Cellulase produced by rhizobia would soften the root hair cell wall enabling Rhizobium to penetrate and forming a trigger infection thread. In response the plant deposits a new layer of wall material at the infection site. Therefore, this study aimed to generate new recombinants of Rhizobium transconjugants that represent high cellulase activity to be used as bioinoculants in sustainable agriculture pathways. Cellulase activity was detected in 64 new recombinants isolated from eight conjugations compared with

the mid-parent of nine parental strains. From each conjugation, eight genotypes were isolated to be evaluated for cellulase activity. The variability in cellulase activity has a very wide range which may be related to the variations in the bacterial genotype. Among all transconjugants evaluated in this study, cellulase activities over the mid-parent ranged between 0.023-0.087. The highest activity (0.087) over the mid-parent was shown by new recombinants resulting from P3 × P7, followed by transconjugants

released from P2 × P6 (0.085) and transconjugants released from P4 × P6 (0.084). Meanwhile, the lowest activity over the mid-parent was shown by transconjugants derived from P4 × P7 (0.023). In the outlook, the superior genotypes in this guide may be functional to the elevated selection of novel cellulase activity, which allows transconjugants to better penetrate and form root nodules from the infection threads of their legume hosts.

The bioefficacy evaluation of Capsicum chinense fruit powder against Callosobruchus chinensis attacking green gram seeds showed a dose-dependent adult mortality (16.67 - 55.00%) at 96 hours after treatment (HAT) with a positive correlation to the exposure period. The lowest LC50 value of 13.04 g/100.0 g of green gram seed was recorded at 96 HAT. Admixing of C. chinense fruit powder recorded the lowest adult emergence (36.00%) at a dosage of 10.0 g/100.0 g seed after 23 days of treatment suggesting strong ovicidal properties, as against 91.50% adult emergence in the control.

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), a popular fruit in Bangladesh, traditionally grows in temperate climates and spreads through runners, which are susceptible to diseases and have lower survival rates. To address this, the current study focuses on mass propagating disease-resistant explants. Using in vitro methods, strawberry seedlings are produced that can withstand diseases and thrive in any season, regardless of climate. The healthy, disease free shoot tips were used as explants, sterilized by 0.1% HgCl2

mixed with few drops of Tween-20 and inoculated in MS media supplemented with different combination of the BA (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mg/l) and IBA (0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 2.50 mg/l) either alone or in combination. The highest shoot count (3.60) was seen with 3.0mg/l BA, and the most leaves (9.60) with 2.0 mg/l BA. However, a combination of 2.0 mg/l BA+1.00 mg/l IBA yielded the best shoot numbers, while 2.0 mg/l BA+0.5 mg/l IBA produced the most leaves per explant. The highest number of roots was

observed in 2.0 mg/l BA+ 1.5 mg/l IBA and the highest length of root was observed in 2.0 mg/l BA+1.0 mg/l IBA. Single treatments of 2.0 mg/l IBA and 1.50 mg/l IBA respectively produced the highest root counts (4.00) and lengths (3.34). Overall, micro-propagation proved a highly effective and promising method for strawberry proliferation that can be used to enhance breeding programs.

In this article, an effort has been made to compare separate and combined type estimators for estimating the total number of in-milk animals. The Ratio and Regression estimation techniques in stratified random sampling are discussed. An empirical evaluation is conducted to demonstrate the relative performance of the separate and combined type Ratio and Regression estimators for the in-milk animal population using real survey data from Kerala state. The results indicate that the separate type estimator generally

outperforms the combined type estimator for both Ratio and Regression estimators across most categories

of in-milk animals. Specifically, there is an improvement of more than 10% with the separate type estimator compared to the combined type for the Ratio estimator, and an improvement of over 40% for the Regression estimator.

Rice bean is a crop having numerous benefits and high nutritional values. The crop is nutritionally rich and genetically diverse agricultural crop, having potential to withstand extreme environmental condition, shows resistance to various diverse biotic and abiotic stress factors. Every part of rice bean plant is edible and used for cooking. Due high protein content and use of every plant part it can contribute to the agricultural sector as well as economy of the country is yet to be exploited. However, it is a significantly

neglected crop often grown on marginal lands without proper cultivation practices. This has led to the little knowledge about the crop and its benefits. Considering all these properties of the rice bean crop, it is the need of the hour to create more awareness about how it can be used for the development of the crop, its varieties, and to encourage more technological advances as an input towards the crop.

A field experiment was carried out during the year 2022-23 & 2023-24 at Fruit Research Station Imaliya, Department of Horticulture, Jawaharlal Nehru Agriculture University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh to find out the effect of Nutrients and Bioinoculants on fruit growth, development and yield of guava. During both year of experimentation, the pooled data revealed that the treatment combinations T9 (100% RDF + Biofertisol 200 ml) recorded maximum number of fruits (107.03), fruit length (7.30 cm) and fruit width

(7.47 cm), fruit weight (246.36 g), fruit volume (206.35 ml) and yield (26.37 kg). The minimum number of fruits (92.97), fruit weight (203.33 g), fruit volume (175.74ml), fruit length (6.57 cm), fruit width (6.76 cm) and yield/plant (18.91 kg) were found in control (T1).

White Leghorn is the most competent breed of layer which is known for egg production. The aim of the study was to assess the productive performances of White Leghorn hen at 120 weeks of age and to compare the economic traits between laying and none laying hen. The data of 40 White Leghorn hens, maintained at the Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H., Selesih were utilized for the study. The traits studied were body weight, age at first egg in days (AFE), egg weight, egg mass,

egg number, comb and vent size and condition at 120 weeks of age. The AFE, mean body weight, egg number, egg weight, egg mass for White Leghorn hens at 120 weeks of age was 148.49 ± 0.80 days, 1.60 ± 0.03 Kg, 245.79 ± 3.11 numbers, 48.50 ± 0.45 gm, 310.21 ± 21.78 gm, respectively. The overall body weight, comb breadth, vent breadth was found to be non significant and comb, vent and keel length was found to be significant (P<0.01) between laying and none laying hen. The keel length was found to be significantly

(P<0.01) high in laying hen. It was showed significant (P<0.01) negative correlation (-0.789 and -0.837, respectively) between laying and none laying White Leghorn hen. In conclusion, the birds having dull and inactive eyes, small, less warm, shrunken comb, dried vent and depth of keel length 1 or 2 fingers should be culled in time so that the economy of the farm can be maintained.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate seasonal variation changes in leaf growth using the electrophoton image (EPI) analysis technique. This technique is based on electromagnetic energy in unique patterns generated by the object in the given conditions. In the present work, different ages of fix size leaves of Commiphora wightii were collected, and measured the fresh and dry weight, water content, and leaf area for throughout the year. Further, all leaves were evaluated with the EPI technique. All

gravimetric parameters fluctuate with seasonal changes with all physiological ages of the leaf. The EPI parameters like GDV area, average intensity, length of isoline, energy and entropy by isoline, etc., were measured using its software. The EPI parameter was given a highly significant correlation with fresh and dry weight, and water content. The GDV area, length of isoline, and energy characterize the metabolic status of the leaf. The entropy by isoline can serve as an informative characteristic of the state of a plant

leaf, which can be used to assess its physiological state in its environment. This technique is user-friendly, non-invasive rapid, and accurate. It can be used in agriculture and others field for the various applications.

Ashwagandha, a medicinal plant, seed are matured at different level and its moisture contents are differed at various harvesting time. Resulting poor seed germination and have inferior seed quality. The present investigation was framed to enhance seed quality with higher seed germination of freshly harvested seed without any treatments in natural condition by evaluating the best harvesting time of

seeds. Seed collection was start from January and ended in April; fresh and dry weight of 1000 seed with its moisture content at the time of harvest was differed. A significant result was showed in terms of seed germination percentage and other seed quality parameters recorded at the time of seed germination. Maximum seed germination rate of freshly harvested seed was observed in those seed harvested in 10th March (56.48%) with significantly higher root length (0.73 cm), germination energy (3.08), germination

index (0.90), vigour index I (185.88) and II (18.35) with minimum days to germination completion (18.33 days). Therefore, seed harvested during the month of March to April showed better seed quality as compared to January and February month.

Dryland agriculture is a complicated and uncertain system made up of crops, horticulture trees, livestock and vegetables. India’s total geographic area is 328 million hectares, of which 228 million hectares are dryland (UNCCD). A livelihood system is the total combination of activities undertaken by a typical household to ensure a living. Most rural households have several income earners, who pursue a combination of crop and livestock, farm, off-farm and non-farm activities in different seasons to earn

a living. Agriculture based livelihood activities occupy a very significant position in the economic development of the Indian economy as agriculture sector has a high employment potential. This paper emphasises the challenges and strategies in agriculture-based livelihood systems in drylands. According to the findings, the primary challenges are land degradation, climate risk, low animal productivity, and output variability. The most important strategies for agriculture-based livelihood systems in drylands

are to promote integrated farming systems, boost allied agricultural activities, increase income through dryland horticulture, and integrate on-farm and off-farm activities. In order to promote equitable development, dryland areas require “a paradigm shift from a ‘commodity-centred Green revolution’ to an ‘Integrated resource management and farming Systems-centred rainbow revolution’. Farming areas in dry regions require much more attention.