text: - Products. - Analytical Elemental analysis. - Metallography. - Separation Science Mass Spectrometry. - Markets. - Analytical Markets. - Separation Science Markets. - News/Events. - Support. - Company. Time of flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry. Designed to deliver full mass range spectral data without compromise all of the time. LECO TOFMS technology provides un-skewed mass spectra, enabling spectral consistency and continuity across the whole chromatographic peak. Operating with high collection speeds affords time compressed data acquisition giving faster analysis times with vastly increased analyte detectability whilst maintaining flexibility, confidence and quality of mass spectral output.. High Resolution TOF MS. Scientist needing accuracy and deep discovery mass spectrometry need LECO HRT. Ultra High Resolution modes at your finger tips, High Mass Accuracy with confidence, full mass range spectra with efficient and High Speed detection is the reality with LECO High Resolution TOFMS (HRT) mass spectrometers..

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Mass Spectrometry

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to identify and quantify the composition of a sample by measuring its mass-to-charge ratio. It works by ionizing atoms or molecules, separating them based on their mass, and detecting their charge-to-mass ratio. The resulting mass spectrum can be analyzed to determine the identity and concentration of the components in the sample.

## Section 2: Questions and Answers
1. What is mass spectrometry used for?
2. How does mass spectrometry work?
3. What is the difference between mass spectrometry and other analytical techniques?
4. Why is high mass resolution important in mass spectrometry?
5. What are the advantages of using time-of-flight mass spectrometry?

## Section 3: Practical Examples and Real-World Scenarios
One real-world application of mass spectrometry is in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. Mass spectrometry can be used to identify and quantify the components of a drug, ensuring that it contains the correct amount of active ingredients and no contaminants. For example, a mass spectrum of a drug sample might show peaks corresponding to the expected mass of the active ingredient and its impurities, allowing for identification and quantification.

## Section 4: Glossary
- Mass Spectrometry (MS): An analytical technique used to identify and quantify the composition of a sample by measuring its mass-to-charge ratio.
- Mass Spectrum: A graph showing the relationship between mass and ion intensity, used to identify and quantify components in a sample.
- Ionization: The process of converting atoms or molecules into ions, usually by adding or removing electrons.
- Mass Resolution: The ability of a mass spectrometer to distinguish between ions with very similar mass-to-charge ratios.
- Time-of-Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry: A type of mass spectrometry that measures the time it takes for ions to travel a known distance, allowing for accurate mass determination.
- High Resolution TOF MS: A type of mass spectrometry that provides high mass resolution and accurate mass determination for all ions in a sample.

## Conclusion
Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique used in various fields, including chemistry, biology, and medicine. By understanding the theoretical concepts, answering questions and applying mass spectrometry to real-world scenarios, we can gain valuable insights into the composition of samples and make informed decisions based on the data obtained.


text: FOR EXCLUSIVE OFFERS. New Ford Vans at Factory prices National Delivery, Ford Financing available, part exchange welcome.. Find your next new Ford van from our extensive range at our Ford Transit Centres. Buying in bulk directly from the approved Ford network allows Ford Transit Direct to pass savings on to our customers and offer a great range of offers. Our vans unless stated are brand new and un-registered direct from Ford with your business the first named on the log book.. Ford Transit Direct offers are available to business users only. Guarantees and indemnities maybe required. PCP and lease offers are based on annual mileage allowance on a non-maintained basis. You will not own the vehicle until all payments have been made. Return condition charges may apply. Prices exclude VAT. Terms and conditions apply. Vehicles not necessarily as displayed. Model year restrictions may apply. Offers maybe withdrawn at any time at the discretion of Ford Transit Direct management.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
# Lesson: Reading and Analyzing Advertisements

## Introduction
In today's world, advertisements are everywhere. They are on television, radio, billboards, magazines, and even online. Advertisements are designed to persuade people to buy products or services. In this lesson, we will learn how to read and analyze advertisements to understand their message and purpose.

## Section 1: Understanding the Purpose of Advertisements

Advertisements are created to persuade people to buy a product or service. The purpose of an advertisement is to grab the reader's attention, create interest, and make a sale. Advertisers use different techniques to achieve this goal, such as:

1. Using catchy headlines that are easy to remember
2. Using bright colors and eye-catching images
3. Making claims about the product or service that are hard to resist
4. Creating a sense of urgency by offering limited time discounts or special deals
5. Using testimonials or endorsements from satisfied customers or celebrities

## Section 2: Analyzing the Content of Advertisements

To analyze an advertisement, we need to break it down into its different parts. Here are some questions we can ask ourselves when analyzing an advertisement:

1. Who is the target audience?
2. What is the main message of the advertisement?
3. What claims does the advertiser make about the product or service?
4. Are there any emotional appeals used in the advertisement?
5. Is there a call to action that tells the reader what to do next?

Let's take the following advertisement as an example:

"New Ford Vans at Factory prices National Delivery, Ford Financing available, part exchange welcome.. Find your next new Ford van from our extensive range at our Ford Transit Centres. Buying in bulk directly from the approved Ford network allows Ford Transit Direct to pass savings on to our customers and offer a great range of offers. Our vans unless stated are brand new and un-registered direct from Ford with your business the first named on the log book.. Ford Transit Direct offers are available to business users only. Guarantees and indemnities maybe required. PCP and lease offers are based on annual mileage allowance on a non-maintained basis. You will not own the vehicle until all payments have been made. Return condition charges may apply. Prices exclude VAT. Terms and conditions apply. Vehicles not necessarily as displayed. Model year restrictions may apply. Offers maybe withdrawn at any time at the discretion of Ford Transit Direct management."

1. The target audience is likely business users who are looking for new Ford vans.
2. The main message of the advertisement is that Ford Transit Direct offers great deals on new Ford vans.
3. The advertiser claims to offer savings and great deals on new Ford vans.
4. There are no emotional appeals used in the advertisement.
5. The call to action is to contact Ford Transit Direct for more information.

## Section 3: Applying Critical Thinking Skills

Critical thinking is the process of analyzing information to make a decision. When reading and analyzing advertisements, we need to use critical thinking skills to determine if the claims made by the advertiser are true and if the product or service is worth buying. Here are some questions we can ask ourselves when applying critical thinking skills:

1. Are the claims made by the advertiser backed up by evidence or research?
2. Are there any negative reviews or complaints about the product or service?
3. Is the price of the product or service reasonable compared to similar products or services?
4. Are there any hidden costs or fees associated with the product or service?
5. Is the advertisement trying to create a sense of urgency by offering a limited time deal?

By asking these questions and analyzing the content of the advertisement, we can make a more informed decision about whether or not to purchase the product or service.

## Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned how to read and analyze advertisements to understand their message and purpose. We also applied critical thinking skills to determine if the claims made by the advertiser are true and if the product or service is worth buying. By understanding the purpose of advertisements and analyzing their content, we can make better decisions when purchasing products or services.


text: Transgenic Mouse Research Models. At Innovative Research, we have worked to establish a broad range of working mouse research models to support many different therapeutic and disease areas of research. Our mouse models are fully licensed and maintained as live colonies on-site in our Novi, MI facility under the care of full-time animal husbandry staff as well as on-site scientific and veterinary care.. This allows us to quickly and easily provide you with the exact mouse models for research that you need, including knockout mice, transgenic mice, and more. Because these research models are maintained as live colonies, they are immediately available – allowing you to skip the time and expense of add-on line items like cryogenic recovery and breeding fees.. Our live mouse research models are available as single, unique mice as well as breeding pairs with an annual breeding license. We are able to accommodate most requests, including age and gender requirements.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Transgenic Mouse Research Models

**Objective:** To understand the basics of transgenic mouse research models and their importance in medical research.

**Introduction:** Transgenic mice are genetically modified animals that have been engineered to carry specific genes or traits. These mice are used in medical research to study various diseases, genetic disorders, and drug effects. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of transgenic mouse research models and their importance in medical research.

**Section 1: What are Transgenic Mice?**

Transgenic mice are animals that have been genetically modified to carry specific genes or traits. These mice are created by inserting a gene of interest into a mouse embryo. The gene is then integrated into the mouse's DNA, allowing it to express the trait associated with the gene. Transgenic mice can be used to study the function of specific genes, the effects of gene mutations, and the development of drugs to treat various diseases.

**Section 2: Importance of Transgenic Mice in Medical Research**

Transgenic mice are important in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases and genetic disorders in a controlled environment. By creating mice that carry specific genes or traits, researchers can study the effects of these genes on the body and develop new treatments for diseases. Additionally, transgenic mice can be used to study the effects of drugs on specific genes, which can help in the development of new medications.

**Section 3: Types of Transgenic Mice**

There are several types of transgenic mice, including knockout mice, conditional knockout mice, and transgenic mice. Knockout mice are created by deleting a specific gene, while conditional knockout mice have a gene that can be turned on or off by external factors. Transgenic mice are created by adding a new gene to the mouse's DNA.

**Section 4: How are Transgenic Mice Created?**

Transgenic mice are created through a process called gene targeting. This involves inserting a gene of interest into a mouse embryo and allowing it to integrate into the mouse's DNA. The resulting offspring are then screened to identify those that carry the desired gene.

**Section 5: Conclusion**

Transgenic mice are an important tool in medical research. They allow scientists to study the effects of specific genes and genetic disorders in a controlled environment, which can lead to the development of new treatments and medications. By understanding the basics of transgenic mouse research models, we can appreciate their importance in advancing medical research.


text: Tobee® delivered 4/3C AH, 6/4E-AH, 8/6E AH slurry pumps wetted end parts for Aggregate Processing.. High chrome alloy 6/4E AH tunneling pumps interchangeable spare parts: Throatbush E4083A05, Volute liner E4110A05, Impeller E4147A05, frame plate liner insert E4041A05, Bearing Assembly etc... Slurry pump parts consist mainly of impellers, volute liner, throat bush, frame plate liner insert, seals, shaft sleeves, bearing assemble, etc.. A good number of our customers use slurry pumps, in dealing with the OEM, customers are constantly faced with high costs, slow delivery times and little to no customer service, so we started to supply slurry pump replacement parts that are fully interchangeable with original Warman pump parts.. 4x3 AH, 6x4 AH, 8x6 AH slurry pumps spares and parts delivery photos:

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Slurry Pumps and their Parts

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

**What is a slurry pump?**
A slurry pump is a type of centrifugal pump that is designed to move abrasive and high-solids content materials, such as mining waste, sand, and gravel, through a pipe. These pumps are typically used in aggregate processing plants, mining operations, and other industrial applications where there is a need to transport heavy-duty materials.

**Parts of a slurry pump**
A slurry pump consists of several components, including:
- Impeller: This is the part of the pump that creates the flow of liquid by rotating at high speeds. It is usually made of metal or rubber.
- Volute Liner: This is the component that surrounds the impeller and directs the flow of liquid towards the discharge port.
- Throat Bush: This is the part of the pump that connects the impeller to the volute liner.
- Frame Plate Liner Insert: This is the component that sits between the volute liner and the pump casing to protect the volute liner from wear and tear.
- Seals: These are the components that prevent the leakage of liquid around the impeller shaft.
- Shaft Sleeve: This is the component that connects the impeller to the pump shaft.
- Bearing Assembly: This is the component that allows the impeller to rotate freely on the pump shaft.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

**Real-world scenario: Aggregate Processing Plant**
In an aggregate processing plant, slurry pumps are used to transport sand, gravel, and other materials from the quarry to the processing plant. The materials are first extracted from the ground and then fed into the pump, which transports them through a pipeline to the processing plant. The pump must be able to handle the abrasive nature of the materials and the high solids content to avoid wear and tear on the pump components.

**Mathematical Abstraction: Flow Rate**
The flow rate of a slurry pump can be calculated using the following formula:
Q = (π * d^3 * n) / (128 * ρ * L)
Where:
- Q is the flow rate in cubic meters per second
- d is the diameter of the impeller in meters
- n is the rotational speed of the impeller in revolutions per minute
- ρ is the density of the slurry in kilograms per cubic meter
- L is the length of the impeller vane channel in meters

## Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

**Debate Topic: The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Slurry Pumps**
Advantages:
- High efficiency in moving abrasive materials
- Can handle high solids content
- Suitable for a wide range of industries
Disadvantages:
- High cost of maintenance and replacement parts
- Prone to wear and tear due to the abrasive nature of the materials
- Limited in their ability to handle liquids with low solids content

**Self-Debating Discussion: Should You Use a Slurry Pump or a Centrifugal Pump?**
When deciding whether to use a slurry pump or a centrifugal pump, you should consider the following factors:
- Materials being transported: If you are dealing with abrasive materials, a slurry pump may be the better option.
- Solids content: If the material has a high solids content, a slurry pump may be more efficient.
- Cost: Slurry pumps are generally more expensive than centrifugal pumps.
- Maintenance requirements: Slurry pumps require more frequent maintenance and replacement of parts than centrifugal pumps.

## Glossary
- Impeller: A rotating component of a pump that creates the flow of liquid.
- Volute Liner: A component of a pump that directs the flow of liquid towards the discharge port.
- Throat Bush: A component of a pump that connects the impeller to the volute liner.
- Frame Plate Liner Insert: A component of a pump that sits between the volute liner and the pump casing to protect the volute liner from wear and tear.
- Seals: Components of a pump that prevent the leakage of liquid around the impeller shaft.
- Shaft Sleeve: A component of a pump that connects the impeller to the pump shaft.
- Bearing Assembly: A component of a pump that allows the impeller to rotate freely on the pump shaft.

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we have learned about the theoretical concepts, practical examples, and self-debating discussions related to slurry pumps and their parts. We have also defined key terms in our glossary. By understanding these concepts, we can apply our knowledge to new problems and make informed decisions about when to use slurry pumps and their benefits.


text: The Bradford Dividend. We value good teaching and great teachers in Bradford. And we invest in them.. That’s why a development dividend is available to teachers across our city – a special Bradford entitlement on top of the pay and rewards package offered by individuals school, academies and multi-academy trusts.. We can invest more in education and teacher development because Bradford is a DfE Opportunity Area. We’re investing £6m to improve social mobility through education. You can download our plan here. It includes investment in individual teachers through quality training and development.. Our Dividend for teachers will develop as our Opportunity Area plan develops – so watch this space!. Right now, we offer the following benefits..

textbook:
**Lesson:**
## Section 1: Introduction to the Bradford Dividend
In this lesson, we will learn about the Bradford Dividend, which is a special entitlement offered to teachers in the city of Bradford. We will explore what the Bradford Dividend is, who it benefits, and how it contributes to the education and teacher development in the city.
## Section 2: What is the Bradford Dividend?
The Bradford Dividend is a special entitlement offered to teachers in the city of Bradford. It is a package of rewards and incentives that are designed to recognize and reward excellent teaching and great teachers. The Bradford Dividend is funded by the Department for Education (DfE) as part of their Opportunity Area plan, which aims to improve social mobility through education.
## Section 3: Who benefits from the Bradford Dividend?
The Bradford Dividend is available to all teachers in the city of Bradford, regardless of the school or academy they work in. This includes primary, secondary, and special schools, as well as academies and multi-academy trusts. The Bradford Dividend is designed to invest in teachers and their professional development, which ultimately benefits the students they teach.
## Section 4: How does the Bradford Dividend contribute to education and teacher development in Bradford?
The Bradford Dividend provides additional funding for teacher development and training. This includes access to high-quality training and professional development opportunities, which helps teachers to improve their skills and knowledge. The Bradford Dividend also recognizes and rewards excellent teaching and great teachers, which encourages and motivates teachers to continue to strive for excellence in their profession.
## Section 5: Conclusion
The Bradford Dividend is an excellent example of how investing in education and teachers can lead to improved social mobility and better outcomes for students. By providing additional funding for teacher development and training, the Bradford Dividend helps to create a culture of continuous improvement and excellence in teaching. As a result, students in Bradford benefit from having well-trained and highly skilled teachers who are committed to their education and success.


text: .. DjKirk90beta gave props on May 8 at 2:32 am. SambaJazzen gave props on Apr 22 at 6:32 pm. backtoback gave props on Apr 21 at 6:14 am. What other DJs are saying about Say Say Say by Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson. ellendiane we say --have a great day:) xx sir r rb@rachidkas: "Say Say Say by Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson" (reblip). ellendiane xx rb@JacoLovesMusic: "I say, yes :) @frankierocker: "FUN VID :)" (reblip). eloy13 hi jaco..nice to see you @JacoLovesMusic: "I say, yes :) @frankierocker: "FUN VID :)" (reblip). JacoLovesMusic I say, yes :) @frankierocker: "FUN VID :) (reblip). frankierocker FUN VID :) @JaocLovesMusic

textbook:
# Lesson: How to Analyze Music Reviews
## Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn how to analyze music reviews using different techniques such as reading comprehension, critical thinking, and mathematical abstraction. We will use the review of "Say Say Say" by Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson as our example.
## Section 1: Reading Comprehension
The first step in analyzing a music review is to read it carefully and understand its meaning. We will start by reading the review and identifying the main points.
### Questions
1. Who is the author of the review?
2. What do they say about the song "Say Say Say"?
3. What is their opinion of the song?
### Answers
1. The author of the review is not mentioned.
2. They say that "Say Say Say" by Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson is a great song.
3. Their opinion of the song is positive.
## Section 2: Critical Thinking
Now that we have understood the main points of the review, we can analyze it further by asking critical questions.
### Questions
1. Why do they like the song?
2. What makes it stand out compared to other songs?
3. Is there anything negative about the song that they mention?
### Answers
1. They like the song because of its catchy melody, memorable lyrics, and excellent production.
2. What makes it stand out compared to other songs is the chemistry between Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson, which results in a unique sound.
3. There is nothing negative mentioned about the song in the review.
## Section 3: Mathematical Abstraction
Finally, we can use mathematical abstraction to analyze the review further. We can look at the ratings given by different critics and compare them to the average rating of the song.
### Formula
Average Rating = (Number of Positive Ratings + Number of Negative Ratings) / Total Number of Ratings
### Example
Let's say that out of 100 reviews, 80 are positive, 15 are negative, and 5 are neutral. The average rating would be:
Average Rating = (80 + 15 + 5) / 100 = 90 / 100 = 0.9
## Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned how to analyze music reviews by using reading comprehension, critical thinking, and mathematical abstraction. We applied these techniques to the review of "Say Say Say" by Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson and found that it has a positive rating with an average of 0.9 out of 100 reviews. By understanding the different aspects of a music review, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the art of music.


text: Search: Ununtrium, Japan. Results. Press release from RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science.. Steps in chain of decays from element 113 to mendelevium-254th those experiments bore fruit: zinc ions travelling at 10% the speed of light collided with a thin bismuth layer to produce a very heavy ion followed by a chain of six consecutive alpha decays identified as products of an isotope of the 113th element (Figure 1).."

textbook:
Lesson: The Periodic Table and Elements

**Introduction**

The periodic table is a tool used by scientists to organize and understand the elements that make up matter. It is divided into rows (periods) and columns (groups) based on the number of electrons in each element's outermost shell. In this lesson, we will learn about the discovery of a new element, ununtrium, and how it was discovered through a series of decays.

**Section 1: The Periodic Table**

The periodic table is a chart that lists all of the known elements in the world. It is arranged in rows and columns based on the number of electrons in each element's outermost shell. Each element has its own unique symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass.

**Section 2: Discovery of Ununtrium**

In 2003, scientists at the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Japan discovered a new element, ununtrium. This element was created by bombarding a thin bismuth layer with zinc ions traveling at 10% the speed of light. The experiment produced a very heavy ion, which then underwent a chain of six consecutive alpha decays. These decays were identified as products of an isotope of the 113th element.

**Section 3: The Chain of Decays**

The chain of decays that occurred during the experiment can be represented by the following equation:

Element 113 → Menendelevium-254 → ... → Bismuth-209

This chain of decays is also known as a decay series. Each element in the series is called a daughter product. In this case, the daughter products were isotopes of mendelevium, which eventually led to the formation of bismuth.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

In this lesson, we learned about the periodic table and the discovery of a new element, ununtrium. We also learned about the chain of decays that occurred during the experiment and how this process can be represented using a decay series. By understanding these concepts, we can better appreciate the complexity and beauty of the natural world.

**Glossary**

- Periodic table: A chart that lists all of the known elements in the world, arranged in rows and columns based on the number of electrons in each element's outermost shell.
- Element: A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances and has a unique symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass.
- Isotope: A variant of a chemical element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in its atomic nucleus.
- Decay series: A chain of radioactive decays in which one element transforms into another through a series of nuclear reactions.
- Daughter product: An isotope of an element that is formed as a result of radioactive decay.

**Self-Debate Discussion**

- How does the discovery of ununtrium impact our understanding of the periodic table?
- What are some other examples of elements that were discovered through similar decay series?
- Why is it important to study the properties of elements like ununtrium?


text:
My trials, tribulation and progress in designing and building a handcycle, at home, out of carbon fiber.

Monday, February 13, 2012

Building the handgrips / pedals

For me, the pedals of a bicycle become the handgrips of a handcycle. For my handcycle, I am building these from scratch since there is no commercial product that matches my specs. Those specs are:

The right handgrip must contain the gear changing mechanism for the hub transmission.

Both grips must accommodate brake levers (Often only one grip contains a brake lever since the second brake on a handcycle is normally considered a "parking" brake. I consider this layout inherently unsafe).

Grips must not be constructed to be out beyond the width of the knees (as many handcycles designs do). I would like to keep a more aerodynamic shape to my body. One can imagine the disadvantage a time-trialist or triathlete would have if their body position required that the hands be well wide of the knees.

The bearings must be easily replaced.

The grips must conform to the hand. A cyclist can only image the discomfort if the cyclist had to put in a century without shoes. Even if the bicycle's axles are big tubes in order to have a larger surface area against the foot, the cyclist would soon find discomfort in his/her feet anyway. For me, my fingers cramp up quite often.

The grips must have a fairly large surface area.

After I built the tubes (previous post), I fitted the tubes to one another and to the urethane foam plugs that represent the grip's forms.

Then the tubes had to be fitted to one another. This required a Dremel, rounded file and patience.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Designing and Building a Handcycle

Introduction:

A handcycle is a type of cycle designed for people with lower limb disabilities to ride. It is a human-powered vehicle that provides an alternative means of transportation for those who cannot use traditional bicycles. In this lesson, we will learn about the process of designing and building a handcycle, including the materials needed, the steps involved, and the safety precautions to take.

Materials Needed:

- Carbon fiber
- Bicycle parts (gears, pedals, brakes)
- Tools (screwdrivers, pliers, wrenches)
- Measuring tape
- Safety gear (gloves, eye protection)

Steps Involved:

1. Design the handcycle: Before starting the construction process, you need to have a clear idea of what you want your handcycle to look like. This includes the frame material, the type of gears, brakes, and other components. You can use computer-aided design (CAD) software to create a 3D model of your handcycle.

2. Gather materials: Once you have the design, you can start gathering the materials needed. Ensure that you get the right size and type of carbon fiber, bicycle parts, and tools.

3. Prepare the carbon fiber: Carbon fiber is a lightweight and strong material used in the construction of handcycles. You need to prepare it by cutting and shaping it according to your design. This involves heating the fiber and molding it into the desired shape.

4. Assemble the handcycle: Once you have the carbon fiber ready, you can start assembling the handcycle. This involves attaching the gears, pedals, brakes, and other components to the frame. Use the appropriate tools to tighten the bolts and screws securely.

5. Test the handcycle: After assembling the handcycle, you need to test it to ensure that it works correctly. Ride the handcycle to check the brakes, gears, and overall performance. Make any necessary adjustments to improve the performance.

Safety Precautions:

1. Wear safety gear: When working with tools and machinery, always wear safety gear such as gloves and eye protection.

2. Use the right tools: Use the appropriate tools for the job to avoid injuries. For example, use pliers instead of your fingers to hold small parts.

3. Work in a well-lit area: Ensure that you work in a well-lit area to see clearly what you are doing.

4. Take breaks: Take regular breaks to avoid fatigue and mistakes.

Conclusion:

Designing and building a handcycle requires careful planning, attention to detail, and a good understanding of bicycle mechanics. By following the steps involved and taking safety precautions, you can create a custom handcycle that meets your specific needs. With practice, you can improve your skills and build even better handcycles in the future.


text:
Wednesday, May 21, 2014

X-Men: Days of Future Past

[SPOILER AHEAD!!!]
Was lucky enough to win tickets from Hot magazine to be one of the group of people who got to watch the movie two days before it officially start showing in cinemas. So to those who don't want to know details of the movie, kindly please skip this entry! :p

Director: Bryan SingerCast: Hugh Jackman, James McAvoy, Jennifer Lawrence, Michael Fassbender, Nicholas HoultSynopsis: In a sequel to X-Men: The Last Stand and X-Men: First Class, the movie sees Wolverine being sent back to 1973 to stop Mystique from killing Bolivar Trask, who started the Sentinel Programme.The Thumb-Up(s): To many it may sound a bit forceful to have a turn back time storyline, but to me it's quite a fresh and interesting idea to an otherwise normal and boring superhero sequel. To top that up, the movie has a decent scenes of mutants showcasing their special abilities that are truly entertaining (especially Pietro/Quicksilver, how I wish he would stay on for the rest of the movie! He is freaking fun to watch) and also some very decent sentimental stories that are despite a bit draggy, manage to attract my attention. I also love how towards the end of the movie the mutants at 'current' time and in 1973 both fighting for their lives, making you crouch yourself on your seat!One thing I also appreciate a lot is the movie manged to pull a lot of good acting out of the cast, instead of just good looks and good actions. Most superhero fans may not agree but to me movies can only be good with good acting. James McAvoy especially, impressed me a lot in the movie!The Thumb-Down(s): Urm... Don't be fooled by the poster because the likes of Fan Bing Bing, Halle Berry and Allen Page only appeared for a good few minutes in the entire movie. Even Wolverine didn't have much chances to show his 'talent'. Honestly, I don't see it as a big problem anyway because too many chefs spoil the soup but to those who are looking forward to see a lot of them, be prepared to be disappointed.The Verdict:This is only my second X-Men movie and I think the movie impressed me in terms of storyline, lovely cast and some pretty good acting. It's just a really cool movie! Of course, my other half is strongly against the entire storyline and he is a person who have watched the movie series from the beginning. So we have very extreme opinions towards the movie. You'll have to watch it and tell me what you think!4 out of 5

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Time Travel in Fiction

Introduction:
Time travel is a popular concept in science fiction and fantasy literature. It involves traveling to different points in time, either in the past or future, to experience events or change the course of history. This lesson will explore the basics of time travel and its applications in fiction.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

**Question:** What is time travel?

**Answer:** Time travel is the concept of moving between different points in time, either by using a machine or through some other means. It is often portrayed in fiction as a way to change the course of history or to experience different eras.

**Question:** How does time travel work in fiction?

**Answer:** In fiction, time travel can work in many ways. Some stories use a device or machine to transport characters to different points in time, while others rely on magical or supernatural powers. The rules of time travel can vary depending on the story, and writers often use it to create plot twists or to explore different aspects of human history.

Section 2: Practical Examples

**Question:** Can you give an example of time travel in fiction?

**Answer:** One famous example of time travel in fiction is H.G. Wells' "The Time Machine." In this story, a scientist creates a machine that allows him to travel through time. He goes forward to the year 802,701 AD and meets the Eloi, a peaceful society that lives above ground. However, he soon discovers that the Eloi are not alone and must escape from the dangerous Morlocks who live below ground.

**Question:** How does time travel affect the characters in "The Time Machine"?

**Answer:** In "The Time Machine," the protagonist is forced to confront his own mortality and the limitations of his own understanding of time. He also struggles with the idea that he can change the course of history by interfering with the lives of the Eloi and Morlocks.

Section 3: Self-Debating Discussion

**Question:** Is time travel possible in real life?

**Answer:** Currently, there is no scientific evidence to suggest that time travel is possible. However, many physicists believe that time travel could theoretically be possible if certain laws of physics were broken. This idea has led to much debate among scientists and philosophers about the nature of time and the possibilities of manipulating it.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we explored the basics of time travel in fiction and its applications. We looked at theoretical concepts, practical examples, and self-debating discussions to teach critical thinking. By understanding the basics of time travel, we can better appreciate its uses in fiction and engage in thoughtful discussions about its implications.


text:
Food security status of older adult home-delivered meals program participants and components of its measurement.
Food security status was assessed for 143 West Central Indiana community-dwelling older adults participating in a home-delivered meals program, using the national CPS-FSSM survey, based on economics, and augmented items, including such factors as ability to prepare and/or shop for food. Results showed that 74.8% were food secure, much lower than the national rate for households with elderly (94.0%). Gender and age were found to be statistically significant predictors of food security status (national items). Scores based on national versus augmented items were significantly correlated, but scores for augmented items showed more food insecurity, indicating these items identified more food insecure older adults than the national items alone.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Food Security among Older Adults
Introduction:
Food security refers to the availability and accessibility of safe, nutritious, and sufficient food for a healthy life. In this lesson, we will explore the food security status of older adults participating in a home-delivered meals program and the components used to measure it.
Objectives:
- Define food security and its components
- Identify the factors affecting food security among older adults
- Explain the difference between national and augmented items in measuring food security
- Analyze the correlation between different items used to measure food security
- Apply the knowledge gained to new problems related to food security
Section 1: Defining Food Security
Food security is defined as the state where all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. It consists of four components: availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability.
Section 2: Factors Affecting Food Security among Older Adults
Several factors can affect food security among older adults, including income, health status, living arrangements, and social support. Older adults who are single, living alone, or with a disability may face greater challenges in accessing and affording nutritious food.
Section 3: Measuring Food Security
Food security can be measured using surveys, such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Food Security Supplement Module (FSSM). The CPI measures the cost of a market basket of goods and services, while the FSSM measures the ability of households to acquire adequate food for active, healthy living.
Section 4: National and Augmented Items
The national CPS-FSSM survey uses a set of questions to measure food security, while the augmented items include additional factors, such as ability to prepare and/or shop for food. The results showed that the augmented items identified more food insecure older adults than the national items alone.
Section 5: Correlation between Different Items
The scores based on national versus augmented items were significantly correlated, indicating that both sets of items were measuring similar aspects of food security. However, the scores for the augmented items showed more food insecurity, indicating that these items were able to identify more food insecure older adults than the national items alone.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, understanding the food security status of older adults participating in a home-delivered meals program is essential for ensuring their well-being. By measuring food security using surveys and analyzing the components that affect food security among older adults, we can identify areas for improvement and develop strategies to promote food security for this vulnerable population.


text:
Waffles, the Woma Python

Why Keep Reptiles

If you’re new to the hobby or a veteran keeper reptiles offer a unique family addition. Busy schedules, limited space, or just the desire to experience an animal that you can constantly learn new things about all make reptiles great pets.

It really isn’t fair to leave a dog at home for 10 to 16 hours — possibly a shift of work and gig work like Uber or Lyft. A scenario where the animal is left alone for significant periods can be physically and emotionally unhealthy, especially coupled with the limited space of an apartment, with sad outcomes for you and your pet.

Cats are generally more self maintaining but still shouldn’t be left for extended periods for the same reasons. Unfortunately, many apartment complexes ban owning cats and skipping out on their maintenance can result in some rather unpleasant damages.

Enter the reptile — most are solitary animals with no ill effects from sparse interaction. Some only need to be fed once or twice a week. A large terrestrial habitat takes up much less space than a medium breed dog requires. Most apartment leases include animals like fish, small mammals, and reptiles as furniture rather than counting toward any pet deposit. If you’re in a scenario with limited space but enough for a terrarium herpetoculture may be for you — be sure you’re in it for the long haul, though, because remember some of these little ones can outlive you!

The range and sizes of these types of animals is vast — from the tiniest gecko to the second largest heavy bodied lizard, the Asian water monitor, allowing a potential new owner to make the best selection for their scenario. There isn’t a convenient one-size-fits-all with new information about our scaled (or scaleless) friends so, regardless of your skill level, it’s always best to keep learning.

textbook:
Lesson: Why Keep Reptiles as Pets?

Introduction:
Reptiles are fascinating creatures that make great pets. In this lesson, we will explore the reasons why keeping reptiles as pets is a great idea. We will cover the benefits of having reptiles as pets, their unique characteristics, and how they differ from other pets.

Section 1: Benefits of Having Reptiles as Pets
- Reptiles are low-maintenance pets.
- They require less attention and space compared to other pets like dogs and cats.
- Reptiles can live in small enclosures, making them ideal for people living in apartments.
- They are generally solitary animals, so they don't need companionship from other animals.
- Reptiles are interesting to observe and learn about.

Section 2: Unique Characteristics of Reptiles
- Reptiles are cold-blooded animals, which means they rely on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature.
- They have scales that protect them from injury and help them to blend into their environment.
- Reptiles have sharp senses and can detect prey from far away.
- Some species of reptiles can camouflage themselves to avoid predators.
- Reptiles lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young.

Section 3: How Reptiles Differ from Other Pets
- Reptiles are not mammals, so they do not have hair or fur.
- They do not have mammalian features such as nipples or the ability to produce milk for their young.
- Reptiles are not social animals like dogs and cats, so they do not require interaction with humans or other animals.
- Reptiles have a slower metabolism than mammals, which means they require less food and exercise.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, reptiles make great pets for people who want a low-maintenance, interesting, and unique animal to observe and learn about. They are perfect for people who have busy schedules or limited space. Reptiles offer a different experience compared to other pets, and they are definitely worth considering if you are looking for a new pet.

Glossary:
- Cold-blooded: Animals that rely on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature.
- Camouflage: The ability of an animal to blend into its environment to avoid predators.
- Metabolism: The rate at which an organism uses energy.

Self-Debate Discussion:
- Should reptiles be kept as pets or should they be left in the wild?
- What are the pros and cons of having a reptile as a pet?
- How do reptiles benefit humans?
- Are reptiles easy to take care of?


text: Battery management system are developed and designed based on the market demand characteristics of special types of vehicles, providing customers with a battery management system with richer functions and more stable performance. adopts the design architecture of information collection and system control integration, which makes the vehicle power system more stable and reliable; its high degree of system integration makes the product installation more convenient and concise. also provides can bus, perfect charge protection function and discharge control strategy.

textbook:
Lesson: Battery Management Systems

Introduction:
A battery management system (BMS) is a crucial component in any electrical vehicle or system that uses rechargeable batteries. It is responsible for monitoring and controlling the charging and discharging of the battery pack to ensure optimal performance, safety, and longevity. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of BMS, its design architecture, and its functions.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is to understand the significance of BMS in modern vehicles and systems that use rechargeable batteries. We will also learn about the design architecture of BMS and its various functions that make it an essential component.

Section 1: Introduction to Battery Management System

Question: What is a Battery Management System?
Answer: A Battery Management System (BMS) is an electronic system that monitors and controls the charging and discharging of a battery pack in an electrical vehicle or system that uses rechargeable batteries.

Definition: The purpose of a BMS is to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the battery pack by monitoring its voltage, current, temperature, and other parameters. It also manages the charging and discharging of the battery pack to optimize its performance, extend its life, and prevent damage from overcharging, overdischarging, or short-circuiting.

Example: In an electric car, the BMS ensures that the battery pack is charged safely and efficiently, and it also manages the discharge of the battery pack to power the car's motor. It also monitors the battery pack's temperature and voltage to prevent damage from overcharging or overdischarging.

Section 2: Design Architecture of Battery Management System

Question: How is a BMS designed?
Answer: A BMS is designed based on the market demand characteristics of special types of vehicles or systems that use rechargeable batteries. It adopts the design architecture of information collection and system control integration, which makes the vehicle power system more stable and reliable.

Definition: The design architecture of a BMS typically includes sensors, a microcontroller, and a communication interface. The sensors monitor the battery pack's voltage, current, temperature, and other parameters. The microcontroller processes the data from the sensors and controls the charging and discharging of the battery pack. The communication interface allows the BMS to communicate with other components of the vehicle or system.

Example: In an electric bike, the BMS is designed to monitor the battery pack's voltage and current during charging and discharging. It also manages the charging process to ensure that the battery pack is charged safely and efficiently. The BMS communicates with the bike's controller to manage the power output to the motor.

Section 3: Functions of Battery Management System

Question: What are the functions of a BMS?
Answer: A BMS has several functions, including:

1. Monitoring the battery pack's voltage, current, temperature, and other parameters
2. Managing the charging and discharging of the battery pack
3. Protecting the battery pack from overcharging, overdischarging, and short-circuiting
4. Providing diagnostic information about the battery pack's health and performance
5. Communicating with other components of the vehicle or system

Example: In an electric car, the BMS monitors the battery pack's voltage and current during charging and discharging. It also manages the discharge of the battery pack to power the car's motor. The BMS also protects the battery pack from overcharging or overdischarging and provides diagnostic information about the battery pack's health and performance.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, a BMS is a crucial component in modern vehicles and systems that use rechargeable batteries. It ensures the safe and efficient operation of the battery pack by monitoring its voltage, current, temperature, and other parameters. It also manages the charging and discharging of the battery pack to optimize its performance, extend its life, and prevent damage from overcharging, overdischarging, or short-circuiting. By understanding the design architecture and functions of a BMS, we can appreciate its importance in modern transportation and energy storage systems.


text:
A model for persistent infection with Epstein-Barr virus: the stealth virus of human B cells.
Most adult humans are infected benignly and for life with the herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus. EBV has been a focus of research because of its status as a candidate tumor virus for a number of lymphomas and carcinomas. In vitro EBV has the ability to establish a latent infection in proliferating B lymphoblasts. This is the only system available for studying human herpesvirus latency in culture and has been extremely useful for elucidating how EBV promotes cellular growth. However, to understand how EBV survives in the healthy host and what goes awry, leading to disease, it is essential to know how EBV establishes and maintains a persistent infection in vivo. Early studies on the mechanism of EBV persistence produced inconclusive and often contradictory results because the techniques available were crude and insensitive. Recent advances in PCR technology and the application of sophisticated cell fractionation techniques have now provided new insights into the behavior of the virus. Most dramatically it has been shown that EBV in vivo does not establish latency in a proliferating lymphoblast, but in a resting memory B cell. The contrasting behaviors of being able to establish a latent infection in proliferating B blasts and resting memory B cells can be resolved in terms of a model where EBV performs its complete life cycle in B lymphocytes. The virus achieves this not by disrupting normal B cell biology but by using it.

textbook:
Lesson: The Persistence of Epstein-Barr Virus

Introduction:
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common virus that infects most adult humans. Although it usually causes no symptoms, it can lead to several types of cancer, including lymphomas and carcinomas. Understanding how EBV persists in the body is crucial for developing strategies to prevent and treat these diseases.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is the concept of persistent infection, which refers to the ability of a pathogen to remain in the body without causing any harm. EBV is an example of a persistent virus, as it can establish a latent infection in proliferating B lymphoblasts without causing any noticeable symptoms.

Section 1: What is Persistent Infection?

Persistent infection occurs when a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, manages to evade the host's immune system and remains in the body without causing any harm. This can happen in several ways, such as by hiding in certain cells or tissues, or by changing its surface proteins to avoid detection.

Questions and Answers:
- What is persistent infection?
- How does EBV manage to persist in the body without causing any symptoms?
- What are some examples of other persistent viruses?

Section 2: The Life Cycle of EBV

EBV has a complex life cycle that involves several stages, including attachment to host cells, entry into the cell, replication, and release of new viruses. During the latent phase, EBV hides in B lymphoblasts without causing any damage. It can also reactivate and cause symptoms, such as fever and fatigue, in some cases.

Questions and Answers:
- How does EBV attach to host cells?
- What happens during the entry of EBV into the host cell?
- Why does EBV persist in B lymphoblasts?

Section 3: The Importance of Persistent Infection in Disease

Persistent infection is important in the development of several types of cancer, including lymphomas and carcinomas. By understanding how EBV persists in the body, researchers can develop new strategies to prevent and treat these diseases.

Questions and Answers:
- How does EBV contribute to the development of cancer?
- What are some strategies for preventing and treating EBV-related cancers?
- How can we improve our understanding of persistent infection in disease?

Conclusion:
Understanding the mechanisms behind persistent infection, such as that of EBV, is crucial for developing new strategies to prevent and treat diseases caused by persistent viruses. By studying the life cycle of EBV and its ability to persist in the body, we can gain valuable insights into the factors that contribute to disease development and identify potential targets for intervention.


text: BIOGRAPHY. "Among all the things I do, I feel most true to myself when I am painting.". Becky Kim is a fine artist, specializing in watercolor and oil painting. She has had a passion for the visual arts ever since she was a teenager living in South Korea. She studied nursing there while also taking private lessons in classic drawing, watercolor, and oil painting.. After moving to the United States in 1982, Becky studied as an art student at Southern Illinois University and later studied at The Art League School in Alexandria, Virginia.. Many of her oil portraits are reflections of her mind evolution, and many of her landscapes are reflections of her lucid dreams and childhood memories. She pairs simplified forms with sophisticated colors to express her desired aesthetic.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Fine Arts

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Fine arts refer to visual arts that are created primarily for aesthetic value rather than practical use. These include painting, sculpture, photography, printmaking, and other forms of artistic expression. Fine arts have been around for centuries and have evolved over time to reflect changes in society and culture.

## Section 2: Practical Examples

One example of fine art is a portrait painting. Portrait paintings have been created throughout history by many famous artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Vincent van Gogh, and Pablo Picasso. These paintings often capture the essence of the person being portrayed and can tell a story about their life or character.

Another example of fine art is landscape painting. Landscape paintings depict natural scenes such as mountains, rivers, and forests. These paintings can evoke emotions and inspire awe in nature.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

Fine arts can be found in museums, galleries, and private collections all over the world. Many people enjoy visiting these places to view and appreciate fine art. Some even collect fine art as a hobby or investment.

In addition to being enjoyed by individuals, fine arts also play an important role in society. They can be used to tell stories about history or culture, and they can inspire social change or political action. For example, during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, many artists created works that reflected the struggles and hopes of African Americans.

## Glossary

- Fine arts: Visual arts created primarily for aesthetic value rather than practical use.
- Aesthetic: Relating to beauty or artistic design.
- Portrait: A painting or photograph of a person, usually showing their face.
- Landscape: A painting or photograph of a natural scene such as a mountain, river, or forest.
- Museum: A building where objects of cultural, historical, or artistic importance are kept and displayed.
- Gallery: A room or building where works of art are exhibited.
- Collection: A group of objects or pieces of art that belong to someone or some institution.

## Conclusion

Fine arts have been an important part of human culture for centuries. They allow us to express ourselves creatively and to appreciate the beauty in the world around us. By studying fine arts, we can learn about history, culture, and ourselves. Whether you are interested in creating your own art or simply appreciating the work of others, there is something for everyone in the world of fine arts.


text: SOLIDWORKS Essentials - Basic Part Modeling. Pluralsight. Course Summary. We need to model a part, but how do we get started? We need to think about what we are going to sketch and what kinds of tools we can use to get everything designed and a 2D drawing created. Software required: SOLIDWORKS.. - +. Course Description.. - +. Course SyllabusCourse Overview- 1m 28s. —Course Overview 1m 28sCreating Your Part with Design Intent- 1h 3m. —Course Overview 1m 37s. —Module Overview 3m 16s. —Start a Part 7m 49s. —Starting a Sketch 5m 37s. —Sketching Lines 5m 16s. —Other Entities to Sketch 5m 52s. —Automatic Relations/Cursor Feedback 2m 55s. —Under Defined/ Fully Defined/ Over Defined 4m 55s. —Sketch Relations 5m 39s. —Dimensions 8m 48s. —Extrusion 4m 52s. —Tangent Arc Extrude 6m 35sRemove Material, Fillets, and Holes- 16m 57sCreating Drawings- 18m 58s

textbook:
Lesson: Basic Part Modeling in SOLIDWORKS

## Chapter 1: Introduction to Basic Part Modeling

### Section 1: Course Overview

In this course, we will learn the basics of part modeling in SOLIDWORKS. Part modeling is the process of creating a 3D model of an object using SOLIDWORKS software. This course is designed for beginners who want to learn how to create a basic part model from scratch.

### Section 2: Starting a Part

To start a part model, we first need to open a new part document in SOLIDWORKS. Once the document is open, we can select the "Start a Part" command from the toolbar or the menu to begin sketching.

### Section 3: Sketching Entities

A sketch is a set of connected lines, curves, and shapes that define the shape of an object. To create a sketch, we can use the "Sketch" command from the toolbar or the menu. We can then select the desired plane and start sketching using the available tools such as lines, circles, arcs, and polygons.

### Section 4: Understanding Sketch Relations

Sketch relations are the relationships between different entities in a sketch. These relationships help determine the position, orientation, and size of each entity. Some common types of sketch relations include tangent, parallel, perpendicular, and concentric.

### Section 5: Adding Dimensions

Dimensions are used to define the size and location of an object in a 3D model. To add dimensions to a sketch, we can use the "Dimension" command from the toolbar or the menu. We can then select two points on the sketch to define the length, angle, or radius of the dimension.

### Section 6: Creating an Extrusion

An extrusion is a 3D object that is created by pushing a 2D shape along a path. To create an extrusion, we can use the "Extrude" command from the toolbar or the menu. We can then select the desired profile (sketch) and the direction in which to extrude it.

### Section 7: Using Tangent Arc Extrude

Tangent arc extrude is a special type of extrusion that uses a curve instead of a straight line to define the direction of extrusion. This creates a more organic and smooth shape. To use tangent arc extrude, we can select the "Tangent Arc Extrude" command from the toolbar or the menu.

### Section 8: Removing Material, Fillets, and Holes

Removing material is the process of cutting away parts of an object to create a hollow or negative space inside. Fillets are rounded corners that are added to an object to make it smoother and more aesthetically pleasing. Holes are circular openings that are cut into an object. To create these features, we can use the "Fillet" and "Hole" commands from the toolbar or the menu.

### Section 9: Creating Drawings

A drawing is a 2D representation of a 3D object that shows its dimensions, views, and other relevant information. To create a drawing, we can use the "Create Drawing" command from the toolbar or the menu. We can then select the desired view and add dimensions, labels, and other annotations as needed.

## Conclusion

In this course, we learned the basics of part modeling in SOLIDWORKS, including starting a part, sketching entities, understanding sketch relations, adding dimensions, creating extrusions, using tangent arc extrude, removing material, fillets, and holes, and creating drawings. These skills are essential for anyone interested in learning 3D modeling and design using SOLIDWORKS software.


text: NPAT was formed in 2012 by a group of Northampton Schools who believed that by working together, they could achieve something truly special for children across Northampton Town. The NPAT Partnership was created from a group of five founder schools, and now consists of seven schools with 2700 children and 450 staff... Through our links with partner agencies such as the Royal Shakespeare Company, Microsoft and Create Development our schools demonstrate exemplary and showcase practice in sport, dance, drama, the arts and technology, ensuring the holistic development of our extraordinary children.

textbook:
Lesson: Collaboration and Partnerships in Education

**Introduction:** Collaboration and partnerships are essential in education to provide students with the best learning experience. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of collaboration and partnerships in education, and how they can benefit students, teachers, and schools.

**Section 1: Importance of Collaboration and Partnerships in Education**

Collaboration and partnerships are essential in education because they allow teachers and schools to share resources, ideas, and expertise. This helps to improve teaching and learning, and provides students with more opportunities to learn and grow.

**Questions and Answers:**
- Why is collaboration important in education?
- How can collaboration and partnerships benefit students, teachers, and schools?
- What are some examples of collaboration and partnerships in education?

**Section 2: Benefits of Collaboration and Partnerships in Education**

There are many benefits to collaboration and partnerships in education. Some of these benefits include:

1. Improved Teaching and Learning: When teachers collaborate and share resources, ideas, and expertise, they can improve their teaching and learning outcomes.

2. More Opportunities for Students: Collaboration and partnerships provide students with more opportunities to learn and grow, both inside and outside the classroom.

3. Resource Sharing: Schools can share resources such as facilities, equipment, and expertise, which can help to reduce costs and improve the quality of education.

4. Community Building: Collaboration and partnerships can help to build stronger communities by bringing together teachers, parents, and students.

**Questions and Answers:**
- What are some benefits of collaboration and partnerships in education?
- How can collaboration and partnerships improve teaching and learning outcomes?
- What are some examples of opportunities for students provided by collaboration and partnerships?

**Section 3: Examples of Collaboration and Partnerships in Education**

There are many examples of collaboration and partnerships in education. Some of these examples include:

1. School Partnerships: Schools can form partnerships with other schools or organizations to share resources and expertise.

2. Professional Development: Teachers can participate in professional development programs together, which can help to improve their teaching and learning outcomes.

3. Community Outreach: Schools can partner with local organizations to provide students with opportunities to volunteer and give back to their community.

4. Curriculum Development: Teachers can collaborate to develop new and innovative curricula that meet the needs of their students.

**Questions and Answers:**
- What are some examples of collaboration and partnerships in education?
- How can schools benefit from forming partnerships with other schools or organizations?
- What are some ways that teachers can collaborate to improve their teaching and learning outcomes?

**Conclusion:** Collaboration and partnerships are essential in education because they provide students with more opportunities to learn and grow. By sharing resources, ideas, and expertise, teachers and schools can improve teaching and learning outcomes, and build stronger communities.

**Glossary:**
- Collaboration: Working together to achieve a common goal
- Partnerships: Agreements between two or more parties to work together towards a shared objective
- Professional Development: Opportunities for teachers to learn and grow professionally
- Curriculum: A set of courses and learning experiences designed to help students achieve specific educational goals.


text:
Shen Panwen

Shen Panwen (; 7 September 1916 – 4 July 2017) was a Chinese chemist.

Shen was born in September 1916 in Jilin City, Jilin, with his ancestral home in Conghua, Guangzhou and studied chemistry at National Southwestern Associated University.

He taught at Nanjing University and was named an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980.

Death
Shen died at the age of 100 on 4 July 2017.

References

Category:1916 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Chemists from Jilin
Category:Chinese centenarians
Category:Educators from Jilin
Category:Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Category:Nanjing University faculty
Category:National Southwestern Associated University alumni
Category:People from Jilin City

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Chemistry

**Objective:** To introduce the basic concepts of chemistry and its importance in everyday life.

**Overview:** Chemistry is the study of matter, its composition, properties, and reactions. It is a physical science that deals with the behavior and characteristics of elements and compounds. This lesson will cover the fundamental concepts of chemistry, including atoms, elements, compounds, and chemical reactions.

**Section 1: Atoms and Elements**

**Topic 1.1: Atoms**
- An atom is the smallest unit of matter that makes up everything around us.
- Atoms are made up of three types of particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom, while electrons orbit around the nucleus.
- The number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines what element it is.

**Topic 1.2: Elements**
- Elements are pure substances made up of only one type of atom.
- There are 118 known elements, each with its own unique set of properties.
- Some common elements include oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen.
- Elements can be classified as metals, non-metals, or metalloids based on their properties.

**Section 2: Compounds**

**Topic 2.1: Molecules**
- A molecule is a group of two or more atoms bonded together.
- Molecules can be made up of the same type of atom or different types of atoms.
- The arrangement of atoms in a molecule determines its properties.

**Topic 2.2: Ionic and Covalent Bonds**
- Atoms can bond together in different ways, such as ionic and covalent bonds.
- Ionic bonds occur between a metal and a non-metal, where electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
- Covalent bonds occur between two non-metals, where electrons are shared between atoms.

**Section 3: Chemical Reactions**

**Topic 3.1: Reactants and Products**
- Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms to form new substances.
- Reactants are the starting materials in a chemical reaction, while products are the substances formed at the end of the reaction.

**Topic 3.2: Balancing Equations**
- A balanced equation shows the amount of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction.
- The coefficients in a balanced equation indicate the relative amounts of each substance involved in the reaction.

**Glossary:**
- Atom: The smallest unit of matter that makes up everything around us.
- Element: A pure substance made up of only one type of atom.
- Compound: A substance made up of two or more different elements chemically bonded together.
- Molecule: A group of two or more atoms bonded together.
- Ionic bond: A type of chemical bond that involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
- Covalent bond: A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared between two non-metal atoms.
- Reactant: The starting material in a chemical reaction.
- Product: The substance formed at the end of a chemical reaction.

**Conclusion:**
Chemistry is an essential subject that helps us understand the world around us. By studying chemistry, we can learn about the composition and properties of matter, as well as how different substances interact with each other. This knowledge can be applied to various fields, such as medicine, engineering, and environmental science.


text: A minimum-wage worker needs 1.5 jobs just to afford half the rent for a 2-bedroom apartment in most of the US. Jeff Greenberg/Getty Images. To afford a two-bedroom apartment, a minimum-wage worker would need to work around 122 hours a week.. - Many annual report.But that's nothing compared to how many jobs they'd have to work to afford a two-bedroom rental apartment in most of the US - three.HIC. This is also known as the "housing wage.". Andy Kiersz. Every state's housing wage, or the hourly pay needed to afford a two-bedroom rental.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding the Minimum Wage and Housing Affordability

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will explore the concept of minimum wage and housing affordability. We will learn about the current minimum wage in the United States and how it affects the ability of workers to afford a decent place to live. We will also discuss the concept of the "housing wage" and how it varies across different states.

Section 1: Understanding the Minimum Wage

Topic 1: What is the minimum wage in the United States?
The federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour. However, some states have set their minimum wage higher than the federal rate.

Topic 2: How many hours does a minimum-wage worker need to work to afford a two-bedroom apartment?
To afford a two-bedroom apartment, a minimum-wage worker would need to work around 122 hours a week.

Section 2: Understanding the Housing Wage

Topic 1: What is the housing wage?
The housing wage is the hourly pay needed to afford a two-bedroom rental apartment at the fair market rent.

Topic 2: How does the housing wage vary across different states?
The housing wage varies across different states. For example, in New York, the housing wage is $22.09 per hour, while in Mississippi, it is only $11.68 per hour.

Section 3: Applying Critical Thinking Skills

Topic 1: How does the minimum wage affect the ability of workers to afford a decent place to live?
The minimum wage is not high enough for many workers to afford a decent place to live. In fact, many workers need to work multiple jobs to make ends meet.

Topic 2: Should the minimum wage be increased? Why or why not?
There are arguments both for and against increasing the minimum wage. Those who support an increase believe that it would help low-income workers better afford basic necessities like housing. On the other hand, those who oppose an increase believe that it could lead to higher unemployment rates and negatively impact small businesses.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored the concept of minimum wage and housing affordability. We have learned that the minimum wage in the United States is $7.25 per hour, but some states have set their minimum wage higher than the federal rate. We have also discussed the concept of the "housing wage" and how it varies across different states. Finally, we have applied critical thinking skills to analyze the impact of the minimum wage on the ability of workers to afford a decent place to live and whether or not it should be increased.

Glossary:
- Minimum wage: The lowest hourly wage that employers can legally pay their employees.
- Housing wage: The hourly pay needed to afford a two-bedroom rental apartment at the fair market rent.
- Fair market rent: The estimated monthly cost of renting a moderately priced apartment in a given area.


text: - Magazine. Firms Set To Target Real Estate Debt. Blackstone is poised to become one of the U.S.’s biggest owners of warehouses and industrial estates as firms develop a new loan-to-own model. Despite the property market’s central role in causing the global financial crisis, the sector continues to attract many of the world’s largest private equity firms, including Blackstone Group, Carlyle Group and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.. However, a lack of available leverage is forcing private equity firms involved in the sector to change their approach, with debt, rather than buyouts, poised to become a greater part of focus for buyout firms in the sector. Private equity firms are becoming more creative, with "loan to own".... Read the Full Story by Signing In or Sign Up

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Real Estate Investment

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
Real estate investment involves purchasing and managing property with the goal of generating income or capital gains. It can be done through direct ownership or through a real estate investment trust (REIT). There are four main types of real estate investments: residential, commercial, industrial, and land.

### Section 2: Practical Examples
A real estate investor might purchase an apartment building and rent out units to tenants. They would collect monthly rent and pay expenses such as mortgage, insurance, and maintenance costs. If the rent collected exceeds the expenses, the investor makes a profit. Over time, the value of the property may increase, allowing the investor to sell it for a profit.

### Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions
Why do you think real estate investment is popular? What are the risks associated with this type of investment? How does leverage work in real estate investment?

### Glossary
- Real Estate: Property consisting of land and buildings.
- REIT: A company that owns, operates, or finances income-producing real estate.
- Leverage: A financial tool that allows an investor to control a large amount of assets with a small amount of money down.

### Conclusion
Real estate investment can be a lucrative way to build wealth over time. By understanding the different types of real estate investments and the risks involved, investors can make informed decisions about their investments.


text: Vegan night at the Earl of Chesterfield at Shelford. Miso tempura1 of 6 Cauliflower with basil pesto and sweet potato2 of 6 Sticky toffee pudding3 of 6 The Earl of Chesterfield pub in Manor Lane, Shelford4 of 6 The bar5 of 6 The Chapel Restaurant at the Earl of Chesterfield6 of 6

textbook:
Lesson: How to Write a Food Review

Introduction:
Food reviews are an essential part of the dining experience. They help people make informed decisions about where to eat and what to order. In this lesson, we will learn how to write a food review that is accurate, informative, and engaging.

Section 1: Understanding the Purpose of a Food Review

The purpose of a food review is to provide readers with a detailed description of the food, atmosphere, and service at a restaurant. A good food review should answer the following questions:

1. What did you eat?
2. How was the taste?
3. Was the food presentation appealing?
4. Were the staff friendly and attentive?
5. Was the restaurant clean and comfortable?

Section 2: Writing a Food Review

1. Start with a clear and concise title that summarizes your experience at the restaurant.
2. Begin with a brief introduction that sets the tone for the review.
3. Describe the ambiance of the restaurant, including the decor, lighting, and noise level.
4. Mention any special promotions or deals that may have influenced your decision to visit the restaurant.
5. Share your thoughts on the menu, including any unique or standout dishes.
6. Provide a detailed description of the food, including the appearance, aroma, and flavor. Use adjectives to paint a vivid picture for the reader.
7. Discuss the portion size and value for money.
8. Comment on the service, including the waitstaff's attentiveness, knowledge, and overall professionalism.
9. Share your overall impression of the restaurant, including whether you would recommend it to others.
10. Conclude with a brief summary of your experience and any final thoughts.

Section 3: Examples of Food Reviews

Example 1:
Title: A Delightful Vegan Night at the Earl of Chesterfield
Introduction: I recently visited the Earl of Chesterfield in Shelford for a vegan dinner with friends. The atmosphere was warm and inviting, with dim lighting and soft music playing in the background.

Description: We started with the miso tempura, which was crispy and flavorful. The cauliflower with basil pesto and sweet potato was also delicious, with a perfect balance of flavors. For dessert, we enjoyed the sticky toffee pudding, which was rich and indulgent.

Conclusion: Overall, I had a wonderful experience at the Earl of Chesterfield. The food was excellent, the atmosphere was cozy, and the service was attentive and friendly. I would highly recommend this restaurant to anyone looking for a tasty and enjoyable vegan dining experience.

Example 2:
Title: Disappointing Meal at the Earl of Chesterfield
Introduction: Unfortunately, my experience at the Earl of Chesterfield was not as positive as the previous example.

Description: We ordered the miso tempura, which was greasy and lacked flavor. The cauliflower with basil pesto and sweet potato was overcooked and bland. Finally, the sticky toffee pudding was dry and tasteless.

Conclusion: Despite the attractive ambiance, the food at the Earl of Chesterfield left much to be desired. The service was also slow and inattentive, adding to our disappointment. I would not recommend this restaurant to anyone seeking a memorable dining experience.

Glossary:
- Ambiance: the atmosphere or surroundings of a place
- Promotions: special offers or discounts to attract customers
- Portion size: the amount of food served to a customer
- Value for money: the perceived quality and worth of a product or service
- Attentiveness: the quality of being alert and responsive
- Professionalism: the conduct, behavior, or qualities expected of a professional person

Conclusion:
In conclusion, writing a food review requires careful consideration of all aspects of the dining experience. By following the guidelines outlined in this lesson, you can create an accurate, informative, and engaging review that will help readers make informed decisions about where to eat.


text: The musical “La Paz” by Aristophanes has been awarded with the First Prize of the V Secondary Theater Contest of the University Carlos III of Madrid. The awards ceremony will be held on Thursday, April 25. In addition, the play will be performed again at the Auditorium of the Leganés Campus. This new edition had the participation of 12 theater groups throughout the 15th to 23rd of that month. The work of an enthusiastic and totally dedicated group has borne fruit in this prestigious award. The representation of the contest took place on April 16 for which we received congratulations and reviews, all positive, for the interpretation, the staging, the adaptation of the text (by Hito Hurtado, winner of a MAX on a text by Francisco Nieva), and the music and songs.. Congratulations to the whole group for their dedication to the theater.

textbook:
Lesson: How to Write a Press Release

Introduction:
A press release is a written statement that announces news about something or someone. It is used to share information with the media, the public, and other interested parties. In this lesson, we will learn how to write a press release.

Section 1: Understanding the Purpose of a Press Release

The purpose of a press release is to inform the public about something newsworthy. It can be used to announce a new product, a new service, a new location, a new hire, or any other news that is relevant to your business or organization.

Questions and Answers:
- Why is it important to write a press release?
- A press release is important because it helps you to reach a wider audience and to share your news with the world.

Section 2: Writing a Press Release

1. Headline: The headline should be catchy and attention-grabbing. It should summarize the main message of the press release.

Example: "University Play Wins Prestigious Award"

2. Date: The date should be included at the beginning of the press release.

Example: "April 25, 2019"

3. Location: The location where the news occurred should be included.

Example: "Madrid"

4. Body: The body of the press release should include all the necessary details about the news. It should be written in a clear and concise manner.

Example: "The musical 'La Paz' by Aristophanes has been awarded with the First Prize of the V Secondary Theater Contest of the University Carlos III of Madrid."

5. Quote: A quote from someone involved in the news can add credibility and interest to the press release.

Example: "We are thrilled to have won this prestigious award," said the director of the play.

6. Contact Information: The contact information should be included at the end of the press release.

Example: "For more information, please contact [insert name and contact information]."

Section 3: Tips for Writing a Great Press Release

1. Keep it short: A good press release should be no more than one page long.

2. Use active voice: Use active voice to make the press release more engaging.

Example: "The musical 'La Paz' was awarded with the First Prize..."

3. Use quotes: Quotes can add interest and credibility to the press release.

4. Use a clear and concise writing style: Use simple language and avoid jargon.

5. Proofread: Proofread the press release carefully to ensure that it is error-free.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, writing a press release is an important skill for anyone who wants to share news with the world. By following the tips outlined in this lesson, you can write a great press release that will help you to reach a wider audience and to share your news with the world.


text: Soups Galore, a sister company of Marvin Gardens’, is proud to unveil its hearty Tex-Mex meal-style Texas Tortilla Soup! A popular Southwest tradition, this soup awakens the palette with its flavorful seasoning of southwest spices and fresh ingredients. It’s hearty enough for a meal and sure to please a crowd. Best part is, this delectable soup comes beautifully packaged and. perfect for gift-giving.. General Directions:. Add water, chicken and vegetables. Ladle over a heap o’ tortilla chips and sprinkle on any of the following: cilantro, cheddar cheese, sliced avocados, diced tomatoes and a dollop of sour cream. Makes about a gallon. Serves 6—8.. Check back soon for more about this soup and others from Soups Galore!

textbook:
Lesson: How to Make a Delicious Tex-Mex Tortilla Soup
Introduction:
In this self-taught lesson, we will learn how to make a delicious Tex-Mex tortilla soup. This soup is a popular Southwest tradition that awakens the palette with its flavorful seasoning of southwest spices and fresh ingredients. It's hearty enough for a meal and sure to please a crowd. We will start by understanding the ingredients needed and the steps involved in making this soup.
Ingredients:
- 1 lb. boneless, skinless chicken breasts
- 1 can (15 oz.) diced tomatoes
- 1 can (15 oz.) black beans, drained and rinsed
- 1 can (14.5 oz.) diced green chilies
- 1 can (14.5 oz.) corn, drained
- 1/2 tsp. ground cumin
- 1/2 tsp. chili powder
- 1/2 tsp. garlic powder
- 1/2 tsp. onion powder
- 8 cups chicken broth
- 8 oz. tortilla chips
- 1/2 cup shredded cheddar cheese
- 1 avocado, diced
- 1 tomato, diced
- 1/4 cup chopped cilantro
Instructions:
1. Cut the chicken into small pieces.
2. In a large pot, bring the chicken broth to a boil.
3. Add the chicken, diced tomatoes, black beans, diced green chilies, and corn.
4. Stir in the ground cumin, chili powder, garlic powder, and onion powder.
5. Reduce heat to low and simmer for 20 minutes.
6. Use an immersion blender or transfer the soup to a blender and blend until smooth.
7. Return the soup to the pot and stir in the tortilla chips.
8. Ladle the soup over a heap of tortilla chips and top with cheese, diced avocado, diced tomato, and chopped cilantro.
9. Serve immediately.
Conclusion:
This Tex-Mex tortilla soup is a delicious and hearty soup that is perfect for a meal or to serve at a party. By following the instructions in this lesson, you can easily make this soup at home. Remember to use fresh ingredients and adjust the seasoning to your liking. Enjoy!


text:
Q:

Sluggish scrolling experience when using QuartzCore to round corners on UIImageView's within a UITableViewCell

I use QuartzCore to add rounded corners to my UIImageView's within the cells of my UITableView
This is the code that I use:
fooImageView.layer.cornerRadius = 9.0;
fooImageView.layer.masksToBounds = YES;
fooImageView.layer.borderWidth = 1.0;

The problem is that when I add this code. The table cells movement is slowed down dramatically. I'm just wondering whether there are other alternatives to make the user experience much faster and to increase performance when scrolling a table view cell using this technique?
I see a lot of applications (most Twitter apps) that have no performance decrease when having rounded corners applied to images within their cells. Just wondering how they overcome the "sluggishness"?
Thanks for your help.

A:

The first thing I would try doing is setting:
fooImageView.layer.shouldRasterize = YES;

This renders the rounded corner effect as a bitmap. I had some similar issues when using CALayer effects on views in a UIScrollView a while back, and this setting drastically improved performance.
Don't forget to set
fooImageView.layer.rasterizationScale = [[UIScreen mainScreen] scale];

to prevent pixelation (rasterization at the wrong resolution for the device).

A:

there are 3 main techniques for improving UITableView performance that I use:

Always reuse cells, use the
dequeuereusablecellwithidentifier
when creating new cells.  This
prevents the overhead of the OS
creating and destroying lots of
objects when scrolling fast.
Collapse the view hierarchy of the
cell.  Instead of having lots of
views and subviews, create a custom
view and do all your cell drawing in
the drawRect.  Apps like Twitter use
this approach for super fast cell drawing.
Ensure your images are opaque.  You can do this by ensuring all image assets don't have alpha channels baked into them and by setting the layer's opaque property to YES.

Examples:
In the cellForRowAtIndexPath (the table identifier string simply creates a reference to cells that are the same type and can be anything you like):
static NSString *SimpleTableIdentifier = @"SimpleTableIdentifier";
UITableViewCell *cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier: SimpleTableIdentifier];
// Create a new cell if necessary
if (cell == nil) {
    cell = [[[UITableViewCell alloc] initWithStyle:UITableViewCellStyleSubtitle reuseIdentifier:SimpleTableIdentifier] autorelease];
}

Check out the following link for examples of improving performance of UITableViews: http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#samplecode/TableViewSuite/Introduction/Intro.html%23//apple_ref/doc/uid/DTS40007318-Intro-DontLinkElementID_2
Hope this helps,
Dave

textbook:
Lesson:

**Lesson Title: Rounded Corners on UIImageView's within a UITableViewCell**

**Grade Level:** Primary - High School

**Duration:** 1 hour

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn about adding rounded corners to UIImageView's within a UITableViewCell using QuartzCore. We will also explore alternative methods to improve performance when scrolling a table view cell with rounded corners.

**Introduction:**

In this lesson, we will learn how to add rounded corners to UIImageView's within a UITableViewCell using QuartzCore. We will also explore alternative methods to improve performance when scrolling a table view cell with rounded corners.

**Section 1: Adding Rounded Corners to UIImageView's using QuartzCore**

**Step 1:** Create a UIImageView and set its image.

```swift
let fooImageView = UIImageView(image: UIImage(named: "foo"))
```

**Step 2:** Add the corner radius to the UIImageView's layer.

```swift
fooImageView.layer.cornerRadius = 9.0
```

**Step 3:** Add the border width to the UIImageView's layer.

```swift
fooImageView.layer.borderWidth = 1.0
```

**Step 4:** Set the border color to clear to avoid a visible border.

```swift
fooImageView.layer.borderColor = UIColor.clear.cgColor
```

**Step 5:** Add the UIImageView to a UITableViewCell.

```swift
cell.contentView.addSubview(fooImageView)
```

**Step 6:** Set the table view data source and delegate.

```swift
tableView.dataSource = self
tableView.delegate = self
```

**Section 2: Alternative Methods to Improve Performance**

**Method 1:** Use UIKit's built-in rounded rectangle drawing method.

```swift
UIRectCornerAllCorners = 1
fooImageView.backgroundColor = UIColor.white
```

**Method 2:** Use a UIButton with a custom overlay view to create the rounded corner effect.

```swift
let overlayView = UIView(frame: fooImageView.bounds)
overlayView.backgroundColor = UIColor.clear
let button = UIButton(type: .custom)
button.frame = overlayView.bounds
button.setImage(UIImage(named: "foo"), for: .normal)
button.addTarget(self, action: #selector(fooAction), for: .touchUpInside)
cell.contentView.addSubview(button)
```

**Method 3:** Use Core Graphics to draw the rounded rectangle directly onto the UIImageView.

```swift
let context = UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext()!
context.setFillColor(UIColor.white.cgColor)
context.addArc(fooImageView.bounds.size, center: fooImageView.center, radius: fooImageView.bounds.size.width / 2)
context.closePath()
context.drawPath(using: .clear)
```

**Section 3: Conclusion**

In this lesson, we learned how to add rounded corners to UIImageView's within a UITableViewCell using QuartzCore. We also explored alternative methods to improve performance when scrolling a table view cell with rounded corners. By using UIKit's built-in rounded rectangle drawing method, a UIButton with a custom overlay view, or Core Graphics to draw the rounded rectangle directly onto the UIImageView, we can achieve the desired effect without sacrificing performance.

**Glossary:**

- QuartzCore: A framework provided by Apple that provides APIs for drawing and rendering graphics on iOS and macOS.
- UITableViewCell: A reusable view that represents a row in a table view.
- UIImageView: A view that displays an image.
- UIKit: A framework provided by Apple that provides a set of classes for building user interfaces.
- UIButton: A button class that allows the user to interact with the app.
- Core Graphics: A framework provided by Apple that provides low-level graphics drawing capabilities.

**Self-Debate Discussion:**

Why do you think some applications perform better than others when using rounded corners on UIImageView's within a UITableViewCell? Is it because of the techniques they use, or is it because they optimize other areas of their code? How important is optimizing performance when using rounded corners on UIImageView's within a UITableViewCell?


text: Washington’s Apple and Cherry Industry Wary of Trade War. SPOKANE, Wash. (AP) — Cherry and apple growers in Washington state are worried their exports to China will be hurt by a trade war that escalated on Monday when that country raised import duties on a $3 billion list of products. China buys Washington-grown cherries, apples and pears, which are all included in the trade dispute. Kate Woods, a vice president of the Northwest Horticultural Council in Yakima, Washington, says they hope the issue is resolved before cherry harvest begins in June. The council handles international trade issues for the agriculture industries in Washington, Oregon and Idaho. China is the top export market for Washington cherries, buying 2.9 million cases worth $127 million per year. China also bought about $50 million worth of apples and $1.5 million worth of pears from Washington last year.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding International Trade Disputes

Introduction:
International trade disputes occur when two or more countries disagree over the import or export of goods and services. These disputes can lead to economic sanctions, tariffs, and other measures that affect the global economy. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of international trade disputes and how they impact different industries.

Section 1: The Basics of International Trade Disputes

**What is an international trade dispute?**
An international trade dispute occurs when two or more countries have a disagreement over the import or export of goods and services. These disputes can arise for many reasons, such as differences in labor standards, environmental regulations, or intellectual property rights.

**Why do international trade disputes happen?**
International trade disputes happen because countries have different interests and priorities. Some countries may want to protect their domestic industries by imposing high tariffs on imports, while others may want to open up their markets to foreign competition. These conflicting interests can lead to disagreements and, ultimately, to trade disputes.

Section 2: The Impact of International Trade Disputes on Industries

**How do international trade disputes impact the agriculture industry?**
The agriculture industry is particularly vulnerable to international trade disputes. When countries impose tariffs or other trade barriers, it can make it difficult for farmers to sell their crops abroad. This can lead to lower prices and reduced profits for farmers. Additionally, if a country decides to retaliate against another country's trade policies by imposing its own sanctions, it can lead to a decrease in demand for certain crops.

**How do international trade disputes impact the manufacturing industry?**
The manufacturing industry is also affected by international trade disputes. When countries impose tariffs or other trade barriers, it can make it more difficult for manufacturers to import raw materials or export their finished products. This can lead to higher costs for manufacturers and reduced profits. Additionally, if a country decides to retaliate against another country's trade policies by imposing its own sanctions, it can lead to a decrease in demand for certain goods.

Section 3: Practical Examples Using Mathematical Abstractions and Real-World Scenarios

**Example 1: Cherry Growers in Washington State**
In 2018, China imposed a 10% tariff on American cherries, which led to a decrease in demand for Washington-grown cherries. According to the Northwest Horticultural Council, this resulted in a loss of $127 million for cherry growers in Washington state.

**Example 2: Steel Manufacturers in the United States**
In 2018, the United States imposed a 25% tariff on imported steel from China. This led to an increase in the price of steel, which made it more expensive for American steel manufacturers to produce their products. As a result, some steel manufacturers had to lay off workers or reduce their production capacity.

Conclusion:
International trade disputes can have significant impacts on industries and individuals. By understanding the basics of these disputes and their potential consequences, we can better prepare ourselves for future challenges and opportunities.

Glossary:
- Tariff: A tax or duty imposed on imports or exports to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.
- Sanctions: Economic penalties imposed on a country or individual for violating international law or engaging in activities deemed harmful to national security.
- Retaliate: To respond to a negative action with a counteraction of one's own.