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Category: Law

Trump Indictment and the Underlying Fraud Against Tax Authorities

April 10, 2023April 10, 2023 By andrew

For a time last week we were all enraptured by the drama unfolding between Mar-a-Lago and the Manhattan District Attorney. While Donald Trump wasn’t handcuffed and we got no official shot of his mug, his indictment was unsealed and the case against him by Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg was unveiled—sort of. Through some tea-leaf reading and squinting, though, a pretty compelling argument can be made that if the payment to Stormy Daniels was indeed a hush money payment, and the reimbursement structure to Michael Cohen was as it has been suggested, then the scheme fraudulently induced tax authorities into becoming unwilling alibis to Donald Trump’s deception. 

To be clear, the indictment did not outline what underlying crime was being furthered when Trump and his associates allegedly falsified business records. Said underlying crime is a necessary component if the falsification of business records, a misdemeanor, is going to rise to the level of felony. The statement of facts attached to the indictment suggest the secondary crime may be a tax crime. 

In the absence of a clear answer from the Manhattan DA, one potential crime that has been floated in the absence of a clear answer is that, in furtherance of obfuscating Michael Cohen’s reimbursement for having paid off Stormy Daniels, the payments to Cohen were characterized as for services rendered and taken from a retainer. This would mean those payments, actually a reimbursement, would technically be income for Cohen. Thus, Trump paid an additional amount to cover that income and make Cohen whole for the entire hush money payment plus taxes owed. 

If you’re following along, you’ve likely arrived at the counterargument some political pundits have made: wouldn’t that mean this “tax fraud” actually resulted in the state being paid income tax on income that wasn’t really income? Where is the fraud if the scheme resulted in too much tax being paid?

Fraud Need Not Result in a Money Loss

When we think of fraud, we usually envision something like selling students on a school that is a sham and can’t really confer degrees, or inflating the valuation on property for financial gain, stuff like that. Fraud is more than just a one-trick pony, though, and it doesn’t always come for your money – it need only lay claim to a victim’s legal right to something for the expected personal gain of the perpetrator. 

Let’s come at it from another angle as it may be clearer. What benefit was Donald Trump, if he did as is alleged, hoping to gain from paying Michael Cohen, in reimbursement, more money than Michael Cohen paid Stormy Daniels? He is purchasing the assurances that redound to him that Michael Cohen will be willing and able to claim the reimbursement payments as plain old income for services rendered. In so doing he will be placing the final piece in the hush money puzzle, completing the image that he, Donald Trump, never paid Stormy Daniels a dime for anything. He merely compensated his attorney … Read the rest

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It’s a Wonderful Lie – That Movie Misled Us About Money

November 14, 2022November 14, 2022 By andrew

Why, why, why “the money’s not here …. Your money’s in Joe’s house! Right next to yours!” But, that isn’t how money works – George Bailey owes us an explanation if that is his real name. In lieu of George showing up and explaining it to us, we can take a high level look at how money is created. This examination is timely, as commentators and some policy makers seem to imagine the Federal Reserve can simply step in and curtail the amount of money in circulation effectively pressing the big red “Stop Inflation” button – but the truth is much more nuanced. The Federal Reserve doesn’t so much control the flow of money as it controls the interest rate one bank must pay another to borrow money; in sum, it controls the cost of money. 

You were probably taught the same basic lesson Jimmy Stewart delivers to mid-bank-run Bedford Falls residents. The bank gives you interest on money you keep in your savings account because they aggregate all the savings accounts together and use those to issue mortgages so folks can buy homes, auto loans for cars, and the like. Your interest is a portion of the interest they receive on your lent out money, and the cycle continues.

Except that’s almost exactly backwards. 

Deposit accounts don’t create lending opportunities, lending creates deposit accounts. The It’s a Wonderful Life version of banking would cast banks as being little more than entities that connect people with extra money to lend with people looking for money to borrow. The reality is banks do most of the money creation in the modern economy. If you’re wondering why, then, you’ve never seen a giant minting machine churning out bills in the lobby of your local Wells Fargo, then perhaps we should begin at the beginning.

What is “money?”

The above-referenced cash is but one type of three: currency, central bank reserves and bank deposits. They all represent, in physical or abstract form, an amount owed from one individual or entity to another. So the very first thing we need to do in order to get our arms around how money actually works is dispense with the notion that “adding money” to the economy necessitates printing cash – it can, but needn’t, and usually doesn’t. The creation of a bank deposit, for instance, can be every bit the creation of money as printing a greenback. 

The important takeaway is an understanding that, for every dollar in a deposit account somewhere, there needn’t be a physical dollar bill in the real world. “Money” in the economy includes currency, central bank reserves and bank deposits. 

How is money “created?”

Now that we have decoupled the idea of “money” from physical bills and coins, we can explore how money can be created. 

The Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States and it is tasked with controlling the monetary system. By way of explaining its role, a quick earth science lesson digression: do you know … Read the rest

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Legal News for Weds 1/8 – CFPB vs. Experian, TikTok at SCOTUS, Alaska Lawsuit on Arctic Drilling and Column Tuesday on Pittsburg ‘Jock Tax’
Legal News for Weds 1/8 – CFPB vs. Experian, TikTok at SCOTUS, Alaska Lawsuit on Arctic Drilling and Column Tuesday on Pittsburg ‘Jock Tax’
This Day in Legal History: District of Columbia Suffrage ActOn this day in legal history, January 8, 1867,[...]
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Legal News for Weds 1/8 – CFPB vs. Experian, TikTok at SCOTUS, Alaska Lawsuit on Arctic Drilling and Column Tuesday on Pittsburg ‘Jock Tax’
byAndrew Leahey 🦣

This Day in Legal History: District of Columbia Suffrage Act

On this day in legal history, January 8, 1867, the U.S. Congress overrode President Andrew Johnson’s veto to enact the District of Columbia Suffrage Act. This landmark legislation granted African American men the right to vote in the nation’s capital, making it the first federal law to extend voting rights to Black men. This milestone occurred three years before the ratification of the 15th Amendment, which would prohibit racial discrimination in voting nationwide.  

The Act was a significant step during the Reconstruction era, as the United States grappled with integrating millions of formerly enslaved individuals into its civic life. By enfranchising Black men in Washington, D.C., Congress set an example for the expansion of voting rights elsewhere in the country. However, the process was not without contention. President Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, opposed the bill, reflecting his broader resistance to Reconstruction policies that aimed to promote racial equality.  

Congress’s decision to override Johnson’s veto demonstrated its determination to lead Reconstruction efforts and address the injustices of slavery. This vote also highlighted the tensions between the legislative and executive branches over how best to rebuild the nation after the Civil War.  

The District of Columbia Suffrage Act stands as a pivotal moment in the fight for civil rights, symbolizing the beginning of federal measures to ensure greater political inclusion for African Americans during a transformative period in American history.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) has filed a lawsuit against Experian Plc, alleging the credit reporting company failed to properly investigate consumer disputes and ensure the accuracy of information on credit reports. According to the CFPB, Experian did not adequately collect or relay dispute information to data furnishers, sometimes accepting illogical or unreliable responses from credit card companies and debt collectors. These practices led to inaccurate information on credit reports, which negatively impacted consumers’ credit scores, potentially resulting in higher loan interest rates, limited housing opportunities, and employment challenges.  

The CFPB accused Experian of violating the Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Consumer Financial Protection Act by conducting inadequate dispute investigations. Director Rohit Chopra criticized Experian for “sham investigations” and emphasized the importance of compliance with federal laws.  

Experian has denied the allegations, calling the lawsuit an example of regulatory overreach and claiming the agency did not respond to prior communications. The company highlighted its history of working with the CFPB to improve dispute processes.  

The lawsuit builds on prior CFPB actions against Experian, including a $3 million fine in 2017 for misleading consumers about its credit scores. The current case alleges persistent systemic failures in Experian’s dispute handling and reporting processes.

Experian Sued by CFPB for Botching Consumer Data Disputes (2)

A Supreme Court case this week could determine TikTok’s future in the United States, pitting national security concerns against free speech rights. President-elect Donald Trump has asked the Court to block a pending U.S. ban on the app, citing First Amendment concerns, while many Republican lawmakers and state attorneys general argue for upholding the ban. The law, passed by Congress and signed by President Joe Biden, requires TikTok’s parent company, ByteDance, to sell the app or face a ban by January 19, over fears of Chinese government access to American user data.

TikTok and ByteDance contend the law infringes on free speech, warning that it could set a dangerous precedent for banning platforms with foreign ties. Trump, in a reversal of his earlier stance, now opposes a ban and sees TikTok as politically valuable. The Justice Department defends the law, citing national security risks, while Republican attorneys general argue that TikTok’s ties to China pose significant dangers.

The Court’s decision could have far-reaching implications for digital platform regulation and internet freedom in the U.S. and beyond. If upheld, experts warn other foreign-backed platforms, such as Telegram, could face similar scrutiny. Meanwhile, tech giants Apple and Google have been asked to prepare for TikTok’s removal from app stores, potentially rendering the app obsolete over time without updates.

TikTok’s fate divides Trump and fellow Republicans as Supreme Court action looms | Reuters

The state of Alaska has filed a lawsuit against the Biden administration, alleging violations of a Congressional mandate to permit oil and gas development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). The lawsuit challenges the Interior Department’s December 2024 decision to impose restrictive conditions on drilling leases in the refuge’s coastal plain, arguing the limits make development impractical on the 400,000 acres set for auction. Alaska seeks to overturn the decision and prevent the leases from being issued with the restrictions.

Governor Mike Dunleavy criticized the Biden administration’s stance, claiming it undermines U.S. energy independence by restricting access to domestic resources. Alaska argues the restrictions, combined with the administration’s earlier cancellations of leases granted during Donald Trump’s presidency, significantly reduce expected revenue from ANWR development.  

The Biden administration has prioritized environmental protection for the 19.6-million-acre refuge, home to species like polar bears and caribou. This legal dispute is the latest in a series of lawsuits from Alaska opposing federal efforts to limit drilling in ANWR. The battle reflects ongoing tensions between environmental priorities and energy development in the region, a long-standing political flashpoint.

Alaska sues Biden administration over oil and gas leases in Arctic refuge | Reuters

In my column for this week, I talk about a facility fee charged for nonresident performers and athletes in Pittsburgh. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court is set to rule on the constitutionality of Pittsburgh’s so-called “jock tax,” a 3% fee imposed on income earned by nonresident athletes and entertainers at publicly funded venues. This case raises complex questions about tax uniformity under the state constitution, as opponents argue the fee unfairly targets a specific group of workers.  

The city contends the fee achieves fairness by equalizing tax burdens between nonresidents and residents, who already pay a combined 3% in local taxes. Without this fee, nonresident performers would enjoy a tax advantage over residents, who contribute to funding public infrastructure and services that benefit everyone using the city’s venues.  

Critics claim the tax violates uniformity principles by singling out nonresidents in certain professions, and asking them to pay 3% despite not receiving access to services ostensibly paid for by the tax like the local school system. But taxation has never operated strictly as a direct exchange for services rendered. Much like H.L.A. Hart’s “No Vehicles in the Park” thought experiment, interpreting “uniformity” in taxation requires considering intent. The fee’s purpose is to ensure nonresidents contribute their fair share for the public resources they use, aligning with broader fairness goals rather than rigid formalism.  

Rejecting the fee would create an inequitable system where nonresidents effectively have their use of public resources subsidized by residents. For Pittsburgh and other cities balancing local budgets, the facility fee represents a practical, equitable solution that respects the principles of shared responsibility.

Pittsburgh ‘Jock Tax’ Facilitates Parity and Should Be Upheld

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Bloomberg Column

  • Pittsburgh ’Jock Tax’ Facilitates Parity and Should Be Upheld
  • Week in Insights: SaaS Tax Platforms Are Tools, Not Replacements
  • Musk, Ramaswamy Can Target Inefficiency by Closing the Tax Gap
  • Week in Insights: College Endowment Tax Policies Need Finesse
  • Week in Insights: Australian News Tax to Even Out Digital Economy

Forbes Contributions

  • Towards An Environmental Liability Tax For Oil And Gas Wells
  • Missing Out On Thousands? Common Unclaimed Tax Credits And Deductions
  • Tax Preparer Dubbed ‘The Magician’ Pleads Guilty
  • Bitcoin Investor Sentenced—Sophistication Does Not Equal Invisibility
  • Digital Services Taxes In An Era Of Heightened U.S. Protectionism

@esq.social Mastodon posts

If we lived in a just era the Crown Prince would insist on hunting a polar bear only to ultimately be eaten himself.
https://apnews.com/article/greenland-us-trumps-son-visit-56bc01f1d3431c035b22ad6564579938

8 January 2025 @ 9:45 pm

Hey so uhh, the new version of norovirus seems unpleasant. Don't want that. Everybody wash your hands constantly please, thanks.

8 January 2025 @ 3:35 pm

My column this week is on the Pittsburgh “jock tax" or "facility fee."
The tl;dr is its a fee charged to nonresident performers and athletes, but not resident performers and athletes, for use of publicly funded venues. Fee payers argue its violative of the PA constitution uniformity clause -- I contend it isn't.
https://news.bloombergtax.com/tax-insights-and-commentary/pittsburgh-jock-tax-facilitates-parity-and-should-be-upheld

7 January 2025 @ 1:32 pm

Supreme Court's role in Trump's policies, Biden's offshore drilling ban, TikTok's legal fight, and Venu Sports' antitrust battle.
Plus #thisdayinlegalhistory -- Charles I placed on trial for high treason.
https://www.minimumcomp.com/p/legal-news-for-mon-16-scotus-could

6 January 2025 @ 8:18 pm

Putting the finishing touches on a public #law undergraduate class (quarter starts tomorrow for me!) and I get to talk about "no vehicles in the park."
Mapping out on the syllabus how behind I'd put us if I used the entire 1 hour 50 minute class just for that.

6 January 2025 @ 7:56 pm

But really though, I think of the more valuable additional bit as being accessibility of the admin.
If you have a content/moderation/harrassment issue, you can just contact me, using whatever method you like, and I'll do my best to handle it.
There are + and - to being a smaller instance, to be sure, but I think the accessibility of the folks at the gears and levers can be a +.
2/2

6 January 2025 @ 7:47 pm

Hey #law and #legal practitioners and #academics, just worked through new user signups at https://esq.social and wanted to toot out a brief reminder that we're over here and open!
For those of you wondering what you get with an esq.social #Mastodon account as against a more generic instance -- the value add is mostly a cool Local timeline.
You might also be able to snag firstname@esq.social, which is cool too.
Also here's a cool dog.
1/x

6 January 2025 @ 7:44 pm

@cpgaringer Welcome aboard!

6 January 2025 @ 7:41 pm

Snowfall visitor. Managed to get a photo shot off before he moved on.

6 January 2025 @ 3:46 pm

The spammers have found Bluesky.
🤢

6 January 2025 @ 12:47 am

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