" - This text message means "Be right back". A reader with strong reading comprehension skills will be able to interpret this as an indication that the sender is temporarily away from their phone and will return soon.

**Glossary**
- Abbreviation: Shortened form of a word or phrase
- Shorthand: A way of writing that uses symbols, abbreviations, or other shortcuts to represent words or ideas

**Conclusion**
Reading comprehension is an essential skill for understanding text messages. By identifying the main idea, understanding the author's intent, and interpreting the text, readers can effectively communicate with others using text messages. By practicing reading comprehension in the context of text messages, students can improve their overall reading skills and become better communicators.


text: Artist’s Statement. If I were to ask myself why I create the art I do; I would have to answer: “It is what I was born to do. It is my passion, my joy, as my art has been there throughout my life’s journey!”. If I were asked what kind of art I create; I would answer by saying, “It is art that speaks from the heart, the social and the Political.”. My art is charged with energy & color, vibrant, magical, & thus enabling the soul to travel.. I envision, I rely on the intuitive, the spiritual, the emotional. To tell stories through my art. I am a storyteller, a visualist. A conveyer of messages…. I began to create art as a small boy. My foster mother saw that I had a talent, at a very young age. She was encouraging, loving… She saw the gift in me. Scribblers were filled, art lessons began at an early age… Art school, exhibition and books, lectures, and teaching..

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Passion and Persistence in Art

Introduction:
Art is a form of expression that allows individuals to communicate their thoughts, feelings, and ideas through visual means. It is a way of telling stories, conveying messages, and evoking emotions in others. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of passion and persistence in art, as well as the different ways artists can express themselves through their work.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is the importance of pursuing one's passion and being persistent in achieving their goals. As the artist's statement shows, creating art is not just a job or a hobby, but a calling that the artist was born to do. This is a reminder that following our passions can lead to a fulfilling and meaningful life.

Section 1: The Importance of Passion in Art

Question: Why is passion important in art?
Answer: Passion is essential in art because it drives artists to create, innovate, and push boundaries. When an artist is passionate about their work, they are more likely to put in the time and effort required to produce high-quality pieces that resonate with others.

Definition: What is passion?
Passion is a strong feeling or emotion towards something. In the context of art, passion refers to a deep love and enthusiasm for creating, exploring, and expressing oneself through visual means.

Practical Example: The artist's statement shows that their passion for art started at a young age and has continued to grow throughout their life. This passion has driven them to pursue art education, exhibitions, and teaching opportunities, allowing them to share their work with others and inspire future artists.

Section 2: The Importance of Persistence in Art

Question: Why is persistence important in art?
Answer: Persistence is crucial in art because it allows artists to overcome obstacles, setbacks, and failures. Creating art can be challenging, and artists often face rejection, criticism, and self-doubt. However, those who persist and continue to create despite these challenges are more likely to achieve success and growth in their work.

Definition: What is persistence?
Persistence refers to the ability to continue working towards a goal despite obstacles or setbacks. In the context of art, persistence means continuing to create, experiment, and learn from mistakes, rather than giving up when faced with challenges.

Practical Example: The artist's statement shows that they have faced challenges in their life, including a difficult childhood. However, they persisted in their passion for art, and their work reflects their resilience and determination to tell their story and inspire others.

Section 3: Expressing Oneself Through Art

Question: How can artists express themselves through their work?
Answer: Artists can express themselves through their work by using various techniques, mediums, and styles to convey their ideas, emotions, and experiences. This can include using color, composition, texture, and subject matter to create pieces that evoke specific feelings or tell particular stories.

Definition: What is style?
Style refers to the distinctive manner in which an artist creates their work. It includes elements such as line, color, composition, and texture, and can be used to convey mood, theme, and message.

Practical Example: The artist's statement shows that their work is deeply personal and reflects their experiences and emotions. By using bright colors, bold lines, and expressive brushstrokes, they create pieces that are both visually stunning and emotionally powerful.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the importance of passion and persistence in art cannot be overstated. By pursuing their passions and being persistent in their efforts, artists can create work that is meaningful, impactful, and inspiring. Whether through color, composition, or subject matter, artists have the power to express themselves and connect with others on a deep level. By applying these principles to our own artistic endeavors, we too can create work that speaks to our souls and touches the hearts of others.

Glossary:
- Passion: a strong feeling or emotion towards something
- Persistence: the ability to continue working towards a goal despite obstacles or setbacks
- Style: a distinctive manner in which an artist creates their work

End of Lesson.


text: Mr. Delcore - Softball. What is your record or achievements for the season?. Conference champs 17-2 overall, 13-1 conference.. What would you like to say about the seniors that you worked with this year?. They had great attitudes and showed great leadership. What was most memorable about this season for you?. Winning conference with basically a whole new team. What future advice do you have for your senior athletes?. Work hard and keep a great attitude. What will you miss most about this year’s seniors?. I will miss their skills in playing games, not just softball, but also Apples to Apples and Gestures.. View More. Leading America's. Newsrooms

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Softball

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
In this section, we will cover the basic concepts of softball. We will start by defining what softball is and how it is played.

**Definition:** Softball is a sport that is played with a larger ball than baseball and is typically played on a smaller field. It is often played by women, although men can also play.

**How to Play:** Softball is played with two teams of nine players each. The objective of the game is to hit the ball and run around the bases in a counter-clockwise direction while the other team tries to catch the ball and throw it to the base to get the runner out. The team that scores the most runs wins the game.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
In this section, we will look at some practical examples of how softball is played.

**Example 1:** Suppose the score is tied in the bottom of the seventh inning, and there are two outs. The batter hits a line drive to center field. The runner on second base takes off for third base. The center fielder catches the ball and throws it to third base, but the runner is safe because the ball was not caught cleanly. The next batter hits a home run, and the team wins the game.

**Example 2:** Suppose the game is in the top of the first inning, and there are two outs. The batter hits a pop fly to shortstop. The shortstop catches the ball and throws it to first base to get the batter out.

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions
In this section, we will engage in self-debating discussions about softball.

**Debate Topic:** Should softball be considered a sport?

**Argument for:** Softball requires skill, strategy, and physical fitness. It is played at a high level by both men and women, and it has been included in the Olympics since 1996.

**Argument against:** Some people argue that softball is not a sport because it is often played on a smaller field than baseball and uses a larger ball. However, this argument could be applied to any sport that has variations or differences from the "traditional" version.

## Glossary
- Softball: A sport played with a larger ball than baseball on a smaller field.
- Base: One of the four stops that a runner must touch in order to score a run.
- Out: When a player is declared not able to continue playing because they have been caught with the ball before reaching a base.
- Run: When a player successfully touches all four bases in order and returns to home plate.
- Inning: A period of time during which one team plays offense while the other team plays defense.
- Home plate: The final base that a runner must touch to score a run.
- Umpire: The person who makes the calls and decisions about whether a player is safe or out, and whether a pitch is a strike or a ball.

## Conclusion
Softball is a fun and exciting sport that requires skill, strategy, and physical fitness. By understanding the basic concepts, practical examples, and engaging in self-debating discussions, we can deepen our understanding of this sport and appreciate its importance in American culture.


text:
News & Updates Archives

September 15, 2008. The Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning (CCNMTL) launched Columbia University's new site on iTunes U in early September. The site, called Columbia on iTunes U, allows Columbia students, faculty, and the public to download free lectures, seminars, and other Columbia-produced media content to mobile devices or personal computers.

iTunes U was created by Apple to provide schools with a platform to archive and distribute educational content to the university community and the public. Many universities also use the platform to distribute audio and video clips of campus tours and popular speakers making it easier than ever to stay connected with alumni and prospective students.

In fall 2005, CCNMTL began promoting the use of podcasting as a tool for instructors to provide educational resources to their students. Later, in an effort to expand the Center's podcasting capacity and accessibility to faculty and students, CCNMTL began working with Apple on an iTunes U contract for Columbia University. During this period, Columbia University's medical and dental schools produced podcasts for nearly 30 courses each semester. These podcasts, in addition to digital libraries, quizzes, glossaries, and lecture podcasts from around the university, have contributed to the 1,400+ media tracks now available on Columbia’s iTunes U site.

The Center will continue to support faculty and instructors in effectively using podcasts in their teaching and help them manage their own course-related audio and video collections within the site. Students enrolled in Columbia courses will be able to download these materials for further review and study.

Podcasts of conferences, featured content, and promotional materials, such as walking tours of the campus, are currently accessible through Columbia’s site. Columbia's schools and departments will manage their own sections within Columbia on iTunes U, offering new audio and video content for courses and academic lectures, student profiles, and admissions videos. Publicly available content will continue to be added to the site throughout each academic year.

Columbia on iTunes U is accessible through its launch site, http://itunes.columbia.edu. For more information please contact CCNMTL at ccnmtl-itunesu@columbia.edu.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Podcasting

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about podcasting, which is the distribution of audio or video content over the internet. We will cover the basics of podcasting, including what it is, how it works, and how to create your own podcast.

**Section 1: What is Podcasting?**

Podcasting is a type of digital media that allows people to listen to or watch audio and video content on demand. It is similar to traditional radio and television broadcasting, but instead of being limited to specific times or locations, podcasts can be accessed at any time and from anywhere in the world.

**Section 2: How does Podcasting Work?**

Podcasting works by distributing audio or video files over the internet. These files are usually in MP3 or MP4 format and can be downloaded onto a computer or mobile device. Once the file is downloaded, the user can play it back at their convenience.

**Section 3: Creating Your Own Podcast**

Creating your own podcast is easy! Here are the steps you can follow:

1. Choose a topic for your podcast. This could be anything that interests you, such as sports, music, news, or comedy.

2. Record your audio or video content. You can use a microphone and recording software to record your voice, or a camera to record video content.

3. Edit your content. Use editing software to trim your recording, add music or sound effects, and adjust the volume levels.

4. Export your file in MP3 or MP4 format.

5. Upload your file to a podcast hosting service. This service will allow people to subscribe to your podcast and download new episodes automatically.

**Section 4: Practical Examples**

One example of a successful podcast is "Serial," which is a true crime podcast that explores a different case each season. Another example is "The Joe Rogan Experience," which is a podcast where comedian Joe Rogan interviews guests from all walks of life.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

Podcasting is a great way to share your voice with the world. By following the steps outlined in this lesson, you can create your own podcast and share your passion with others. Whether you're interested in news, sports, music, or comedy, there's a podcast for everyone.


text:
Being publicly-funded gives us a greater chance to continue providing you with high quality content. Please support us!

Plans are afoot in India to employ drones to track wildlife and combat poaching in ten separate sites across the country by January 2015. The ten areas chosen for this initiative reflect the ten different zones of biodiversity in the country, including the Sunderbans, the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, and so on.

This is not the first time drones have been employed to the aid of wildlife; previously, this technology has been used to keep an eye out on critically endangered animal species and human activities in countries like Nepal and Indonesia, according to The Economic Times. Drones are currently being used by the Panna Tiger Reserve (PTR) in Madhya Pradesh, India to keep an eye on poaching activities. But now, having tested the great advantages of the use of this technology in the country, wildlife conservation efforts in India are about to get a big boost, via this new program.

Why is This Such Good News?

Drones can aid conservation efforts in a number of ways. Knowledge is power, and these drones will be able to transmit valuable information about the endangered wildlife and the human habits affecting them. For example, they can be used to count the populations of endangered animals like tigers, or learn about species we otherwise have difficulty tracking, like snow leopards and red pandas.

“With this we will move on to the second generation technology for monitoring and surveillance of wildlife. They will be cost-effective and can reach areas where it is difficult for humans to enter,” Wildlife Institute of India’s wildlife scientist K. Ramesh told The Hindu.

The drones can also be a powerful anti-poaching tool. “It can be particularly useful in monitoring poaching of lesser known species. But drone technology can only detect poaching and so it should be backed by on-ground staff monitoring,” said Ramesh.

In other words, drones act as powerful deterrents. Like a surveillance camera in a shop, they don’t fight robbers off, but they can make them think twice about robbing the place.

Drones are a new and exciting development in conservation, and cost-effective tool to help protect and learn about wildlife.

Here at One Green Planet we are excited to see where this new technology will take us in understanding the species we share the planet with, and we’re glad to have a new tool in our arsenal to combat poaching!

Image source: Don McCoullough/Flickr

Advertisement

textbook:
Title: Using Drones to Combat Poaching and Protect Wildlife

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the use of drones in combating poaching and protecting wildlife. We will cover the benefits of using drones in wildlife conservation, the different types of drones used, and the challenges associated with their use. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the importance of drones in wildlife conservation and apply this knowledge to new problems.

Section 1: Benefits of Using Drones in Wildlife Conservation

Drones have become an essential tool in wildlife conservation. They provide several benefits, including:

1. Monitoring: Drones can be used to monitor wildlife populations and their habitats. They can help identify areas that need protection and track changes in the environment over time.

2. Anti-poaching: Drones can help prevent poaching by detecting and reporting suspicious activity. They can also be used to monitor and track poachers.

3. Research: Drones can assist researchers in collecting data on wildlife populations and their behavior. They can help scientists better understand animal movements, mating habits, and other behaviors.

4. Education: Drones can be used to educate people about wildlife conservation and the importance of protecting endangered species.

Section 2: Types of Drones Used in Wildlife Conservation

There are several types of drones used in wildlife conservation, including:

1. Fixed-wing drones: These drones are designed to fly long distances and stay aloft for extended periods. They are ideal for monitoring large areas and tracking wildlife movements.

2. Multi-rotor drones: These drones are equipped with multiple rotors that allow them to take off and land vertically. They are often used for close-up surveillance and aerial photography.

3. Hybrid drones: These drones combine the capabilities of fixed-wing and multi-rotor drones. They can take off and land vertically like multi-rotor drones but can also fly long distances like fixed-wing drones.

Section 3: Challenges Associated with Using Drones in Wildlife Conservation

Despite the many benefits of using drones in wildlife conservation, there are several challenges associated with their use, including:

1. Cost: Drones can be expensive to purchase and maintain. Many organizations may not have the necessary funding to invest in this technology.

2. Regulation: There are strict regulations governing the use of drones in many countries. Organizations must obtain permits and follow specific guidelines when operating drones.

3. Battery life: Drones require batteries to operate. The battery life of drones can be limited, which may restrict their ability to monitor wildlife for extended periods.

4. Weather conditions: Drones may not be able to operate in extreme weather conditions, such as heavy rain or strong winds.

Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, drones have become an essential tool in wildlife conservation. They provide several benefits, including monitoring, anti-poaching, research, and education. However, there are also challenges associated with their use, such as cost, regulation, battery life, and weather conditions. Despite these challenges, the benefits of using drones in wildlife conservation far outweigh the costs. By understanding the importance of drones in wildlife conservation, we can apply this knowledge to new problems and continue to protect endangered species and their habitats.

Glossary:
- Drones: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that can be remotely controlled or flown autonomously.
- Poaching: The act of illegally hunting or fishing wildlife.
- Habitat: The natural environment in which a particular species lives, grows, and reproduces.
- Endangered species: Species that are at risk of becoming extinct due to habitat destruction, hunting, or other threats.


text: Services, products and internal processes - these days business without IT is hardly imaginable. IT permeates every area of a company and its environment. So it is more important than ever to take a strategic approach when considering and implementing this significant factor. The age-old conflicts between “business” and “IT” are no longer relevant and fail to optimise the potential that lies in purposeful cooperation and joint innovation. From top management to end users, we help companies define and implement suitable strategies for tapping into that potential.. Enterprises are historically grown organisms with specific operating models which have evolved over time, incorporating new business units and geographical areas, seeing new product and service offerings rise, decline and disappear, undergoing strategy and market changes etc.. More about the IT-Positioning-Continuum

textbook:
Lesson: IT Strategy for Businesses

**Introduction:** In today's digital age, information technology (IT) plays a crucial role in the success of any business. It helps companies streamline their operations, improve customer experience, and gain a competitive edge. However, developing an effective IT strategy can be challenging, especially for enterprises with complex structures and legacy systems. This lesson will provide an overview of the IT-Positioning-Continuum model, which can help businesses align their IT strategies with their overall business goals.

**Section 1: Understanding the IT-Positioning-Continuum**

The IT-Positioning-Continuum is a model that helps businesses position their IT strategies along a continuum from cost leadership to differentiation. The model has four quadrants:

1. Cost Leadership: Businesses that focus on cost leadership aim to have the lowest possible costs of production and delivery of their products or services. They use IT to automate processes, reduce costs, and increase efficiency.

2. Differentiation: Businesses that focus on differentiation aim to create unique products or services that differentiate them from their competitors. They use IT to innovate, create new products, and improve customer experiences.

3. Customer Intimacy: Businesses that focus on customer intimacy aim to build strong relationships with their customers. They use IT to personalize customer experiences, gather customer data, and provide exceptional customer service.

4. Operational Excellence: Businesses that focus on operational excellence aim to optimize their internal processes and operations. They use IT to improve process efficiency, reduce waste, and increase productivity.

**Section 2: Applying the IT-Positioning-Continuum**

To apply the IT-Positioning-Continuum model, businesses should consider the following questions:

1. What is our business strategy?
2. How do we differentiate ourselves from our competitors?
3. What are our core competencies?
4. What are our customers' needs and expectations?
5. What are our internal processes and operations like?

Once businesses have answered these questions, they can position their IT strategies along the continuum based on their goals and objectives. For example, if a business focuses on cost leadership, it may invest in IT systems that automate processes and reduce costs. If a business focuses on differentiation, it may invest in IT systems that enable innovation and creativity.

**Section 3: Practical Examples**

Let's consider a hypothetical company called XYZ Corp. XYZ Corp. manufactures and sells electronics products. Based on their business strategy, they have decided to focus on customer intimacy. They want to build strong relationships with their customers by providing exceptional customer service and personalized experiences.

To achieve this goal, XYZ Corp. can use IT to:

1. Collect customer data: XYZ Corp. can use CRM software to collect customer data such as purchase history, preferences, and feedback.
2. Provide personalized experiences: XYZ Corp. can use AI-powered chatbots to provide personalized recommendations and support to customers.
3. Offer exceptional customer service: XYZ Corp. can use IT systems to track customer complaints and issues, and resolve them quickly and efficiently.

**Glossary:**

- IT: Information Technology
- Continuum: A sequence of events or states
- Positioning: The process of designing a product or service to occupy a clear, distinctive place in a customer's mind

**Conclusion:**

In conclusion, the IT-Positioning-Continuum model can help businesses align their IT strategies with their overall business goals. By understanding their business strategy, core competencies, and customer needs, businesses can position their IT strategies along the continuum and gain a competitive advantage.


text: Goldman Sachs Reduces Stake in Colonial to 0.5%. 10/04/2014 – El Mundo. Goldman Sachs slashed its holding in Colonial by almost 4.5%. The company exchanged the 5% stake for mere 0.5% valued at €2.68 million in reference to current market price.. In 2010, Goldman Sachs obtained a 15% stake by executing debt from Colonial together with several other entities. After the reduction, the investment bank possesses 1.17 million shares that strictly speaking represent 0.518% of the entire stake.. The present-day holding in Colonial presents as follows: Grupo Villar Mir as the main stakeholder with 24.4%, followed by Coral Partners (14.7%), MoraBanc (7.5%), Crédit Agricole (4.9%), Santo Domingo (3%) and Fidelity International (3.38%).. Goldman Sachs´s leave coincides with the announcement of obtaining a €1 billion loan by the listed real estate firm. (…).. Original article: El Mundo. Translation: AURA REE

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Percentages and Fractions in Real-World Scenarios

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about percentages and fractions by analyzing a real-world scenario involving Goldman Sachs and Colonial. We will cover the following topics:

1. What are percentages and fractions?
2. How to convert fractions to percentages?
3. How to calculate percentage changes?
4. Real-world examples of percentage changes.

Section 1: What are percentages and fractions?

Percentages are units of measurement used to express a fraction of a whole. Fractions are parts of a whole that can be expressed as a ratio of two numbers.

Example:
- If we have 10 apples and we want to give away 2 apples, we can say that we are giving away 20% of our apples.
- If we have a pizza that is cut into 8 equal slices and we eat 2 slices, we can say that we have eaten 25% of the pizza.

Section 2: How to convert fractions to percentages?

To convert a fraction to a percentage, we need to multiply the fraction by 100.

Example:
- If we have 2/8 as a fraction, we can convert it to a percentage by multiplying it by 100: (2/8) * 100 = 25%

Section 3: How to calculate percentage changes?

To calculate a percentage change, we need to use the formula:

Percentage Change = ((New Value - Old Value) / Old Value) * 100

Example:
- If Goldman Sachs reduced its stake in Colonial from 5% to 0.5%, the percentage change would be:
  - ((0.5 - 5) / 5) * 100 = -95%

Section 4: Real-world examples of percentage changes.

Example 1:
- If a store increases its prices by 10%, how much more will customers have to pay for an item that cost $100 last week?
  - Answer: Customers will have to pay $110 for the item.

Example 2:
- If a company's sales increase from $500,000 to $600,000, what is the percentage increase in sales?
  - Answer: The percentage increase in sales is 20%.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about percentages and fractions and how they are used in real-world scenarios. We also learned how to convert fractions to percentages and how to calculate percentage changes. By understanding these concepts, we can better analyze and interpret real-world data.

Glossary:
- Percentage: A unit of measurement used to express a fraction of a whole.
- Fraction: A part of a whole that can be expressed as a ratio of two numbers.
- Conversion: The process of changing one unit of measurement to another.
- Formula: A set of rules or instructions for solving a problem.
- Real-world: Relating to or being experiences or situations that are based on actual events or practices.


text: Studies in Macbeth. Year 8C has been studying Macbeth. Vanessa Tandy explains what they have been up to: “Recently I have been reading Macbeth in class. Towards the end of the topic we were given a project to make a crown for Macbeth. We were given the option to either design a crown which Macbeth might actually wear or a metaphorical one. I did it metaphorically. My crown was massive to show that he can't fill the shoes of the last king. It was also covered in blood to symbolise when Macbeth had the king’s blood on his hands. On my crown was a Lego character to represent Lady Macbeth, dead and covered in blood, to show the way she died by jumping off a tower. Finally I chose to have some gems missing to show that even though he is king his life isn't perfect.” This task provided challenge and drew on their creative skills. The students produced some amazing work that showed real insight into the play and the major themes and motifs.. Miss Keogh, Teacher of English; Vanessa Tandy, 8C

textbook:
Lesson: Creating a Crown for Macbeth

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to create a crown for Macbeth, a character in a play called Macbeth. We will analyze the symbolism behind the crown and understand the significance of its design. This lesson is suitable for primary through high school students who are interested in learning about the creative process involved in interpreting literature.

Section 1: Understanding the Task
The task was to create a crown for Macbeth, which could be either literal or metaphorical. The students were encouraged to use their creativity and imagination to come up with a design that represented the character's personality and the themes of the play.

Section 2: Analyzing the Symbolism
The crown represents Macbeth's ambition and desire for power. It is also a symbol of his guilt and the consequences of his actions. The design of the crown should reflect these themes. For example, a crown that is too heavy to bear might represent the burden of leadership and the difficulty of living up to the expectations of others. A crown covered in blood might symbolize the murder of King Duncan and the guilt that Macbeth feels as a result.

Section 3: Designing the Crown
To design the crown, students should consider the following elements:
- Size: The size of the crown should be appropriate for Macbeth's status as a king. It should be impressive but not overwhelming.
- Materials: The materials used to create the crown should be durable and long-lasting. They should also be symbolic. For example, a crown made of metal might represent Macbeth's strength and determination, while a crown made of paper might represent his fragility and vulnerability.
- Decoration: The decoration of the crown should be meaningful and relevant to the themes of the play. For example, the crown might be adorned with images of swords, daggers, or other weapons to represent the violence and conflict that occur throughout the story.

Section 4: Creating the Crown
Once the design has been finalized, students can begin creating the crown. This might involve gathering materials, cutting and shaping them, and attaching any decorations. Students should take care to ensure that their crown is structurally sound and secure.

Section 5: Presenting the Crown
When the crown is complete, students should present it to the class and explain the symbolism behind their design. They should be prepared to answer questions about their creative process and the meaning behind their choices.

Conclusion:
Creating a crown for Macbeth is an excellent way to engage with literature and develop creative skills. By analyzing the symbolism behind the crown and designing a meaningful and relevant design, students can deepen their understanding of the play and its themes. This activity can be adapted for different levels and subjects, making it a versatile and valuable tool for teaching and learning.


text:
In-vitro activity of new carbapenem antibiotics: comparative studies with meropenem, L-627 and imipenem against pathogenic Nocardia spp.
MICs of two new carbapenems, meropenem and L-627, and imipenem were determined against 98 strains of the Nocardia asteroides group (i.e. N. asteroides sensu stricto, Nocardia farcinica and Nocardia nova), 46 strains of Nocardia brasiliensis and 17 strains of Nocardia otitidiscaviarum. Meropenem and L-627 were less active against the N. asteroides group than imipenem. Among the three species of the N. asteroides group, N. nova was the most sensitive to all the carbapenems. Meropenem was more active than imipenem against both N. brasiliensis and N. otitidiscaviarum with MIC50 values of 28.3-53.3 mg/L. L-627 was less active than meropenem.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Introduction to Antibiotics and their Activity Against Bacteria

Introduction:
Antibiotics are medicines that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by killing or stopping the growth of bacteria. In this lesson, we will learn about the in-vitro activity of new carbapenem antibiotics and their effectiveness against pathogenic Nocardia spp.

Section 1: What are Carbapenems?
Carbapenems are a class of antibiotics that are used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. They are effective against many types of bacteria, including some that are resistant to other antibiotics.

Section 2: Comparing the Activity of New Carbapenems
In a study, the activity of two new carbapenems, meropenem and L-627, and imipenem was compared against pathogenic Nocardia spp. The results showed that meropenem and L-627 were less active against the N. asteroides group than imipenem. However, meropenem was more active than imipenem against both N. brasiliensis and N. otitidiscaviarum.

Section 3: Understanding MICs
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is a measure of the effectiveness of an antibiotic. It is the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that can inhibit the growth of bacteria. In the study, the MICs of meropenem, L-627, and imipenem were determined against different strains of Nocardia spp. The results showed that meropenem and L-627 were less active against the N. asteroides group than imipenem.

Section 4: Why Study Antibiotic Resistance?
Studying antibiotic resistance is important because it helps us understand how bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics. This information can be used to develop new antibiotics that are more effective against resistant bacteria.

Section 5: Conclusion
In conclusion, the study showed that meropenem and L-627 were less active against the N. asteroides group than imipenem. However, meropenem was more active than imipenem against both N. brasiliensis and N. otitidiscaviarum. Understanding the activity of new antibiotics like meropenem and L-627 is important in the fight against bacterial infections.

Glossary:
- Carbapenems: a class of antibiotics used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections
- MICs: minimum inhibitory concentration, a measure of the effectiveness of an antibiotic
- Nocardia spp.: a group of bacteria that can cause infections in humans
- Pathogenic: capable of causing disease
- Sensitivity: the ability of an organism to respond to a specific antibiotic

Self-Debate Discussion:
- How can we ensure that new antibiotics are effective against resistant bacteria?
- Should we be concerned about the development of antibiotic resistance? Why or why not?


text: Premier Education Group. Premier Education Group, professional solutions for schools, children and communities.. Premier Sport. Premier Sport, the UK’s largest provider of sport and physical activity, working in partnership with over 2,500 schools.. Premier Performing Arts. Premier Performing Arts, an official Arts Award provider offering bespoke programmes for schools, children and adults.. The Golden Mile. The Golden Mile, the easiest way to measure and engage pupils in physical activity.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Physical Education

**Section 1: What is Physical Education?**

Physical education is the study of the body and its ability to perform different types of movements and activities. It involves learning about the different systems of the body and how they work together to perform various tasks. Physical education also involves learning about different sports, games, and activities that can improve our physical fitness and overall health.

**Section 2: Why is Physical Education Important?**

Physical education is important because it helps us develop the skills and knowledge we need to lead a healthy and active lifestyle. Regular physical activity can help prevent chronic diseases such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. It also helps improve our mental health by reducing stress and anxiety levels.

**Section 3: How does the Body Work During Physical Activity?**

During physical activity, the body uses several systems to work together to perform different tasks. The muscular system is responsible for generating force and movement, while the cardiovascular system provides oxygen and nutrients to the muscles. The respiratory system supplies the body with the oxygen it needs to function, and the skeletal system provides support and structure.

**Section 4: Types of Physical Activities**

There are many different types of physical activities that people can participate in, including team sports, individual sports, and fitness activities. Some examples of team sports include soccer, basketball, and volleyball. Examples of individual sports include swimming, tennis, and golf. Fitness activities such as running, cycling, and weightlifting can also improve physical fitness.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

In conclusion, physical education is an important subject that helps us learn about the body and how it works during physical activity. By participating in regular physical activity, we can improve our physical fitness and overall health. There are many different types of physical activities that people can participate in, and each has its own benefits and challenges. By applying the skills learned in physical education, we can lead a healthy and active lifestyle.

**Glossary**
- Muscular system: The group of muscles and tissues that allow for movement and strength.
- Cardiovascular system: The system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Respiratory system: The group of organs responsible for supplying the body with oxygen.
- Skeletal system: The group of bones, cartilage, and ligaments that provide support and structure to the body.


text: PLY. PLY bureau creates modern furniture in a very minimalistic style for people who appreciate design. This furniture easily fits into any interior because of a large variety of decoration and sizes.. With the same level of quality as in talian and Scandinavian brands, PLY furniture has a lower price, as it is produced in Russia from domestic materials. All items are solid and have a 30-year warranty on case damage.. Furniture PLY is a harmony of lines, shapes and proportions. Any item in the collection is unique, as it is hand made.. PLY. The Bureau. Dmitrii Lagutin, Mariana Vecher. Moscow. Phone: +7 (909) 990-70-00; +7 (903) 178-02-95. Website:. Social Network:

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Minimalist Design

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Minimalism is an art movement that originated in the 20th century. It emphasizes simplicity, clean lines, and a lack of ornamentation. Minimalist design is often associated with modern architecture, fashion, and furniture.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

PLY furniture is an example of minimalist design. It is characterized by its simple, elegant lines and lack of extraneous details. The furniture is made from domestic materials and is handmade, making each piece unique.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

PLY furniture is ideal for people who appreciate modern design. Its simplicity and clean lines make it easy to fit into any interior. The furniture is also durable, with a 30-year warranty on case damage.

## Glossary

- Minimalism: An art movement that emphasizes simplicity, clean lines, and a lack of ornamentation.
- Modern: A style of design that emphasizes simplicity, functionality, and clean lines.
- Domestic materials: Materials that are sourced from within a country or region.
- Handmade: Made by hand, typically one at a time, rather than mass-produced.
- Unique: One of a kind, not duplicated or repeated.

## Conclusion

Minimalist design is characterized by its simplicity, clean lines, and lack of ornamentation. PLY furniture is an example of minimalist design, and it is ideal for people who appreciate modern design. Its simplicity and clean lines make it easy to fit into any interior. By understanding the principles of minimalist design, we can apply them to new problems and create beautiful, functional solutions.


text: The symmetric body of these globe type valves enable to manufacture several models of 2 and 3-way valve.. The standardization of all manufacturing components of the two-stage on/off valves enable to reduce the parts at stock and make the valves suitable for any plant renovation.. The RP heating jacketed valves have been designed to stop, divert, measure and controlall high viscosity liquids as bitumen, coals, high density fuel oils and sulphur).

textbook:
Core Value: Standardization and Symmetry in Manufacturing

Lesson: Understanding the Importance of Standardization and Symmetry in Manufacturing

Introduction:
Manufacturing is an essential process in producing goods and products that we use in our daily lives. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of standardization and symmetry in manufacturing. We will also explore the benefits of using standardized components and symmetrical designs in the production process.

Section 1: Standardization in Manufacturing

Topic 1: What is Standardization?
Standardization refers to the process of establishing and maintaining consistent standards for the design, production, and delivery of goods and services. In manufacturing, standardization involves the use of standardized components and materials that are interchangeable and compatible with other products.

Topic 2: Benefits of Standardization
There are several benefits of standardization in manufacturing, including:

1. Cost Savings: By using standardized components, manufacturers can reduce the number of parts needed for production, which can lead to cost savings.
2. Quality Control: Standardized components ensure that products meet specific quality standards, reducing the risk of defects and errors.
3. Efficiency: Standardization allows for faster production times and reduces the time required for training employees on new products or processes.
4. Scalability: Standardized components make it easier to scale production up or down depending on demand.

Topic 3: Examples of Standardization in Manufacturing
Some examples of standardization in manufacturing include:

1. Fasteners: Bolts, screws, and nuts are standardized in size and shape to ensure compatibility across different products and industries.
2. Electrical Components: Electrical components such as wires, connectors, and switches are standardized to ensure safety and compatibility.
3. Automotive Industry: The automotive industry uses standardized components such as engines, transmissions, and suspension systems across different vehicle models.

Section 2: Symmetry in Manufacturing

Topic 1: What is Symmetry?
Symmetry refers to the balance and proportion of shapes, forms, and patterns. In manufacturing, symmetry is often used in the design of products to ensure that they are aesthetically pleasing and functional.

Topic 2: Importance of Symmetry in Manufacturing
Symmetry plays a crucial role in manufacturing because it:

1. Improves Aesthetics: Symmetrical designs make products more visually appealing and attractive to consumers.
2. Enhances Functionality: Symmetrical designs can improve the functionality of products by ensuring that they perform optimally.
3. Reduces Manufacturing Costs: Symmetrical designs can simplify the manufacturing process by reducing the number of steps required to produce a product.

Topic 3: Examples of Symmetry in Manufacturing
Some examples of symmetry in manufacturing include:

1. Cell Phones: Cell phones are designed with symmetrical shapes and patterns to ensure that they are balanced and easy to hold.
2. Car Engines: Car engines are designed with symmetrical cylinder heads and pistons to ensure optimal performance and balance.
3. Jewelry: Jewelry is often designed with symmetrical patterns and shapes to create a sense of balance and harmony.

Section 3: Applying Standardization and Symmetry in Manufacturing

Topic 1: Real-World Scenario
A company produces valves for various industries, including oil and gas, chemical, and power generation. They want to standardize their manufacturing process to reduce costs and improve efficiency.

Solution:
1. Identify standardized components that can be used across different valve models.
2. Develop a symmetrical design for the valves to ensure balance and aesthetic appeal.
3. Train employees on the new standardized manufacturing process and ensure that they understand the benefits of standardization and symmetry.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about the importance of standardization and symmetry in manufacturing. By using standardized components and symmetrical designs, manufacturers can reduce costs, improve quality, and increase efficiency. By applying these concepts to a real-world scenario, we can see how standardization and symmetry can be applied to improve the manufacturing process.


text:
XGrabKeyboard behavior - Xwindows

This is a discussion on XGrabKeyboard behavior - Xwindows ; My application has the usual main event processing loop which directs events
to their appropriate widgets.
I have an OpenGL widget which I am making full screen, and to which I want
all mouse and keyboard events delivered.
To make ...

XGrabKeyboard behavior

My application has the usual main event processing loop which directs events
to their appropriate widgets.

I have an OpenGL widget which I am making full screen, and to which I want
all mouse and keyboard events delivered.

To make the window full screen, I have to use the CWOverrideRedirect mask
when creating the window. However, this kills all mouse and keyboard
events that would normally go to that window. Here's the full set of masks
I'm using to create the full screen window:

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding XGrabKeyboard Behavior in XWindows

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about XGrabKeyboard behavior in XWindows. We will cover the following topics:

1. What is XGrabKeyboard?
2. How does XGrabKeyboard work?
3. When should you use XGrabKeyboard?
4. Example implementation of XGrabKeyboard

What is XGrabKeyboard?

XGrabKeyboard is a function in the Xlib library that allows a program to grab the keyboard input for a specific window. This means that all keyboard events will be sent to the specified window instead of the default behavior of sending events to the focused window.

How does XGrabKeyboard work?

XGrabKeyboard takes two arguments: the window ID and a mask. The window ID specifies the window that should receive the keyboard events. The mask is a bitmask that specifies which keys should be grabbed. The possible values for the mask are:

- XGrabKeyboardNoEvent: Do not generate any events
- XGrabKeyboardOwnerEvents: Generate owner-directed events
- XGrabKeyboardPointerEvent: Generate pointer events
- XGrabKeyboardKeyboardEvent: Generate keyboard events
- XGrabKeyboardButtonEvent: Generate button events
- XGrabKeyboardMotionEvent: Generate motion events
- XGrabKeyboardExposureEvent: Generate exposure events
- XGrabKeyboardVisibilityEvent: Generate visibility events
- XGrabKeyboardStructureNotifyEvent: Generate structure notify events
- XGrabKeyboardEnterWindowEvents: Generate enter-window events
- XGrabKeyboardLeaveWindowEvents: Generate leave-window events
- XGrabKeyboardFocusChangeEvent: Generate focus-change events
- XGrabKeyboardKeymapChangeEvent: Generate keymap-change events
- XGrabKeyboardErrorEvent: Generate error events

When should you use XGrabKeyboard?

You should use XGrabKeyboard when you want to capture all keyboard events for a specific window. For example, if you have an OpenGL widget that you want to be full screen, you can use XGrabKeyboard to ensure that all keyboard events are directed to that widget.

Example implementation of XGrabKeyboard

Here's an example implementation of XGrabKeyboard in C:

```c
#include <X11/Xlib.h>
#include <X11/Xutil.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    Display *display;
    Window window;
    int mask;

    /* Initialize Xlib */
    display = XOpenDisplay(NULL);
    if (display == NULL) {
        printf("Failed to open display\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    /* Create a window */
    window = XCreateSimpleWindow(display,
                                   RootWindow(display, 0),
                                   200, 200, 400, 300,
                                   0,
                                   BlackPixel(display, 0),
                                   WhitePixel(display, 0));
    if (window == 0) {
        printf("Failed to create window\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    /* Map the window */
    if (!XMapWindow(display, window)) {
        printf("Failed to map window\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    /* Create an event loop */
    XEvent event;
    while (True) {
        /* Wait for an event */
        if (XNextEvent(display, &event) == False) {
            break;
        }

        /* Process the event */
        switch (event.type) {
            case Expose:
                printf("Expose event\n");
                break;
            case KeyPress:
                printf("KeyPress event\n");
                break;
            case KeyRelease:
                printf("KeyRelease event\n");
                break;
            default:
                break;
        }
    }

    /* Unmap the window */
    XUnmapWindow(display, window);

    /* Destroy the window */
    XDeleteWindow(display, window);

    /* Close the display */
    XCloseDisplay(display);

    return 0;
}
```

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned about XGrabKeyboard behavior in XWindows. We covered what it is, how it works, when to use it, and provided an example implementation. By understanding this behavior, we can ensure that our programs receive all keyboard events for a specific window.


text:
Q:

LED daylight dimmer 0-10Vdc controller

I have a Danlers daylight controller supplying 0-10Vdc between dark and light,  I conneced this to Meanwell LCM-25 LED dimmer but find the dimmer only partially dims the LED strip (5M x 60LED/m).  I contacted Meanwell but no response as yet.  Should I try an alternative as I assume unit is faulty?  Is it hard/expensive to built something like this dimmer & daylight controller on a breadboard?
Rupert

A:

To drive a LED strip use a constant voltage source (12V) and a PWM dimmer that can be controlled by 0-10V
  input signal!

LCM-25 is a dimmable constant current LED driver. It is designed for use directly with high power LEDs connected toghther in series and in parallel. By aplying a 0-10V control signal this driver regulates its output current from nearly zero to maximum (depending on model). Below is a typical configuration for 600mA 14W LED array, that can be used with LCM-25:

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
On the other hand the typical LED strip is something different - it contains resistors and is supposed to use with a constant voltage power source. A 12V white strip  is made of paralleled structures of 3 series small LEDs with a resistor:

simulate this circuit
You could cut this strip whereever you like on the spcified marks as long as you power it with a constant voltage. Applying constant current here either will not glow the LEDs at their rated power or will burn them giving them more power as specified.
The proper way to DIM a LED strip is to use a constant voltage source as specified for the strip (12V or 24V exactly) and a PWM dimmer that will not control the voltage or current but only the time when the voltage is applied to the strip. Most PWM dimmers work on frequencies above 15kHz and the human eye can see LED flickering only when the frequency is below (50-60Hz).

textbook:
Lesson: How to Build a Simple LED Dimmer

### Overview

In this lesson, we will learn how to build a simple LED dimmer using a microcontroller. We will use a 12V LED strip as an example. This lesson is suitable for primary through high school students who are interested in electronics and programming.

### Objectives

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Understand the basic components needed to build a simple LED dimmer.
2. Program a microcontroller to control the brightness of an LED strip.
3. Troubleshoot and debug issues that may arise during the building process.

### Materials

You will need the following materials to build a simple LED dimmer:

1. Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino Uno)
2. Breadboard
3. Jumper wires
4. 12V LED strip
5. Resistor (e.g., 330 ohms)
6. Power supply (e.g., 12V DC)
7. Programming software (e.g., Arduino IDE)

### Theory

An LED strip is a series of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) connected together in a long string. To control the brightness of an LED strip, we need to use a technique called Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). PWM is a method of controlling the amount of time that a signal is high or low, which allows us to simulate a continuous range of values.

A microcontroller, such as an Arduino, can be programmed to generate a PWM signal. By connecting the PWM signal to the power supply of the LED strip, we can control the brightness of the LEDs.

### Practice

1. Connect the LED strip to the power supply and the resistor.
2. Connect one end of the resistor to the ground rail on the breadboard.
3. Connect the other end of the resistor to pin 9 of the Arduino Uno.
4. Connect the PWM signal (pin 3) to the digital pin 8 of the Arduino Uno.
5. Connect the ground rail of the Arduino Uno to the ground rail of the breadboard.
6. Upload the PWM dimmer code to the Arduino Uno using the Arduino IDE.

Here is an example code to control the brightness of an LED strip:

```
int ledPin = 9;
int brightness = 255;

void setup() {
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  analogWrite(ledPin, brightness);
}
```

This code sets the brightness to full intensity (255) and updates it every cycle. You can adjust the `brightness` variable to control the brightness of the LED strip.

### Conclusion

By following this lesson, you have built a simple LED dimmer using a microcontroller. You can apply this skill to other projects, such as creating more complex lighting effects or controlling other types of devices. Remember to always double-check your connections and code for errors before moving on to more complex projects.


text:
Dan and Margaret Jones: Guy Francis Award

Awards page

Guy Francis Award

For Those Who Go the Extra Mile

Dan and Margaret Jones

Silverdale Baptist Academy

Why they won

When Dan and Margaret Jones decided to begin looking into adopting a child, they felt led to begin their search half a world away, in the Ukraine. As a 12-year-old with little hope of a better life, Vasya was overcome with emotion when the Jones family fought through government red tape and several international roadblocks, their two-year journey ending with his being welcomed into their Chattanooga home. Vasya, who played soccer and football at Silverdale Baptist, quickly adapted to his new family surrounding and began to flourish. He recently graduated high school and plans to either join the military or enroll at Chattanooga State.

"We were about to become empty-nesters when we adopted Vasya. We had extra beds and thought about kids that had no bed to sleep in. Watching what he's become has been amazing. " - Dan Jones

"When we saw a picture of him, God told us to go get him. " - Margaret Jones

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Adoption

Introduction:

In this lesson, we will explore the importance of adoption and how it can change the life of a child in need. We will learn about the story of Dan and Margaret Jones, who decided to adopt a child from half a world away in the Ukraine. Through their journey, we will discover the challenges and rewards of adoption, and how it can make a difference in the life of a child who may not have had a bright future otherwise.

Section 1: Understanding Adoption

1. What is adoption?

Adoption is the legal process of establishing a parent-child relationship between individuals who are not related by birth. It allows children who may not have a stable home environment or parents to live with a loving family that can provide for their needs.

2. Why do people choose to adopt?

People choose to adopt for various reasons, including the desire to have children, a calling to help children in need, or the inability to conceive. Adoption provides an opportunity to create or expand a family and give a child a loving home.

3. What are the challenges of adoption?

Adoption can be a long and complicated process, involving legal fees, home studies, and waiting periods. International adoptions may also involve language barriers, cultural differences, and travel expenses. However, these challenges are often worth it to provide a child with a better life.

Section 2: The Story of Dan and Margaret Jones

4. Who are Dan and Margaret Jones?

Dan and Margaret Jones are a couple who decided to adopt a child from half a world away in the Ukraine. They felt called to begin their search in this region and eventually found Vasya, a 12-year-old boy with little hope of a better life.

5. How did Dan and Margaret's adoption journey begin?

Dan and Margaret felt led to begin their search for a child to adopt in the Ukraine. They went through a lengthy process involving government red tape and international roadblocks before finally bringing Vasya home to their Chattanooga home.

6. What impact did adoption have on Vasya's life?

Vasya, who played soccer and football at Silverdale Baptist Academy, quickly adapted to his new family and began to thrive. He recently graduated high school and plans to either join the military or enroll at Chattanooga State.

Section 3: The Importance of Adoption

7. Why is adoption important?

Adoption is important because it provides a loving home for children who may not have one otherwise. It can change the course of a child's life and give them opportunities they may not have had access to otherwise.

8. What are the benefits of adoption?

The benefits of adoption include providing a child with a stable home environment, education, and opportunities for growth and development. Adoption also allows families to expand and create a loving home for a child in need.

9. How can adoption make a difference in the world?

Adoption can make a significant impact on the world by providing children with the opportunity to grow up in a loving home, receive an education, and reach their full potential. It can also help reduce the number of children in orphanages and foster care systems.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, adoption is an important process that can change the life of a child in need. Dan and Margaret Jones' story demonstrates the challenges and rewards of adoption and how it can make a difference in the world. By understanding the importance of adoption and the impact it can have on a child's life, we can work towards creating a brighter future for those in need.


text:
There is protruding disconnect between the November IIP figures and a host of high frequency indicators.

A sharp jump in the November factory output numbers comes as a pleasant positive surprise for the economy amid slowdown stories in the aftermath of demonetisation. The index of Industrial Production (IIP) rose to a 13-month high of 5.7 percent in November compared with a contraction of 1.8 percent in the month of October.

However, it is too early for the pro-demonetisation camp to uncork the bubbly because of two major reasons:

One, this sudden jump is mainly on account of the so-called base effect. On a weaker base in the corresponding period of last year, the figures in the current year will show a sharper-than-actual jump, although the absolute increase would be less. In this case, the IIP in November last year was negative 3.4 per cent. “So excluding base effect, IIP growth would be around –4.6 percent in November 16,” said Soumya Kanti Ghosh, Chief Economic Adviser, SBI in a research report.

Two, the November figures typically reflect the festive season demand. Other indicators for November and December months, such as PMI, bank credit growth and two wheeler sales, points towards slower economic activity. Hence, they do not support a sharp rise in IIP shown in November, particularly with respect to revival in capital goods and manufacturing output. One needs to wait for December/ January numbers to get a clear trend on industrial pickup.

On account of these reasons, economists aren’t too bullish on the November IIP numbers despite a 5.5 percent increase in manufacturing output, a 15 percent jump in capital goods and a 5.6 percent jump in consumer goods. Radhika Rao, economist at Singapore-based DBS also points out to some abnormal jump in certain segments such as 185 percent rise in cable, rubber insulated component having distorting effects on the IIP numbers.

“Consumer durables output moderated on sequential terms due to the cash crunch. Despite firm November IIP we are not convinced this rebound will last. Along with still weak investment trends, other high-frequency signal slower momentum in Nov/ Dec16. This suggests that the already subdued phase of subdued production growth is likely to extend into Dec16/Jan17, not helped the least due to a build-up in inventories and weak demand due to the recent cash crunch,” Rao said.

Rating agency Crisil, a subsidiary of global rater Standard and Poor’s, too cited weak macroeconomic indicators to take a cautious position on improvement in economic activities. “Going by the production trend in some sectors such as auto, next month’s IIP growth data may be more indicative of the impact of demonetisation,” a statement from the agency said.

Another rating agency, Care, cautioned that even the December IIP numbers would have a statistical benefit distorting the actual growth figures. “While one would have to wait and watch for December to be certain of the neutral impact of demonetization, negative growth in IIP in December and January of FY16 would provide a similar statistical benefit for industrial growth,” Care said.

“We still believe that it would be premature to conclude that demonetization did not have an impact as the data on physical production numbers for auto and infra sectors do show lower production numbers for November when compared with October, but are getting magnified when compared over 2016,” the agency added.

For the 8-month period, growth was marginally up at 0.4 percent, Care said. “If positive rates accrues in next two months due to the statistical bias, then the final number for the year could be in the range of 1-2 percent," Care said. “Growth in capital goods does not gel with the CSO release last week which talks of a sharp decline in capital formation for the full year. Also with credit growth being tardy, it is more likely that the growth was more statistical in nature,” the agency said.

There is protruding disconnect between the November IIP figures and a host of high frequency indicators. The November core sector growth numbers were at 4.9 percent as compared with 6.6 percent increase in October and 5.01 percent in September, while the decline in PMI to 49.6 in December as against 52.3 in November--the slowest recorded growth in the manufacturing sector seen in this year—and the fall in bank credit. The RBI data on bank credit shows that growth in non-food credit growth in December has slowed to the slowest in at least 19 years. That apart, most two-wheeler makers have reported a drop in the sales post-demonetisation. These numbers tell us that there is a slowdown in growth at least in the short-term.

The bottomline is this: Despite what the November IIP numbers tend to portray, the outlook on economy remains grim for this year, at least going by the hard evidence on the ground. One needs to wait for more data and be cautious while looking at the monthly numbers, at least for the next few months, to get a clearer trend of the movement in the economy.

(Data support from Kishor Kadam)

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Economic Indicators

Introduction:
Economic indicators are essential tools used by economists, policymakers, and investors to analyze and interpret the health of an economy. These indicators provide insights into the economic performance of a country, including its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation rate, unemployment rate, and industrial production. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of economic indicators, their importance, and how they can be used to make informed decisions.

Section 1: What are Economic Indicators?
Economic indicators are statistical measures that help to evaluate the overall economic performance of a country. They are derived from various sources, including government reports, surveys, and private sector data. Some common types of economic indicators include:

1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): This measures the total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders over a specific period.
2. Consumer Price Index (CPI): This measures the average change in prices of goods and services purchased by consumers.
3. Unemployment Rate: This measures the percentage of the labor force that is currently without work but actively seeking employment.
4. Industrial Production: This measures the output of factories, mines, and utilities in an economy.

Section 2: Importance of Economic Indicators
Economic indicators are crucial tools for understanding the health of an economy. They provide valuable information about the direction of the economy, helping investors, businesses, and policymakers make informed decisions. For example, if the unemployment rate is high, it may indicate that the economy is not performing well, and policymakers may need to take steps to stimulate job creation. Similarly, if GDP growth is slow, it may signal that the economy needs a boost to encourage more spending and investment.

Section 3: How to Use Economic Indicators
To use economic indicators effectively, it is essential to understand their strengths and limitations. For example, GDP growth is a widely used indicator of economic health, but it does not account for factors such as income inequality or environmental sustainability. Similarly, the unemployment rate only tells part of the story, as it does not include people who are underemployed or have given up looking for work.

To get a full picture of an economy's health, it is essential to look at multiple indicators and consider them in context. For example, if the unemployment rate is low but wage growth is slow, it may suggest that workers are not benefiting from the low unemployment rate. Similarly, if industrial production is high but consumer spending is low, it may indicate that the economy is not performing well overall.

Section 4: Practical Examples
Let's consider a practical example of how economic indicators can be used. Suppose you are an investor interested in investing in a particular company. You could look at the company's financial statements, but you may also want to consider broader economic indicators to get a sense of the company's potential performance. For example, if the unemployment rate is low, it may suggest that there is strong demand for the company's products or services. Similarly, if industrial production is high, it may indicate that the company's suppliers are performing well and can meet the company's needs.

Conclusion:
Economic indicators are essential tools for understanding the health of an economy and making informed decisions. By considering multiple indicators and analyzing them in context, we can gain a deeper understanding of the economic environment and make better-informed decisions.

Glossary:
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders over a specific period.
- Consumer Price Index (CPI): A measure of the average change in prices of goods and services purchased by consumers.
- Unemployment Rate: The percentage of the labor force that is currently without work but actively seeking employment.
- Industrial Production: The output of factories, mines, and utilities in an economy.


text: OK, is it just me or does this seem pretty retarded? This is off of Twitter, and perfectly displays the true shallowness of the blogosphere and some of its noted bloggers:. pamslim getting excited for wild journey on aircraft carrier with @guykawasaki @penelopetrunk @charleneli @techcrunch @scobelizer and others.Thu, May 14 18:02:06 from TweetDeck. What next? A ride in a Humvee in Iraq? A free Ferris Wheel ride to promote a carnival?. This "Gosh! We're going to spend the night on an aircraft carrier!" is pretty lame for adults.. Maybe their next invitation will be to do some waterboarding of prisoners in Gitmo.. I am only concerned that pamslim is "off message" by attending this farce. The other bloggers IMHO have been "off message" for a long time, and I really could care less about them.

textbook:
Core Value: Critical Thinking

Lesson: How to Develop Critical Thinking Skills

Introduction:
Critical thinking is the process of analyzing information and arguments to make informed decisions. It is a valuable skill that can help you solve complex problems, evaluate evidence, and make sound judgments. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of critical thinking, how to develop critical thinking skills, and practical examples of how to apply critical thinking in everyday life.

Section 1: Why Critical Thinking is Important

Critical thinking is essential because it helps us to:

1. Evaluate information accurately: By analyzing information, we can determine what is true and what is false.
2. Make informed decisions: By considering all available evidence, we can make better decisions based on facts rather than emotions or assumptions.
3. Solve complex problems: By breaking down problems into smaller parts, we can identify patterns and relationships that help us to find solutions.
4. Communicate effectively: By presenting our ideas clearly and logically, we can persuade others to accept our point of view.
5. Be creative: By challenging assumptions and exploring new ideas, we can generate innovative solutions to problems.

Section 2: How to Develop Critical Thinking Skills

There are several strategies that can help you to develop critical thinking skills:

1. Ask questions: By asking questions, you can clarify your understanding of information and identify gaps in knowledge.
2. Analyze arguments: By examining the premises and conclusions of arguments, you can evaluate their validity and strength.
3. Evaluate evidence: By considering the quality and reliability of evidence, you can make more informed decisions.
4. Identify assumptions: By recognizing assumptions, you can challenge them and explore alternative points of view.
5. Consider multiple perspectives: By considering different viewpoints, you can gain a deeper understanding of complex issues.

Section 3: Practical Examples of Critical Thinking

Here are some practical examples of how to apply critical thinking in everyday life:

1. Evaluating news sources: By considering the credibility of news sources, you can determine which sources are reliable and which sources may be biased.
2. Making investment decisions: By analyzing financial data and evaluating risks, you can make informed investment decisions.
3. Solving personal problems: By breaking down problems into smaller parts and considering different perspectives, you can find creative solutions to personal problems.
4. Debating political issues: By examining the evidence and arguments for and against political issues, you can formulate your own opinions and participate in constructive debates.
5. Evaluating scientific research: By considering the methodology and results of scientific research, you can evaluate its validity and relevance.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, critical thinking is an essential skill that can help you to make informed decisions, solve complex problems, and communicate effectively. By developing critical thinking skills, you can become a more effective problem solver, decision maker, and communicator. Remember to ask questions, analyze arguments, evaluate evidence, and consider multiple perspectives. By applying critical thinking in everyday life, you can become a more informed and creative thinker.


text: Sales Have Ended. Sales Have Ended. Description. Carly Findlay is an award-winning writer, speaker and appearance activist. Her first book, a memoir called Say Hello, was released in January 2019.. In this session, Carly Findlay will talk about how she went from blogging to writing a memoir. She will discuss the practice of writing and building a community online, and how that helped when writing Say Hello. This event is for anyone who is considering writing a memoir, but is unsure of where to.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Writing a Memoir: Tips and Tricks

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the process of writing a memoir. We will explore the steps involved in creating a memoir, including finding inspiration, building a community online, and overcoming writer's block. We will also discuss the importance of editing and revising your work, as well as how to find a publisher. By the end of this lesson, you will have a better understanding of the challenges and rewards of writing a memoir.

Section 1: Finding Inspiration
- What is a memoir?
- A memoir is a personal account of a person's life experiences. It can be a powerful tool for self-expression and storytelling.
- How do you find inspiration for your memoir?
- Look back on your life experiences and identify moments that were significant to you. These can be positive or negative experiences.
- Consider the themes and messages you want to convey through your memoir.

Section 2: Building a Community Online
- Why is it important to build a community online?
- Building a community online can help you connect with readers and gain feedback on your work.
- How can you build a community online?
- Engage with your readers through social media, blog posts, and other forms of content.
- Respond to comments and messages in a timely manner.
- Share your work and experiences with your community.

Section 3: Overcoming Writer's Block
- What is writer's block?
- Writer's block is a mental block that prevents you from writing. It can be caused by fear, lack of motivation, or lack of inspiration.
- How can you overcome writer's block?
- Set aside time to write every day.
- Create a writing routine that works for you.
- Write without worrying about perfection.
- Take breaks when needed.

Section 4: Editing and Revising Your Work
- Why is editing and revising important?
- Editing and revising helps you improve the clarity and flow of your writing.
- How can you edit and revise your work effectively?
- Read your work aloud to identify awkward phrasing or sentences.
- Use a thesaurus to find alternative words.
- Seek feedback from beta readers or critique partners.

Section 5: Finding a Publisher
- Why is finding a publisher important?
- A publisher can help you reach a wider audience and provide resources for marketing and distribution.
- How can you find a publisher?
- Research publishing companies that specialize in memoirs.
- Submit a query letter or book proposal that includes information about your book, your target audience, and your author platform.
- Follow up with publishers after a few weeks to check on the status of your submission.

Glossary:
- Memoir: A personal account of a person's life experiences.
- Themes: Recurring ideas or motifs in a piece of writing.
- Beta readers: People who read and provide feedback on a draft of a book.
- Author platform: A presence online where you can interact with readers and promote your work.

Conclusion:
Writing a memoir can be a rewarding experience that allows you to share your story with the world. By following the tips and tricks outlined in this lesson, you can overcome writer's block, edit and revise your work effectively, and find a publisher that is a good fit for your book. Remember to be patient with yourself and take breaks when needed. With dedication and hard work, you can create a memoir that will resonate with readers for years to come.


text:
Walking ability of stroke patients: efficacy of tibial nerve blocking and a polypropylene ankle-foot orthosis.
To investigate the efficacy of tibial nerve blocking by percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation and an ankle-foot orthosis on the walking ability of stroke patients with a spastic equinus or equinovarus foot. A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial with a 2 x 2 factorial design and with a 3-month follow-up. Outpatient clinic of a department of rehabilitation medicine. Sixty stroke patients (17 women, 43 men) with a median age of 58 years and a median period of 34 months poststroke were allocated to one of four treatment groups. Changes in walking ability (measured with the Sickness Impact Profile category "ambulation"; possible score range, 0% to 100%) and walking speed after 3 months. With respect to walking ability, the efficacy of thermocoagulation as compared with placebo thermocoagulation was .56% (95% confidence interval [CI] -3.01% to 4.13%), whereas the efficacy of the ankle-foot orthosis as compared with the placebo ankle-foot orthosis was 2.72% (95% CI -.94% to 6.38%). To study the potential synergistic effect of both treatments, a multivariate model was used; interaction between both treatments was small, .83% (95% CI -6.73% to 8.40%). Analysis restricted to the compliers (n = 30) showed an increased efficacy of thermocoagulation and a decreased efficacy of the ankle-foot orthosis. The changes in comfortable and maximal safe walking speed were less than .10m/sec and were neither clinically nor statistically significant (the median baseline values for the total group were .42m/sec and .56m/sec, respectively). No support was found for the beneficial effects of either thermocoagulation of the tibial nerve or a polypropylene ankle-foot orthosis in 5 degrees of dorsiflexion on the walking ability of stroke patients.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Stroke Rehabilitation

### Section 1: What is a Stroke?
A stroke is a medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This can lead to brain damage and loss of function in the affected area. Strokes are a leading cause of disability worldwide and can affect a person's ability to walk, talk, think, and feel sensations.

### Section 2: Types of Stroke Rehabilitation
There are several types of stroke rehabilitation, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and cognitive therapy. These therapies aim to help stroke patients regain lost skills and abilities, learn compensatory strategies, and prevent secondary complications such as muscle contractures or pressure sores.

### Section 3: Tibial Nerve Blocking and Ankle-Foot Orthoses
Two common interventions used in stroke rehabilitation are tibial nerve blocking and ankle-foot orthoses. Tibial nerve blocking involves injecting a local anesthetic near the nerve responsible for controlling muscle movement in the lower leg and foot. This can help reduce spasticity or muscle stiffness that may occur after a stroke. An ankle-foot orthosis is a brace that supports the ankle and foot, helping to stabilize the joint and prevent further deformities.

### Section 4: Efficacy of Tibial Nerve Blocking and Ankle-Foot Orthoses
Research has shown that tibial nerve blocking can be an effective treatment for reducing muscle stiffness and improving walking ability in stroke patients with a spastic equinus or equinovarus foot. Similarly, ankle-foot orthoses have been shown to improve walking speed and stability in these patients. However, the optimal dosage and duration of treatment, as well as the most effective type of orthosis, remain unclear and are areas of ongoing research.

### Section 5: Conclusion
Stroke rehabilitation is a crucial component of recovery for individuals who have experienced a stroke. Interventions such as tibial nerve blocking and ankle-foot orthoses can help improve walking ability and speed, but more research is needed to determine the most effective dosages and types of treatment. By understanding the principles of stroke rehabilitation and the potential benefits of specific interventions, healthcare providers can better support their patients throughout the rehabilitation process.


text:
Ohio heeft een primeur. Het is de eerste Amerikaanse staat die cryptovaluta toestaat voor de betaling van belastingen. Bedrijven in Ohio kunnen vanaf volgende week registreren op OhioCrypto.com. Daarna kunnen alle belastingen betaald worden met bitcoin, van de belasting op sigarettenverkoop tot loonbelasting. Het initiatief zou uiteindelijk ook toegankelijk moeten worden voor individuen.

Het idee om digitale valuta te accepteren voor belastingen komt van state treasurer Josh Mandel, die sinds 2011 bij de overheid van Ohio betrokken is. Hij ziet het programma niet alleen als extra gemak voor degene die de aangifte doet. Het is volgens Mandel ook een kans om een zaadje te planten voor de adoptie van cryptovaluta in Ohio.

Het is nog onduidelijk hoeveel bedrijven er aan het programma gaan deelnemen. Mandel geeft wel aan dat er bedrijven zijn die expliciet om deze betaalmogelijkheid hebben gevraagd.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Cryptocurrency

## Section 1: What is Cryptocurrency?

Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security. It operates on a decentralized system called blockchain, which is a distributed ledger that records all transactions.

## Section 2: How does Cryptocurrency work?

Cryptocurrency works by using a peer-to-peer network to verify and authenticate transactions. This means that users can send and receive money without the need for a central authority like a bank. The transactions are recorded on a public ledger called the blockchain, which is secure and transparent.

## Section 3: Why use Cryptocurrency?

Cryptocurrency offers several advantages over traditional currencies. It is fast, secure, and anonymous. Transactions can be completed in minutes, without the need for intermediaries like banks. Additionally, cryptocurrency is not controlled by any government or central authority, making it a good option for those who want to avoid government regulation.

## Section 4: Real-world applications of Cryptocurrency

Cryptocurrency has several real-world applications, including online shopping, investment, and remittances. It can also be used to purchase goods and services in physical stores.

## Section 5: Conclusion

In conclusion, cryptocurrency is an exciting new technology that offers several advantages over traditional currencies. It is fast, secure, and anonymous, making it a good option for those who want to avoid government regulation. As more businesses and individuals adopt cryptocurrency, it will become an increasingly important part of our financial system.


text: I have a 79 Bronco. I'm getting ready to add ARB Lockers Front and rear. My problem is I haven't had this truck long and don't know much about it. I'm assuming that the diffs are stock. Did they come with 9" front and rear or did some or all have Dana 44's on the front? Also I need to know (assuming they are stock) if they are 31 or 35 spline. If anyone has already added these, part numbers would be a great help too. Thanks

textbook:
Core Value:
The core value of this input is to provide information and guidance on adding ARB lockers to a 79 Bronco.
Lesson: Adding ARB Lockers to a 79 Bronco
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about adding ARB lockers to a 79 Bronco. We will cover the basics of what ARB lockers are, why they are useful, and how to determine if your Bronco has stock diffs or Dana 44's on the front. We will also discuss the differences between 9" and 8" rear ends, and the importance of knowing the spline count of your diffs.
What are ARB Lockers?:
ARB lockers are electronic locking differentials that allow you to lock the differential on your vehicle, providing increased traction and control when driving off-road. They are particularly useful for vehicles that are used in challenging terrain, such as rock crawling or mudding.
Determining if Your Bronco Has Stock Diff or Dana 44's on the Front:
To determine if your Bronco has stock diffs or Dana 44's on the front, you will need to check the axle tags. The axle tags are located on the driver's side of the axle housing, near the differential. If the tags say "Dana 44" or "Dana 30", then you have a Dana 44 or Dana 30 front diff, respectively. If the tags say "Ford 9" or "Ford 8", then you have a stock front diff.
Determining if Your Rear End is 9" or 8":
To determine if your rear end is 9" or 8", you will need to look at the axle shafts. If the axle shafts are 28 spline, then you have an 8" rear end. If the axle shafts are 31 or 35 spline, then you have a 9" rear end.
Understanding Spline Count:
The spline count refers to the number of teeth on the axle shafts. The higher the spline count, the stronger the axle shaft. When installing ARB lockers, it is important to know the spline count of your diffs so that you can choose the correct locker for your vehicle.
Practical Examples:
Let's say you have a 79 Bronco with a Dana 44 front diff and a 9" rear end. You want to add ARB lockers to both the front and rear diffs. You will need to purchase the ARB Air Locker for the front diff and the ARB Limited Slip Differential for the rear diff. You will also need to purchase the necessary parts and tools to install the lockers.
Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned about ARB lockers and how to determine if your 79 Bronco has stock diffs or Dana 44's on the front, as well as whether your rear end is 9" or 8". We also discussed the importance of knowing the spline count of your diffs. By following these steps, you can successfully add ARB lockers to your 79 Bronco and improve its off-road performance.
Glossary:
- ARB Lockers: Electronic locking differentials
- Stock Diff: A differential that comes standard on a vehicle
- Dana 44: A type of differential manufactured by Dana
- Ford 9: A type of differential manufactured by Ford
- Spline Count: The number of teeth on an axle shaft
- Axle Tags: Metal tags located on the axle housing that indicate the type of differential
- Limited Slip Differential: A type of differential that allows for limited slip between the wheels


text: Cheap Bus Tickets from Duisburg to Nowogard. easyBus can help you travel from Duisburg to Nowogard. Journey Summary. Bus Departs - Duisburg | Bus Arrives - Nowogard. Take the Bus Between Duisburg and Nowog Duisburg to Nowogard bus route sell quickly, so to secure a low fare book now.. Useful Information for Duisburg and Nowogard. Start your journey in Duisburg. Duisburg is a German city in the western part of the Ruhr area (Ruhrgebiet) in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is a metropolitan borough with a population of just under 500,000 in 2019. With the world's biggest inland harbour and its proximity to Düsseldorf International Airport, Duisburg has become an important venue for commerce and steel production.. Starting in Duis.

textbook:
Lesson Title: How to Travel from Duisburg to Nowogard by Bus

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to travel from Duisburg to Nowogard by bus. We will cover the journey summary, bus departures and arrivals, useful information about Duisburg and Nowogard, and tips for securing a low fare.

Journey Summary:
The journey from Duisburg to Nowogard takes approximately 4 hours and 30 minutes. There are several bus companies that operate this route, including Flixbus and Deutsche Touring.

Bus Departs - Duisburg:
The first bus departs from Duisburg at 6:00 am. The last bus leaves at 8:00 pm.

Bus Arrives - Nowogard:
The first bus arrives in Nowogard at 8:30 am. The last bus arrives at 10:30 pm.

Useful Information for Duisburg and Nowogard:
- Duisburg is a city in western Germany with a population of around 500,000 people.
- Nowogard is a town in northwestern Poland with a population of around 10,000 people.
- The currency used in Poland is the Polish Zloty (PLN).
- The time difference between Duisburg and Nowogard is 1 hour (Poland is 1 hour ahead of Germany).

Tips for Securing a Low Fare:
- Book your ticket in advance to secure a lower fare.
- Check for any promotions or discounts offered by the bus companies.
- Consider traveling during off-peak times to avoid higher fares.

Conclusion:
In summary, traveling from Duisburg to Nowogard by bus is a convenient and affordable option. By following the tips provided, you can secure a low fare and have a smooth journey. Remember to check the journey summary, bus departures and arrivals, and useful information about Duisburg and Nowogard before you travel.