text:
Liberating Lévy walk research from the shackles of optimal foraging.
There is now compelling evidence that many organisms have movement patterns that can be described as Lévy walks, or Lévy flights. Lévy movement patterns have been identified in cells, microorganisms, molluscs, insects, reptiles, fish, birds and even human hunter-gatherers. Most research into Lévy walks as models of organism movement patterns has been shaped by the 'Lévy flight foraging hypothesis'. This states that, since Lévy walks can optimize search efficiencies, natural selection should lead to adaptations that select for Lévy walk foraging. However, a growing body of research on generative mechanisms suggests that Lévy walks can arise freely as by-products of otherwise innocuous behaviours; consequently their advantageous properties are purely coincidental. This suggests that the Lévy flight foraging hypothesis should be amended, or even replaced, by a simpler and more general hypothesis. This new hypothesis would state that 'Lévy walks emerge spontaneously and naturally from innate behaviours and innocuous responses to the environment but, if advantageous, then there could be selection against losing them'. The new hypothesis has the virtue of making fewer assumptions and being broader than the original hypothesis; it also encompasses the many examples of suboptimal Lévy patterns that challenge the prevailing paradigm. This does not detract from the Lévy flight foraging hypothesis, in fact, it adds to the theory by providing a stronger and more compelling case for the occurrence of Lévy walks. It dispenses with concerns about the theoretical arguments in support of the Lévy flight foraging hypothesis and so may lead to a wider acceptance of Lévy walks as models of movement pattern data. Furthermore, organisms can approximate Lévy walks by adapting intrinsic behaviour in simple ways; this occurs when Lévy movement patterns are advantageous, but come with an associated cost. These new developments represent a major change in perspective and provide the broadest picture yet of Lévy movement patterns. However, the process of understanding and identifying Lévy movement patterns still has a long way to go, and further reinterpretations and shifts in understanding will occur. In conclusion, Lévy walk research remains exciting precisely because so much remains to be understood, and because, even relatively small studies, are interesting discoveries in their own right.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding Lévy Walks

Introduction:
Lévy walks are a type of movement pattern found in many organisms, including cells, microorganisms, molluscs, insects, reptiles, fish, birds, and humans. This lesson will explore what Lévy walks are, how they are used in nature, and why they are important.

Section 1: What are Lévy Walks?

Lévy walks are a type of random walk where an organism moves in a random direction for a certain distance before turning and moving in another random direction. This pattern of movement is thought to be efficient for searching for resources, such as food or mates.

Theoretical Concept:
The Lévy flight foraging hypothesis states that organisms with Lévy walk movement patterns have an advantage when searching for resources because they can cover more ground than animals with other types of movement patterns.

Practical Example:
Imagine you are a bird looking for food. You might fly in a straight line for a while, but this would only take you so far. If you fly in a random pattern, you will cover more ground and be more likely to find food. This is why many birds use Lévy walk movement patterns when searching for food.

Questions and Answers:
1. What is a Lévy walk?
2. Why do organisms use Lévy walk movement patterns?
3. How does a Lévy walk help an organism find resources?

Section 2: Lévy Walks in Nature

Lévy walks are not just found in birds. Many other organisms, including cells, microorganisms, molluscs, insects, reptiles, fish, and humans, also use Lévy walk movement patterns.

Theoretical Concept:
Lévy walks can be generated by a variety of mechanisms, such as Brownian motion, chemotaxis, or simple rules governing the timing and direction of movements.

Practical Example:
One example of a Lévy walk in nature is the movement pattern of white blood cells. When a foreign substance enters the body, white blood cells move in a Lévy walk pattern to find and attack the invader.

Questions and Answers:
4. What other organisms use Lévy walk movement patterns?
5. How are Lévy walks generated in nature?
6. Can you give an example of a Lévy walk in nature?

Section 3: Why are Lévy Walks Important?

Understanding Lévy walks is important for several reasons. First, they can help us understand how organisms move and search for resources. Second, they can help us understand how natural selection shapes movement patterns. Finally, they can help us understand how different types of movement patterns evolve.

Theoretical Concept:
The Lévy flight foraging hypothesis suggests that organisms with Lévy walk movement patterns have an advantage when searching for resources. However, recent research has shown that Lévy walks can arise as by-products of other behaviors, such as random motion or noise-driven search.

Practical Example:
If we can better understand how Lévy walks evolve and why they are advantageous, we can better understand how different types of movement patterns have evolved in different organisms.

Questions and Answers:
7. Why are Lévy walks important for understanding how organisms move and search for resources?
8. How does the Lévy flight foraging hypothesis relate to Lévy walks?
9. Can you give an example of how understanding Lévy walks can help us understand how different types of movement patterns have evolved?

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we have explored what Lévy walks are, how they are used in nature, and why they are important. By understanding the theoretical concepts and practical examples behind Lévy walks, we can better understand how organisms move and search for resources.

Glossary:
- Lévy walk: A type of random walk where an organism moves in a random direction for a certain distance before turning and moving in another random direction.
- Lévy flight foraging hypothesis: The hypothesis that organisms with Lévy walk movement patterns have an advantage when searching for resources.
- Brownian motion: The random movement of particles in a fluid or gas.
- Chemotaxis: The movement of an organism towards or away from a chemical stimulus.
- Simple rules: Rules that govern the timing and direction of movements.

Self-Debate Discussion:
Is it possible that some organisms use Lévy walks without realizing it? Could there be some behavioral or environmental factors that lead to the generation of Lévy walks without any conscious effort from the organism itself?


text: 2 years old:. As a Yearling:. As a Weanling. (Sorry.. fuzzy photos):. Sire:. Tangys. Classy Peppy, AQHA. $100,000 NCHA Earnings. by Peppy San Badger, NCHA Hall of Fame. x Tangy Lena, West Coast Snaffle Bit Maturity Res. Champion. (by Doc O Lena, AQHA Hall of Fame). This colt is a dazzler! He's built like a brickhouse with. muscles everywhere! A stunner to look at, small head, nice lean. neck. His AQHA sire, Tangys Classy Peppy, has lifetime cutting. earnings of $100,000. Tangys Classy Peppy is sired by the legendary. NCHA sire, Peppy San Badger, NCHA World Champion, and out of Tangy. Lena, daughter of Doc O Lena, AQHA Hall of Fame and #5 Leading. Lifetime Cutting Sire. This colt's dam, Decco Lo Commotion, is. a very pretty homozygous mare that has been our best producer!. -. Return to top of page -

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Horse Breeding and Lineage

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about horse breeding and lineage. We will explore the different stages of a horse's life, the importance of a horse's sire and dam, and how to read a horse's pedigree. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand the complexities of horse breeding and how it affects a horse's abilities and characteristics.

Section 1: The Stages of a Horse's Life

A horse goes through several stages in its life, from birth to adulthood. These stages are:

1. Foal: A foal is a horse that is less than one year old.
2. Yearling: A yearling is a horse that is between one and two years old.
3. Weanling: A weanling is a horse that is between two and six months old.

Section 2: Understanding Horse Lineage

The lineage of a horse is important because it can tell us about the horse's potential abilities and characteristics. The sire is the father of the horse, and the dam is the mother. The dam's side of the family is called the "dam's side" or "maternal side," while the sire's side is called the "sire's side" or "paternal side."

Section 3: Reading a Horse's Pedigree

A horse's pedigree is a document that shows the horse's lineage. It includes the names of the sire and dam, as well as their accomplishments. To read a pedigree, look for the following information:

1. The horse's name.
2. The sire and dam's names.
3. The sire and dam's accomplishments.
4. The horse's age.
5. The horse's color and markings.

Section 4: Understanding Horse Breeding

Horse breeding is the process of creating new horses by mating two horses. The goal of horse breeding is to create a horse with desirable traits, such as speed, strength, or intelligence. There are several ways to breed horses, including natural breeding and artificial insemination.

Section 5: Practical Examples

Let's say we have a foal named "Buddy." Buddy's sire is a horse named "Peppy San Badger," who has lifetime cutting earnings of $100,000. Buddy's dam is a horse named "Tangy Lena," who is the daughter of "Doc O Lena," an AQHA Hall of Famer and #5 Leading Lifetime Cutting Sire. Based on Buddy's lineage, we can predict that he may have the potential to be a great cutting horse.

Conclusion:

In this lesson, we learned about the different stages of a horse's life, the importance of understanding horse lineage, and how to read a horse's pedigree. We also explored the basics of horse breeding and how it affects a horse's abilities and characteristics. By understanding these concepts, we can better appreciate the complexity of horse breeding and its impact on the horse industry.

Glossary:
- Foal: A horse that is less than one year old.
- Yearling: A horse that is between one and two years old.
- Weanling: A horse that is between two and six months old.
- Sire: The father of a horse.
- Dam: The mother of a horse.
- Pedigree: A document that shows a horse's lineage.
- Maternal side: The dam's side of the family.
- Paternal side: The sire's side of the family.
- Accomplishments: The achievements of the sire and dam.


text:
Dellis Cay

Dellis Cay is a  private island located in the Turks and Caicos Islands
archipelago.

This island sits south of Parrot Cay and north of Pine Cay and can be easily noted in the chain of Caicos Islands.
Dellis Cay is located a few miles from Providenciales and is accessible by a 20-minute boat ride. The island got its name from the Dellis family who lived on the island and earned their living sponge farming in the 1950s. In addition to being known for sponge farming and conching, Dellis Cay is also known for its large collection of island shells that can be found along its shoreline.
A real estate project "The Residences at Mandarin Oriental Dellis Cay" was expected to open in the middle of 2010, but the project went bankrupt in early 2010 and construction was halted. In early 2011, the project was cancelled due to financial problems.

References

External links
“Luxurious in Its Simplicity”- Times of the Islands. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
Dellis Cay Website.
Dellis Cay at TCI Mall

Category:Islands of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Category:Private islands

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Geometry

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with points, lines, shapes, and space. It is used to describe the physical world and has applications in various fields such as architecture, engineering, and physics. Geometry is divided into two main branches: plane geometry and solid geometry. Plane geometry deals with two-dimensional shapes such as circles, triangles, and polygons, while solid geometry deals with three-dimensional shapes such as cubes, spheres, and pyramids.

### Section 2: Practical Examples

Geometry is used in everyday life to measure distances, calculate areas, and find volumes. For example, architects use geometry to design buildings and calculate the amount of materials needed. Engineers use geometry to design bridges, roads, and other structures. Physicists use geometry to describe the behavior of particles and waves.

### Section 3: Real-World Scenarios

Geometry is used in various real-world scenarios such as surveying land, mapping the earth, and creating maps. Surveying involves measuring the distance between points on the earth's surface to create accurate maps. Mapping involves creating maps that show the location of different features on the earth's surface. Geometry is also used in computer graphics to create images and animations.

### Glossary
- Point: A single location on a line or in space.
- Line: A straight path that extends infinitely in both directions.
- Shape: A closed two-dimensional figure such as a circle, triangle, or square.
- Space: The area around and above us.
- Plane: A flat surface that extends infinitely in two dimensions.
- Solid: A three-dimensional shape such as a cube, sphere, or cylinder.

### Conclusion

Geometry is an essential branch of mathematics that deals with points, lines, shapes, and space. It has applications in various fields such as architecture, engineering, and physics. By understanding the basic concepts of geometry, we can apply them to solve real-world problems and create accurate representations of the physical world.


text:
The Blog

MIDI in ProVideoPlayer 2: Tutorial

If you haven’t already, please read my previous post on what the heck I am talking about. If you’ve already read it, then what I am about to share will make a whole lot more sense.
So, I discovered that MIDI won’t work the way I wanted to do it in PVP2, because of the Control Changes being different than Note On/Off. So, I had to find a way to remap MIDI. Luckily, someone on the forum introduced me to MIDIPipe, and with a ton of help from my friend Jeff the aerospace engineer/musician, we were able to figure it out.
I first used a program called MIDI monitor to see what my computer was seeing. MIDI monitor does exactly what is says: it tells you what key is being pressed, what channel it’s in, it’s velocity, everything. You can filter out unwanted data, too. This allowed me to not only see if my new Korg nanoKontrol2 worked, but what the third “M” button actually did!

From there, we opened MIDIPipe and through trial and error tried to make a Control Change become a Note. We finally found the right combination with this little recipe:

MIDI In

Korg nanoKontrol2

Message Factory

Trigger

Type: Control Change

ID: 000

Value: checked (0-127)

Message

1: Status Byte

Value: 0x90=144 Note On – Channel 1

2: Data Byte

Value: 0x00= 0

3: Variable Byte

Use last value from CC#: 000 B

on channel: 1

MIDI Out

MIDIPipe Output 1

Now, I know this looks ridiculous, but what we essentially did was take MIDI In from the Korg, if the value is 0 (the first slider), take that information (where the slider is) and map it to the 0 key (which is Middle C or C-2 according to PVP2). Now, I just had create a new pipe for the other 50-some keys on the controller (yea – it took a little while). I did everything here 1-to-1, meaning I tried to map every Control Change to the Note of the same value (CC0 to Note 0, CC1 to Note 1, etc…). That way I wouldn’t have to do so much head conversion later on.

In PVP then, I created a new MIDI controller, but selected the MIDIPipe Output 1 instead of the Korg nanoKontrol2. Then I simply picked the slider I wanted to adjust and picked what I want it to do, and started plugging in numbers. I set everything I was sure that I wasn’t going to use to “100” because its easy and the controller I have only goes to the 70’s.

Now, for the things in “Select by index” section in PVPs MIDI prefereces that I wanted to use, I had to alter the triggers in MIDIPipe. I wanted trigger cues 1-8 to be mapped to the top 8 buttons on the controller. While the controller sees them as different MIDI controls all together, PVP is looking for them to be the same note with different velocities. So, for this, I mapped CC32 thru CC39 (those 8 buttons) ALL to be Note 32. At this point my computer saw all 8 buttons as the same key being pushed. Then I added a “Set” to the pipe and set the velocity to the cue number (1-8) that I wanted it to trigger.

One note about these as well: These cue in a specific order. For instance, the Trigger Cues trigger the cues in the order of the current selected playlist. So, MIDI Note 32, Velocity 6 will select the 6th clip in the current playlist. Likewise, Enable/Disable Effects will toggle effects in the order of the Workspace list, which can change. so what out for that. Here is my list:

You can download my MIDIPipe here, but it will only really work if you have a nanoKontrol2 and want things mapped the same way that I have them mapped See that here. But you can take it apart and see how it works and use the same concepts in your own mapping adventures!

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to MIDI Remapping

**Objective:** To understand the basics of MIDI remapping and how to use MIDIPipe to remap MIDI messages.

**Prerequisites:** Basic knowledge of MIDI and music production software.

**Introduction:** MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a standard protocol used for communication between electronic musical instruments and computers. It allows musicians to control software instruments such as synthesizers, samplers, and virtual instruments using physical controllers like keyboards, drum pads, and controllers. However, sometimes the default mapping of MIDI messages to specific actions may not be ideal for a particular project or performance. This is where MIDI remapping comes into play.

**Section 1: Understanding MIDI Messages**

MIDI messages are divided into three types:

1. **Note On**:** Sent when a key is pressed, it contains information about the note number, velocity, and channel.

2. **Note Off**:** Sent when a key is released, it contains information about the note number, velocity, and channel.

3. **Control Change**:** Sent when a controller is changed, it contains information about the controller ID, value, and channel.

**Section 2: Using MIDIPipe for MIDI Remapping**

MIDIPipe is a free software tool that allows you to remap MIDI messages. Here's how to use it:

1. Install MIDIPipe and connect your MIDI controller to your computer.

2. Open MIDIPipe and go to the "Input" tab. Select your MIDI input device.

3. Go to the "Output" tab and select your MIDI output device.

4. In the "Mapping" tab, choose the MIDI message you want to remap. For example, if you want to remap the "Modulation Wheel" message to a "Pitch Bend" message, select "Modulation Wheel" as the source message and "Pitch Bend" as the destination message.

5. Adjust the "Gain" slider to control the strength of the remapped message.

6. Press "OK" to apply the changes.

**Section 3: Practical Examples**

1. Remapping the "Modulation Wheel" message to control the volume of a software instrument.

2. Remapping the "Breath Controller" message to control the cutoff frequency of a synthesizer.

**Section 4: Conclusion**

MIDI remaping is a powerful tool that allows musicians to customize their setup and achieve unique sounds. By using MIDIPipe, you can easily remap MIDI messages to fit your needs. Remember to experiment with different mappings and settings to find the perfect sound for your project.

**Glossary:**

- MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface
- Controller: A physical interface for controlling software instruments
- Message Factory: A feature in MIDIPipe that allows you to create custom MIDI messages
- Type: A parameter that specifies the type of MIDI message
- ID: A parameter that specifies the controller ID
- Value: A parameter that specifies the controller value

**End of Lesson**


text: MSI Laptop Finder Click here to start What is the main purpose of your laptop Gaming Editing/ Design/ Computation I do a bit of everything What type of games do you usually play? MOBA Sports Strategy Action RPG Shooting Do you prioritize power or portability? Portability/Battery Life Happy medium Power Complete What do your projects usually entail? Photo-retouching, Vlogging, Video-editing Complex Image Manipulation, Video-editing Digital FX/animation, 3D Modeling, Data simulation/analysis, Computer-aided software engineering Vlogging Video-editing Video-editing 3D Modeling Data simulation/analysis Computer-aided software engineering Complete What type of aesthetic do you prefer? Gamer aesthetic Understated Do you need maximal hardware specifications? Yes No Complete Which system do you prefer?? The ultimate machine The portable powerhouse The best bang for the buck Complete Do you prioritize power or portability? Portability / Battery Power Complete

textbook:
Title: How to Choose the Right Laptop for Your Needs

## Chapter 1: Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn how to choose the right laptop for our needs. We will cover the different types of laptops available in the market and the factors to consider when choosing one. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to identify the laptop that best suits your needs.

## Chapter 2: Types of Laptops
There are several types of laptops available in the market, each with its own set of features and capabilities. These include:

1. Gaming Laptops: These laptops are designed for gamers who require high-performance hardware to run the latest games smoothly. They usually come with powerful processors, graphics cards, and plenty of RAM.

2. Editing/Design/Computation Laptops: These laptops are designed for professionals who require high-end hardware to handle complex tasks such as video editing, 3D modeling, and data analysis. They usually come with powerful processors, large amounts of RAM, and fast storage.

3. Multipurpose Laptops: These laptops are designed for people who require a laptop that can handle multiple tasks such as browsing the web, watching videos, and working on documents. They usually come with balanced hardware that provides enough performance for most tasks.

## Chapter 3: Factors to Consider When Choosing a Laptop
When choosing a laptop, there are several factors to consider, including:

1. Purpose: Determine the main purpose of your laptop. Are you going to use it for gaming, editing, designing, or just general computing?

2. Performance: Determine the level of performance required for your tasks. Do you need a laptop with a powerful processor, large amounts of RAM, and fast storage? Or will a laptop with balanced hardware suffice?

3. Portability: Determine how much portability you require. Do you need a laptop that is lightweight and easy to carry around, or do you prefer a larger, more powerful machine that you will mostly use in one place?

4. Aesthetics: Determine the level of importance you place on the look and feel of your laptop. Do you prefer a sleek, understated design, or a more flashy, gamer-oriented look?

5. Budget: Determine how much you are willing to spend on a laptop. There are many options available at different price points, so it's important to set a budget before you start shopping.

## Chapter 4: Conclusion
In conclusion, choosing the right laptop for your needs requires careful consideration of several factors. By determining your purpose, performance requirements, portability needs, aesthetic preferences, and budget, you can narrow down your options and find the perfect laptop for you.


text: KICKERS. 1. Josh Scobee @ DAL (10). 2. Rob Bironas @ SD (11). 3. Nick Folk vs. GB (15). 4. Matt Prater @ SF (19). 5. Sebastian Janikowski vs. SEA (25). 6. Mike Nugent vs. MIA (26). 7. Jason Hanson vs. WAS (27). 8. Dan Carpenter @ CIN (31). 9. Josh Brown vs. CAR (31). 10. Adam Vinatieri vs. HOU (32). 11. Ryan Succop vs. BUF (39). 12. Kris Brown vs. TEN (40). 13. Mason Crosby @ NYJ (41). 14. Neil Rackers @ IND (42). 15. Connor Barth @ AZ (42). 16. Graham Gano @ DET (44). 17. Stephen Gostkowski vs. MIN (49). 18. Jeff Reed @ NO (50). 19. David Buehler vs. JAX (52). 20. John Kasay @ St.L (52). 21. John Carney vs. PIT (52). 22. Olindo Mare @ OAK (54). 23. Joe Nedney vs. DEN (57). 24. Rian Lindell @ BUF (60). 25. Ryan Longwell @ NE (65). 26. Jay Feeley vs. TB .

textbook:
Lesson: Extracting Core Values from Text

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn how to extract core values from a given text. We will use the example of a football game to demonstrate the process.

Core Value:
The core value we will extract from the given text is a list of kickers who scored points in NFL games during the 2006 season.

Instructions:
1. Read the given text carefully and identify the list of kickers who scored points in NFL games during the 2006 season.
2. Write down the names of the kickers in order from highest to lowest score.

Instructions (continued):
3. Count the number of points each kicker scored.
4. Arrange the kickers in descending order based on their scores.

Instructions (continued):
5. Write a brief summary of the core value you have extracted from the text.

Summary:
The core value we extracted from the given text is a list of kickers who scored points in NFL games during the 2006 season, ranked by the number of points they scored.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we learned how to extract core values from a given text. We used the example of a football game to demonstrate the process. By following the instructions, we were able to extract a list of kickers who scored points in NFL games during the 2006 season, ranked by the number of points they scored. This skill can be applied to other texts to extract core values and information.

Glossary:
- Core value: a central belief, principle, or value that forms the basis of an individual's or group's behavior or belief system.
- NFL: National Football League, a professional American football league.
- Kickers: players on a football team who are responsible for kicking the ball during field goals, extra points, and punts.
- Points: units used to measure the score in a football game.


text:
Witticisms please as long as we keep them within boundaries, but pushed to excess they cause offense. Phaedrus

To outsiders, and that includes most everyone, the Institute for the Advancement of an International Perspective (IAIP) is a dreary European think-tank in a decent Art Noveau house in the neighborhood of Belgisch Park (Dutch for “Belgian Park”), a sub district of district Scheveningen in The Hague, the Netherlands. They have an eccentric collection of academics and probably do something associated with one or another of the international organizations that make the city their home.

To a select few the IAIP is an odd-player in the European security: an agency that has the purported purpose is top take intelligence from a variety of intelligence agencies, meld it with a significant open-source-intelligence viewpoint, and offer unbiased interpretations. In actuality it seems to go from periods of neglect to being in the hot house. Yet it’s managed to do that since its founding in 1994 totally invisible to the outside world. Whether that is a testimony to its security and well-groomed connections or a result of it being ignored by those it is supposed to serve is difficult, again, for an outsider to know.

Genre

Start with the tradition of the contemporary realist school of spy novels, especially John le Carré’s work, with special attention to the Karla trilogy and more recent novels like Absolute Friends and Our Kind of Traitor. Mix with the great paranoiac movies (Three Days of the Condor, The Parallax View, The Conversation, The Manchurian Candidate) and re-mix it in a modern way, ala Rubicon. Add in inspiration from Tim Power’s Declare, with the weird being present in the sidelines and a dawning understanding, but also not going far enough to have any party in the know — no secret branch of British Intelligence, no Black Chamber alive and kicking, no secret Vatican special ops arms.

This is a game of the political and the personal. Espionage, by its very nature, is political. By linking play so firmly to NATO this game will emphasize that espionage, like war, is an extension of politics. That politics will extend to the institution, IAIP, with politics within and between the co-workers. By setting it in Europe we focus on a quest for relevancy in a rapidly changing world.

Style

The scholar as detective meet the politics of espionage. There will be a lot in common with aRomance of the Archives, especially in focusing on issues of ownership and independence, the practice of collecting historically significant cultural artifacts, and to the possession that a biographer feels for their subject

Through the course of this game one of the goals will be to develop a coherent and richly symbolic world to carry a major part of the thematic burden, while not overshadowing action and character. As the world of espionage is one forever caught in a world of appearances and dense, undiscerned realities, an espionage game and the wainscot will have much in common; expect this relationship to be explored. Memory, personal and institutional, will play a key role in this game.

Theme

“What has to happen before something happens?” Following in the best traditions we will find the answer in historical research, a resort to the archives, by turning to “secret intelligence”. This game will turn on the divergence of dream, folklore, and prosaic fact. Despite their contingency, dreams and myths (illusions) are essential, but without awareness of their social construction they can be dangerous.

Veils

Violence and misery are behind the veil. They happen, they will be involved in plots, we don’t describe them in detail. While the world this game focuses on will, inevitably, involve some pretty horrible stuff, there is a need to not stay there. There will be as many wins as there are loses, and every attempt will be made to avoid grind.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Critical Thinking

Introduction:
Critical thinking is the process of evaluating information and ideas to determine their validity. It involves analyzing arguments, assessing evidence, and drawing conclusions based on sound reasoning. This skill is essential for making informed decisions, solving complex problems, and engaging in meaningful discussions. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of critical thinking and how it can be applied to various scenarios.

Section 1: Understanding Critical Thinking

Topic 1: What is critical thinking?
Critical thinking is the ability to analyze information and ideas objectively and independently. It involves questioning assumptions, examining evidence, and considering alternative points of view.

Topic 2: Why is critical thinking important?
Critical thinking is important because it allows us to evaluate information and ideas accurately. It helps us to make informed decisions, solve complex problems, and engage in meaningful discussions. Additionally, critical thinking promotes intellectual growth and helps us to become better learners and thinkers.

Section 2: Applying Critical Thinking Skills

Topic 1: How can critical thinking be applied to everyday life?
Critical thinking can be applied to everyday life by questioning assumptions, examining evidence, and considering alternative points of view. For example, when evaluating news sources, we can use critical thinking to determine the credibility of the source and the accuracy of the information presented.

Topic 2: How can critical thinking be applied to problem-solving?
Critical thinking can be applied to problem-solving by analyzing the problem objectively and independently. We can identify the root cause of the problem, gather relevant information, and consider alternative solutions. By using critical thinking, we can arrive at a solution that is effective and efficient.

Section 3: Practicing Critical Thinking

Topic 1: How can we practice critical thinking?
We can practice critical thinking by engaging in activities that require us to analyze information and ideas objectively and independently. These activities may include reading, writing, discussing, and solving problems. Additionally, we can seek out diverse perspectives and engage in meaningful discussions with others.

Topic 2: How can we improve our critical thinking skills?
We can improve our critical thinking skills by actively seeking out information and ideas that challenge our existing beliefs and assumptions. We can also engage in reflective thinking, where we examine our own thought processes and consider alternative perspectives. Finally, we can practice active listening and engage in meaningful discussions with others to improve our ability to analyze information and ideas objectively and independently.

Conclusion:
Critical thinking is an essential skill that allows us to evaluate information and ideas accurately. By practicing critical thinking, we can make informed decisions, solve complex problems, and engage in meaningful discussions. By applying critical thinking to everyday life and problem-solving, we can improve our ability to think critically and become better learners and thinkers.


text: - About MTA. - MTA Applicants. - Aspirantes. - MTA Community. - Services. - Events. Degree Options. The affordable and quality certification is an element that is expected from the preparatory course, the MTA considers three degree options: thesis, intervention in educational practice and product development project or technology implementation. Throughout the postgraduate courses and support has tutorials for the students successfully complete they’re degree project.. Requirements to begin the certification process:. Have obtained all the credits for the subjects offered in the University in this program.. Have taken and passed the research and development materials I and II. If you decide to become a researcher is also necessary to have completed Research and Development III.

textbook:
Lesson: Degree Options in MTA Certification

## Section 1: Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about the degree options available in MTA certification. We will explore the different types of degrees that can be earned through the MTA program and understand the requirements for each degree type. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to identify the best degree option for your career goals and understand the steps involved in completing your degree project.

## Section 2: Degree Options in MTA Certification
There are three degree options available in MTA certification: thesis, intervention in educational practice, and product development project or technology implementation.

1. Thesis: This degree option requires the completion of a research-based thesis under the guidance of a faculty advisor. The thesis must be original work that contributes to the field of information technology.

2. Intervention in Educational Practice: This degree option involves the design and implementation of an intervention in educational practice. This could include the development of a new teaching method or the implementation of a new technology in the classroom.

3. Product Development Project or Technology Implementation: This degree option requires the completion of a product development project or technology implementation project. This could involve the development of a new software application or the implementation of a new technology in a business setting.

## Section 3: Requirements for Completing a Degree Project
To earn a degree in MTA certification, you must meet the following requirements:

1. Obtain all the credits for the subjects offered in the University in this program.
2. Take and pass the Research and Development I, II, and III courses.
3. Complete a degree project under the guidance of a faculty advisor.

## Section 4: Tutorials and Support for Degree Projects
MTA provides tutorials and support for students completing their degree projects. These tutorials cover topics such as research design, data analysis, and project management. Students are encouraged to take advantage of these resources to ensure the success of their degree projects.

## Conclusion
Understanding the degree options available in MTA certification and the requirements for completing a degree project is essential for anyone considering pursuing certification. By completing a degree project, you will gain valuable skills and knowledge that can be applied to new problems in the field of information technology. Whether you choose to pursue a thesis, intervention in educational practice, or a product development project or technology implementation, the MTA program provides the support and resources needed to succeed.


text:
New Autumn/Winter 2017/18 cookery course dates now available online - click here to book ...

GIANCARLO’S STORY

A Life-Saving Lifestyle

Something was seriously wrong with Giancarlo Caldesi. The successful, energetic, larger than life character was listless, overweight and depressed. He had excruciating pain in his joints and everything was an effort.

Business was going well, he was an award-winning restaurateur and cookery school owner. He’d been awarded the honour of Cavaliere by the Italian Government for his work in promoting Italian food, he’d co-authored a number of critically acclaimed cookbooks.

The answer came in 2011 when he was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. Together Katie and Giancarlo tried many ways to combat the diabetes and he struggled to reduce his portions of food and cut back on sugar but he actually worsened and his blood sugar levels rose. He looked and felt even worse.

Three years later in 2014 he weighed 17 stone, his HbA1c levels (blood sugar count) was 79 millimoles per mole. Things were not good and on top of this he was diagnosed with a severe gluten intolerance by Jenny Phillips, a superb nutritionist and now a Caldesi family friend. When Jenny told him, it felt like his world of food and everything he loved was forbidden and although determined to fight he was very low. No pasta, no pizza, no choux buns or bread. Imagine an Italian man who, over almost 60 years, was used to eating his beloved pasta at least once and often twice a day being told to stop. What he didn’t realise is that this diagnosis would probably save his life.

When Katie met Giancarlo she used to describe him as having the energy of Tigger from Winnie the Pooh, by 2011 he’d lost this energy and now his demeanour more resembled that of Eyeore.

However as soon as Giancarlo gave up the wheat and therefore dramatically reduced the carbohydrate part of his meals, he felt better, the swelling in his joints disappeared, his blood sugar levels dropped and he began to lose weight.

Rather than being crushed by the diagnosis Giancarlo took to the challenge. He developed a gluten free pasta recipe as well as finding alternatives to pastry, bread and his pizza.

At this time he and Katie were commissioned to write a book about salads which meant they were constantly testing recipes made primarily from plant sources such as salad leaves, herbs and vegetables.

Inadvertently they were following a low-carb diet. Katie was constantly online looking for information and recipes and came across a world of low-carb eaters and most importantly low-carb eaters who were diabetic and who had turned their conditions around.

Through the site diabetes.co.uk the Caldesi’s became familiar with the name of Dr David Unwin. He runs a GP practice in Southport and with his wife Dr Jen Unwin, holds a clinic to support diabetics and people with other conditions who can be helped by a low-carb diet. The Unwins, Jenny Phillips and the Caldesis are keeping in close contact to exchange ideas about this low-carb way of living and held one of their popular Sunday Sessions at Caffe Caldesi to promote this way of life.

Now six years on from Giancarlo’s first diagnosis of diabetes his HbA1c levels have dropped to just 38, he is back in the normal range and the diabetes is in remission. It’s been a difficult journey but Giancarlo feels if he can do it then anyone can, and it’s never too late to make a start.

His next project is to work with Katie in writing a book about his journey, how low-carb eating has helped him and how he adopted a life-style that quite literally saved his life. And Katie and Jenny are running a series of cooking courses to help people like Giancarlo called Stop the Spike see here for details.

Giancarlo’s story was recently featured in an article by Diabetes UK. See here for more.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Diabetes

## Section 1: What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose). It occurs when the pancreas, an organ that produces insulin, does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot use insulin efficiently. There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This type of diabetes usually develops during childhood or adolescence.

Type 2 diabetes is more common and usually develops later in life. It occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin, and the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance. This type of diabetes is often linked to factors such as obesity, lack of physical activity, and poor diet.

## Section 2: Understanding Diabetes
Diabetes is a serious condition that can lead to long-term health complications if not managed properly. These complications can include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, and nerve damage. However, with proper management, people with diabetes can live long and healthy lives.

## Section 3: Managing Diabetes
Managing diabetes involves monitoring blood sugar levels regularly, taking medication as prescribed, eating a healthy diet, and engaging in regular physical activity. It is also important to monitor blood pressure and cholesterol levels, as these can also impact overall health.

## Glossary:
- Insulin: A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels.
- HbA1c: A test that measures the average blood sugar level over the past two to three months.
- Autoimmune disease: A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues.

## Conclusion:
Understanding diabetes and its impact on the body is essential for managing the condition effectively. By making lifestyle changes and working closely with a healthcare provider, people with diabetes can live long and healthy lives.


text: Video: London's grand houses. James Fox explores five of the best historic houses in London.. An Art Deco palace with a pet lemur's bedroom, Queen Victoria's birthplace and the Iron Duke's opulent Hyde Park home are all on Dr James Fox's list of historic houses to visit in London. The best bit? They are all free with a National Art Pass.. Need more inspiration? Read our full list of top ten London mansions.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Historic Houses in London

**Objective:** In this lesson, we will learn about some of the most famous historic houses in London. We will explore their history, architecture, and significance. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to identify the key features of these houses and understand their importance in London's cultural heritage.

**Section 1: Introduction**

Historic houses are buildings that have been preserved because of their historical, cultural, or architectural significance. In London, there are several historic houses that are worth visiting. These houses have been lived in by famous people, have unique architecture, or have played an important role in London's history.

**Section 2: Five Historic Houses in London**

1. The Wallace Collection - This is a stunning art deco palace that was built in the 19th century. One of the most interesting features of this house is the pet lemur's bedroom!
2. Buckingham Palace - This is the official residence of the Queen of England. It has been lived in by royalty for centuries and is a symbol of London's rich history.
3. The Tower of London - This is a historic castle that was built in the 11th century. It has been used as a fortress, a prison, and even a royal palace!
4. Claridge's - This is a luxury hotel that has been visited by many famous people, including royalty and celebrities. It has a beautiful art deco lobby and elegant rooms.
5. Apsley House - This is the former home of the Iron Duke, who was a famous military leader. The house is filled with opulent decorations and artifacts from his travels.

**Section 3: Conclusion**

In conclusion, visiting historic houses in London is a great way to learn about the city's rich history and culture. These houses have been lived in by famous people, have unique architecture, and have played important roles in London's past. By visiting these houses, you can gain a deeper appreciation for London's cultural heritage and learn more about the city's fascinating history.

**Glossary:**
- Historic: relating to events of the past
- Significance: the quality of being important or having importance
- Architecture: the design and construction of buildings
- Opulent: extravagantly luxurious
- Decorate: to furnish or adorn with something ornamental
- Art Deco: a style of visual arts, architecture and design that flourished between 1925 and 1939
- Pet: a domesticated animal kept for companionship
- Bedroom: a room used for sleeping
- Symbol: an object, image, or action that represents or is understood to represent something else
- Luxury: a state of outstanding comfort, quality, or extravagance
- Lobby: a public area in a hotel, especially one near the main entrance
- Elegant: graceful and stylish in appearance or manner
- Artifact: an object made by a human being, typically an instrument or weapon, or a piece of pottery or bone
- Travels: journeys or expeditions to distant places

**Self-Debating Discussion:**

Why are historic houses important? How do they contribute to our understanding of history and culture? What can we learn from visiting them?


text: Knowing of a Valuable Life. The "Learning for a Valuable Life" project has been implemented since 2001. Since then, he has won several local, national and international awards. It focuses on all age categories of the population, including preschool children and various helping professions. It is a form of educational and publishing activities, self-defense courses and counseling. Priority focuses on: prevention of drug, property, violence and internet crime, prevention of trafficking in human beings, programs aimed at positive motivation and elimination of hate speech in society. Part of the project is to work with a marginalized community in the form of the so-called "Roma patrol", which performs mediation and patrol activities there. An innovative form of the project is the use of canistherapy (work with a therapeutic dog) in the prevention of crime. The project is based on creating active cooperation at local, regional and national level. Adequate attention is paid to work with media and publishing.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Community Service

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about community service and its importance in building a valuable life. We will explore different forms of community service and their impact on society.

**Objectives:** By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

1. Define community service and its importance in society.
2. Identify different forms of community service and their impact on society.
3. Analyze the benefits of community service for individuals and communities.
4. Apply critical thinking skills to evaluate the effectiveness of community service projects.

**Section 1: Introduction to Community Service**

Community service refers to voluntary actions that help improve the well-being of others or the environment. It is an essential aspect of building a valuable life as it promotes social cohesion, personal growth, and a sense of responsibility towards others.

**Section 2: Types of Community Service**

There are various forms of community service, including:

1. Volunteering: This involves dedicating time and effort to assist others without expecting any financial compensation. Examples include working at a food bank or tutoring children in a local school.

2. Fundraising: This involves raising money to support a particular cause or organization. Examples include organizing charity events or participating in a walkathon.

3. Advocacy: This involves raising awareness about a particular issue and encouraging others to take action. Examples include campaigning for environmental conservation or supporting human rights.

4. Donating: This involves contributing resources such as money, goods, or time to support a particular cause or organization. Examples include donating clothing to a homeless shelter or contributing to a disaster relief fund.

**Section 3: Benefits of Community Service**

Community service offers numerous benefits to both individuals and communities, including:

1. Personal growth: Community service helps individuals develop skills such as leadership, teamwork, and problem-solving.

2. Social cohesion: Community service brings people together from different backgrounds and promotes understanding and empathy.

3. Sense of responsibility: Community service instills a sense of responsibility towards others and the environment.

4. Career opportunities: Community service can lead to job opportunities in fields such as social work, education, and healthcare.

**Section 4: Evaluating Community Service Projects**

To evaluate the effectiveness of community service projects, we must consider factors such as:

1. Impact: How has the project improved the lives of those it serves?

2. Sustainability: Is the project sustainable in the long run?

3. Collaboration: Has the project brought together diverse groups of people?

4. Innovation: Is the project unique or innovative in its approach?

**Glossary:**

- Community service: Voluntary actions that help improve the well-being of others or the environment.
- Advocacy: Raising awareness about a particular issue and encouraging others to take action.
- Donating: Contributing resources such as money, goods, or time to support a particular cause or organization.
- Sustainability: The ability of a project to continue over time.
- Collaboration: Working together with others towards a common goal.
- Innovation: The development of new and creative ideas.

**Conclusion:**

Community service is an essential aspect of building a valuable life as it promotes social cohesion, personal growth, and a sense of responsibility towards others. By engaging in community service, individuals can make a positive impact on society while developing essential skills and values.


text:
Immortal News

Childhood Cancer Survivors Tend To Have Lower Quality-Of-Life Scores

Battling cancer takes a lot out of a person’s health and overall well being. A new study shows that adults who have survived cancer during childhood feel older than their age, and generally have lower quality-of-life scores when it comes to health.

Dr. Lisa Diller, chief medical officer of Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, is the senior author on the study. She says, “Our findings indicate survivors’ accelerated aging, and also helps us understand the health-related risks associated with having had cancer as a child.” Diller adds, “What’s encouraging is that the lower quality-of-life scores are associated with chronic disease after treatment, not with a history of pediatric cancer itself.”

As per UPI’s report, the research team gathered data from pediatric cancer survivors in the USA. Overall quality-of-life scores in relation to health were found to be similar among the age demographics of 18-29 years old and 40 years old.

Patients who had experienced more chronic health problems after surviving cancer tended to have lower quality-of-life scores. Referencing another study on childhood cancer survivors, Diller and her team found that only 20% of 7,000 respondents had no chronic conditions.

Studies have shown that cancer survivors are at high risk for heart disease, other forms of cancer, infertility, lung problems, autoimmune diseases, and other similar chronic conditions. These risks are primarily associated with cancer treatment methods such as radiation, chemotherapy and surgery.

Diller goes on to explain that her team’s findings provide a concrete comparison between adults who have survived pediatric cancer and the general population, in terms of quality of life.

If we can prevent treatment-related conditions by changes in the therapy we use for cancer, then childhood cancer will become an acute, rather than a chronic, illness, Diller says.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Quality of Life Scores

Introduction:
Quality of life (QOL) is a measure of a person's overall well-being and happiness. It takes into account physical, emotional, and social factors that affect a person's daily life. In this lesson, we will learn about QOL scores and how they relate to childhood cancer survivors.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
- QOL is a subjective measure of a person's well-being.
- QOL can be affected by various factors such as health, relationships, and environment.
- Higher QOL scores indicate better overall well-being.

Section 2: Practical Examples
- Childhood cancer survivors often face long-term health problems due to their treatments.
- These health issues can affect their QOL scores.
- For example, a survivor may have a lower QOL score if they experience chronic pain or fatigue.

Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
- A study conducted on childhood cancer survivors showed that they tend to have lower QOL scores compared to their peers who did not have cancer.
- This is because they may feel older than their age and have more health problems.
- However, the study also found that the lower QOL scores were mainly due to chronic diseases caused by the treatments, not the cancer itself.

Glossary:
- QOL: Quality of Life
- Survivor: A person who has been diagnosed with cancer but is still alive.
- Chronic: Lasting for a long time or recurring frequently.

Conclusion:
Understanding QOL scores is important for childhood cancer survivors. They may face some challenges in their daily lives due to their treatments, but this does not mean that they cannot lead fulfilling lives. By managing their health problems and seeking support from loved ones and professionals, they can improve their QOL scores and live happily. This lesson teaches us the importance of understanding and addressing the needs of childhood cancer survivors to help them achieve a higher QOL.


text: Orofacial therapy is a program used to correct the improper function of the tongue and facial muscles used at rest, for chewing and for swallowing.., it's easy to see how improper swallowing can cause a variety of problems. But it is actually the resting position of the tongue that does the most damage because it is more constant.. Case Studies. - Anterior Tongue Thrust with Oral Muscle Patterning Abnormality. - Unilateral Tongue Thrust with Orofacial Muscle Imbalance. Anterior Tongue Thrust with Oral Muscle Patterning Abnormality. Keywords: Masseter muscle weakness, overdeveloped mentalis muscle, orbicularis oris muscle flaccid and weak, maxillary arch narrow, low tongue rest posture.. Patient. Keywords: Sturge-Weber Syndrome with seizures, facial muscle asymmetry, port wine stain, anterior and uni-lateral tongue thrust, low muscle tone, not able to move tongue in lateral direction, speech impediment severe for many years and not improving with traditional speech therapy, choking and swallowing disorder.. Patient..

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Orofacial Therapy and its Benefits
Introduction:
Orofacial therapy is a program used to correct the improper function of the tongue and facial muscles used at rest, for chewing and for swallowing. It is essential to understand the importance of proper orofacial function to ensure overall health and well-being. This lesson will cover the benefits of orofacial therapy, the role of the tongue in orofacial function, and case studies that demonstrate the impact of improper orofacial function.
Section 1: Benefits of Orofacial Therapy
Orofacial therapy is beneficial for individuals who experience difficulty in orofacial function. Some of the benefits of orofacial therapy include:
- Improved speech: Proper orofacial function is essential for clear and articulate speech. Orofacial therapy can help individuals with speech impairments improve their pronunciation and enunciation.
- Enhanced swallowing ability: Improper orofacial function can lead to difficulties in swallowing. Orofacial therapy can help individuals strengthen the muscles involved in swallowing and improve their ability to eat and drink without choking.
- Reduced risk of oral health issues: Proper orofacial function is crucial for maintaining good oral health. Orofacial therapy can help individuals reduce their risk of developing oral health issues such as tooth decay and gum disease.
Section 2: The Role of the Tongue in Orofacial Function
The tongue plays a crucial role in orofacial function. It is responsible for:
- Speech production: The tongue is used to form words and sounds during speech.
- Swallowing: The tongue helps move food and liquid from the mouth to the esophagus during swallowing.
- Chewing: The tongue works with the lips, teeth, and jaw to break down food into smaller pieces.
Section 3: Case Studies
Case Study 1: Anterior Tongue Thrust with Oral Muscle Patterning Abnormality
Patient: A 45-year-old female with a history of masseter muscle weakness, overdeveloped mentalis muscle, and orbicularis oris muscle flaccid and weak. She also had a maxillary arch that was narrow and low tongue rest posture.
Impact: The patient experienced a choking and swallowing disorder that had not improved with traditional speech therapy.
Treatment: Orofacial therapy was used to strengthen the masseter muscle, overdeveloped mentalis muscle, and orbicularis oris muscle. The patient's tongue rest posture was also improved, and her swallowing ability was enhanced.
Case Study 2: Unilateral Tongue Thrust with Orofacial Muscle Imbalance
Patient: A 30-year-old male with Sturge-Weber Syndrome and seizures. He had facial muscle asymmetry, a port wine stain, and anterior and uni-lateral tongue thrust. His tongue could not move laterally, and he had a severe speech impediment that had persisted for years.
Impact: The patient experienced difficulty in speaking clearly and choking during meals.
Treatment: Orofacial therapy was used to improve the patient's tongue movement and overall orofacial function. The patient's speech impediment improved significantly, and he was able to eat and drink without choking.
Conclusion:
Orofacial therapy is an essential program for individuals experiencing improper orofacial function. The tongue plays a crucial role in orofacial function, and orofacial therapy can help individuals improve their speech, swallowing ability, and overall oral health. Case studies demonstrate the impact of improper orofacial function and the effectiveness of orofacial therapy in treating these issues. By understanding the benefits of orofacial therapy and the role of the tongue in orofacial function, individuals can make informed decisions about their oral health and well-being.
Glossary:
- Orofacial therapy: A program used to correct improper function of the tongue and facial muscles used at rest, for chewing, and for swallowing.
- Masseter muscle: A muscle in the jaw responsible for chewing.
- Mentalis muscle: A muscle in the chin responsible for smiling.
- Orbicularis oris muscle: A muscle in the lips responsible for forming words and sounds during speech.
- Maxillary arch: The upper jawbone.
- Tongue rest posture: The position of the tongue when it is at rest.


text:
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Tuesday, 14 May 2019

The United Nations Silence on Biafra Exit, a Conspiracy against Black Africa

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May 14, 2019By Okoafor Odinaka | Biafra Writers

The United Nations is an intergovernmental body with a mission to maintain peace, security, and human rights while offering humanitarian aids and promoting sustainable development. The UN principal organs include the General Assembly, the Security Council, the International Court of Justice, and more.

Some believe that the body is truly for peace and human development, while others doubt its sincerity and effectiveness. Those staring at the UN with doubtful eye are not doing so for fun; they have their reason. Cogent ones come to that.

As pointed out earlier, one of the aims of forming the UN is to maintain peace and security, and the UN has an organ – the Security Council – in charge of that. Has this organ been awake to its duties as regards the Nigeria Biafra issue? The UN Security Council has the power to make a binding decision on such matters like Biafraexit. Their silence, therefore, is conspiratorial demeaning.

The Secretary-General of the UN on whose laps the onus to bring to the attention of the Security Council matters that threaten international peace and security has conveniently looked the other way. And so has International Court of Justice, ICJ, whose principal assignment is to adjudicate international disputes. The court has heard cases of war crimes, illegal state interferences, ethnic cleansing, and other similar crimes, yet turned a blind eye. Maybe because black Africans are involved?

In many cases, the UN member-states have shown reluctance in enforcing Security Council resolutions. Sometimes even, disagreements in the Security Council forestall peace moves. For example, disagreements in the Security Council over military intervention made the Rwandan genocide in 1994 to succeed for the length of time it did. Similarly, UN inaction is blamed for the Srebrenica massacre in 1995, the incessant killing of Biafrans in Nigeria, and to some extent, the Somali Civil War.

Since the formation of the UN, about seventy countries have gained independence. This was made possible by the UN declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonized Countries and Peoples. Why then is the issue of Biafra different? Are Biafrans not humans?

Biafrans hereby call on the world to do the needful. We are being killed, raped, and humiliated almost on a daily basis. The world should act to preempt another war, for a man pushed to the wall has no choice than to push back.

textbook:
Lesson: The United Nations and Peacekeeping

Introduction:

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 after the end of World War II. It is comprised of member states that work together towards achieving global peace and security, promoting human rights, providing humanitarian aid, and encouraging sustainable development. The UN plays a crucial role in maintaining peace and stability worldwide.

Core Value:

The core value of this lesson is the importance of the UN in maintaining global peace and security. We will explore the various ways in which the UN contributes to this goal and how it works to achieve it.

Section 1: Introduction to the UN

The UN was created after World War II to prevent another global conflict. It is made up of member states that work together to achieve common goals. The UN has several organs, including the General Assembly, the Security Council, the International Court of Justice, and others.

Section 2: The Role of the UN in Maintaining Peace and Security

The UN plays a vital role in maintaining peace and security worldwide. It does this through diplomacy, peacekeeping missions, and other means. The Security Council, for example, has the power to make decisions that are binding on all member states. The UN also provides humanitarian aid to those affected by conflicts and promotes human rights.

Section 3: The Importance of the UN in Maintaining Global Peace and Security

The UN is essential in maintaining global peace and security because it provides a platform for member states to work together towards common goals. It helps to prevent conflicts and promote cooperation between nations. The UN also provides a framework for addressing issues that affect the entire world, such as climate change and terrorism.

Section 4: Practical Examples of the UN's Contribution to Peace and Security

The UN has contributed to peace and security in many ways, including through its peacekeeping missions. For example, the UN has deployed peacekeeping forces to countries such as Kosovo, East Timor, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. These missions have helped to prevent conflicts and promote stability.

Section 5: Conclusion

In conclusion, the UN plays a critical role in maintaining global peace and security. It provides a platform for member states to work together towards common goals and contributes to peace and security through diplomacy, peacekeeping missions, and other means. Understanding the importance of the UN in maintaining peace and security is essential for anyone interested in international relations or global affairs.

Glossary:

- UN: United Nations
- General Assembly: One of the six main organs of the United Nations, composed of all member nations and serves as a forum for general debate and discussion
- Security Council: One of the six main organs of the United Nations, charged with ensuring international peace and security
- International Court of Justice: The principal judicial organ of the United Nations
- Biafraexit: The potential exit of the region of Biafra from Nigeria

Self-Debate:

Do you think the UN is effective in maintaining global peace and security? Why or why not?


text: ArcelorMittal Tubular Products is taking part in the European Project STCC – New Shear-Transfer system for Composite Columns to improve the loading capacity and fire resistance led and developed by the University of Catalonia.. This project is aiming at developing an innovative system to increase the shear transfer concrete – steel in composite (concrete-filled) tubular columns. The system would be analysed by both structural performances and easiness to industrialize points of view.. Our Head of Product Development and Standardization – Gorka Iglesias – as Project Mentor, took part on the Project Kick-off Meeting held in Barcelona, at the University premises, on 16th May 2019 with the Research Team.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Structural Engineering

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
In this lesson, we will learn about structural engineering, which is the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction of structures such as buildings, bridges, and tunnels. We will also learn about the importance of shear transfer in composite columns, which are columns made of concrete filled with steel tubes.

### Questions and Answers
1. What is structural engineering?
Answer: Structural engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction of structures such as buildings, bridges, and tunnels.

2. Why is shear transfer important in composite columns?
Answer: Shear transfer is important in composite columns because it helps to distribute the load evenly between the concrete and the steel tube, preventing the concrete from cracking or breaking under stress.

3. What is a composite column?
Answer: A composite column is a column made of concrete filled with steel tubes.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
Now let's look at some practical examples of how shear transfer works in composite columns.

### Example 1: Bridge Collapse
In 1994, a bridge in Oklahoma City collapsed due to a lack of shear transfer between the concrete and the steel supports. This caused the concrete to crack and break, leading to the collapse of the bridge.

### Example 2: Earthquake-Resistant Buildings
Structural engineers use shear transfer in composite columns to design earthquake-resistant buildings. By distributing the force of an earthquake evenly between the concrete and the steel tube, the building can withstand greater stress and be less likely to collapse.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
Now let's look at some real-world scenarios where shear transfer in composite columns is used.

### Scenario 1: Skyscraper Construction
Many skyscrapers are built using composite columns made of concrete filled with steel tubes. This allows the structure to withstand great amounts of weight and stress, making it strong enough to support multiple floors.

### Scenario 2: Stadium Construction
Stadiums often require large columns to support the weight of the stands and roof. Structural engineers use shear transfer in composite columns to create columns that are strong enough to support the weight of the stadium while still being lightweight and easy to construct.

## Glossary
- Shear transfer: The process of distributing force evenly between two materials, such as concrete and steel.
- Composite column: A column made of concrete filled with steel tubes.
- Structural engineering: The branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction of structures such as buildings, bridges, and tunnels.

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned about the importance of shear transfer in composite columns and how it is used in structural engineering. We also looked at practical examples and real-world scenarios where this concept is applied. By understanding these concepts, we can apply them to new problems and design stronger, more durable structures.


text:
Q:

Why has warm air a higher water saturation than cold air?

I've wondered about that for a while but all I read is commonly just "Warm/hot air has a higher energy so when it hits the surface of a liquid, it has a higher probability to transfer energy, resulting in water molecules leaving the liquid".
Though it makes sense, I don't think that is actually a reason. It only decribes the phase transition itself but doesn't explain why hot air can contain more water than cold air.
Simply: Releasing something doesn't mean you can contain it (?!).

A:

It's about the water, not the air.  Water, and other substances, have a "vapor pressure": a pressure at which molecules leaving the surface are in dynamic equilibrium with vapor molecules reattaching to the surface. If you pull a vacuum above liquid water, the vacuum will be repopulated with water molecules until the vapor pressure is reached.  The equilibrium vapor pressure depends on the temperature at the boundary of the liquid.
Solid water also has nonzero vapor pressure; this is the reason for "sublimation" and also the reason why old ice in your freezer has a different texture than fresh ice.
Boiling takes place when the vapor pressure exceeds the pressure inside of the liquid: then it's energetically favorable to form bubbles.
It's not just water: molecules at the edge of a bound phase (solid or liquid) have a nonzero, temperature-dependent chance of escaping from the surface of any material.  The volatile metals cesium and rubidium have particularly high pressures, and can make gases with interesting optical properties in a modest oven.  Liquid mercury is frequently used as a barrier in vacuum systems because its vapor pressure is especially low, but not zero.

textbook:
Lesson: Why does warm air have a higher water saturation than cold air?

### Overview

In this lesson, we will explore the concept of water saturation in air and why warm air has a higher water saturation than cold air. We will cover the basics of water saturation, the role of temperature in determining water saturation, and the practical applications of this concept.

### Section 1: Introduction

Water saturation refers to the amount of water vapor that can be held in the air at a given temperature and pressure. When the air is saturated, it cannot hold any more water vapor, and any additional moisture will condense into liquid droplets or ice crystals.

### Section 2: The Role of Temperature in Water Saturation

The temperature of the air plays a crucial role in determining its water saturation. Warm air has a higher water saturation than cold air because of the increased kinetic energy of the molecules in warm air. This increased kinetic energy allows the water molecules in warm air to move faster and collide more frequently with each other, leading to a higher probability of water molecules leaving the liquid phase and entering the gas phase.

As the temperature of the air increases, the vapor pressure of the water also increases. This means that the air can hold more water vapor at higher temperatures. Conversely, as the temperature decreases, the vapor pressure of the water decreases, and the air can hold less water vapor.

### Section 3: Practical Applications

Understanding water saturation in air has several practical applications, including weather forecasting, agriculture, and construction.

In weather forecasting, meteorologists use data on water saturation to predict the likelihood of precipitation, such as rain or snow. When the air is saturated, it is more likely to produce precipitation, while dry air is less likely to produce precipitation.

In agriculture, understanding water saturation is essential for determining the optimal time to irrigate crops. Overwatering can lead to root rot and other problems, while underwatering can stunt growth and reduce crop yields.

In construction, water saturation is an important consideration when building structures that will be exposed to the elements. For example, builders must ensure that foundations are designed to withstand the effects of water saturation, such as soil expansion and contraction due to freezing and thawing.

### Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, warm air has a higher water saturation than cold air because of the increased kinetic energy of the molecules in warm air. This increased kinetic energy allows the water molecules in warm air to move faster and collide more frequently with each other, leading to a higher probability of water molecules leaving the liquid phase and entering the gas phase. Understanding water saturation in air has several practical applications, including weather forecasting, agriculture, and construction.


text: Our world is faced with a huge number of sustainability challenges, and we have to work together to ensure the survival of nature for future generations.. The EU is setting an example for the rest of the world in its efforts to ensure future sustainability.. Nature and Sustainability. The combined power and strength of EU nations is allowing them to tackle the great challenge of combining environmental sustainability with economic growth. The EU leads the world in its attempts to move into a new phase of sustainability, protecting nature and living together with it as one.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Sustainability

Introduction:
Sustainability refers to the ability of the natural environment to provide resources and maintain ecological processes indefinitely without depleting or harming the ecosystem. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of sustainability, its importance, and ways to achieve it.

Section 1: What is Sustainability?

**Definition:** Sustainability is the practice of meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

**Examples:**
- Using renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro power instead of fossil fuels.
- Reducing waste by recycling and composting.
- Planting trees and preserving forests.

Section 2: Importance of Sustainability

**Why is sustainability important?** Sustainability is essential for ensuring that our planet can continue to support life and provide resources for generations to come. It also helps to reduce pollution, conserve natural resources, and promote economic growth.

**How does sustainability impact the economy?** Sustainability can create new industries, jobs, and economic opportunities while reducing costs associated with resource use and waste management.

**What are the benefits of sustainability?** The benefits of sustainability include improved public health, reduced pollution, and a stronger economy. Sustainable practices also help to preserve natural resources for future generations.

Section 3: Ways to Achieve Sustainability

**Reduce, Reuse, Recycle:** This mantra reminds us that we can reduce waste by using fewer resources, reuse items instead of throwing them away, and recycle materials to conserve natural resources.

**Conservation:** Conserving water, energy, and other resources helps to reduce our impact on the environment and promotes sustainability.

**Green Transportation:** Using public transportation, walking, or cycling instead of driving alone can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality.

Glossary:
- Sustainability: The ability of the natural environment to provide resources and maintain ecological processes indefinitely without depleting or harming the ecosystem.
- Renewable Energy: Energy derived from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides, and geothermal heat, which are replenished at a faster rate than they are consumed.
- Conservation: The practice of using resources wisely to prevent their depletion or destruction.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, sustainability is essential for the long-term wellbeing of our planet and future generations. By adopting sustainable practices, we can reduce our impact on the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote economic growth. By understanding the importance of sustainability and learning about ways to achieve it, we can make a positive difference in the world.


text: Results:. We believe in making tax rebates simple! We specialise in helping UK taxpayers claim tax relief for work expenses, like mileage tax rebates, mechanics' tools refunds, .... 1a Northgate, Rochester. In the area within 45 miles. Taxcare Accountancy is a proactive & tax specialised accountancy practice. We understand that the success of our business is based on the prosperity of our clients. .... 103 Cranbrook Road, Ilford. 19 North Street, Ashford. In the area within 50 miles. Farnborough, Orpington. George Lane, London

textbook:
Lesson: How to Find the Distance Between Two Points Using the Pythagorean Theorem

**Introduction:**
The Pythagorean Theorem is a powerful tool that can be used to calculate the distance between two points in a plane. It states that in a right-angled triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides. In this lesson, we will learn how to use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points.

**Section 1: Theoretical Concepts**

1. What is the Pythagorean Theorem?
The Pythagorean Theorem is a mathematical equation that relates the lengths of the sides of a right-angled triangle. It is given by the formula: a^2 + b^2 = c^2, where a and b are the lengths of the two shorter sides, and c is the length of the hypotenuse.

2. What is a right-angled triangle?
A right-angled triangle is a type of triangle in which one angle is exactly 90 degrees. This means that the opposite side is perpendicular to the adjacent side, forming a right angle.

3. How can the Pythagorean Theorem be used to find the distance between two points?
To use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points, you need to first draw a right-angled triangle with one of the points as the right angle and the line segment between the two points as the hypotenuse. Then, you can use the theorem to calculate the length of the hypotenuse, which is the distance between the two points.

**Section 2: Practical Examples**

4. Example 1: Find the distance between two points on a coordinate plane
Suppose we have two points on a coordinate plane: A(3,4) and B(6,8). To find the distance between these two points, we can use the Pythagorean Theorem. First, we need to convert the points to their Cartesian form (x,y). So, point A becomes (3,4) and point B becomes (6,8).

Now, we can draw a right-angled triangle with point A as the right angle, and the line segment connecting points A and B as the hypotenuse. The length of the hypotenuse is the distance between the two points, which we can calculate using the Pythagorean Theorem:

c^2 = a^2 + b^2
c^2 = (3-6)^2 + (4-8)^2
c^2 = 9 + 16
c^2 = 25
c = 5

So, the distance between points A and B is 5 units.

5. Example 2: Find the distance between two points on a map
Suppose we have two cities on a map: City A and City B. To find the distance between these two cities, we can use the Pythagorean Theorem. First, we need to convert the cities to their geographical coordinates. Let's say City A is located at latitude 40.7128° N and longitude 74.0060° W, and City B is located at latitude 37.7749° N and longitude 122.4194° W.

Now, we can draw a right-angled triangle with City A as the right angle, and the line segment connecting City A and City B as the hypotenuse. The length of the hypotenuse is the distance between the two cities, which we can calculate using the Pythagorean Theorem:

c^2 = a^2 + b^2
c^2 = (40.7128-37.7749)^2 + (74.0060-122.4194)^2
c^2 = 2.4379 + 100000
c^2 = 100002.4379
c = 1000.00

So, the distance between City A and City B is approximately 1000 miles.

**Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions**

6. Why is the Pythagorean Theorem useful in finding the distance between two points?
The Pythagorean Theorem is useful in finding the distance between two points because it allows us to calculate the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle, which is the distance between the two points. This is particularly useful in geometry, where we often need to find the distance between two points.

7. How does the distance formula relate to the Pythagorean Theorem?
The distance formula is a mathematical equation that relates the distance between two points to the coordinates of the points. It is given by the formula: d = sqrt((x2 - x1)^2 + (y2 - y1)^2), where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are the coordinates of the two points, and d is the distance between them. The Pythagorean Theorem is a special case of the distance formula, where the two points form a right-angled triangle.

**Glossary:**
- Hypotenuse: The longest side of a right-angled triangle, opposite the right angle.
- Cartesian coordinates: A system of coordinates that uses an x-axis and a y-axis to represent a point in a plane.
- Geographical coordinates: A system of coordinates that uses latitude and longitude to represent a point on the Earth's surface.

**Conclusion:**
In this lesson, we learned how to use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points. We started by understanding the theoretical concepts behind the theorem, then moved on to practical examples that demonstrated how to apply the theorem in different scenarios. Finally, we engaged in self-debating discussions to deepen our understanding of the topic. By the end of this lesson, we should be able to confidently use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between any two points.


text: Invisible Or IIC Hearing Aids In Ear For Mild Severe Hearing Loss. The model G-11 is Invisible or IIC hearing aids are ideal for mild to moderately severe hearing loss by Earsmate. Product features:. G-16-L micro mini invisible hearing aid. ●Adjustable Volume button. ●Low distortion and noise reduction. ●Zinc Air battery szize 10A. Invisible or IIC hearing aids are ideal for mild to moderately severe hearing loss:. In Ear hearing aid device:. An in-ear hearing aid device including a cup fitted into the auditory canal, and having an earphone, an amplifier, and a microphone arranged therein, the device further including a battery chamber, an adjuster and a front plate, the front plate being mounted on a locking plate firmly connected to the cup, and being lockable and rotatable around the axis of rotation revolving on the locking plate that runs vertical to the locking plate, the front plate having a closed outer surface that is only interrupted by a sound inlet opening.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Hearing Aids

### Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

Hearing aids are electronic devices designed to improve the hearing ability of individuals with hearing loss. They work by amplifying sound signals and sending them directly to the ear, making it easier for the user to hear and understand speech. There are different types of hearing aids available, each with its own set of features and benefits. In this lesson, we will learn about the different types of hearing aids and their features.

### Section 2: Practical Examples and Real-World Scenarios

Let's consider an example of someone who has been diagnosed with mild to moderately severe hearing loss. They have decided to purchase an invisible or IIC hearing aid. These types of hearing aids are designed to be completely invisible when worn, making them a great option for those who do not want their hearing aid to be visible. The Earsmate G-11 model is a popular choice for individuals with this type of hearing loss.

The G-11 model includes several features that make it a great choice for individuals with mild to moderately severe hearing loss. These features include an adjustable volume button, low distortion, and noise reduction. The hearing aid also uses a Zinc Air battery size 10A, which is known for its long battery life and durability.

To ensure that the G-11 model is the right choice for this individual, an audiologist will perform a comprehensive evaluation of their hearing ability. This evaluation will include a hearing test and a discussion of their specific hearing needs. Based on the results of this evaluation, the audiologist will recommend the best type and model of hearing aid for the individual.

### Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

One common concern that individuals have when considering hearing aids is the cost. While hearing aids can be expensive, there are several ways to save money on them. One option is to purchase a hearing aid online rather than through a traditional hearing aid center. Online retailers often offer lower prices than traditional hearing aid centers, making them a great option for those who are looking to save money.

Another way to save money on hearing aids is to purchase a rechargeable hearing aid. While these types of hearing aids are more expensive upfront, they eliminate the need for frequent battery replacements, saving money in the long run. Additionally, many insurance plans cover the cost of hearing aids, so it is worth checking with your insurance provider to see if you are eligible for coverage.

### Glossary

- Hearing aid: An electronic device designed to improve the hearing ability of individuals with hearing loss.
- Invisible or IIC hearing aids: A type of hearing aid that is completely invisible when worn.
- Audiologist: A healthcare professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of hearing and balance disorders.
- Comprehensive evaluation: A thorough assessment of an individual's hearing ability, including a hearing test and discussion of their specific hearing needs.
- Zinc Air battery: A type of battery used in some hearing aids that is known for its long battery life and durability.

### Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about the different types of hearing aids and their features, as well as practical examples and real-world scenarios for individuals with mild to moderately severe hearing loss. We also engaged in self-debating discussions about the cost of hearing aids and ways to save money on them. By understanding the theoretical concepts, practical applications, and self-debating discussions, we can better understand and apply our knowledge of hearing aids to new problems and scenarios.


text:
Tolerated doses in zebrafish of cytochalasins and jasplakinolide for comparison with tolerated doses in mice in the evaluation of pre-clinical activity of microfilament-directed agents in tumor model systems in vivo.
Chemotherapeutic approaches involving microtubule-directed agents such as the vinca alkaloids and taxanes are used extensively and effectively in clinical cancer therapy. There is abundant evidence of critical cytoskeletal differences involving microfilaments between normal and neoplastic cells, and a variety of natural products and semi-synthetic derivatives are available to exploit these differences in vitro. In spite of the availability of such potential anti-neoplastic agents, there has yet to be an effective microfilament-directed agent approved for clinical use. Cytochalasins are mycogenic toxins derived from a variety of fungal sources that have shown promising in vitro efficacy in disrupting microfilaments and producing remarkable cell enlargement and multi-nucleation in cancer cells without producing enlargement and multi-nucleation in normal blood cells. Jasplakinolide is a sponge toxin that stabilizes and rigidifies microfilaments. Insufficient in vivo data has been acquired to determine whether any of the microfilament-directed agents have valuable preferential anticancer activity in pre-clinical tumor model systems. This is partly because the limited availability of these agents precludes their initial use in large-scale mammalian pre-clinical studies. Therefore, the present study sought to determine the tolerated in vivo doses of cytochalasins and jasplakinolide in zebrafish (Danio rerio), a well-studied fish cancer model that is 1.5% the size of mice. We also determined the tolerated levels of a variety of clinically active anti-neoplastic agents in zebrafish for comparison with tolerated murine doses as a means to allow comparison of toxicities in zebrafish expressed as μM concentrations with toxicities in mice expressed in mg/kg. Tolerated doses in zebrafish with various cytochalasins or jasplakinolide were determined by adding the solubilized test agent to water in which the fish were maintained for 24 h, then restored to their normal tanks and monitored for a total of 96 h. Cytochalasin D at 0.2 μM gave an approximate LD50 in zebrafish, while cytochalasin B was fully-tolerated at 5 μM, and gave an LD50 of 10 μM. 21,22-dihydrocytochalasin B was fully-tolerated at 10 μM. Cytochalasin C was tolerated fully at 1 μM, ten-fold higher than the level for cytochalasin D that was tolerated. Jasplakinolide at 0.5 μM did not exhibit any apparent acute toxicity or affect fish behavior for four days, but delayed toxicity was evident at days 4 and 6 when the fish died. Further, the addition of 5 μM glutathione (GSH) at the time of treatment substantially decreased the toxicity of 10 μM cytochalasin B, a level of cytochalasin B that not otherwise tolerated in vivo. Such observations were likely due to GSH-mediated alkylation of C-20 in cytochalasin B, thereby reducing the rate of oxidation to the highly toxic congener, cytochalasin A, and reacting with any cytochalazin A formed. The protective effects of GSH are further supported by its ability to react with α, β-unsaturated ketone moieties, as is found in cytochalasin A. GSH at 0.8 uM was able to reduce the toxicity of 0.8 μM cytochalasin D, but it took 20 μM GSH to fully protect against the toxicity of 0.8 μM cytochalasin D. Pre-clinical evaluation of rare natural products such as microfilamented-directed agents for efficacy in vivo in tumor-bearing zebrafish is a feasible prospect. Dose-limiting toxicities in zebrafish expressed as μM concentrations in water can be used to estimate in vivo toxicities in mice expressed as mg/kg.

textbook:
Lesson: Comparing Drug Tolerance in Zebrafish and Mice

Introduction:
Drug tolerance refers to the ability of an organism to withstand the effects of a substance without experiencing harm. In this lesson, we will compare drug tolerance in zebrafish and mice, two common models used in pre-clinical research. We will explore how different drugs affect these organisms and discuss the implications for drug development.

Section 1: Understanding Drug Tolerance

Topic 1: What is drug tolerance?
Drug tolerance is the ability of an organism to withstand the effects of a substance without experiencing harm. This means that the organism can continue to function normally even when exposed to a substance that would harm other organisms.

Topic 2: How is drug tolerance measured?
Drug tolerance is typically measured by administering a substance to an organism and observing its response. The dose at which the organism shows no negative effects is considered the tolerated dose.

Section 2: Comparing Drug Tolerance in Zebrafish and Mice

Topic 1: Why are zebrafish and mice used as models in pre-clinical research?
Zebrafish and mice are commonly used as models in pre-clinical research because they share many genetic and physiological similarities with humans. This makes it possible to study the effects of drugs on these organisms and then extrapolate the results to humans.

Topic 2: How do zebrafish and mice differ in drug tolerance?
Although both zebrafish and mice are used as models in pre-clinical research, they may have different tolerances to certain drugs. For example, some drugs that are safe in mice may be toxic to zebrafish. This is important to consider when designing experiments and interpreting results.

Section 3: Applying Knowledge to Real-World Situations

Topic 1: How does understanding drug tolerance in zebrafish and mice contribute to drug development?
Understanding drug tolerance in zebrafish and mice can help researchers identify potential drug candidates that are safe and effective in humans. By testing drugs in these models first, researchers can save time and resources by only testing drugs that show promise in non-human models before moving on to costly and time-consuming clinical trials.

Conclusion:
In this lesson, we explored drug tolerance in zebrafish and mice, two common models used in pre-clinical research. We learned about the importance of understanding drug tolerance and how it can impact drug development. By applying our knowledge to real-world situations, we can appreciate the significance of this topic in advancing medical research and improving human health.

Glossary:
- Drug tolerance: The ability of an organism to withstand the effects of a substance without experiencing harm.
- Pre-clinical research: Research conducted before clinical trials to test the safety and efficacy of a drug in animals or cells.
- Extrapolate: To draw conclusions or make generalizations based on existing data.
- Physiological: Relating to the functioning of living organisms.


text: This plant is native to Somalia and has been known since1903.. This plant has been difficult for me to grow. It finally began to really grow after almost two years of struggling to keep the cutting alive. Now that it is growing, I will propagate more cuttings that will hopefully be better adapted to my growing conditions in Staten Island. My suspicions are that botrys likes it warmer than I have been keeping it and that it could take more direct sunlight. My plant is still small and I find it to be a slow grower, it also seems to be dormant in winter like armandii, albisepta, and some of the tuberous species.. The flowers are also 'un-tidy' in that once they open, they seem to quickly collapse and the pedicel weakens so that the flower is no longer held upright. However, I find the angled tube, the grayed colors, and the over all shape interesting enough to continue growing it.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Botany

## Section 1: What is Botany?
Botany is the scientific study of plants. It involves understanding their structure, classification, function, growth, and development. Plants are essential for life on earth as they produce oxygen, provide food, and create habitats for other organisms.

## Section 2: Understanding Plants
Plants are multicellular organisms that have specialized cells for photosynthesis, transport, and protection. They have a cell wall made of cellulose, which provides support and shape. Plants can be classified based on their structure, such as vascular or non-vascular, and their habitat, such as terrestrial or aquatic.

## Section 3: Growth and Development
Plants grow and develop through a process called photosynthesis. They use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. The growth of a plant is influenced by factors such as light, temperature, humidity, and nutrients in the soil.

## Section 4: Propagation
Propagation is the process of producing new plants from existing ones. This can be done through seeds, cuttings, or division. Propagation is important for conserving endangered species, producing new plants for gardens or landscapes, and ensuring the continuity of plant populations.

## Section 5: Classification
Plants are classified into different groups based on their characteristics. These groups include kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, and species. The scientific name of a plant is composed of its genus and species. For example, the scientific name of a rose is Rosa.

## Section 6: Importance of Plants
Plants are essential for life on earth. They provide oxygen, food, and shelter for other organisms. They also help regulate the climate and prevent soil erosion. Some plants have medicinal properties and are used to treat diseases.

## Conclusion
Understanding botany is important for appreciating the natural world and its complexities. By studying plants, we can learn about their unique characteristics, growth patterns, and ecological roles. This knowledge can be applied to conservation efforts, agriculture, and horticulture.