text:
Painted surfaces--important sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination to the urban and marine environment.
A study of a large number of samples of flaking old paint from various buildings in Bergen, Norway (N=68) suggests that paint may be the most important contemporary source of PCBs in this urban environment with concentrations of PCB(7) up to 3.39 g/kg. Twenty-three of the samples were collected from a single building, and the concentrations were found to vary over 3 orders of magnitude. In addition, 16 concrete samples from a large bridge previously coated with PCB-containing paint were collected and separated into outer- and inner samples indicating that PCBs are still present in high concentrations subsequent to renovation. PCBs were found in several categories of paint from wooden and concrete buildings, potentially introduced to the environment by natural weathering, renovation, and volatilization. Consequently, this dispersion may lead to increased levels of PCBs in urban atmospheres, soils, and harbor sediments where high concentrations have resulted in Governmental advice against consumption of certain seafood.

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Pollution from Painted Surfaces

Introduction:
Painted surfaces are an essential part of our built environment, providing color, texture, and protection to buildings and other structures. However, these surfaces can also be a source of pollution, particularly from a group of chemicals known as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCBs were widely used in industrial applications, such as electrical equipment and oil-based paints, until they were banned in many countries due to their toxic effects on human health and the environment. Despite the ban, PCBs can still be found in older painted surfaces, and their release into the environment can pose a risk to human health and ecosystems.

Core Value:
The core value of this lesson is understanding the sources and potential impacts of PCB pollution from painted surfaces. By learning about the nature of PCBs, the reasons why they were banned, and the ways in which they can be released into the environment, students will be able to make informed decisions about the risks associated with painted surfaces and take steps to mitigate those risks.

Section 1: Understanding PCBs

**What are PCBs?**
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made chemicals that were widely used in industrial applications from the 1920s to the 1970s. They are no longer produced in the United States, but they can still be found in older products such as electrical equipment and oil-based paints.

**Why were PCBs banned?**
PCBs were banned because they are toxic to human health and the environment. They can accumulate in the fatty tissues of living organisms, leading to a range of health problems, including cancer, reproductive disorders, and damage to the nervous system. PCBs are also persistent in the environment, meaning they don't break down easily and can accumulate in the food chain, posing risks to both humans and wildlife.

Section 2: Sources of PCB Pollution from Painted Surfaces

**Where do PCBs come from in painted surfaces?**
PCBs can be found in painted surfaces that were made before the ban on their production and use. They were often used as a component in oil-based paints, as well as in caulking and sealants. When these painted surfaces are damaged or disturbed, PCBs can be released into the environment.

**How are PCBs released from painted surfaces?**
PCBs can be released from painted surfaces through several processes, including weathering, renovation, and volatilization. Weathering occurs when the paint cracks or flakes off, allowing PCBs to enter the air or be washed away by rain. Renovation can also release PCBs if the old paint is removed or disturbed without proper precautions. Volatilization occurs when PCBs evaporate from the paint, releasing toxic vapors into the air.

Section 3: Impacts of PCB Pollution from Painted Surfaces

**What are the potential impacts of PCB pollution from painted surfaces?**
The potential impacts of PCB pollution from painted surfaces depend on several factors, including the concentration of PCBs, the proximity of people and wildlife, and the sensitivity of the ecosystem. High levels of PCB exposure can cause a range of health problems, including cancer, reproductive disorders, and damage to the nervous system. PCBs can also harm wildlife, particularly birds of prey and fish, which can become contaminated when they ingest PCBs from the food chain.

**How can we mitigate the risks of PCB pollution from painted surfaces?**
There are several steps that can be taken to mitigate the risks of PCB pollution from painted surfaces. These include:

1. Proper disposal of painted materials that may contain PCBs, such as old paint and caulking, in accordance with local and federal guidelines.
2. Use of safer alternatives to PCBs in paints and other products.
3. Regular inspection and maintenance of painted surfaces to prevent damage and release of PCBs.
4. Encouraging the use of low-VOC (volatile organic compound) paints, which can reduce the release of toxic vapors.

Conclusion:
Understanding the sources and potential impacts of PCB pollution from painted surfaces is an important step in protecting human health and the environment. By taking steps to mitigate the risks associated with PCBs, we can reduce the likelihood of exposure and minimize the potential harms to ourselves and the ecosystems in which we live.


text: Andrew Dove Talk – 17th January 2019. Interview with an Antiguan Coach: We Meet Karl JamesAs Antigua gets ready to host the 2019 Optimist World Championship, we were delighted to interview Karl James; Manager of Dinghy Sailing and Youth Training at the Antigua Yacht Club, 2 time Olympian and professional sailor. Having taught 1000s of Antiguans how to.... Thursday Night Racing – Every Thursday Night.

source: refinedweb

textbook:
Title: Introduction to Sailing

## Chapter 1: What is Sailing?
Sailing is a sport or recreational activity that involves operating a sailboat on water. It is a popular pastime around the world, and can be enjoyed by people of all ages and skill levels. In this lesson, we will learn about the basics of sailing, including the different types of boats, equipment, and techniques used to navigate the water.

## Chapter 2: Types of Boats
There are several different types of boats used for sailing, each designed for specific purposes and conditions. Some common types of boats include:

1. Dinghies: These are small, lightweight boats typically used for racing or training. They are often equipped with a single sail and can be easily maneuvered by one or two people.

2. Keelboats: These are larger boats with a fixed keel (a heavy blade at the bottom of the hull) that provides stability and prevents the boat from capsizing. Keelboats can range in size from 10 feet to over 60 feet and are often used for cruising or long-distance racing.

3. Catamarans: These are boats with two hulls connected by a frame or beam. They are designed to provide greater stability and speed than monohull boats (which have only one hull). Catamarans are often used for recreational sailing, as well as for racing and other competitive events.

4. Multihulls: These are boats with more than two hulls, such as trimarans (three hulls) or quadrimarans (four hulls). Multihulls are generally faster and more stable than monohulls, making them popular for offshore racing and other high-performance sailing.

## Chapter 3: Equipment and Techniques
To sail a boat, you will need several pieces of equipment, including:

1. Sails: These are large pieces of fabric attached to a mast and boom that catch the wind and propel the boat forward. There are different types of sails for different types of boats, including mainsails, jibs, and spinnakers.

2. Rigging: This refers to the ropes and cables that support the mast and control the sails. Rigging includes items like halyards, sheets, and shrouds.

3. Steering: Most sailboats have a tiller or wheel that allows the skipper to steer the boat. Some also have a rudder, which is a blade mounted beneath the waterline that controls the direction of the boat.

4. Navigation: To sail safely and efficiently, you will need to know how to navigate your boat using maps, compasses, and other tools. You should also be familiar with basic marine navigation rules and safety procedures.

5. Safety gear: In addition to life jackets and other personal safety equipment, you should also carry items like flares, radios, and first aid kits on board your boat.

Once you have your equipment and knowledge of sailing basics, you can begin practicing your techniques on the water. Some common sailing maneuvers include:

1. Tacking: This is when you turn the bow of your boat upwind to change direction.

2. Jibing: This is when you turn the bow downwind to change direction.

3. Heaving-to: This is when you stop the boat by lashing the helm and letting out the sails.

4. Reefing: This is when you reduce the size of your sails to handle strong winds or storms.

5. Anchoring: This is when you secure your boat to the bottom of the ocean using an anchor and rope.

## Chapter 4: Practical Examples
Now that we have learned about the basics of sailing, let's put our knowledge to work with some real-world scenarios.

Scenario 1: You are sailing your dinghy on a calm day when suddenly the wind picks up. What should you do?

Answer: If the wind picks up suddenly while you are sailing, you should first check your rigging to make sure everything is secure. Then, depending on the wind strength, you may want to reef your sails (reduce their size) to maintain control of your boat. Finally, keep an eye on the weather and be prepared to take action if conditions worsen.

Scenario 2: You are sailing your catamaran on a long trip when you encounter rough seas. How can you stay safe and comfortable?

Answer: When sailing in rough seas, it's important to take extra precautions to ensure your safety and the safety of your crew. Make sure your rigging is secure and that you have enough food, water, and other supplies on board. Keep an eye on the weather and adjust your course accordingly. Finally, always wear your life jacket and use appropriate safety gear whenever conditions are challenging.

## Chapter 5: Glossary
Here are some key terms we've introduced in this lesson:

- Dinghy: A small, lightweight boat typically used for racing or training.
- Keelboat: A larger boat with a fixed keel that provides stability and prevents capsizing.
- Catamaran: A boat with two hulls connected by a frame or beam, designed for greater stability and speed.
- Multihull: A boat with more than two hulls, such as a trimaran or quadrimaran.
- Sail: A large piece of fabric attached to a mast and boom that catches the wind and propels the boat forward.
- Rigging: The ropes and cables that support the mast and control the sails.
- Steering: The mechanism used to control the direction of the boat, usually a tiller or wheel.
- Navigation: The practice of planning and following a course on the water, using maps, compasses, and other tools.
- Safety gear: Equipment designed to protect you and your crew while sailing, such as life jackets and flares.

## Conclusion
In this lesson, we have explored the basics of sailing, from the different types of boats and equipment to the techniques used to navigate the water. By understanding these fundamentals, you can begin to develop your skills as a sailor and enjoy this exciting and rewarding activity. Whether you are just starting out or have been sailing for years, there is always something new to learn and discover on the water.


text: Nothing built into the software, you would need to render the video locally and upload manually or upload to YouTube and tweet a link.. Which size and format (from the downloading options we have in VideoScribe) would work better for Twitter.I would like to upload directly from my desktop. Thanks!. You should probably Google Twitter's requirements and then choose a video size and format based on your findings.. Alex Pastrana. Is there any way to share a video directly to twitter?

textbook:
Lesson Title: How to Choose the Right Video Size and Format for Twitter

Introduction:
In today's digital age, social media has become an essential tool for communication and information sharing. One of the most popular social media platforms is Twitter, which allows users to share videos up to 2 minutes and 20 seconds long. However, choosing the right video size and format can be challenging, especially if you want your video to look good and be easily shared. In this lesson, we will explore the different video sizes and formats that work best for Twitter and how to choose the right one for your needs.

Section 1: Understanding Twitter Video Requirements

Topic 1: Video Size
Twitter accepts videos in different sizes, including 1:26:9, 1:3:4, and 1:1. The recommended size for Twitter videos is 1:26:9, but it is not mandatory. However, this aspect ratio ensures that your video will fill the entire screen on mobile devices without letterboxing or cropping.

Topic 2: Video Format
Twitter accepts videos in various formats, including MP4, MOV, and AVI. The recommended format is MP4, as it is widely supported and provides good quality.

Section 2: Choosing the Right Video Size and Format

Questions:
- Should I use the recommended video size of 1:26:9?
- Can I use a different aspect ratio?
- What is the best video format to use?

Answers:
- If you want your video to look good and be easily shared on Twitter, it is recommended to use the 1:26:9 aspect ratio.
- Yes, you can use a different aspect ratio, but it may not fill the entire screen on mobile devices.
- The best video format to use is MP4, as it is widely supported and provides good quality.

Practical Example:
Suppose you want to create a Twitter video about your latest product launch. You decide to use a vertical video with an aspect ratio of 9:16. To ensure that your video looks good and is easily shared on Twitter, you should export your video in MP4 format at 1080p resolution, ensuring that it is less than 512MB in size.

Conclusion:
Choosing the right video size and format for Twitter can be a daunting task, but understanding the platform's requirements and best practices can help you create high-quality videos that are easily shared. By following the guidelines provided in this lesson, you can choose the right video size and format for your needs and ensure that your video looks good and is easily shared on Twitter.

Glossary:
- Aspect Ratio: The ratio of the width to the height of a video.
- Resolution: The number of pixels in an image or video.
- Codec: A compression algorithm used to compress and decompress digital data.
- Letterboxing: The practice of adding bars or a border to the image to maintain its original aspect ratio when displaying it in a smaller window.

Self-Debate Discussion:
What factors should you consider when choosing the right video size and format for Twitter? How do these factors affect the quality and shareability of your video?


text: MusicianPromote selects MusicDish PR Service Platform to power fully functional newswire and MusicianPromote PR service. (Bluehost/PRWEB ) June 6, 2008 -- MusicianPromote.com, an Internet music promotion and press release site, announced the launch of MusicianPromote PR Newswire... "This adds another service arm that reaches out to our artist clientele" said founder Fred Demming." Artist now have an affordable online music promotion and press release distribution ".. MusicianPromote.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Press Release Distribution

## Section 1: Theoretical Concepts
A press release is a written or recorded communication directed at news media for the purpose of announcing something newsworthy. It is a tool used by businesses, organizations, and individuals to share information with the public. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of press release distribution and how it can benefit musicians and other artists.

## Section 2: Practical Examples
Let's say a musician named John has just released a new album. He wants to let people know about it so they can listen to his music and potentially buy it. John can write a press release about his album and distribute it to various news outlets through a press release distribution service. This way, his album will be featured on websites, blogs, and social media platforms, increasing his exposure and reach.

## Section 3: Real-World Scenarios
Now, let's imagine that a music festival is coming up and organizers want to attract as many attendees as possible. They can write a press release about the event, including details such as the lineup, location, and ticket prices. By distributing this press release to various news outlets, the festival will gain more visibility and potentially attract more people to attend.

## Glossary
- Press Release: A written or recorded communication directed at news media for the purpose of announcing something newsworthy.
- Press Release Distribution: The process of sharing a press release with various news outlets to increase visibility and reach.
- Exposure: The amount of attention or awareness generated by publicity or advertising.
- Reach: The number of people who see or hear your message.

## Conclusion
In conclusion, press release distribution is a powerful tool that can help musicians and other artists reach a wider audience. By writing a compelling press release and distributing it to various news outlets, artists can gain exposure and increase their reach. This skill can be applied to various scenarios, such as promoting a new album, event, or product.


text: “The FreeForm Modeling system provides excellent modeling capabilities and enables us to convert STL-data to NURBS surfaces.” - Janina Döhrmann, C. Behrens Formen & Design GmbH. The Hand Sketch. C. Behrens Formen & Design GmbH is a company based in Germany that specializes in the manufacturing of molds and aluminum-lasts for the shoe industry.. Behrens created a safety sole for the ladies shoe, “VENEZIA”, using a combination of digital technologies including Geomagic FreeForm Plus system and Rhino.. Work began with an initial project briefing with Behrens’ customer, Schomburg & Graf. - Shoe to be produced with and without a steel inlay. - Cemented sole. Behrens then created and presented a hand sketch of the shoe sole.. C. Behrens Formen & Design GmbH

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

**Objective:** Understand the basics of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and its applications in various industries.

**Section 1: Theory**

- **What is CAD?** CAD is a computer software application used to design and create 2D or 3D models of objects.
- **Why use CAD?** CAD allows for precise and accurate design, reduces errors, and saves time and money.
- **Types of CAD software** There are different types of CAD software, such as parametric, direct, and solid modeling.

**Section 2: Practice**

- **Creating a 3D model** Using a CAD software, create a simple 3D model of a box.
- **Importing data** Import data from other sources, such as scanned data or images, into the CAD software.
- **Applying design rules** Use design rules to ensure that the model meets certain criteria, such as size, weight, and strength.

**Section 3: Application**

- **Industry examples** Explore how CAD is used in different industries, such as automotive, architecture, and engineering.
- **Case study: Shoe sole design** Analyze how CAD was used to design a shoe sole using the Geomagic FreeForm Plus system and Rhino.
- **Future applications** Discuss potential future applications of CAD, such as in the medical field or space exploration.

**Glossary**

- CAD: Computer-Aided Design
- Parametric modeling: A type of CAD software that uses parameters to define the design.
- Direct modeling: A type of CAD software that allows for direct manipulation of geometry.
- Solid modeling: A type of CAD software that creates solid models from 3D shapes.

**Conclusion**

Understanding CAD and its applications can be valuable in many fields. By learning the basics of CAD, you can become more efficient and accurate in your designs, leading to better products and outcomes.


text:
The following disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for previewing edited video.
A video editing application allows a user to generate an output video sequence from various video sources. A video camera can capture and encode video information in various video formats (e.g., MPEG, AVI, or DV) that can be used as video sources. A user can make edits to create a video sequence composed of desired portions of the video sources and to add effects thereto.
Some video editing applications include features allowing users to preview an output video sequence. A user may want to experiment with different types of effects, or place effects at different positions along a timeline. A user may also want to check actual colors on an NTSC display device. By using the preview feature, a temporary output video sequence can be played back immediately after generating the video sequence. But, the processing required for rendering multiple video formats and/or complex edits in substantially real time can lead to playback with unintentionally dropped frames or a lowered video quality.
Another feature that is available in some video editing applications allows rendering an output video sequence for persistent storage. In rendering, the native formats are transformed to a single output format. The rendered video can be persistently stored as a file. However, persistent rendering can require significantly more time than previewing such that repeated re-rendering is impractical during video editing.

source: minipile

textbook:
Lesson: Previewing Edited Video

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of previewing edited video and how it helps in creating a better video sequence. We will also discuss the different types of video sources and formats that can be used to create a video sequence.

Main Topic:
1. Importance of Previewing Edited Video
2. Types of Video Sources and Formats
3. Creating a Video Sequence
4. Effects and Transitions
5. Rendering an Output Video Sequence

Subtopic 1: Importance of Previewing Edited Video
- Previewing an edited video allows users to see the final output before rendering the entire video sequence.
- This feature helps users to make any necessary changes to the video sequence before finalizing it.
- Previewing also helps users to check the actual colors on an NTSC display device.

Subtopic 2: Types of Video Sources and Formats
- Video sources can be captured using a video camera or downloaded from the internet.
- Video formats include MPEG, AVI, and DV.
- Users can choose the appropriate format depending on the type of video source and the desired output quality.

Subtopic 3: Creating a Video Sequence
- Users can make edits to create a video sequence composed of desired portions of the video sources.
- They can also add effects such as transitions and animations to enhance the video sequence.
- Users can use various tools to trim, crop, and rotate the video sources.

Subtopic 4: Effects and Transitions
- Effects can be added to enhance the video sequence and make it more interesting.
- Transitions can be used to connect different video sources seamlessly.
- Users can choose from a variety of effects and transitions available in the video editing application.

Subtopic 5: Rendering an Output Video Sequence
- Rendering an output video sequence involves converting the edited video into a format that can be played back on a display device.
- The processing required for rendering multiple video formats and complex edits can lead to playback with unintentionally dropped frames or lowered video quality.
- Users can choose the desired output format and quality based on the intended use of the video sequence.

Conclusion:
In summary, previewing edited video is an essential feature in video editing applications that allows users to see the final output before rendering the entire video sequence. Users can experiment with different types of effects and add them to the video sequence to create a more interesting and engaging video. By understanding the different video sources and formats, users can choose the appropriate one for their video sequence. Finally, by rendering an output video sequence, users can create a high-quality video that can be played back on various display devices.

Glossary:
- Video sources: The raw footage that is used to create a video sequence.
- Formats: The file format used to store video information.
- Video sequence: A series of video sources arranged in a specific order.
- Effects: Visual or audio enhancements added to a video sequence.
- Transitions: Visual or audio cues used to connect different video sources.
- Rendering: The process of converting an edited video into a format that can be played back on a display device.

Glossary:
- Video sources: The raw footage that is used to create a video sequence.
- Formats: The file format used to store video information.
- Video sequence: A series of video sources arranged in a specific order.
- Effects: Visual or audio enhancements added to a video sequence.
- Transitions: Visual or audio cues used to connect different video sources.
- Rendering: The process of converting an edited video into a format that can be played back on a display device.


text: Bauschke, Heinz H. and Borwein, Jonathan M. (1996) On Projection Algorithms for Solving Convex Feasibility Problems. SIAM Review, 38 (3). pp. 367-426.. Due to their extraordinary utility and broad applicability in many areas of classical mathematics and modern physical sciences (most notably, computerized tomography), algorithms for solving convex feasibility problems continue to receive great attention. To unify, generalize, and review some of these algorithms, a very broad and flexible framework is investigated. Several crucial new concepts which allow a systematic discussion of questions on behaviour in general Hilbert spaces and on the quality of convergence are brought out. Numerous examples are given.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Solving Convex Feasibility Problems

Introduction:
Convex feasibility problems are an essential part of many areas of mathematics and science. They involve finding a solution that satisfies a set of constraints, where the constraints are described by convex sets. In this lesson, we will learn about projection algorithms for solving convex feasibility problems.

Section 1: Theoretical Concepts

1. What is a convex set?
A convex set is a collection of points in a vector space that is closed under linear combinations. This means that if you add together two points in the set, the result is also in the set.

2. What is a feasibility problem?
A feasibility problem is a type of optimization problem where the goal is to find a solution that satisfies a set of constraints. These constraints can be described by convex sets.

3. What is a projection algorithm?
A projection algorithm is a method for finding the point closest to a given target point while satisfying a set of constraints. In the context of convex feasibility problems, the constraints are described by convex sets.

Section 2: Practical Examples

1. Consider a convex feasibility problem with the following constraints: x ∈ [-1, 1] and y ≥ 0. Suppose we want to find the minimum value of x^2 + y^2. Can we use a projection algorithm to solve this problem?

Answer: Yes, we can use a projection algorithm to solve this problem. The algorithm would project the point (x, y) onto the feasible region defined by the constraints and then minimize the objective function x^2 + y^2 within the feasible region.

2. How does the projection algorithm work for the problem in example 1?

Answer: First, we need to find the feasible region defined by the constraints. In this case, the feasible region is a rectangle with vertices at (-1, 0), (1, 0), (1, 0), and (-1, 0). We can project any point (x, y) onto this region by taking the component-wise minimum of the point and the vertices of the feasible region. Once we have the projected point, we can minimize the objective function x^2 + y^2 within the feasible region.

Section 3: Self-Debating Discussions

1. Why is it important to use a projection algorithm when solving convex feasibility problems?

Answer: Using a projection algorithm ensures that the solution satisfies the constraints defined by the convex sets. This is important because it guarantees that the solution is optimal within the constraints and is therefore the best possible solution to the problem.

2. How does the choice of the initial point affect the performance of the projection algorithm?

Answer: The choice of the initial point can have a significant impact on the performance of the projection algorithm. If the initial point is close to the optimal solution, the algorithm will converge more quickly. On the other hand, if the initial point is far from the optimal solution, the algorithm may take longer to converge or may not converge at all. Therefore, it is important to choose an appropriate initial point for the algorithm.

Glossary:
- Convex set: A collection of points in a vector space that is closed under linear combinations.
- Feasibility problem: An optimization problem where the goal is to find a solution that satisfies a set of constraints.
- Projection algorithm: A method for finding the point closest to a given target point while satisfying a set of constraints.

Conclusion:
Solving convex feasibility problems is an important skill in many areas of mathematics and science. By learning about projection algorithms, we can find solutions that satisfy the constraints defined by convex sets. This is important because it ensures that the solution is optimal within the constraints and is therefore the best possible solution to the problem.


text: Biothera Pharmaceuticals to Present at the Canaccord Genuity Growth Conference. EAGAN, MN — August 3, 2016 — Biothera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. today announced that Chief Executive Officer Barry Labinger will present at the Canaccord Genuity 36th Annual Growth Conference on Wednesday, August 10, 2016 at 11:30 a.m. Eastern Time in Boston, Mass. Mr. Labinger will provide an overview of Biothera Pharmaceuticals and a business update.. The Company is currently planning phase 2 clinical trials to evaluate Imprime PGG in combination with checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC, triple negative breast cancer, melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.. David Walsh. SVP Communications. Biothera Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. 651-256-4606. dwalsh@biothera.com

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Business Conferences and Presentations

Introduction:
Business conferences are events where people in the same industry come together to discuss and learn about the latest trends, products, and services. These conferences provide an opportunity for companies to showcase their products and services, network with other professionals, and make new business connections. In this lesson, we will learn about business conferences, the role of presentations in these events, and the importance of effective communication in business.

Section 1: Understanding Business Conferences

Topic 1: What is a business conference?
A business conference is an event where professionals in the same industry come together to discuss and learn about the latest trends, products, and services. These events are usually organized by industry associations or companies and can last anywhere from a few hours to several days.

Topic 2: Why attend a business conference?
Attending a business conference provides several benefits, including:

- Learning about the latest industry trends and developments
- Networking with other professionals in the industry
- Discovering new products and services that can help your business grow
- Meeting potential customers, partners, and suppliers
- Gaining insights into the competition

Section 2: The Role of Presentations in Business Conferences

Topic 1: What is a presentation?
A presentation is a formal talk or demonstration that is designed to inform, persuade, or entertain an audience. In the context of a business conference, presentations are usually given by company representatives to showcase their products or services, share industry insights, or discuss the latest research and development.

Topic 2: Why are presentations important in business conferences?
Presentations play a crucial role in business conferences for several reasons:

- They provide an opportunity for companies to showcase their products and services to potential customers and partners
- They allow industry experts to share their knowledge and insights with other professionals
- They help attendees stay up-to-date with the latest trends and developments in the industry
- They provide a platform for networking and building new business relationships

Section 3: Effective Communication in Business Presentations

Topic 1: What makes a good presentation?
A good presentation is one that is well-prepared, engaging, and effectively communicates the intended message to the audience. Some key elements of a good presentation include:

- Clear and concise messaging
- Relevant and compelling visuals
- A well-structured narrative that flows logically
- Engaging delivery that captures the audience's attention
- A clear call-to-action that motivates the audience to take action

Topic 2: How can I improve my presentation skills?
To improve your presentation skills, you can:

- Practice your delivery and rehearse your presentation multiple times before the event
- Use visual aids such as slides, videos, or props to support your message
- Focus on your body language and tone of voice to engage the audience
- Be prepared to answer questions from the audience and handle unexpected situations gracefully
- Seek feedback from others to identify areas for improvement

Glossary:
- Business conference: An event where professionals in the same industry come together to discuss and learn about the latest trends, products, and services.
- Presentation: A formal talk or demonstration designed to inform, persuade, or entertain an audience.
- Visual aids: Tools such as slides, videos, or props used to support the message in a presentation.

Conclusion:
Effective communication is essential in business, and presentations are a critical component of business conferences. By understanding the role of presentations in these events and focusing on effective communication strategies, you can improve your presentation skills and make a positive impact on your audience.


text: Distance from Cabery, IL to Pepeekeo, HI. Driving distance between Cabery, IL and Pepeekeo, HI is 0 miles (or 0 kilometers). If you drove an average car (using about 3.6 gallons of gas per mile), the gas would cost you around $, since you would need about gallons of fuel.. Leaving from Cabery, IL you would reach Pepeekeo, HI in about 0 seconds if you keep an average speed of miles per hour, assuming you don’t make any breaks or get stuck in traffic.

textbook:
Lesson: How to calculate distance between two places using maps and formulas

**Introduction:** In this lesson, we will learn how to calculate the distance between two places using maps and formulas. We will use the example of Cabery, IL and Pepeekeo, HI to demonstrate the process.

**Section 1: Theoretical Concepts**

- Distance is the amount of space between two points.
- To calculate distance, we can use the Pythagorean theorem, which states that the distance between two points is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of their differences in the x and y axes.
- Alternatively, we can use the great circle distance formula, which calculates the shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere.

**Section 2: Practical Examples**

- Using the Pythagorean theorem, let's calculate the distance between Cabery, IL and Pepeekeo, HI. First, we need to convert the latitude and longitude of both places into degrees.
- The formula for calculating distance using the Pythagorean theorem is: distance = sqrt((lat1 - lat2)^2 + (lon1 - lon2)^2)
- Plugging in the values, we get: distance = sqrt((41.5833 - 19.6417)^2 + (-87.9167 - -159.9167)^2) = 3947.99 miles
- Using the great circle distance formula, the distance between Cabery, IL and Pepeekeo, HI is approximately 3948 miles.

**Section 3: Real-World Scenarios**

- Let's say you are planning a road trip from Cabery, IL to Pepeekeo, HI. You can use the distance formula to determine how many miles you will be driving.
- Additionally, you can use the formula to plan your route and estimate the time it will take to arrive at your destination.
- The distance formula can also be used in other scenarios, such as calculating the distance between two cities for a flight, or determining the distance between two points on a map.

**Glossary:**
- Distance: The amount of space between two points.
- Pythagorean theorem: A mathematical theorem that states that the distance between two points is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of their differences in the x and y axes.
- Great circle distance formula: A formula that calculates the shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere.

**Conclusion:** In this lesson, we learned how to calculate the distance between two places using maps and formulas. We can use this skill to plan trips, estimate travel times, and determine distances between cities for flights. By mastering this skill, we can become better navigators and more efficient planners.


text:
Q:

operations in pandas DataFrame

I have a fairly large (~5000 rows) DataFrame, with a number of variables, say 2 ['max', 'min'], sorted by 4 parameters, ['Hs', 'Tp', 'wd', 'seed']. It looks like this:
>>> data.head()
   Hs  Tp   wd  seed  max  min
0   1   9  165    22  225   18
1   1   9  195    16  190   18
2   2   5  165    43  193   12
3   2  10  180    15  141   22
4   1   6  180    17  219   18
>>> len(data)
4500

I want to keep only the first 2 parameters and get the maximum standard deviation for all 'seed's calculated individually for each 'wd'.
In the end, I'm left with unique (Hs, Tp) pairs with the maximum standard deviations for each variable. Something like:
>>> stdev.head()
  Hs Tp       max       min
0  1  5  43.31321  4.597629
1  1  6  43.20004  4.640795
2  1  7  47.31507  4.569408
3  1  8  41.75081  4.651762
4  1  9  41.35818  4.285991
>>> len(stdev)
30

The following code does what I want, but since I have little understanding about DataFrames, I'm wondering if these nested loops can be done in a different and more DataFramy way =)
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

#
#data = pd.read_table('data.txt')
#
# don't worry too much about this ugly generator,
# it just emulates the format of my data...
total = 4500
data = pd.DataFrame()
data['Hs'] = np.random.randint(1,4,size=total)
data['Tp'] = np.random.randint(5,15,size=total)
data['wd'] = [[165, 180, 195][np.random.randint(0,3)] for _ in xrange(total)]
data['seed'] = np.random.randint(1,51,size=total)
data['max'] = np.random.randint(100,250,size=total)
data['min'] = np.random.randint(10,25,size=total)

# and here it starts. would the creators of pandas pull their hair out if they see this?
# can this be made better?
stdev = pd.DataFrame(columns = ['Hs', 'Tp', 'max', 'min'])
i=0
for hs in set(data['Hs']):
    data_Hs = data[data['Hs'] == hs]
    for tp in set(data_Hs['Tp']):
        data_tp = data_Hs[data_Hs['Tp'] == tp]
        stdev.loc[i] = [
               hs,
               tp,
               max([np.std(data_tp[data_tp['wd']==wd]['max']) for wd in set(data_tp['wd'])]),
               max([np.std(data_tp[data_tp['wd']==wd]['min']) for wd in set(data_tp['wd'])])]
        i+=1

Thanks!
PS: if curious, this is statistics on variables depending on sea waves. Hs is wave height, Tp wave period, wd wave direction, the seeds represent different realizations of an irregular wave train, and min and max are the peaks or my variable during a certain exposition time. After all this, by means of the standard deviation and average, I can fit some distribution to the data, like Gumbel.

A:

This could be a one-liner, if I understood you correctly:
data.groupby(['Hs', 'Tp', 'wd'])[['max', 'min']].std(ddof=0).max(level=[0, 1])

(include reset_index() on the end if you want)

textbook:
Sure, here is a self-taught lesson on how to perform operations in pandas DataFrame:
# Introduction
Pandas is a powerful library in Python that allows us to manipulate and analyze data efficiently. In this lesson, we will learn how to perform operations in a pandas DataFrame.
# Section 1: Loading Data
The first step in working with a pandas DataFrame is to load the data. We can use the `read_csv()` function to load data from a CSV file or the `read_table()` function to load data from a table.
```python
import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv('data.csv')
```
# Section 2: Basic Operations
Once we have loaded the data, we can perform basic operations such as selecting columns, filtering rows, and sorting data.
```python
# Select columns
data[['column1', 'column2']]

# Filter rows
data[data['column1'] > 10]

# Sort data
data.sort_values(by=['column1'], ascending=False)
```
# Section 3: Advanced Operations
We can also perform advanced operations such as grouping data, calculating statistics, and performing complex calculations.
```python
# Group data by column1
grouped_data = data.groupby('column1')['column2'].mean()

# Calculate standard deviation
stdev = grouped_data.apply(lambda x: np.std(x))

# Perform complex calculations
result = (data['column1'] * data['column2']) ** 2
```
# Conclusion
In this lesson, we learned how to perform operations in a pandas DataFrame. We started with basic operations such as selecting columns and filtering rows, and moved on to advanced operations such as grouping data and calculating statistics. By the end of this lesson, you should be able to efficiently manipulate and analyze data using pandas.
# Glossary
- DataFrame: A two-dimensional table with labeled axes and a collection of observations.
- Groupby: A function that groups data together based on a specific condition.
- Mean: The sum of the values divided by the number of values in the group.
- Standard deviation: A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of data values.
- Apply: A function that applies a function of one arguments to an entire axis of a dataframe or Series.
# Glossary
- DataFrame: A two-dimensional table with labeled axes and a collection of observations.
- Groupby: A function that groups data together based on a specific condition.
- Mean: The sum of the values divided by the number of values in the group.
- Standard deviation: A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of data values.
- Apply: A function that applies a function of one arguments to an entire axis of a dataframe or Series.


text:
Exemplary embodiments pertain to the art of motor vehicles and, more particularly, to an internal combustion engine for a motor vehicle having a change of mind (COM) starter system.
Internal combustion engines generally include a starter motor. The starter motor is electrically energized to initiate operation of the internal combustion engine. A typical starter includes a starter motor that generates torque that is passed to a pinion gear and a solenoid. The solenoid shifts the pinion gear into engagement with a ring gear on the internal combustion engine. Once engaged, the starter motor rotates the pinion to spin the ring gear and initiate operation of the internal combustion engine.
In a standard starter motor a generally stationary pinion is shifted into engagement with a stationary ring gear. The pinion is shifted such that pinion teeth enter a gap between ring gear teeth for engagement. A standard starter motor is not typically, intentionally, energized to engage a rotating pinion. Such an engagement typically results in clashing gears and potential gear damage. In a change of mind (COM) starter, a pinion may be shifted into a rotating ring gear spinning within a speed band. Generally, the pinion is rotated to a particular speed prior to engagement with the rotating ring gear. Thus, a typical COM starter includes a ring gear speed sensor and a pinion speed sensor. In operation, if ignition is re-initiated while the ring gear is moving, a first coil of the solenoid initiates rotation of the pinion. When the pinion and ring gear are within a predetermined rotational range, as detected by the pinion speed sensor and ring gear speed sensor, a second coil of the solenoid shifts the pinion into the ring gear to re-establish operation of the internal combustion engine.

textbook:
Lesson: How an Internal Combustion Engine Works

## Introduction

An internal combustion engine is a type of engine that uses fuel and air to create a small explosion inside the engine. This explosion pushes a piston, which turns the crankshaft and powers the car. In this lesson, we will learn about how an internal combustion engine works, including the parts of the engine and how they work together.

## Section 1: Understanding the Parts of an Internal Combustion Engine

### Subsection 1.1: The Cylinder

The cylinder is the part of the engine where the explosion happens. It is a hollow space inside the engine where the piston moves up and down.

### Subsection 1.2: The Piston

The piston is a solid piece that moves up and down inside the cylinder. It is connected to the crankshaft by a rod called the connecting rod. When the explosion happens, the piston moves down, pushing on the connecting rod and turning the crankshaft.

### Subsection 1.3: The Crankshaft

The crankshaft is a big wheel that turns back and forth. It is connected to the pistons by the connecting rods. As the pistons move up and down, they turn the crankshaft, which sends power to the car's wheels.

### Subsection 1.4: The Spark Plug

The spark plug is a small device that sits at the top of the cylinder. It creates a spark that ignites the fuel and air mixture inside the cylinder, causing the explosion.

### Subsection 1.5: The Intake and Exhaust Valves

The intake and exhaust valves are small openings in the cylinder head. They open and close to let air and fuel in during the intake stroke and to let exhaust out during the exhaust stroke.

## Section 2: How the Engine Works

### Subsection 2.1: The Intake Stroke

During the intake stroke, the intake valve opens and the piston moves down, creating a vacuum that sucks in air and fuel through the intake manifold.

### Subsection 2.2: The Compression Stroke

During the compression stroke, the intake valve closes and the piston moves up, compressing the air and fuel mixture in the cylinder.

### Subsection 2.3: The Power Stroke

During the power stroke, the spark plug ignites the compressed air and fuel mixture, causing an explosion. This explosion pushes the piston down, turning the crankshaft and sending power to the car's wheels.

### Subsection 2.4: The Exhaust Stroke

During the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve opens and the piston moves up, pushing out the exhaust gases through the exhaust pipe.

## Section 3: Applying What We Learned

Now that we understand how an internal combustion engine works, we can apply this knowledge to other situations. For example, we can use this information to understand why our car might be making strange noises or why it is not running as well as it used to. We can also use this knowledge to understand how to maintain our car and keep it running smoothly.

## Glossary

Cylinder: A hollow space inside the engine where the piston moves up and down.

Piston: A solid piece that moves up and down inside the cylinder, connected to the crankshaft by a connecting rod.

Crankshaft: A big wheel that turns back and forth, connected to the pistons by the connecting rods.

Spark plug: A small device that creates a spark that ignites the fuel and air mixture inside the cylinder.

Intake and Exhaust Valves: Small openings in the cylinder head that open and close to let air and fuel in during the intake stroke and to let exhaust out during the exhaust stroke.

Conclusion

In this lesson, we learned about how an internal combustion engine works, including the parts of the engine and how they work together. We can use this knowledge to understand why our car might be making strange noises or why it is not running as well as it used to. We can also use this knowledge to understand how to maintain our car and keep it running smoothly.


text:
On Dec. 15, The Washington Post published a report detailing a list of words they said the Trump administration had forbidden the Center for Disease Control from using in briefings. But while the existence of this list has been confirmed by multiple CDC sources, the nature of the so-called “ban” and who ordered it are still not entirely clear.

Naturally, upon reports of the list, scientists and those who believe in the scientific process were up in arms across the country. The list, which was comprised of the words “vulnerable,” “entitlement,” “diversity,” “transgender,” “fetus,” “evidence-based” and “science-based,” obviously presented a direct threat to scientific advancement, inclusion and transparency in the United States. But then other reports began to trickle in.

The New York Times quickly got in on the story, publishing their own article that didn’t implicate the Trump administration directly. After interviewing several former and current officials from both the CDC and Health and Human Services (which is more involved with the budgeting process), NYT came away with a different story. Here they are quoting a spokesman for HHS—the cabinet-level department overseeing the CDC:

“The assertion that H.H.S. has ‘banned words’ is a complete mischaracterization of discussions regarding the budget formulation process,” an agency spokesman, Matt Lloyd, said in an email. “H.H.S. will continue to use the best scientific evidence available to improve the health of all Americans. H.H.S. also strongly encourages the use of outcome and evidence data in program evaluations and budget decisions.”

The list of words does exist, but if they aren’t banned words, what are they? Well, the list was first unveiled at meeting of senior CDC officials to discuss budgeting with HHS officials. Here’s what a former CDC official had to say about the list as it pertained to the CDC’s budget:

“It’s absurd and Orwellian, it’s stupid and Orwellian, but they are not saying to not use the words in reports or articles or scientific publications or anything else the C.D.C. does,” the former official said. “They’re saying not to use it in your request for money because it will hurt you. It’s not about censoring what C.D.C. can say to the American public. It’s about a budget strategy to get funded.”

By that account, the ban list is less government censorship and more scientists trying to coax science-averse Republicans into funding their proposals. That would mean the list is an internal strategy, designed to diplomatically navigate a conservative group which holds the reins to the funding the CDC needs. This jibes with WaPo’s claim that the CDC had suggested alternative words or phrases to use instead of the seven words. If the “ban” list came from within the CDC and HHS, it would make sense for them to suggest alternative ways to say the same thing.

Still, PBS notes that some scientists say a list of discouraged words, even if they’re not outright banned, will direct policy at the CDC, and will be seen as an indirect order to give those issues short shrift.

Finally, the CDC director Brenna Fitzgerald took to social media to try to clear the air. And while she did make it very clear that the CDC would certainly not be outright banning specific words in their reports, she didn’t mention who actually came up with the ban or what was actually said at the meeting:

You may be understandably concerned about recent media reports alleging that CDC is banned from using certain words in budget documents. I want to assure you that CDC remains committed to our public health mission as a science- and evidence-based institution. — Dr Brenda Fitzgerald (@CDCDirector) December 17, 2017

With the director asserting there are no banned words, the likelihood of the list being an internal document rises. It means that the list of seven words was most likely a budget strategy floated by the CDC in an effort to get as much money as possible from a government controlled by conservatives. So while we probably can’t directly blame the Trump administration for cut-and-dried censorship, we can still blame Republicans in Congress and in Trump’s administration for being so notoriously, idiotically anti-science that senior CDC officials are trying to avoid using the word itself when asking for money.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Scientific Language

Introduction:
Science is a way of understanding the world around us. It uses a special language to describe observations, experiments, and theories. This language helps scientists communicate their findings to others, so that they can be tested and replicated. In this lesson, we will learn about the importance of scientific language and how it is used in different fields of science.

Section 1: The Role of Scientific Language

Topic 1: Definition
- Scientific language is a specialized vocabulary used by scientists to describe observations, experiments, and theories.
- It includes technical terms, symbols, and abbreviations that have specific meanings within a particular field of science.

Topic 2: Examples
- In biology, scientists use terms like "cell" and "DNA" to describe the basic building blocks of life.
- In physics, scientists use terms like "force" and "momentum" to describe the behavior of matter and energy.
- In chemistry, scientists use terms like "reaction" and "equilibrium" to describe changes in matter and energy.

Section 2: Using Scientific Language

Topic 1: Writing Scientific Papers
- When writing scientific papers, it is important to use precise and accurate language to clearly communicate your ideas.
- Use technical terms and jargon that are specific to your field of study.
- Define any unfamiliar terms or abbreviations when you first introduce them.

Topic 2: Communicating with Other Scientists
- Scientific language is also important when communicating with other scientists.
- When presenting your research, use technical terms and jargon that are specific to your field of study.
- This allows other scientists to understand your work and build upon it.

Section 3: The Importance of Scientific Language

Topic 1: Accuracy
- Scientific language helps to ensure accuracy in communication.
- By using precise and specific terms, scientists can avoid confusion and misinterpretation of their ideas.

Topic 2: Consistency
- Scientific language helps to promote consistency in communication.
- By using the same terms and symbols, scientists can communicate complex ideas in a clear and consistent manner.

Topic 3: Progress
- Scientific language plays an important role in advancing scientific knowledge.
- By using precise and accurate language, scientists can build upon each other's work and make progress in their fields of study.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, scientific language is an essential tool for scientists. It helps to ensure accuracy, promote consistency, and advance scientific knowledge. By using technical terms, symbols, and abbreviations, scientists can clearly communicate their ideas and build upon each other's work. So next time you read a scientific paper or hear a scientist speak, remember the importance of scientific language and how it contributes to our understanding of the world around us.


text: Sue.”. SELECTED PRAISE FOR SUE WASSERMAN. “‘I breathed in green and exhaled edginess.’ That’s how Sue Wasserman describes a happenstance walk in nature. It’s also how I describe a walk through her book, A Moment’s Notice. Sue’s blend of organic photographs and poetic descriptions are treats for all readers. Novices will find this a convenient field guide and a delightful introduction. Those who are knowledgeable of the Blue Ridge flora will greet the splendor in her pages like old friends.” – Mary Zena White. “I'm so glad she wrote this book. It’s one of those books I will go back to for comfort or guidance through life...” – Connie Perotti. “A Moment’s Notice opens one’s eyes and heart to the beauty all around us that we overlook...but that the author did not. And for that I am grateful.” – Diane Miller

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Nature Appreciation

### Section 1: What is Nature Appreciation?
Nature appreciation is the act of recognizing and enjoying the beauty of the natural world around us. It involves taking time to observe and appreciate the plants, animals, and other elements of nature that surround us.

### Section 2: Why is Nature Appreciation Important?
Nature appreciation is important because it helps us connect with the world around us and reminds us of the beauty and wonder of the natural world. It can also help us develop a sense of respect and responsibility for our environment.

### Section 3: How can we Practice Nature Appreciation?
There are many ways to practice nature appreciation. Here are some ideas:
- Take a walk in the park or forest and observe the plants and animals around you.
- Spend time in your garden, appreciating the flowers, vegetables, and other plants that you are growing.
- Visit a museum or art gallery that features nature-themed artwork.
- Read books or watch documentaries about nature and the natural world.
- Take photos of the natural world and share them with others.

### Section 4: Conclusion
Nature appreciation is an important skill that can help us connect with the world around us and develop a sense of respect and responsibility for our environment. By practicing nature appreciation, we can learn to appreciate the beauty and wonder of the natural world and use this knowledge to make informed decisions about how we interact with our environment.


text: In a recent Tuesday morning creative inspiration meeting, our associate creative director Christine Andrews shared this very interesting TED Talk from legendary designer Paula Scher, about the difference between being serious in purpose and solemn in purpose.. The key takeaway for Christine: Serious design happens when you play and are willing to gamble against that which is common place.. Next time you are working on a new project, give yourself some time to play with it and see where your creativity takes you. It might drive you to do something seriously different.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Play in Design

Introduction:
Play is an essential part of our lives, and it can also be a powerful tool in the world of design. In this lesson, we will explore how play can help us think outside the box, take risks, and create truly innovative designs. We will examine the differences between being serious in purpose and solemn in purpose, and learn how embracing playfulness can lead to groundbreaking work.

Section 1: Understanding the Difference Between Being Serious in Purpose and Solemn in Purpose

Theodore Roosevelt once said, "People don't care how much you know until they know how much you care." This quote can also be applied to design. When we approach our work with a sense of playfulness and curiosity, we show our audience that we care about their experience and that we are invested in creating something meaningful for them.

Paula Scher, a legendary designer, explains the difference between being serious in purpose and solemn in purpose. Being serious in purpose means taking your work seriously without taking yourself too seriously. It means approaching your design with a sense of playfulness and experimentation, even if the subject matter is serious. On the other hand, being solemn in purpose means taking yourself too seriously, which can lead to stiff and uninspired designs.

Questions:
- What does it mean to be serious in purpose?
- How does being solemn in purpose differ from being serious in purpose?
- Can you think of any examples where being playful and experimental led to successful designs?

Section 2: The Power of Play in Design

Play is an essential part of the creative process. When we play, we allow ourselves to explore new ideas, take risks, and think outside the box. By embracing playfulness in our work, we can create designs that are fresh, innovative, and engaging.

One way to incorporate play into your design process is to set aside time for experimentation and exploration. Don't be afraid to try new things, even if they seem strange or unconventional. Remember that play is a way to push boundaries and challenge assumptions.

Questions:
- Why is play important in the creative process?
- How can you incorporate play into your design work?
- What are some ways to experiment and explore in your designs?

Section 3: Applying Playfulness to Real-World Design Scenarios

Now that we understand the importance of play in design, let's look at some real-world scenarios where playfulness can be applied.

Scenario 1: Designing a children's book
- Instead of sticking to traditional illustration styles, try incorporating bold colors and abstract shapes to capture the reader's attention and spark their imagination.
- Use playful language and wordplay to engage young readers and encourage them to interact with the story.

Scenario 2: Creating a brand identity for a startup
- Encourage collaboration and brainstorming sessions to generate a wide range of ideas. Don't be afraid to try something unconventional or unexpected.
- Use playful typography and color schemes to convey the company's personality and values.

Questions:
- How can playfulness be applied to a children's book design?
- What are some ways to incorporate playfulness into a brand identity for a startup?

Conclusion:
Play is an essential part of the design process. By embracing playfulness and experimentation, we can create designs that are fresh, innovative, and engaging. Whether you're designing a children's book or a brand identity for a startup, remember to approach your work with a sense of curiosity and openness. After all, as Paula Scher says, "Serious design happens when you play and are willing to gamble against that which is commonplace."

Glossary:
- Play: a form of activity that has no serious purpose, and is done for enjoyment and amusement.
- Experimentation: the act of conducting a scientific or medical experiment.
- Typography: the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable, and appealing when displayed.


text: Select language. If you’re serious about efficiency and achieving environmental goals, you need the Total Efficiency Ratio (TER) benchmark to clearly demonstrate the unrivalled performance of multi-pipe units. Validated by Eurovent as a certified indicator of performance, TER combines EER and COP in a well-defined formula providing the MOST accurate indicator of the unit's total efficiency when meeting the building's simultaneous cooling and heating demands.. Tracer™ UC800 controller with TD7 AdaptiView™ display

textbook:
Lesson: Understanding Total Efficiency Ratio (TER) in Air Conditioning Systems

### Introduction

In this lesson, we will learn about Total Efficiency Ratio (TER) in air conditioning systems. We will cover what TER is, why it is important, and how it can be calculated. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand and apply TER in real-world scenarios.

### What is TER?

Total Efficiency Ratio (TER) is a benchmark that measures the overall efficiency of a multi-pipe air conditioning system. It combines two other efficiency ratings, Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) and Coefficient of Performance (COP), into a single formula to provide a more accurate representation of the system's performance.

### Why is TER important?

TER is important because it provides a clear and accurate way to compare the efficiency of different air conditioning systems. By using TER, you can make an informed decision about which system will best meet your building's cooling and heating demands. Additionally, higher TER ratings indicate better energy efficiency, which can lead to cost savings and a reduced carbon footprint.

### How is TER calculated?

The formula for calculating TER is:

TER = (EER x COP) / 100

where EER is the Energy Efficiency Ratio and COP is the Coefficient of Performance. These ratings are typically provided by the manufacturer and can be found on the product specifications.

### Practical Examples

Let's say we have two air conditioning systems: System A and System B.

System A has an EER of 12 and a COP of 4.0. To calculate its TER, we would use the formula:

TER_A = (12 x 4.0) / 100 = 4.8

Now let's look at System B. It has an EER of 11 and a COP of 3.8. Using the same formula, we can calculate its TER:

TER_B = (11 x 3.8) / 100 = 4.18

Based on these calculations, System A has a higher TER than System B, indicating that it is more efficient at meeting the building's cooling and heating demands.

### Conclusion

Understanding TER is important for anyone who wants to make informed decisions about air conditioning systems. By using this benchmark, you can compare the efficiency of different systems and choose the one that best meets your needs. Additionally, higher TER ratings indicate better energy efficiency, leading to cost savings and a reduced carbon footprint.


text: Cultural Services (Archaeological & Anthropological ) are needed mainly for Mining and Exploration projects but they can sometimes come into play with development & subdivision. On the rare occasion that this happens, we will look after it and ensure the development goes ahead as well as possible.. Contact Grantley Leith.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Cultural Services in Mining and Exploration Projects

**Objective:** To understand the importance of cultural services in mining and exploration projects and their role in development and subdivision projects.

**Section 1: Theoretical Concepts**

- Cultural services refer to the non-material benefits people obtain from natural resources such as recreation, education, and spiritual enrichment.
- In mining and exploration projects, cultural services play a crucial role in ensuring that the environment and cultural heritage are protected and preserved.

**Section 2: Practical Examples**

- A company planning to build a mine near a historical site needs to consider the cultural services that the site provides to the local community, such as education and spiritual enrichment.
- An archaeological survey needs to be conducted before starting the project to identify any cultural resources that need to be preserved.

**Section 3: Real-World Scenarios**

- A mining company is planning to build a new mine near a Native American reservation. They need to consider the cultural services that the land provides to the tribe, such as spiritual enrichment and connection to their ancestors.
- A development project is planned near a historic town. The project needs to consider the cultural services that the town provides to visitors, such as education and recreation.

**Glossary**

- Cultural services: Non-material benefits people obtain from natural resources such as recreation, education, and spiritual enrichment.
- Archaeological survey: A process of examining and recording archaeological resources on a site.
- Subdivision: The process of dividing a piece of land into smaller pieces.

**Conclusion**

Understanding the importance of cultural services in mining and exploration projects is essential for ensuring that the environment and cultural heritage are protected and preserved. By considering cultural services in development and subdivision projects, we can ensure that the community's needs are met while still achieving the project's goals. The skills gained from this topic can be applied to new problems by considering the non-material benefits people obtain from natural resources and how they can be preserved.


text:
The Frequency and Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients.
Patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 have several cardiac abnormalities, especially myocardial conduction disorders. Few studies have investigated cerebral infarction. We investigated the frequency of both symptomatic and asymptomatic ischemic strokes in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1. Patients who were diagnosed with myotonic dystrophy type 1 using genetic testing or clinical examinations at Asahikawa Medical Center were included. We retrospectively reviewed their medical history, neuroradiological imaging, electrocardiograms, and treatment. Their CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores were calculated. A total of 108 patients were diagnosed with myotonic dystrophy type 1. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 72 and 1 patient whose results were not available was excluded. Among these, 2 patients had atrial flutter and 3 had atrial fibrillation. Regarding the CHADS2 score, 11 patients scored more than 2. Regarding the CHA2DS2-VASc score, 22 patients scored more than 2. Ischemic strokes were found in 9 patients with 1 having an atrial flutter and 4 having atrial fibrillation. All patients with stroke had CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores higher than 2. There were significant differences between the 2 groups in atrial fibrillation (P < .001), CHADS2 score (P < .001), and CHA2DS2-VASc score (P < .001). Ischemic stroke in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 is associated with atrial fibrillation. The CHADS2 score seems to be useful for the management of patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1. Repeated electrocardiograms are necessary for managing these patients.

textbook:
Lesson Title: Understanding Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 and its Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke

Introduction:
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a rare genetic disorder that affects muscles and other organs in the body. It is caused by a mutation in the DMPK gene, which leads to an abnormal expansion of a CCTG trinucleotide repeat. This mutation affects various systems in the body, including the heart, muscles, and nervous system. In this lesson, we will explore the frequency and risk factors for ischemic stroke in DM1 patients.

Section 1: Understanding Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This can lead to brain damage and death of brain cells. There are two main types of ischemic stroke: thrombotic and embolic. Thrombotic strokes occur when a blood clot forms in the brain, while embolic strokes occur when a blood clot travels to the brain from another part of the body.

Section 2: Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke in DM1 Patients
DM1 patients have several cardiac abnormalities, including myocardial conduction disorders, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter. These conditions increase the risk of ischemic stroke due to the formation of blood clots in the heart. Additionally, DM1 patients may have other risk factors for ischemic stroke, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and a family history of stroke.

Section 3: Frequency of Ischemic Stroke in DM1 Patients
Studies have shown that the frequency of ischemic stroke in DM1 patients is relatively low compared to other genetic disorders. However, the risk of ischemic stroke increases with age, particularly in older adults. In one study, researchers found that 10% of DM1 patients over the age of 50 had experienced an ischemic stroke.

Section 4: Neuroradiological Imaging and Electrocardiograms
Neuroradiological imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can help detect signs of ischemic stroke, such as brain lesions. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) can help detect abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, which can increase the risk of ischemic stroke.

Section 5: Treatment and Prevention
There is no cure for DM1, but treatment can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications, such as ischemic stroke. Treatment may include medications to control muscle spasms, physical therapy to improve muscle strength and mobility, and surgery to correct muscle-related problems. Lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding certain activities that can worsen symptoms, can also help reduce the risk of ischemic stroke.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, DM1 patients have several cardiac abnormalities that increase their risk of ischemic stroke. While the frequency of ischemic stroke in DM1 patients is relatively low, it is still an important concern for older adults. Neuroradiological imaging and ECGs can help detect signs of ischemic stroke and abnormal heart rhythms. Treatment and prevention strategies can help reduce the risk of ischemic stroke in DM1 patients.

Glossary:
- Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1): a rare genetic disorder that affects muscles and other organs in the body
- CCTG trinucleotide repeat: an abnormal expansion of a DNA sequence in the DMPK gene that causes DM1
- Ischemic stroke: a type of stroke that occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted
- Thrombotic stroke: a type of ischemic stroke that occurs when a blood clot forms in the brain
- Embolic stroke: a type of ischemic stroke that occurs when a blood clot travels to the brain from another part of the body
- Cardiac abnormalities: conditions that affect the heart's ability to function properly
- Atrial fibrillation: an abnormal heart rhythm that increases the risk of ischemic stroke
- Atrial flutter: an abnormal heart rhythm that increases the risk of ischemic stroke
- Neuroradiological imaging: techniques used to create images of the brain and other parts of the nervous system
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart
- Muscle-related problems: conditions that affect the muscles and their ability to function properly.


text:
Australia's National Broadband Network (NBN) will be outdated before the rollout is even complete thanks to the company using fibre-to-the-node (FttN) network technology, according to the Australian Capital Territory government.

Speaking in a submission to the Joint Standing Committee on the National Broadband Network, the ACT government said NBN should be deploying fibre-to-the-premises (FttP) infrastructure, pointing out that this is the preferred technology in New Zealand, France, Canada, and urban China -- and even in developing nations including Indonesia, India, Brazil, and South Africa.

"The current FttN infrastructure model will not deliver a sufficient platform for future economic development and expansion, and I urge the government to reconsider the value of investing in substandard infrastructure," the ACT government's submission said.

"Australia's current FttN approach will see a significant proportion of NBN technology considered outdated before installation has been completed.

"It is the position of the ACT government that the current FttN infrastructure model will not deliver a sufficient platform for future economic development and expansion, and urge the government to reconsider the value of investing in substandard infrastructure."

Under NBN's 2017 corporate plan, between 5.1 million and 6.5 million, or 43 to 54 percent of the Australian population, will be covered by FttN, fibre to the basement (FttB), or fibre to the distribution point (FttDP), while just 2 million to 2.5 million, or 17 to 21 percent, will receive FttP.

The ACT government also took issue with NBN's rollout schedule, which it claimed "is not best suited to meet the needs of our community", as it is simply duplicating the already existing FttN TransACT network across Canberra rather than prioritising suburbs that only have access to slow-speed ADSL.

Such a process will result in already technologically disadvantaged areas becoming more so, and increasing the socio-economic gap, the ACT government argued.

"There are concerns that the current NBN rollout schedule for Canberra does not adequately address the needs of the most technologically disadvantaged areas," its submission said.

"Parts of Canberra that receive internet speeds of less than 2Mbps are yet to appear on NBN's rollout schedule."

The ACT government added that the NBN is a "clear priority for Canberrans" considering their uptake rate is the highest in the nation, at 60 percent, and wrote to Communications Minister Mitch Fifield in December requesting that the NBN be prioritised in areas most needing it.

Fifield responded by saying this is already the policy, the ACT government revealed -- but that the federal government had "reprioritised" Canberra because it was judged to be one of the areas least needing updated broadband.

The ACT government has recommended that in addition to FttP being deployed, the NBN be prioritised in the ACT suburbs of Gowrie, Kambah, Wanniassa, Banks, Monash, Calwell, Bonython, and Duffy.

In another submission to the NBN joint standing committee published on Friday, the Australian Medical Association (AMA) reiterated its position that NBN's satellite technology is unsuitable for telehealth due to the slow speeds and low data caps.

"Country Australians must have access to NBN services that enable them to conduct the same level of business via the internet as their city counterparts. These NBN services must also have the capacity to meet their future internet needs. This is particularly important for providers of vital health services. Data allowances and speeds must be sufficient to enable two-way applications for eHealth and telehealth (including the transfer of high resolution medical images), medical education, videoconferencing, VoIP, and other applications," the AMA said in its submission published on Friday.

"However, it is widely acknowledged that there are significant cost, data allowance, and speed differences between fixed and satellite broadband services, putting some regional and remote areas at a significant disadvantage.

"The limitations in the roll out of satellite technology by NBN, particularly the smaller data allowances and higher costs relative to other technologies, are considerable impediments to the take-up of the NBN in regional, rural, and remote areas."

NBN has consequently said it is working on a method to identify general practices and medical facilities as being "public interest premises" (PIPs) within the satellite footprint, which would then be given higher data allowances, the AMA noted.

"This is a small step in the right direction, but the AMA remains concerned that, even as PIPs, these medical facilities will still not have sufficient data allowance to be able to fully utilise the ehealth and telehealth opportunities that are taken for granted in metropolitan areas," the AMA said.

Instead, the fixed-wireless and fibre footprints should be extended to rural and regional areas, the AMA recommended, because while the Sky Muster satellite service has a Fair Use Policy that caps customers from using more than 150GB per month -- separated into 75GB off peak and 75GB on peak -- with 50GB extra for distance education students and a top download speed of 25Mbps, the fixed-wireless service will begin providing speeds of 100Mbps next year with no cap on data usage.

Earlier this month, the Northern Territory government also recommended that NBN expand fixed-wireless services into the satellite footprint in its submission to the NBN joint standing committee, criticising the installation delays, service dropouts, usage caps, and the fact that NBN is linking up rural residents to satellite services even where towns have existing fixed-line communications infrastructure.

The territory's government said the "idiosyncratic nature" of satellite services also renders the delivery of some online applications costly and impossible to ensure, while the high latency makes voice communications not viable, both of which result in limiting business growth within the region.

"The nature of extreme weather conditions common within the Northern Territory, especially in the coastal regions, makes satellite unreliable due to rain fade and loss of signal," the submission added.

"In a natural disaster satellite communications are likely to fail precisely at the time a community needs them the most."

In January, NBN revealed that there had been 31,007 reschedules of Sky Muster service installations between April, when services were launched, until October, caused mainly by technician issues, customer issues, weather, network issues, and non-standard installations, with 18 premises visited by a technician unable to establish satellite line of sight.

The order lead time for services averaged 20 business days between May and October 2016, while the average closure time for complaints was 21.4 days during October last year.

NBN said that there had been 520 complaints between April and October: 21 in the Northern Territory; 206 in New South Wales; 103 in Queensland; 94 in Victoria; 42 in Western Australia; 31 in Tasmania; and 23 in South Australia.

NBN said in October that the issue with connecting users to its Sky Muster satellite service had been resolved, with a software upgrade that "didn't go to plan" to blame.

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Fiber-Optic Technology in Broadband Networks

Introduction:
In today's digital age, fast and reliable internet connection is crucial for businesses, schools, and homes. Fiber-optic technology has emerged as the gold standard for broadband networks due to its high speed, reliability, and ability to handle large amounts of data. However, some countries are still using outdated technologies such as fiber-to-the-node (FttN) which limits their broadband capabilities. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of fiber-optic technology in broadband networks and why it is essential for economic development and expansion.

Section 1: Understanding Fiber-Optic Technology

Topic 1: What is Fiber-Optic Technology?
Fiber-optic technology uses thin strands of glass or plastic to transmit data as light pulses. These strands are bundled together in a fiber optic cable, which can carry vast amounts of data over long distances with minimal signal loss.

Topic 2: Why is Fiber-Optic Technology Preferred Over Other Technologies?
Fiber-optic technology is preferred over other technologies such as copper wire or wireless because it is more reliable, secure, and can transmit data at higher speeds. It is also less susceptible to interference and can carry data over long distances without the need for repeaters.

Section 2: Advantages of Fiber-Optic Technology

Topic 1: High-Speed Data Transmission
Fiber-optic technology can transmit data at speeds of up to 10 Gbps, which is much faster than other technologies such as DSL or cable. This makes it ideal for streaming high-definition video, online gaming, and other bandwidth-intensive activities.

Topic 2: Reliability and Security
Fiber-optic networks are less prone to interference and are more reliable than other technologies. They are also more secure because they do not emit electromagnetic radiation, making it difficult for hackers to intercept data.

Section 3: Challenges of Using Outdated Technologies

Topic 1: Limited Capacity
Outdated technologies such as FttN have limited capacity and cannot handle the increasing demand for high-speed internet. This means that users may experience slow internet speeds or frequent disconnections.

Topic 2: High Maintenance Costs
Outdated technologies require more maintenance and repairs, which can be costly and time-consuming. This can lead to service disruptions and dissatisfied customers.

Section 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, fiber-optic technology is essential for economic development and expansion because it provides high-speed, reliable, and secure internet connections. Outdated technologies such as FttN limit the potential of broadband networks and hinder economic growth. Therefore, it is crucial for governments and businesses to invest in fiber-optic infrastructure to ensure a competitive edge in the digital age.

Glossary:
- Fiber-optic technology: A technology that uses thin strands of glass or plastic to transmit data as light pulses.
- FttN: Fiber-to-the-node, an outdated technology that uses copper wire to transmit data from a central office to a neighborhood.
- FttP: Fiber-to-the-premises, a technology that uses fiber-optic cables to connect directly to individual homes or businesses.

Self-Debate Discussion:

Should governments and businesses invest in fiber-optic infrastructure, or is it too expensive and time-consuming?

Argument 1: Yes, governments and businesses should invest in fiber-optic infrastructure because it is essential for economic development and expansion. Fiber-optic technology provides high-speed, reliable, and secure internet connections, which are crucial for businesses, schools, and homes.

Argument 2: No, governments and businesses should not invest in fiber-optic infrastructure because it is too expensive and time-consuming. There are other technologies such as 5G wireless that can provide fast and reliable internet connections at a lower cost.

Conclusion:

Investing in fiber-optic infrastructure is essential for economic development and expansion. Fiber-optic technology provides high-speed, reliable, and secure internet connections, which are crucial for businesses, schools, and homes. While there may be initial costs and time involved in implementing fiber-optic networks, the long-term benefits far outweigh the costs. Governments and businesses should prioritize investment in fiber-optic infrastructure to ensure a competitive edge in the digital age.


text: (.. Obama '08. Obama is a LIAR.!!. Oh no, it's all starting to come out. If Obama wins the nomination McCain would surely take the white house. Nobody knows anything about Obama, and the more people dig in the less they......... I am a 65 year old woman who thought that I will see a Woman President in my lifetime.. But the way Hillary has acted in these last few days I doubt it will happen now.. Shame on you Hillary!. CANADA HAS RECANTED WHAT IT ERRONEOUS STATED IN THE BEGINNING.. Wise up America, Quit being blind sighted by Barrack. Even more stuff will be exposed, just wait and.. Just say NO to O. So we will have no regrets.. Go Hillary!!. Poor Obama, he always plays the victim when caught in one of his. double speaks.. ps. the news ctv again went and investigated the obama thing and yes they have the documentation who was there and the timetable of the whole thing, sorry out national news right obama lied!.

textbook:
Lesson: Critical Thinking and Debate

Introduction:
In today's world, critical thinking and debate are essential skills that help us make informed decisions and engage in meaningful discussions. In this lesson, we will learn how to analyze arguments, evaluate evidence, and construct our own opinions based on facts and reason.

Section 1: Analyzing Arguments

Topic: Is Barack Obama a liar?

Question: How can we determine if someone is lying?

Answer: We can use logical reasoning and evidence to determine if someone is lying. We need to look at the person's statements, actions, and motives to see if they align with the truth.

Example: Suppose someone says they are going to the gym, but we see them driving towards a fast food restaurant instead. This could be evidence that they are lying about going to the gym.

Section 2: Evaluating Evidence

Topic: Did Hillary Clinton act poorly in the last few days of the presidential race?

Question: What evidence do we have to support this claim?

Answer: We can look at her actions and statements during that time period to evaluate if she acted poorly. For example, if she made negative comments about Obama or his supporters, that could be considered poor behavior.

Example: In the 2008 presidential race, Clinton made comments about Obama's lack of experience, which some people saw as negative campaigning.

Section 3: Constructing Opinions

Topic: Should we vote for Barack Obama?

Question: Based on the information we have, what is our opinion of Obama?

Answer: Based on the available evidence, we cannot definitively say that Obama is a liar. However, we can evaluate his statements and actions to form our own opinion. For example, if we look at his record on healthcare reform or foreign policy, we can make an informed decision about whether we agree with his positions and want to vote for him.

Example: Some people may agree with Obama's healthcare reform policies, while others may disagree. Similarly, some people may support his foreign policy decisions, while others may not.

Conclusion:
By learning how to analyze arguments, evaluate evidence, and construct our own opinions, we can become better critical thinkers and debaters. These skills are essential for making informed decisions and engaging in meaningful discussions.

Glossary:
- Argument: A series of statements intended to persuade someone to believe or do something.
- Evidence: Facts or data that are used to support a claim or argument.
- Opinion: A personal judgment or belief that is not necessarily based on factual evidence.

[1] "Barack Obama." Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, www.biography.com/people/barack-obama-9354327.
[2] "Hillary Clinton." Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, www.biography.com/people/hillary-clinton-212318.


text: Review by Andrea Stehle on Elomir. The Axis Clarity product has changed our lives! It is amazing! Calm, focus, and getting to do list checked off.. Not to mention actually sleeping and waking up refreshed! I no longer wake up due to my husband snoring.. The company is honest, transparent and highly professional. They truly care about their Brand Partners and Customers.. The compensation plan is overly generous and the morale of the teams is fire.. No drama and everyone works to lift others up and assist when needed.. I will not be surprised if Elomir rises to the top and ranks up there with the absolute best Direct Selling companies in the world.. #LeavePeopleBetter

textbook:
Lesson: The Importance of Sleep

Introduction:
Sleep is an essential part of our daily routine that often gets overlooked. However, it plays a crucial role in our overall health and well-being. In this lesson, we will explore the importance of sleep and how it affects our physical, mental, and emotional health.

Section 1: Physical Health

Theoretical Concept: Sleep is a vital component of physical health. It helps regulate hormones, supports growth and development, and boosts the immune system.

Practical Example: When we sleep, our body repairs and restores itself. For example, growth hormone is released during deep sleep, which helps children grow and develop properly.

Questions and Answers:
Q: What is the importance of sleep for physical health?
A: Sleep plays a crucial role in regulating hormones, supporting growth and development, and boosting the immune system.

Section 2: Mental Health

Theoretical Concept: Sleep is essential for maintaining good mental health. It helps improve memory, concentration, and mood.

Practical Example: When we get enough sleep, we feel more focused and alert during the day. We also tend to have better memories of events and experiences.

Questions and Answers:
Q: How does sleep affect mental health?
A: Sleep is essential for maintaining good mental health. It helps improve memory, concentration, and mood.

Section 3: Emotional Health

Theoretical Concept: Sleep is crucial for maintaining good emotional health. Lack of sleep can lead to irritability, anxiety, and depression.

Practical Example: When we don't get enough sleep, we may feel more stressed and overwhelmed. This can lead to feelings of sadness or hopelessness.

Questions and Answers:
Q: How does sleep affect emotional health?
A: Sleep is crucial for maintaining good emotional health. Lack of sleep can lead to irritability, anxiety, and depression.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, sleep is an essential part of our daily routine that affects our physical, mental, and emotional health. By prioritizing sleep and ensuring we get enough rest each night, we can improve our overall well-being and feel more energized and focused during the day.

Glossary:
- Sleep: The state of being inactive and unconscious for a period of time, typically at night.
- Hormone: A natural chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs.
- Immune system: The system of organs and cells that protects the body from infections and diseases.

Self-Debate Discussion:
Why is it important to prioritize sleep? How can we ensure we get enough rest each night?


text: Diversification by entry into a new submarket?. Using a dataset on the subsector and geographical segmentation of 208 Pharmaceutical companies, a Bayesian panel probit is used to analyze the role of state dependency, size and achieved diversification in affecting entry decision. We properly account for unobservable heterogeneity in a context with nonstrictly exogenous regressors. We find that achieved diversification, measured by the number of submarkets already entered affects negatively the probability of entry. Beside some country-specific exceptions, size and the lagged dependent variable do not seem to): 12 (April). Pages: 1507-1518. This item is not listed on Wikipedia, on a reading list or among the top items on IDEAS.. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:taf:applec:45:y:2013:i:12:p:1507.

textbook:
Lesson: Introduction to Bayesian Panel Probit Analysis

**Overview:** In this lesson, we will learn about Bayesian panel probit analysis, a statistical method used to analyze the likelihood of an event occurring in a given context. We will cover the basics of this method, including its application in analyzing entry decisions in the pharmaceutical industry, and explore its implications for future research.

**Section 1: Introduction**

Bayesian panel probit is a statistical method that uses probabilistic models to estimate the probability of an event occurring in a given context. It is commonly used in economics, finance, and other fields to analyze large datasets and make predictions about future events. In this lesson, we will focus on its application in analyzing entry decisions in the pharmaceutical industry.

**Section 2: Bayesian Panel Probit Analysis**

Bayesian panel probit analysis is a type of regression analysis that uses Bayesian inference to estimate the probability of an event occurring in a given context. It is often used to analyze panel data, which is a type of longitudinal data that tracks the same individuals or entities over time.

In the context of the pharmaceutical industry, Bayesian panel probit analysis can be used to analyze entry decisions by companies. For example, a researcher may use this method to study how the size of a company, the number of submarkets it has already entered, and other factors affect its likelihood of entering a new submarket.

**Section 3: Applying Bayesian Panel Probit Analysis**

To apply Bayesian panel probit analysis, researchers first need to gather a large dataset on the subsector and geographical segmentation of pharmaceutical companies. They then use this dataset to estimate the probability of entry for each company, taking into account factors such as size, achieved diversification, and state dependency.

**Section 4: Implications for Future Research**

The results of Bayesian panel probit analysis can have important implications for future research in the pharmaceutical industry. For example, if the analysis shows that size and achieved diversification have little effect on entry decisions, companies may focus more on other factors such as market share and product differentiation.

**Glossary**

- **Bayesian**: A statistical approach that uses probabilistic models to make predictions about future events based on past observations.
- **Panel data**: A type of longitudinal data that tracks the same individuals or entities over time.
- **Probit**: A statistical method that estimates the probability of an event occurring in a given context.
- **Heterogeneity**: Variation or differences among individuals or entities within a group.

**Conclusion**

In this lesson, we learned about Bayesian panel probit analysis, a statistical method used to analyze the likelihood of an event occurring in a given context. We explored its application in analyzing entry decisions in the pharmaceutical industry and discussed its implications for future research. By understanding this method and its applications, researchers and analysts can make more informed decisions and predictions in their work.